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Home / Court / Double trouble
Double trouble - by admin August 15, 2017
Mother remains on bail
The mother of the late Abijah Holder-Phillips, who was charged last week with causing his death by dangerous driving, remains on $7,500 bail. Felisha Osula Holder, 33, of Hopefield, Christ Church, made her second appearance in court on yesterday – this time before Magistrate Laurie-Ann Smith-Bovell in the District ‘B’ Magistrates’ Court. The accused mother […]
‘I just want to bury my son’
Just over a month after 20-year-old Daquan St Hill of Dash Valley, St George disappeared without a trace, his mother, Sharon Callender, remains haunted by the thought that she might never recover his body in order to give him a proper burial. Police said Daquan, a former St George Secondary School student, was last seen […]
Yarde remanded again
A 24-year-old, self-employed man, who was released from HMP Dodds last week, has found himself back on remand at the penal facility. Tremaine Dario Yarde, of Rock Gap, Spooners Hill, St Michael, denied before Magistrate Kristie Cuffy-Sargeant that he assaulted Vincent Davis yesterday. The accused also pleaded not guilty to escaping from Central Police Station […]
‘I never touched her’
A 43-year-old freighter, who allegedly assaulted his wife, has been granted $2,000 bail. Christopher Lloyd Yearwood, of St Stephens Hill, Black Rock, St Michael, is accused of committing the act against Heerawattie Yearwood yesterday, occasioning her actual bodily harm. He pleaded not guilty to the offence when he appeared before Magistrate Kristie Cuffy-Sargeant today. However, […]
Burgess remanded to Dodds
A 31-year-old man, accused of a number of criminal offences, has been remanded to Dodds prison until April 13. Pedro Alfonzo Burgess, of Baycroft New Road, Bridge Road, St Michael, pleaded not guilty to entering, as a trespasser, the home of Jalisa Grimes on January 17, as well as the premises of Tinesha Springer and […]
Vincys plead guilty to drug charges
Pre sentencing reports have been ordered into the lives of two Vincentian men who previously admitted to importing a large quantity of cannabis almost six years ago. Last Friday Haynes Harry and Alwyn Ross also pleaded guilty in the No 2 Supreme Court to possession and trafficking of 632. 5 kilogrammes of cannabis on July […]
‘I did not rape nobody’
A 26-year-old man, charged with sexual offences against a minor, has been remanded to prison until April 6. It is alleged that Kadeem Qumain Hunte, of Rock Hall, St Philip, assaulted the 14-year-old girl on March 9, 11 and 12, occasioning her actual bodily harm. Hunte is also accused of having sexual intercourse with the […]
No more freeze!
The freezing order, which has prevented former Executive Chairman of CLICO International Life Insurance Limited Leroy Parris from accessing $4.5 million in assets belonging to him and his private company Branlee Consulting Services Inc. over the past three years, has been discharged. This was the ruling handed down in the Court of Appeal this morning […]
Alleged robber denied bail
A 28-year-old man has been remanded to prison after pleading not guilty before Magistrate Douglas Frederick to alleged robbery. Jamar Romel Crichlow, of Lears Gap, St Michael, is accused of stealing $485 in cash, as well as a $350 cellular phone belonging to David Goodridge on January 21. Although he denied the offence, Sergeant Rudy […] | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2000 | {"url": "https://dev.barbadostoday.bb/court/double-trouble-9/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dev.barbadostoday.bb", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:01:08Z", "digest": "sha1:3LHW453PN3QKUVGXCJAGZ6OTYISV333O"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 3411, 3411.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 3411, 5783.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 3411, 20.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 3411, 139.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 3411, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 3411, 300.6]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 3411, 5.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 3411, 0.29257642]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 3411, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 3411, 0.05336257]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 3411, 0.0127924]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 3411, 0.01754386]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 3411, 0.01973684]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 3411, 0.01601164]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 3411, 0.2139738]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 3411, 0.55135135]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 3411, 4.92972973]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 3411, 0.01310044]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 3411, 5.34236067]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 3411, 555.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 72, 0.0], [72, 95, 0.0], [95, 458, 0.0], [458, 487, 0.0], [487, 813, 0.0], [813, 834, 0.0], [834, 1200, 0.0], [1200, 1222, 0.0], [1222, 1608, 0.0], [1608, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1957, 0.0], [1957, 1993, 0.0], [1993, 2321, 0.0], [2321, 2345, 0.0], [2345, 2672, 0.0], [2672, 2688, 1.0], [2688, 3045, 0.0], [3045, 3072, 0.0], [3072, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 72, 0.0], [72, 95, 0.0], [95, 458, 0.0], [458, 487, 0.0], [487, 813, 0.0], [813, 834, 0.0], [834, 1200, 0.0], [1200, 1222, 0.0], [1222, 1608, 0.0], [1608, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1957, 0.0], [1957, 1993, 0.0], [1993, 2321, 0.0], [2321, 2345, 0.0], [2345, 2672, 0.0], [2672, 2688, 0.0], [2688, 3045, 0.0], [3045, 3072, 0.0], [3072, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 30, 4.0], [30, 72, 7.0], [72, 95, 4.0], [95, 458, 56.0], [458, 487, 7.0], [487, 813, 56.0], [813, 834, 3.0], [834, 1200, 56.0], [1200, 1222, 4.0], [1222, 1608, 56.0], [1608, 1634, 4.0], [1634, 1957, 56.0], [1957, 1993, 6.0], [1993, 2321, 56.0], [2321, 2345, 5.0], [2345, 2672, 56.0], [2672, 2688, 3.0], [2688, 3045, 56.0], [3045, 3072, 4.0], [3072, 3411, 56.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 72, 0.15789474], [72, 95, 0.0], [95, 458, 0.01729107], [458, 487, 0.0], [487, 813, 0.00636943], [813, 834, 0.0], [834, 1200, 0.00571429], [1200, 1222, 0.0], [1222, 1608, 0.01634877], [1608, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1957, 0.01948052], [1957, 1993, 0.0], [1993, 2321, 0.01547988], [2321, 2345, 0.0], [2345, 2672, 0.03215434], [2672, 2688, 0.0], [2688, 3045, 0.00574713], [3045, 3072, 0.0], [3072, 3411, 0.03067485]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 72, 0.0], [72, 95, 0.0], [95, 458, 0.0], [458, 487, 0.0], [487, 813, 0.0], [813, 834, 0.0], [834, 1200, 0.0], [1200, 1222, 0.0], [1222, 1608, 0.0], [1608, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1957, 0.0], [1957, 1993, 0.0], [1993, 2321, 0.0], [2321, 2345, 0.0], [2345, 2672, 0.0], [2672, 2688, 0.0], [2688, 3045, 0.0], [3045, 3072, 0.0], [3072, 3411, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 30, 0.1], [30, 72, 0.04761905], [72, 95, 0.04347826], [95, 458, 0.05509642], [458, 487, 0.03448276], [487, 813, 0.04907975], [813, 834, 0.04761905], [834, 1200, 0.06557377], [1200, 1222, 0.04545455], [1222, 1608, 0.0492228], [1608, 1634, 0.07692308], [1634, 1957, 0.05572755], [1957, 1993, 0.02777778], [1993, 2321, 0.03658537], [2321, 2345, 0.04166667], [2345, 2672, 0.03669725], [2672, 2688, 0.0625], [2688, 3045, 0.05882353], [3045, 3072, 0.03703704], [3072, 3411, 0.05014749]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 3411, 0.03009301]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 3411, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 3411, 0.17498857]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 3411, -107.88916327]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 3411, 28.37576078]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 3411, 13.28001314]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 3411, 20.0]]} |
Clean the World Foundation is a global health organization founded in 2009 and is committed to improving the quality of life for vulnerable communities around the world. They provide sustainable resources, programming, and education focused on water, sanitation, and hygiene for all those affected by poverty, homelessness, and humanitarian or natural crises. By distributing bars of soap to over … [Read more...] | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2001 | {"url": "https://dev.dwfc.org/news/page/2/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dev.dwfc.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:39:43Z", "digest": "sha1:L36S7JVANNWNYYLOX76G472DHPOO6IWH"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 413, 413.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 413, 1865.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 413, 1.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 413, 52.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 413, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 413, 98.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 413, 0.34722222]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 413, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 413, 0.04719764]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 413, 0.16666667]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 413, 0.82258065]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 413, 5.46774194]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 413, 0.02777778]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 413, 3.85037986]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 413, 62.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 413, 62.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 413, 0.01]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 413, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 413, 0.01452785]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 413, 0.00033236]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 413, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 413, 0.00040215]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 413, -10.15581756]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 413, 1.61887623]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 413, -1.42247458]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 413, 3.0]]} |
Blood pressure test
A blood pressure test checks if your blood pressure is healthy, or if it's high or low.
Blood pressure is the term used to describe the strength with which your blood pushes on the sides of your arteries as it's pumped around your body.
Low blood pressure (hypotension) is not usually a problem, although it can cause dizziness and fainting in some people.
High blood pressure (hypertension) can increase your risk of developing serious problems, such as heart attacks and strokes, if it's not treated.
Having this quick test is the only way to find out what your blood pressure is – and it could save your life.
When and where to get your blood pressure tested
You should have a blood pressure test if you're worried about your blood pressure at any time.
If you're over 40, you can have this test done as part of an NHS Health Check, which is offered to adults in England aged 40 to 74 every 5 years.
If you have been diagnosed with high or low blood pressure, or you have a high risk of developing either, you may need more frequent checks of your blood pressure.
You can get your blood pressure tested at a number of places, including:
your local GP surgery
some pharmacies
some workplaces
How blood pressure is tested
Blood pressure machines vary, but they're all a type of measuring device, which often have an arm cuff attached to it.
The cuff is usually wrapped around your upper arm and filled with air until it feels tight. This can feel uncomfortable but it only lasts a few seconds.
It's important to relax and not talk during this time, because this is when your blood pressure is measured.
If a healthcare professional is doing this for you, they may also use a stethoscope to record your blood pressure.
An automatic device usually picks up the measurements from sensors in the arm cuff, which are sent to a digital display.
You should get the results straight away.
Understanding your blood pressure reading
Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is given as 2 numbers:
systolic pressure – the pressure when your heart pushes blood out
diastolic pressure – the pressure when your heart rests between beats
The highest number is always the systolic pressure and it's always given first. For example, a blood pressure given as "120 over 80" or 120/80mmHg means a systolic pressure of 120mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80mmHg.
As a general guide:
normal blood pressure is considered to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
high blood pressure is considered to be 140/90mmHg or higher
low blood pressure is considered to be 90/60mmHg or lower
If your reading is between 120/80mmHg and 140/90mmHg, you may be at risk of developing high blood pressure. There are things you can do to help prevent high blood pressure.
Testing your blood pressure at home
Your GP may suggest 24-hour or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) if they think you may have high blood pressure (hypertension).
ABPM tests your blood pressure regularly over 24 hours, by using a cuff attached to a portable device that's worn on your waist.
You can continue with your daily activities during this time.
If you want to regularly check your blood pressure at home, you can buy a machine.
Blood pressure devices for home use
If you want to check your blood pressure regularly at home, you can buy a digital blood pressure machine.
Choose a machine that measures your blood pressure at your upper arm, not your wrist or finger.
Let your GP know you're doing this.
The British Heart Foundation: How to choose a blood pressure monitor and measure your blood pressure at home
Blood Pressure UK: How to measure your blood pressure at home
Page last reviewed: 8 November 2021
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DiamondLobby / NHL 23 / The Best Teams to Manage in NHL 23 Franchise Mode
The Best Teams to Manage in NHL 23 Franchise Mode
Graeme Whiles
Sport & Call of Duty Writer
NHL Franchise Mode has long been one of the most popular game modes that NHL fans can play to feel closer to the action. It allows gamers to take control of their favorite team and players and help take them to the success and glory they wish they had in the real world.
Franchise mode is a great game mode for any NHL 23 fan and offers you an insight into what it is like to run a Franchise in the world’s biggest ice hockey league.
Finding the best teams to manage in NHL 23 Franchise will depend entirely on what you are trying to achieve while playing the game.
If you want to experience immediate success, you should select a team full of top players and recent victories. But if you would rather take a team from the bottom to the top, you should look at completely different options.
This article will highlight some of the best teams to manage in NHL 23 Franchise Mode and allow you to pick the perfect team for you.
The first team you should consider managing in NHL 23 Franchise Mode is the Colorado Avalanche.
In the 21-22 season, the Colorado Avalanche ended the season with an impressive 119 points and claimed their fifth playoff title.
They comfortably beat the Nashville Predators, St Louis Blues, and the Edmonton Oilers on their way to the Stanley Cup final, where they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning.
When you take a deeper look at the Avalanche roster, it is no surprise that they experienced so much success last year.
Nathan MacKinnon is one of the best centers in the game and has a 94 overall rating in NHL 23. At just 27 years old, he has plenty more years of playing at the top of his game.
Alongside him in right defense, the Avalanche are blessed with the young talent of Cale Makar, who is already a superstar in the league and is only going to get better as he gets older.
Add to that Mikko Rantanen on the right wing and Gabriel Landeskog on the left, and you have a formidable team to start your Franchise Mode game with.
The next team on this list is last year’s Stanley Cup runners-up, the Tampa Bay Lightning.
If you are looking for a team with excellent defensive capabilities and an in-depth roster to call upon, the Lightning is the right team for you. They are the only team to have five players in the top 50.
After winning the Conference and Stanley Cup in the 20-21 season, they followed up that success with a runners-up medal last year. That level of consistency is difficult to achieve for any team in the NHL and highlights just how fantastic this roster is.
The Lightning statistics reflect this consistent success, too, with some fantastic players to call upon.
First of all, Andrei Vasilevskiy is one of the best Goalies in the game to call upon, with a 94 overall rating. In front of him, you can call upon Victor Hedman in left defense, the Swedish powerhouse.
But while Tampa may have built its reputation on its formidable defensive skills, they also have plenty to offer on offense.
Nikita Kucherov will be a handful in this game, as he always is, and Steven Stamkos and Brayden Point give you two excellent options to play center.
Despite representing one of the most popular cities in the NHL, the New York Rangers have struggled to make an impact in the NHL for some time now.
Some players may see this as a warning sign to avoid playing as this team, but others may look at it as an opportunity to turn their fortunes around and bring success back to New York.
With a large stadium and fan base, if you are successful in getting a few wins under your belt early in the season, you will quickly see the support that this franchise can achieve.
And New York is not without some excellent players for you to build your team around either. They have Igor Shesterkin in goal, who is an excellent shot-stopper and in-game leader, not to mention the experienced Artemi Panarin to call upon on the left wing and the young prospect Adam Fox in right defense.
With a couple of shrewd signings in the NHL draft, this roster could quickly become a force to be reckoned with.
Since 1995, Nashville has struggled to experience the success it would have liked. Winning trophies is the most effective way to integrate a team into a new state, but unfortunately, Nashville has only managed to do this on a couple of occasions, with a dominant period from 2016 to 2018.
But it could be time for you to change all that. You could see this team as an opportunity to truly bring ice hockey to Tennessee and try to build on those recent years of success by claiming further trophies.
Nashville has some very good players for you to call on to achieve these goals, especially in defense and on the left-hand side of the ice.
With Juuse Saros as your goalie, and Roman Josi playing in left defense, you have all the building blocks of a very formidable defense. Going forward, Nashville lacks a little firepower, but you can call upon Filip Forsberg to provide some threat from the left wing.
With a good NHL draft, this team could quickly become competitive, and you could finally achieve the success the owners have been craving since the 1995 state switch.
Back in the late 80’s early 90s, the Calgary Flames franchise was a force to be reckoned with in ice hockey. It was during this period that the franchise experienced the most success, including their only Stanley Cup win in the 88-89 season.
Since then, they have not experienced the same levels of success, although recently, they have managed to turn that around somewhat.
Last year they were able to win the Division Championships before getting steam-rolled by the Avalanche on their way to the Stanley Cup.
If you like the sound of taking on a team that is long overdue for another successful period, the Flames might be a great choice for you.
They have the players you need to make an impact in your first season in charge, with three players inside the top 50.
Jonathan Huberdeau is a fantastic left-winger that will provide plenty of attacking options for you to call upon. In goal, Jacob Markstrom is one of the best goalies in the game and one of the most reliable goalies in the NHL.
You also have Elias Lindholm, a very useful center for you to use in attack and defense.
The Winnipeg Jets are one of the founding teams in the NHL, although they did spend a few years as the Atlanta Thrashers before reverting back to the Jets in 2011.
If you are looking for a rebuilding job, the Winnipeg Jets franchise is perfect for you. There is currently no captain in place at the Jets, and they are yet to experience any notable success.
And after the new owners brought ice hockey back to Winnipeg, they seem deserving and long overdue for a period of success.
In recent seasons, the Jets have struggled with injuries to star players and several high-profile departures from the team. These departures have left their defense looking shaky at times, but they still have plenty to offer anyone coming into the club to take charge.
Connor Hellebuyck is an excellent goalie that you can call upon to make the big saves when needed, and Kyle Connor is an exciting left-winger with plenty of offensive tricks up his sleeve.
You will need to have an excellent draft to be able to compete immediately, but in time this franchise has all the potential to be an NHL powerhouse.
The final team on this list is the Boston Bruins, one of the most decorated franchises in NHL history. In total, they have won 26 Division Championships, 3 Presidents Trophies, 5 Conference Championships, and 6 Stanley Cups.
However, most of that success came in the early 90s, late 90s, and early noughties. In recent years, the Bruins have struggled to show the same levels of dominance. If you want to use Franchise Mode to restore one of the most decorated teams to the top of the food chain, the Bruins might be a fantastic option for you to try out.
Four of their players made the NHL 23 top 50 players list, which ensures you have an excellent starting team to call upon.
David Pastrnak is a dynamic right-winger that can make some fantastic offensive plays. On the other side, Brad Marchand is equally destructive and a disciplined defender.
Patrice Bergeron has years of experience in the NHL to call upon, and Charlie McAvoy is a very reliable right defender.
There you have it. Seven great teams to manage in NHL 23 Franchise Mode. This list should have given you an idea of what type of team you want to try managing in NHL Franchise Mode.
In truth, there are many great options to choose from, and we could have included more on this list.
Each team has its own unique skills and struggles. At the end of the day, it is up to you as the manager to get the most out of each player at your disposal.
Whatever team you choose, hopefully, you will be able to steer them toward continued success and glory.
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Argentina – Part Seven
Posted on August 2, 2013 March 24, 2016
On The Way To Ibera
We managed to get our act together so that we could meet Sergio at 9am and leave on time. We had to drive at least 41/2 hours to get to Posadas where we would stay the night. Then we would be met there by another driver who would take us to the Reserve at Ibera. This was another drive of about 5 or 6 hours. Sergio was very informative and told us a lot about the area we were going through – The province was called Missiones and Posadas was the capital city. Iguazu Falls is the main draw of the province.
We made many photo stops along the way. The weather was overcast when we started out but gradually the sun began to shine and it turned out to be a lovely day. It was a Sunday so not a lot of traffic. Sergio told us about this tree called the La Pachoe tree. Depending on the season, you can see the tree with three different colors of blossoms. We saw all three colors as we drove along. Hopefully, you will see the tree and its different blossoms in my photo album. Barbara had to use the restroom at least twice along the way. One time we stopped at a gasoline station and when Barb went in there was an extremely long line. When she came back and told us – we then noticed a tour bus across the street. We had to go back a ways to find another gasoline station. Unfortunately, it wasn’t very clean. I am glad I didn’t have to go. I was smart enough to carry toilet paper in my bag which came in handy at the various stops we did make.
One time we stopped to look at a roadside market. The owner was a young man with a lot of personality. I ended up buying a jar of pickled vegetables. Barb bought a jar of sweet mangos.
Roadside stand
Friendly roadside vendor
We also saw some local Indians selling things at the side of the road. We stopped and I got a very nice photo of the woman and her children. I didn’t buy anything. I think she was selling plants. I did give her some money, though for allowing us to take her picture.
Woman ad children selling plants.
The woman’s son.
The road to Posadas
Posadas – We finally arrived!
It seemed to take forever to get to Posadas but I guess that is because we took so many photos. We finally arrived but it took a while to find the hotel. There wasn’t a lot of choice in hotels but the agent said we were staying in the best one. The driver finally found the right hotel. We said good by to Sergio and the driver. I got Sergio’s e-mail and promised to send him my album.
Our room wasn’t ready yet so we went to get something to eat. We hadn’t eaten since breakfast and it was around 2:30pm. There was a cafe so we went to see what they had. It took a while to find the waiter but he eventually came and took our order. I don’t recall what we ate. Being a vegetarian in a “meat” society was a challenge. I had to go to eating dairy – cheese and also fish to survive. The staples seem to be steak, pizza, ham, cheese and vegetables – eggplant, squash, coffee, mata (which is a special tea made from special mata leaves. You drink it out of a gourd-like cup with a silver straw. Every country has their own method of growing and preparing the leaves. I think I took one taste and it was very bitter. Evidently, it is a pick-me-up and energy type of drink). We saw lots of people walking around with their mata cups. Anyway, I do remember a cappuccino I had there. It was made with coffee and chocolate and was delicious!
Our room was finally ready. It was ok – nothing special but it had plenty of room to move about. Now a few words about the electrical situation – I did discuss the electrical problems we might face in Argentina with Barb but she didn’t remember and didn’t bring any plugs. Luckily, I had my transformer and three plugs. Everything I read said they used three prong plugs like Australia as well as some European type plugs. What really helped me was that computers, iPads and digital camera chargers could be plugged into 220 voltage. I also had my hair dryer and curling iron that was dual voltage. All I really needed was the correct plug. One that I had worked well with all my electrical goods. I gave my transformer to Barb and one of the plugs so she was able to use her electrical items. I let her hook up in the bathroom most of the time as I could make do in the room as long as there was an outlet by a mirror. It actually worked out pretty well for both of us as we could get ready at the same time. Barb needed a lot more time than I did. I guess being a flight attendant helped me to get it all together in less than 45 minutes. I was proud of Barbara because she does have an issue with being on time and getting ready quickly so for the most part she did really well!
We didn’t unpack much but it had been a long day so we spent a few hours resting. I think Barb fell asleep. It was getting late so I was hoping to just skip dinner. It was really cold outside now. At 9pm, Barb decided she wanted to go out so I said ok and I looked on the internet for a restaurant. It was Sunday evening so we weren’t sure what would be open. We had to go several blocks to find one restaurant and it was closed. We went to another hotel and decided to go to their restaurant. It was kind of a weird place. It had one waiter. We finally got waited on but everything we wanted they didn’t have. Then the waiter left and he didn’t come back. We looked around and noticed no one had their food. We decided to leave. Once more we looked for some place to eat and found a cafe which was filled with a lot of people. Lots of people usually indicate good food so we went in and were told to sit any place. We got menus and discovered that almost everything on the menu included ham and cheese. I am not kidding, every food description added ham and cheese. I decided I wanted a cup of herbal tea and that was it! Barb ordered a side of mashed potatoes and fruit. I think her fruit was canned. We had a good laugh over the menu. We walked back to the hotel and asked for a wake-up call. Our itinerary said the driver would arrive to pick us up around 9am so I wanted to be all ready to go.
Prev Argentina – Part Six
Next Argentina – Part Eight
Judy A. Graham says:
Dianne, I just love your descriptions and the travails and joys of your travel. It is a most enjoyable read and very enlightening. You should be a travel writer and you have lots of pictures to illustrate your adventures. Maybe you should try it with a local newspaper??? I love you sister. 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On global service day, youth volunteers plant crops to feed L.A.’s needy families Local ‘lifesavers’ from Big Citizen HUB team up with Seeds of Hope to work for change
by Pat McCaughan | May 14, 2016 | Uncategorized
Layevska Jimenez considers herself “a lifesaver for plants” after recently assisting in weeding, watering, and planting tomatoes, peppers, basil, eggplant, thyme and more at Edendale Grove, next to the Cathedral Center of St. Paul in Echo Park.
Already the 12-year-old Gabriella Charter School student realizes she can make a difference, not only in her neighborhood, but also in the world.
“We were the ones watering plants to keep them from dying,” said Jimenez, among hundreds of area students participating in an April 16 Global Youth Service Day event partnership with Big Citizen HUB and Seeds of Hope, the food justice ministry of the Diocese of Los Angeles.
Global Youth Service Day, established in 1988, is celebrated in more than 135 countries and is the largest service event in the world. It mobilizes millions of young people to improve their communities through service.
This year, it offered an opportunity for Seeds of Hope and Big Citizen HUB to forge “a match made in heaven,” according to Tim Alderson, Seeds of Hope executive director.
“We’ve got gardens, and they’ve got awesome kids.”
Big Citizen HUB is a Saturday youth leadership development and skills building program, uniting youth ages 11 to 26 across Los Angeles County, according to Mario Fedelin, executive director.
It launched in January 2015 with 75 middle school participants and currently aids hundreds of youth, or “big citizens,” in engaging the community and focusing on social change and change in the world, Fedelin told the Episcopal News.
Big Citizen HUB supplied about 400 students at nearly a dozen Seeds of Hope sites across Los Angeles during two weekends of gardening, painting and other beautification efforts, Alderson said. Collectively, the students planted 17 trees and 600 vegetable seedlings.
“Between the trees and the plants, that’s the equivalent of over 75,000 servings of fresh fruits and vegetables from the work the kids did. From the perspective of the recommendation of eating five fruits and vegetables a day, what they planted is enough for 40 people to get their entire supply of fruits and vegetables for a year,” according to Alderson.
“The other thing to note is that those trees, which will easily live 30 to 40 years if we keep them in place, will produce over one million servings of fruit over the course of their lifetime. This is food that goes to our food pantries to help people in a meaningful way. That’s huge.”
In addition to helping to provide fresh, nutritious food for communities of need the event also helped to showcase youth “as powerful, talented, insightful people and the only ones who can and will change the world,” Fedelin said.
“Youth come to us because they have seen things in their community they want to change,” he added. The agency engages them in dialogue with their peers to learn a common civic language, and aids their investigation of and immersion in issues ranging from poverty to the environment.
For example, “we don’t teach them how to create an urban garden. We place them in the middle of people who do the work already. Our students aren’t clients, they’re resources.”
‘More than just a work day’
On April 16, the work was ecumenical and collaborative, manual labor performed in the day’s extreme heat. Yet participating students had “the freedom to be themselves and were having so much fun it was obvious it was more than just a work day” observed Tony Hart, 28, a community volunteer at All Saints Church in Highland Park.
There, about 15 youth helped replace a chicken-wire fence with a more permanent wooden one. The young people laughed and talked while digging holes, positioning and leveling wooden posts and pouring concrete. The fence beautified the grounds and provided a more permanent barrier for protection against unwanted pests, he said.
Others “pulled out the old crops and discarded weeds for later composting and planted new crops for the upcoming season,” he added.
Similarly, efforts at St. Philip’s Church in Los Angeles included planting plum, lemon, orange and fig trees, which in time will help multiply the congregation’s ability to feed the community at “our café, held every other Saturday, the first and third Saturday,” according to lay leader Canon Roy Salmon.
“We hope in the future when the trees bear fruit, we’ll be able to use some of that” for the café, which typically feeds between 65 and 80 people, mostly children. “Not only do we feed them, but we provide good used clothing and packets of personal hygiene articles,” he said.
A 60-plus-year St. Philip’s parishioner, Salmon serves as a volunteer cook, preparing chili, spaghetti, pastas, salads and other healthy meals for the café. The church also hosts a food bank on the second and fourth Saturdays, usually augmented by Seeds of Hope fresh produce. “Now they’re offering a cooking class for people who visit the food bank,” he said.
At the Friendly Friendship Baptist Church in Los Angeles, one of Seeds of Hope’s new ecumenical partners and nutritional program sites, youth minister Nyla Jefferson said the April 16 volunteers helped replant a challenged community garden with beets, lettuce, collard greens, peas, broccoli, cauliflower, red cabbage and other vegetables. They also painted “a soft blue” interior walls at the church annex house she is hoping to convert to a youth and community building.
Seeds of Hope nutritious-cooking classes have also introduced some members of the small, multi-generational African American congregation to new foods that otherwise “they probably wouldn’t have tried,” she said.
“The classes have given them ideas of different ways to prepare the same foods they would eat, not necessarily fried, but sautéed or grilled. It’s introducing them to different cooking skills.”
The youthful presence at St. Agatha’s Catholic Church inspired Kellie Hawkins, who said they learned gardening basics while pulling weeds and preparing the ground for families to adopt plots.
“What I thought was so remarkable was to hear the youth talk about how they wanted to take kale home to make smoothies,” Hawkins said. “One youth inspired me to bring my lunch the following week to work. He had such a simple but fulfilling-looking lunch; Greek yogurt with pistachios and an orange,” added Hawkins, chief operating officer for the National Health Foundation.
“It was great to be inspired by them, that was the greatest benefit. It was a hot day, but they had the stamina and the energy and were excited about it. If I was their age, I’m not so sure how excited I’d be about pulling weeds. They were like, ‘let’s go, let’s do this,’” said Hawkins, 37.
The Seeds of Hope partnerships with a range of churches “speaks to the ecumenical community and how we can all work together and be in partnership for the greater good,” she said. “The work Seeds of Hope is doing is so critical. It should be continued and replicated where possible.”
Seeds of Hope was formed to help congregations, communities, and schools turn unused land into productive gardens and orchards to provide healthy and fresh food in areas of need across the six-county Episcopal Diocese of Los Angeles. Through garden workshops, nutrition education, and with creative collaboration among churches, businesses, and neighborhoods, the agency works to cultivate wellness for a stronger, healthier Los Angeles.
Youth: resources for change
For students like Crystal Navarro, 12, the Global Youth Service Day was a huge success and great fun.“I loved it,” said the Stella Middle Charter Academy student, who has been involved with Big Citizen HUB since last year.
Big Citizen HUB’s Fedelin said it is the only global day focused on the contributions young people make toward society. It demonstrated not only the willingness of youth to change the world, but their potential to do so, he said.
Already he has received feedback from the teachers of his some of his students who returned to weekday classes describing what they’d accomplished on April 16. “For them to go back into their community and talk about the impact they could have, when they are as young as 12-year-old individuals — that influences people.”
The day began with an opening ceremony and instructional presentations that allowed Navarro to get acquainted with other youth. It ended with a closing ceremony that allowed her to share what she’d learned and experienced.
“There were a lot of bugs,” Navarro recalled of her time digging holes in the labyrinth-shaped Edendale Grove garden project adjacent to the Cathedral Center of St. Paul. There were also peppers, strawberries, basil and tomatoes.
“It was very hot that day and we were all over the garden,” she said. “We were digging up weeds, planting and watering the plants that were already there. It was a very good day. It was fun to see how much we had put together and how we helped with the garden.”
“I loved that day, it was very fun,” she said. “It made me feel that I was helping others to access food when they don’t have any. 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Things to Do If You Have Back Taxes
If you have back taxes, there are several things you can do to get them paid as soon as possible. You can start by getting a free consultation with a tax professional. Tax professionals are licensed and former IRS agents who can help you make the best decision for your financial situation. Back taxes can affect your credit score and your life. You can even consider hiring a professional if you have more than one year of unpaid taxes. You can also try filing for bankruptcy, eliminating your back taxes. Whether or not you’re eligible to file for bankruptcy, you can still try to settle your tax debt with the IRS. But be aware that this is harder to do than getting a payment plan approved, and the IRS only accepts some of all offers. So before choosing this option, you should try all other options.
Options for settling tax debt
There are several ways to pay your back taxes. The first option is to seek an installment agreement, which allows you to make a monthly payment. To set up the agreement, you must pay a set fee. This fee is deducted from your income. You will also be responsible for late payment penalties and interest. Another option is to request a delay in collection. In many cases, the IRS may be able to delay collection if the taxpayer cannot afford to pay their debt. To do so, you must fill out a Collection Information Statement form. You will also need to provide monthly information about your income and expenses. It is important to remember that this is only temporary; the IRS will review your income and expenses annually. Once the IRS has decided that collection is not an option, you will still have to pay back your debt.
Penalties for failing to file the return
If you have failed to file your taxes for some time, you may owe penalties to the IRS. The good news is that penalties can be reduced or eliminated if you show reasonable cause. For example, if you suffered a fire or natural disaster or were sick or injured, you could qualify for a reduction of your penalties. In addition, you can file your taxes online and use one of the many tax software platforms to file your returns electronically. To avoid penalties for failing to file back taxes, you need to pay your taxes on time. The penalties for failure to file are calculated based on the amount of unpaid tax. The unpaid tax is the total tax due on your return, less any withholding or estimated payments. If you file late and don’t pay your taxes, you will incur a Failure to File Penalty of up to 25 percent of the unpaid tax amount.
There are many options for paying back taxes, and setting up a payment plan is one. The IRS offers long and short-term payment plans if you owe less than $50,000. Short-term payment plans allow you to pay off your back taxes within 120 days, while long-term payment plans allow you to pay off your back taxes over a more extended period. Payment plans can be set up for individuals or businesses. These plans are available once your tax return has been processed.
Seizures of property to pay back taxes
Seizures of property to pay back tax debts are a common practice of the Internal Revenue Service. The process begins when the IRS sends a notice of intent to levy. It can then auction off the property to cover the debt. Most commonly, the IRS will seize real estate, automobiles, private planes, business assets, and other items deemed ill-gotten gains. Seizures can happen when the IRS has a federal tax lien against you. A federal tax lien gives the IRS the right to foreclose on your property if you do not pay your tax debt. It can also be used to seize retirement accounts and investments. The IRS will then sell the asset at a public auction and apply the proceeds to the tax debt.
Lawson Sean
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Your destination for kids' health
Dietitian Tara McCarthy cooks up a meaningful New Year’s resolution
Posted on December 31, 2019 by Lisa D. Ellis | Our Community, People
Tags: celiac disease, gastroenterology, nutrition
Conditions causing food allergies and intolerances can be stressful for families. Dietitian Tara McCarthy devotes the month of January to testing out elimination diets so she can offer advice based on her experiences. (Adobe stock photo)
For many people, the new year offers an opportunity to embrace fresh starts and self-improvement goals. But for Tara McCarthy, a clinical nutrition specialist at the Boston Children’s Hospital Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, her New Year’s resolution is unique. Every January, she commits to four weeks of eating the same restrictive diet followed by the children she treats with Eosinophilic Esophagitis (an allergic reaction to food that causes the esophagus to swell) and other food intolerances and allergies.
In May, McCarthy also goes gluten free for her patients with celiac disease (an intolerance to a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and some oats that damages the intestine lining).
Following her patients’ diets enables her to experience first-hand what it’s like to avoid common allergens such as dairy, wheat, egg, soy, tree nuts/peanuts, and fish/shellfish.
It can be tricky finding good substitutes and selecting the best recipes that can be adapted for different needs. The insights she gleans from her month-long experiment enable her to better help her patients and families stay within their eating plans with less stress.
“Each year I also pick a different theme. For example, I designate at least one meal a day that will contain no processed foods, I drink 12 ounces of an amino acid- based formula each day, or I find five new recipes per month to integrate,” McCarthy explains.
She believes that by experiencing the challenges for herself, she can offer guidance to patients — as well as moral support — that helps them feel less alone and less overwhelmed. For instance, she tests out a variety of foods and recipes to determine which ones are good, and which ones are intolerable. For the latter, she experiments to find ways to tweak them to taste better for her patients.
Now about to start her eighth year on this January diet, McCarthy has the regimen down pat. Yet, she admits that when she started this tradition, it was harder than she had expected.
A not-so-weighty lesson
“The first year I followed the diet, I lost 10 pounds quickly,” she says. “This helped me realize that when you take a food group away, you need to replace it with more calories in something else. I was so focused on being free of everything that I realized I wasn’t doing a good job. We tend to tell patients what to avoid but not what to eat,” she says. This causes much stress for families and leaves them struggling to fill in the gaps.
McCarthy draws on her personal experiences to teach patients and families how to make restricted diets work with their lifestyles.
“When a child gets the diagnosis that they will have to eliminate foods from their diet, the parents can feel overwhelmed or even upset. They don’t know how they will follow all of the restrictions. They have to make dinner tonight and lunch tomorrow and don’t know what they will do to integrate new foods or recipes,” McCarthy says.
“Now that I have experienced the diet, I have a deeper connection and I can talk to the patients about different types of food products and recommend what they might like,” she says. “For instance, I know which milk substitutes taste best. The milk substitute for me is a really essential piece and there are a lot of plant-based ones that are good. I also try to find a snack to add in some extra calories. I particularly like coconut milk rice pudding, which is a warm yummy treat,” she adds.
The diet has become a real family affair for McCarthy. While her children (ages 10, 12, and 14) don’t do the entire month-long diet with her, she does require them all to eat her allergy-free dinners and give their feedback.
“I know when my kids like something, my patients with allergies will also like them, so it’s a keeper,” McCarthy says.
McCarthy says that new foods can be an acquired taste. Some things she tried and didn’t like initially tasted much better when she tried them again.
Although the majority of patients will eventually adapt to their new way of eating, not everyone finds it possible. “In some cases, I’ll go in with the family to an appointment with their Boston Children’s physician when the diet is just impossible to follow and then we will all work as a team to figure out how to fix it,” McCarthy says. She points out that Boston Children’s also offers classes for patients and families with newly diagnosed celiac disease to learn about the diet and why it is important. Having families together in a room with patients all going through the same thing helps them to know they are not alone.
She points out, “I follow this diet every January for 30 days. The 31st day is my birthday and I go back to a non-restricted diet again.” But she recognizes that for most of her patients, this restricted way of eating is their new “normal” and she says it’s important to respect that. By walking in their shoes, even briefly, she can help families feel less alone and be more accepting of their situation.
“I get letters from families saying that their children felt connected to me because I understand what they are going through. That makes my efforts all worthwhile. I plan to continue my tradition every single New Year,” she adds.
Dairy-free rice pudding recipe
Rice pudding is a tasty treat that is easy to make and can be allergen free. (Adobe stock photo)
One of McCarthy’s favorite allergen-free treats is warm rice pudding made with coconut milk. Here’s how she makes it.
½ cup Basmati rice
1 can (13.5 oz) coconut milk
2 Tbs sugar
¼ teaspoon vanilla extract
Combine rice, coconut milk, water, and sugar in a medium-sized saucepan and bring to a boil.
Reduce heat and simmer ingredients for about 20 minutes, stirring occasionally until all liquid is absorbed.
Turn off heat and add vanilla and cinnamon. The rice pudding will thicken as it cools. Enjoy this treat warm or cold. This is also a great dish to make ahead of time for a large crowd; just double or triple the recipe.
Learn more about the Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.
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Tagged: celiac disease, gastroenterology, nutrition
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Home Stock News
Execs seemed confused about the metaverse on Q3 earnings calls
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Manhattan D.A. says his office will not tolerate threats to the rule of law after Trump calls on supporters to protest
A new video by Inspired by Iceland pushes back against experiencing life through the “metaverse,” as described by Mark Zuckerberg during Facebook’s rebranding to Meta on Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021.
Online dating apps, a crypto exchange and a professional wrestling brand are among the many companies that tried to weave their disparate and seemingly unrelated businesses into the metaverse discussion this quarter.
The concept was on the top of analysts’ minds after Facebook changed its corporate name to Meta last month in preparation for “an embodied internet where you’re in the experience, not just looking at it,” as defined by Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg.
Zuckerberg is betting the metaverse, a computer-generated world, is where people will work, play and socialize using the company’s virtual reality headsets.
But executives around the world have lots of differing opinions on what the metaverse is and when we can expect it. Some view the metaverse as something that already exists, such as worlds created by Roblox. Others see it as a vague futuristic concept.
When questioned on their plans for the metaverse after earnings this week, the executive’s answers were everything. And nothing. Most didn’t shy away from brainstorming forward-thinking business opportunities that could boost stock values. It’s unclear whether or not they’ll actually materialize — or if the ideas even make sense.
“All I can do is kind of sit back and watch it in amazement,” Neal Stephenson, who popularized the term in his 1992 book “Snow Crash,” told CNBC in a recent interview.
Here’s what we “learned.”
It’s the human co-experience
Roblox CEO David Baszucki: “It’s been called the metaverse today. We’ve called it human co-experience,” Baszucki defines the metaverse as a place where technology combines high-fidelity communication with a new way to tell stories, borrowing from mobile gaming and the entertainment industry.
“This new category of the metaverse or co-experience is predicated on eight fundamentals,” said Baszucki: identity, social, immersive, low friction, variety, anywhere, economy, and civility.
It’s already here
Warner Music Group CEO Stephen Cooper: “I think within these large scale metaverses, Fortnite, Roblox and others, that we will begin to see an opportunity where providing content and distribution converges. And when you begin to look at the global reach, the number of people that spend meaningful amounts of time in these new worlds, I think it provides a universe of opportunity for Warner.”
It’s not here yet
Vonage Holdings (cloud communications) CEO Rory Read: “I think it’s the next 5, 7, 10 years.”
It’s too late to get in
Bilibili (Chinese video-sharing site) CEO Rui Chen: “Metaverse is a concept, it’s not a product. And before this concept emerges, actually many of the elements associated with metaverse already existed. Whether it’s virtual reality, a tight social community or a system social system or a self-reinforcing ecosystem, it’s already existed, and there are a lot of companies already developing product on those concepts, for example, Facebook and Tencent, and actually, Bilibili is one of them.
So that’s why I think, that if someone hears the concept of metaverse and decided to get into this business probably would be a little bit too late. That is because those elements such as social system, self-reinforcing ecosystem, all of which cannot be done in a couple of months or even in years.”
It’s vague
Tencent President Chi Ping Lau: “On metaverse, I think this is actually sort of a very exciting, but a little bit vague concept.”
Dolby Laboratories CEO Kevin Yeaman: “I think the metaverse, I guess, can take many forms, but ultimately it is an audiovisual experience.”
Whatever it is, NetEase will be a ‘fast runner’
Chinese game maker NetEase Head of Investor Relations Margaret Shi: “The metaverse is indeed the new buzzword everywhere today. But then, on the other hand, I think nobody has actually had firsthand experience in what it is. But at NetEase, we are technologically ready. We know how to accumulate the relevant know-how, the relevant skillsets when that day comes. So, I think when that day eventually comes, we’d probably be one of the fastest runners in the metaverse space.”
It has something to do with crypto
Coinbase co-founder and CEO Brian Armstrong: “I think with the tens of millions of Americans out there that are now using this asset class for all kinds of things, not just financial services and unique payments and things like that, but also art and new forms of governance and identity and the Metaverse. And it’s just so exciting that the millions of young people, the talented young people all over the U.S. are coming into this field.”
It’s the digitized Game of Life
Chris Cocks, CEO of Hasbro‘s Wizards of the Coast: “The first step to be participating in the metaverse, you have to have digital games. I think the metaverse is shorthand for, hey, entertainment is digitizing and entertainment is the Game of Life.”
It’s…something where Bumble will be
Bumble (dating company) president Tariq M. Shaukat: “On the metaverse piece, we’re really taking a Web3 lens on this in particular, meaning we are… I’m sure somebody will build a more virtual experience and we will happily engage and be there when they do that with avatars, etc. But what we really think is really interesting in the near term is the application of blockchain and crypto in general to the experience that our communities have. Fundamentally, we are not just an ecosystem, but we are a community of people. That is true on Bumble and Badoo, but it is particularly true as we think about the kind of reimagine Bumble BFF.”
“And the opportunities to really engage our members and really think of them as members who are participants in this community is really, we think, really just super exciting. And so we’re continuing to experiment. We’ve got a couple of tests that we’re very excited about that we will be rolling out in the upcoming months around this, but we think that’s the first toehold. This is something that is going to evolve. We want to make sure we’re setting the technical and engineering foundation for whatever emerges in the metaverse and in the Web3 world.”
It will have news and sports
Ryan Steelberg, Veritone (AI software) co-founder: “Just one simple example is, imagine now just one of our big media partners like ESPN or CBS News, having all of their content, in effect, ready for seamless integration with the metaverse, right, where that content being on offline throughout a more traditional means of distribution like OTT or linear television.”
It will run on Qualcomm chips
Qualcomm CEO Cristiano Amon: “If you were going to spend time in the metaverse, Snapdragon is going to be your ticket to the metaverse.” (Facebook’s Oculus headsets currently run on Qualcomm chips.)
It’s going to be a lot bigger than Facebook (Meta)
Veritone CEO Chad Steelberg: “I think the metaverse, by definition, is a lot bigger than the new Meta company aka Facebook. By definition, it’s a multiverse, that’s going to be moving content and information both into the digital realm, and then, obviously, the digital realm interfacing back with us in our physical selves.”
Unity senior vice president Marc Whitten: “Whatever the word metaverse means, it’s going to be built by millions of content creators, and we’re on a mission to give them the easy-to-use and high-performance tools that will bring their visions to life.”
Roblox Chief Product Officer Manuel Bronstein: “At Roblox, we want to connect more than 1 billion people in the metaverse.”
It will have ads
Roblox Chief Business Officer Craig Donato: “We expect ad agencies to have the capability to build metaverse experiences.”
Disney will have one
Disney CEO Bob Chapek: “Suffice it to say our efforts to date are merely a prologue to a time when we’ll be able to connect the physical and digital worlds even more closely, allowing for storytelling without boundaries in our own Disney metaverse.”
It will involve people playing the piano
Match Group (dating companies) CEO Sharmistha Dubey: “There is, for instance, a piano bar where people’s digital selves are gathering around, but they’re actually playing their pianos at home and jamming with others. You can overhear a conversation, join conversations, you can tap into the digital avatars to see more of their profiles, and you have basically a richer set of signals to help connect with someone. It is metaverse experiences coming to life in a way that is transformative to how people meet and get to know each other on a dating or social discovery platform and is much more akin to how people interact in the real world.”
It will be primarily made by artists
Unity CEO John Riccitiello, on Unity’s play for the metaverse through its acquisition of Weta Digital: “That’s going to really help us extract and help build the metaverse around the notion the world’s a better place with more creators in it. And now the many millions of creators in the world that think of themselves as artists, they’re welcomed on our platform and we got something that’s going to delight them. So, this really puts under our platform something that is, at least from an artist perspective, truly magic and they’re the largest tappable audience we have in our universe.”
It’s robust
Question from Laura Martin, analyst, Needham: “Okay, great. And then my other one is you guys have mentioned NFTs a couple times. So is that – could you size that for us and sort of more generally how do you feel about this, the role, the metaverse and going into the digital online world, and can you sort of think that NFTs are going to be – is meta going to be actually a bigger deal, like leaving to live, you guys really work in the live world, physical world, but how do you feel about the metaverse? And within that context, how big do you think NFTs could be as a part of the new metaverse?”
World Wrestling Entertainment Chief Revenue Officer Nick Khan: “We think it’s robust now. We think it’s going to continue to evolve and become perhaps even more robust, and we think it’s here to stay.”
Martin: “Okay. Thanks.”
WATCH: Metaverse similar to rise of internet, Matthew Ball says
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Tag: Peace Plaza
Business Forward: Downtown Rochester Businesses Top of Mind for Heart of the City Project Leaders
July 17, 2020 General
Destination Medical Center (DMC) is prototyping a kinder future for construction; one that considers patients, pedestrians, and business owners first. It’s called Business Forward.
“Every business owner will say that anytime they’ve had construction in front of their businesses, they’ve never felt like they’ve been a part of the plan,” says Jamie Rothe, Director of Community Engagement and Experience for DMC Economic Development Agency. “With this type of project, we felt like we needed to build it together. And that’s what we need to do; share information, get information back, then modify and adjust.”
Refined Prototype Furniture Returns to Heart of the City
Prototyping is a way to inform designs before they’re final. Over the years, you’ve seen DMC, the City of Rochester, and the Rochester Downtown Alliance prototype in multiple ways. From the Placemakers Prototyping Festival to the recent Community Couch and Flexible Fountain installation, each step has informed the next. Prototyping allows design teams the ability to react quickly to community feedback and to efficiently make modifications, with the end goal of creating a better design.
This summer, DMC has been prototyping public benches – incorporating universal design – in and around the east side of Peace Plaza. The first installation of the bench prototypes was placed on Peace Plaza next to Primp. The Heart of the City design team sought initial reactions to the overall idea of the benches, their look and feel, and to learn how people use them.
The community used the benches in a variety of ways, standing and sitting while eating meals, using the lean bench for working, and having conversations. Strong feedback was received on the industrial look of the benches. Some people wanted a softer, more approachable feel for public seating.
After a busy few weeks of modifying the Heart of the City bench prototypes, they will now be placed back onto Peace Plaza for phase 2 prototyping. The second prototype incorporates many of the suggestions provided by the community, including:
Adding wood to the seat and table/counter surfaces to provide a softer material to the touch
Adding color to the end panels to add visual interest and a more playful feel
Sanding the metal to smooth the edges of the joints and perforations
You can find the prototype benches on First Avenue in front of Primp. During the first prototype phase, the benches were set up in a way that encouraged conversation. During this second phase, you will notice that the benches are arranged differently – one faces the street, and the other faces the shops and the sidewalk.
The design team invites you to stop by and check out the benches. A Heart of the City goal is to create seating that helps you get the most out of your public space and help make Peace Plaza a place where all will want to gather – community, visitors and patients.
The design team would like to know what you think about the arrangement. When do you use them and why? How do you observe others using them? What are your thoughts on the new surfaces?
Please send your comments to [email protected]
RFPs sought for operation and management of Rochester’s Historic Chateau Theatre
December 26, 2018 General
An iconic downtown landmark is promised new life as the City of Rochester announces call for requests for proposals (RFP) for the operation and management of the historic Chateau Theatre.
The Chateau Theatre is located in the Peace Plaza in Heart of the City which sees nearly 1.4 million visitors a year and within walking distance of over 2,200 hotel rooms.
“The Chateau Theatre is a community treasure and has always been at the core of our DMC Heart of the City planning,” says Lisa Clarke, executive director, DMC Economic Development Agency.
Prototyping with an eye to the future
Prototyping is not a new concept for designers. They regularly create early representations of an idea with intentions of testing a theory or response, then adapting the design into a bigger and better version of the original.
The same can be said when introducing prototyping into the public realm.
Destination Medical Center Economic Development Agency (DMC EDA) recently invited local innovators to help activate the Peace Plaza in Heart of the City by installing their own prototypes in the space.
A call to “Lean in” and embrace the future at the DMC Annual Meeting
October 22, 2018 General
You might have been caught by surprise if you walked by the Peace Plaza on a brisk October evening and saw more than 200 people gathered together sharing a family-style meal outside. But that’s exactly what happened on October 17 during the inaugural Destination Medical Center (DMC) Annual Meeting, where the community came together to celebrate the impact of the first five years of the 20-year DMC initiative.
Photo Gallery: Destination Medical Center Annual Meeting
Destination Medical Center 2018 Annual Meeting
October 17, 2018 | Chateau Theatre and Peace Plaza in Heart of the City | Rochester, Minnesota
Photography by William Forsman
Testing Heart of the City Design Concepts in Peace Plaza
Prototypes in Peace Plaza
Destination Medical Center (DMC) and the Heart of the City design team collaborated with local prototypers to test out design concepts for Heart of the City Phase 1 and create an engaging public realm. The design team includes Minneapolis-based landscape architects Coen+Partners in collaboration with RSP Architects, El Dorado, Latent Design, Kimley-Horn Associates, and Fluidity.
The prototypers were selected based on work presented at the 2016 Rochester Prototyping Festival. The design team felt these prototypes resonated with Heart of the City public realm work and invited the prototypers to test out a 2.0 version of their original concepts. The installations will be on display in Peace Plaza through mid-November.
Go the Easy Mile: Take a ride on the autonomous vehicle
March 16, 2018 General
Autonomous vehicles are at the forefront of the transportation and mobility conversations, including in Rochester, where this technology has been considered by many as a potential addition to public transportation as part of the Destination Medical Center and City of Rochester’s planning efforts.
The Easy Mile 12-passenger autonomous vehicle is coming to downtown Rochester on Thursday, March 22 for a public demonstration at Peace Plaza. The public is invited to take a test ride between 10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.
A bold vision for Heart of the City
At the heart of every destination city is a vibrant downtown, where signature spaces, diverse programming, and enticing events encourage residents and visitors to linger a little longer.
In downtown Rochester, the bold vision for the true Heart of the City is coming to life as designers unveil a new future for the Destination Medical Center (DMC) sub-district where residents and visitors come together to celebrate life, community, health, and wellness 365 days a year.
From Discover and Dream to Design and Do
The Heart of the City Design Team recently unveiled plans for the much-anticipated core of downtown. Their forward-thinking vision for this integral part of the DMC district was received with excitement and anticipation by the DMC Corporation Board of Directors, the Rochester City Council, and the community at-large as they learned of the new plans for the sub-district.
DMCC board applauds progress in DMC sub-districts
With all the activity taking place in the Destination Medical Center (DMC) District, the recent DMC Corporation Board of Directors meeting agenda was a full one and included updates on DMC’s top development priorities, such as Discovery Square and Heart of the City.
At the end of 2016, private investment in the DMC district surpassed $200 million, the threshold required to trigger the release of State dollars to support Rochester’s infrastructure needs. It was reported at the meeting that the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED) certified the report and has authorized the release of $2.6 million of the state money for local infrastructure improvements by September.
“This is the reason we’ve been doing this for the past several years,” says DMCC board vice-chair R.T. Rybak. “I encourage the staff to take time to celebrate this achievement.”
Discovery Square Developments
One of six DMC sub-districts, Discovery Square will be a live-work environment organized around attracting and retaining the best and brightest to our community. 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Palanthas
Dragonlance 5th Age
Dramatic Supplement
Steven Brown
A 96 page book
Noble Knight Game 3/8/2014 11:27:50 AM 8/20/2014 10:57:43 AM NM 4.95 USD
Noble Knight Game 3/8/2014 11:27:50 AM 8/20/2014 10:57:43 AM MINT/New 5.95 USD
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13.92(1)(f)4. 4.
13.92(1)(f)4.a.a. The legislative reference bureau shall permanently maintain each chapter of the Wisconsin administrative code published under s. 35.93 (3) on the Internet in an electronic file format that the legislative reference bureau determines to be appropriate to allow for the continued usability of the previously published chapters and may change the electronic file format over time to assure continued usability.
13.92(1)(f)4.b. b. The legislative reference bureau shall print one or more copies of each administrative code chapter published under s. 35.93 (3) and preserve the printed copies as a permanent archive. The legislative reference bureau may print and distribute additional copies to other agencies or persons as it considers to be appropriate for archival purposes.
13.92(2) (2) Duties of the chief. The chief of the legislative reference bureau shall:
13.92(2)(a) (a) Employ, supervise and train the personnel assigned to the chief.
13.92(2)(b) (b) Supervise all expenditures of the legislative reference bureau.
13.92(2)(c) (c) Serve as editor of the biennial Wisconsin Blue Book.
13.92(2)(d) (d) Cooperate with the legislative service agencies of other states and foreign countries toward the better exchange of information.
13.92(2)(f) (f) Attend, personally or through a professional employee under sub. (1) (b) designated by the chief, all meetings of the commission on uniform state laws under s. 13.55 and the midwest and national meetings in which the commission participates.
13.92(2)(h) (h) Recommend to the joint committee on legislative organization prices for subscriptions to the legislative document distribution service under s. 35.87, including any portion of the service provided separately.
13.92(2)(i) (i) Serve as editor of the Wisconsin statutes. If 2 or more acts of a legislative session affect the same statutory unit without taking cognizance of the effect thereon of the other acts and if the chief finds that there is no mutual inconsistency in the changes made by each such act, the chief shall incorporate the changes made by each act into the text of the statutory unit and document the incorporation in a note to the statutory unit. For each such incorporation, the chief shall include in a correction bill a provision formally validating the incorporation. Section 990.07 is not affected by decisions made by the chief under this paragraph.
13.92(2)(j) (j) Prior to the end of each even-numbered year, report to the law revision committee those reported opinions of the attorney general, and those reported decisions of any federal district court, or any state or federal appellate court, in which Wisconsin statutes or session laws are stated to be in conflict, ambiguous, anachronistic, unconstitutional, or otherwise in need of revision.
13.92(2)(jg) (jg) Prior to the end of each even-numbered year, report to the joint committee for review of administrative rules regarding rules in the Wisconsin administrative code that the chief has identified as possibly being in need of revision.
13.92(2)(jm) (jm) Attend all scheduled meetings and serve as the nonvoting secretary of the committee for review of administrative rules under s. 13.56. The chief of the legislative reference bureau may designate an employee to perform the duties under this paragraph.
13.92(2)(k) (k) Approve specifications and scheduling for computer databases containing the Wisconsin statutes and for the printing of the Wisconsin statutes as prescribed in ss. 16.971 (6) and 35.56 (5).
13.92(2)(L) (L) In cooperation with the law revision committee, systematically examine and identify for revision by the legislature the statutes and session laws to eliminate defects, anachronisms, conflicts, ambiguities, and unconstitutional or obsolete provisions. The chief shall prepare and, at each session of the legislature, present to the law revision committee bills that eliminate identified defects, anachronisms, conflicts, ambiguities, and unconstitutional or obsolete provisions. These bills may include minor substantive changes in the statutes and session laws necessary to accomplish the purposes of this paragraph. The chief may resubmit to the law revision committee in subsequent sessions of the legislature any bill prepared under this paragraph that was not enacted.
13.92(2m) (2m) Publication costs. Payments for the following costs shall be administered by the legislative reference bureau:
13.92(2m)(a) (a) Publication of the Wisconsin statutes under s. 35.18 (1).
13.92(2m)(b) (b) Publication of the Wisconsin town law forms under s. 35.20.
13.92(2m)(d) (d) Publication of the Wisconsin administrative code and register under s. 35.93.
13.92(3) (3) Treatment of certain legislative reference bureau employees.
13.92(3)(a)(a) Notwithstanding s. 230.08 (2) (fc), those employees holding positions in the classified service at the legislative reference bureau on June 16, 1998, who have achieved permanent status in class before that date, shall retain, while serving in the unclassified service at the legislative reference bureau, those protections afforded employees in the classified service under ss. 230.34 (1) (a) and 230.44 (1) (c) relating to demotion, suspension, discharge, layoff or reduction in base pay. Such employees shall also have reinstatement privileges to the classified service as provided under s. 230.33 (1). Those employees of the legislative reference bureau holding positions in the classified service on June 16, 1998, who have not achieved permanent status in class in any position at the legislative reference bureau on that date are eligible to receive the protections, privileges and rights preserved under this subsection if they successfully complete service equivalent to the probationary period required in the classified service for the position which they hold on that date.
13.92(3)(b) (b) Notwithstanding s. 230.08 (2) (fc), those employees holding positions in the classified service at the revisor of statutes bureau on October 27, 2007, who have achieved permanent status in class before that date, if they become employed by the legislative reference bureau under 2007 Wisconsin Act 20, section 9130 (1f) (d) 1. or 2., shall retain, while serving in the unclassified service at the legislative reference bureau, those protections afforded employees in the classified service under ss. 230.34 (1) (a) and 230.44 (1) (c) relating to demotion, suspension, discharge, layoff, or reduction in base pay. Each such employee shall also have reinstatement privileges to the classified service as provided under s. 230.31 (1) and any other reinstatement privileges or restoration rights provided under an applicable collective bargaining agreement under subch. V of ch. 111 covering the employee on October 27, 2007.
13.92(4) (4) Wisconsin administrative code.
13.92(4)(a)(a) The legislative reference bureau shall compile and publish the Wisconsin administrative code as provided in s. 35.93 (3). Whenever the legislative reference bureau receives notice under s. 227.40 (6) of the entry of a declaratory judgment determining the validity or invalidity of a rule, the legislative reference bureau shall insert an annotation of that determination in the Wisconsin administrative code under the rule that was the subject of the determination.
13.92(4)(b) (b) The legislative reference bureau may do any of the following:
13.92(4)(b)1. 1. Renumber any provision of the Wisconsin administrative code and, if it does so, shall change cross-references to agree with the renumbered provision.
13.92(4)(b)2. 2. Change the title of any rule.
13.92(4)(b)3. 3. Insert the proper cross-reference wherever “preceding section" or a similar term is used in the code.
13.92(4)(b)4. 4. Delete surplus words such as “of this rule", “of this code", “of the statutes", “hereof" and “immediately above".
13.92(4)(b)5. 5. Delete any masculine or feminine pronoun or adjective, except where the rule clearly applies to only one sex, and, if necessary, replace it with sex-neutral terminology.
13.92(4)(b)6. 6. Change any incorrect agency name or address.
13.92(4)(b)7. 7. Change any incorrect cross-reference to a federal or state statute, rule or regulation.
13.92(4)(b)8. 8. Delete “hereby" when it is used in connection with a verb such as “consents", “grants", “gives" or “declares".
13.92(4)(b)9. 9. Substitute “deems" for “may deem".
13.92(4)(b)10. 10. Substitute “may" for a phrase such as “is hereby authorized to".
13.92(4)(b)11. 11. Substitute “this state" for “the state of Wisconsin".
13.92(4)(b)12. 12. Change any incorrect form of a word to the correct form.
13.92(4)(b)13. 13. Insert the U.S. code citation for the citation to a federal act.
13.92(4)(b)14. 14. If the application or effect of a rule, by its terms, depends on the time when the rule takes effect, substitute the actual effective date for a phrase which means that date, such as “when this rule takes effect", “on the effective date of this rule" or “after the effective date of this rule".
13.92(4)(b)15. 15. Delete obsolete rules promulgated by an agency that no longer exists.
13.92(4)(b)16. 16. Delete severability provisions.
13.92(4)(bm) (bm) If 2 or more rules filed under s. 227.20 or modified under s. 227.265 affect the same unit of the Wisconsin administrative code without taking cognizance of the effect thereon of the other rules and if the legislative reference bureau finds that there is no mutual inconsistency in the changes made by each such rule, the legislative reference bureau shall incorporate the changes made by each rule into the text of the unit and document the incorporation in a note to the unit. For each such incorporation, the legislative reference bureau shall include in a correction bill a provision formally validating the incorporation. Section 227.27 (2) is not affected by printing decisions made by the legislative reference bureau under this paragraph.
13.92(4)(c) (c) The legislative reference bureau may insert in the Wisconsin administrative code a note explaining any change made under par. (b) or (bm).
13.92(4)(d) (d) Sections 227.114, 227.116, 227.135, and 227.14 to 227.24 do not apply to any change made by the legislative reference bureau under par. (b) or (bm).
13.92(4)(e) (e) The legislative reference bureau shall prepare and keep on file a record of each change made under par. (b) or (bm).
13.92(4)(f) (f) The legislative reference bureau shall notify the agency involved of each change made under par. (b) or (bm).
13.92 History History: 1971 c. 270 s. 104; 1973 c. 90, 333; 1975 c. 41 s. 52; 1975 c. 199, 266; 1977 c. 29; 1977 c. 196 s. 131; 1979 c. 110, 204; 1981 c. 372; 1983 a. 27, 29, 308; 1987 a. 27; 1989 a. 31; 1991 a. 39, 316; 1995 a. 27; 1997 a. 27, 237; 2001 a. 46; 2003 a. 33; 2007 a. 20 ss. 17dr to 17fm, 17he, 17Lr to 17nr, 17re, 17te, 17ve to 17xr; 2011 a. 21, 43; 2013 a. 5, 20, 125, 136, 210, 277, 278, 295, 320, 332, 361, 363; 2017 a. 108.
13.92 Cross-reference Cross-reference: For construction of a revised statute, see s. 990.001 (7) and cases cited under s. 990.001.
13.92 Annotation Reports or comments of nonlegislative committees incorporated in the Legislative Reference Bureau analysis under sub. (1) (b) 2. are valid aids in interpreting a statute that originated from the committee. In re Estate of Haese, 80 Wis. 2d 285, 259 N.W.2d 54 (1977).
13.92 Annotation The duties under s. 13.93 (2) [now sub. (2) (j) to (L)] are mainly ministerial and editorial; the revisor [now the Legislative Reference Bureau] rarely proposes any substantive changes in the law, and if it does, the changes are very minor. Lornson v. Siddiqui, 2007 WI 92, 302 Wis. 2d 519, 735 N.W.2d 55, 05-2315.
13.92 Annotation The following factors all evidenced that no substantive change was intended by a correction bill amendment: 1) the bill was a correction bill; 2) the bill contained a relating clause mirroring the revisor's [now the Legislative Reference Bureau] duties under s. 13.93 [now this section]; 3) the section of the bill in question contained a note explaining its purpose was remedial; 4) the bill was passed without amendment; and 5) the bill contained no amendment of or reference to the statute section whose meaning was claimed to be changed. Lornson v. Siddiqui, 2007 WI 92, 302 Wis. 2d 519, 735 N.W.2d 55, 05-2315.
13.94 13.94 Legislative audit bureau. There is created a bureau to be known as the “Legislative Audit Bureau," headed by a chief known as the “State Auditor." The bureau shall be strictly nonpartisan and shall at all times observe the confidential nature of any audit currently being performed. Subject to s. 230.35 (4) (a) and (f), the state auditor or designated employees shall at all times with or without notice have access to all departments and to any books, records or other documents maintained by the departments and relating to their expenditures, revenues, operations and structure, including specifically any such books, records, or other documents that are confidential by law, except as provided in sub. (4) and except that access to documents of counties, cities, villages, towns or school districts is limited to work performed in connection with audits authorized under sub. (1) (m) and except that access to documents of the opportunity schools and partnership programs under s. 119.33, subch. IX of ch. 115, and subch. II of ch. 119 is limited to work performed in connection with audits authorized under sub. (1) (os). In the discharge of any duty imposed by law, the state auditor may subpoena witnesses, administer oaths and take testimony and cause the deposition of witnesses to be taken as prescribed for taking depositions in civil actions in circuit courts.
13.94(1) (1) Duties of the bureau. The legislative audit bureau shall be responsible for conducting postaudits of the accounts and other financial records of departments to assure that all financial transactions have been made in a legal and proper manner. In connection with such postaudits, the legislative audit bureau shall review the performance and program accomplishments of the department during the fiscal period for which the audit is being conducted to determine whether the department carried out the policy of the legislature and the governor during the period for which the appropriations were made. In performing postaudits under this subsection, the legislative audit bureau shall not examine issues related to academic freedom within the University of Wisconsin System. A postaudit shall not examine into or comment upon the content of the various academic programs, including degree requirements, majors, curriculum or courses within the University of Wisconsin System, nor shall any such postaudit examine into the manner in which individual faculty members or groups of faculty members conduct their instructional, research or public service activities. This subsection does not preclude the bureau from reviewing the procedures by which decisions are made and priorities set in the University of Wisconsin System, or the manner in which such decisions and priorities are implemented within the University of Wisconsin System, insofar as such review is not inconsistent with s. 36.09. The legislative audit bureau shall audit the fiscal concerns of the state as required by law. To this end, it shall:
13.94(1)(b) (b) At the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, audit the records of each department. Audits of the records of a county, city, village, town, or school district may be performed only as provided in par. (m). Audits of the records of the opportunity schools and partnership programs under s. 119.33, subch. IX of ch. 115, and subch. II of ch. 119 may be performed only as provided in par. (os). After completion of any audit under this paragraph, the bureau shall file with the chief clerk of each house of the legislature, the governor, the department of administration, the legislative reference bureau, the joint committee on finance, the legislative fiscal bureau, and the department audited, a detailed report of the audit, including the bureau's recommendations for improvement and efficiency and including specific instances, if any, of illegal or improper expenditures. The chief clerks shall distribute the report to the joint legislative audit committee, the appropriate standing committees of the legislature, and the joint committee on legislative organization.
13.94(1)(br) (br)
13.94(1)(br)1.1. Maintain a toll-free telephone number with voice mail at the bureau's office to receive reports of fraud, waste, and mismanagement in state government. Except as provided in subd. 2., the bureau shall relay these reports to the appropriate bureau employee for investigation. If the bureau has a bureau employee investigate the report, the employee may, subject to subd. 3., consult with any department for any purpose related to the investigation. The bureau shall publicize the toll-free telephone number on the bureau's Internet site. The bureau shall maintain records that permit the release of information provided by informants while protecting the identity of the informant. Any records maintained by the bureau that relate to the identity of informants shall be only for the confidential use of the bureau in the administration of this section, unless the informant expressly agrees to release the records. Appearance in court as a witness shall not be considered consent by an informant to release confidential records maintained by the bureau.
13.94(1)(br)2. 2. In lieu of requiring a bureau employee to conduct an investigation of a report received under subd. 1., the bureau may refer a report to a department for investigation. The department shall conduct the investigation and deliver the results of the investigation to the bureau in a timely manner.
13.94(1)(br)3. 3. The bureau shall at all times before an investigation of a report received under subd. 1. is completed keep confidential the report and investigation and any information arising from the investigation, except as necessary to conduct the investigation.
13.94(1)(c) (c) At the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, audit the central accounting records of the department of administration. A detailed report of such audit shall be filed as provided by par. (b), and copies shall be provided to each member or member-elect of the legislature and shall be available in limited number to the public. The bureau shall also prepare a summary of such audit report, for distribution in the same manner as the Wisconsin Blue Book under s. 35.84.
13.94(1)(dc) (dc) At least once every 5 years, contract for the performance of an actuarial audit of the Wisconsin retirement system. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of each audit report under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(dd) (dd) Annually, conduct a financial audit of the department of employee trust funds, to include financial statements and an evaluation of accounting controls and accounting records maintained by the department for individual participants and employers. Within 30 days after completion of such audit the bureau shall file with the governor, the legislative reference bureau, the department of administration and the department of employee trust funds a detailed report thereof, including specific instances, if any, of illegal or improper transactions.
13.94(1)(de) (de) At least once every 3 years, perform a financial audit of the state life insurance fund and the injured patients and families compensation fund.
13.94(1)(df) (df) Annually, perform a financial audit of the investment board, including an assessment of the fair presentation of the financial statements and an evaluation of the internal control structure of the board. As part of the financial audit, the bureau shall identify certain statutes and policies and guidelines adopted by the board and shall determine the extent of compliance by the board with the statutes, policies and guidelines. Biennially, the bureau shall conduct a performance evaluation audit of the investment board that includes an audit of the board's policies and management practices.
13.94(1)(dg) (dg) At the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, perform a financial audit of expenditures made under the grants for dental services under s. 250.10.
13.94(1)(dm) (dm) At the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, perform a financial audit of the state fair park board and of any private corporation with which the board contracts under s. 42.01 (4) (b).
13.94(1)(dp) (dp) In addition to any other audit to be performed under this section relating to veterans homes, perform one or more financial audits of the operation of the Wisconsin Veterans Home at Chippewa Falls by any private entity with which the department of veterans affairs enters into an agreement under s. 45.50 (2m) (c). The audit shall be performed at such time as the legislature directs.
13.94(1)(dr) (dr) Biennially, beginning in 2013, conduct a financial audit of the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation and a program evaluation audit of the economic development programs administered by the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation under ch. 238. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of each audit report under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(ds) (ds) After June 30, 2026, conduct a program evaluation audit of the agricultural exports program under s. 93.425. No later than December 31, 2026, the legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of each audit report under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(e) (e) Make such special examinations of the accounts and financial transactions of any department, agency or officer as the legislature, joint legislative audit committee or joint committee on legislative organization directs. Examinations of the accounts and transactions of a county, city, village, town, or, subject to par. (os), of a school district, may be performed only as authorized in par. (m).
13.94(1)(eg) (eg) At the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, conduct a performance evaluation audit of the division of gaming in the department of administration. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of each audit report under this paragraph with the department of justice and with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(em) (em) Annually conduct a financial audit of the state lottery, and, to the extent of the department of revenue's participation, of any multijurisdictional lotteries in which the state participates under ch. 565, and at the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, conduct a performance audit of the state lottery and, to the extent of the department of revenue's participation, of those multijurisdictional lotteries, as provided in s. 565.37 (1). The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of each audit report under this paragraph with the department of justice and with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(h) (h) Disseminate information concerning department accounting, auditing and fiscal matters.
13.94(1)(i) (i) Prepare a statement of recommendations submitted in each audit report pertaining to department operations, which statement shall be available to any person upon request.
13.94(1)(j) (j) Prepare a biennial report of its activities, including recommendations for efficiency and economy in the expenditure of appropriations made by the legislature. The bureau shall file the report with the legislature under s. 13.172 (2) at the beginning of each regular session and with the governor and department of administration no later than January 15 of each odd-numbered year.
13.94(1)(L) (L) Monitor and review purchases and purchasing procedures of departments and, at the state auditor's discretion or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, report to the joint legislative audit committee concerning the extent to which departments purchase materials, supplies, or equipment manufactured outside of the United States.
13.94(1)(m) (m) Audit the records of any county, city, village, town or school district at the direction of the joint legislative audit committee. The committee may direct an audit of a county department under s. 46.215 at any time. The committee may not direct more than 3 other audits of counties, cities, villages, towns or school districts in any calendar year.
13.94(1)(mg) (mg) At the state auditor's discretion, or as the joint legislative audit committee directs, perform a financial and performance evaluation audit of the Milwaukee County mental health board and of mental health functions, programs, and services in Milwaukee County including a review of the effectiveness of the Milwaukee County mental health board and new policies implemented under that board in providing mental health services, a review of the expenditures of the Milwaukee County mental health board, a review of Milwaukee County's expenditures for mental health functions, programs, and services and the outcomes of those programs and services in the period after the formation of the Milwaukee County mental health board. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of the audit report under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b) and the Milwaukee County executive and the Milwaukee County board of supervisors. The audit under this paragraph does not count toward the limit of audits of a county in a calendar year in par. (m).
13.94(1)(ms) (ms) No later than July 1, 2014, prepare a financial and performance evaluation audit of the economic development tax benefit program under ss. 238.301 to 238.306. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of the report of the audit under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(os) (os) Beginning in 2017, and biennially thereafter, prepare a performance evaluation audit of the opportunity schools and partnership programs under s. 119.33, subch. IX of ch. 115, and subch. II of ch. 119. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of the report of the audit under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(t) (t) Annually conduct a financial audit of the University of Wisconsin System. The legislative audit bureau shall file a copy of each audit report under this paragraph with the distributees specified in par. (b).
13.94(1)(u) (u) Beginning in 2018, annually for 5 years, evaluate the process used by the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation to verify information under s. 238.396 (4) (d) and evaluate whether the corporation appropriately verified, in accordance with statutory and contractual requirements, the amount of tax credits eligible claimants may claim under ss. 71.07 (3wm) and 71.28 (3wm).
13.94(1)(v) (v) Conduct an audit, at the request of the department of corrections, of a county's net operating costs for a secured residential care center for children and youth that holds female juveniles for the purpose of determining the amount, if any, of a net operating loss to be reimbursed by the department of corrections to a county under s. 301.373. The bureau shall report the result of the audit to the department of corrections as soon as practicable.
13.94(1m) (1m) Independent experts. The legislative audit bureau may contract for the services of such independent professional or technical experts as deemed necessary to carry out the statutory duties and functions of the bureau within the limits of the amount provided under s. 20.765 (3) (c) and, in the case of postaudits involving the performance and program accomplishments of a department, shall contract for the services of such subject matter and program specialists from any state or federal agency or public institution of higher learning as deemed necessary by the joint committee on legislative organization.
13.94(1s) (1s) Authorized charges.
13.94(1s)(a) (a) Except as otherwise provided in par. (c), the legislative audit bureau may charge any department for the reasonable cost of auditing services performed at the request of a department or at the request of the federal government that the bureau is not required to perform under sub. (1) (b) or (c) or any other law. This paragraph does not apply to counties, cities, villages, towns, or school districts or to the opportunity schools and partnership programs under sub. (1) (os).
13.94(1s)(b) (b) The legislative audit bureau may charge the department of revenue for the reasonable costs of an audit performed under sub. (1) (em) and for verification of the odds of winning a lottery game under s. 565.37 (5).
13.94(1s)(bm) (bm) The legislative audit bureau may charge the department of administration for the cost of an audit performed under sub. (1) (eg).
13.94(1s)(c) (c) The legislative audit bureau shall charge the following entities for the following audits:
/statutes/statutes/13 true statutes /statutes/statutes/13/iv/92/4/b/4 Chs. 13-20, General Organization of the State, Except the Judiciary statutes/13.92(4)(b)4. statutes/13.92(4)(b)4. section true
2021-22 Wisconsin Statutes updated through all Supreme Court and Controlled Substances Board Orders filed before and in effect on February 7, 2023. Published and certified under s. 35.18. Changes effective after February 7, 2023, are designated by NOTES. 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You can easily copy websites without requiring to specify any advanced options. WebCopy provides a number of more advanced settings for working with web sites. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2013 | {"url": "https://docs.cyotek.com/cyowcopy/1.2/advsettings.html", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "docs.cyotek.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:46:42Z", "digest": "sha1:ADMAFPZRHZPANXIGT4TDVGB7MZL656GZ"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 159, 159.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 159, 3641.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 159, 1.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 159, 147.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 159, 0.74]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 159, 299.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 159, 0.40740741]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 159, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 159, 0.07407407]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 159, 0.96]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 159, 5.32]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 159, 3.16342405]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 159, 25.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 159, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 159, 25.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 159, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 159, 0.01886792]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 159, 0.00021642]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 159, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 159, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 159, -13.53743093]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 159, -2.11063509]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 159, -5.62586172]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 159, 2.0]]} |
On August 25, 2022 By aebi
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What to Search for in a Wrongdoer Defense Lawyer A criminal defense lawyer is an attorney that specializes in the protection of offenders. They are typically called ‘criminal offense competitors’ because of their extensive expertise of the lawful system. There are several types of criminal defense attorney. The following are […]
Attributes to Consider Before Hiring a Junk Car Dealer in the Market Your preference is the first attribute to consider before hiring a Junk Car Dealer in the market. Your preference is a vital attribute to pay attention to before hiring a Junk Car Dealer in the market. The quality […] | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2014 | {"url": "https://dominicaeducation.info/2022/08/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dominicaeducation.info", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:44:48Z", "digest": "sha1:2HINKJJ3I6FKROBHLQJKID7Z4NRXN3X7"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 1573, 1573.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 1573, 3091.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 1573, 6.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 1573, 82.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 1573, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 1573, 246.5]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 1573, 0.39655172]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 1573, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 1573, 0.0984375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 1573, 0.15859375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 1573, 0.12734375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 1573, 0.12734375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 1573, 0.12734375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 1573, 0.12734375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 1573, 0.02734375]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 1573, 0.03046875]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 1573, 0.03984375]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 1573, 0.01724138]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 1573, 0.1]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 1573, 0.56390977]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 1573, 4.81203008]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 1573, 0.01724138]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 1573, 4.66666169]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 1573, 266.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 27, 0.0], [27, 341, 0.0], [341, 618, 0.0], [618, 956, 0.0], [956, 1287, 0.0], [1287, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 27, 0.0], [27, 341, 0.0], [341, 618, 0.0], [618, 956, 0.0], [956, 1287, 0.0], [1287, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 27, 6.0], [27, 341, 56.0], [341, 618, 51.0], [618, 956, 51.0], [956, 1287, 51.0], [1287, 1573, 51.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 27, 0.24], [27, 341, 0.0], [341, 618, 0.0], [618, 956, 0.0], [956, 1287, 0.0], [1287, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 27, 0.0], [27, 341, 0.0], [341, 618, 0.0], [618, 956, 0.0], [956, 1287, 0.0], [1287, 1573, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 27, 0.11111111], [27, 341, 0.04140127], [341, 618, 0.02888087], [618, 956, 0.03550296], [956, 1287, 0.02719033], [1287, 1573, 0.05944056]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 1573, 0.00071615]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 1573, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 1573, 0.00302547]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 1573, -64.34340068]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 1573, 7.14816659]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 1573, -46.60957081]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 1573, 12.0]]} |
Local January 3, 2011 | 1:40 pm
Drug trafficker’s seized gas station fetches RD$103M, buys pickup trucks
Santo Domingo.- Justice minister Radhamés Jiménez today handed the keys to 35 twin cabin pickup trucks to each of the country’s DAs, for those offices to use on investigations.
The vehicles were bought with the money from the sale of the Texaco gas station Independencia avenue, seized from the convicted drug Quirino Paulino, currently prison in the United States, and whose family was reportedly placed in that country’s witness protection program.
He said the vehicles cost 30 million, from the RD$103 million paid for the station, and the rest of the money will be used to improve the prisons system. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2015 | {"url": "https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2011/01/03/drug-traffickers-seized-gas-station-fetches-rd103m-buys-pickup-trucks-2/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dominicantoday.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:27:59Z", "digest": "sha1:D2TUXV3MCN2C4KSHRLPPG55Z22PPIVSI"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 709, 709.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 709, 3334.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 709, 5.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 709, 91.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 709, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 709, 281.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 709, 0.33333333]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 709, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 709, 0.02595156]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 709, 0.0212766]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 709, 0.18439716]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 709, 0.70689655]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 709, 4.98275862]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 709, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 709, 4.1586331]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 709, 116.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 32, 0.0], [32, 105, 0.0], [105, 282, 1.0], [282, 556, 1.0], [556, 709, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 32, 0.0], [32, 105, 0.0], [105, 282, 0.0], [282, 556, 0.0], [556, 709, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 32, 6.0], [32, 105, 10.0], [105, 282, 29.0], [282, 556, 42.0], [556, 709, 29.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 32, 0.2962963], [32, 105, 0.04285714], [105, 282, 0.01149425], [282, 556, 0.0], [556, 709, 0.03355705]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 32, 0.0], [32, 105, 0.0], [105, 282, 0.0], [282, 556, 0.0], [556, 709, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 32, 0.0625], [32, 105, 0.05479452], [105, 282, 0.03954802], [282, 556, 0.02554745], [556, 709, 0.01960784]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 709, 0.22149909]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 709, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 709, 0.24557805]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 709, -37.87942753]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 709, 18.94348247]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 709, 9.95282081]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 709, 4.0]]} |
Local November 3, 2011 | 11:47 am
Partly overcast skies, lower temperatures
Santo Domingo.- Dominican Republic’s weather will be dominated by overcast skies associated to a low pressure system over the Mona Pass during the next 48 hours, with downpours expected.
The National Meteorology Office forecasts rising humidity and unstable atmosphere over Hispaniola island, with some rains and thunderstorms on the north, northeast, southeast and southwest regions and the Central Mountains and border zone.
It also forecasts slightly lower temperatures for Thursday evening and early Friday, from the prevailing northeast wind. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2016 | {"url": "https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2011/11/03/partly-overcast-skies-lower-temperatures-3/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dominicantoday.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:17:33Z", "digest": "sha1:L4QSADAD346MFSUJ2COPN2IF24PB5MXD"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 623, 623.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 623, 3209.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 623, 5.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 623, 91.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 623, 0.92]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 623, 305.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 623, 0.28301887]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 623, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 623, 0.05009634]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 623, 0.17924528]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 623, 0.8]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 623, 5.76666667]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 623, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 623, 4.13768224]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 623, 90.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 34, 0.0], [34, 76, 0.0], [76, 263, 1.0], [263, 503, 1.0], [503, 623, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 34, 0.0], [34, 76, 0.0], [76, 263, 0.0], [263, 503, 0.0], [503, 623, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 34, 6.0], [34, 76, 5.0], [76, 263, 29.0], [263, 503, 33.0], [503, 623, 17.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 34, 0.31034483], [34, 76, 0.0], [76, 263, 0.01098901], [263, 503, 0.0], [503, 623, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 34, 0.0], [34, 76, 0.0], [76, 263, 0.0], [263, 503, 0.0], [503, 623, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 34, 0.05882353], [34, 76, 0.02380952], [76, 263, 0.03208556], [263, 503, 0.02916667], [503, 623, 0.025]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 623, 0.53550404]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 623, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 623, 0.00326806]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 623, -20.22174426]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 623, 2.09047679]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 623, 2.28743325]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 623, 4.0]]} |
Local July 9, 2013 | 3:15 pm
Probe into university professor missing since 1994 resumed, again
Santo Domingo.- Justice minister Francisco Dominguez on Tuesday ordered the National District Office of the Prosecutor to reopen and widen the investigation into the disappearance of Narciso González (Narcisazo), the third time such instructions have been issued since university professor and journalist went missing in 1994.
The official’s announcement, through Twitter, comes, after nearly 18 years after Gonzalez’s disappearance, and just months after the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Court (IACHR) called the Dominican government negligent in its investigation.
Gonzalez went missing May 26, 1994, just hours after calling for civil disobedience at the Santo Domingo State University (UASD) to protest "voter fraud" to reelect then president, the late Joaquin Balaguer.
During the first investigation in late 1996, then president Leonel Fernandez fired Guillermo Moreno, the National District Prosecutor at that time, for seeking to interrogate Balaguer in connection to the case. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2017 | {"url": "https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2013/07/09/probe-into-university-professor-missing-since-1994-resumed-again-3/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dominicantoday.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:55:30Z", "digest": "sha1:MYRDELYQQNCJJ7RK4MGQHITFW4I73VXX"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 1088, 1088.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 1088, 3701.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 1088, 6.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 1088, 92.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 1088, 0.93]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 1088, 333.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 1088, 0.30890052]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 1088, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 1088, 0.0421286]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 1088, 0.0421286]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 1088, 0.0104712]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 1088, 0.20942408]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 1088, 0.66242038]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 1088, 5.74522293]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 1088, 4.42824262]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 1088, 157.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 29, 0.0], [29, 95, 0.0], [95, 422, 1.0], [422, 670, 1.0], [670, 878, 1.0], [878, 1088, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 29, 0.0], [29, 95, 0.0], [95, 422, 0.0], [422, 670, 0.0], [670, 878, 0.0], [878, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 29, 6.0], [29, 95, 9.0], [95, 422, 46.0], [422, 670, 33.0], [670, 878, 32.0], [878, 1088, 31.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 29, 0.33333333], [29, 95, 0.0625], [95, 422, 0.01246106], [422, 670, 0.0083682], [670, 878, 0.03015075], [878, 1088, 0.01941748]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 29, 0.0], [29, 95, 0.0], [95, 422, 0.0], [422, 670, 0.0], [670, 878, 0.0], [878, 1088, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 29, 0.06896552], [29, 95, 0.01515152], [95, 422, 0.03975535], [422, 670, 0.06048387], [670, 878, 0.05769231], [878, 1088, 0.04285714]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 1088, 0.18603951]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 1088, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 1088, 0.63050336]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 1088, -39.50250461]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 1088, 11.18739112]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 1088, 21.84529525]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 1088, 5.0]]} |
Local August 5, 2013 | 1:33 pm
The country hosts 16th Caribbean Forestry gathering
Boca Chica, Dominican Republic. – The country will host the 16th Caribbean Forestry Biennial Meeting of starting Monday, when around 100 representatives from 27 countries of the Caribbean, Central America, South America and the United States will gather to share their perspectives on the impact of climate change in the region.
The Environment and Natural Resources Ministry said the activity will be the most attended so far, doubling the number of participants in previous meetings over the past 30 years.
This year’s theme, "Forest management, biodiversity and climate change: promoting understanding of the dynamics of Caribbean forests and creating long-term regional networks," focuses on both the challenges facing the region’s forests to climate change, as well as the need to strengthen international networks and increase collaboration among forestry professionals.
It said Dominican Environment minister Bautista Rojas will head the opening ceremony, with lectures from representatives and officials of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the International Institute for Tropical Forestry (IITF), of the U.S. Forest Service. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2018 | {"url": "https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2013/08/05/the-country-hosts-16th-caribbean-forestry-gathering-4/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dominicantoday.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:46:37Z", "digest": "sha1:7WPU7JUOOZJNQD5C2IJERWXAUEVVUP3X"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 1289, 1289.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 1289, 3889.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 1289, 6.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 1289, 92.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 1289, 0.9]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 1289, 109.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 1289, 0.29955947]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 1289, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 1289, 0.01874414]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 1289, 0.0393627]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 1289, 0.03524229]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 1289, 0.18061674]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 1289, 0.64361702]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 1289, 5.67553191]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 1289, 4.44279502]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 1289, 188.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 31, 0.0], [31, 83, 0.0], [83, 412, 1.0], [412, 592, 1.0], [592, 960, 1.0], [960, 1289, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 31, 0.0], [31, 83, 0.0], [83, 412, 0.0], [412, 592, 0.0], [592, 960, 0.0], [960, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 31, 6.0], [31, 83, 7.0], [83, 412, 51.0], [412, 592, 29.0], [592, 960, 49.0], [960, 1289, 46.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 31, 0.30769231], [31, 83, 0.03921569], [83, 412, 0.02173913], [412, 592, 0.01129944], [592, 960, 0.0], [960, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 31, 0.0], [31, 83, 0.0], [83, 412, 0.0], [412, 592, 0.0], [592, 960, 0.0], [960, 1289, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 31, 0.06451613], [31, 83, 0.05769231], [83, 412, 0.05167173], [412, 592, 0.02777778], [592, 960, 0.00815217], [960, 1289, 0.10638298]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 1289, 0.1325888]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 1289, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 1289, 0.01290935]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 1289, -80.75159818]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 1289, 15.70003468]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 1289, 8.69453532]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 1289, 9.0]]} |
5 Ways to Live a Happier Life
by Donna | Nov 8, 2020 | Wellness | 0 comments
Things are looking up once again. It’s time to make sure that no matter what is going on in the world, we take control of our own lives and our own happiness. Here are 5 ways to live a happier life. Happiness is a choice after all. These tips will help you get started on the road to happiness.
1. Get Enough Sleep
Getting enough sleep means that you should not be getting too much or too little, but just the right amount for you. Each person is different. Some may need 7 hours, some may need 8 or 9. You should know your sweet spot by now. Getting too little sleep can leave you cranky and irritable. You won’t function at your top level. Getting too much sleep can make you feel sluggish or lazy, and you miss out on part of the day. Getting enough sleep will help you be more productive and energetic, and you’ll feel happier.
2. Always Have Something To Look Forward To
Make plans — fun plans — and do interesting things. Follow your interests, pursue knowledge, and learn new things. Keep your mind active. Schedule future activities like road trips, dinner parties, vacations, holidays, quiet time, whatever makes you happy. Put these things on your calendar, and you will always have something to look forward to that will make you happy. The keys to a happier life are in your choices.
3. Put Money Away for an Emergency
The greatest thing to happen in the modern finance and banking world, in my opinion, is automatic savings. You can schedule a certain dollar amount to be pulled from your checking account and put into your savings account each month, week, every two weeks, however often you choose. Your savings will grow on autopilot. This way if you need to repair your car, or get a new computer, or something suddenly comes up, you have an emergency fund. Trust me. This extra fund can be a life saver, and will relieve some anxiety around money.
4. Get Comfortable With Discomfort
To achieve your dreams you have to be brave. You have to be willing to do the hard things. Being brave means looking at the tough choice and not backing away. You may not think you are ready to do whatever it is you want to do. But the only way you will be ready is to do it. You may want to start a podcast but you don’t know how. You learn how by starting a podcast. You may not think you’re ready to be a mother. But you learn how to be a mom by having a baby. There is an excellent quote by Max Depree, a successful businessman and author, “We cannot become what we want by remaining what we are.” Get used to trying new things. Get comfortable with challenging yourself.
5. Think Positive
All of the obstacles in your life that you may feel are holding you back, are really mindset issues. We all know what we need to do in order to lose weight, get a promotion, become financially secure, find love, and all of the other things we all want. The answer to these wants and needs is to develop a positive mindset. It takes practice. Start by celebrating small achievements and wins. Use positive language when you talk about the things you want. Open yourself up to life. Negative thoughts never got anyone anywhere. Practice positivity.
I hope you enjoyed this list of 5 ways to live a happier life. Let me know if you have any to add. I love to learn from you too. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2019 | {"url": "https://donnaderosa.com/5-ways-to-live-a-happier-life/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "donnaderosa.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:25:01Z", "digest": "sha1:HU74SEEKGOVO2FBJG3LLDCJGTRHZHSUB"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 3347, 3347.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 3347, 5210.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 3347, 14.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 3347, 93.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 3347, 0.96]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 3347, 326.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 3347, 0.47229917]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 3347, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 3347, 0.05201215]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 3347, 0.05201215]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 3347, 0.05201215]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 3347, 0.00759301]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 3347, 0.01822323]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 3347, 0.01252847]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 3347, 0.00277008]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 3347, 0.15096953]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 3347, 0.45192308]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 3347, 4.22115385]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 3347, 5.1432755]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 3347, 624.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 77, 0.0], [77, 372, 1.0], [372, 392, 0.0], [392, 909, 1.0], [909, 953, 0.0], [953, 1373, 1.0], [1373, 1408, 0.0], [1408, 1943, 1.0], [1943, 1978, 0.0], [1978, 2654, 1.0], [2654, 2672, 0.0], [2672, 3219, 1.0], [3219, 3347, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 77, 0.0], [77, 372, 0.0], [372, 392, 0.0], [392, 909, 0.0], [909, 953, 0.0], [953, 1373, 0.0], [1373, 1408, 0.0], [1408, 1943, 0.0], [1943, 1978, 0.0], [1978, 2654, 0.0], [2654, 2672, 0.0], [2672, 3219, 0.0], [3219, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 30, 7.0], [30, 77, 8.0], [77, 372, 59.0], [372, 392, 4.0], [392, 909, 97.0], [909, 953, 8.0], [953, 1373, 70.0], [1373, 1408, 7.0], [1408, 1943, 95.0], [1943, 1978, 5.0], [1978, 2654, 135.0], [2654, 2672, 3.0], [2672, 3219, 96.0], [3219, 3347, 30.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 30, 0.03448276], [30, 77, 0.15384615], [77, 372, 0.00347222], [372, 392, 0.05555556], [392, 909, 0.00595238], [909, 953, 0.02380952], [953, 1373, 0.0], [1373, 1408, 0.03030303], [1408, 1943, 0.0], [1943, 1978, 0.03030303], [1978, 2654, 0.0], [2654, 2672, 0.0625], [2672, 3219, 0.0], [3219, 3347, 0.008]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 30, 0.0], [30, 77, 0.0], [77, 372, 0.0], [372, 392, 0.0], [392, 909, 0.0], [909, 953, 0.0], [953, 1373, 0.0], [1373, 1408, 0.0], [1408, 1943, 0.0], [1943, 1978, 0.0], [1978, 2654, 0.0], [2654, 2672, 0.0], [2672, 3219, 0.0], [3219, 3347, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 30, 0.13333333], [30, 77, 0.06382979], [77, 372, 0.01694915], [372, 392, 0.15], [392, 909, 0.01547389], [909, 953, 0.15909091], [953, 1373, 0.01428571], [1373, 1408, 0.11428571], [1408, 1943, 0.01121495], [1943, 1978, 0.11428571], [1978, 2654, 0.02218935], [2654, 2672, 0.11111111], [2672, 3219, 0.01645338], [3219, 3347, 0.0234375]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 3347, 0.11224788]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 3347, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 3347, 0.0151633]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 3347, -126.26378461]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 3347, -14.57015547]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 3347, -425.22673942]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 3347, 54.0]]} |
Stories behind the Songs
Eden Mills Writers' Festival
Friday, September 7, 2018 @ 7:00PM Fri, Sep 7, 2018 @ 7:00PM
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Now, more than ever – remember the essential message of Easter
Source: New Pathway Ukrainian News
Marco Levytsky, Editorial Writer.
Whether you celebrate it by the Gregorian Calendar, or by the Julian, Easter, or Pascha, is the holiest day of the liturgical calendar for Christians around the world. This is because, as we sing in celebration, Jesus Christ “conquered death by death”. He died in excruciating pain. And we mean that literally, because the term excruciating means from the cross and derives from the word crucifixion itself.
According to our beliefs, Jesus first descended into hell bringing salvation to the souls who had died since the beginning of the world. This “harrowing of hell” as it is known, is the subject of one of the most prominent icons in Eastern Christianity. The icon depicts Jesus, vested in white and gold to symbolize His Divine Majesty, standing on the brazen gates of Hades (also called the “Doors of Death”), which are broken and have fallen in the form of a cross, illustrating that by his death on the cross, Jesus “conquered death by death”. He is holding Adam and Eve and pulling them up out of Hades. Traditionally, He is not shown holding them by the hands, but by their wrists, to illustrate the theological teaching that humankind could not pull itself out of its original sin, but that it could come about only by the work of God.
He returned to earth and on the third day after his crucifixion, Jesus rose from the dead. Through His suffering on the cross for our sins, and through His Resurrection, Jesus Christ bestowed the gift of eternal life for humankind.
Ukrainians have a very rich Easter tradition, which dates back to pagan customs practised long before the Baptism of Kyivan Rus’ in 988 A.D. These were related to the annual arrival of spring, which, in itself symbolizes rebirth. They include our beautiful and intricate Pysanky or Easter Eggs. This art is so ancient that no one knows when it really began. But we do know that the pagan Slavs who lived in the area which is now Ukraine worshiped the sun and saw a similarity between the yellow yoke of the egg and the sun, the white of the egg and the moon. When Ukraine accepted Christianity, the pysanka was adopted as a religious symbol. The shell of the egg now represents Christ’s tomb, the egg white is the burial linen, while the yolk is Jesus Christ himself, the Son of God.
Even the food we bless has religious significance. The Paska symbolizes Christ, Our Bread of Life; Eggs — New Life and the Resurrection of Christ; Horseradish — The Passion of Christ; Bacon — God’s Mercy; Cheese — the moderation that Christians should show in all things; Salt — The duty of Christians to others; Ham — The great Joy and abundance of Easter; Butter — The Goodness of Christ; and Kovbasa — God’s Favor and Generosity.
Holy Week begins with Palm Sunday, which commemorates the triumphant entrance of Jesus into the city of Jerusalem, when so many proclaimed Him “King” and placed palm branches along His route through the city. In Ukraine, it was often very difficult to obtain palms for this day, so pussy willow branches were substituted as they belong to one of the first trees to show signs of early spring life.
The first three days of Holy Week are devoted to preparing for Easter. Holy Thursday or Passion Thursday (“Strasny Chetver”) services recall the Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ. The service consists of the reading of 12 Gospels from the Bible which tell the entire story of the suffering and hardship of Christ.
Good Friday is a solemn time that commemorates the day our Lord was crucified. Part of the services of that day include the ancient custom of the Veneration of the Holy Shroud (“Plashchanytsia”), which is a representation of the sheet that Christ was buried in following his death on the cross. It is accompanied by a solemn procession around the church, led by a worshipper carrying the Crucifix. In the procession, the elders of the parish carry the Holy Shroud, the priest carries the Holy Eucharist and the altar boys carry lighted candles and the wooden clappers. This procession is symbolic of the journey from Christ’s Crucifixion on Calvary to His Tomb. During Holy Saturday the parishioners visit the Plashchanytsia to worship and kiss the wounds of Christ. In many places, the Easter foods are traditionally blessed at a special service.
Easter Sunday morning in the Ukrainian tradition begins at sunrise. The service before the Divine Liturgy consists of a procession which circles the church three times. The journey is made to symbolize the trip of the women to the tomb to anoint the Body of Christ on that first Easter morning. After the third passage, the procession stops in front of the church doors, which symbolize the impossibility of being able to enter the Kingdom of God before the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The priest sings the joyful Easter song “Khrystos Voskres” (“Christ is Risen”) the first time himself. All of the faithful repeat the triumphant hymn a second time. Then, striking the doors of the church with the crucifix to open them, the priest begins “Khrystos Voskres” a third time, as the congregation joins in. This dramatic entrance reminds us that Heaven is now available to all because our Savior has conquered death with His death. All enter the church and the Divine Liturgy of Easter, the Great Day, begins.
This year, however, Easter is celebrated much differently. Due to the COVID-19 crisis, people cannot gather, churches are closed and Divine Liturgies are broadcast through live streaming. But that does not in any way detract from the message of the Resurrection itself. As Patriarch Sviatoslav of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church explains in this year’s pastoral letter:
“In response to the darkness of separation and the fear one has of the other, as a possible carrier of the virus of death, on this night we encounter the living risen Christ, who passes through all closed quarantine doors, in order to encounter us, his disciples: ‘On the evening of that day, the first day of the week, the doors being locked where the disciples were for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood among them and said to them, ‘Peace be with you!’’ (John 20:19). Fear before all that might be touched by a person’s hand in a time of epidemic, gives way to the hand of the living God — the risen Christ, which carrying the wounds of the nails reaches out to us and reveals to us God’s limitless mercy! All of our sins and illnesses, pandemics and fears are conquered by God’s love. The physical chains of the present time have no power before the spiritual freedom of faith and spirit, before eternal life, given to us in Christ Jesus. In good time He will break down the doors of quarantine, take away the fear that lies ready to pounce on us behind these doors, and He will call on us to proclaim to the world, as once did the apostles, ‘Christ is risen!’”
So keep the faith, pray for an end to this crisis and especially pray for those who are performing the essential services we need at risk to themselves – the doctors, nurses, and all health care workers, the people who provide your groceries, the truckers who transport them and everyone else who contributes to dealing with this emergency. But, most of all and more than ever – remember and contemplate the essential message of Easter – the Resurrection and the promise of eternal life.
Christ Has Risen!
Indeed, He Has Risen!
Христoс Вoскрес!
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Really Khole?
Posted by dwallace on February 14, 2010 in Kardashians, Khole Kardashian | ∞
I would like to say Happy Valentine’s Day to you if you don’t have someone besides me to say it to you.
To the rest of you, do you know what I would never give my wife for Valentine’s Day? A video of me posing naked…or for that matter, a video of me doing anything around the house naked.
For one, there’s all the hair. Secondly, we have a big bay window in our front room and I don’t think the neighbors would appreciate that.
So now that I’ve sampled the crack that is called the Kardashians, I can’t stop noticing the new commercial that has Khole giving her man (who ever he is) a video of her stripping. Obviously she hasn’t heard of videos leaking on the Internet. Oh wait, that’s the reason their famous in the first place. Good luck with that Khole.
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No. Yuba - Below Goodyears Bar
This rating table shows the relationship between gauge height and river flow for the USGS gauge, id '11413000', located on the North Fork Yuba, 3.4 miles below Goodyears Bar, CA. Dreamflows generated the graph and table using USGS rating table data. NOTE: The rating table below was published Sep 29, 2022 and was valid only at that time. The relationship between gauge height and river flow may change over time and therefore the older the rating table, the less reliable it is likely to be. The graph shows the range of data of primary interest to boaters, while the numerical listing gives the full range of available data.
Flow (in cfs) - last revised Sep 29, 2022
1 50 58 68 78 88 100 113 126 140 155
4 708 749 791 835 881 928 976 1026 1077 1130
10 5739 5869 6001 6135 6270 6407 6545 6685 6827 6970
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How to put children on hold
Dr Gilles Julien English, Non classé 28 mai 2020 7 juin 2020 1 Minute
The coronavirus pandemic is a good way to do it, and with so many possible collateral damages including demotivation, anxiety and depression. The net result of the confinement is yet to come in the next few months. We can expect real depressive modes, school drop out, behaviour problems and even the return of preventable diseases such as rubella because of the cessation of vaccination.
A few countries such as Sweden have decided not to confine children and youth keeping schools and day care facilities opened and parks and playground accessible. From the beginning, they considered global heath as a priority instead of just considering protection against the virus. They believed that acting globally was more respecful of children and more prone to protect them physically and mentally. They were right.
In Quebec, we pediatricians, for more than two months, have been trying to support children and families suffering a high level of anxiety and fears but in such a state of confinement and isolation, our tools to care and cure are limited since everything is on hold too. Children needs to play, to go out, to socialize, to keep in touch with their teachers and friends. It is time to open doors and playgrounds, respite and day care facilities and arts and sports also. It is time to get back to normal before it is too late. The virus is not dangerous for children and even quite less than the flu virus itself.
Let’s then be creative and innovative in the communities while following the rules of public health officials. Together, we can put in place a pathway for resetting our children back to creativity, hope and productivity, Let’s make sure they come out and play and work on their return to normality, ready to start school in peace next fall.
The governments are capable of investing millions in support of business entreprises to restart the economy. They should be able to invest also in social entreprises and community groups to help repair children and rekindle their potential to succeed. Let’s work it out now.
Previous Post L’importance de créer l’espoir
Next Post Suis-je sur une autre planète? | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2024 | {"url": "https://drjulien.blog/2020/05/28/how-to-put-children-on-hold/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "drjulien.blog", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:35:04Z", "digest": "sha1:5QNKFGX4RJMBAP5ZX2SMWN2JAJEP65BK"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2223, 2223.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2223, 4553.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2223, 9.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2223, 78.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2223, 0.95]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2223, 277.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2223, 0.43661972]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2223, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2223, 0.0303532]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2223, 0.01103753]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2223, 0.02207506]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2223, 0.00469484]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2223, 0.11032864]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2223, 0.58730159]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2223, 4.79365079]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2223, 4.96136088]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2223, 378.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 98, 0.0], [98, 487, 1.0], [487, 909, 1.0], [909, 1522, 1.0], [1522, 1863, 1.0], [1863, 2138, 1.0], [2138, 2183, 0.0], [2183, 2223, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 98, 0.0], [98, 487, 0.0], [487, 909, 0.0], [909, 1522, 0.0], [1522, 1863, 0.0], [1863, 2138, 0.0], [2138, 2183, 0.0], [2183, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 28, 6.0], [28, 98, 14.0], [98, 487, 64.0], [487, 909, 66.0], [909, 1522, 113.0], [1522, 1863, 58.0], [1863, 2138, 44.0], [2138, 2183, 6.0], [2183, 2223, 7.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 98, 0.17391304], [98, 487, 0.0], [487, 909, 0.0], [909, 1522, 0.0], [1522, 1863, 0.0], [1863, 2138, 0.0], [2138, 2183, 0.0], [2183, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 98, 0.0], [98, 487, 0.0], [487, 909, 0.0], [909, 1522, 0.0], [1522, 1863, 0.0], [1863, 2138, 0.0], [2138, 2183, 0.0], [2183, 2223, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 28, 0.03571429], [28, 98, 0.08571429], [98, 487, 0.00771208], [487, 909, 0.01184834], [909, 1522, 0.00978793], [1522, 1863, 0.00879765], [1863, 2138, 0.01090909], [2138, 2183, 0.06666667], [2183, 2223, 0.075]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2223, 0.2128467]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2223, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2223, 0.01410633]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2223, -42.38916833]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2223, 30.06881608]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2223, -67.64915968]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2223, 18.0]]} |
New White Stripes record out soon
by TheBoyDeadly March 1st, 2007
Jack and Meg White have confirmed details of a new album to be released "as soon as corporately possible".
"And though we are tired, worn, weary, hungry, cold and left without an ounce of nutrition amongst ourselves," the statement continued, "we are in the midst of planning performance type shows around the world."
Icky Thump was recorded at Blackbird Studio in Nashville, where Jack now lives. It is The White Stripe's sixth and most time-consuming effort, taking the band three weeks to record and mix.
Below are the names of some tracks that are expected to appear on the album, though they are of course subject to change:
'I'm Slowly Turning Into You'
'Catch Hell Blues'
'Little Cream Soda'
'You Don't Know What Love Is (Just Do As You're Told)'
'Rag And Bone'
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Cocorico Market Link
Top 5 Deep Web Black Markets
Dark Web Websites
To visit a .onion site, you’ll have to both know it exists and have its URL ready. One of them is by using a directory of sites, like The Hidden Wiki. Intelligence agencies have been using software like XKeyscore to know the identity of TOR users. Would you like to announce that on forums or your social media? On the brighter side, the dark web provides you anonymity, privacy, and highly secure communication routes to protect reform agents such as human rights activists and journalists who are targeted by oppressive foreign regimes.
“If there were easier ways to get vendor stores online over the darknet and easier ways to publicize them then they may grow in popularity. This is something that may become more available with time as the proper infrastructure is created similar to how easily websites can be developed on the clearnet right now,” adds HonestCocaine. This week, a moderator of the Dark Markets subreddit claimed those who ran away with all the funds were attempting to steal more moneyby trying user login credentials for Evolution on other markets, namely Agora. Dealers and buyers who had used the same password across the two ex-competitors complained of account hacks and missing funds. Browsing the dark web is safe as long as you’re accessing legitimate content. Many websites are run by cybercriminals that offer all kinds of illegal goods and services.
Some vendors organize their fullz listings by credit scores; those with higher credit scores are priced higher. Pricing for payment card data varies greatly and is influenced by a number of factors. This includes characteristics like freshness (i.e., how recently the data was sourced), country of origin, availability of track 1 and track 2 magnetic strip data and expiration date.
While each app ensured privacy and security for its users, there were still concerns about how the apps were operated and managed. For example, WeChat has over a billion active users and is owned by Chinese company, Tencent. This raises questions among some users on if the apps were being used to monitor conversations. Eighty-seven percent of people surveyed are concerned about how the metaverse could affect their privacy. They think it might be easy for hackers to impersonate others (50%) and users’ identities won’t be legally protected (47%). Our analysis uses data provided by independent researchers to see just how widespread payment card data theft can be.
Get started now by signing up for PureVPN’s 7-day trial at $0.99. If you’re looking to find active .onion websites and their URLs, you have a few ways to go about it. One of the most convenient is to use a dark web link directory, such as The Hidden Wiki. Some sites are completely legit , and some might be censored in your country.
After the original Silk Road was shut down in October 2013, the 2nd version — Silk Road 2.0 — came online under different managements. Later, a 3rd version — Silk Road Reloaded — was created after the closure of Silk Road 2.0. Silk Road was one of the successful black marketplaces that could earn over US$1.2 billion through this digital currency.
The Dream closure notice has not been signed by anyone – which is an uncharacteristic oversight suggesting the hand of the law. Cybereason is celebrating International Women’s Day and Women’s History Month through education, activities and events, and we invite all Defenders to join us as we work together to #BreaktheBias… Cybereason asked folks on the streets of Boston to define the Dark Web and we were impressed with their replies. A user’s rank in Infinity Market is determined by spending history. Infinity Market is capturing the attention of more and more vendors. Since early May of 2020 alone, DarkOwl has witnessed an astonishing 76.92% increase in vendor registration volume.
The first step in accessing the dark web or deep web with Tor is simply downloading the browser from the Tor Project’s website, then installing it using the .EXE file.
The dark web, also called the darknet or black web, refers to websites that are not indexed by normal search engines and need special software like Tor to access.
Hacking and social engineering is my business since i was 16 years old, never had a real job so i had the time to get really good at hacking and i made a good amount of money last +-20 years.
Information found on the Deep Web is usually safeguarded behind powerful firewalls and kept away from search engines, such as medical records, government reports, financial records, and so on. These information is never exposed to the public for good reasons. DarkMarket also advertised itself as being the only such site administered exclusively by women. This was an intriguing boast—a prosecutor told me it was made to gain users’ trust—but it was untrue. DarkMarket’s thirty-four-year-old founder and administrator was apparently an Australian man, who was arrested last weekend near the German-Danish border.
Although other sites, notably ToRReZ and the reconstituted AlphaBay, have moved to fill the gap, it’s impossible to identify a long-term market leader. Hackers get lots of data by targeting the websites and services you share your data with. You can’t personally secure the servers that store your data, but you can “vote with your wallet/feet.” Make your data security a priority.
We always recommend using a reliable VPN when accessing the deep web or dark web. The terms “deep web” and “dark web” are commonly used interchangeably. Although this is accurate in terms of the underlying technology, there is a slight difference. The deep web refers to non-indexed webpages as a whole, while dark web refers more specifically to the parts of the deep web where you can engage in illicit activities. Yes, there is nothing inherently illegal about accessing the deep web. Partners Partner Program Prepare for the future of finance with the Elliptic Partner Program.
The locations where they declare their markets can tell us about where the demand for their products lies or where they have an easier time running their businesses. The only problem, of course, is that they make their money by stealing it from innocent people. Therefore, analyzing these markets can give us a general idea of the damage that criminals can do with this stolen data in their hands. Mounting struggles in the darknet ecosystem present an enormous opportunity to absorb Hydra’s user base and reign the underground supreme. But the key to attracting users to these platforms is providing cryptocurrency and fiat currency-laundering services, the research shows. Fast forward 10 months after the demise of Russian-based Hydra, and the Dark Web marketplace ecosystem is still struggling to recover.
The only difference is that you will likely find more marketplaces on the Dark Web that offer illegal goods. Dark Web markets aren’t just focused on selling data, passwords, and hacking services. Insider threats also include things like embezzlement, records tampering, money laundering, crypto mining, deploying malware, stock trading, espionage, and more dastardly deeds.
How To Get Dark Web
This means you can have the website check if any given Tor website is online. The list shows the last time a website was checked and whether it was online. This makes Daniel’s website an excellent first step in exploring Tor. The Genesis Marketplace, available both on the dark web and the public internet provides an avenue for attackers to buy digital fingerprints. As shown in Figure 1, the site features a wiki, a news page, a rolling ticker of how many bots are available for sale, and a ticketing system. 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https://dula.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/08033723/i-want-you-to-be-my-unregistered-sex-offender.mp4
What Atheists Cry Out During Sex
Andy And Randy From Sex Drive | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2027 | {"url": "https://dula.tv/videos/i-want-you-to-be-my-unregistered-sex-offender/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "dula.tv", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:50:06Z", "digest": "sha1:24ECIKSOBFMHKO5DAJWRHCV3AWZB3NYV"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 189, 189.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 189, 1148.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 189, 3.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 189, 51.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 189, 0.54]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 189, 306.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 189, 2.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 189, 0.13207547]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 189, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 189, 0.43396226]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 189, 0.92307692]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 189, 11.92307692]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 189, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 189, 2.45831133]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 189, 13.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 127, 0.0], [127, 160, 0.0], [160, 189, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 127, 0.0], [127, 160, 0.0], [160, 189, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 127, 1.0], [127, 160, 6.0], [160, 189, 6.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 127, 0.15384615], [127, 160, 0.0], [160, 189, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 127, 0.0], [127, 160, 0.0], [160, 189, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 127, 0.0], [127, 160, 0.18181818], [160, 189, 0.20689655]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 189, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 189, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 189, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 189, -62.26828678]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 189, -24.67210087]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 189, -35.75707513]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 189, 5.0]]} |
Artist & Lecture Series Presents Yumi Kurosawa
« SAB WinterFest
Earlham Day »
An inventive, seemingly cosmopolitan composer mesmerizing audiences on the 20-string koto.
Yumi Kurosawa is an award-winning koto star from a young age, one of today’s most exciting soloists on Japan’s national instrument. Her solo repertoire includes classical Japanese compositions, as well as her own innovative and enchanting original works. She has played on such stages as Carnegie Hall, the Kennedy Center, the Apollo Theater, and the Blue Note. Kurosawa has been a principal soloist with the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra, the Hawaii Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestra of the Swan in the UK, and the Houston Grand Opera. In 2015, she was commissioned to write an original score for the Houston Ballet.
This past season saw their debut tour, and they dazzled audiences at Bucknell University, Eastman School of Music, Reston Community Center, and the University of Vermont. The National Gallery of Art had also commissioned Kurosawa to create a piece especially for their exhibition “The Life of Animals in Japanese Art.”
“Yumi Kurosawa was mesmerizing on the 20-string koto.” Zachary Woolfe, The New York Times.
Free admission but ticket required. Tickets can be obtained at earlhamcollegeevents.eventbrite.com or 765-983-1316.
This event is sponsored by the Performing Artist and Lecture Series.
Masks required, vaccination preferred.
earlhamcollegeevents.eventbrite.com
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Learn about upcoming Earth observation conferences, workshops and training courses that the European Space Agency organise or support. Discover the results of past events, which may provide useful reference or material for your work. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2029 | {"url": "https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/search?text=&category=Events&month=10&sortby=NEWEST_FIRST&thematic_area=biosphere%2Cland-surface%2Cvegetation&mission=proba-v&event_type=meeting", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "earth.esa.int", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:48:44Z", "digest": "sha1:5C2JHWC7W6QPQZWR7KKCTMDHBT2OC6TL"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 233, 233.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 233, 4346.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 233, 1.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 233, 334.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 233, 0.9]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 233, 313.1]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 233, 0.34210526]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 233, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 233, 0.10526316]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 233, 0.94117647]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 233, 5.76470588]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 233, 3.4448138]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 233, 34.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 233, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 233, 34.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 233, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 233, 0.02575107]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 233, 0.00066864]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 233, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 233, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 233, -11.29820496]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 233, -0.496751]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 233, -3.46444522]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 233, 2.0]]} |
National Coordinator: – currently no NC –
Music in Schools
The experience and tradition of musical system in Albania, in the beginning of 20th Century and furthermore in the period between two world wars were offered in catholic Institutes like the Franciscans and the Jesuits (1902-1940), normal school of Elbasan (1909-1945) and the feminine institution “Nana Mbretneshë” (Institute Mother Queen) (1933-1944). Read more…
All Music teacher training institutions belong to the local or regional university except at Institute of Development of Education in Tirana. The majority of teachers receive no musical training as part of their teacher preparation program but they include singing as an important part of their classrrom curriculum because the song is the simplest form of music education. Read more… | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2030 | {"url": "https://eas-music.org/countries/albania/?amp=1", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "eas-music.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:16:02Z", "digest": "sha1:M3OGJTZMMMR5XBTUYYVY2PFL3ABX4STH"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 807, 807.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 807, 1029.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 807, 4.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 807, 11.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 807, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 807, 238.8]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 807, 0.34482759]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 807, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 807, 0.01494768]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 807, 0.0328849]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 807, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 807, 0.00689655]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 807, 0.5]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 807, 0.1862069]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 807, 0.68292683]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 807, 5.43902439]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 807, 0.0137931]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 807, 4.16968049]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 807, 123.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 42, 0.0], [42, 59, 0.0], [59, 423, 0.0], [423, 807, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 42, 0.0], [42, 59, 0.0], [59, 423, 0.0], [423, 807, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 42, 7.0], [42, 59, 3.0], [59, 423, 53.0], [423, 807, 60.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 42, 0.0], [42, 59, 0.0], [59, 423, 0.07428571], [423, 807, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 42, 0.0], [42, 59, 0.0], [59, 423, 0.0], [423, 807, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 42, 0.0952381], [42, 59, 0.11764706], [59, 423, 0.03571429], [423, 807, 0.02083333]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 807, 0.05378848]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 807, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 807, 0.00452739]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 807, -53.70897989]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 807, -5.9817583]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 807, 30.78690722]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 807, 4.0]]} |
Music Teacher Training (RS)
General teachers who teach music during the first four grades at the elementary school do not have special music education, but the basic one that gain at the Faculty of Pedagogy. Special music teachers educate themselves at the Faculty of Music in Belgrade at the Department for Solfegio and Music education. There, they finish the master and doctoral studies from the music education. At the Faculty of Music, students learn, beside all the other subjects, teaching methods of general music education (theory and practice) and didactic games. The other subjects that are also compulsory are musical, pedagogical and psychological. Students also learn to play one instrument (mostly the piano), while during the process of the subject name didactic games, students learn how to play recorders (the basic and elementary course). Beside the Faculty of Music, in Serbia do exist several other faculties of music, such as the one in Novi Sad, Kragujevac, Niš, Kosovska Mitrovica and recently in Novi Pazar – where the future teachers are tought how to teach music, so it is more founded like the Faculty of Pedagogy. All those faculties have their university centres. The main institutes and societies in charge for music education are located in Belgrade, such as the Ministry of Education, Institute for the Advancement of Education, Institute of Evaluation for Education Achievement, Society of Music and Ballet Pedagogists in Serbia.
The basic methods being used at music classes are dialogue, demonstration, monologue and the active method by the usage of a game. The frontal work is most often used, but also the group and sometimes the work in pairs. Cooperative learning is still not in the curriculum, use and teaching practice. Generally speaking, teachers are not satisfied with National Curriculum, because tasks are not well defined and coordinated. The last changes brought enlarging teaching materials, while the hours per week of compulsory music lessons stay the same (45 minutes per week). It is only up to the teacher how to adjust accomplished teaching. The last version of the Curriculum not well matched to current trends in music education. However, the good practice in music teaching and learning in schools in Serbia is that students have a chance to perform music, participate in extracurricular activities such as school events, plays, manifestations and singing competition. The school choir and orchestra include the large number of students (up to 100) and they all participate readily in different school’s manifestations. The weaknesses and problems in music education in Serbia are the large number of students per class (between 30 and 40) and impossibility for each student to express itself, and students and parental expectations for achievement and high grades in music education, portraying music as a less important subject. The Curriculum imposes the practical work which could be realized only through singing, because the majority of Serbian schools do not have instruments. Besides the textbook, teacher cannot ask from parents to buy anything else necessary for the music subject. The significant number of schools does not have the choir and orchestra lessons, which are usually not the part of the teachers’ lesson plans. However, the Choir and orchestra, as the elective subject for the small group teaching (up to 15), is the part of the teachers’ lesson plans. The assessments are from 1 to 5 in elementary, high school and gymnasium, and at the Faculty there are grades from 5 to 10 and the fixed scale for each of the grade precisely. There is a big problem of assessments in the elementary and high school for music, as a generally accepted system do not exist and present a big problem to determine how and what to evaluate. I assume the exchange of teaching experiences with music education through teacher exchange programs, concerning the music education system, technologies, methods and materials will improve the Serbian music education system. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2031 | {"url": "https://eas-music.org/music-teacher-training-rs/?amp=1", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "eas-music.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:44:44Z", "digest": "sha1:SYJBXIRSDBY62OKVJXSVBZDETAE6JF7K"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 4030, 4030.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 4030, 4237.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 4030, 3.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 4030, 8.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 4030, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 4030, 221.8]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 4030, 0.41917808]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 4030, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 4030, 0.0517868]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 4030, 0.01938219]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 4030, 0.01938219]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 4030, 0.0466384]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 4030, 0.01817081]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 4030, 0.01271956]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 4030, 0.00273973]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 4030, 0.12876712]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 4030, 0.40930233]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 4030, 5.11937984]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 4030, 4.87024504]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 4030, 645.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 1463, 1.0], [1463, 4030, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 28, 4.0], [28, 1463, 228.0], [1463, 4030, 413.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 4030, 0.00635677]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 28, 0.0], [28, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 4030, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 28, 0.17857143], [28, 1463, 0.03275261], [1463, 4030, 0.01051811]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 4030, 0.26111543]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 4030, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 4030, 0.19355774]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 4030, -91.5248538]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 4030, 45.18489686]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 4030, 96.20256662]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 4030, 26.0]]} |
Artwork, Tales of India, Uncategorized
The Jalakanteswarar Temple
April 10, 2016 April 10, 2016 by sharonstjoan
In his book, Vellore Fort and the Temple through the Ages, A.K. Sheshadri writes extensively about the Jalakanteswarar Temple.
Tracing the history of temple building in Tamil Nadu, he mentions that during the early Sangam period, many temples were built of brick and wooden beams, and that this method of building continued until the time of the rock-cut temples – those dug out from the solid rock of hills. The rock-cut temples survive to the present, but the early brick and wooden temples mostly do not.
During the post-Sangam period, up to the seventh century CE, many of the Gods known locally came to be identified with more widely known Sanskrit Gods. Mayon came to be seen as identical to Krishna or Vishnu. Likewise, Koorravai was seen as Durga – and Seyon or Murugan came to be known as Karthikeya. This was a synthesis which took shape between the eighth and the thirteenth centuries.
During this time, Tamil Nadu was gaining recognition as the land of many temples. The Cholas and others carried on this great temple building tradition.
Later, from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries, temple building in south India burst into a major expansive phase during the reigns of the Vijayanagara kings, who ruled from their capitol in Karnataka. The imposing features associated with Hindu temples today; such as large gopurams (entrance towers), long corridors, and mandapams (pillared halls) were added. Across the Indian south, many hundreds of temples were expanded, some were entirely rebuilt, and new temples sprung up.
In the view of the author S.K. Sheshadri, who spent decades excavating the fort in Vellore and the temple within it, the first stage of both the temple and the inner fort was constructed by one of the Sambuvarayar kings, Vendrumankonda Sambuvarayar, in the early fourteenth century CE. An inscription with the date 1274 CE, though not quite consistent with the dates of this king, places the temple construction at around the same time as the Sambuvarayars.
Vellore lies in the region once known as Tondaimandalam, which was ruled by the Sambuvarayar chieftains. Today there exist inscriptions in and around eight towns near Vellore. These give the old name of the deity of the temple, who is Shiva, as Jwarakantesvara, which means the God who destroys “jwara” or “vyadhi,” that is “fever” or “disease.” Today the temple is known as the Jalakanteswarar; however, S.K. Sheshadri points out that “jala” means “water” in Sanskrit, and “destroyer of water” doesn’t make much sense. It makes more sense for God to be the “destroyer of fever,” or “healer,” as the original name “Jwarakanteswarar” suggested.
The Jalakanteswarar Temple stands in the northern area of the massive Vellore Fort. The ground level of the Fort has actually risen by more than nine feet, and the original level of the Temple was much lower than it is today. This is all rather complicated, but the effect of the difference in levels was that the original drainage system was covered up by earth that was added later, and without proper drainage, during the rainy seasons, water accumulated inside the temple, causing damage to the structure. When the Archeological Survey of India undertook the systematic excavation supervised by S.K. Sheshadri, they uncovered the original ground level and restored the drainage system to proper working condition.
Beautiful early structures and shrines were discovered that had lain covered in mud for centuries, along with a lovely square tank (pool) reached by descending steps, to the east of one of the wedding halls, and also a ring well in the inner courtyard of the temple.
The temple complex covers two acres. The main gopuram is rectangular, with the base constructed of granite blocks. Near the top of the tower are sculptured yalis, who are mythical lions.
Beyond a second gopuram lies an inner courtyard. There are traces of paintings on the ceilings of both gopurams.
In front of the shrine to Akilanteswari, are located nine burning oil lamps for the nine planets. Akilanteswari is one of the major forms of the Goddess Parvati.
There are two large wedding halls for the sacred marriage of Lord Shiva, as Jalakanteswarar, and the Goddess Parvati, as Akilanteswari, which takes place anew every year.
The Nataraja Shrine is a pillared hall, containing beautifully carved sculptures of the ten incarnations of Vishnu – although this is a Shiva temple, not a Vishnu temple. (Nataraja is the dancing form of Shiva.) It is thought that the temple was originally dedicated to the worship of both Vishnu and Shiva, and that this shrine within the temple may have earlier enshrined Ranganatha, or Narayana, the God who rests on the divine serpent Adi Shesha, while drifting on the cosmic ocean. There is also a double set of kitchens indicating that the temple was for the worship of both Gods, as is the case for the Chidambaram Temple, further south near the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
With its intricately carved, graceful sculptures, and its lovely architectural forms and shapes, the Jalakanteswarar Temple transports one gently into the magical presence of the eternal and the sacred.
Photos: Nanditha Krishna
Jalakanteswarar Temple S.K. Sheshadri temples in South India Vellore temples Vijayanagara sculpture
A baby monkey’s sad story takes a brighter turn
Seminar and exhibition: Cotton saris of Tamil Nadu | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2032 | {"url": "https://echoesinthemist.com/2016/04/10/the-jalakanteswarar-temple/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "echoesinthemist.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:48:46Z", "digest": "sha1:FGW2N7JXCQUONREMJHUNQNH5AVSRDFQP"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 5483, 5483.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 5483, 6788.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 5483, 22.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 5483, 67.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 5483, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 5483, 259.2]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 5483, 0.39961941]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 5483, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 5483, 0.02242655]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 5483, 0.02152949]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 5483, 0.0071765]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 5483, 0.01332065]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 5483, 0.14367269]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 5483, 0.44432071]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 5483, 4.96547884]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 5483, 5.2135921]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 5483, 898.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 66, 0.0], [66, 112, 0.0], [112, 239, 1.0], [239, 620, 1.0], [620, 1009, 1.0], [1009, 1162, 1.0], [1162, 1656, 1.0], [1656, 2114, 1.0], [2114, 2758, 1.0], [2758, 3476, 1.0], [3476, 3743, 1.0], [3743, 3930, 1.0], [3930, 4043, 1.0], [4043, 4205, 1.0], [4205, 4376, 1.0], [4376, 5057, 1.0], [5057, 5260, 1.0], [5260, 5285, 0.0], [5285, 5385, 0.0], [5385, 5433, 0.0], [5433, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 66, 0.0], [66, 112, 0.0], [112, 239, 0.0], [239, 620, 0.0], [620, 1009, 0.0], [1009, 1162, 0.0], [1162, 1656, 0.0], [1656, 2114, 0.0], [2114, 2758, 0.0], [2758, 3476, 0.0], [3476, 3743, 0.0], [3743, 3930, 0.0], [3930, 4043, 0.0], [4043, 4205, 0.0], [4205, 4376, 0.0], [4376, 5057, 0.0], [5057, 5260, 0.0], [5260, 5285, 0.0], [5285, 5385, 0.0], [5385, 5433, 0.0], [5433, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 39, 5.0], [39, 66, 3.0], [66, 112, 8.0], [112, 239, 19.0], [239, 620, 67.0], [620, 1009, 68.0], [1009, 1162, 25.0], [1162, 1656, 74.0], [1656, 2114, 77.0], [2114, 2758, 104.0], [2758, 3476, 116.0], [3476, 3743, 47.0], [3743, 3930, 31.0], [3930, 4043, 19.0], [4043, 4205, 28.0], [4205, 4376, 27.0], [4376, 5057, 119.0], [5057, 5260, 29.0], [5260, 5285, 3.0], [5285, 5385, 12.0], [5385, 5433, 9.0], [5433, 5483, 8.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 66, 0.0], [66, 112, 0.27906977], [112, 239, 0.0], [239, 620, 0.0], [620, 1009, 0.0], [1009, 1162, 0.0], [1162, 1656, 0.0], [1656, 2114, 0.00894855], [2114, 2758, 0.0], [2758, 3476, 0.0], [3476, 3743, 0.0], [3743, 3930, 0.0], [3930, 4043, 0.0], [4043, 4205, 0.0], [4205, 4376, 0.0], [4376, 5057, 0.0], [5057, 5260, 0.0], [5260, 5285, 0.0], [5285, 5385, 0.0], [5385, 5433, 0.0], [5433, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 66, 0.0], [66, 112, 0.0], [112, 239, 0.0], [239, 620, 0.0], [620, 1009, 0.0], [1009, 1162, 0.0], [1162, 1656, 0.0], [1656, 2114, 0.0], [2114, 2758, 0.0], [2758, 3476, 0.0], [3476, 3743, 0.0], [3743, 3930, 0.0], [3930, 4043, 0.0], [4043, 4205, 0.0], [4205, 4376, 0.0], [4376, 5057, 0.0], [5057, 5260, 0.0], [5260, 5285, 0.0], [5285, 5385, 0.0], [5385, 5433, 0.0], [5433, 5483, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 39, 0.1025641], [39, 66, 0.11111111], [66, 112, 0.04347826], [112, 239, 0.07874016], [239, 620, 0.01312336], [620, 1009, 0.0437018], [1009, 1162, 0.03267974], [1162, 1656, 0.01619433], [1656, 2114, 0.03056769], [2114, 2758, 0.02795031], [2758, 3476, 0.02228412], [3476, 3743, 0.00374532], [3743, 3930, 0.01604278], [3930, 4043, 0.01769912], [4043, 4205, 0.0308642], [4205, 4376, 0.04093567], [4376, 5057, 0.03230543], [5057, 5260, 0.01477833], [5260, 5285, 0.12], [5285, 5385, 0.09], [5385, 5433, 0.02083333], [5433, 5483, 0.08]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 5483, 0.90767688]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 5483, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 5483, 0.60029352]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 5483, 14.3628518]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 5483, 117.53039709]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 5483, 189.122627]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 5483, 48.0]]} |
Victor Han selected runner-up for ISMRM I.I. Rabi Award
Third year EECS PhD candidate Victor Han (advisor: Prof. Chunlei Liu) was selected as a finalist for the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) I.I. Rabi Young Investigator Award for original basic research. He was chosen for his paper entitled “Multiphoton Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” in which he developed a novel technique that excites multiphoton resonances to generate signal for MRI by using multiple magnetic field frequencies, none of which is near the Larmor frequency. Only the total energy absorbed by a spin must correspond to the Larmor frequency. In contrast, today’s MRI exclusively relies on single-photon excitation. He was named runner-up at the ISMRM annual conference in early August. Han will continue to develop his multiphoton technique and is exploring its applications in medicine and neuroscience as a part of his PhD dissertation research. The ISMRM is a multi-disciplinary nonprofit professional association that promotes innovation, development, and application of magnetic resonance techniques in medicine and biology throughout the world.
ISMRM: MRM Highlights Magazine – Volume 5
Multiphoton Magnetic Resonance Imaging
EECS to host Rising Stars 2020
UC Berkeley has been selected to host the Rising Stars 2020 Academic Career Workshop for Women in EECS, which will be held virtually on November 9-10, 2020. Born at MIT in 2013 and last hosted by Berkeley in 2014, Rising Stars is an intensive workshop for women graduate students and postdocs who are interested in pursuing academic careers in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering. It will bring together senior-level PhD students, postdocs, faculty and special guests and for a two-day intensive virtual workshop on the faculty search process. Female-identifying EE and CS PhD graduate students who are within ~1-2 years of graduating, as well as postdocs who have obtained a PhD no earlier than 2017, are encouraged to apply. The application deadline is deadline is September 7, 2020.
Rising Stars 2020 Application
Rising Stars 2020 at UC Berkeley EECS
Ava Tan wins DRC 2020 Best Paper Award
EECS graduate student Ava Jiang Tan (advisor: Sayeef Salahuddin) has won the 2020 Best Paper Award at the 78th Device Research Conference (DRC) for "Reliability of Ferroelectric HfO2-based Memories: From MOS Capacitor to FeFET." The paper, co-authored by Profs. Salahuddin and Chenming Hu, grad student Yu-Hung Liao, postdoc Jong-Ho Bae, and Li-Chen Wang of MSE, introduces nonvolatile ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) which boast impressive programmability and a strong potential for further scalability. The paper also demonstrates for the first time a systematic, reliable, and rapid method to qualitatively predict the FE endurance of prospective gate stack designs prior to running a full FeFET fabrication process. Tan works in the Laboratory for Emerging and Exploratory Devices (LEED), and is particularly interested in the architectural potential of nonvolatile ferroelectric CMOS-compatible memories for realizing brain-inspired computing paradigms and energy-efficient hardware for deep learning. The DRC, which is the longest-running device research meeting in the world, was held in June.
DRC 2020: Best Student Paper and Best Poster Awards
IEEE Xplore: Reliability of Ferroelectric HfO2-based Memories: From MOS Capacitor to FeFET
Ava Jiang Tan's home page
EECS 150W: Sheila Humphreys and WiCSE
In celebration of 150 Years of Women at Berkeley, the EECS Director Emerita of Diversity (and Berkeley 150W History Project co-chair) Sheila Humphreys tells the story of Women in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering (WiCSE), the first student group at an American university created to support and increase the number of women in those fields. WiCSE was born when the political foment of 1970s Berkeley met the burgeoning field of computer science in Evans Hall. Humphreys charts WiCSE's path from the formation of the first women's clubs at Berkeley one hundred years before, to its 40th reunion in 2018. WICSE has established itself as a permanent force in EECS: a powerful voice for women students, a model of peer engagement and support, and a pipeline for women into the fields of EE and CS. Humphreys' life-long mission to diversify the global population of computer scientists and engineers is the subject of July's Notable Women of EECS profile.
Women in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering: A Network of Our Own
Notable Women of EECS: Sheila Humphreys
Tijana Zrnic wins Apple PhD fellowship in AI/ML
Graduate student Tijana Zrnic (advisors: Moritz Hardt and Michael Jordan) has won an Apple PhD fellowship in Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML). Scholars from invited institutions are selected for this program based on their "innovative research, record as thought leaders and collaborators in their fields, and unique commitment to take risks and push the envelope in machine learning and AI." Zrnic, who is affiliated with BAIR, the Statistical AI Learning group, and RISELab, was selected for "Fundamentals of Machine Learning." Winners receive financial support for their research and academic travel for two years, internship opportunities, and a two-year mentorship with an Apple researcher in their field. Apple says these scholars are "advancing the field of machine learning and AI to push the boundaries of what’s possible, and Apple is committed to supporting the academic research community and their invaluable contributions to the world."
Apple Machine Learning Research: Introducing Apple Scholars in AI/ML
Tijana Zrnic's home page
Payam Delgosha wins 2020 IEEE Jack Keil Wolf ISIT Student Paper Award
EECS grad student Payam Delgosha is a winner of the IEEE Jack Keil Wolf ISIT Student Paper Award at the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), which was held as a Zoomference on June 21 -26, 2020. Payam won the award for his paper "A universal low complexity algorithm for sparse marked graphs" co-authored with his research advisor Venkat Anantharam. This award recognizes outstanding papers on information theory for which a student is the principal author and presenter. Delgosha earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Sharif University of Technology, Iran. He plans to join the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as a research assistant professor of computer science in Fall 2020.
2020 IEEE ISIT Technical Program Paper Detail: A Universal Low Complexity Compression Algorithm for Sparse Marked Graphs
Introducing the world’s thinnest, most efficient, broadest band, flat lens
EECS Assoc. Prof. Boubacar Kanté, his graduate students Liyi Hsu, Jeongho Ha and Jun-Hee Park, postdoctoral researcher Abdoulaye Ndao, and Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain, have demonstrated a revolutionary, ultrathin and compact, flat optical lens that spans wavelengths from the visible to the infrared with record-breaking efficiencies. Their paper, “Octave bandwidth photonic fishnet-achromatic-metalens,” published in Nature Communications, is the first time a photonic system with the entire rainbow has been proposed and demonstrated with efficiencies larger than 70% in the visible-infrared region of the spectrum. Attempts to make traditional lenses flatter and thinner, so that they can be deployed in increasingly smaller applications, have been hampered by the way that lens curvature and thickness are used to direct light. The Fishnet-Achromatic-Metalens (FAM) utilizes a complex “fishnet” of tiny, connected waveguides with a gradient in dimensions, which focuses light on a single point on the other side of the lens, regardless of the incident wavelength. As the world’s thinnest, most efficient, and broadest band, flat lens, its use in applications like solar energy, medical imaging, and virtual reality, is just the beginning. As Kanté explains, “We have overcome what was regarded as a fundamental roadblock.” One idea for a possible implementation would be to integrate the miniature lens into microrobots being developed at the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (BSAC).
Berkeley Engineering: Engineers create game-changing metalens that breaks records in performance
Berkeley News: Record-breaking metalens could revolutionize optical technologies
Nature Communications: Octave bandwidth photonic fishnet-achromatic-metalens
Monday, June 15: Celebrate the 2020 Computer Science Graduates
We invite all graduates, their families and friends, and the university community to join us remotely on Monday, June 15th, for a Celebration of the Computer Science 2020 Graduates. The online celebration is intended to acknowledge and celebrate our graduate’s accomplishments, but its format is not intended to replace a live commencement ceremony. The self-guided program will include recorded video remarks from the CS Division Chair, the Departmental Citation recipient, and faculty, as well as personalized slides for each graduate. The site will go live on June 15th and visitors will be allowed to engage with the content as they wish. This includes deciding which video greetings and slides they view at their convenience. If you have any questions regarding the postponed ceremony or the online celebration, please contact Antoine Davis ([email protected]). We look forward to having you join us when the celebratory site debuts on June 15th. Congratulations to the Class of 2020! Go Bears!
Join the 2020 CS Celebration!
Eden McEwen awarded SPIE 2020 Optics and Photonics Education Scholarship
Eden McEwen, a fourth year undergraduate double-majoring in Computer Science and Physics, has been awarded a 2020 Optics and Photonics Education Scholarship by the international Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), for her potential contributions to the field of optics and photonics. McEwen's research interests focus on predictive control and hardware design of adaptive optics systems for ground based astronomical observing in the optical and near-infrared. She has worked with groups at Berkeley, Keck II Observatory, NASA JPL, Caltech, and the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy. McEwen is a 2020 Goldwater Scholar and hopes to continue her studies in optics with a graduate degree in astrophysics.
Eden McEwen
SPIE Scholarship Program
Meena Jagadeesan named 2020 Paul & Daisy Soros Fellow
Incoming CS graduate student Meena Jagadeesan has won a 2020 Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowship for New Americans. The fellowship program honors the contributions of immigrants and children of immigrants to the United States by investing in the education of a select group of new Americans who are "poised to make significant contributions to US society, culture or their academic field." Jagadeesan, whose parents emigrated from India, is a senior in a joint B.A./M.A. program at Harvard University where she is studying algorithmic questions, especially those arising in machine learning and economics. She has won a CRA Outstanding Undergraduate Researcher award and one of her papers, which involved the study of a dimensionality reduction scheme, was selected as an oral presentation at the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). Each Fellow will receive up to $90K in financial support over two years.
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We understand that involvement in the surrounding community is important to our success. We give back by implementing corporate initiatives that support a wide range of constituents and causes.
Education—President Lovey Hammel is committed to improving the opportunities for education and lifelong learning in people’s lives. She developed scholarship opportunities at George Mason University for families that struggle with rising tuition and worked with Benedictine Aid and Relief Neighbors (BARN) to help young mothers increase their skills and break out of the poverty cycle.
Veteran Hiring—Training, connecting, and helping veterans find jobs is at the forefront of our corporate social responsibility goals. Our company is dedicated to assisting our veterans through this rocky transition. EE, Inc. has many veterans on staff, as well as military spouses who came to the area through their significant others’ assignments to the Washington, D.C. area.
Autism Awareness—We are committed to promoting and encouraging autism awareness and working towards ensuring acceptance and inclusion in schools, communities, and higher learning institutions where each person with Autism Spectrum Disorder is truly valued for their unique talents and gifts. This is a personal cause for many of our employees who are touched by family and friends with ASD.
Breast Cancer Awareness—After her personal fight against breast cancer, President Lovey Hammel became an advocate for breast cancer awareness, and the entire EE, Inc. team is behind her efforts. The office rallied around Lovey during her struggle, and we continue to support the fight against breast cancer by committing to donations in our community and raising awareness.
A Great Company to Work For
Employment Enterprises aims to cultivate an employee-centric culture to engage, motivate, and empower employees while fostering emotional commitment to their work. Studies have shown that companies with engaged employees are more likely to be successful than those who are not motivated to seek out challenges and new experiences in their work.
This culture also helps to retain qualified employees because a highly engaged workforce is more likely to retain top performers as well as attract new talent. We proactively add value for our employees by staying on top of best practices and providing valuable experiences that they can be proud of. Some examples of these practices include:
Training Experts. We place employees in jobs that allow them to use the best of their natural talents and develop their strengths. When we onboard employees, we train them to effectively do their jobs and educate them on their purpose and how they fit into the company’s overall goals.
Embracing a Culture of Compassion. Our managers are guided to be compassionate leaders who are authentic, empathetic, and lead with integrity. We encourage open communication at all levels of the company and between departments, and we ensure that managers are available and respond quickly to employees. We also survey our employees periodically to assess their engagement and satisfaction.
Investing in Employees. We provide employees with professional development opportunities through education and certifications as well as ways to continually grow through challenging new tasks and positions within the company.
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Egypt Jumps on The Green Bond Bandwagon
Thursday, 10th March 2022
by Mai El Ghandour
The burgeoning effects of climate change and the cost of extreme weather disasters grew by 86% between 2016 and 2017, according to the World Metrological Organization. “There have been rising calls to promote a type of finance known as ‘green finance’ as a proactive method to fulfil SDGs connected to environmental sustainability as part of global efforts to transition to a sustainable low carbon economy,” according to Prof. Nagwa Samak, Vice Dean of Post Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Economic and Political Science, Cairo University.
Green bonds are specifically destined for the funding or refunding of green projects, i.e. projects that are sustainable and socially responsible in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean transportation or responsible waste management. However, to be eligible to issue those bonds; countries, companies or projects need to have a positive crediting rating, which is difficult for some countries in Africa, Divaldo Rezende, PhD. International expert in sustainable finance, climate change and carbon markets, told Egypt Oil & Gas.
As drivers of global climate financing, green bond issuance has surpassed $350 billion in Q3 2021. According to Minister of Finance Mohamed Maait, Egypt’s economic growth is attributed to sustainable investments. “In fact, green investments have reached around 30% of this year’s budget,” he said during The Egypt Petroleum Show (EGYPS 2022).
Egypt was the first to issue green bonds in Africa and the Middle East, where in September 2020, the Ministry of Finance (MoF) successfully issued the first sovereign green bond in Africa and MENA region for $750 million for 5-year maturity, which places Egypt on the map of sustainable financing, the Minister explained.
According to the Finance Minister, “In November 2021, the MoF made publicly available its first annual allocation and environmental impact report for the 15 national green projects that were financed through the proceeds of the green bonds. Of the total bond proceeds, 46% were allocated to green transportation projects and 54% to sustainable water and desalination management projects.”
In line with the MoF’s goals to diversify its resources, the Ministry issued its first green loan for an amount of $1.5 billion from a group of international and commercial banks, the minister further noted, adding that the issuance of the loan was met with a high level of demand.
The international expert in sustainable finance, climate change and carbon markets, told Egypt Oil & Gas, “Corporations are not the only ones pioneering sustainable debt – a growing number of governments are issuing their own debt instruments with a sustainable label, meaning that the money raised will be earmarked to go into environmental or social projects.”
“What we see in the market is that more investors in debt markets are demanding dual social and green benefits, and more investors are demanding customized sustainability options. The markets are responding, with new products emerging such as green loans, green commercial paper and sustainability-linked loans. This helped to make 2021 the seventh consecutive year of record issuance in sustainable finance since the green bond market began,” Rezende said.
“New policies to scale sustainable finance proliferated in 2018, as governments vied to become international hubs for these investment products. In the year, Hong Kong and Japan established programs to incentivize market growth, while developing countries could follow the same path,” Rezende said.
FRA green bond guidelines and framework
In July 2018, the Chairman of Egypt’s Financial Board Regulatory Authority announced approval to establish an article to regulate the issuance of Green Bonds and contribute to eco-friendly projects. Following the announcement, the Egyptian government established a Green Financing Framework, which will enable Egypt to finance existing and future eligible green projects.
“The sovereign green bond program will help us raise capital from investors who care for both environmental and financial returns,” said Finance Minister Maait. “The issuance of international government green bonds in the global markets will enhance the environmental rating of Egypt in addition to increasing the confidence of foreign investors in the Egyptian economy and supporting its current and future growth levels.”
According to the Green Financing Framework, which is in accordance with the 2018 ICMA Green Bond Principles10, and under which Egypt can issue Green Bond(s) or Sukuk(s), any amount equal to the net proceeds of any green bond/Sukuk issued by the Egypt will be allocated to finance new or re-finance existing projects/expenditures, in part or in full. Eligible expenditures will include any of which contributes to Egypt’s climate change mitigation and adaptation policies. In addition, eligible green projects will exclude any state disbursements to a local agency or local authority that participates in capital markets.
For each Green Bond/Sukuk issued, Egypt asserts that it will not use the proceeds for: Burning of fossil fuels for power generation and transportation; Rail infrastructure dedicated for the transportation of fossil fuels; Nuclear power generation; Alcohol, weapons, tobacco, gaming, or palm oil industries; Renewable energy projects generating energy from biomass using feedstock originating from protected areas; Waste incineration activities: waste to energy facilities that incinerate recyclable or reusable materials or that divert waste from other usage; Landfill projects.
Role of private sector
“Green finance is not the responsibility of one entity, yet it depends on collective action from various players, so it is a multi-layered process that involves banks, institutional investors, and international financial institutions, companies, production facilities, or even governmental authorities,” according to Vice Dean Samak.
Meanwhile, the sustainable finance, climate change and carbon markets expert Rezende explained “green bond issuance should be associated with other mechanisms like climate finance and sustainable finance. Climate finance from public sources of funding require that the project’s sponsor mobilize funding from other sources, including the private sector.”
“The private sector is key to mobilizing green investment and sustainable development, 75% of the investment is expected to come from the private sector to complement public sector financing. This calls for innovative approaches to attract and steer financial flows consistent with a pathway towards Green Bonds and climate resilient development. Climate Change Presents a $5 trillion investment opportunity in Africa by 2030,” Rezende added.
Mai El Ghandour 224 Posts
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O, let us exalt our dear Lord and proclaim,
In songs of true gratitude, praise to His name!
As songs of the angels in sweetest accord,
Our thanks and our praises shall rise to the Lord.
-- Zion's Harp # 165
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Pace, Adger M.'s bio information
Sunday, August 13, 1882 - Thursday, February 12, 1959
Adger M. Pace (August 13, 1882 - February 12, 1959) was an American hymn writer, music performer and teacher. He (co-)wrote close to 4,000 Southern gospel shape note songs, including Jesus Is All I Need, My Father Answers Prayers, Beautiful Star of Bethlehem, and Peace, Sweet Peace.
Pace was born on August 13, 1882. He had two brothers and three sisters.
Pace was hired by James David Vaughan as the music editor of his publishing company, the James D. Vaughan Publishing Company. Pace also taught at the Vaughan School of Music in Lawrenceburg, where one of his students was Ottis J. Knippers, a singer-songwriter who served as a judge and a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. Pace authored two musical textbooks.
Pace was also a music performer. In 1917, he joined the Vaughan Saxophone Quartet with Joe Allen, Ira Foust and William Burton Walbert. From 1923 to the 1930s, Pace was a member of the Vaughan Radio Quartet, a band whose members included Walbert, Hilman Barnard and Otis Leon McCoy.
Over the course of his career, he co-wrote nearly 4,000 Southern gospel songs, including Jesus Is All I Need, My Father Answers Prayers, The Homecoming Week, Beautiful Star of Bethlehem, The Glad Reunion Day, Keep Holding On, The Happy Jubilee, and Peace, Sweet Peace. With Benjamin Franklin White, he co-wrote Lone Pilgrim.
Personal life, death and legacy
Pace married Johnnie Ryals. They had two sons and a daughter. They resided at 622 North Military Avenue in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee.
Pace died of a stroke on February 12, 1959 in Lawrenceburg, at age 76. His piano is at the James D. Vaughan Memorial Museum in Lawrenceburg.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adger_M._Pace
Hymns Authored (1)
Beautiful Star Of Bethlehem Mens (TTBB)
The last 10 hymns uploaded.
# 1 - Bring Your Vessels, Not A Few (TTBB) (uploaded on Mar 11, 2023)
# 2 - Songs Of Praises (TTBB) (uploaded on Mar 10, 2023)
# 3 - Something For Thee (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 25, 2023)
# 4 - The Blessedness Of Prayer (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 17, 2023)
# 5 - Give Thy Blessing (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 08, 2023)
# 6 - Come, Let Us, Who In Christ Believe (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 07, 2023)
# 7 - God Of Our Life (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 06, 2023)
# 8 - I Will Strive (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 05, 2023)
# 9 - Be Strong In The Lord (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 04, 2023)
#10 - Thee We Adore, Eternal Lord (TTBB) (uploaded on Feb 04, 2023)
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PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY IN RESEARCH
Spain’s legal framework on gender equality in higher education, science and research is precise and comprehensive.
The Organic Law for Effective Equality between Women and Men (3/2007) introduced gender equality as a basic principle for public action, applicable to universities and research centres. The Law made it compulsory for institutions and companies with more than 50 employees to adopt and implement gender equality plans.
In light of the urgent need to adopt measures to guarantee equal opportunities between women and men, the government approved decree RD 6/2019 in March 2019. Two subsequent decrees (RD 901/2020 and RD 902/2020) were approved in October 2020. These three decrees together develop and detail aspects of the Organic Law for Effective Equality (3/2007). RD 6/2019 extends the obligation to approve equality plans to all companies and institutions with more than 50 employees (previously >250 employees). It reinforces the rights of equal salary for equal work and work-life balance, and establishes equal (non-transferable) childbirth leave for both parents.
RD 901/2020, on the regulation and registration of Gender Equality Plans (GEPs), details the minimum content of a GEP, including a detailed gender diagnosis as a baseline. It establishes the deadlines for companies and institutions with at least 50 employees to approve and implement their GEPs. It also describes the procedure for negotiation, approval and public registration of GEPs, including participation of employees’ and unions’ legal representation.
RD 902/2020, on equal pay for women and men, establishes mechanisms to identify and correct discrimination in remuneration. It obliges all companies to have a salary register for all staff, including management and senior staff. Companies with a GEP must include a salary audit in their gender diagnosis. That audit should analyse whether the company’s remuneration system, in a transversal and complete way, complies with the principle of equality between women and men.
The Basic Statute of Public Employees (Law 7/2007) established the need to adopt equality plans in public administrations. Law 4/2007 on Universities (LOMLU) made these mandates more explicit for universities, stating that "within their organisational structures, universities will feature equality units specifically for the promotion and implementation of tasks related to the principle of equality between women and men". The Science, Technology and Innovation Law (LCTI 14/2011) extended the mandate to adopt GEPs from universities to public research organisations.
The Organic Law for Effective Equality between Women and Men (3/2007) required all ministries to have a gender unit, dependent on their governing bodies. That unit is responsible for developing relevant functions related to the principle of equality between women and men.
In addition to equality units and plans, both LOMLU and LCTI establish gender equality as an overall goal of the Spanish System of Science, Technology and Innovation, setting out several requirements in respect of recruitment, promotion and decision-making. They foresee gender parity (40/60 %) in nominations to panels, advisory boards and committees. They set out the revision of selection and evaluation procedures for recruitment and accreditation, as well as for awarding financial grants, in order to eliminate gender bias, barriers and gaps. Provisions also seek to achieve greater participation of women in research groups and to integrate gender issues in research. They establish the units and tasks involved in monitoring gender equality practices within universities. Chief among these are the development of sex-disaggregated statistics (LOMLU, LCTI) and the involvement of key actors, such as the General Conference of University Policy (LOMLU).
The main research, development & innovation policy instruments in Spain are the “Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (EECTI) 2021-2027” and the “State Scientific, Technical and Innovation Research Plan (PEICTI) 2021-2023”.
The EECTI is the multiannual reference framework for promoting scientific, technical and innovation research, which establishes the objectives shared by all public administrations. It is developed within the scope of the national government through the multiannual PEICTI, which establishes its scientific-technical and social priorities.
A gender perspective is one of the four basic principles the EECTI 2021-2027will use to guide the definition, planning and implementation of public research, development and innovation policy. Gender equality is also included in the key areas of strategy, on the attraction, retention and development of talent (no. 7) and on science for society (no. 14). The PEICTI 2021-2023 also includes the gender perspective as a basic principle and the complete plan has been reviewed by the Women and Science Unit (UMyC) to mainstream the gender approach.
Within this strategy framework, gender equality policies in the science, technology and innovation system focus on two main areas: (1) visibility and dissemination (collection and dissemination of figures and statistical data, visibility of female researchers to promote science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) vocations among girls); and (2) transformation and promotion (measures and resources to eradicate gender inequalities, boost progress towards real and effective gender equality, and integrate the gender dimension into science and innovation).
All public research bodies dependent on the Ministry of Science and Innovation have an equality unit or working group responsible for gender equality, and most have GEPS in place.
The Strategic Plan for Equal Opportunities 2014-2016[1] is the Spanish government’s overall policy framework for gender equality. It includes 13 measures addressing research performing organisations and research policy. These aim to ensure compliance with the legal and policy provisions on gender as a transversal concern in research, not only in guaranteeing equal participation of women in the science system, but also the promotion of gender-specific and gender-sensitive research (an update is pending, according to the Women Institute website[2]).
The III Public Administration Equality Plan was approved in December 2020. It aims to comprehensively address gender equality within the General State Administration and to eradicate any form of discrimination. The key action areas are collecting data to: (1) improve and promote cultural change; (2) advance gender mainstreaming; (3) prevent and manage sexual and sexist harassment; (4) prevent gender and multiple discrimination; (5) support gender-based violence victims. The III Plan has six axes, with 68 transversal measures across all ministerial departments, and is thus applicable to the Ministry of Science and Innovation and its dependent public bodies.
Key actors
Three Spanish ministries have responsibility for gender and science.
The Ministry of Science and Innovation[3] is the central government department responsible for executing government policy on scientific and technical research, technological development and innovation in all sectors. Gender equality is a policy priority for the Ministry of Science and Innovation, and is perceived as an important driver of quality and excellence in science and innovation.
Three structures in the Ministry of Science and Innovation implement gender equality policy:
The UMyC is responsible for applying gender mainstreaming in science, technology and innovation;
The Women, Science and Innovation Observatory (OMCI) is an interministerial collegiate body chaired by the Minister of Science and Innovation. It has 22 members, drawn from 10 ministries and the most relevant agents in the fields of science, technology, innovation and equality. Its goal is to advance gender equality in science, technology and innovation through balanced presence of women and men in all areas and levels, and integration of a gender dimension in innovation and research. The OMCI’s biannual work plan establishes the five priority lines of action for 2021-2022: (1) collection, monitoring, evaluation and dissemination of data disaggregated by sex, as well as statistics and gender indicators in the field of research, development and innovation; (2) career and professional development of women researchers; (3) strengthening the cooperation and participation of all actors in science, technology and innovation to promote greater visibility of women and to advance towards a balanced presence in all areas and levels; (4) promoting structural change in gender equality to advance towards real and effective gender equality, removing obstacles and ending gender bias; and (5) valuing the gender dimension as a specific area of study and research, as well as a transversal area in projects.
The Gender Equality Unit provides advice and support on effective application of the principle of equal opportunities between women and men in the competences of the Ministry (RD 259/2019).
Through the UMyC, the Ministry of Science and Innovation promotes and monitors the development and implementation of gender equality policy in public research bodies, agencies and attached bodies that participate in the management and financing of science and innovation. The following have a GEP in place: the State Research Agency (AEI) as a funding agency, the Centre for Industrial Technological Development (CDTI), focused on promoting business innovation, and the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), focused on health of all citizens through the promotion of research and innovation in Health Sciences and Biomedicine.
The Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) is a public foundation promoting scientific research of excellence. It approved its GEP in 2021 and its strategy includes the promotion of gender equality.
The Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) is the largest public research institution in Spain. It has been committed to gender equality since 2002, when the Women and Science Committee was founded. In 2011, the CSIC approved its first GEP, reflecting the advancement of gender equality laws. Since 2018, it has launched an annual call for the Gender Equality Accreditation Seal to recognise CSIC centres or institutes that promote gender equality.
The Ministry of Equality[4] is responsible for general equality policies between women and men, the prevention and eradication of different forms of violence against women, and the elimination of all forms of discrimination. Within its remit, the Women’s Institute (IM)[5] is an autonomous body charged with promoting and developing the application of gender mainstreaming and the principle of equal treatment and opportunities between women and men. The IM has funded research in gender and science since the early 1980s. It opens two annual calls, one to fund research on women's and gender studies, and the other to carry out official postgraduate courses in Gender Studies. The IM supports and finances complementary actions, such as congresses or publications, and supports the activities of universities’ Gender Equality Units.
The Ministry of Universities[6] is responsible for policy on universities and their activities. Gender equality is a priority for the Ministry of Universities and focuses on three lines of action: (1) incorporation of the principle of gender equality in laws and regulations; (2) cultural transformation of teaching focusing on the production and transfer of knowledge; and (3) specific actions in evaluation, accreditation, scholarships and aids for research. The Ministry of Universities also participates in the OMCI.
The Ministry’s Gender Equality Unit implements gender equality policy and is responsible for applying the principle of equal opportunities between women and men in the competences of the Ministry (RD 259/2019). There is a network of equality units in the public bodies and entities linked to the Ministry of Universities.
The Ministry’s Gender and Universities Board proposes measures and promotes debate among experts, specialised organisations and institutions about gender inequality in the university environment. It meets regularly, with interested ministries, institutions, experts and civil society organisations all participating[7].
The National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (ANECA)[8] is attached to the Ministry of Universities. Crucially, it is responsible for the evaluation, certification and accreditation of teaching staff, teachers, university institutions and centres. Both the Ministry of Universities and the ANECA implement measures to reduce gender inequalities in professors’ career development, particularly those resulting from caring duties or the health effects of gender-based violence (e.g. reflected in criteria for evaluating professors). ANECA also organises training on gender equality for evaluators and promotes gender parity on evaluation commissions.
Each regional government in Spain develops its own policies on research, development and innovation and gender equality. Some regions have their own IMs, which have developed important measures such as financial support for University Equality Units or for gender research.
The Conference of Rectors of Spanish Universities (CRUE) was established in 1994 and comprises 76 Spanish universities (50 public, 26 private). Its Delegation for Equality Policies highlights the importance of gender equality in university policy and places gender issues on the agendas of many Spanish rectors. In November 2018, the I Summit of Spanish Female Rectors was organised, where equality policy in universities was discussed. The seven rectors then signed a manifesto to prioritise gender issues in university policy[9].
The Network of Equality Units for Excellence in Universities (RUIGEU) is a space that facilitates debate and proposals, as well as promoting visibility of gender issues in university and scientific policy. The Network coordinates the Gender Equality Units of 53 Spanish universities. It meets annually to share experiences, debate specific issues and discuss the advancements and shortcomings of current strategies.
Other stimulatory initiatives
The Association of Women Scientists and Technologists (AMIT) is dedicated to promoting the equal participation of women in science, research and technology. Founded in 2002 and with more than 500 associates, AMIT fosters debate and awareness, and lobbies for effective implementation of the legal and policy provisions on gender issues. It has created a complete, comprehensive and regularly updated database of women researchers in order to promote the visibility of women in science and networking[10]. AMIT promoted the #Nomorematildas campaign[11], which publicised the negative impact of the so-called Matilda Effect and sought to include the findings of women scientists in textbooks. The campaign includes online materials, such as an annex for primary education textbooks with short biographies of women scientists who were not properly recognised, yet who can serve as inspirational role models for young girls today.
The University Association for Women's Studies (AUDEM) coordinates 20 research centres and institutes on Women’s Studies and Gender Studies. AUDEM organises relevant dissemination activities, conferences and publications.
The Vives Network of Universities (Xarxa Vives d’Universitats) is a non-profit organisation that represents and coordinates the joint work of 22 universities in Catalonia, the Valencian Region, the Balearic Islands and other territories with shared geographical, historical, cultural and linguistic links. Its Gender Equality Working Group organises annual forums on gender equality policy and develops research and training activities. It has prepared guidelines on incorporating the gender perspective in university teaching in 11 different areas of knowledge (available online)[12]. Its website also features GEPs, protocols for the prevention of sexual and sexist harassment, and other university regulations on gender equality.
INITIATIVES FOR GENDER EQUALITY BY RESEARCH PERFORMING ORGANISATIONS
In line with the Equality Law and Law on Universities, since 2007, 96 % of public universities and 70 % of private universities have developed GEPs. Some are now developing a second or even third generation of plans. Evaluation processes remain limited, however, and a culture of monitoring and evaluation of GEPS has yet to be developed.
Most universities’ GEPs include awareness-raising of gender equality, training on gender equality, training on integrating the gender dimension into the content of research and teaching, measures on collecting data and gender statistics, and actions to promote the visibility of women researchers. Most have sexual harassment protocols and awareness campaigns (96 % of public universities and 73 % of private universities). Measures for balancing personal, work and family life are common, such as flexible schedules or priority to choose teaching schedules given to professors with caring responsibilities or permits to accompany family members to medical visits. Actions to integrate the gender approach into teaching content and measures or protocols to guarantee the gender perspective in selection and evaluation processes are still rare[13].
According to the Law of Science, Technology and Innovation (2011), large nationally-owned public research organisations were expected to develop their own plans no later than two years after the law was enacted. According to the report, Científicas en Cifras 2021, 75 % of public research bodies have adopted a GEP - 67 % are implementing their second plan, 17 % are preparing their third, and 17 % are preparing their second (data as of 31 December 2020[14]).
Horizon 2020 promotes gender equality, in particular by supporting projects on structural change in the organisation of research institutions and in the content and design of research activities. It has had a substantial impact on science, innovation and universities in Spain, with numerous public and private institutions coordinating or taking part in consortia.
The Ministry of Science and Innovation participates in GENDer equality in the ERA Community To Innovate policy implementation (GENDERACTION), Supporting the Promotion of Equality in Research and Academia (SUPERA) and ERA-NET Cofund Promoting Gender Equality in H2020 and the ERA (GENDER-NET). The AEI also participates in GENDER-NET and in Leading Towards Sustainable Gender Equality Plans in Research Performing Organisations (LeTSGEPs). The CSIC participates in GRant AllocatioN Disparities from a gender perspective (GRANteD) and CIEMAT, while the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias participates in Gender Equality Network in the European Research Area (GENERA).
Universidad Complutense de Madrid coordinates SUPERA, with the Ministry of Science and Innovation as partner. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid coordinates the Gender Equality in Science, Technology and Innovation Bilateral and Multilateral Dialogues (GENDER STI) project. Universidad de Deusto coordinates Gender Equality Actions in Research Institutions to traNsform Gender ROLES (GEARING ROLES), with FECYT as its partner. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) coordinates the Communities of PrACTice for Accelerating Gender Equality and Institutional Change in Research and Innovation across Europe (ACT) project, with the participation of Notus and the Centre for Genomic Regulations (CRG) as partners. UOC also coordinates the consortium of Gender Diversity Impact (Improving research and innovation through gender diversity) and participates as a partner in the Certification-Award Systems to Promote gender Equality in Research (CASPER) and in Evaluation Framework for Promoting Gender Equality in Research and Innovation (EFFORTI). The CRG coordinates the Leading Innovative measures to reach gender Balance in Research Activities (LIBRA) consortium. A Spanish consultancy firm, CONSULTA EUROPA, coordinates the consortium of the project, Implementing gender equality plans to unlock research potential of research organisations and funding organisations in Europe (ATHENA), with participation of the Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and the Regional Government of Canarias as partners. ESADE coordinates the Gender Equality Standards for AHMSSBL institutions throughout Europe (EQUAL4EUROPE) project.
Spanish research organisations also participate in the following consortiums: Notus in TARGET; Fundació Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) Barcelona in the CALIPER project; Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura in the Science Management of Agriculture and life sciences, including Research and Teaching (Gender-SMART) project; CTAG Automotive Technology Centre of Galicia in the project, Modifying Institution by Developing Gender Equality Plans (MINDtheGEPs); Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in Gender Equality (GE) Academy; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in Gender Equality in Engineering through Communication and Commitment (GEECCO); NanoGune in the programme, Pilot experiences for improving gender equality in research organisations (R&I PEERS); Fundación La Caixa in GENDER-NET; and Mondragon University and ELHUYAR in the project, Promoting gender balance and inclusion in research, innovation and training (PLOTINA).
Spain shows a clear evolution of equality policy in research, development and innovation. This was driven by regulations, especially as a consequence of Organic Law 3/2007 for the effective equality of women and men, and also by the directives, initiatives and recommendations in the framework of the European Union(EU).
The report Científicas en Cifras identifies some positive trends in its most recent publication in 2021: a greater presence of female researchers (41 %); a greater presence of women at the highest levels of research careers in both universities and public research bodies (Grade A: 24 % in 2019 vs. 21 % in 2016; Grade B: 44 % in 2019 vs. 42 % in 2016 ); and a greater presence of women in decision-making positions (in 2020, 23 % female rectors in universities and 50 % directors of public research bodies, compared to 2018 data of 22 % and 38 %, respectively). However, the report also observes that gender gaps have persisted and even increased in some cases. There are fewer students in STEM áreas (especially engineering and technology), women drop out of their scientific careers more frequently than men, and women's careers progress more slowly than those of their men colleagues. Women researchers receive less research funding and have a lower success rate in research calls. Notwithstanding efforts and inspiring practices, there is a lack of inclusion of the gender dimension in research and innovation projects. Similarly, despite regulatory advances, not all universities and public research bodies have equality units, GEPs and protocols for the prevention of sexual and sexist harassment. Finally, the evaluation and monitoring culture remains inadequate to improve policy and impacts.
RELEVANT EXAMPLES OF PRACTICES
Women and Science Committee in the CSIC
In 2002, the CSIC Governing Board approved the Women and Science Committee. The Committee advises the presidency of the CSIC on issues related to recruitment and career promotion of women researchers, identifies problems and analyses causes hindering women’s access and career progression. It also analyses historical biases and gaps due to the deficit of women in scientific institutions and in their management bodies, and proposes corrective measures where appropriate. The Committee produces the annual “Report on Women Researchers”, which monitors the situation of women scientists at CSIC.
The CSIC was Spain’s first public or private research organisation to create a Committee for Women and Science. Since 2002, there has been a rapid and transformative evolution in gender equality law and policy, prompting the creation of gender equality units and bodies in public and private research institutions. As a pioneer, the Committee supported these structures in the institutes attached to the CSIC and promoted networking and recognition through the annual call for its Gender Equality Certification.The Women and Science Committee has evolved to become a reference structure for the promotion of equality in Spain’s science, research and innovation system.
Gender Coefficient in the Full Professor Programme
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) is a public research and higher education institution in engineering, architecture, science and technology. Gender stereotypes mean that UPC has a low percentage of women students (less than 30 % of BSc and MSc students). This percentage is similarly low across all categories of academic career, falling to its lowest percentage in the full professor category. In 2010, UPC established a Promotion Plan, which internally evaluates all professors qualifying for full professors according to ANECA. This evaluation is used to decide the departments in which full professor positions will be created.
After several calls, a glass ceiling was identified in the highest category in 2016, with women accounting for only 8.6 % of full professors. UPC approved an affirmative measure to correct the inequalities and structural obstacles that hinder the equal development of women’s academic careers. The Full Professor Programme applies a gender coefficient, which is a correction coefficient in the final scores of women candidates. The gender coefficient is calculated on the basis of the percentage of women professors in the lower category, and the goal is to reach the same percentage of women full professors (category A) as the percentage in category B.
In 2017, a coefficient of 1.15 was applied, which has since been maintained or increased. In addition, in 2021, 5 % of the full professor positions opened were guaranteed to women candidates and the coefficient applied was 1.25.
This measure immediately increased the numbers of women promoted to full professor, with 12.9 % of women in this category in 2021. The measure also promotes a greater presence of women in decision-making positions by having more women in the higher categories. Finally, it has an important impact on organisational culture, including acceptance of transformative and structural measures to promote gender equality.
Protocol against gender-based violence
The Basque Country University (UPV/EHU) undertook a one-year participatory process to design a protocol against gender-based violence that responds to the needs and reality of the university community. In June 2018, the protocol was approved, with the goal of promoting a safe environment for all in the university community.
The protocol has several innovative aspects. Its broad definition of gender-based violence covers all sexist violence, including violence against LGBTIQ+ persons. The protocol can be activated when someone in the university community experiences gender-based violence, whether on or off campus. It can be initiated by a person other than the affected person or by university services (with the consent of the affected person) and a police or judicial report is not necessarily required. The protocol features a support process for victims to seek reparation and to ensure that they can continue their lives and academic or professional careers. A specially trained Gender Violence Advisor is dedicated full-time to both the protocol and preventive awareness-raising actions. A Commission on Gender-Based Violence has also been created, bringing together the Gender Equality Office, security, labour risk prevention service, and employees’ legal representation.
These innovations have successfully offset the key issue of underreporting and the protocol has become an inspiring practice for other universities.
[1] https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/equal_opps_strat_plan_peio201...
[2] https://www.inmujeres.gob.es/areasTematicas/AreaPlanificacionEvaluacion/...
[3] https://www.ciencia.gob.es/en/Ministerio/mision-y-organizacion.html;jses...
[4] https://www.igualdad.gob.es/ministerio/Paginas/index.aspx, Royal Decree 455/2020
[5] https://www.inmujeres.gob.es/areasTematicas/AreaEstudiosInvestigacion/Co...
[6]https://www.universidades.gob.es/portal/site/universidades/menuitem.78fe...
[7] With the participation of experts, representatives of the Ministry of Universities, Ministry of Equality, Ministry of Science and Innovation, ANECA, CRUE, the University Platform for feminist studies and of gender (EUFEM), AMIT and RUIGEU.
[8] http://www.aneca.es/ANECA/Quienes-somos/Marco-legal
[9] https://canal.ugr.es/noticia/i-cumbre-de-rectoras-declaracion-de-castellon/
[10] https://cientificas.amit-es.org/
[11] https://www.nomorematildas.com/en
[12] https://www.vives.org/programes/igualtat-genere/guies-docencia-universit...
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Immer Besser
Miele is a German-based company Founded in 1899. With the promise of “Immer Besser,” Miele’s polished design, superior engineering, tested quality and unparalleled service are making Miele appliances an increasingly popular choice. Miele is a family-owned and operated business committed to products of high quality, performance and environmental standards. Most known for their line of vacuum cleaners and washing machines, Miele manufactures a wide range of exceptional major appliances.
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NextClimadiff → | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2039 | {"url": "https://elementi.lv/portfolio/miele/?lang=en", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "elementi.lv", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:05:21Z", "digest": "sha1:KXYTTWUZNSCGQ4RAPDDU3G4MK2R6FQT5"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 532, 532.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 532, 1001.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 532, 4.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 532, 32.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 532, 0.95]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 532, 320.7]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 532, 0.24175824]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 532, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 532, 0.03131991]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 532, 0.03579418]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 532, 0.17582418]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 532, 0.81333333]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 532, 5.96]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 532, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 532, 3.99628475]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 532, 75.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 13, 0.0], [13, 503, 1.0], [503, 517, 0.0], [517, 532, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 13, 0.0], [13, 503, 0.0], [503, 517, 0.0], [517, 532, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 13, 2.0], [13, 503, 69.0], [503, 517, 2.0], [517, 532, 2.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 13, 0.0], [13, 503, 0.0083682], [503, 517, 0.0], [517, 532, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 13, 0.0], [13, 503, 0.0], [503, 517, 0.0], [517, 532, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 13, 0.15384615], [13, 503, 0.02244898], [503, 517, 0.28571429], [517, 532, 0.13333333]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 532, 0.00740564]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 532, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 532, 9.42e-06]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 532, -35.9421198]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 532, -3.43064185]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 532, -7.12896772]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 532, 5.0]]} |
Collaborative Advisory Committee
<< View all Steering Committees
The mission of the Maryland State Collaborative Advisory Committee is to serve the Maryland State Department of Education, Division of Special Education/Early Intervention Services, in a consultative capacity, providing feedback on policy and procedures. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2040 | {"url": "https://elevates.marylandpublicschools.org/about/steering-committees/collaborative-advisory-committee/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "elevates.marylandpublicschools.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:52:51Z", "digest": "sha1:X277J2YO3CC3EREKEOAQ4SVUKYC4LZWZ"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 319, 319.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 319, 1650.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 319, 3.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 319, 33.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 319, 0.89]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 319, 319.6]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 319, 0.25]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 319, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 319, 0.15498155]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 319, 0.22140221]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 319, 0.125]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 319, 0.7804878]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 319, 6.6097561]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 319, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 319, 3.38373925]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 319, 41.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 33, 0.0], [33, 65, 0.0], [65, 319, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 33, 0.0], [33, 65, 0.0], [65, 319, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 33, 3.0], [33, 65, 4.0], [65, 319, 34.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 33, 0.0], [33, 65, 0.0], [65, 319, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 33, 0.0], [33, 65, 0.0], [65, 319, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 33, 0.09090909], [33, 65, 0.09375], [65, 319, 0.06299213]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 319, 0.00232118]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 319, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 319, 0.00032282]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 319, -13.27544268]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 319, -4.09661924]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 319, 8.63550188]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 319, 1.0]]} |
Nifty Tools
Posted byE.L. Pierce June 19, 2016 Posted inUncategorized
There are many books on the craft of writing. Some published writers have used them and some have not. Though you do not have to read books on how to write well, or even on how to get published, it’s still a good idea to do so.
Many books will give you fabulous ideas on how to plot a story, write dialog, and pace while some general fiction books will even teach you how to write action or scenery. (That’s why writers consistently say to read, read, read.)
If you’re looking into getting published and have finished and polished your novel, you might what to check out the “Writer’s Market.” It lists information on not only how to get published, but of countless agents and editors as well. Usually, it is about $50 dollars or more, but you can find it at the library for free!
How To Write A Book Synopsis | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2041 | {"url": "https://elpierce.org/2016/06/19/nifty-tools/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "elpierce.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:28:51Z", "digest": "sha1:MVRFLNDTSTJSSUO3LRXENC2QSG2TJX6B"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 879, 879.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 879, 2528.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 879, 6.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 879, 75.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 879, 0.96]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 879, 326.7]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 879, 0.47692308]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 879, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 879, 0.04322767]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 879, 0.03025937]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 879, 0.04899135]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 879, 0.01025641]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 879, 0.15897436]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 879, 0.61111111]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 879, 4.28395062]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 879, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 879, 4.35128875]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 879, 162.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 12, 0.0], [12, 70, 0.0], [70, 298, 1.0], [298, 529, 0.0], [529, 851, 1.0], [851, 879, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 12, 0.0], [12, 70, 0.0], [70, 298, 0.0], [298, 529, 0.0], [529, 851, 0.0], [851, 879, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 12, 2.0], [12, 70, 8.0], [70, 298, 47.0], [298, 529, 41.0], [529, 851, 58.0], [851, 879, 6.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 12, 0.0], [12, 70, 0.11111111], [70, 298, 0.0], [298, 529, 0.0], [529, 851, 0.00638978], [851, 879, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 12, 0.0], [12, 70, 0.0], [70, 298, 0.0], [298, 529, 0.0], [529, 851, 0.0], [851, 879, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 12, 0.16666667], [12, 70, 0.12068966], [70, 298, 0.01315789], [298, 529, 0.00865801], [529, 851, 0.01552795], [851, 879, 0.21428571]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 879, 0.00241441]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 879, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 879, 0.00015116]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 879, -70.72334597]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 879, -3.80458964]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 879, -110.97552955]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 879, 11.0]]} |
Website and database designed by Louis-Gabriel Bonicoli.
The whole website is under the GNU GPL licence, except:
its name ("The Early Modern Book project"),
its logo,
the data provided by the members on their profile page.
Those data should not be reused by third parties without the written consent of the admin team as a whole or the members whose data are being reused.
If you are a member and you want to help us with the project (helping us organizing events or with the website, for instance), do not hesitate to send an email to the project's admin team. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2042 | {"url": "https://embookproject.org/credits_and_thanks.php", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "embookproject.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:31:57Z", "digest": "sha1:ZZ7EOI6XOHXPXO3HAHCZGBZ7GRL47Z4X"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 561, 561.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 561, 753.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 561, 7.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 561, 16.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 561, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 561, 286.4]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 561, 0.47413793]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 561, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 561, 0.04504505]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 561, 0.01724138]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 561, 0.12068966]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 561, 0.67]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 561, 4.44]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 561, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 561, 4.00162408]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 561, 100.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 57, 1.0], [57, 113, 0.0], [113, 157, 0.0], [157, 167, 0.0], [167, 223, 1.0], [223, 373, 1.0], [373, 561, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 57, 0.0], [57, 113, 0.0], [113, 157, 0.0], [157, 167, 0.0], [167, 223, 0.0], [223, 373, 0.0], [373, 561, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 57, 7.0], [57, 113, 10.0], [113, 157, 7.0], [157, 167, 2.0], [167, 223, 10.0], [223, 373, 28.0], [373, 561, 36.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 57, 0.0], [57, 113, 0.0], [113, 157, 0.0], [157, 167, 0.0], [167, 223, 0.0], [223, 373, 0.0], [373, 561, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 57, 0.0], [57, 113, 0.0], [113, 157, 0.0], [157, 167, 0.0], [167, 223, 0.0], [223, 373, 0.0], [373, 561, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 57, 0.07017544], [57, 113, 0.125], [113, 157, 0.09090909], [157, 167, 0.0], [167, 223, 0.0], [223, 373, 0.00666667], [373, 561, 0.00531915]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 561, 0.15153909]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 561, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 561, 0.000521]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 561, -21.35164857]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 561, 3.70281756]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 561, 1.07381465]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 561, 4.0]]} |
A Complete Guide:
How to Get a Personal Loan in Lochearn Maryland
A comprehensive, in-depth loop at all things personal loans in Lochearn Maryland
Personal Loan Rates in Lochearn MD
Personal Loan Lender Reviews in Lochearn MD
Lochearn MD Personal Loan Calculator
Personal Loans in Lochearn Maryland Outline
When times are tough and cash is strapped, a personal loan can provide major financial freedom. Since life likes to throw us a few curveballs from time to time (or maybe hardballs is more like it), there can come a day when we all need a helping hand.
However, when it comes to personal loans, there's a lot of misinformation out there regarding the process. Researching personal loans in Lochearn, MD doesn't need to be a challenging task. Rather, it can be a smooth and uncomplicated process if you can foresee the necessary steps.
Featured Lenders for Personal Loans in Lochearn, MD
Getting connected with lenders and viewing your pre-approved rates from top lenders in Lochearn Maryland is free, easy and doesn't impact your credit score. This will help you find the best personal loan options available to you with a single form. By receiving a number of customized offers, you could save thousands on the total cost of your personal loan.
Our Guide to Personal Loans in Lochearn Maryland
There are a few bits of data to take into account in this first step. Start by being practical about what you need. It's important to remain reasonable here since taking a loan that is more than you need won't really help you in the long run.
Estimate Your Month-to-month Repayments
A good place to start is by utilizing a personal loan calculator. Here, you'll enter your desired loan amount, the number of years you want the loan for, and the estimated interest rate associated with the loan.
With this info, our calculator will produce your estimated monthly payments, the amount of money you'll have to pay back (with the interest factored in), and the full cost of the loan.
If you haven't found a lender you'd like to work with, it might be difficult to identify things like your desired loan amount, the expected amount of interest, and the length of the loan. However, this process will give you a general idea of how personal loans work and what rates and monthly payments you can expect.
Depending upon your lender, you will want to look out for origination fees.
An origination fee is an upfront fee that some lenders charge to underwrite a loan application. Generally, these fees are a percentage of the loan, ranging anywhere from 0.5% to 1%.
Another fee to keep an out for is prepayment penalties. This is important because if you're doing well on your repayments and are in a position to pay off your loan early, your lender may charge you penalties for that. This will be laid out in your final loan documents.
Study Your Credit Report
One of the last sets of data you'll need to consider is your credit score. Your loan provider will examine this number closely.
There are plenty of free online tools to get your personal credit score.
There might be other determining factors, aside from your credit score. For instance, you may have an excellent credit score but have a high debt-to-income ratio. Many lenders consider a high debt-to-income ratio to be a negative.
This being said, your other streams of debt may enter into play here, i.e., credit card balances, student loans, and home mortgages. Still, don't let any of this discourage you from checking your rates.
Prior to applying for a loan, inspect each the lender or banks reviews. If you're thinking about a personal loan with a community bank or credit union, you'll most likely already have a relationship with that financial service provider.
Yet, there are numerous online lenders who are perfectly} respectable and will offer you competitive rates. In many cases, online lenders offer lower APRs than traditional lenders and community banks because their online process is much cheaper to run than a brick and mortar bank location.
Yet another factor of personal loans is that they come with a fixed rate of interest. This simply means that you'll have the same monthly payment throughout the lifetime of the loan. This is good because you will never be surprised by an increasing monthly loan payment and can budget accordingly.
What Info You'll Need to Get a Personal Loan
In order to receive a personal loan, you'll need to share quite a bit of personal information. In most cases lenders will require you to present the following:
If applying online, be prepared to submit a copy of your driver's license (as proof of identity and residency}) along with your most recent pay stub. It wouldn't hurt to also secure last year's tax return to confirm income.
Life has plenty of unforeseen emergencies. Perhaps your car needs an expensive repair or your house needs a new heating system in the winter.
How to get a Personal Loan in Lochearn MD
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Ariel Thompson: Mirage
“Mirage” is a collection inspired from my study abroad experience in Florence, Italy. During my History of Italian class, we took a field trip to the Salvatore Ferragamo Museum where I took a picture of a garment that casted a reflection in a mirror directly behind it. Quickly taking a picture of this beautiful garment, I hurried back to my class to conclude our tour of one of the most esteemed fashion design houses. Later in the day, I noticed the reflection of the garment in the mirror directly behind the mannequin from the picture I had taken in the museum. This garment had so much beauty and the reflection demonstrated all of it. Mirage is a collection that will have two parallel outfits together to symbolize the optical illusion of how an image can be perceived from different angles. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2044 | {"url": "https://emerging-designers.textiles.ncsu.edu/ariel-thompson-mirage", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "emerging-designers.textiles.ncsu.edu", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:05:52Z", "digest": "sha1:H2L2PZCGOOKT5N7ZM4UTPV6VUR6M43XZ"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 822, 822.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 822, 1524.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 822, 2.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 822, 45.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 822, 0.96]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 822, 293.5]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 822, 0.47435897]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 822, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 822, 0.02242152]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 822, 0.03886398]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 822, 0.02564103]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 822, 0.08333333]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 822, 0.59440559]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 822, 4.67832168]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 822, 4.15490191]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 822, 143.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 822, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 822, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 23, 3.0], [23, 822, 140.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 822, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 822, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 23, 0.13043478], [23, 822, 0.0212766]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 822, 0.17108822]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 822, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 822, 0.00134975]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 822, 5.51171845]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 822, 11.39608224]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 822, -19.09410434]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 822, 6.0]]} |
Pick Click UK: A Big Revolution in Online Shopping 2023!
Pick Click UK: The online shopping industry has grown rapidly in recent years, and the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend even further. As consumers continue to shift towards online shopping, e-commerce companies are looking for ways to improve the online shopping experience.
One company that is leading the way in this regard is Pick Click UK. This article will explore how it brings a revolution in online shopping 2023.
What is Pick Click UK?
Revolutionizing Online Shopping:
Same-Day Delivery:
Virtual Try-On:
Sustainability:
Pick Click UK is a UK-based online retailer specializing in fashion, beauty, and lifestyle products. The company was founded in 2008 and has since grown to become one of the most popular e-commerce platforms in the UK.
It offers a wide range of products from top brands, and its website is easy to navigate, making the online shopping experience seamless and enjoyable.
Here are some of the ways that Pick Click UK is revolutionizing online shopping:
Pick Click UK uses data analytics to personalize the shopping experience for each customer. By analyzing a customer’s browsing history and purchase patterns, Pick Click UK can recommend products tailored to their interests and preferences.
Pick Click offers same-day delivery in select cities across the UK. Customers can receive their orders within a few hours of placing them, which is a game-changer for those who need their products urgently.
It has recently introduced a virtual try-on feature that allows customers to try on products virtually before purchasing. This feature uses augmented reality technology to give customers a realistic idea of how the product will look on them.
It is committed to sustainability and has implemented several initiatives to reduce its environmental impact. They use eco-friendly packaging and have partnered with brands that prioritize sustainability.
It is a highly innovative online retailer offering numerous customer benefits. One of the biggest advantages of shopping with Pick Click UK is their personalized shopping experience, which allows customers to find the products that best suit their needs and preferences.
Additionally, the company’s same-day delivery service is a game-changer for customers who need their products urgently. The virtual try-on feature is also highly beneficial, as it allows customers to try on products from the comfort of their homes before making a purchase.
Another major benefit of shopping with Pick Click UK is their commitment to sustainability, which sets them apart from other e-commerce companies. Pick Click UK contributes to a greener future by using eco-friendly packaging and partnering with sustainable brands.
Shopping with Pick Click UK is a highly convenient and enjoyable experience with numerous customer benefits.
Pick Click UK is a company at the forefront of the online shopping revolution. By leveraging technology and data analytics, they can personalize the shopping experience for each customer.
Their same-day delivery and virtual try-on features make shopping more convenient and enjoyable, and their commitment to sustainability sets them apart from other e-commerce companies.
As online shopping continues to grow in popularity, companies like Pick Click UK will continue to shape the industry and make the online shopping experience better for everyone.
Also, read Comme de Garcon Converse: The Perfect Collaboration for Fashion Enthusiasts!
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[…] Also, read Pick Click UK: A Big Revolution in Online Shopping 2023! 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Please choose a specific reference for the term laser:
Finite microlaser, a surgical instrument in the Original Series.
Laser bola, a weapon used by the Borellian Nomen.
Laser generator, a component of laser weapons in the Original Series.
Laser pistol, the primary weapon used by Colonial Warriors.
Laser pistol (TOS), the large laser pistol commonly seen on Warriors in the Original Series.
Laser pistol (1980), the smaller laser gun used by Dillon and Troy in Galactica 1980.
Laser pump, a component of laser weapons on a Viper in the Original Series.
Laser rifle, a larger weapon used by the Centurions and Colonial strike teams (e.g. "Baltar's Escape).
Laser scalpel, a surgical instrument.
Laser torpedoes, a term for laser bolt heard only in "Saga of a Star World".
Additionally, the article on Weapons in the Original Series has an overview of laser technologies employed in the Original Series.
This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page. Also, if you wanted to search for the term "Laser", click here.
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FRP smoke tower in one
Jiangsu Jiuding New Materials Co., Ltd. introduced large-scale on-site vertical winding equipment and design, manufacturing technology from the United States in the 1990s, and imported horizontal horizontal winding equipment from Italian technology during the same period. At the same time, it independently developed on-site large-scale horizontal winding equipment in 2010. The equipment is a professional manufacturer of glass fiber reinforced plastic flue in China (listed company, stock name: Jiuding New Materials, stock code: 002201). The maximum diameter of the glass fiber reinforced plastic flue is 12000mm. \"Ding\" brand winding glass fiber reinforced plastic vertical and horizontal equipment is made of continuous alkali-free glass fiber roving as the reinforcing material, using thermosetting resin as the matrix material, and manufactured by the computer-controlled winding equipment. The main materials are: resin, fiber felt, glass fiber winding yarn, etc.
The so-called \"smoke tower integration \" means that the exhaust gas of the power plant is no longer discharged to the atmosphere through the chimney, but is sent to the hyperbolic cooling tower through the flue, and the exhaust gas is brought to the upper air by the water vapor in the tower. , The flue and the cooling tower are integrated to form an exhaust system. \"Tobacco tower integration \" Because the traditional chimney is eliminated, the civil engineering cost is saved; because the cooling tower water vapor is used to take off the exhaust gas, the booster fan is omitted, and the equipment cost and fan operating cost (electricity cost) are saved. According to calculations, the use of the integrated smoke tower can save enterprises more than 50 million yuan in cost, and at the same time make the exhaust emissions meet the environmental protection requirements, with a purification rate of 97.5%. At the same time, because the chimney discharge height is 300 meters and the cooling tower discharge height is 500 meters, the diffusion range of the exhaust gas is increased, and the floor sulfur content is relatively reduced (less than 400mg / m3).
Flue gas desulfurization is the main measure for controlling SO2 emissions in coal-fired power plants today, and wet limestone scrubbing is currently the most widely used and most mature process in various countries in the world. It is also the leading process of flue gas desulfurization in thermal power plants. Due to the high requirements for the material selection of the net flue gas pipes inside the cooling tower, the FRP / composite material has the characteristics of strong chemical resistance, long life, light weight, low thermal conductivity, high strength, and can withstand high thermal stress. Therefore, it has become the best material for the flue of flue gas cooling tower.
Specifications: diameter below 12000mm 2. Temperature resistance: below 220 ℃
The FRP flue is used, and the flue gas after desulfurization does not need to be heated above the dew point. The use of the FRP flue can save investment and is an economical choice. More importantly, the integrated tower technology can increase the lifting height of the net flue gas after desulfurization, which is conducive to reducing pollution. It is an inevitable development direction for domestic thermal power plants in the future. 1. Specification: DN10-25000 2. Temperature resistance: below 220 ℃ \"smoke tower integration\" means that the exhaust gas of the power plant is no longer discharged to the atmosphere through the chimney, but through the flue to the hyperbolic cooling tower, from the tower The flue discharges the flue gas after desulfurization at high altitude, and the flue and cooling tower are integrated to form an exhaust system. The reason why the flue is made of glass fiber reinforced plastic composite materials in the smoke tower integration project is because its corrosion resistance and durability are very good, the service life is long, and the cost is saved. The service life is up to 30 years, which is in line with the life cycle of the thermal power plant, avoiding the economic loss and trouble caused by the replacement of the pipe. Save the cost of anti-corrosion of flue. At the same time, the glass fiber reinforced plastic pipe has a light weight and no bracket support, which saves the cost of this part of the construction.
\"Smoke tower integration \" The use of glass fiber reinforced plastics composite materials to make flue, environmental protection is of great significance. \"Tobacco Towers \" technology was developed by Germany and currently only used in 4 European countries including Germany. The cooling tower is used to discharge the exhaust gas, and the purification rate of the exhaust gas reaches 97.5%, especially the ground concentration of the exhaust gas is better than that of the chimney. The discharge height of the chimney is about 300 meters, and the discharge height of the cooling tower is 500 meters. The diffusion range of the treated exhaust gas is increased, and the ground concentration of carbides can be reduced to below 400 mg / m3. At the same time, the FRP flue can also reduce the power consumption and operating costs of thermal power plant equipment; eliminating traditional chimneys and saving civil engineering costs; due to the use of cooling tower water vapor to take away the exhaust gas, eliminating the need for booster fans, saving equipment costs and Fan power consumption.
Product specifications: specifications: DN10-25000 2. Temperature resistance: below 220 ℃
Contact: Zhu Yongjian
Mailbox: [email protected]
Fax: 0513-80695000-0008 | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2047 | {"url": "https://en.cjdg.com/FRP-smoke-tower-in-one-pd44950485.html", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "en.cjdg.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:42:13Z", "digest": "sha1:2QCNFKPLDEYDFE27QYHFAXTH3OP7ESZH"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 5679, 5679.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 5679, 13118.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 5679, 11.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 5679, 95.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 5679, 0.92]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 5679, 304.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 5679, 0.3336511]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 5679, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 5679, 0.048886]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 5679, 0.19705819]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 5679, 0.11875406]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 5679, 0.10036773]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 5679, 0.08306295]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 5679, 0.0687865]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 5679, 0.01838633]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 5679, 0.02530824]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 5679, 0.01406013]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 5679, 0.00762631]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 5679, 0.15919924]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 5679, 0.34116331]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 5679, 5.17114094]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 5679, 4.90689805]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 5679, 894.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 998, 1.0], [998, 2165, 1.0], [2165, 2859, 1.0], [2859, 2937, 0.0], [2937, 4413, 1.0], [4413, 5512, 1.0], [5512, 5602, 0.0], [5602, 5624, 0.0], [5624, 5656, 0.0], [5656, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 998, 0.0], [998, 2165, 0.0], [2165, 2859, 0.0], [2859, 2937, 0.0], [2937, 4413, 0.0], [4413, 5512, 0.0], [5512, 5602, 0.0], [5602, 5624, 0.0], [5624, 5656, 0.0], [5656, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 23, 5.0], [23, 998, 135.0], [998, 2165, 193.0], [2165, 2859, 110.0], [2859, 2937, 10.0], [2937, 4413, 249.0], [4413, 5512, 175.0], [5512, 5602, 10.0], [5602, 5624, 3.0], [5624, 5656, 2.0], [5656, 5679, 2.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 998, 0.02021277], [998, 2165, 0.01329787], [2165, 2859, 0.00147493], [2859, 2937, 0.12162162], [2937, 4413, 0.00969529], [4413, 5512, 0.01310861], [5512, 5602, 0.13095238], [5602, 5624, 0.0], [5624, 5656, 0.0], [5656, 5679, 0.8]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 23, 0.0], [23, 998, 0.0], [998, 2165, 0.0], [2165, 2859, 0.0], [2859, 2937, 0.0], [2937, 4413, 0.0], [4413, 5512, 0.0], [5512, 5602, 0.0], [5602, 5624, 0.0], [5624, 5656, 0.0], [5656, 5679, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 23, 0.13043478], [23, 998, 0.01846154], [998, 2165, 0.00514139], [2165, 2859, 0.0129683], [2859, 2937, 0.02564103], [2937, 4413, 0.01287263], [4413, 5512, 0.01364877], [5512, 5602, 0.04444444], [5602, 5624, 0.13636364], [5624, 5656, 0.03125], [5656, 5679, 0.04347826]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 5679, 0.72323596]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 5679, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 5679, 0.38391036]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 5679, -119.63374856]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 5679, 48.46396244]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 5679, 95.91427585]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 5679, 40.0]]} |
Money Transfers from Russia and CIS Countries to the UAE and vice versa
Since 2004, the UAE has been governed by Sheikh Khalifa – the older son of the state’s founder Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Full version
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Money transfers in the United Arab Emirates
Money transfers via Money Gram in Dubai, the UAE
While staying in a tourist trip in the territory of the United Arab Emirates, or while being on the training, the need to transfer money can become a subject. How to transfer money from Russia and CIS countries to the UAE and vice versa? In this article we will examine the most popular possibilities of the international money transfers, which are introduced in the domestic market of the United Arab Emirates.
Western Union Money Transfer System
This payment system is represented almost all over the globe, and it is its main advantage. It is one of the well-known services with a large branch network, which allows clients to make money transfers from any point of the globe. Money transfers are made in a short period of time, and the amount can be withdrawn immediately after the transferring. The commission of the system is from 3 to 8 percent of the transferred amount. As to the money transfers from the territory of the Emirates, if the amount exceeds 2 thousand Dirhams, the sender will be required to produce a valid foreign passport and a mobile phone number.
Money Gram Money Transfer System
It is a similar service that allows to carry out quick money transfers. The main difference of this payment system is the existence of partnership agreements with various financial institutions, public postal operators and large trading network. Among the competitive advantages of the Money Gram service, a relatively low commission rate (1%) can be singled out. The branch network of the services includes more than three hundred representative offices, including the ones on the territory of the Emirates.
UNIStream Money Transfer System
UNIStream service allows one to make both direct money transfers, and online transfers. The system possesses a Russian language network resource, the users of which can send money transfers using a bank card or e-wallet. Besides, the UNIStream payment system offers a quite flexible pricing policy (from 2.1 to 2.3%).
Bank Remittances and SWIFT System
This method of money transferring remains the most convenient, cost-effective and safe. In fact, such remittances are the money transfers from one personal account to another. This category is characterized by the high swiftness of transfers, but one should bear in mind one factor. In particular, some banking institutions may charge an additional commission when receiving the money transfers. Besides, the SWIFT Money Transfer System operates only with the foreign currency bank accounts.
Historically it has happened that the United Arab Emirates is located at the intersection of the trade and financial routes of the West, Europe, Africa and Asia. Today it is a strategically important platform and the largest transport hub. Every year the entrepreneurs and experts from all over the world come to the United Arab Emirates. That is why the government of the country pays great importance to the development of the financial services industry, and offers specialized services, which allow to make fast and safe money transfers. The local financial market represents companies and money transfer systems that have already shown themselves with the best side and which are tested by many years of practice.
Checked / Updated: 07.25.2022
Published on: 10.05.2015
Author: Vlad Burtynsky
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bank (15)
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The Ancient Harbours of the Piraeus
Volume II. Zea Harbour: the Group 1 and 2 Shipsheds and Slipways - Architecture, Topography and Finds
A part of the series Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens (15.3) , and the subject area Archaeology
252 pages ill., plates
Published 13. May 2019
Bjørn Lovén and Ioannis Sapountzis
Volume 15,3: Architecture, Topography, Finds. Expanding on the publication of the shipsheds and slipways found in the northern half of Group 1 (Area 1) on the eastern side of Zea Harbour in Volume I.1–2 (2011) of the peer-reviewed Ancient Harbours of the Piraeus series, Volume II presents further results of the archaeological investigations conducted by the Zea Harbour Project (ZHP) in 2004-2010 and 2012 of ancient shipsheds and slipways in Zea Harbour (Pashalimani), both identified and possible, making them the best documented structures in Athens’ naval bases and in the wider Mediterranean. Approximately half of Volume II is devoted to the remains of shipsheds and possible shipsheds in the southern half of Group 1 (Area 2), while studies of structures identified as wide unroofed slipways in Group 2 (Area 3) on the south-eastern side of the same harbour basin occupy the balance of the book. After Chapter 1’s introduction to terminology and methodology, Chapter 2 presents the architecture of the shipsheds and possible shipsheds found in the southern half of Group 1 (Area 2), along with the arrangement and topography of this massive naval complex, which in the 4th century BC covered between 11,630 m2 and 11,989 m2. Chapter 3 examines and catalogues the ceramics and other small finds discovered in the same area, discussing their excavation contexts, composition, and chronological significance. Chapter 4 focuses on the architecture and topography of seven wide, unroofed slipways found in Group 2 in the northern part of Area 3 that represent a building type previously unknown in the Piraeus, probably designed either for a larger warship known as the penteres (‘five’), introduced into the Athenian navy between 329/8 BC and 326/5 BC, or for a larger Hellenistic-period warship type. Chapter 5 analyses and catalogues the ceramic small finds recovered during the excavation of the structures featured in Chapter 4. Chapter 6 presents the new evidence regarding relative sea-level change in the harbours of Zea and Mounichia and its impact on the reconstructed lengths and layouts of the slipways and shipsheds at Zea in Group 1 (Areas 1–2) along with the wide slipways of Group 2, including greater accuracy in the recalculated lengths of the Group 1 shipsheds and slipways presented in Volume I; furthermore, it reaffirms the validity of the ZHP’s methodology and published results in relation to shipsheds around the Mediterranean. Chapter 7 recapitulates the authors’ topographical, architectural, and chronological conclusions regarding the complexes at Zea and Mounichia, which contain the only identifiable shipsheds for triremes anywhere in the ancient world. Descriptive catalogues of the Area 2 and 3 quarries and Area 2 trenches (Appendices 1–2), Figures, and Plates complete the volume.
The Ancient Harbours of the Piraeus, Volume III. 1–2
By Bjørn Lovén Ioannis Sapountzis
Volumes 15,4 (134 pages) and 15,5 (247 pages, 259 ill., 45 A3 plates) are conceived as a single volume (III.1–2) comprised of two fascicules. III.1:…
Chalkis Aitolias II
The Archaic Period
By Sanne Houby-Nielsen
Edited by Søren Dietz
Homeric Chalkis is situated on the coast of Aetolia at the very ‘gateway’ of the Gulf of Patras. The foundation occurred during an important period in…
Ascending and Descending the Acropolis
Movement in Athenian Religion
Edited by Wiebke Friese Søren Handberg Troels Myrup Kristensen
This volume sheds new light on religious movement in the city of Athens and the broader region of Attica from the Late Bronze Age to the second centur… | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2049 | {"url": "https://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/a/the-ancient-harbours-of-the-piraeus/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "en.unipress.dk", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:40:29Z", "digest": "sha1:JOK5ZKCAEUW3PUHN4IWF7JKQPJF3OZIG"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 3904, 3904.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 3904, 9430.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 3904, 19.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 3904, 252.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 3904, 0.91]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 3904, 324.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 3904, 0.31628533]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 3904, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 3904, 0.05482456]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 3904, 0.04135338]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 3904, 0.04135338]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 3904, 0.01879699]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 3904, 0.01879699]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 3904, 0.02662907]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 3904, 0.02506266]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 3904, 0.01879699]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 3904, 0.02153432]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 3904, 0.15789474]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 3904, 0.22341857]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 3904, 0.44246353]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 3904, 5.17341977]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 3904, 0.00403769]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 3904, 4.86123423]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 3904, 617.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 138, 0.0], [138, 246, 0.0], [246, 269, 0.0], [269, 292, 0.0], [292, 327, 0.0], [327, 3148, 1.0], [3148, 3201, 0.0], [3201, 3235, 0.0], [3235, 3385, 0.0], [3385, 3405, 0.0], [3405, 3424, 0.0], [3424, 3447, 0.0], [3447, 3469, 0.0], [3469, 3621, 0.0], [3621, 3660, 0.0], [3660, 3690, 0.0], [3690, 3753, 0.0], [3753, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 138, 0.0], [138, 246, 0.0], [246, 269, 0.0], [269, 292, 0.0], [292, 327, 0.0], [327, 3148, 0.0], [3148, 3201, 0.0], [3201, 3235, 0.0], [3235, 3385, 0.0], [3385, 3405, 0.0], [3405, 3424, 0.0], [3424, 3447, 0.0], [3447, 3469, 0.0], [3469, 3621, 0.0], [3621, 3660, 0.0], [3660, 3690, 0.0], [3690, 3753, 0.0], [3753, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 36, 6.0], [36, 138, 16.0], [138, 246, 18.0], [246, 269, 4.0], [269, 292, 4.0], [292, 327, 5.0], [327, 3148, 440.0], [3148, 3201, 9.0], [3201, 3235, 5.0], [3235, 3385, 25.0], [3385, 3405, 3.0], [3405, 3424, 3.0], [3424, 3447, 3.0], [3447, 3469, 4.0], [3469, 3621, 26.0], [3621, 3660, 5.0], [3660, 3690, 4.0], [3690, 3753, 9.0], [3753, 3904, 28.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 138, 0.02083333], [138, 246, 0.02941176], [246, 269, 0.15], [269, 292, 0.28571429], [292, 327, 0.0], [327, 3148, 0.02541757], [3148, 3201, 0.04], [3201, 3235, 0.0], [3235, 3385, 0.15671642], [3385, 3405, 0.0], [3405, 3424, 0.0], [3424, 3447, 0.0], [3447, 3469, 0.0], [3469, 3621, 0.0], [3621, 3660, 0.0], [3660, 3690, 0.0], [3690, 3753, 0.0], [3753, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 138, 0.0], [138, 246, 0.0], [246, 269, 0.0], [269, 292, 0.0], [292, 327, 0.0], [327, 3148, 0.0], [3148, 3201, 0.0], [3201, 3235, 0.0], [3235, 3385, 0.0], [3385, 3405, 0.0], [3405, 3424, 0.0], [3424, 3447, 0.0], [3447, 3469, 0.0], [3469, 3621, 0.0], [3621, 3660, 0.0], [3660, 3690, 0.0], [3690, 3753, 0.0], [3753, 3904, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 36, 0.11111111], [36, 138, 0.10784314], [138, 246, 0.05555556], [246, 269, 0.0], [269, 292, 0.08695652], [292, 327, 0.11428571], [327, 3148, 0.02800425], [3148, 3201, 0.1509434], [3201, 3235, 0.14705882], [3235, 3385, 0.05333333], [3385, 3405, 0.2], [3405, 3424, 0.15789474], [3424, 3447, 0.17391304], [3447, 3469, 0.13636364], [3469, 3621, 0.03947368], [3621, 3660, 0.07692308], [3660, 3690, 0.1], [3690, 3753, 0.12698413], [3753, 3904, 0.0397351]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 3904, 0.33939016]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 3904, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 3904, 0.48931605]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 3904, -240.59057096]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 3904, -43.5513851]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 3904, 78.77176128]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 3904, 22.0]]} |
1Biography
2Work and philosophy
Toggle Work and philosophy subsection
2.1Early influences
2.2The "business thinker"
2.3Writings
2.4Key ideas
3Criticism
4Awards and honors
Toggle Bibliography subsection
6.1Other publications
American business consultant
Peter Ferdinand Drucker
(1909-11-19)November 19, 1909
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
November 11, 2005(2005-11-11) (aged 95)
Claremont, California
Goethe University Frankfurt (PhD)
Management consultant, educator and author
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal (1959)
Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (1991)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (2002)
Peter Ferdinand Drucker (/ˈdrʌkər/; German: [ˈdʀʊkɐ]; November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was an Austrian-American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of the modern business corporation. He was also a leader in the development of management education, he invented the concept known as management by objectives and self-control,[1] and he has been described as "the founder of modern management".[2]
Drucker's books and articles, both scholarly and popular, explored how humans are organized across the business, government, and nonprofit sectors of society.[3] He is one of the best-known and most widely influential thinkers and writers on the subject of management theory and practice. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning.[4] In 1959, Drucker coined the term "knowledge worker", and later in his life considered knowledge-worker productivity to be the next frontier of management.[5]
Biography[edit]
Drucker grew up in what he referred to as a "liberal" Lutheran Protestant household in Austria-Hungary. Both of his parents were of Jewish origin.[6] His mother Caroline Bondi had studied medicine and his father Adolf Drucker was a lawyer and high-level civil servant.[7] Drucker was born in Vienna, Austria, in the 19th district of Vienna-Döbling.[8] He grew up in a home where intellectuals, high government officials, and scientists would meet to discuss new ideas.[9] These included Joseph Schumpeter, Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises. Hans Kelsen was his uncle.[10]
After graduating from Döbling Gymnasium in 1927,[10] Drucker found few opportunities for employment in post-World War I Vienna, so he moved to Hamburg, Germany, first working as an apprentice at an established cotton trading company, then as a journalist, writing for Der Österreichische Volkswirt (The Austrian Economist).[7] Drucker then moved to Frankfurt, where he took a job at the Daily Frankfurter General-Anzeiger.[11] While in Frankfurt, he also earned a doctorate in international law and public law from the Goethe University Frankfurt in 1931.[12]
In 1933, Drucker left Germany for England.[13] In London, he worked for an insurance company, then as the chief economist at a private bank.[14] He also reconnected with Doris Schmitz, an acquaintance from the University of Frankfurt, and they married in 1934.[15] The couple permanently relocated to the United States, where he became a university professor as well as a freelance writer and business consultant.
In 1943, Drucker became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He then had a distinguished career as a teacher, first as a professor of politics and philosophy at Bennington College from 1942 to 1949, then twenty-two years at New York University as a professor of management from 1950 to 1971.
Drucker went to California in 1971, where he developed one of the country's first executive MBA programs for working professionals at Claremont Graduate University (then known as Claremont Graduate School). From 1971 until his death, he was the Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at Claremont.[16] Claremont Graduate University's management school was named the Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management in his honor in 1987 (later renamed the Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management). He established the Drucker Archives at Claremont Graduate University in 1999; the Archives became the Drucker Institute in 2006. Drucker taught his last class in 2002 at age 92. He continued to act as a consultant to businesses and nonprofit organizations well into his nineties.
Drucker died November 11, 2005, in Claremont, California, of natural causes aged 95.[17] He had four children. Drucker's wife Doris died in October 2014 at the age of 103.[18]
Work and philosophy[edit]
Early influences[edit]
Among Drucker's early influences was the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, a friend of his father's, who impressed upon Drucker the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship.[19] Drucker was also influenced, in a much different way, by John Maynard Keynes, whom he heard lecture in 1934 in Cambridge.[20] "I suddenly realized that Keynes and all the brilliant economic students in the room were interested in the behavior of commodities", Drucker wrote, "while I was interested in the behavior of people".[21]
Over the next 70 years, Drucker's writings would be marked by a focus on relationships among human beings, as opposed to the crunching of numbers. His books were filled with lessons on how organizations can bring out the best in people, and how workers can find a sense of community and dignity in a modern society organized around large institutions.[3] As a business consultant, Drucker disliked the term "guru", though it was often applied to him; "I have been saying for many years", Drucker once remarked, "that we are using the word 'guru' only because 'charlatan' is too long to fit into a headline."[22]
As a young writer, Drucker wrote two pieces – one on the conservative German philosopher Friedrich Julius Stahl and another called "The Jewish Question in Germany" – that were burned and banned by the Nazis.[4] In 1939 he published a contemporary analysis of the rise of fascism called "The End of Economic Man". This was his first book, published in New York, in English. In the introduction he refers to "The Jewish Question in Germany" saying "An early excerpt [of this book] was published as a pamphlet by an Austrian Catholic and Anti-Nazi in ... 1936".[23]
The "business thinker"[edit]
Drucker's career as a business thinker took off in 1942, when his initial writings on politics and society won him access to the internal workings of General Motors (GM), one of the largest companies in the world at that time. His experiences in Europe had left him fascinated with the problem of authority. He shared his fascination with Donaldson Brown, the mastermind behind the administrative controls at GM. In 1943 Brown invited him in to conduct what might be called a "political audit": a two-year social-scientific analysis of the corporation. Drucker attended every board meeting, interviewed employees, and analyzed production and decision-making processes.
The resulting book, Concept of the Corporation, popularized GM's multidivisional structure and led to numerous articles, consulting engagements, and additional books. GM, however, was hardly thrilled with the final product. Drucker had suggested that the auto giant might want to re-examine a host of long-standing policies on customer relations, dealer relations, employee relations and more. Inside the corporation, Drucker's counsel was viewed as hypercritical. GM's revered chairman, Alfred Sloan, was so upset about the book that he "simply treated it as if it did not exist," Drucker later recalled, "never mentioning it and never allowing it to be mentioned in his presence."[24]
Drucker taught that management is "a liberal art", and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons from history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion.[3] He also believed strongly that all institutions, including those in the private sector, have a responsibility to the whole of society. "The fact is," Drucker wrote in his 1973 Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, "that in modern society there is no other leadership group but managers. If the managers of our major institutions, and especially of business, do not take responsibility for the common good, no one else can or will."[25]
Drucker was interested in the growing effect of people who worked with their minds rather than their hands[citation needed]. He was intrigued by employees who knew more about certain subjects than their bosses or colleagues, and yet had to cooperate with others in a large organization. Rather than simply glorify the phenomenon as the epitome of human progress, Drucker analyzed it, and explained how it challenged the common thinking about how organizations should be run.
His approach worked well in the increasingly mature business world of the second half of the twentieth century. By that time large corporations had developed the basic manufacturing efficiencies and managerial hierarchies of mass production. Executives thought they knew how to run companies, and Drucker took it upon himself to poke holes in their beliefs, lest organizations become stale. But he did so in a sympathetic way. He assumed that his readers were intelligent, rational, hardworking people of goodwill.[26] If their organizations struggled, he believed it was usually because of outdated ideas, a narrow conception of problems, or internal misunderstandings.
Drucker developed an extensive consulting business built around his personal relationship with top management. He became legendary among many of post-war Japan's new business leaders trying to rebuild their war-torn homeland. He advised the heads of General Motors, Sears, General Electric, W.R. Grace and IBM, among many others. Over time he offered his management advice to nonprofits like the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army. His advice was eagerly sought by the senior executives of the Adela Investment Company, a private initiative of the world's multinational corporations to promote investment in the developing countries of Latin America.[27]
Writings[edit]
Drucker's 39 books have been translated into more than thirty-six languages. Two are novels, and one – Adventures of a Bystander (1978) – is an autobiography. He is the co-author of a book on Japanese painting, and made eight series of educational films on management topics. He also penned a regular column in the Wall Street Journal for 10 years and contributed frequently to the Harvard Business Review, The Atlantic Monthly, and The Economist.
His work is especially popular in Japan, even more so after the publication of "What If the Female Manager of a High-School Baseball Team Read Drucker's Management", a novel that features the main character using one of his books to great effect, which was also adapted into an anime and a live action film.[28] His popularity in Japan may be compared with that of his contemporary W. Edwards Deming.[29]
Key ideas[edit]
Decentralization and simplification.[30] Drucker discounted the command and control model and asserted that companies work best when they are decentralized. According to Drucker, corporations tend to produce too many products, hire employees they don't need (when a better solution would be outsourcing), and expand into economic sectors that they should avoid.
The prediction of the decline and marginalization of the "blue collar" worker.[31]
The concept of what eventually came to be known as "outsourcing".[32] He used the example of "front room" and "back room" of each business: a company should be engaged in only the front room activities that are critical to supporting its core business. Back room activities should be handed over to other companies, for whom these tasks are the front room activities.
The importance of the nonprofit sector,[33] which he calls the third sector (the private and government sectors being the first two). Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play crucial roles in the economies of countries around the world.
A profound skepticism of macroeconomic theory.[34] Drucker contended that economists of all schools fail to explain significant aspects of modern economies.
A lament that the sole focus of microeconomics is price. Drucker noted that microeconomics fails to show what products actually do for us,[35] thereby stimulating commercial interest in how to calculate what products actually do for us from their price.
Economic chain costing: the idea that a competitive company needs to know the costs of its entire economic chain, not simply the costs for which it is responsible as an individual business within that chain. "What matters ... is the economic reality, the costs of the entire [production] process, regardless of who owns what."[36]
Respect for the worker: Drucker believed that employees are assets not liabilities. He taught that knowledgeable workers are the essential ingredients of the modern economy, and that a hybrid management model is the sole method of demonstrating an employee's value to the organization. Central to this philosophy is the view that people are an organization's most valuable resource, and that a manager's job is both to prepare people to perform and to give them freedom to do so.[37]
A belief in what he called "the sickness of government". Drucker made nonpartisan claims that government is often unable or unwilling to provide new services that people need and/or want, though he believed that this condition is not intrinsic to the form of government. The chapter "The Sickness of Government",[38] in his book The Age of Discontinuity, formed the basis of New Public Management,[39] a theory of public administration that dominated the discipline in the 1980s and 1990s.
The need for "planned abandonment". Businesses and governments have a natural human tendency to cling to "yesterday's successes" rather than seeing when they are no longer useful.[40]
A belief that taking action without thinking is the cause of every failure.
The need for community. Early in his career, Drucker predicted the "end of economic man" and advocated the creation of a "plant community",[41] where an individual's social needs could be met. He later acknowledged that the plant community never materialized, and by the 1980s, suggested that volunteering in the nonprofit sector was the key to fostering a healthy society where people found a sense of belonging and civic pride.[42]
The need to manage business by balancing a variety of needs and goals, rather than subordinating an institution to a single value.[43][44] This concept of management by objectives and self-control forms the keynote of his 1954 landmark The Practice of Management.[45]
A company's primary responsibility is to serve its customers. Profit is not the primary goal, but rather an essential condition for the company's continued existence and sustainability.[46]
A belief in the notion that great companies could stand among mankind's noblest inventions.[47]
"Do what you do best and outsource the rest" is a business tagline first "coined and developed"[48] in the 1990s by Drucker.[49] The slogan was used primarily to advocate outsourcing as a viable business strategy. Drucker began explaining the concept of outsourcing as early as 1989 in his Wall Street Journal (WSJ) article entitled "Sell the Mailroom."[50]
Criticism[edit]
The Wall Street Journal researched several of his lectures in 1987 and reported that he was sometimes loose with the facts. Drucker was off the mark, for example, when he told an audience that the English language was the official language for all employees at Japan's Mitsui trading company. Drucker defended himself: "I use anecdotes to make a point, not to write history."
Also, while Drucker was known for his prescience, he was not always correct in his forecasts. He predicted, for instance, that the United States' financial center would shift from New York to Washington.[51]
Others maintain that one of Drucker's core concepts, "management by objectives," is flawed and has never really been proven to work effectively. Critic Dale Krueger said that the system is difficult to implement and that companies often wind up overemphasizing control, as opposed to fostering creativity, to meet their goals.[52]
Drucker's classic work, Concept of the Corporation, criticized General Motors while it was considered the most successful corporation in the world. Many of GM's executives considered Drucker persona non grata for a long time afterward. Although Alfred P. Sloan refrained from personal hostility toward Drucker, he considered Drucker's critiques of GM's management to be "dead wrong".[53]
Awards and honors[edit]
Drucker was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002.[54] He also received honors from the government of Austria,[55] including the Grand Silver Medal for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1974,[56] the Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1991[57] and the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class in 1999[58] and the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class; June 24, 1966, from the government of Japan.[59]
Drucker was the Honorary Chairman of the Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management, now the Leader to Leader Institute, from 1990 through 2002.[60] In 1969 he was awarded New York University's highest honor, its Presidential Citation.[61] For his article, "What Makes an Effective Executive", Harvard Business Review honored Drucker in the June 2004 with his seventh McKinsey Award – the most awarded to an individual.[62] Drucker was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1996.[63] He received 25 honorary doctorates from American, Belgian, Czech, English, Spanish and Swiss universities.[64] His 1954 book The Practice of Management was voted the third most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management.[65] In Claremont, California, Eleventh Street between College Avenue and Dartmouth Avenue was renamed "Drucker Way" in October 2009 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Drucker's birth.[66] Drucker was posthumously honored when he was inducted into the Outsourcing Hall of Fame in recognition of his outstanding contributions in the field.[67] In 2018, Drucker was named the world's most influential business thinker on the Thinkers50.com list.[68]
Legacy[edit]
At Claremont Graduate University, the Peter F. Drucker Graduate Management Center – now the Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management – was established in 1987 and continues to be guided by Drucker's principles.[69]
The annual Global Peter Drucker Forum was first held in 2009, the centenary of Drucker's birth.[70]
1939: The End of Economic Man (New York: The John Day Company)
1942: The Future of Industrial Man (New York: The John Day Company)
1946: Concept of the Corporation (New York: The John Day Company)
1950: The New Society (New York: Harper & Brothers)
1954: The Practice of Management (New York: Harper & Brothers)
1957: America's Next Twenty Years (New York: Harper & Brothers)
1959: The Landmarks of Tomorrow (New York: Harper & Brothers)
1964: Managing for Results (New York: Harper & Row)
1967: The Effective Executive (New York: Harper & Row)
1969: The Age of Discontinuity (New York: Harper & Row)
1970: Technology, Management and Society (New York: Harper & Row)
1971: The New Markets and Other Essays (London: William Heinemann Ltd.)
1971: Men, Ideas and Politics (New York: Harper & Row)
1971: Drucker on Management (London: Management Publications Limited)
1973: Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices' (New York: Harper & Row)
1976: The Unseen Revolution: How Pension Fund Socialism Came to America (New York: Harper & Row)
1977: People and Performance: The Best of Peter Drucker on Management (New York: Harper's College Press)
1978: Adventures of a Bystander (New York: Harper & Row)
1980: Managing in Turbulent Times (New York: Harper & Row)
1981: Toward the next economics, and other essays (New York: Harper & Row) ISBN 0060148284
1982: The Changing World of Executive (New York: Harper & Row)
1982: The Last of All Possible Worlds (New York: Harper & Row)
1984: The Temptation to Do Good (London: William Heinemann Ltd.)
1985: Innovation and Entrepreneurship (New York: Harper & Row)
1986: The Frontiers of Management: Where Tomorrow's Decisions are Being Shaped Today (New York: Truman Talley Books/E.D. Dutton)
1989: The New Realities: in Government and Politics, in Economics and Business, in Society and World View (New York: Harper & Row)
1990: Managing the Nonprofit Organization: Practices and Principles (New York: HarperCollins)
1992: Managing for the Future (New York: HarperCollins)
1993: The Ecological Vision (New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers)
1993: Post-Capitalist Society (New York: HarperCollins)
1995: Managing in a Time of Great Change (New York: Truman Talley Books/Dutton)
1997: Drucker on Asia: A Dialogue between Peter Drucker and Isao Nakauchi (Tokyo: Diamond Inc.)
1998: Peter Drucker on the Profession of Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing)
1999: Management Challenges for 21st Century (New York: Harper Business)
1999: Managing Oneself (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing) [published 2008 from article in Harvard Business Review]
2001: The Essential Drucker (New York: Harper Business)
2002: Managing in the Next Society (New York: Truman Talley Books/St. Martin's Press)
2002: A Functioning Society (New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers)
2004: The Daily Drucker (New York: Harper Business)
2008 (posthumous): The Five Most Important Questions (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass)
Other publications[edit]
Early monographs in German
1932: The Justification of International Law and the Will of the State (doctoral dissertation)
1933: Friedrich Julius Stahl, Conservative Political Theory and Historical Development (Tübingen: Mohr)
1936: The Jewish Question in Germany (Wien: Gsur)
1961: Power and Democracy in America (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press Publishers)
1969: Preparing Tomorrow's Business Leaders Today (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall)
1979: Song of the Brush: Japanese Painting from Sanso Collection (Seattle: Seattle Art Museum)
1988: Handbook of Management by Objectives with Bill Reddin and Denis Ryan (Published by Tata McGraw-Hill in New Delhi).
1991: The Rise of NEC (Blackwell Business)
1977: An Introductory View of Management (New York: Harper & Row)
1977 (revised edition, 2009): Management Cases (New York: Harper & Row)
2006: The Effective Executive In Action with Joseph A. Maciariello (New York: HarperCollins)
2006: Classic Drucker (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press)
2008 (posthumous): Management: Revised with Sujog Arya (New York: HarperCollins)
^ Drucker, Peter F. "Reflections of a Social Ecologist," Society, May/June 1992.
^ Denning, Steve (August 29, 2014). "The Best Of Peter Drucker". Forbes.
^ a b c Why Drucker Now? Archived December 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Drucker Institute.
^ a b Byrne, John A.; Gerdes, Lindsey (November 28, 2005). "The Man Who Invented Management". BusinessWeek. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
^ Davenport, Thomas H. Thinking for a Living, 2005, p. 8.
^ Drucker, Peter F., The Ecological Vision: Reflections on the Human condition, 2016, p. 425.
^ a b Drucker, Peter F. Adventures of a Bystander, 1979.
^ Peter F. Drucker: A Biography in Progress, p. 1, at his website
^ Beatty, Jack. The World According to Peter Drucker, 2016, pp. 5–7.
^ a b "Drucker's childhood and youth in Vienna". Drucker Society of Austria. Drucker Society of Austria. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
^ Drucker, Peter F. Adventures of a Bystander, 1979, p. 159.
^ "Obituary: Peter Drucker, 95, Economist Who Prized Value of Workers," The New York Times, November 13, 2005.
^ Drucker, Peter F.;Cohen, William. A Class with Drucker: The Lost Lessons of the World's Greatest Management Teacher, 2007, p. 242.
^ Peter F. Drucker: A Biography in Progress, p. 6, at this website
^ Certified copy of Peter and Doris Drucker’s marriage certificate, The Drucker Institute Archives, Box 39, Folder 11, Claremont, California.
^ The Essential Drucker (2001)
^ Sullivan, Patricia (November 12, 2005). "Management Visionary Peter Drucker Dies". Washington Post.
^ Colker, David (October 4, 2014). "Doris Drucker dies at 103; memoirist and wife of Peter Drucker". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ Beatty, Jack. The World According to Peter Drucker, 1998, p. 163.
^ Drucker, Peter F. The Ecological Vision: Reflections on the Human Condition, 1993, p. 75.
^ Drucker, Peter F., The Ecological Vision, 1993, pp. 75–76.
^ "Peter Drucker, the man who changed the world", Business Review Weekly, September 15, 1997, p. 49.
^ "The End of Economic Man, Introduction to the Transaction Edition" Transaction Publishing, 2009. Drucker was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the Nazis' Special Search List, of those who were to be arrested on the invasion of Great Britain and turned over to the Gestapo.
^ Drucker, Peter F., Adventures of a Bystander, p. 288, (1979)
^ Drucker, Peter F., Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, 1973, p. 325.
^ [1]
^ Wartzman, Rick. "How to Consult Like Peter Drucker". Forbes.
^ Drucker in the dug-out, A Japanese book about Peter Drucker and baseball is an unlikely hit, The Economist, July 1, 2010
^ Outcome-Based Religions: Purpose-Driven Apostasy, Mac Dominick, "The quest begins by looking into the lives of two men, Edwards Deming and Peter Drucker. Deming (now deceased) and Drucker (in his mid 90s) are enshrined as internationally renowned experts in business management and gurus of business methodology. These two individuals were among the primary players in a select group of Americans (Though Drucker is a U.S. citizen, he is actually Austrian.) who are lauded as part of the almost super-human effort that developed systems-based management philosophies that first gained public recognition in post-World War II Japan. The popular story is told of the Americans who developed a cutting edge business methodology that was rejected by western business but eagerly embraced by the Japanese.", quoted at Total Quality Management (TQM)
^ Buchanan, Leigh (November 19, 2009). "Peter Drucker from A to Z". Inc. magazine. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
^ Drucker, Peter (November 1994). "The Age of Social Transformation". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
^ Wartzman, Rick (February 5, 2010). "Insourcing and Outsourcing: the Right Mix". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
^ Drucker, Peter (July 1989). "What Business Can Learn from Nonprofits". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
^ Drucker, Peter (May 23, 1983). "Schumpeter And Keynes". Forbes. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
^ Drucker, P.F., Innovation and Entrepreneurship, p. 250 (1985)
^ Quoted in Watson, Gregory H., Peter F. Drucker: Delivering Value to Customers, Quality Progress, May 2002, accessed February 23, 2021
^ Drucker, P. F., Collins, J., Kotler, P., Kouzes, J., Rodin, J., Rangan, V. K., et al., The Five Most Important Questions You Will Ever Ask About your Organization, p. xix (2008)
^ Drucker, Peter (1969). The Age of Discontinuity. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-1-56000-618-3.
^ Pollitt and Bouckaert, Christopher and Geert (2011). Public Management Reform. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-959508-2.
^ Drucker, Peter (1974). Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-7506-4389-4.
^ Drucker, Peter (1942). The Future of Industrial Man. New York: The John Day Company. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-56000-623-7.
^ Drucker, Peter (1990). Managing the Non-Profit Organization. New York: HarperCollins. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-7506-2691-0.
^ Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management, pp. 62–63, (1954)
^ Drucker, Peter F., Managing for the Future, p. 299, (1992)
^ Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management, p. 12, (1954)
^ Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management (1954)
^ Drucker, Peter F., The Five Most Important Questions You Will Ever Ask About Your Organization, p. 54, (2008)
^ Haus, Marian (October 9, 2011). "Best 10 Peter Drucker Quotes". pmseed thoughts on managing project work. pmseed. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ Vitasek, Kate (June 1, 2010). "A New way to Outsource". Forbes.
^ Drucker, Peter (November 15, 2005). "Sell the Mailroom". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Company (Manager's Journal). Retrieved April 27, 2015Reprint from July 25, 1989 {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ "Peter Drucker, Leading Management Guru, Dies at 95," Bloomberg, November 11, 2005.
^ Krueger, Dale. Strategic Management and Management by Objectives, Small Business Advancement National Center, 1994.
^ Drucker, Peter. Introduction, pp. v–vi, in Sloan, Alfred P. (1964), McDonald, John, ed., My Years with General Motors, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, LCCN 64-11306, OCLC 802024. ISBN 978-0385042352
^ Presidential Medal of Freedom ceremony, 2002-07-09, The Drucker Institute Archives, Claremont, California.
^ Great Silver Award, Box 8, Folder 7, The Drucker Institute and Archives, Claremont, California.
^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 398. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1305. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Japanese Decoration of Honor, Box 8, Folder 7, The Drucker Institute Archives, Claremont, California.
^ Drucker, Peter. Biographical data, Box 35, Folder 30, The Drucker Institute Archive, Claremont, California.
^ Letter recognizing Presidential Citation of New York University, Box 8, Folder 7, The Drucker Institute Archives, Claremont, California.
^ McKinsey Award Winners at Harvard Business Review
^ "Peter F. Drucker". U.S. Business Hall of Fame. Junior Achievement. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
^ Honorary Degrees in The Drucker Institute Archives, Claremont, California.
^ Bedeian, Arthur G.; Wren, Daniel A. (Winter 2001). "Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century" (PDF). Organizational Dynamics. 29 (3): 221–25. doi:10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5.
^ Wassenaar, Christina (October 8, 2009). "Eleventh Street in Claremont, Calif., will be renamed 'Drucker Way'". Drucker Institute. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
^ Wartzman, Rick (February 2010). "Insourcing and Outsourcing: the Right Mix". Bloomberg Business. Bloomberg Business.com. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ "2018 Hall of Fame Inductees". thinkers50.com. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Drucker School of Management". Claremont Graduate University. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ "HRPS, People & Strategy Attend First Global Drucker Forum" (PDF). People & Strategy: 68. 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
Tarrant, John C. Drucker: The Man Who Invented the Corporate Society, 1976. ISBN 0-8436-0744-0
Beatty, Jack, The World According to Peter Drucker, 1998. ISBN 0-684-83801-X
Flaherty, John E. Peter Drucker: Shaping the Managerial Mind, 1999. ISBN 0-7879-4764-4
Edersheim, Elizabeth. The Definitive Drucker, 2007. ISBN 0-07-147233-9
Cohen, William A. A Class with Drucker: The lost lessons of the World's greatest management teacher, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8144-0919-0
Weber, Winfried W. Kulothungan, Gladius (eds.) Peter F. Drucker's Next Management. New Institutions, New Theories and Practices, 2010. ISBN 978-3-9810228-6-5
Stein, Guido. Managing People and Organisations, 2010. ISBN 978-0-85724-032-3
Turriago-Hoyos, A., Thoene, U., & Arjoon, S. (2016). Knowledge workers and virtues in Peter Drucker's management theory. SAGE Open, January–March 2016: 1–9, doi:10.1177/2158244016639631
Peter Drucker at Wikipedia's sister projects
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Feder, Barnaby J. (November 12, 2005). "Peter F. Drucker, a Pioneer in Social and Management Theory, Is Dead at 95". Retrieved October 19, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Feder, Barnaby J. (November 13, 2005). "Obituary: Peter Drucker, 95, economist who prized value of workers". Retrieved October 19, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Obituary: Management guru Peter F. Drucker dies". November 13, 2005. Retrieved October 19, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Drucker Archives in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
The Window in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
Sell the Mailroom – 1989 article by Drucker
Appearances on C-SPAN
Peter Drucker (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek
Works by or about Peter Drucker at Internet Archive
Concept of the Corporation (1946)
The Landmarks of Tomorrow (1959)
Post-Capitalist Society (1993)
Knowledge worker
Global Peter Drucker Forum
Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management
Moshidora
film adaptation
Henry Laurence Gantt Medal
1929: Henry Laurence Gantt (posthumously)
1930: Fred J. Miller
1931: Leon P. Alford
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1936: Morris E. Leeds
1940: William Loren Batt
1941: Paul Eugene Holden
1943: Dexter S. Kimball
1944: Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr. (posthumously) and Lillian Moller Gilbreth
1945: John Milton Hancock
1946: Paul G. Hoffman
1947: Alvin E. Dodd
1948: Harold Fowler McCormick
1949: Arthur Clinton Spurr
1950: Charles R. Hook Sr.
1951: Thomas Roy Jones
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1953: Thomas E. Millsop
1954: Clarence Francis
1955: Walker Lee Cisler
1956: Henning Webb Prentis Jr.
1957: Harold F. Smiddy
1958: Richard Redwood Deupree
1959: Peter Drucker
1960: Charles Perry McCormick
1961: Lyndall Urwick
1962: Austin J. Tobin
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1968: J. Erik Jonsson
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1975: Patrick E. Haggerty
1976: Kenneth Daniel
1982: Charles Luckman
1983: Walter A. Fallon
1984: Rawleigh Warner Jr.
1987: Edmund T. Pratt Jr.
1988: William S. Lee
1998: George N. Hatsopoulos
2000: Paul Soros
2001: Roy M. Huffington
2002: Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr.
2003: William R. Timken
2004: Julie Spicer England
2007: Dean Kamen
2009: Charles M. Vest
2018: Todd R. Allen
2019: Margaret G. McCullough
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Beatrice Webb
Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield FBA (née Potter; 22 January 1858 – 30 April 1943), was an English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer. It was Webb who coined the term collective bargaining. She was among the founders of the London School of Economics and played a crucial role in forming the Fabian Society. With her husband, Sidney, she formed a working partnership; the Webbs are often linked together.
Within a trade, in the absence of any Common Rule, competition between firms leads, as we have seen, to the adoption of practices by which the whole industry is deteriorated. The enforcement of a common minimum standard throughout the trade not only stops the degradation, but in every way conduces to industrial efficiency.
Industrial Democracy, Volume Two (1897), pp. 766-767
Within a community, too, in the absence of regulation, the competition between trades tends to the creation and persistence in certain occupations of conditions of employment injurious to the nation as a whole. The remedy is to extend the conception of the Common Rule from the trade to the whole community, and by prescribing a National Minimum, absolutely to prevent any industry being carried on under conditions detrimental to the public welfare.
Industrial Democracy, Volume Two (1897), p. 767
We shall never understand the Awakening of Women until we realise that it is not mere feminism. It is one of three simultaneous world-movements towards a more equal partnership among human beings in human affairs. ... [T]he movement for woman's emancipation is paralleled, on the one hand, by the International Movement of Labour—the banding together of the manual working classes to obtain their place in the sun and, on the other, by the unrest among subject-peoples struggling for freedom to develop their own peculiar civilisations.
Article in The New Statesman (1 November 1913), quoted in Patricia M. Lengermann and Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory, 1830-1930 (1998), p. 294
Quotes about Webb[edit]
The world, they would say, was made up of "A's" and "B's" – anarchists and bureaucrats; and they were all on the side of the "B's".
G. D. H. Cole, 'Sidney Webb', Fabian Quarterly, Vol. 56 (winter 1947), p. 7
Their bureaucracy was never étatisme: it claimed much for the State, but much for the group also. Only the individual seemed somehow to get left out, or rather to be told to fit himself in, and not to fuss.
It is a mistake to believe that the Webbs' basic idea was State Socialism. It was in fact nothing less than the application of scientific thinking to politics. About this I had many arguments with Beatrice. Like Bernard Shaw, she totally lacked the strain of dissenting morality which is so strong an element in the British character and especially in the Labour Party. ... They were interested in the economic and political structure of society; they were disinterestedly, and I would even say passionately, desirous of social improvement and greater human happiness. Their watchwords...were "measurement and publicity". That is to say, they wanted to substitute quantitative for qualitative arguments, to find a solution and to subject it to criticism instead of gassing about justice and liberty. To avoid the danger of tyranny they agreed that there must be freedom of criticism and "public accountability" for all State action. But they were never really interested in liberty – that is to say, they did not recognize the intractable complexity of individuals. People must be placed in categories for the purposes of government, and if they did not fit, so much the worse.
Kingsley Martin, Editor: A Second Volume of Autobiography, 1931-45 (1968), p. 84
The only woman who appears regularly in the New Statesman in the early months is its co-founder Beatrice Webb. She is represented in her partnership with Sidney Webb and their solid 22-part series “What is Socialism?”, which dominates the first months of the magazine. Just one instalment of this series is devoted to, as they call it, "freedom for the woman". In its dogged lines, I find both what must have been most attractive and what may have been most alienating about feminism 100 years ago.
What is attractive is the insistence on material emancipation. After centuries of mystification of the angel of the house, the Webbs are fiercely sure that there is, quite simply, a "loss of personal dignity and personal freedom . . . inherent in dependence on the caprice of another . . . The childbearing woman, like the wage earner, must be set free from economic subjection." Fifty years before Betty Friedan told American housewives the same thing, Beatrice Webb suggested to British housewives that economic dependence was not romantic.
Elsewhere in her life and writing, Webb was often conflicted about feminism and the woman’s role beyond the home. Yet this is a straightforward message of material independence. Even now, we often see Daily Mail columnists bridling at the idea that being financially dependent involves any loss of personal freedom. What a call to arms this must have been 100 years ago.
Natasha Walter "Lift up your voices: The century-long battle for women’s freedom", New Statesman (13 May 2013).
The New Statesman was founded in 1913.
Their first book, The Permanent Official, fills three plump volumes, and took them and their two secretaries upwards of four years to write. It is an amazingly good book, an enduring achievement. In a hundred directions the history and the administrative treatment of the public service was clarified for all time.
H. G. Wells, The New Machiavelli [1911] (1994), p. 151
Retrieved from "https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Webb&oldid=3196983"
English economists
Sociologists from the United Kingdom
Socialists from England
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Official meeting between Minister of National Defence, Angel Tîlvăr, and Prime Minister of Jordan and Defence Minister, Bisher Al-Khasawneh
During his official visit paid to the Hashemit Kingdom of Jordan, over 15-17 March, Minister of National Defence, Angel Tîlvăr, had meetings with the Prime Minister of Jordan and Defence Minister, Bisher Al-Khasawneh and the Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staffs Committee, Major General Yousef Al-Hunaiti. The meetings were opportunities to consolidate bilateral cooperation with the Hashemit Kingdom, considering its important role in an area troubled by significant security and economic challenges.
During the official talks, the dignitaries approached topics referring to the current status and ways of developing bilateral defence cooperation in the context of the Hashemit Kingdom’s consolidated partnership with NATO, but also the cooperation within UNO.
The Romanian official appreciated Jordan’s efforts of peacefully solving the regional conflicts and its assumed role in consolidating the bilateral cooperation in common interest areas. The dignitaries identified a series of fields that could be developed at bilateral level, such as special operations forces, military education, personnel’s training and defence industry.
Defence Minister stated that our country’s exertion of the mandate of NATO Contact Point Embassy to Amman throughout 2023-2024 sets the premises of an active involvement of Romania in Defence Capacity Building of the Hashemit Kingdom.
Also, the interlocutors exchanged opinions on the developments of the international security situation. In this context, the Romanian dignitary emphasized the importance of the Black Sea region for the Euro-Atlantic security.
At the end of the meeting, the Romanian dignitary reiterated the fact that Jordan is an important partner for Romania and showed his interest in enhancing the current military relations and identifying new ways of cooperation in the benefit of both parties. The Romanian official pointed out the importance of the Strategic Partnership with the US, considering the fact that Jordan also has a constant and long-lasting relation with the American partner.
During the meeting with the Jordanian Prime Minister, the two officials expressed their commitment in enhancing the political-military dialogue with a view of developing defence cooperation, a visit of the official of the Hashemit Kingdom of Jordan being expected in the near future. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2052 | {"url": "https://english.mapn.ro/cpresa/5918_official-meeting-between-minister-of-national-defence,-angel-tilvar,-and-prime-minister-of-jordan-and-defence-minister,-bisher-al-khasawneh", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "english.mapn.ro", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:38:24Z", "digest": "sha1:7J7KFQTDZELFCC5UISBQYCNGYCCEAHTE"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2476, 2476.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2476, 4999.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2476, 8.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2476, 90.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2476, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2476, 285.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2476, 0.35406699]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2476, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2476, 0.11544012]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2476, 0.09042809]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2476, 0.05387205]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2476, 0.05387205]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2476, 0.05387205]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2476, 0.02405002]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2476, 0.03463203]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2476, 0.02405002]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2476, 0.00956938]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2476, 0.11483254]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2476, 0.48342541]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2476, 5.74309392]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2476, 4.5408364]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2476, 362.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 140, 0.0], [140, 643, 1.0], [643, 903, 1.0], [903, 1277, 1.0], [1277, 1512, 1.0], [1512, 1738, 1.0], [1738, 2193, 1.0], [2193, 2476, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 140, 0.0], [140, 643, 0.0], [643, 903, 0.0], [903, 1277, 0.0], [1277, 1512, 0.0], [1512, 1738, 0.0], [1738, 2193, 0.0], [2193, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 140, 19.0], [140, 643, 73.0], [643, 903, 37.0], [903, 1277, 51.0], [1277, 1512, 36.0], [1512, 1738, 31.0], [1738, 2193, 72.0], [2193, 2476, 43.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 140, 0.0], [140, 643, 0.00813008], [643, 903, 0.0], [903, 1277, 0.0], [1277, 1512, 0.03448276], [1512, 1738, 0.0], [1738, 2193, 0.0], [2193, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 140, 0.0], [140, 643, 0.0], [643, 903, 0.0], [903, 1277, 0.0], [1277, 1512, 0.0], [1512, 1738, 0.0], [1738, 2193, 0.0], [2193, 2476, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 140, 0.1], [140, 643, 0.06163022], [643, 903, 0.03846154], [903, 1277, 0.01069519], [1277, 1512, 0.06808511], [1512, 1738, 0.03097345], [1738, 2193, 0.02637363], [2193, 2476, 0.02473498]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2476, 0.58228058]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2476, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2476, 0.39971697]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2476, -64.4022644]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2476, 52.41521637]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2476, 73.37244069]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2476, 11.0]]} |
NI reveals in which case the US would change its course on Ukraine
The US government and the American public can drastically change the position on Ukraine with the direct involvement of the country's army in the conflict and heavy losses in manpower, said Leon Hadar, a columnist for The National Interest.
“If this happens [US military involvement] and the States end up suffering losses in Ukraine, and soldiers return to America in body bags, this could have a serious impact on public opinion and Congress,” the columnist noted.
According to him, the West's entry into direct confrontation with Moscow will inflame the fear of a world war and a massive nuclear strike among Americans.
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Author`s name Petr Ernilin | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2053 | {"url": "https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/154452-course/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "english.pravda.ru", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:12:02Z", "digest": "sha1:DTRQBFSJJWTCIRLWVSPEIJRXIAVLDW2R"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 790, 790.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 790, 3582.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 790, 6.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 790, 67.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 790, 0.92]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 790, 336.2]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 790, 0.37254902]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 790, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 790, 0.0155521]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 790, 0.03267974]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 790, 0.1372549]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 790, 0.6875]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 790, 5.0234375]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 790, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 790, 4.22842245]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 790, 128.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 67, 0.0], [67, 308, 1.0], [308, 534, 1.0], [534, 690, 1.0], [690, 764, 1.0], [764, 790, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 67, 0.0], [67, 308, 0.0], [308, 534, 0.0], [534, 690, 0.0], [690, 764, 0.0], [764, 790, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 67, 13.0], [67, 308, 39.0], [308, 534, 37.0], [534, 690, 26.0], [690, 764, 9.0], [764, 790, 4.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 67, 0.0], [67, 308, 0.0], [308, 534, 0.0], [534, 690, 0.0], [690, 764, 0.0], [764, 790, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 67, 0.0], [67, 308, 0.0], [308, 534, 0.0], [534, 690, 0.0], [690, 764, 0.0], [764, 790, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 67, 0.07462687], [67, 308, 0.04149378], [308, 534, 0.03097345], [534, 690, 0.02564103], [690, 764, 0.14864865], [764, 790, 0.11538462]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 790, 0.98674846]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 790, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 790, 0.14025199]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 790, -10.56670834]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 790, 24.13830326]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 790, 3.54824896]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 790, 6.0]]} |
use vs usage
“Use” is a verb that means to put something to a practical purpose or employ something for a particular end. “Use” can also be used as a noun, in which case it refers to the act of using something or the benefit or advantage that something provides. “Usage” is a noun that describes how something is used or how it is utilized. In other words, “use” refers to the action of using something, while “usage” refers to the form or manner in which something is used.
Example..
“Our company’s new software was designed for easy use by employees, but its usage was limited by the lack of training by the IT department.”
In this sentence, “use” refers to the action of employing the new software in a practical way by the employees. “Usage” refers to the fact that the software is being used by the employees, which is limited because of lack of support.
While “use” and “usage” can both be used as nouns, they do not always have the same meaning or context. Therefore, both cannot be used interchangeably.
use vs usage, both as noun
“Use” as a noun refers to the act of using something or the benefit or advantage that something provides. For example, “The use of technology in the classroom has greatly improved students’ learning experiences.”
“Usage” as a noun refers to the act or manner of using something or the fact of being used, the way something is used, or the frequency or common practice of using a particular word, phrase, or expression. For example, “The usage of mobile phone in the classroom is not allowed.”
Therefore, you can use “use” and “usage” as nouns, but they have different meanings and should be used accordingly, depending on the context.
examples found
MLB’s intention is to use the data and feedback from both systems, over the full slate of games, to inform future choices.
Use of prepaid cards was much higher among unbanked households (32.8 percent) than among banked households (5.7 percent).
Use of nonbank online payment services was much lower among unbanked households (18.1 percent) than among banked households (47.7 percent).
Use tax is imposed on the use of goods and service on which applicable sales tax has not been paid.
Easily gather and manage usage data for all your subscriptions, regardless of vendor.
This post discusses usage guides, a type of reference work that is commonly consulted in the publishing industry.
We offer customers an online tool to easily grant access to your historical usage data, which renewable energy contractors can use.
We are interested to learn if a road usage charge could be relevant for our state.
relating to vs related to
literally or literarily
near or near to or close to
adverse vs averse
one × five =
an expert in or an expert at
partly cloudy vs partly sunny
may vs might
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Statement: Bipartisan bill a big leap forward for America’s clean water infrastructure
John Rumpler
Senior Director, Clean Water for America Campaign and Senior Attorney, Environment America
Mark Morgenstein
Director of Media Relations, The Public Interest Network
House panel considers allocating tens of billions of dollars to Clean Water State Revolving Fund
Environment America
WASHINGTON — The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee advanced the Water Quality Protection and Job Creation Act of 2021 (H.R. 1915) on Wednesday. The bill would authorize $40 billion over five years for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program that provides communities with low-cost financing for clean water infrastructure projects. Additionally, H.R. 1915 includes provisions designed to both assist small or financially disadvantaged communities and dedicate 15 percent of the funding to state grants for green infrastructure improvements.
Aging and failing water infrastructure results in sewage and runoff pollution seeping into our waterways, which in turn exposes millions of Americans to waterborne illness. In 2019, test results from 3,172 beaches across America showed that more than half of those beaches were potentially unsafe for swimming on at least one day. The EPA estimates that we will need $271 billion to maintain and improve wastewater infrastructure over the next 20 years.
In response to H.R. 1915 passing the committee, John Rumpler, Environment America’s clean water program director, issued the following statement:
“H.R. 1915 represents major progress toward making America’s waterways safe for swimming. This bill not only provides urgently needed funding to stop sewage overflows but also dedicates a substantial portion of the money to green projects, including nature-based solutions that prevent runoff pollution from flowing into our rivers, lakes, and streams.
“Of equal importance, the committee rejected proposals to allow sewage plants to keep dumping the same levels of pollution for 10 more years — which would have undermined the bill’s infrastructure investments and the Clean Water Act itself.
“Poll after poll shows that Americans across the political spectrum want to see government investment in clean water infrastructure and H.R. 1915 does just that.
“We applaud all of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee members who voted to advance H.R. 1915. The bipartisan team of Committee Chair Peter DeFazio, Subcommittee Chair Grace Napolitano, and Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick introduced this bill together and their staffs are working to ensure all our waterways are clean and safe for swimming. We urge Congress to enact this legislation to thwart further water pollution as soon as possible.” | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2055 | {"url": "https://environmentamerica.org/colorado/media-center/statement-bipartisan-bill-a-big-leap-forward-for-americas-clean-water-infrastructure/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "environmentamerica.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:33:09Z", "digest": "sha1:2JHFUBK526JYC2TMK6OEH6J5DBHX7V4R"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2795, 2795.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2795, 4724.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2795, 14.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2795, 169.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2795, 0.93]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2795, 253.2]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2795, 0.29183673]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2795, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2795, 0.0652921]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2795, 0.04123711]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2795, 0.03436426]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2795, 0.03092784]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2795, 0.02061856]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2795, 0.03469388]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2795, 0.16326531]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2795, 0.56416465]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2795, 5.63680387]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2795, 5.06752954]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2795, 413.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 87, 0.0], [87, 100, 0.0], [100, 191, 0.0], [191, 208, 0.0], [208, 265, 0.0], [265, 362, 0.0], [362, 382, 0.0], [382, 990, 1.0], [990, 1444, 1.0], [1444, 1590, 0.0], [1590, 1943, 1.0], [1943, 2184, 1.0], [2184, 2346, 1.0], [2346, 2795, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 87, 0.0], [87, 100, 0.0], [100, 191, 0.0], [191, 208, 0.0], [208, 265, 0.0], [265, 362, 0.0], [362, 382, 0.0], [382, 990, 0.0], [990, 1444, 0.0], [1444, 1590, 0.0], [1590, 1943, 0.0], [1943, 2184, 0.0], [2184, 2346, 0.0], [2346, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 87, 12.0], [87, 100, 2.0], [100, 191, 12.0], [191, 208, 2.0], [208, 265, 8.0], [265, 362, 15.0], [362, 382, 2.0], [382, 990, 85.0], [990, 1444, 72.0], [1444, 1590, 20.0], [1590, 1943, 51.0], [1943, 2184, 38.0], [2184, 2346, 25.0], [2346, 2795, 69.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 87, 0.0], [87, 100, 0.0], [100, 191, 0.0], [191, 208, 0.0], [208, 265, 0.0], [265, 362, 0.0], [362, 382, 0.0], [382, 990, 0.02711864], [990, 1444, 0.02914798], [1444, 1590, 0.02877698], [1590, 1943, 0.01162791], [1943, 2184, 0.00840336], [2184, 2346, 0.02531646], [2346, 2795, 0.00907029]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 87, 0.0], [87, 100, 0.0], [100, 191, 0.0], [191, 208, 0.0], [208, 265, 0.0], [265, 362, 0.0], [362, 382, 0.0], [382, 990, 0.0], [990, 1444, 0.0], [1444, 1590, 0.0], [1590, 1943, 0.0], [1943, 2184, 0.0], [2184, 2346, 0.0], [2346, 2795, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 87, 0.03448276], [87, 100, 0.15384615], [100, 191, 0.10989011], [191, 208, 0.11764706], [208, 265, 0.12280702], [265, 362, 0.06185567], [362, 382, 0.1], [382, 990, 0.06743421], [990, 1444, 0.01762115], [1444, 1590, 0.04794521], [1590, 1943, 0.01133144], [1943, 2184, 0.01659751], [2184, 2346, 0.02469136], [2346, 2795, 0.04899777]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2795, 0.32504028]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2795, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2795, 0.15844738]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2795, -183.5336857]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2795, 27.05828723]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2795, -46.78133496]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2795, 28.0]]} |
Statement: Over 150 members of Congress introduce groundbreaking climate bill
Ellen Montgomery
Director, Public Lands Campaign, Environment America
100% Clean Energy Economy Act could be a key tool in climate action efforts
Environment Colorado
Denver — A new bill, introduced today by Rep. Don McEachin and co-sponsored by over 150 additional members, including Reps Crow, DeGette, Neguse, and Perlmutter, could set the United States on a path to an economy powered by 100 percent clean energy by mid-century.
If passed into law, the 100% Clean Energy Economy Act of 2019 would require federal agencies to create a plan, using existing authorities, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. The legislation would give the Environmental Protection Agency the power to oversee this effort. The 2050 date is in line with the deadline the world’s top climate scientists have given in order to keep global warming below 1.5 C and avert the worst impacts of climate change.
Hannah Collazo, Environment Colorado State Director, issued the following statement:
“This bill can be a game-changer. It will press government agencies to fast track climate solutions through a variety of avenues — incentives, research and development, regulations, improved operations and more. By doing this across all agencies, we’ll put the complete might of our federal government behind addressing the existential threat of climate change. This is precisely the type of comprehensive legislation we need right now.
“Coloradoans across the political spectrum are experiencing the terrifying impacts of global warming today. Polls around the country demonstrate that the changing climate is increasingly a top issue for voters, and they expect their federal leaders to act.
“Congressional leaders and the federal government can and must play a critical and pivotal role. Each member of Congress should make it a priority to support this bill – or face the consequences of inaction on Election Day.”
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Page id: 82
ERIAC SEEKS
(Consultancy contract)
Job title: Project Coordinator (fixed-term, consultant)
Project Duty Station: Remote with potential office time in Berlin, ERIAC Office
Duration of contract: June 15, 2020 – December 15, 2020.
Objectives of the assignment:
Under the direct supervision of the ERIAC management, the Project Coordinator is responsible for ensuring the logistical and administrative arrangements of local events in various international locations, and an overall coordination of the project implementation and its connected outputs, making sure that the project runs timely, smoothly and in high-quality manner. The Project Coordinator is responsible for the grant reporting (narrative reports) and strict supervision of project budget lines as well as financial policies of ERIAC.
Scope of work:
In cooperation with ERIAC and partner organizations, develop the detailed strategy of the events, including the organizational time-frame and implement the project concept and approaches;
Coordinate the work of local partners;
Ensure the development of quality outputs and results with optimal monitoring mechanisms; establish effective coordination within the team, information-sharing and reporting systems;
Coordinate the development of the project materials and run smooth communication with project contributors;
Monitor financial resources and accounting to ensure accuracy and reliability of financial reports;
Lead procurement, and contract management with vendors and other service-providers;
Assist with logistical preparation of the events;
Prepare and collect all documentation, and drafts grant reporting (invoices, contracts, narrative reports, photo and video documentation, etc).
Coordinate the project branding, the film documentation and the biweekly social media brief of the project development.
Qualifications and Competencies:
At least bachelor degree in event management, PR, marketing, business administration, public administration, art history or related field;
Proficiency in English, knowledge of either Romani, Romanian, Serbian or German is an asset;
Applicants from Roma/Sinti/Traveller background are highly encouraged to apply.
Experiences:
Minimum of 3 years of experience in a situation relevant to project management/ event management/ planning of cultural events;
Proven experience in managing project budgets;
Highly motivated and experienced in coordinating and planning events for international and national level, preferably high-level events;
Experience in (co-) running at least 1 project’s media campaigns from the beginning to the end is an asset;
Knowledge of digital tools and online audience-engagement strategies is an asset;
Experience in managing complex logistics and event planning;
Experience with multi-tasking and working independently on complex administrative tasks;
Must be comfortable with working with multiple partners and coordinating online;
Must be comfortable with short deadlines and regular reporting on progress;
Good understanding of and connection with the local cultural sphere (local administration, major’s office, museums, galleries, Roma artists) is a strong asset;
Good eye for quality in arts and culture is preferred.
The Project Coordinator shall unconditionally be able to identify with the founding principles of ERIAC:
Respect of the dignity of Romani people and Romani identity;
Diversity and plurality of Romani identities and cultures;
Romani leadership with the support and co-operation of non-Roma;
Engagement and contribution of Romani organizations and individuals in the establishment and ongoing activities of the Institute;
Political autonomy and non-partisanship, openness for collaboration with public authorities and political institutions as partners;
Highest quality standards in the domains of arts and culture, as well in as its own operational performance.
Gross amount: 1500 EUR/per month, paid based on a legally issued invoice
Applications should include:
Up-to-date professional CV (max. 4 pages).
Letter of motivation of maximum 500 words.
Applications should be written in English and sent to [email protected] in one email not larger than 2 MB. Please write “Project coordinator” in the subject line of the email.
The deadline for applications is June 5, 2020.
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ERIAC IS LOOKING FOR RESEARCH ASSISTANTS TO SUPPORT THE “RE-THINKING ROMA RESISTANCE” PROJECT
TERMS OF REFERENCE – Roma Resistance Research Assistant
Job title: Roma Resistance Research Assistant
Duration of appointment: February 14th – April 14th, 2020
Deadline for applying: February 7th 2020
The European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture (ERIAC) is seeking research assistants to contribute to the development of the project “Re-thinking Roma Resistance”, financed by the EVZ Foundation.
In recent years, the topic of Roma Resistance during the WWII has grown into a powerful symbol that contrasts the notion of Roma victimhood with the acknowledgement of Roma agency and survival. From researchers to the media, the stories of the Roma Resistance during WWII have begun to gain momentum. Inspired in various accounts of the Roma uprising at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp on May 16, 1944, the date has been embraced and celebrated by Roma communities across Europe, particularly by Roma youth. In this sense, the Roma Resistance has become a powerful reference point for Roma social and political mobilization. However, a narrow reading of the history of Roma Resistance – limited to the event of Roma uprising in Auschwitz – may reverse the transformative, emancipatory and mobilizing potential that the stories of active resistance represent and will overshadow the many other stories of heroism in the face of injustice of Roma individuals and communities throughout Europe.
“Re-thinking Roma Resistance” project, financed by the EVZ foundation, will develop an expended definition of “Roma Resistance” as well as explore and document its diverse manifestations throughout modern history in various geographical locations. The project will present a new narrative of the “Roma Resistance” which represents intimate and subjective experiences of the Roma survivors, witnesses and their families.
Under the direct supervision of ERIAC’s executive management, four local researcher assistants covering different European regions will contribute to the implementation of the “Re-thinking Roma Resistance” project, by researching local stories of resistance in specific geographical areas. In collaboration with other partners involved, the researchers will provide regional perspectives on heroism during the WWII, and its aftermath, as well as during other chapters of European and national histories.
In particular, the researchers will be expected to:
Research different manifestations of Roma Resistance in multiple locations, based on existing sources (primary, secondary) as well as, to the extent possible, provide new evidence
Present and document stories of Roma Resistance heroes, including short biographies of the selected protagonists
Contribute to the mapping of historical sites of Roma Resistance
Identify artifacts/ objects related to the Roma Resistance stories (including personal memorabilia, archival records, letters, photos as well as artworks)
Contribute to the development of an annotated bibliography on Roma Resistance
Before engaging in the project, the researcher will be given a detailed introduction into the work of ERIAC, the objectives of the project, the expectations with regards to the development and submission of the final deliverables. The researchers will be provided with detailed instructions as to the outputs of the project.
Due to the restricted time-frame of this project, the report will be based on the following data-collection methodology:
Desk research based on initial research developed by ERIAC in-house;
Literature review;
Participation in project events/ workshops organized in the framework of the project by ERIAC;
The researcher is encouraged to expand the scope of consultation beyond desk research to embrace tangible evidence including archival materials, letters, documents, journalistic articles, original archive film/ audio footage, as well as other tangible artifacts that can represent and depict Roma Resistance struggles.
Furthermore, the researchers are encouraged to seek new knowledge through interviews, oral histories directly with the survivors, witnesses and/or their family members. In this sense, Roma and non-Roma partners should also be treated as sources of knowledge.
University degree in social sciences, political science, history, Holocaust studies or related discipline.
Proficiency in English and excellent writing skills a willingness to be involved in draft revisions.
Experience developing similar research papers related to Roma history, in particular the Roma Holocaust.
Prior research experience, using mixed method of data collection and data analysis.
Knowledge of contemporary debates, including in scholarship, art and activism, related to the Roma Resistance is an asset.
Knowledge of a second European language is an asset.
Must be comfortable with working with multiple partners and coordinating online.
Must be comfortable with short deadlines and regular reporting on progress.
The Researcher shall unconditionally be able to identify with the founding principles of ERIAC:
Single fee of 2000 EURO (EURO), paid in two installments upon submission of a legally issued invoice. First installment will be paid upon the signing of the contract. Second installment will be transferred once the final report is submitted.
Applications from all suitably qualified candidates, irrespective of gender, disability, marital or parental status, racial, ethnic or social origin, color, religion, belief, or sexual orientation are welcome. Candidates of self-declared Roma origin are particularly encouraged to apply.
IMPORTANT: In the motivation letter, please include a specific mention of the countries/ regions where you would be willing to develop research and/or where you have previously developed research.
Applications should be written in English and sent to [email protected] in one email. Please write “Roma Resistance Research Assistant” in the subject line of the email.
See the details of the call here:
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This file is a part of the Rhodium site archive. This Aug 2004 static snapshot is hosted by Erowid
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Methaqualone (Quaalude) Synthesis
by Rhodium
Cheapskate's excellent step-by-step quaalude synthesis guide
MaDMAx' scaleup of Cheapskate's above procedure
A Survey of Reported Syntheses of Methaqualone (Quaalude) and its Isomers (PDF)
Methaqualone, also known as 3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-o-tolylquinazoline, 2-methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4- (3H)-quinazolinone, Metholquizolone, QZ-2, 2-Methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone, RIC-272, TR-495 and Quaalude.
Methaqualone was introduced as an anxiolytic (Quaalude, Sopor) in 1965 as safe barbiturate substitutes. Experience showed, however, that their addiction liability and the severity of withdrawal symptoms were similar to those of barbiturates.
By 1972, "luding out," taking methaqualone with wine, was a popular college pastime. Excessive use leads to tolerance, dependence and withdrawal symptoms similar to those of barbiturates. Overdose by glutethimide and methaqualone is more difficult to treat than barbiturate overdose, and deaths have frequently occurred. In the United States, the marketing of methaqualone pharmaceutical products stopped in 1984 and methaqualone was transferred to Schedule I of the CSA.
The LD50 is for mice 1250 mg/kg and for rats 326 mg/kg (Strasenburg Labs), also given as 255 mg/kg for rats (Goldenthal). The human dose (as sedative) is set to 150 mg (A.S. Paterson).
Methaqualone freebase, mw 250.30, mp 113-115°C. Soluble in ethanol, ether and CHCl3. Insol. H2O.
Methaqualone HCl, mw 285.80, mp 235-237°C. Soluble in ethanol and ether. Insol. H2O.
Methaqualone
From Anthranilic Acid (Klosa)[2]
This is an improved version of Klosas original synthesis of methaqualone. The method first devised by him used phosphorous pentachloride instead of polyphosphoric acid as condensing agent, which during the reaction produced clouds of corrosive HCl gas [1].
7g Anthranilic Acid, 5ml o-Toluidine and 4 ml glacial acetic acid was mixed in a round-bottomed flask. To this mixture was slowly added 40-50 grams of polyphosphoric acid, and the mixture was heated during 20-30 minutes to 140-160°C. After this, the mixture was heated to 180°C for 10 minutes, then cooled and poured in 150-200ml water, and neutralized with 20% Na2CO3 solution. Methanol was added until a lasting turbidity became present in the solution, and after one hour, the free base Methaqualone precipitated, mp 111-113°C, and was once more recrystallized in this fashion, mp 113-115°C. Yield 55%.
From Anthranilic Acid [5,6]
This method is similar to the one used by Klosa, but this one drives out the water byproduct from the reaction mixture with heat, instead of letting polyphosphoric acid bind it. This method also manages to push the yield a little further. The product formed in the first step is N-acetylanthranilic acid, which can be made as described in the precursors section below. If so, begin with the addition of o-Toluidine to the already made N-acetylanthranilic acid.
Anthranilic acid (10 grams) is dissolved in acetic anhydride (20 ml) and the temperature raised progressively to 190-200°C at which temperature distillation takes place. The last traces of acetic acid are removed under vacuum and after cooling to about 50-60°C, o-toluidine (10 grams) is added in portions. The temperature is then raised to 170-200°C when the excess water and o-toluidine is gradually distilled off, finally maintaining the temperature at 180-200°C for 2 hours. After cooling to about 100°C, 30ml dilute HCl is added and the mixture boiled and stirred. The solution is neutralized with NaOH with stirring, and the crude product which separates is recrystallized twice from alcohol. The yield is 70% of theory.
From N-acetylanthranilic Acid [5]
This method is similar to Klosa's first synthesis of methaqualone, the difference being that this one uses POCl3 instead of PCl5, and uses ready made N-acetylanthranilic acid. By performing the reaction in toluene, the yield is very good. In spite of this, the method is best left alone, as the POCl3 will release lots of HCl gas during decomposition.
o-Toluidine (10 grams) is mixed with a solution of N-acetylanthranilic acid (20 grams) in toluene (30 grams) in a vessel equipped with a stirrer and means of cooling. A solution of phosphorus oxychloride (10 grams) in toluene (30 grams) is added dropwise with stirring and then the temperature is raised to the boiling point for two hours with further stirring. After cooling, the precipitate so formed is filtered off, dried and dissolved in boiling dilute HCl. On cooling and making alkaline with NaOH, a viscous oil separates which crystallises after a few hours. The crystals are collected the next day and purified by recrystallisation from alcohol to yield about 80% of the theoretical quantity of methaqualone freebase (m.p. 114-115°C). The salts my be obtained by the addition of the appropriate acids to the base formed above.
From Isatoic Anhydride (Manhas)[3]
Method A
A mixture of isatoic anhydride (1.6 g, 0.01 mole) and o-toluidine (1,1 g, 0,01 mol) is heated to 120° for 2 hours. The reaction mixture after cooling is triturated with ether (or dissolve the brown mixture in warm acetone and add water to crash out the crystals). The resulting solid is collected by suction and recrystallized from a 50:50 mixture of dichloromethane and petroleum ether to give the intermediate aminoamide (2,2'-dimethylbenzanilide): yield: 1,7 g (75%): m.p. 110°.
1. Isatoic anhydride condenses with o-Toluidine to give 2,2'-dimethylbenzanilide
2. 2,2'-Dimethylbenzanilide condenses with acetylacetone to form Methaqualone (see structure above)
A mixture of 2,2'-dimethylbenzanilide (0.5 g, 0.0025 mole), acetylacetone (0.39g, 0.0025 mol) in ethanol (30 ml) containing a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid is refluxed for 1 h. On cooling the title compound separated as the hydrochloride salt: yield: 0,59 g, (85%), m.p. 235-237°.
Method B
A mixture of 8g isatoic anhydride and 5.5g o-toluidine in toluene (500-750 ml) is refluxed for two hours. Acetylacetone (2.5g) containing a few ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid (to form the hydrochloride) is then added, and refluxing is continued for another hour. Evaporation of the solvent gives methaqualone hydrochloride, which is purified by recrystallization from hot methanol. The yield is 80%.
Anthranilic Acid (2-aminobenzoic acid)
Method 1: Anthranilic Acid from o-Toluidine
N-acetyl-o-Toluidine[4]
50ml o-Toluidine is placed in a 250ml round-bottomed flask containing a few boiling stones, and a reflux condenser is attached. Through an addition funnel placed in a side-arm of the flask, or possibly through the condenser, 50ml of acetic anhydride is added pretty rapidly, and the solution will begin to boil. Maintain the boiling for five minutes with external heating, and quickly pour the reaction contents in a beaker containing 1000ml of cold water. A precipitate of pinkish needles will form, which are filtered off with suction and is purified by dissolving in 25ml of boiling methanol, cooling the solution, and filtering off the beautiful glistening white needles which precipitates. The crystals are air dried, and weighs approximately 50 grams. Do not leave the crystals too long in the air, and keep them in an air-tight container, because they sublime readily at room temperature.
N-Acetyl-Anthranilic Acid [7]
Dissolve 20 grams of N-acetyl-o-Toluidine and 50 grams of magnesium sulfate in 2500ml water with stirring and heat to 80°C. Add 60 grams of finely powdered potassium permanganate crystals and increase the temperature to 85°C, and continue to stir for 2 hours. Add 50 ml of alcohol to decompose excess permanganate, and filter the solution HOT with suction. The N-Acetyl-Anthranilic Acid is precipitated from the solution with the addition of dilute sulfuric acid. It is purified by dissolving in dilute NaOH solution, and reprecipitating with dilute H2SO4. The yield after air drying is approximately 18 grams.
This N-Acetyl-Anthranilic Acid can be molarly substituted for the Anthranilic Acid in the Klosa synthesis above (No 3), with omitting of the acetic acid.
Anthranilic Acid [7]
10 grams of N-Acetyl-Anthranilic Acid is added to 100ml concentrated HCl, and boiled under reflux for 1-2 hours. The solution is cooled, and the crystals of anthranilic acid is filtered off and recrystallized from hot water. The approximate yield after air drying is XX g.
Method 2: Anthranilic Acid from phtalic anhydride
Phtalimide (Method 1) [4]
Place 100 g. of phthalic anhydride and 106 ml. of concentrated ammonia in a 1-litre round-bottomed flask fitted with a wide air condenser or a liebig condenser (without cooling water) with an inner diameter of more than 10 mm. Heat first over a wire gauze and then over a free flame until the mixture is in a state of quiet fusion and forms a homogeneous melt (the temperature reaches 300° in about 1.5-2 hours; all the water is evaporated during the first hour). Shake the flask occasionally during the heating and push down any material which sublimes into the condenser with a glass rod. Pour the contents of the flask whilst still hot into a porcelain basin or casserole, allow to cool, and grind to a fine powder in a mortar. The phthalimide (95 g.)is practically pure and melts at 233-234°C. It may be recrystallised from ethanol or methanol (see method B).
Intimately mix 99g of pure phthalic anhydride and 20g of urea, and place the mixture in a 1 litre long-necked, round-bottomed flask. Heat the flask in an oil bath at 130-136°C. When the contents have melted, effervescence commences and gradually increases in vigour: after 10-20 minutes, the mixture suddenly froths up to about three times the original volume (this is accompanied by a rise in temperature to 160-160°) and becomes almost solid. Remove the flame from beneath the bath and allow to cool. Add about 80 ml. of water to disintegrate the solid in the flask, filter at the pump, wash with a little water, and then dry at 100°. The yield of phthalimide, m.p. 233° (it is practically pure) is 86 g. If desired, the phthalimide may be recrystallized from 1200 ml. of methylated spirit; the first crop consists of 34 g. of m.p. 234°, but further quantities may be recovered from the mother liquor.
Anthranilic Acid (Method 2) [8]
Anthranilic Acid from phtalimide, by Methaco(s)mic
Prepare a solution of 30 g. of sodium hydroxide in 120 ml. of water in a 360 ml. conical flask and cool to 0° or below in a bath of ice and salt. Add 26.2g (8.4 ml.) of bromine in one portion and shake (or stir) until all the bromine has reacted. The temperature will rise somewhat; cool again to 0° or below. Meanwhile, prepare a solution of 22g. of sodium hydroxide in 80 ml. of water. Add 24 g. of finely- powdered phthalimide in one portion to the cold sodium hypobromite solution; stir vigorously while swirling the contents of the flask and add the prepared sodium hydroxide solution rapidly. The solid will dissolve and the temperature will rise to about 70°. Warm the mixture to 80° for about 2 minutes. Filter, if necessary. Cool in ice and add concentrated hydrochloric acid slowly and with stirring until the solution is just neutral (about 60 ml. are required). [It is recommended that a little of the alkaline solution be set aside in case too much acid is added.] Precipitate the anthranilic acid completely by the gradual addition of glacial acetic acid (20-25 ml) are required): it is advisable to transfer the mixture to a 1 litre beaker as some foaming occurs. Filter off the acid at the pump and wash with a little cold water. Recrystallise from hot water with the addition of a little decolourising carbon; collect the acid on a Buchner funnel and dry at 100°. The yield of pure anthranilic acid, m.p. 145°, is 14 g.
Acetylacetone (2,5-pentanedione)
Acetylacetone from Acetone and Ethylacetate
Claisen Condensation of acetone with ethyl acetate in presence of NaOCH3 yields Acetylacetone.
o-Toluidine (2-aminotoluene)
o-Toluidine from Toluene
Nitrotoluene
Toluene is nitrated with a HNO3/H2SO4 mixture to yield o- and p-nitrotoluene.
Toluidine [7]
This should be performed in a strong, easily cleaned vessel, equipped with a powerful stirring device and a reflux condenser. This reaction can be modified to use tin instead of iron. 60 cc of water and 120 g of fine, cleaned, iron powder are placed in the reaction vessel and vigorous stirring is begun. The vessel contents are heated to 90-95°C and 10 cc of hydrochloric acid is poured in. 100 g of nitrotoluene (mono-nitrotoluene) is now added, at such a rate as to hold the temp at exactly 100°C (a few ml at a time). After the addition is complete, the temp will have to be maintained at 100°C with the heating device until the smell of nitrotoluene is gone. Vigorous stirring must be used through the entire operation. Set the reflux condenser to distill and lead steam directly into the vessel to steam distill the toluidine out of the reaction contents.
If available, use only o-nitrotoluene as substrate in this step, to save chemicals and the separation step can be omitted.
o-Toluidine [7]
The crude oily toluidine mixture from the above steam distillation is separated from the water, ice and salt are added to the oil, and the mixture is stirred. A whitish-yellow crystalline compound appears, which is the hydrate of p-toluidine. This is filtered off through an ice cooled filter funnel, and then is well pressed to remove any oily o-toluidine. The o-toluidine is separated from the filtrate with a separation funnel. This crystallization should preferably be repeated to ensure that all p-toluidine is removed.
[1] J. Klosa, Synthese von Chinazolon-4-derivaten J. Prakt. Chem. 14, 84-98 (1961)
[2] J. Klosa, Notiz ueber Synthese von Chinazolon-4-derivaten, J. Prakt. Chem. 20, 283-4 (1963)
[3] Manhas, A Facile Synthesis of Methaqualone and Analogs, Synthesis 5, 309-10 (1977)
[4] A. I. Vogel, Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed.
[5] Sittig & Marshal, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, Vol 2, p 969, 2nd Ed.
[6] Brit. Pat. 843,073
[7] P. Buzz, Recreational Drugs, Loompanics (1989)
[8] C. 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Category Archives: The Early Modern Period
(documented 1853-present)
African Origin Myths: Man Desires Death
(Hans Abrahamsson)
Dogon:
The Souls of the Dogons
(documented by Solange de Ganay, 1937-39)
LoDagaa:
Restraining the Bereaved to Prevent Suicide
(documented by Jack Goody, 1962)
Akan:
The Detection of Witches: Ordeal and Punishment
Ashanti:
Law and Constitution: A Suicide’s Trial
(documented by Capt. R. S. Rattray, 1929)
Funeral Rites for Babies and Kings
The Price of Intrigue with Women of Royal Blood
(documented by A. B. Ellis, 1887)
Fante:
Killing Oneself “Upon the Head of Another”: The Tragedy of Adjuah Amissah
(documented by Brodie Cruickshank, 1853)
Gã:
The Prohibition of Death
(documented by M. J. Field, 1937)
Ewe:
The Criminality of Suicide
(documented by A.B. Ellis, 1890)
The Kings of the Yoruba
(documented by Samuel Johnson, 1897)
Yoruba Laws and Customs: Suicide
(documented by A. K. Ajisafe, 1924)
(documented by Northcote W. Thomas, 1913)
Sacrifices, Death, and Burial
(documented by G. T. Basden, 1938)
A Murderer Must Hang Himself
An Old Woman’s Prearranged Funeral
The Timely Death
Godusa: The Old Woman and the Antbear’s Hole
(documented by R.C.A. Samuelson, 1929)
Ukugodusa: The First Woman Who Became a Christian
(documented by L. H. Samuelson, 1912)
The Burial of a King
Banyoro:
The Ghost of a Suicide
(documented by John Roscoe, 1923)
Dinka:
The Folktale of the Four Truths
Burial Alive: The Master of the Fishing-Spear
A continent comprising a fifth of the world’s land area, once the central portion of earth’s landmass, Africa was the area of origin for homo sapiens, the modern human, some 130,000–200,000 years ago. Below the vast desert that has come to serve as a cultural divide between sub-Saharan Africa and the largely Arabic regions edging the Mediterranean to the north, the African terrain consists primarily of flat or lightly rolling plains, without a central mountainous core or a broad continental shelf, a continent marked primarily by gradual changes of altitude and a highly regular coastline, rich in mineral, plant, and animal resources.
Within sub-Saharan Africa, forms of social organization range from small nomadic bands of hunter-gatherer-forager peoples, to farming and cattle-herding cultures, to highly urbanized societies. Traditional cultures have been largely rural and agricultural, many with trading networks but largely without centralized governmental authorities; yet Africa has also seen the formation of vast empires, including the 10th-century empire of Ghana, the 14th-century empire of Mali, the 15th-century empire of Bunyoro, the Ashanti empire of the 18th and 19th centuries, the 19th-century empire of Buganda, and the 19th-century kingdom of the Zulu, among many others. Many traditional communities stress both kinship networks with a unilineal pattern of descent and age-graded associations, especially among males. Among many, dowries are paid from male to female (the “bridewealth”), procreation is emphasized, and polygyny is a traditional ideal. However, traditional African societies are extremely diverse, and generalization is not possible. Furthermore, geographic and cultural boundaries do not always coincide, and an overall picture of Africa and its many societies is necessarily complex.
The standard way of classifying traditional oral African societies is by language, though this process is complicated by patterns of migration and language spread and by issues concerning the distinction between language and dialect. Four major language families or phyla contain what Barbara Grimes estimates to be Africa’s approximately 2,000 distinct indigenous languages. Among these language families, the largest groups are the Niger-Congo (including Kordofanian and Bantu), spoken in western and south-central Africa, with some 1,436 languages; Nilo-Saharan, spoken in central and central-eastern interior regions (196 languages); the Khosian family of click languages, spoken in the southern interior (35 languages); and Afroasiatic, including Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Cushitic, and other languages of the north (371 languages). Among Africa’s huge variety of languages, Hausa, a Chadic language of the Afroasiatic family, and Swahili, an eastern coastal Niger-Congo language of the Bantu subfamily, have played the roles of lingua franca for trade; so have a variety of other languages, including Arabic, Afrikaans, French, and English. Many of the selections presented here are from the Niger-Congo family, which includes languages spoken by the majority of sub-Saharan Africans.
Few of Africa’s traditional sub-Saharan societies have written literatures. However, most have substantial, longstanding oral traditions. Wherever possible, these selections attempt to present traditional African legends, myths, stories, and histories concerning suicide from the earliest documenters of each culture’s oral history. Many of these documents were written or compiled from other accounts by Western explorers and missionaries using native informants. Other documents, however, come from educated Africans who wrote in Western languages but could interview informants in their native tongues.
While it is impossible to generalize effectively over such a large range of cultures in a geographic region as large as Africa, some similarities, Robert Lystad argues, are evident among traditional African values: that human nature is neither good nor evil, but capable of error; that humans should adapt to nature and the universe, rather than seek to alter it; that property is to be shared; and that the solutions to human problems are to be sought in traditional legends and stories. The universe is understood as a unity, not a dualism of mind/body or matter/spirit; the Creator or creative power is distant, though lesser gods and local spirits may intervene in the affairs of humans. Particularly relevant to issues of suicide are the beliefs that there is life after death and that kinship networks include family members who have already died, as well as those who are still living.
Beginning in the late 15th century, European commercial, colonizing, and proselytizing interests began to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa. The Portuguese, British, French, Germans, Spanish, Italians, Dutch, and Belgians all established areas of colonial rule, variously exporting minerals, goods, and slaves. Taking advantage of certain traditional slaving practices, the European slave trade increased from about 275,000 between 1450–1600, to about 1.3 million during the 17th century, about 6 million during the 18th century, and ended, after another 2 million, in the latter half of the 19th century. Brazil, the Spanish Empire, the British West Indies, the French West Indies, and North America were all major importers of slaves; so was the Arab world. Altogether, an estimated 12 million left the African continent as slaves in the European trade; an estimated 10–20% died during the Middle Passage.
The sources provided here largely postdate the era of enslavement and the slave trade, but that era and its consequences were hardly forgotten: As Brodie Cruickshank had commented in 1853 on the comparatively few European forts that remained after the end of the slave trade in the Gold Coast, “. . . there is something exceedingly horrible in the contemplation of the nations of Europe thus clinging to Africa like leeches and sucking her very life-blood, and to find her now almost neglected and forsaken when she is no longer permitted to be their prey.”
As with other oral cultures, accounts of myths, histories, and practices by outsiders, invaders, missionaries, and exploiters may well be influenced by the cultural ideologies of the reporters—in Africa, primarily Christianity and Islam—but they nevertheless offer the closest insight into traditional African culture and its views. A particularly vivid example of the tensions between direct access to traditional cultural material and Westernizing influences is to be found in the accounts of the Yoruba by Rev. Samuel Johnson (c. 1845–1901) (selection #11), one of the earliest and most prolific writers on African history. Johnson was himself a great-grandson of the Alafin Abiodun, the famous king of the Oyo Empire in the late 18th century, but was also a committed Christian, educated in Greek, Latin, mathematics, and Western philosophy and religious studies. A diplomat, missionary, and peacemaker in the disputes among Yoruba groups, as well as between the British and the Oyo, Johnson spoke African languages and was able to interview the traditional arokin, or court historians, in compiling his immense and authoritative History of the Yoruba; yet he reinterpreted Yoruba history as exhibiting its development toward the ultimate end of becoming Christianized. Johnson eventually became an Anglican priest, hoping “. . . above all that Christianity should be the principal religion in the land—paganism and Mohammedanism having had their full trial—[and that this] should be the wish and prayer of every true son of Yoruba.” Such overlays of personal commitment and worldview affect virtually all of the early published accounts of African belief and practice, which are then sometimes taken as sources for later traditions or held to “confirm” the work of later scholars. Yet at the same time, modern scholars like Kwame Gyekye insist that the difficulty of getting at indigenous ideas is not insuperable: he notes that in Akan, as in every African community, there are a few older individuals regarded as wise and steeped in traditional lore, who are able to distinguish between traditional philosophical conceptions and those of Christianity and Islam. Indigenous thinking may sometimes be formulated in Christian or Islamic religious language, but it often survives in comparatively untouched form.
Further risks in the use of early ethnographic sources include the overlay of unconfirmed theories of indigenous belief and practice. In perhaps the best-known example of apparent overinterpretation, it was reported as late as 1910 that the Shilluk (or Chollo), a culture of Nilo-Saharan speakers in southern Sudan closely related to the Dinka presented here, customarily strangled their kings when they grew old or ill in order to save the divinity within, a report that Sir James George Frazer developed in The Golden Bough (1911–15) into the centerpiece of his influential theory of African regicide. However, the practice of ceremonial regicide and the theory Frazer constructed were never reliably confirmed, and despite later modifications by Evans-Pritchard in 1948 and David Cohen in 1972, the claim that the disappearance of the Shilluk kings was the product of regicide or “royal suicide” has not been substantiated. Nevertheless, similar claims are represented here in Dr. Samuel Johnson’s account of required suicide for despotic kings among the Yoruba (selection #11), and in the accounts of live burial by the Dinka of their chieftain, the Master of the Fishing-Spear (selection #23). In such cases, it is impossible to say what was in fact the case in the earlier periods of African civilization, or to determine whether the African kingship was an archaic magical system or a political, bureaucratic, and military institution, but the stories and legends that have been transmitted and collected have played a major role in conveying many forms of African thought. Similar difficulties in interpretation affect virtually all of the ethnographic material for every early culture presented in this volume. Yet despite their biases, the early reporters remain perhaps the most direct source of insight into the issues about suicide and voluntary death under scrutiny here.
The Selections
The selections are ordered geographically and by language-group in roughly counterclockwise fashion, beginning with the northern areas of West Africa, moving down around heavily populated regions of the Niger delta, then south and east to the region of the Zulu, and finally northeast to the Bantu in what is now northern Zimbabwe, the Ganda in Uganda [check], and the Dinka in the Nile basin of the Sudan. Sources from written traditions in North Africa and the Nile and Horn region are entered separately in this volume. Most sources in this section come from West Africa, the region of subSaharan Africa most populated and most fully documented by early ethnographers.
Selection #1, “African Origin Myths”, casts a broad sweep over a wide range of African origin myths serving to account for the occurrence of death, from the Islamic cultures of the Hausa to the traditional Benue-Congo cultures of the lower Zambesi. Despite the considerable variety of these myths, what is significant is that in many of them death has come into being because man needs it, requires it, or desires it.
The Voltaic Branch of the Niger-Congo Subfamily
Selection #2, “The Souls of the Dogons,” is drawn from the accounts of the Griaule ethnographic expeditions during 1931-39 to the Dogon, a group whose language is of the Voltaic branch of the Niger-Congo language family and who now live in the remote and rugged area of the Bandiagara escarpment and the Niger bend in southwest Mali. In part because of their isolation, the Dogon have been less affected by colonialism than many other African groups and have been able to maintain many of their precolonial cultural traditions. Ancestor-worship is an important component of Dogon religion, and the Dogon are famed for their religious masks. In this selection from Dogon mottoes, a distinction is drawn between the individual soul that may survive in a life after death and the nyama or impersonal life-force, or vital principle, that would ordinarily be transmitted from the dead person to a specific newborn relative. The selection describes the negative implications of suicide for this process.
Also from a Voltaic-speaking group is Jack Goody’s contemporary account of the LoDagaa (selection #3), inhabitants of two settlements in the northwest corner of Ghana near the Black Volta River, who speak dialects of Dagari, a Mossi language. Although they have no centralized political system, the LoDagaa have highly developed funeral customs, including an elaborate set of suicide precautions for bereaved family members, reflecting assumptions about the likelihood, expectedness, and desirability of suicide after the death of a spouse or close family member.
The Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo Subfamily
Moving to the south, selections #4 through #10 are drawn from various groups of Akan, a broad constellation of separate ethnic groups who speak Twi, a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo linguistic subgroup. According to archeological and linguistic evidence, the Akan have inhabited a heartland in south central Ghana for some 2000 years. Akan groups include the Akan proper, the Ashanti (or Asante), the Fante (or Fanti or Fantee), and the Ga, members of which groups are now living in Ghana (called the Gold Coast in colonial times; now named after the Ga), Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo. Traditional Akan societies, largely agricultural, consist in some seven or eight matrilineal clans, and inheritance, kinship, and succession are all descended through the mother’s line, although some offices and spiritual attributes are inherited patrilineally. After Portuguese traders and colonizers reached the coast of Ghana in the late 15th century, some Akan groups began to trade gold and slaves for European products, including guns. Beginning in about 1700, the Asante established the most powerful Akan state, dominating the region now known as Ghana until conquered by the British in 1900; this empire, said to be one of the “largest and most sophisticated imperial systems ever constructed without the aid of literary skills,” was particularly known for its sumptuous artistic culture. However, in contrast to many other Akan, the Ga, who inhabited the coast, were patrilineal, though females could inherit property from their mothers; the men fished and raised crops while the women conducted trade. On one account, the Gã king, Okai Koi, committed suicide in 1660 after another Akan people, the Akwamu, defeated the Ga; on another, he was killed in battle in 1677. The Ga are now among the most urbanized of West African peoples.
Several of the Akan selections presented here describe the effects of contact with European colonizers on these traditional groups. Selection #4, from the Akan proper, “The Detection of Witches: Ordeal and Punishment,” alludes to the British colonial government’s efforts to suppress the execution of alleged witches and the practice of coerced suicide thus generated. From the Ashanti, selection #5, “Law and Constitution: A Suicide’s Trial,” taken from Capt. Rattray’s monumental attempt to trace the development of Ashanti legal, political, and judicial institutions from their origin in the simple family group under a house-father to their functions in a colonial system under a paramount chief, describes traditional Ashanti (and, more generally, Akan) beliefs and legal principles concerning suicide, comparing them to European views. In this selection as well as in selection #6, among others, traditional practices are seen in contrast to the legal systems administered by Europeans—for example, while among the Namnan, a small Northern Territory Ashanti tribe, a suicide’s property was to be confiscated by the Chief, much as the British suicide’s property was forfeit to the King, some of his property in livestock might nevertheless remain to the wife and children, and dead bodies are subjected to trial and punishment (selection #5).
The contemporary philosopher Kwasi Wiredu explains these practices as rooted in the absolute principle of Akan justice that “no human being could be punished without a trial. Neither at the lineage level nor at any other level of Akan society could a citizen be subjected to any sort of sanctions without proof of wrongdoing.” Wiredu also points to the importance of the belief that the life-principle is immortal. “Death is preferable to disgrace” runs a characteristic Akan saying; Wiredu notes that defeated generals, taking this to heart, often chose to commit suicide in the field.
Selection #6, on Ashanti funeral rites, is also taken from Capt. Rattray’s accounts. Drawing on earlier reports and elderly informants, Rattray first describes the complete absence of funeral rites for stillborns, neonates, and children who die—no ceremony at all, and the corpse is merely tossed into the bush—and then the contrastingly lavish funerals for kings, replete with both voluntary and nonvoluntary deaths of the newly deceased king’s wives, retainers, and captives in order to mark the funeral and continue to serve the king in the afterlife. Whether institutional suicide of those in subordinate social roles is to be regarded as suicide in any robust sense, or merely conformity to strong social expectation, is an issue in many traditional cultures, both in Africa and elsewhere.
Selection #8, on socially-expected suicide, describes what contemporary suicidologists might call the “get-even” practice called killing oneself “upon the head of another”: by committing suicide, one person can visit the same calamity on another person. In Fante culture (as in many others, for example the Tlingit of Alaska), social responsibility for suicide is assigned to an outside party, not to the person who kills himself. Suicide thus makes it possible to control the behavior of other parties. A particularly vivid example is described in the tragedy of Adjuah Amissah, a beautiful young Fante woman from a town on what is now the coast of Ghana, whose sad story comes from the earliest selections in these accounts. The tale has evidently undergone evolution in its telling: Cruickshank’s account holds that she killed herself with a silver bullet, while Edward Bowdich’s version refers to golden bullets. The central point remains unchanged, however: Adjuah Amissah’s suicide is attributed to her wish to save her family. In accord with Ashanti law, her family would be held responsible for the suicide of her suitor and, in effect, must pay in kind; Adjuah Amissah’s own suicide protects them from this penalty.
Selection #9, “The Prohibition of Death,” concerning the Ga people, raises issues about what counts as suicide. The traditional beliefs of the Ga about certain types of deaths do not appear to conceptualize them as suicide, but nevertheless do hold people accountable for dying at times or in ways that are impermissible; these beliefs thus seem to suggest that such deaths are after all in some sense voluntary.
The groups from which selections #10 through #16 arise, the Ewe, the Yoruba, and the Ibo, are also members of the Kwa branch of Niger-Congo and also inhabit areas of West Africa surrounding the Niger River drainage basin—Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria—heavily vegetated areas with high temperature levels, heavy rainfall, and frequent thunderstorms, where population density is high.
The traditional Ewe heartland is southern Togo; the group’s oral traditions tell of its flight from a brutal 17th-century tyrant, King Agokoli of Notsé, perhaps giving rise to its distrust of strong central authority. The absence of a strong central state left the Ewe particularly vulnerable to slave-raiding during the 17th-19th centuries. Selection #10, a British major’s 1890 account of the Ewe-speaking peoples of the coast of West Africa, briefly describes practices in Dahomey, now Benin, in punishing suicides. Striking in this brief account is the apparent appropriation of European notions—“every man is the property of the king” and exposure of a suicide’s body to public ridicule, reminiscent of European practices of desecration of the body—coupled with traditional African practices regarding suicide, in particular decapitation.
The Yoruba, in contrast, were highly urbanized before colonial times and formed powerful city-states centered around the royal residence of the oba, or king. Linguistic and archeological evidence suggests that speakers of a distinct Yoruba language emerged some 3000-4000 years ago in the area around the Niger-Benue confluence in what is now Nigeria. Patrilineal in descent patterns, Yoruba men farmed and practiced crafts; women dominated marketing and trade. The 13th and 14th-century Yoruba bronzes and terracotta sculptures, as well as an oral literature of histories, folklore, and proverbs, mark the richness of Yoruba culture. Traditional Yoruba religion recognizes a supreme but remote creator-god with a pantheon of lesser deities more directly involved in human affairs. Internal wars among Yoruba groups and city-states in the 19th century left the Yoruba vulnerable to slavery; exported with Yoruba slaves, Yoruba religion still forms the basis of Santería as practiced in modern Cuba, Trinidad, and Brazil, and homes practicing forms of Santería such as Ocha (“the religion”) may still contain shrines to Catholic saints and at the same time shrines to ancestral African dead. After the British gained control of Yorubaland in the late 19th century, the formerly strong Yoruba kings lost their sovereignty but were permitted to continue to play a role in local government.
Also belonging to the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo linguistic family, the Igbo (formerly Ibo) have lived for thousands of years in a heartland around the lower Niger River. Unlike the Yoruba, they did not develop centralized state authorities or monarchies, but lived in autonomous, relatively democratic villages each of which was knit together by overlapping kinship ties, secret societies, professional organizations, and religious cults and oracles. By the late 17th century, many Igbo had become slave traders who sold members of other ethnic groups as well as other Igbo captured in the interior; the British outlawed the slave trade with the Abolition Act of 1807, attempting to substitute for it trade in palm oil. However, the decentralization and openness of Igbo culture seemed to invite missionaries, and most Igbo are now Christian. An ill-fated attempt in 1967 to establish an Igbo state, Biafra, resulted in massive starvation among the Igbo before the state was reabsorbed by Nigeria in 1970.
The lengthy Yoruba selection (#11) from Samuel Johnson’s History of the Yorubas, completed in 1897, reflects the historical centrality of the king in Yoruba society, and, consequently, the social importance of the king’s lineage and succession, the king’s immediate family, and the king’s funeral rites, as well as the forms of recourse available should a king prove despotic. Samuel Johnson’s king-histories from Sango onwards depict many kings as suicides, including Sango himself. Family is important but can be too important: in Yoruba tradition, the king’s natural mother is expected to commit suicide, to be replaced by a surrogate drawn from the court. An interlude concerning beliefs about birth and death suggests that the Yoruba hold that some children about to be born are in fact abiku or evil spirits: they enter the world only temporarily and then leave it at a preappointed date: though parents may attempt to dissuade them from doing so. This voluntaristic explanation of repeated failures of pregnancy is offered in a culture in which reproduction is held to be of paramount importance: it is not so much the mother who is blamed, but the child itself if it dies. In Bascom’s account, the abiku is granted short spans of life by Olorun “because it does not want to remain long on earth, preferring life in heaven or wishing only to travel back and forth between heaven and earth”—a phenomenon believed to be common where infant mortality is high. Funeral customs concerning the king are of central cultural importance: much as in a number of other traditional cultures in Africa, South America, Egypt, China, and elsewhere, the Yoruba considered it a privilege or an obligation to accompany the king into the afterlife, and accounts of early customs involve both voluntary and nonvoluntary deaths by wives, retainers, and others for this purpose. Distinctive here is the practice of “wearing the death cloth,” a much-cherished cloth received by those who will be expected to die with the king—the crown prince, certain other members of the royal family and some of the king’s wives–a cloth worn on special occasions that marks them for this eventual honor. Although such accounts may be challenged as exaggerated and unreliable, as was Sir James Frazer’s theory of regicide among the Shilluk, they nevertheless appear consistent with traditional beliefs about life, death, and the afterlife. Finally, according to Johnson, whose very early accounts are based on oral histories and on his interviews with tribal elders, Yoruba practice involves expecting a despotic king or one otherwise unable to govern wisely to commit suicide when he loses the confidence of the people. An ill or despotic king is not to be killed by others, but, when the populace so indicates, is expected to die by his own hand. Less colorful than Johnson’s narrations, A.K. Ajisafe’s brief account (selection #12), concluding the Yoruba section, recounts practices he described in 1906 which reflect the ways in which historical attitudes toward suicide were reflected in everyday practice.
Selections #13-#16, concerning the Igbo, conclude the material from the Kwa linguistic branch. In selection #13, a brief passage describes an evil spirit, the akalagoli, who after committing suicide continues to harm those who are still living; selections #14 and #15 describe rituals associated with suicide and the imposition of required suicide as a penalty for homicide. Selection #16 is particularly vivid in its description of cooperation in one’s own death for practical reasons: advance planning for a death that will be carried out underscores the importance of a suitable funeral for continuity after death.
The Zulu, who are believed to have migrated into southern Africa sometime after the second century A.D., speak a Bantu tongue (Bantu is the best-known subgroup of Niger-Congo, spoken in much of the southern third of Africa) that developed as a distinct language well before the Zulu achieved a collective identity or centralized political structure, which did not emerge until intergroup conflict arose among Nguni groups over grazing lands and ivory sources in the late 18th century. Under the leadership of the brilliant strategist Shaka, who became clan chief in 1815 and who introduced such military innovations as the short stabbing spear, the Zulu established a huge kingdom, the size of contemporary Natal Province, within a single decade. They did not become subject to colonial rule until 1883, when the British invaded, and Zulu nationalism has remained a potent force in contemporary South African politics.
Selection #17 describes traditional Zulu attitudes towards timely and untimely death, providing the background for understanding the custom of godusa, “sending home,” (also goduka, ukugodusa, root meaning to go away; go home; die). The term denotes the practice of killing or assisting in the suicide of an old person, or may refer to a ceremonial feast of farewell to an old relative before assisting in his death. Although the practice was opposed by the colonial authorities and missionaries at the time of the accounts provided here, the two selections display the differing overlays of different observers. The two selections, #18 and #19, are reported by the daughter and one of the two sons of the Rev. S. M. Samuelson (d. 1916), who went to Natal in 1851 as a missionary, yet are strikingly different: R.C.A. (Robert Charles Azariah) Samuelson (b. 1858), the son, narrates the story of the old woman and the antbear’s hole (selection #19), an event that apparently took place in 1869-1870, describing the practice as one that is acquiesced in, indeed accepted, by the old woman who is its target; she is described as consenting to burial alive and the practice is said to be understood by the Zulu as humane. At the same time, his elder sister, L.H. (Levine Henrietta, known as Nomleti) Samuelson (b. 1856), exhibits in selection #19 much more clearly the repugnance felt by many missionary reporters for the practice of senicide: she sees the old woman’s death as cruel, the culmination of many years of threat with no humane intent. Selection #20 describes traditional customs surrounding the burial of a Zulu king, involving, as is reported from many other early cultures around the world, the burial of live or newly killed wives and servants to accompany him.
Selection #21 is from the Banyoro, also Bantu-speakers whose language is Runyoro-Rutooro, live in the area of western Uganda to the immediate east of Lake Albert. The Bunyoro has been particularly concerned to uphold the ancient cultural traditions of their ancestors. This selection describes fears of ghosts—including the ghosts of suicides.
Selections #22 and #23 are from the Dinka, a cattle-herding group who live in the broad savannahs of the central Nile basin in the Sudan and move from dry-season river camps to permanent settlements in the rainy season; they are closely related to the Shilluk. Cattle of are central importance in Dinka culture, and are central in the suicide-related ceremonies described. Selection #22 is a traditional Dinka folktale, “The Four Truths,” in which a threat of suicide not only shows its force in altering the situation, but exhibits the prospective suicide’s own perception of his very modest replacement value as the 6th son, and recognizes himself as a far less valuable member of society than his adult uncle. Selection #23 describes the practice of burial alive, with full ceremonial honors, accorded the clan chieftain, the “Master of the Fishing-Spear.” Dinka belief holds that the Master of the Fishing-Spear “carries the life of his people,” and that if he dies like ordinary men—involuntarily—the life of his people, which is in his keeping, will be gone with him. In contrast, burial alive, normally at the Master of the Fishing-Spear’s own request, assures the people of their own vitality and success in war. If the Master of the Fishing-Spear were to die an accidental death or death from illness, it could have serious consequences for the whole tribe. The practice of burying the Master of the Fishing-Spear alive is believed to prevent illness among the people; as one Master of the Fishing-Spear is reported to have explained, “I am going to see (deal with) in the earth the Powers of sickness which kill people and cattle,” as well as to settle a family dispute; after three months, the old men of the tribe reported, there was no more cattle-plague. In another famous case in Western Dinkaland, a renowned Master of the Fishing-Spear was reported to have “entered the grave clutching in his hand a tsetse fly, and thereby removed the scourge of tsetse from his people.” Burial alive is reported by various anthropologists, including Charles G. and Brenda Seligman in their expedition to the Sudan 1909-1912, and Lienhardt 1947-1950, though in both cases informants are describing earlier practices not documented directly. Dinka sources also describe the interference by government officials in attempting to suppress such practices and the various sorts of subterfuge the Dinka used in order to persuade the authorities that burial alive was no longer being practiced.
Suicide and attempted suicide were not uncommon among Africans captured and transported in the slave trade. Accounts of numbers of suicides are reported by some ship captains and slave owners or traders, but wholly without interest in the ethical issues such acts might have raised for the slaves themselves. A more compelling account of suicides among slaves under transport is to be found in the work of Olaudah Equiano [q.v.], an Igbo born in Nigeria and transported to Virginia. He was later freed; traveled widely, was eventually resident in London. Equiano published what became an influential factor in Britain’s abolition of the slave trade, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (1789); this work contains accounts of slaves’ suicides at sea and their belief that it would enable them to return home to their homelands.
Additional sources:
Account of traditional African values in introductory section from Robert A. Lystad, Encyclopedia Americana, 1998, vol 1, p. 298;
of languages, estimate from Barbara F. Grimes, ed., Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 13th ed. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Austin, 1996;
see also Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 1;
concerning slavery, Brodie Cruickshank, Eighteen Years on the Gold Coast of Africa. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1853; reprint, London, Frank Cass, 1966, vol. 2, p. 27 [check: vol 2?];
concerning methodological problems, Kwame Gyekye, An Essay on African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 53-54;
quotation concerning the Asante empire, from Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore, Medieval Africa 1250-1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 78;
quotation from Samuel Johnson, from Toyin Falola, “Ade Ajayi on Samuel Johnson: filling the gaps,” chapter 7 in Toyin Falola, ed., African Historiography: Essays in honour of Jacob Ade Ajayi, Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1993, p. 86.
Concerning the Ashanti, also see “Public and Private Offenses,” in K. A. Busia, The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of the Ashanti. London: Published for the International African Institute by Oxford University Press, 1951, pp. 65-71.
Concerning the Fante story of Adjuah Amissah, see also “Expected Suicide: ‘Killing Oneself on the Head of Another,'” from A. B. Ellis [Alfred Burdon Ellis, 1852-1894], The Tshi-Speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa; their religion, manners, customs, laws, language, etc. London: Chapman and Hall, 1887, reprint Chicago: Benin Press, Ltd., 1964, pp. 287, 302-303; and T. Edward Bowdich, Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee, London: John Murray, 1819, reprint London: Frank Cass, 1966, ftn. p. 259.
Quotation in introductory passage concern Yoruba abiku in repeated pregnancy failure from William Bascom, The Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969, pp. 74.
Also see S. O. Biobaku, Sources of Yoruba History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, p. 5.
Account of Frazer’s theory of regicide and its critics from Benjamin C. Ray, Myth, Ritual and Kingship in Buganda, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 10 et passim;
quotation on Akan principles of justice from Kwasi Wiredu, Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996, pp. 164-165.
Jocelyn Murray, Cultural Atlas of Africa. New York: Equinox, 1981-1982;
James George Frazer, The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion, New York: Macmillan, 1922.
Filed under Africa, African Traditional Sub-Saharan Cultures, African Traditional Sub-Saharan Cultures, Indigenous Cultures, The Early Modern Period, The Modern Era
by Archive Librarian | · 6:28 pm
(documented 1840-1940)
Eskimo of Diomede Island:
(Edward Moffat Weyer, 1932)
Aleut:
Are the Aleut Prone to Commit Suicide?
(Veniaminov, 1840)
St. Lawrence Eskimo:
Notes on Eskimo Patterns of Suicide
(Leighton and Hughes, 1940)
Ingalik:
Suicide as Shameful or Insane
(Osgood, 1937)
Copper Eskimo:
Death Taboos
(Rasmussen, 1921-24)
Suicide as Rare
(Jenness, 1913-18)
Eskimo of Cumberland Sound:
Man’s Two Souls: The Afterlife
(Boas, 1883-84)
Caribou Eskimo:
Moral Rights, Social Obligations
(Birket-Smith, 1921-24)
Netsilik Eskimo:
Famine; On the Treatment of the Aged
Iglulik Eskimo:
The Moon Spirit
Death, and Life in the Land of the Dead
Hudson Bay Inuit:
Desertion of Old Women
(Turner, 1882-84, 1889-90)
Eskimo of Baffin Island:
(Hall, 1860-62)
Tribal Life
(Bilby 1923)
Labrador Eskimo:
Respect for the Aged
(Hawkes, 1914)
Greenland Eskimo:
The Old Woman and the Cliff
(Nansen, 1893)
The native inhabitants of Arctic and sub-Arctic North America and the tip of northeastern Siberia include a wide range of groups, often loosely referred to as the Eskimo or the Inuit. Generally, these peoples had no name for themselves as a group, and terms for the complete population were given by outsiders. The word “Eskimo,” a name sometimes said to mean “eaters of raw meat,” is now often regarded as derogatory; more plausible etymologies trace the name from Montagnais, an Algonquian language, as “snowshoe netters” or “people who speak a different language.” The terms “Inuit” or “Yuit” (meaning “people” or “real people”) and “Inupiaq” are also frequently used. There is no universal term accepted in all regions: the terms “Eskimo” and “Alaska Native” are more frequently used in Alaska; “Inuit” and “Inuinnaq” in Canada; and “Kalaallit” or “Greenlanders” in Greenland. Names used in the sources presented here follow the original in each case.
Arctic groups are speakers of languages within two principal branches, the Aleut and the Eskimoan, which include among others the languages Yupik, Yuit, and Inuit. While there is ongoing disagreement about precise dates, most specialists believe that all Eskimo-Aleut groups moved across the Bering land bridge several millennia ago; after reaching Alaska, they first separated into Aleut and Eskimoan, and then the latter group separated into Yupik and Inuit; some Yupik groups then migrated back across the Bering at a later date. They are all primarily coastal groups. Arctic cultures spread from Siberia in the west, across Alaska and Canada, to Greenland in the east; the selections provided here are presented in approximately this geographical order. At the westernmost extent of Arctic habitation are the Siberian Eskimo and the Eskimo of the Bering Strait, a grouping that includes the inhabitants of the St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands, as well as the Aleutian Islands. Moving east and north, Eskimo groups are found in western, northern, and southern Alaska, as well as the Mackenzie Eskimo near the Canadian border. In north-central Canada, there are several groups including the Netsilik and Iglulik, along with the Caribou and Copper Inuit. Toward the east, there are the Labrador Eskimo and the Eskimo of Baffin Island. Finally, the Inuit of Greenland inhabit the easternmost portion of the western-hemisphere Arctic world. Many of the religious, social, psychological, and economic patterns of culture are relatively constant across these various groups, although important differences do exist.
Arctic peoples have persisted despite harsh climatic conditions. Winter temperatures across the areas inhabited average minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit; snow blankets the ground from September until June. Most groups live in coastal regions and have traditionally subsisted by hunting marine mammals, including seal and whale, as well as by fishing and hunting some land animals, like caribou.
It is believed that the first contact between Europeans and Arctic peoples occurred in southern Greenland around the 12th century A.D. as the Eskimo migrating south and east came into contact with Norse settlers (including Erik the Red). Friendly relations apparently deteriorated and conflict raged until the early 1400s, when the Norse disappeared somewhat mysteriously; the poor relations with the Inuit, climate changes, and trade difficulties all might have contributed to the demise of the Scandinavians in Greenland. Also, some have speculated that the Norse were assimilated by the native inhabitants (see, e.g., Nansen, 1911, and Oleson, 1963). The similarities that exist between the Viking and the Greenlandic conception of death by violence might serve to support this theory, or they may indicate some other sort of exchange of ideas and cultural values between the two groups.
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, Arctic peoples first came into enduring contact with Europeans. The Jesuits began missionizing in 1605; whaling ships and other vessels used routes along the coast; Henry Hudson arrived in 1610; and Hudson’s Bay Company opened its first trading station in Labrador in 1749. Europeans began fishing intensively off the coast in the late 1770s. Such contact initiated a cultural revolution among the Eskimo that continues today. Widespread interaction with Europeans began in the 18th and 19th centuries, and several American and European expeditions were sent to study Eskimo ethnology and archaeology during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These include the famous Fifth Thule Expedition (1921–24) led by Knud Rasmussen, a Danish explorer and ethnologist born in Greenland who was himself half Inuit and spoke Greenland Inuit, as well as several Canadian dialects, and the Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913–18) led by Diamond Jenness. Since the Eskimo were not a people who kept written records, the accounts of these early expeditions are the only way to access original Inuit beliefs; however, it must be remembered that these accounts are filtered through the lenses of outside observers who bring with them their own sets of assumptions and biases.
A review of these early accounts indicates that suicide was a common practice among many Arctic groups, though Veniaminov (selection #2) voices skepticism about claims that the Aleut are prone to commit suicide and Jenness’s account of the Copper Eskimo (selection #6) argues that suicide is extremely rare. In some or many groups, individuals who were near the end of life, when they perceived their utility to the group as minimal, would seek suicide as a way to relieve their fellows of the burden of having to care for them. Examples of this seemingly altruistic type of suicide include Ernest W. Hawkes’s 1914 report on the Labrador Eskimo (selection #16), Kaj Birket-Smith’s description of the Caribou Eskimo, documented in 1921–24 (selection #8), and Julian Bilby’s 1923 observations of the Inuit of Baffin Island (selection #15). If these reports are accurate (though like all reports of oral cultures by outside observers, they may well be distorted by outside values and suppositions), this practice was probably linked to other Inuit activities, such as infanticide and abandonment of the elderly: under the inexorable conditions of the Arctic tundra, those who could not contribute were undesirable. The more unproductive members of the group understood this, it is said, and thus often participated in their own demise. Suicide, according to Foulks, was also believed to be able to save the life of another, often that of a sick child. Sometimes it is true, however, that death was forced upon a sick or aged individual—see, for example, the observations of Lucian M. Turner in 1882–84 (selection #13) and Rasmussen’s report on the Netsilik (selection #12).
It was commonly reported that family members assisted in the death of their relatives; sometimes this participation became highly ritualized and subject to taboo regulation—the St. Lawrence account of Leighton and Hughes (selection #3), who did pioneering fieldwork in ethnopsychiatry in the 1940s, exemplifies this tendency. The Diomede Islander who, according to Weyer’s 1928 report (selection #1), aided in the stabbing of his father demonstrates that in other Inuit groups, there was also a community and familial involvement, although at a less formalized level. Thus, among many groups, suicide possessed a strong public flavor. In many groups, hanging was the favored method, although regional variations did exist, including throwing oneself into the frigid seawater or exposing oneself to the cold.
Inuit conceptions of the afterlife may also have contributed to a readiness to commit suicide. Most Inuit groups are said to have believed in a continuance of the soul in an afterlife and in the existence of multiple destinations that a soul could achieve after death. Broadly speaking, the Inuit thought that the conditions of the soul after death depended, at least in part, on how the person died—whether by starvation, in childbirth, by sickness, or by accidental or intended violence. Violence was often seen as having a purifying effect on those that experienced it; therefore, death by violence—including suicide—often led to a placement in the better regions of the afterlife, as for instance in Hall’s report of the Baffin Islanders, 1860–62 (selection #14) and Hawkes’s 1914 report on the Labrador Inuit (selection #16). Turner’s field study (selection #13) and Boas’s report from the early 1880s (selection #7), however, demonstrate different beliefs for other Inuit groups. If, as certain Inuit groups asserted, how one dies is largely beyond one’s control, the lot of the soul is largely determined by accidents of chance. Suicide, however, would be one way a person could exert more control over his or her future state, and might, therefore, present an attractive alternative.
Rasmussen’s account of the intellectual culture of Iglulik Eskimo, documented during the Fifth Thule Expedition of 1921–24, contains a more detailed account of these religious influences (selection #10). The Moon Spirit, protector of all those who die violently and commit suicide, beckons the Inuit soul: “Come, come to me! It is not painful to die. It is only a brief moment of dizziness. It does not hurt to kill yourself.” The Moon Spirit, for this Inuit group, was a benevolent deity, offering to the Eskimo the hope of a pleasant afterlife. It should be noted that in this system, the honored souls go up, while in other groups, the preferred direction is down to warmer regions.
Although most writers suspect that suicide practices among Arctic peoples are of ancient origin, some disagree. Asen Balikci (1970) has argued that the suicides reported by the early explorers among the Netsilik Eskimo were largely (but not entirely) a product of greater societal upheavals during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, exacerbated by increases in emigration and the introduction of new technologies like firearms (and later intrusions such as radar stations) that disrupted traditional hunting schemes. As with accounts of all oral cultures, descriptions of native beliefs and practices are filtered through the often disapproving eyes of outside observers, although the early accounts of the Inuit are clearly not as distorted by the ideologies of colonizers and missionaries as, say, those of the Aztec, Maya, and Inca, or of various African groups. And some practices are dramatically altered in more recent times, presumably in response to European influences; see Osgood on the Ingalik, 1937 (selection #4), for responses to practices concerning abandonment of the elderly. In any case, caution is important in trying to determine the content and antiquity of beliefs and practices concerning suicide in Arctic cultures.
In contemporary times, suicide rates are high in many Inuit groups. Alcohol, unemployment, and the stress and social upheaval associated with loss of traditional cultural patterns and the challenges of adaptation to modern Alaskan and Canadian life are often blamed, though some researchers have suggested that the high suicide rate is due at least in part to cultural traditions in pre-contact times that accepted altruistic self-destruction—as, according to Leighton and Hughes (selection #3), apparently was the case among all Eskimo from Alaska to Greenland.
Filed under Arctic, Arctic Cultures, Arctic Indigenous Cultures, Indigenous Cultures, Selections, The Early Modern Period, The Modern Era
The Principal Wife of the Chief
(William Mariner, 1820)
Elderly Parents and the Time to Die
(Charles Wilkes, 1845)
Deaths of the Old Chief and his Wives
(Thomas Williams, 1858)
Tikopian Attitudes Towards Suicide
(Raymond Firth, 1967)
Papua New Guinea: Kiriwina/The Trobriand Islands:
Suicide as an Act of Justice
Expiation and Insult: Jumping from a Palm
(Bronislaw Malinowski, 1916, 1926)
The Kaliai: Good Death, Bad Death
(David R. Counts and Dorothy Ayers Counts, 1983-84)
A Tale of Two Lovers: Tying Their Hair Together
(Freycinet, 1819)
Sea Spirit Spasms
(Frank Joseph Mahony, 1950-1968, 1970)
Group Rejection and Suicide
(Thomas Gladwin and Seymour Bernard Sarason, 1953)
Who Will Go With Me?
(George Turner, 1884)
The Love-Sick of Vavau
(Basil Thomson, 1886-1891, 1894)
Niue Island
Traditions of Niue
(Edwin M. Loeb, 1926)
Pukapuka, Cook Islands
After Defeat in Fighting: Burying Oneself Alive
(Ernest Beaglehole and Pearl Beaglehole, 1938)
Coconut Rites for Suicide
Tahia-noho-uu
(E. S. Craighill Handy, 1920, 1930)
Mangareva, Gambier Islands
Cliff Suicide: The Privilege of Women
(Te Rangi Hiroa [Sir Peter H. Buck], 1938)
The Maori Myth of Tane The Myth of Rakuru
(John White, 1887)
Maori: Tupu and Mate
(J. Prtyz Johansen, 1954)
(Frederick Edward Maning, 1922)
The Dying Maori Chief and his Old and Young Wives
The Secrecy of the Bones of a Chief
(Laura C. Green and Martha Warren Beckwith, 1926)
Oceania, or the Pacific Islands, includes several thousand open-water islands in the Pacific Ocean. Oceania is traditionally grouped by the three principal regional categories of Melanesia (New Guinea and the islands northeast of Australia), Polynesia (the central and southeast Pacific including New Zealand and Hawaii), and Micronesia (north of Melanesia and west of Polynesia); Australia is occasionally included as a fourth zone. Of the three regions, Polynesia was colonized the most recently by Austronesian-speaking peoples and is the most culturally and linguistically homogenous; Micronesia and Melanesia include peoples with a wider diversity of cultural traditions in origin and antiquity, and are regarded by some scholars as primarily geographic regions rather than cultural zones. In New Guinea alone, some 800 languages are spoken. Both the land area and the population of Oceania are small, though the dispersal over the globe is huge: the total area of Oceania including Australia is more than three million square miles.
The first of many waves of human migration out of Asia to the Pacific Islands began in northern Melanesia at least 40,000 years ago. The migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples out of Taiwan and southern China began perhaps 6,000 to 8,000 years ago; modern Polynesians developed out of settlers in the Samoa-Tonga-Fiji triangle around 2,000 years ago. They moved southward and eastward, and north to Hawaii, traveling by boat and outrigger canoe and eventually inhabiting the major islands of the South Pacific by 750 A.D.
Before European contact (1521–1800 A.D.), Pacific Islanders lived in societies ranging from small communities on atolls to large, highly hierarchical chiefdoms on the larger islands. With many terrestrial animal and bird species soon eaten to extinction and the natural landscape of most islands largely free of edible plants, the islands that would support societies large or small had to be groomed to support human life; forests were initially cleared through shifting agriculture, and the island ecologies and landscapes were dramatically altered over successive generations for human cultivation. Regional trade was conducted extensively among the islands in specialized networks. Despite the progress made in agricultural technology throughout Oceania, disease, especially malaria, is thought to have been the cause of the very low population growth of Near Oceania (western Melanesia), with the exception of the New Guinea highlands, in contrast to Remote Oceania (Micronesia and the regions east of the Solomon Islands that were all colonized in a post-1200 b.c. expansion), which was relatively free of disease in comparison and much more densely populated at the time of European contact.
By the end of the 18th century, Europeans had explored most of the Pacific Islands and established a strong economic and political presence in the region with the effect of native decimation, largely through the introduction of disease; throughout the 19th century, Oceania was widely colonized by the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the United States. European religious groups, especially Catholics, Baptists, and Methodists, mounted substantial missionary efforts, and by 1890, most of the indigenous inhabitants of Oceania had been at least nominally converted.
As with other oral cultures, views of the ethics of suicide among Oceanic cultures must be extrapolated from reports of cultural practices, anecdotes, sayings, and other material from Western observers, keeping in mind that both the antecedent convictions of these observers may have distorted what they saw and that the overlay of Western religion and political organization may have already influenced native attitudes by the time they were reported. The ethnographic reports of early explorers and missionaries are often presented with undisguised editorial comment, as, for example, in George Turner’s 1884 account (selection #10, “Who Will Go With Me?”) that attributes a sati-like practice in Samoa to “the downward tendency of heathenism,” and Thomas Williams’s account (selection #3) in the same year of voluntary regicide and uxoricide in Fiji as evidence of “the tyranny exercised by the devil over those who were so entirely under his control.”
Oceanic cultures exhibit many examples of institutionalized suicide that carry with them a strong social element. Charles Wilkes, recounting his observations of Fiji in 1840 in a narrative of his voyages published in 1845 (selection #2, “Elderly Parents and the Time to Die”), describes the suicides of unhappily betrothed young women and occasions of voluntary senicide. Aged parents, he observes, felt a sense of duty to have themselves killed at the appropriate time. Some elements of the customs Wilkes describes appear to involve voluntary choice: the parent informs his or her children when the time to die has come, not the other way around, and the parent is allowed to choose the manner of death (strangulation or burial alive) and the place where the grave is to be dug. That the parent is subject to such expectations, however, marks this variant of suicide as institutionalized and in this sense less than fully voluntary: it is what old people are supposed to do. This social expectation of voluntary senicide is found in many areas of the Pacific Islands, including the Maori cultures of New Zealand.
The voluntary or consensual death of widows at or around the time of their husband’s funeral—much like sati practices in India—was also found in Oceanic cultures, particularly among the Fijians, though it was generally restricted to rituals marking the death of chiefs, and thus an uncommon but socially important occurrence that served to heighten the expression of elevated status. Sometimes the widow begged to be strangled and buried with her deceased husband; at other times, the widow went to her grave with much less enthusiasm, though a surviving widow would be certain to face an unfortunate life of insult and discrimination, particularly since her refusal to accept death would be seen as an act of disrespect to her late husband, family, and friends. Both William Mariner’s 1820 report, “The Principal Wife of the Chief” (selection #1), and Thomas Williams’s “Deaths of the Old Chief and his Wives,” based on his observations between 1840–53 (selection #3, expanded in the Archive), reflect the entrenched status of voluntary and consensual uxoricide in Fiji culture, but also describe institutional suicide practices involving regicide: it is the old king who is to die, and with him, his favorite wives. In Hawaii and many other places, servants were also sometimes killed voluntarily upon the death of their master. Similar and related forms of institutional suicide are reported in Turner’s account of Samoa and also in Green and Beckwith’s Hawaiian account (selection #20), “The Secrecy of the Bones of a Chief,” of two men, designated the kahu and the moe puu, who are entrusted with placing the bones of a deceased chief in a hidden cave, knowing they will pay for their crucial role in maintaining the secrecy of the location with their own lives.
Observers in Tikopian culture (e.g., Raymond Firth) also document the occurrence of certain “suicidal adventures,” particularly those of young men sailing alone far out to sea toward other lands—risky undertakings that often ended in death. Depending on the circumstances surrounding the voyage, some such adventures are seen as suicide attempts, while others are not (selection #4). Indeed, suicide practices in the Pacific Islands often exhibit the sharp gender differentiation characteristic of many forms of institutionalized or semi-institutionalized suicide. As in Firth’s account of Tikopia, suicide by drowning in the ocean is sharply differentiated by gender: females swim out to sea; males take a canoe. In the Polynesian culture of Mangareva, described by Te Rangi Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck) in 1938 (selection #15), the “privilege” of committing suicide by jumping off a cliff was reserved for women (men were expected to jump from coconut trees), and they were also segregated by social rank. One part of the cliff was reserved for women of high social rank, another for commoners.
Institutional suicide practices often involve not only gender differentiation, but a highly structured pattern for performance of the act. In Malinowski’s famous 1926 account of Kima’i’s suicide in Papua New Guinea’s Kiriwina Islands (formerly known as the Trobriand Islands) (selection #5, “Suicide as an Act of Justice; Expiation and Insult: Jumping from a Palm”), a characteristic suicide pattern is exhibited: the individual dons festive attire, climbs a tall palm tree, and announces his or her suicidal intention and the reasons for it (typically, the shame or insult that has been incurred) before jumping off. The pattern is well understood by both the person committing suicide and those watching from below; Malinowski comments on the social role such suicides play. Among the Kaliai of New Guinea, contemporary observations (selection #6, Counts and Ayers’s “The Kaliai: Good Death, Bad Death,” expanded in the Archive) examine the social roles of suicide and identify the rules—received in oral tradition, known to members of the community, and operative in practice—concerning the way in which a person should kill himself or herself. Other accounts of institutionalized suicide in Polynesia include a report from Pukapuka in the Cook Islands, “After Defeat in Fighting” (selection #13), that losers in warfare committed suicide by burying themselves alive.
In Micronesian folklore, probably the most famous of all stories is the Two Lovers Leap story, a kind of Romeo and Juliet story though without the mistaken assumptions about each others deaths found in Shakespeare. This tale does not appear to have institutionalized features suggesting that the dual suicide is controlled by social expectations; it more closely resembles a common tale of young lovers thwarted by social practices. The cliff from which the lovers leapt is now one of Guam’s most famous tourist destinations. Another famous spot, Suicide Cliff in Saipan, honors the spot where, in the waning days of World War II, Japanese families—told that the invading Americans were particularly bloodthirsty—would line up to plunge over the cliffs.
Particularly in Polynesian cultures, anger may play a significant role in suicide. Even today, according to Don Rubinstein, suicide is characteristically triggered by a perceived rejection from a close relative; killing oneself is the expression of loss at a ruptured relationship, rather than a response to anger per se. Edwin Loeb, writing in 1926, “Traditions of Niue” (selection #12), says that suicide occurred “upon slight provocation.” Shame, jealousy, frustration, aggrievement, and many other emotional responses to specific situations might play a role, though anger is described as principal among them.
Suicide also played a role in the mythological and ritualistic character of some Oceanic cultures. In a Maori origin legend called the Myth of Tane, retold by John White (selection #16), the daughter of the god Tane, Hine-i-tauira (meaning “model daughter”), kills herself after learning of her own incestuous relationship with her father. After this act, her name is changed to “daughter of defiance” and in the world of spirits and darkness where she comes to reside, she is known as “great daughter of darkness.” In another Maori legend recounted by White, available in the Digital Archive, the first thief, Rakuru, steals a magic fish-hook; he too commits suicide out of shame when his theft is discovered (selection #16, in the Archive).
Among Pacific Islanders and in other oral cultures, some deaths defy Western classification as homicide or suicide. As in Fiji, the voluntary or consensual killing of widows is such an instance; while suicide itself is frowned upon and those who commit it are believed to be isolated in the next world, the voluntary funeral death of widows is encouraged. Many observers have explored connections between Pacific Islanders’ attitudes toward death in general and various suicidal practices. Among the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands, for example, the overarching attitude toward death is said by Raymond Firth to be regret rather than fear: to commit suicide is to actualize an already inevitable end (selection #4). The contemporary analysis pursued in “The Kaliai: Good Death, Bad Death” (selection #6) attempts to identify what distinguishes between “good” and “bad” deaths in another Melanesian culture; the key, apparently, is whether it does or does not cause social disruption. In most traditional Oceanic cultures, there do not appear to be conceptions of an afterlife punishment for suicide, as distinct from isolation, although Handy (selection #14) reports that Marquesan women who killed themselves out of jealousy were believed to be able to return as malevolent spirits to haunt their husbands and their husbands’ lovers. In the Marquesan myth that Handy records, a young woman commits suicide out of loneliness when her husband is away; performance of a ritual is able to bring her back to her husband and children, but only as a spirit, and she is able to stay with them only until her oldest child is grown.
Finally, overall worldviews may affect the ethics of suicide as well. Among the indigenous Maori population of New Zealand, Johansen (selection #17) shows how cultural conceptions of psychology and religion play into the concept of suicide. The Maori see themselves in a world that swings between periods of growth, called tupu, and periods of weakening or decay, called mate. According to Johansen, the Maori see their world holistically: a weakening in the emotional or spiritual life will also include a diminishment in the physical dimensions (e.g., health may be lost). Mate, which is often caused by insult or shame, often causes a flight from life and society. Suicide is the extreme form of flight and is thus related to the concept of weakening. In the Niue language, as “Traditions of Niue” (selection #12) points out, mate is the word for death itself. Indeed, mate and cognate forms mean dead/death throughout Oceanic languages generally.
No comprehensive account for all Pacific Island cultures can be provided for the significance of death, the meaning of life, the relationship between the individual and society, or many other matters of background culture relevant to the ethics of suicide, so varied are these cultures. Furthermore, the earliest available accounts, including those provided here, are filtered through a European mindset and a constellation of biases clearly hostile to the practices they report; it cannot be assumed that the descriptions, perceptions, and sentiments are fully authentic. Under the broad influence of Christianity in the Pacific today, many people now regard suicide as sinful and believe that there is an afterlife punishment for it; but it is clear that certain forms of institutionalized suicide and suicidal responses to interpersonal reactions have been widespread in the past and were an apparently “normal” part of these cultures.
Filed under Indigenous Cultures, Oceania, Oceania Indigenous Cultures, Oceanic Cultures, The Early Modern Period, The Modern Era
from Essays in Philosophy: On Suicide
The English essayist and critic, Thomas De Quincey, was one of the foremost figures in English Romanticism. De Quincey was born in Manchester of a mercantile family; at 17, he ran away from school and wandered through Wales and led an impoverished bohemian life in London. While at Oxford, he introduced himself to Coleridge and Wordsworth in 1807, having been an early admirer of their Lyrical Ballads. In an attempt to escape his creditors, in 1828, De Quincey moved with his family to Edinburgh, then a focus of literary activity. There the family was compelled to move into the Holyrood debtors’ sanctuary. The father of eight children, it was only in the last decade of his life that he achieved some financial success. His literary output was immense, including many brilliant but often digressive magazine articles. His most famous critical work was “On Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth,” a classic of Shakespearean criticism. Although he wrote on a number of different subjects—history, economics, psychology, and others—he is best known for the Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821), an autobiographical account of his early life and opium addiction. His addiction was so severe that he left his wife to struggle almost alone with their debts and the responsibility for the children, while De Quincey himself lay in bed, tortured by nightmares. De Quincey continued to take opium for the rest of his life. The declared purpose of the work is to warn the reader of the dangers of opium, but it simultaneously describes the pleasures of addiction.
In this section from Essays in Philosophy entitled “On Suicide” (1823), De Quincey, disputing issues discussed by John Donne [q.v.] in Biathanatos and also by Kant [q.v.], argues that there are some cases in which self-destruction is justified. Such cases include the woman who chooses to die rather than be dishonored and the man who dies rather than suffer human nature in his person to be degraded by corporal punishment or by being forced to perform the labor of animals. As a sufferer of “suicidal despondency,” De Quincey argues that suicide motivated by personal self-interest is unjustified, but suicide that seeks to protect paramount interests of human nature is permissible.
Thomas De Quincey, “On Suicide,” in Essays in Philosophy. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1856, pp. 209-213. Quotation from De Quincey, Works, 2. 66.
from ESSAYS IN PHILOSOPHY
ON SUICIDE
It is a remarkable proof of the inaccuracy with which most men read—that Donne’s Biathanatos has been supposed to countenance Suicide; and those who reverence his name have thought themselves obliged to apologize for it by urging, that it was written before he entered the church. But Donne’s purpose in this treatise was a pious one: many authors had charged the martyrs of the Christian church with Suicide—on the principle that if I put myself in the way of a mad bull, knowing that he will kill me—I am as much chargeable with an act of self-destruction as if I fling myself into a river. Several casuists had extended this principle even to the case of Jesus Christ: one instance of which, in a modern author, the reader may see noticed and condemned by Kant, in his Religion innerhalb der grenzen der blossen Vernunft; and another of much earlier date (as far back as the 13th century, I think), in a commoner book—Voltaire’s notes on the little treatise of Beccaria, Dei delilli e delle pene. Those statements tended to one of two results: either they unsanctified the characters of those who founded and nursed the Christian church; or they sanctified suicide. By the way of meeting them, Donne wrote his book: and as the whole argument of his opponents turned upon a false definition of suicide (not explicitly stated, but assumed), he endeavored to reconstitute the notion of what is essential to create an act of suicide. Simply to kill a man is not murder: prima facie, therefore, there is some sort of presumption that simply for a man to kill himself—may not always be so: there is such a thing as simple homicide distinct from murder: there may therefore, possibly be such a thing as self-homicide distinct from self-murder. There may be a ground for such a distinction, ex analogid. But, secondly, on examination, is there any ground for such a distinction? Donne affirms that there is; and, reviewing several eminent cases of spontaneous martyrdom, he endeavors to show that acts so motived and so circumstantiated will not come within the notion of suicide properly defined. Meantime, may not this tend to the encouragement of suicide in general, and without discrimination of its species? No: Donne’s arguments have no prospective reference or application; they are purely retrospective. The circumstances necessary to create an act of mere self-homicide can rarely concur, except in state of disordered society, and during the cardinal revolutions of human history: where, however, they do concur, there it will not be suicide. In fact, this is the natural and practical judgment of us all. We do not agree on the particular cases which will justify self-destruction: but we all feel and involuntarily acknowledge (implicitly acknowledge in our admiration, though not explicitly in our words or in our principles), that there are such cases. There is no man, who in his heart would not reverence a woman that chose to die rather than to be dishonored: and If we do not say, that it is her duty to do so, that is because the moralist must condescend to the weakness and infirmities of human nature: mean and ignoble natures must not be taxed up to the level of noble ones. Again, with regard to the other sex, corporal punishment is its peculiar and sexual degradation; and if ever the distinction of Donne can be applied safely to any case, it will be to the case of him who chooses to die rather than to submit to that ignominy. At present, however, there is but a dim and very confined sense, even amongst enlightened men (as we may see by the debates of Parliament), of the injury which is done to human nature by giving legal sanction to such brutalizing acts; and therefore most men, in seeking to escape it, would be merely shrinking from a personal dishonor. Corporal punishment is usually argued with a single reference to the case of him who suffers it; and so argued, God knows that it is worthy of all abhorrence: but the weightiest argument against it—is the foul indignity which is offered to our common nature lodged in the person of him on whom it is inflicted. His nature is our nature: and, supposing it possible that he were so far degraded as to be unsusceptible of any influences but those which address him through the brutal part of his nature, yet for the sake of ourselves—No! not merely for ourselves, or for the human race now existing, but for the sake of human nature, which transcends all existing participators of that nature—we should remember that the evil of corporal punishment is not to be measured by the poor transitory criminal, whose memory and offence are soon to perish: these, in the sum of things, are as nothing: the injury which can be done him, and the injury which he can do, have so momentary an existence that they may be safely neglected: but the abiding injury is to the most august interest which for the mind of man can have any existence,—viz. to his own nature: to raise and dignify which, I am persuaded, is the first—last—and holiest command* which the conscience imposes on the philosophic moralist. In countries, where the traveller has the pain of seeing human creatures performing the labors of brutes,*—surely the sorrow which the spectacle moves, if a wise sorrow, will not be chiefly directed to the poor degraded individual—too deeply degraded probably, to be sensible of his own degradation, but to the reflection that man’s nature is thus exhibited in a state of miserable abasement; and, what is worst of all, abasement proceeding from man himself. Now, whenever this view of corporal punishment becomes general (as inevitably it will, under the influence of advancing civilization), I say, that Donne’s principle will then become applicable to this case, and it will be the duty of a man to die rather than to suffer his own nature to be dishonored in that way. But so long as a man is not fully sensible of the dishonor, to him the dishonor, except as a personal one, does not wholly exist. In general, whenever a paramount interest of human nature is at stake, a suicide which maintains that interest is self-homicide: but, for a personal interest, it becomes self-murder. And into this principle Donne’s may be resolved.
On which account, I am the more struck by the ignoble argument of those statesmen who have contended in the House of commons that such and such classes of men in this nation are not accessible to any loftier influences. Supposing that there were any truth in this assertion, which is a libel not on this nation only, but on man in general,—surely it is the duty of law givers not to perpetuate by their institutions the evil which they find, but to presume and gradually to create a better spirit.
Of which degradation, never let it be never forgotten that France but thirty years ago1 presented as shocking cases as any country, even where slavery is tolerated. An eye-witness to the fact, who has since published it in print, told me, that in France, before the revolution, he had repeatedly seen a woman yoked with an ass to the plough; and the brutal ploughman applying his whip indifferently to either. English people, to whom I have occasionally mentioned this as an exponent of the hollow refinement of manners in France, have uniformly exclaimed—‘That is more than I can believe;’ and have taken it for granted that I had my information from some prejudiced Englishman. But who was my informer? A Frenchmen, reader,—M. Simond, And though now by adoption an American citizen, yet still French in his heart and in all his prejudices.
[written in 1823.]
Filed under De Quincey, Thomas, Europe, Martyrdom, Selections, The Early Modern Period
RAMMOHUN ROY
from Translation of a Conference Between an Advocate For, and an Opponent Of, the Practice of Burning Widows Alive
Raja Rammohun Roy (also spelled Ram Mohun) was born in Bengal in an ancient Brahman family in 1774, or, according to some sources, 1772. Roy was a religious and social reformer during the British colonial period and founder of the Brahmo Samaj, a theist Hindu revivalist movement with strong social-reform commitments. Well-educated, Roy studied Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit, and later Hebrew and Greek; he was influenced by the monotheistic teachings of Islam, and at about age 15 or 16 went to Tibet to study Buddhism, causing considerable controversy with his opposition to lama-worship. He was also influenced by Western society’s traditions and his study of the Christian gospels. He served for a decade with the East India Company, eventually as Diwan, or head of revenue collections.
Roy was a reformer in many areas, including education, the caste system, freedom of the press, the abolishment of polygamy and child marriage, and the issue of women’s right to inheritance. He considered certain aspects of Hindu culture to be counterproductive in terms of India’s political interests, and directed his reform movement toward changing these aspects in the name of preserving the whole of Hindu culture.
In 1811, Roy is reported to have been a “horrified witness” of the act of sati or self-immolation when his elder brother Jagomohan died and one of his widowed wives was burnt alive with him; Rammohun “vowed never to rest until he had uprooted this custom.” His “Translation of a Conference Between an Advocate For, and an Opponent Of, the Practice of Burning Widows Alive” (1818) is one of several tracts dedicated to examining the alleged religious obligation of sati or concremation. Roy was given the title Raja by the emperor of Delhi and appointed his special envoy to convey the case concerning sati to the Privy Council in England. Roy lived to see the 1829 abolition of sati formally upheld by the Privy Council in 1832, but died unexpectedly the following year at Bristol, his death attributed to brain fever.
Ram Mohun Roy, “Translation of a Conference Between an Advocate For, and an Opponent Of, the Practice of Burning Widows Alive,” from the original Bungla (Calcutta 1818), in The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy, Bahadhurganj, Alllahabad, 1906. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1978, pp. 323-332. Material in the introduction from the biographical sketch of the author, pp. ix-xi, and from Benoy Bhusan Roy, Socioeconomic Impact of Sati in Bengal and the Role of Raja Rammohun Roy (Calcutta: Naya Prokash, 1987).
Advocate. I am surprised that you endeavour to oppose the practice of Concremation and Postcremation of widows,[1] as long observed in this country.
Opponent. Those who have no reliance on the Sastra, and those who take delight in the self-destruction of women, may well wonder that we should oppose that suicide which is forbidden by all the Sastras, and by every race of men.
Advocate. You have made an improper assertion in alleging that Concremation and Postcremation are forbidden by the Sastras. Hear what Angira and the other saints have said on this subject:
“That Woman who, on the death of her husband, ascends the burning pile with him, is exalted to heaven, as equal to Arundhati.
“She who follows her husband to another world, shall dwell in a region of joy for so many years as there are hairs in the human body, or thirty-five millions.
“As a serpent-catcher forcibly draws a snake from his hole, thus raising her husband by her power, she enjoys delight along with him.
“The woman who follows her husband expiates the sins of the three races; her father’s line, her mother’s line, and the family of him to whom she was given a virgin.
“There possessing her husband as her chiefest good, herself the best of women, enjoying the highest delights, she partakes of bliss with her husband as long as fourteen Indras reign.
“Even though the man had slain a Brahman, or returned evil for good, or killed an intimate friend, the woman expiates those crimes.
“There is no other way known for a virtuous woman except ascending the pile of her husband. It should be understood that there is not other duty whatever after the death of her husband.”
Hear also what Vyasa has written in the parable of the pigeon:
“A pigeon, devoted to her husband, after his death entered the flames, and ascending to heaven, she there found her husband.”
And hear Harita’s words:
“As long as a woman shall not burn herself after her husband’s death she shall be subject to a transmigration in a female form.”
Hear too what Vishnu, the saint, says:
“After the death of her husband a wife must live an ascetic, or ascend his pile.”
Now hear the words of the Brahma Purana on the subject of Postcremation:
“If her lord die in another country, let the faithful wife place his sandals on her breast, and pure enter the fire.”
The faithful widow is declared no suicide by this text of the Rig Veda: “When three days of impurity are gone she obtained obsequies.”
Gotama, says:
“To a Brahmani after the death of her husband, Postcremation is not permitted. But to women of the other classes it is esteemed a chief duty.”
“Living let her benefit her husband; dying she commits suicide.”
“The woman of the Brahman tribe that follows her dead husband, cannot, on account of her self-destruction, convey either herself or her husband to heaven.”
Concremation and Postcremation being thus established by the words of many sacred lawgivers, how can you say they are forbidden by the Sastras, and desire to prevent their practice?
Opponent. All those passages you have quoted are indeed sacred law; and it is clear from those authorities, that if women perform Concremation or Postcremation, they will enjoy heaven for a considerable time. But attend to what Manu and others say respecting the duty of widows: “Let her emaciate her body, by living voluntarily on pure flowers, roots, and fruits, but let her not, when her lord is deceased, even pronounce the name of another man. Let her continue till death forgiving all injuries, performing harsh duties, avoiding every sensual pleasure, and cheerfully practising the incomparable rules of virtue which have been followed by such women as were devoted to one only husband.”
Here Manu directs, that after the death of her husband, the widow should pass her whole life as an ascetic. Therefore, the laws given by Angira and others whom you have quoted, being contrary to the law of Manu, cannot be accepted; because the Veda declares, “Whatever Manu has said is wholesome;” and Vrihaspati, “Whatever law is contrary to the law of Manu is not commendable.” The Veda especially declares, “By living in the practice of regular and occasional duties the mind may be purified. Thereafter by hearing, reflecting, and constantly meditating on the Supreme Being, absorption in Brahma may be attained. Therefore from a desire during life of future fruition, life ought not to be destroyed.” Manu, Yajnavalkya, and others, have then, in their respective codes of laws prescribed to widows, the duties of ascetics only. By this passage of the Veda, therefore, and the authority of Manu and others, the words you have quoted from Angira and the rest are set aside; for by the express declaration of the former, widows after the death of their husbands, may, by living as ascetics, obtain absorption.
Advocate. What you have said respecting the laws of Angira and others, that recommended the practice of Concremation and Postcremation we do not admit: because, though a practice has not been recommended by Manu, yet, if directed by other lawgivers, it should not on that account be considered as contrary to the law of Manu. For instance, Manu directs the performance of Sandhya, but says calling on the name of Hari. The words of Vyasa do not contradict those of Manu. The same should be understood in the present instance. Manu has commended widows to live as ascetics; Vishnu and other saints direct that they should either live as ascetics or follow their husbands. Therefore the law of Manu may be considered to be applicable as an alternative.
Opponent. The analogy you have drawn betwixt the practice of Sandhya and invoking Hari, and that of Concremation and Postcremation does not hold. For, in the course of the day the performance of Sandhya, at the prescribed time, does not prevent one from invoking Hari at another period; and, on the other hand, the invocation of Hari need not interfere with the performance of Sandhya. In this case, the direction of one practice is not inconsistent with that of the other. But in the case of living as an ascetic or undergoing Concremation, the performance of the one is incompatible with the observance of the other. Scil. [To wit,] Spending one’s whole life as an ascetic after the death of a husband, is incompatible with immediate Concremation as directed by Angira and others; and vice versa, Concremation, as directed by Angira and others, is inconsistent with living as an ascetic, in order to attain absorption. Therefore those two authorities are obviously contradictory of each other. More especially as Angira, by declaring that “there is no other way known for a virtuous woman except ascending the pile of her husband,” has made Concremation an indespensible duty. And Harita also, in his code, by denouncing evil consequences, in his declaration, that “as long as a woman shall not burn herself after the death of her husband, she shall be subject to transmigration in a female form,” has made this duty absolute. Therefore all those passages are in every respect contradictory to the law of Manu and others.
Advocate. When Angira says that there is no other way for a widow except Concremation, and when Harita says that the omission of it is a fault, we reconcile their words with those of Manu, by considering them as used merely for the purpose of exalting the merit of Concremation, but not as prescribing this as an indespesable duty. All these expressions, moreover, convey a promise of regard for Concremation, and thence it appears that Concremation is only optional.
Opponent. If, in order to reconcile them with the text of Manu, you set down the words of Angira and Harita, that make the duty incumbent, as meant only to convey an exaggerated praise of Concremation, why do you not also reconcile the rest of the words of Angira, Harita, and others, with those in which Manu prescribes to the widow the practice of living as an ascetic as her absolute duty? And why do you not keep aloof from witnessing the destruction of females, instead of tempting them with the inducement of future fruition? Moreover, in the text already quoted, self-destruction with the view of reward is expressly prohibited.
Advocate. What you have quoted from Manu and Yajnavalkya and the text of the Veda is admitted. But how can you set aside the following text of the Rig Veda on the subject of Concremation? “O fire! let these women, with bodies anointed with clarified butter, eyes coloured with collyrium, and void of tears, enter thee, the parent of water, that they may not be separated from their husbands, but may be, in unison with excellent husbands, themselves sinless and jewels amongst women.”
Opponent. This text of the Veda, and the former passages from Harita and the rest whom you have quoted, all praise the practice of Concremation as leading to fruition, and are addressed to those who are occupied by sensual desires; and you cannot but admit that to follow these practices is only optional. In repeating the Sankalpa of Concremation, the desire of future fruition is declared as the object. The text therefore of the Veda which we have quoted, offering no gratifications, supercedes, in every respect, that which you have adduced, as well as all the words of Angira and the rest. In proof we quote from the Kathopanishad: “Faith in God which leads to absorption is one thingl and rites which have future fruition for their object, another. Each of these, producing different consequences, hold out to man inducements to follow it. The man, who of these two chooses faith, is blessed: and he, who for the sake of reward practices rites, is dashed away from the enjoyment of eternal beatitude.” Also the Mundakopanishad: “Rites, of which there are eighteen members, are all perishable: he who considers them as the source of blessing shall undergo repeated transmigrations; and all those fools who, immersed in the foolish practice of rites, consider themselves to be wise and learned, are repeatedly subjected to birth, disease, death, and other pains. When one blind man is guided by another, both subject themselves on their way to all kinds of distress.”
It is asserted in the Bhagavad Gita, the essence of all the Smirtis, Puranas, and Itihasas, that, “all those ignorant persons who attach themselves to the words of the Vedas that convey promises of fruition, consider those falsely alluring passages as leading to real happiness, and say, that besides them there is no other reality. Agitated in their minds by these desires, they believe the abodes of the celestial gods to be the chief object; and they devote themselves to those texts which treat of ceremonies and their fruits, and entice by promises of enjoyment. Such people can have no real confidence in the Supreme Being.” Thus also do the Mundakopanishad and the Gita state that, “the science by which a knowledge of God is attained is superior to all other knowledge.” Therefore it is clear, from those passages of the Veda and of the Gita, that the words of the Veda which promise fruition, are set aside by the texts of contrary import. Moreover, the ancient saints and holy teachers, and their commentators, and yourselves, as well as we and others, agree that Manu is better acquainted than any other lawgiver with the spirit of the Veda. And he, understanding the meaning of those different texts, admitting the inferiority of that which promised fruition, and following that which conveyed no promise of gratifications, has directed widows to spend their lives as ascetics. He has also defined in his 12th chapter, what acts are observed merely for the sake of gratifications, and what are not. “Whatever act is performed for the sake of gratifications in this world or the next is called Prabartak, and those which are performed according to the knowledge respecting God, are called Nibartak. All those who perform acts to procure gratifications, may enjoy heaven like the gods; and he who performs acts free from desires, procures release from the five elements of this body, that is, obtains absorption.”
Advocate. What you have said is indeed consistent with the Vedas, with Manu, and with the Bhagavad Gita. But from this I fear, that the passages of the Vedas and the other Sastras, that prescribe Concremation and Postcremation as the means of attaining heavenly enjoyments, must be considered as only meant to deceive.
Opponent. There is no deception. The object of those passages is declared. As men have various dispositions, those whose minds are enveloped in desire, passion and cupidity, have no inclination for the disinterested worship of the Supreme Being. If they had no Sastras of rewards, they would at once throw aside all Sastras, and would follow their several inclinations, like elephants unguided by the hook. In order to restrain such persons from being led only by their inclinations, the Sastra prescribes various ceremonies, as Syenayaga for one desirous of the destruction of the enemy, Putreshti for one desiring a son, and Jyotishtoma for one desiring gratifications in heaven, &c.; but again reprobates such as are actuated by those desires, and at the same moment expresses contempt for such gratifications. Had the Sastra not repeatedly reprobated both those actuated by desire and the fruits desired by them, all those texts might be considered as deceitful. In proof of what I have advanced I cite the following text of the Upanishad, “Knowledge and rites together offer themselves to every man. The wise man considers which of these two is better and which the worse. By reflecting, he becomes convinced of the superiority of the former, despises rites, and takes refuge in knowledge. And the unlearned, for the sake of bodily gratifications, has recourse to the performance of the rites.” The Bhagavad Gita says: “The Vedas treat of rites are for the sake of those who are possessed of desire: therefore, O Arjuna! do thou abstain from desires.”
Hear also the text of the Veda reprobating the fruits of rites: “As in this world the fruits obtained from cultivation and labour perish, so in the next world fruits derived from rites are perishable.” Also the Bhagavad Gita: “Also those who observe the rites prescribed by the three Vedas, and through those ceremonies worship me and seek for heaven, having become sinless from eating the remains of offerings, ascending to heaven, and enjoying the pleasures of the gods, after the completion of their rewards, again return to earth. Therefore, the observers of rites for the sake of rewards, repeatedly, ascend to heaven, and return to the world, and cannot obtain absorption.”
Advocate. Though what you have advanced from the Veda and sacred codes against the practice of Concremation and Postcremation, is not to be set aside, yet we have had the practice prescribed by Harita and others handed down to us.
Opponent.Such an argument is highly inconsistent with justice. It is every way improper to persuade to self-destruction by citing passages of inadmissible authority. In the second place, it is evident from your own authorities, and the Sankalpa recited in conformity with them, that the widow should voluntarily quit life, ascending the flaming pile of her husband. But, on the contrary, you first bind down the widow along with the corpse of her husband, and heap over her such a quantity of wood that she cannot rise. At the time too of setting fire to the pile, you press her down with large bamboos. In what passage of Harita or the rest do you find authority for thus binding the woman according to your practice? This then is, in fact, deliberate female murder.
Advocate. Though Harita and the rest do not indeed authorize this practice of binding, &c., yet where a woman after having recited the Sankalpa not to perform Concremation, it would be sinful, and considered disgraceful by others. It is on this account that we have adopted this custom.
Opponent. Respecting the sinfulness of such an act, that is mere talk: for in the same codes it is laid down, that the performance of a penance will obliterate the sin of quitting the pile. Or in case of inability to undergo the regular penance, absolution may be obtained by bestowing the value of a cow, or three kahans of cowries. Therefore the sin is no cause of alarm. The disgrace in the opinion of others is also nothing: for good men regard not the blame or reproach of persons who can reprobate those who abstain from the sinful murder of women. And do you not consider how great is the sin to kill a woman; therein forsaking the fear of God, the fear of conscience, and the fear of the Sastras, merely from a dread of the reproach of those who delight in female murder?
Advocate. Though tying down in this manner be not authorized by the Sastras, yet we practise it as being a custom that has been observed throughout Hinustan.
Opponent. It never was the case that the practice of fastening down widows on the pile was prevalent throughout Hindustan: for it is but of late years that this mode has been followed, and that only in Bengal, which is but a small part of Hindustan. No one besides who has the fear of God and man before him, will assert that male or female murder, theft, &c., having been long practised, cease to be vices. If, according to your argument, custom ought to set aside the precepts of the Sastras, the inhabitants of the forests and mountains who have been in the habits of plunder, must be considered as guiltless of sin, and it would be improper to endeavour to restrain their habits. The Sastras, and the reasonings connected with them, enable us to discriminate right from wrong. In those Sastras such female murder is altogether forbidden. And reason also declares, that to bind down a woman for her destruction, holding out to her the inducement of heavenly rewards, is a most sinful act.
Advocate. This practice may be sinful or anything else, but we will not refrain from observing it. Should it cease, people would general apprehend that if women did not perform Concremation on the death of their husbands, they might go astray; but if they burn themselves this fear is done away. Their family and relations are freed from apprehension. And if the husband could be assured during his life that his wife would follow him on the pile, his mind would be at ease from apprehensions of her misconduct.
Opponent. What can be done, if, merely to avoid the possible danger of disgrace, you are unmercifully resolved to commit the sin of female murder. But is there not also a danger of a woman’s going astray during the life-time of her husband, particularly when he resides for a long time in a distant country? What remedy then have you got against this cause of alarm?
Advocate. There is a great difference betwixt the case of the husband’s being alive, and of his death; for while a husband is alive, whether he resides near or at a distance, a wife is under his control; she must stand in awe of him. But after his death that authority ceases, and she of course is divested of fear.
Opponent. The Sastras which command that a wife should live under the control of her husband during his life, direct that on his death she shall live under the authority of her husband’s family, or else under that of her parental relations; and the Sastras have authorized the ruler of the country to maintain the observance of this law. Therefore, the possibility of a woman’s going astray cannot be more guarded against during the husband’s life than it is after his death. For you daily see, that even while the husband is alive, he gives up his authority, and the wife separates from him. Control alone cannot restrain from evil thoughts, words, and actions; but the suggestions of wisdom and the fear of God may cause both man and woman to abstain from sin. Both the Sastras and experience show this.
Advocate. You have repeatedly asserted, that from want of feeling we promote female destruction. This is incorrect, for it is declared in our Veda and codes of law, that mercy is the root of virtue, and from our practice of hospitality, &c., our compassionate dispositions are well known.
Opponent. That in other cases you shew charitable dispositions is acknowledged. But by witnessing from your youth the voluntary burning of women amongst your elder relatives, your meighbors and the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, and by observing the indifference manifested at the time when the women are writhing under the torture of the flames, habits of insensibility are produced. For the same reason, when men or women are suffering the pains of death, you feel for them no sense of compassion, like the worshippers of the female deities who, witnessing from their infancy the slaughter of kids and buffaloes, feel no compassion for them in the time of their suffering death, while the followers of Vishnu are touched with strong feelings of pity.
Advocate. What you have said I shall carefully consider.
Opponent. It is to me a source of great satisfaction, that you are now ready to take this matter into your consideration. By forsaking prejudice and reflecting on the Sastra, what is really conformable to its precepts may be perceived, and the evils and disgrace brought on this country by the crime of female murder will cease.
[1] When a widow is absent from her husband at the time of his death, she may in certain cases burn herself along with some relic representing the deceased. This practice is called Anumaran or Postcremation.
Filed under Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Roy, Rammohun, Selections, The Early Modern Period
JEAN-ÉTIENNE-DOMINIQUE ESQUIROL
from Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity
Jean-Étienne Esquirol is considered the most renowned French psychiatrist of the 19th century. He was born in Toulouse to a destitute but influential family. After traveling to Paris for a career in medicine, Esquirol formed a close bond with Philippe Pinel. Esquirol eventually succeeded his teacher in 1811 as the chief psychiatric administrator at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. In 1825, he was named chief physician of the Charenton Asylum, where he established an international reputation for his work in creating more humane conditions for the mentally ill.
Along with Pinel, Esquirol was offended by the conditions present in European mental institutions—in 1818, after a three-year tour of mental hospitals around France, he wrote a memoir addressed to the minister of the interior in which he presented his findings, describing the plight of the mentally ill and its negative reflection on their custodians. He was a pioneer in advocating humane treatment of the mentally ill; along with his colleague Guillaume Ferrus, Esquirol was a key player in the law reforms of 1838 that led to improved conditions in asylums. Esquirol realized Pinel’s vision of a “therapeutic community,” in which physicians and patients lived communally in a psychiatric environment. As an example of such ideals, Esquirol’s private patients were invited to eat at the same table as his family.
Esquirol also pioneered the method of using explicit clinical observations to accomplish a systematic analysis of mental disturbances. Among his accomplishments are the invention of the term “hallucination” and a more accurate distinction between mental retardation and insanity. His influential work Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity (1838) is recognized as the first modern attempt in clinical psychiatry to classify mental disorders; the work elucidates both biological and behavioral causes for mental illness, recognizing that some mental illness may be caused by emotional disturbance rather than organic brain damage. The text remained a standard for 50 years, and Esquirol’s writings also strongly influenced the treatment and perception of the mentally ill in England. Esquirol died in Paris in 1840.
Esquirol was one of the first psychiatrists to organize a statistical report of suicides; for example, he researched the most common methods of suicide, and he compared rates of suicide in neighboring countries. From his clinical experiences, he was inclined to believe that a suicidal nature is involuntary and often hereditary, and therefore should not be morally condemned or punished by law. Esquirol’s views anticipate the beginning of the transition—though it would not occur with full force until the time of Freud and Durkheim, nearly a century later—from the conception of suicide as a sin and a crime to the conception of it as the product of psychological and social forces beyond an individual’s control. The transition moves to seeing suicide as the product of illness, not as a voluntary, deliberate act that can be wrong.
In these selections excerpted from Mental Maladies, Esquirol takes a clinical perspective on the causes of and motives for suicide. His perceptive observations are coupled with what now seem quaint theories of medicine, but they do represent an important early attempt to interpret suicide as a symptom or sequela of mental illness and to identify predisposing factors for suicide. For Esquirol, suicide is an “effect of disease”; it is to be understood as a symptom of “mental alienation,” that is, mental illness. He provides a striking portrait of an insane asylum of the time as he discusses methods for preventing suicides there.
Jean-Étienne-Dominique Esquirol, Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity, tr. E. K. Hunt. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1845, pp. 253-317.
It does not belong to my subject to treat of suicide in its legal relations, nor, consequently, of its criminality. I must limit myself to showing it to be one of the most important subjects of clinical medicine. Self-murder takes place under circumstances so opposite, and is determined by motives so diverse, that it cannot be limited to any single denomination. However varied may be the motives and circumstances, which cause men to expose their lives, and to brave death, they almost always exalt the imagination, either on account of a good, more precious than life, or an evil more formidable than death.
Before tracing the history of suicide, it may be well perhaps, to point out the principal circumstances which lead man to terminate his own existence. From these preliminary considerations, we will pass to an exposition of the symptoms, to an enquiry into the causes, and to the post-mortem examination of bodies. We will finally close, with some general views respecting the means proper to prevent suicide, and to combat the fatal impulse which urges man to the commission of self-murder. Man destroys himself, or exposes his life to certain destruction, under the impulse of the loftiest sentiments. The act is then worthy of admiration, and excludes all blame. The victims of false, but popular views; of barbarous, but national usages; not only are individuals, but whole sects, doomed to a voluntary death. All the passions have their seasons of fury. In their excesses, there is nothing that they do not sacrifice; and man, while a prey to a passion, spares not his own life. In febrile delirium and mania, more lives are taken than is usually supposed. Hypochondria and lypemania are most frequently the true cause of that abhorrence and utter weariness of life, which so often give birth to that form of suicide, which we call voluntary. He who wishes to terminate his existence, moved by diverse motives, does not always lay violent hands upon himself, but becomes a homicide. It is not unusual for two individuals, led away, either by blind passion, or by wretchedness, to resolve to die, and reciprocally to take each other’s life.
Finally, suicide is sometimes feigned. From what precedes, we already perceive, that suicide is, with respect to our knowledge; only a phenomenon, consecutive to a great number of diverse causes; that it presents itself under very different characters; and that this phenomenon is not exclusively confined to any one malady. It is in consequence of having made suicide a malady sui generis, that they have established general propositions, which experience disproves. He is not the homicide of himself, who, listening to the dictates of noble and generous sentiments, places himself in certain peril, exposes himself to inevitable death, and makes a voluntary sacrifice of life in obedience to the laws, and to guard the faith, plighted for the salvation of his country. Such were the Decii, who sought death in the camp of the enemy, to fulfil an oracle, which, at this price, had furnished victory to the Athenians. Such also, was Curtius, who precipitated himself armed, into an abyss, to assure victory to the Romans. Assas was another, who hesitated no to sacrifice his life to save the regiment of Auvergue, which would have been surprised, had it not been for the heroic devotion of this officer. The generous inhabitants of Calais and Rouen, were of this number; who made an offering of their lives, to save their fellow citizens who were ready to perish by the sword of the enemy, or by famine. Were Socrates and Regulus self-murderers; the one, for having refused to avoid the execution of the laws which condemned him to death; the other, for being unwilling to forfeit his word? Shall we denominate suicides, those wretched beings who, victims to religious beliefs, and the usages of their country, think, that by devoting themselves to death, they perform a duty, and an act at once memorable, and worthy of recompense? This hope, embraces with ardor, has resulted in the sacrifice of life, not only on the part of a few individuals, but of colonies, and entire nations. Such were the Thracians, Germans and Arabians; and such, at this day, are the Indians…
Suicide Provoked by the Passions
A few words will satisfy the most incredulous, that the passions, when strongly excided, ever produce disturbance, either in the organism or understanding of man. When the soul is strongly moved, by a violent and unexpected affection, organic functions are perverted, the reason is disturbed, the individual loses his self-consciousness, is in a true delirium, and commits acts the most thoughtless; those most opposed to his instinct, to his affections and interests. Thus, terror often takes away the thought of flight, and urges its victim into perils, greater than the danger he would shun. Love deprives him who is powerfully impressed by it, of all those qualities proper for the accomplishment of his desires; while anger and jealousy, lead the man who is endowed with the mildest disposition, to imbrue his hands in the blood of his best friend. A sudden and unexpected trial, love betrayed, ambition disappointed, honor compromised, the loss of fortune, by overthrowing the reason, deprive man of the power of reflection. Does the delirium of the passions permit man to reflect? Do not all laws acquit him who has committed, during the first transports of a violent passion, an act, which would have been criminal had it not been for this circumstance? The actions of a man, transported by a sudden passion, are regarded as performed without free agency; and are judged of, as the effect of a temporary delirium. Strong men, of a sanguine temperament, of great susceptibility, and of an irascible disposition, are impelled to suicide by an impulse so much the more strong, as the impression has been unexpected; and the passion a social one, suddenly called into exercise. But the acute delirium provoked by the passions, is temporary, and the suicide which it provokes is promptly executed. If not consummated, the impulse is not, ordinarily, renewed. The fruitless attempt seems to have been the crisis of the moral affection. The involuntary and acute form of suicide is very different from that which is chronic, and the result of premeditation. Examples of acute suicide produced by disorder of the passions are so frequent, that it will be sufficient for me to point out a small number of them. The trustee of the fortunes of his fellow-citizens, loses at play the money that has been committed to his care. His honor is lost, and he blows out his brains…
But the most violent passions do not always impel the passionate man suddenly to the commission of acts of fury. When the passion is primitive, or the moral impression has been foreseen, its action is less rapid, especially when it operates upon enfeebled subjects, or those of a lymphatic temperament. The secret prey of hatred and jealousy and of miscalculations with respect to schemes of ambition and fortune, man arrives slowly, and by successive paroxysms, to the most fatal resolutions. Although acting slowly, the passions do not less enfeeble the organs, nor less disturb the reason. They are not less likely to destroy life, and when time is still afforded to relieve these wretched beings from their peculiar fury, they present all the features of despair, as well as the characteristics of lypemania. Many have made attempts upon their lives, without knowing what they were doing; and many have assured me, that they recollected nothing that they had done. Many also, had singular hallucincinations. This, though voluntary suicide, is chronic. It is to this variety, that we are to refer that form of suicide which is resolved upon through hatred or weariness of life; which last, appears to me to offer important considerations. Chronic suicide has, more particularly, given rise to discussions respecting the criminality of self-murder, because it presents the characteristics of a premeditated act. It is not, perhaps, so much with respect to the act, in itself considered, that this dissidence exist; for it is certain, that up to the moment of its execution, he who attempts his own life, almost always resembles a man in a state of despair, connected with delirium. Physical suffering, which often leads to lypemania and hypochondria, also causes suicide. It changes the sensations, concentrates the attention, impairs the courage, and destroys the reason, by modifying the sensibility so as to accord with the prevailing passions. Its action however, is slower than that of moral suffering, and rarely provokes self-murder. The man to whom physical suffering leaves no moment of relief, who perceives not the limit of a long and cruel malady, after having at first supported his ills with resignation, at length becomes impatient. Overcome by sufferings which have for a long time enfeebled him, He takes his life, to put an end to these intolerable evils. He considers that the pain of dying is but temporary, and yields to premeditated despair. It is the same moral condition, that determines the suicide of hypochondriacs; all of whom are persuaded that their sufferings are greater than one can conceive, and are never to terminate; partly, on account of their extraordinary nature, and in part, in consequence of the impotence of art, or the ignorance of physicians…
When maniacs commit self-murder, they do it without reflection. They usually throw themselves from a height; a circumstance which proves that they obey a blind impulse, by the employment of a means the most easy and accessible. Maniacs are affected by illusions; perceive imperfectly the relations of things, and are often pursued by panic terrors. They are the sport of their sensations, or of the hallucinations which constantly deceive them. One, wishing to descend the stairs, and believing that he is opening the door of his apartment, opens the window, and precipitates himself to the ground. Another, estimating distances imperfectly, and believing that he is on the ground floor, throws himself out of the window. This latter person, wishes to do violence to a woman who waits upon him, and throws himself from the stair-way of the third story, hoping to arrive at the bottom before she escapes his pursuit. A maniac, impelled by hunger, was accustomed to eat whatever came in his way. He dies suddenly, and on examining his body, they find a spunge that he devoured, and which rested in the esophagus. Some maniacs destroy themselves while endeavoring to perform feats of strength and address. There are maniacs who suffer from a violent cephalalgia, and who, by striking their heads against the walls, experience relief. Others believe that they have some foreign body in the cranium, and hope to remove it by opening the head. We have seen them destroy life by smiting themselves for this purpose. Maniacs also destroy themselves at the commencement of the disease, driven to despair by the moral affection which has caused the delirium, or coincided with its explosion; the recollection of this affection, not being destroyed by the delirium, which has not yet invaded the entire understanding. This class of patients also take their lives, because they have a knowledge of the disease which is commencing, and which plunges them into despair. There are those who destroy themselves during convalescence from mania, rendered desperate by the excess they have committed, or ashamed of having been insane. Finally, (we must confess it), there are those who destroy life while making efforts to disengage themselves from means of restraint, unskilfully applied, or to escape from places in which they had been confined. Those who are suffering from a fever, in their delirium destroy themselves, like maniacs.
Every case of monomania may lead to self-murder; whether the monomaniac obey his illusions or hallucinations, or fall a victim to a delirious passion. A monomaniac hears an internal voice, which is constantly repeating; slay thyself, slay thyself; and he takes his life, in obedience to a superior power, whose mandate he cannot disobey. A man, whose brain was deranged by some obscure and mystical notions, believed that he was in communication with God. He hears a celestial voice which says to him: my son, come and sit down at my side. He springs from the window, and fractures a leg. Whilst they are raising him up, he expresses much astonishment at his fall, and particularly on finding himself wounded. A soldier hears an organized hurdy-gurdy. He thinks he is listening to celestial music, and at the same time sees a luminous chariot, which is coming to bear him away to heaven. He very seriously opens the window, extends a leg to enter the car, and falls to the ground…
Nostalgia leads to suicide. The ranz des vaches, and the notes of the bagpipe, through the influence which actual sensations have over the ideas and recollections, produce regret at being no longer in the country of their birth; and grief, at being removed from the objects of their earliest attachments. Hence, springs up a violent desire to revisit the places where they were born. The emotions thus awakened, together with their despair at being separated from those objects which call them into exercise, rise superior to all other feelings, and both Swiss and Scotch soldiers destroy themselves, if they cannot desert. How many lypemaniacs, who believe themselves pursued by robbers, or agents of government, destroy themselves, in order to avoid falling into their hands! Some make no estimate of the danger they run, in order to effect their escape; while others prefer certain death, to the torture and disgrace which are preparing for them. How many, who believe that they are betrayed by fortune and their friends, destroy themselves, after a struggle of longer or shorter duration! They take their lives as do men, whom a passion urges slowly, to the commission of self-murder…
Weariness of life, has not been sufficiently distinguished from hatred of it, when writers have enquired into the determining motives to self-murder. Not-withstanding, these two conditions of the mind are very different. Hatred of life is an active state, and supposes a sort of irritation and exaltation of the sensibility. Weariness of life is a passive state, the effect of atony of the sensibility. Hatred of life is frequent, because a thousand circumstances provoke it. It spares no class of society, and most frequently attacks men abounding in wealth and dignity, because they possess more passions, which are called into active exercise. A prey to vexations, either real or imaginary, or to a chronic passion, man, at first disgusted with life, ends by hating it, and destroying himself. I ought finally to state, that words here but imperfectly express the ideas which they are designed to convey, and that from this circumstance, discussions have sprung up respecting hatred of life and desire of death. In fact, they have no aversion to life, but hate the sufferings which traverse it, and have a horror of their uneasiness. They do not desire death; but wish to be delivered from pains, oppositions and vexations, and have recourse to death as the most certain means. Suicide, determined by hatred of life, forms one of the distinctions which we have already established. It appertains to lypemaniacal suicide, or to suicide produced by a chronic passion; according as the causes which occasion hatred of life, are real or imaginary.
Weariness of life, the tœdium vitœ, leads to self-murder. Although weariness may be a passive condition, it is, in some instances, not the less a motive of action. Such has been the opinion of many philosophers, and I have observed, that weariness determined certain monomaniacs to do what had appeared most repugnant to them, and that they were cured by efforts made upon themselves, from excessive ennui. Ennui, at the epoch of puberty, originates in a vague desire, the object of which is unknown to him who experiences it; and this want gives rise to an inquietude, which occasions sadness, terminating in weariness. The most common effects of this tediousness are, decay, feebleness, and sometimes suicide: a phenomenon noticed by Hippocrates among young girls, who either have not, or but imperfectly, menstruated. Ennui recognizes moreover as a cause, the cessation of engrossing occupations; the transition from a very active life to one of repose and idleness, when no occupation for the mind or affections of the heart have been previously formed. Weariness is also the effect of the abandonment, either forced or voluntary, of the fashionable world, and frivolous pleasures; when the individual remains isolated, and without any interest whatever. It is so much the more fatal, when, having no aptitude for the arts and sciences, one is deprived of the resources of pleasures, in consequence of having abused them.
Man must have desires, or he falls into a state of painful weariness. But if he has exhausted his sensibility by the excessive exercise of the emotions and the abuse of pleasures; if, having exhausted all the sources of happiness, there is nothing more that can cause him to feel that he still lives, and all external objects are indifferent to him; if, the more means of self-satisfaction he has enjoyed, the less numerous are the new objects which he meets with that are calculated to awaken his interest; man then occupies a frightful void. He sinks into a state of satiety; a terrible weariness, which conducts to suicide. To quit life, is to him an act as indifferent as that of leaving a splendidly furnished table, when he no longer desires food, or to abandon a woman whom he formerly adored, but whom he no longer loves. That form of suicide which is called splenic, is chronic. It is executed with coolness and composure. Nothing announces either violence or effort, like other forms of suicide. Finally, those who suffer from spleen, present all the characteristics of melancholy. The most frequent causes of spleen are debilitating, and act upon the nervous system. Such are the abuse of pleasures, onanism, and the immoderate use of alcoholic drinks. There is the same changes of disposition and habits; the same indifference towards the dearest objects; the same physical symptoms; loss of appetite, insomnia, constipation, emaciation or œdema; the same concentration of the attention upon a single idea: the same integrity of the understanding upon every other subject; the same perverseness: and the same dissimulation in the execution of the determinations in the former as in the latter.
I have strong reasons for believing that the spleen is a very rare disease, even in England. We too often attribute the suicides of the English to weariness of life, because England is the country in which most frequently the people have recourse to it. The English without doubt, suffer most from this distressing weariness; still many other motives than this give rise to suicide among them. I have had charge, as well in establishments for the insane as in my private practice, of a great many individuals, who have either attempted, or taken their lives. I have seen no one who was driven to suicide in consequence merely of weariness of life. All had determinate motives, real or imaginary vexations, which led them to loathe existence…
There are persons who, amidst fortune, grandeur and pleasures, and enjoying the perfect use of their reason; after having embraced their relations and friends, set their affairs in order, and written excellent letters, clip the thread of life. Do they yield to a delirious resolution? Yes, unquestionably. Is it not true that monomaniacs appear rational, until an external or internal impression comes in suddenly to awaken their delirium? Do they not know how to repress the expression of their delirium, and to dissemble the disorder of their understanding, so as to deceive the most skilful, as well as persons who live with them on terms of intimacy? The same is true of some individuals, over whom the purpose to commit suicide holds complete sway. A physical pain, an unexpected impression, a moral affection, a recollection, an indiscreet proposal, the perusal of a book, kindle up anew the dominant thought, and instantaneously provoke determinations the most fatal, in the breast of an unfortunate being who, an instant previous, was perfectly composed. That then happens, which took place in the case of the maniac detained at the Bicêtre, of whom Pinel says, that the revolutionists set him at liberty, because he appeared to them perfectly sane. They led him forth in triumph, as a victim of tyranny, when being excited by the vociferations and the sight of the arms of his liberators, he suddenly fell upon them, sabre in hand.
Does not the fury of the homicidal monomaniac burst forth instantaneously, so that no antecedent circumstance may have forewarned the victim? We cannot deny that there are individuals whom a fatal inclination leads to suicide, by a sort of resistless charm. I have never seen such persons; and I dare say that if those cases had been more carefully studied, in which they pretend that the patients obeyed an insurmountable impulse; it would have unfolded the motives which led to their determination. There are suicides as well as other insane persons, of whom we speak, as of unfortunate beings, who are obeying a blind destiny. I believe that many persons have learned to read the thoughts of these patients, and proved that their determinations are, almost always, the result of motives and the logical consequence of a principle, though it may be, in truth, a false one. There are persons, however, who, in the midst of good fortune, destroy themselves. Voltaire, sustained by certain striking examples, pretends that it is those who are distinguished for their good fortune who voluntarily terminate their existence, and not the man who is the victim of want, and compelled to labor for his subsistence. This proposition is false. Misery leads to suicide, and self-murder is most frequent during years signalized by calamities. Amidst ruin and famine, suicides are frequent. During the horrors of a siege, the besieged destroy themselves. Amidst defeats, soldiers take their own lives. Self-murder takes place during great political convulsions. The fortunate of the age destroy themselves; but good fortune, says Jean Jacques, has no external sign. To judge of it, we must read the heart of the man who appears to be happy…
Thus, among those wretched beings who destroy others, before taking their own lives, some obey those vehement passions which lead them quickly to this double homicide. Others are aroused by passions whose effects are slow in manifesting themselves. There are those who are unwilling to destroy themselves, through fear of eternal condemnation; knowing that suicide is a great crime, for which they could not obtain pardon. They are however, certain of being condemned to death after taking the life of a fellow-being, and hope to have time, before their punishment, to reconcile themselves to God, and to prepare for a happy death. There are those who slay the dearest objects of their affection, in order to preserve them from the trials of life and the dangers of condemnation. Finally, we have seen those who slew the objects of their tenderest attachment, being unwilling to be separated from them, and believing that they should be reunited after death. Is it possible to believe that such a violation of the fundamental laws of nature; such exaltation of the imagination; such perversion of the sensibility; can be compatible with the enjoyment of sound health and the integrity of reason? Must he not, on the contrary, have reached the extreme limit of delirium, who resolves to take the life of the wife whom he tenderly loves, and the children whom he adores? Does he not abandon himself at once, to acts most opposed to natural laws, and the instinct of self-preservation? Notwithstanding, many facts prove that these unfortunate beings, aside from this act, both before and after its accomplishment, are composed and rational. Do we not observe this composure and reason among those maniacs who, from the slightest motives, from the most trifling opposition, give themselves up to the commission of acts indicative of the blindest fury? It is not the signs of delirium on the part of those who commit suicide, that are wanting; but observers who are at hand to see all, and to see correctly.
Reciprocal suicide is that act by which two individuals slay, one the other. It is generally the delirium of some passion, and sometimes extreme wretchedness, which lead those who are their victims, to devote themselves to death. The same passion, leading to the same determination, finds a certain charm in dying by the hand it adores. Examples of this form of fury are not rare, and we can trace them back to the remotest antiquity…
What precedes, will justify the remark which was made at the commencement of this article, to wit: that self-murder is only a phenomenon, consecutive to very different causes; that it cannot be regarded as a malady sui generis; and that it is, almost invariably, a symptom of mental alienation. The greater part of those unfortunate beings who have made attempts upon their own lives, or who have committed suicide, belong to families, some of whose members have been affected with mental alienation. Most of those who have failed in accomplishing their designs, remain insane for a longer or shorter period of time, or become so afterwards. A large proportion of them have manifested, before committing the fatal deed, all the symptoms of lypemania. Some have destroyed themselves, after having had an attack of mania, subsequently to which they have remained sad and morose…
Cabanis observed, that after a very dry summer, succeeded by a rainy autumn, that suicides were most frequent during the latter season. I made the same observation in 1818. We received during that year into our hospital, a much greater number of suicides than we had received in previous years, or have since admitted. In my private practice also, I had at the same period a greater number of suicides to treat. Is not the transition from a dry summer to a humid autumn, especially favorable to the development of abdominal affections, upon which suicide so often depends? We do not charge external causes alone with producing suicide. There are certainly individual predispositions, a certain physical state, which modifies, exalts or enfeebles the sensibility.
The difference in the mood of mind, causes one man to laugh at the most afflictive events, while another is excessively agitated, or filled with despair. The latter destroys himself; while the former becomes insane. Is not this predisposition rendered evident by the hereditary nature of suicide? We have known entire families destroy themselves, just as we have known whole families become insane…
But these conclusions are subject to accidental exceptions. In fact, authors speak of epidemics of suicide, which have been confined to women. The character of these epidemics confirms what we have said; that suicide is only a consecutive symptom. The appearance of an epidemic form of suicide is most singular. Does it depend upon a latent condition of the atmosphere; upon imitation, so powerful in its influence over the determinations of men; upon those circumstances which produce a revolution, in a country; in fine, upon any governing sentiment? It is certain, that these sudden and temporary epidemics are the effect of different causes, and confirms what we have already said;—that suicide is not a malady sui generis…
Education, the reading of works that extol suicide, the power of imitation, contempt for religious opinions, the excesses of civilization, a military spirit, political revolutions, the depravation of morals, gaming, onanism, the abuse of fermented liquors, physical pain, pelagra, are also causes that lead man to commit suicide. If by education, the mind of man is not fortified by a religious belief, by moral precepts, by habits of order, and a regular course of life; if he is not taught to respect the laws, to fulfil his duties towards society, and to support the vicissitudes of life; if he has learned to despise his equals, to treat with disdain the authors of his being, and to be imperious and capricious in his desires; then unquestionably, cæteris paribus, he will be most disposed to terminate his existence by a voluntary act, so soon as he shall experience any serious vexations or reverses. Man needs a controlling authority, which shall direct his passions and govern his acts. Given over to the guidance of his own native weakness, he falls into indifference, and from that into acepticism. Nothing now sustains his courage. He meets unarmed, the conflicts of life, the anguish of the heart, the vicissitudes of fortune, and the wayward impulses of the passions. A student, educated in religious principles, becomes melancholic, and finally speaks of death. He often enquires of one of his companions if man has a soul. The latter replies that he has not. After a painful struggle between the principles of his childhood and the errors of youth, this unfortunate young man terminates his career by suicide. A young man, before destroying himself, in a writing which he leaves, censures his parents for the education they have given him. Another utters blasphemies against God and imprecations upon society. A third, destroys himself because he has not air enough to breath at his ease. Two students, at the age of twenty-one, asphyxiate themselves, because a play which they had prepared together, did not succeed. A child, thirteen years old, hangs himself, and leaves a note which begins thus: I bequeath my soul to Rousscau, my body to the earth!! When a great intellectual and moral change is brought about in society, it influences the progress of thought, and the conditions of existence.
Recklessness of mind reveals itself not only in useless writings and romances, but also in productions of a more elevated character. When the theatre presents only the triumphs of crime, and the misfortunes of virtue; when books, placed by their cheapness within the reach of all, contain only declarations in opposition to creeds, family ties, and the duties which all owe to society; they inspire a contempt for life, and suicides multiply. Death is regarded as a safe asylum against physical pains and moral sufferings. The reading of books which extol suicide is so fatal, that Madame de Staël assures us, that the reading of the Werther of Goëthe has produced more suicides in Germany, than all the women of that country. Suicide has become more frequent in England, since the apology that has been made for it by the Downes, Blounts, Gildons, etc. The same is true of it in France, since they began to write in favor of self-murder, and have held it up before the public as an act of our free will and courage. The suicide of Richard Smith and his wife: that of Philip Mordant, who destroyed himself, saying that when one is dissatisfied with his house, he should leave it; were the signal for a great number of suicides in England.
What precedes, establishes the fact there are epochs in society, more favorable than others to suicide, in consequence of the general exaltation of mind. The more excited the brain is, and more active the susceptibility, the more do the wants augment; the more imperious become the desires; the more do the causes of chagrin multiply; and the more frequent become mental alienation and suicide. Any person may satisfy himself of this, by comparing the number of suicides in cities, particularly capital cities, with those that take place in the country. The same fact will appear by comparing the number of suicides in Russia with those that occur in France, and particularly England. If one now compares the actual state of Europe with that of Italy, during the time of the emperors, will he be astonished that epochs so similar, as it respects morals and the splendor of civilization, are equally fruitful in suicides? During the ninth and tenth centuries, the epoch of confusion in opinions and doctrines, the donatists, seized with a suicidal frenzy, devoted themselves to death, or gave themselves up to it for money. Men, women and children hung themselves, or threw themselves from precipices, or upon funeral piles. The gnostics permitted themselves to die of hunger, through fear of wounding a creature which was a part of the Deity.
A military spirit, which inspires indifference to life, which attaches little importance to a good which one is ready to sacrifice to the ambition of a master, is favorable to suicide. At Rome, during their civil wars, the conquered generals destroyed themselves, that they might not fall beneath the yoke of the victor. The vessel which carried Vitellius and his cohort, was taken by the fleet of Pompey, among the sands of the Illyrian sea. After having fought valiantly, fatigued with the carnage, Vitellius exhorted his surviving soldiers to prevent, by a death of their own choosing, the disgrace of falling into the hands of the victors. Animated by his discourse, his soldiers slew each other upon the deck.
Great calamities also lead to suicide. It prevailed extensively during the existence of the black plague that ravaged Europe, towards the middle of the fourteenth century. Historians assure us that the Peruvians and Mexicans, in despair at the destruction of their worship, usages and laws, destroyed themselves in great numbers; and that more fell by their own hands than by the fire and sword of their barbarous conquerors. Ross Cox, in his account of a voyage in the waters of Columbia, published in London in the year 1831, relates, that at the close of the last century the small pox committed horrible ravages in India, and that thousands of Indians hung themselves to trees, believing that the Great Spirit had delivered them over, to be punished by evil ones. Montaigne states, that during the wars of the Milanese, this people, impatient of so many changes of fortune, so fully determined to die, that I have heard it stated to my father that they had taken an account of at least twenty-five heads of families, who destroyed themselves in a single week.
In 1320, five hundred Jews, pursued by the peasantry of the country, took refuge in the château of Verdun, upon the Garonne. Besieged by their implacable enemies, and driven to despair, after having thrown their infants over the walls to their besiegers, they cut their own throats. The Jews, at the time of the siege and taking of Jerusalem by Titus, in order to put an end to their sufferings, threw themselves from the top of the ramparts, or set fire to their houses, in order to become a prey to the flames.
Onanism is referred to by Tissot, as one of the causes of suicide. I have very often seen suicide preceded by the practice of masturbation. The same is true with respect to the abuse of alcoholic drinks. These two causes exhaust the sensibility, producing languor or despair. They produce also much insanity. Individuals thus enfeebled sink into lypemania, and form no other purpose than that of ridding themselves of life, which they have no longer the capacity to endure…
I will not enlarge more upon the causes of suicide, but will confine myself to the indication of those, which seem to produce it most frequently. If I have not spoken of the passions which often occasion suicide, either acute or chronic, it is because I have noticed them sufficiently, while analyzing the circumstances which almost invariably precede it. The phenomena which accompany or succeed the disposition to suicide, offer the most striking analogy to those of mental maladies. We say in general, that persons of a melancholic temperament and a bilious constitution, are very prone to suicide. They have a sallow complexion, and the features of the countenance are shrunken. They suffer also from abdominal constrictions and embarrassments. We see individuals however, endowed with a sanguine temperament, and offering all the signs of plethora, who terminate their own existence. This plethora is particularly manifest among women, who usually destroy themselves, or attempt to do so, during the menstrual period. Those who are known to suffer from suicidal impulses, should be carefully watched at these seasons. A scrofulous habit is also very often met with in persons who have been driven to commit suicide. It disposes to discouragement, apathy, indifference, and consequently, to ennui. As it respects the moral character of the suicidal, from which an effort has been made, to deduce something ennobling in the act of self-murder, there is nothing constant. Courage is manifested, it is said, in committing suicide. But poltroons and warriors, women and men, master and slave, rich and poor, the criminal and honest man, all destroy themselves; offering no other differences, than those which spring from causes foreign to the character of each…
There is not an individual belonging to this class, who has not ideas of suicide and a desire even, to precipitate himself therefrom, whenever he finds himself upon an elevation, or near a window; or of drowning himself when passing over a bridge. These, like all possible ideas, which are constantly renewed, and succeed each other by crowds in the mind, are represented in turn. They usually leave no traces in the mind, more than other thoughts. But if a man actually experiences a violent vexation; if the idea of self-destruction presents itself, in connection with a thousand other thoughts, to his mind; this one thought of suicide associates itself strongly to the moral state which is present together with the vexation, and the desire of freeing himself from it. Hence arises the determination to self-murder, as an infallible means of terminating his misfortunes. The impulse to suicide is more or less violent and sudden, and depends upon numerous causes; upon the age, sex, temperament, habits, profession and irritability of the individual, and a thousand other circumstances that escape our observation. Does not this obstinate association of ideas occur fortuitously in a state of health, while we are engrossed with a given subject? It is durable, in proportion as the false ideas are associated together, in a manner calculated to absorb the understanding, and to concentrate the attention and sensibility. These ideas, closely connected, and varying with individual cases, lead men to form erroneous judgments; and to determinations, sometimes sudden, and sometimes long reflected, in connection with the prejudices and exclusive reasonings which characterize monomania…
What misgivings characterize the conduct of those who meditate suicide! What conflicts before determining upon it! What efforts to reconcile themselves to it, hidden and concealed from the public, to secure to this senseless act, the external aspect of courage and fortitude! It is self-love still, that invests suicide with its mantle. How many self-murders would yet live, were some friend able to unite again the thread of life which they have severed! How many are there, who regret, in quitting life, the destiny which they found too unhappy! With what avidity do they seize again upon life, by every means that are offered them! A man throws himself into a well. He makes every effort to get out of it, and points out the means of effecting this purpose. Pauline, the wife of Seneca, both young and beautiful, wished to die with her husband. She opens certain blood vessels. Nero, on being informed of this act, orders the bleeding wounds to be stanched. Snatched from the portals of the tomb, she thinks no more of death. The struggles of suicides, against the desire which leads them to the commission of self-murder, are either exceedingly painful, or they contemplate their destruction with a kind of joy. They have paroxysms, now regular, and now irregular; deferring the execution of their design, now, from one motive, and now from another. Often do they wear upon their persons, or conceal in a safe place, the instruments or means of destruction; uncertain with respect to the time, place or occasion, most favorable for the accomplishment of their purpose. We can also, with some experience, prevent the effects of these exasperations, which impress upon the physiognomy a sinister expression, in consequence of the return of the physical and moral symptoms, previously indicated. The physical symptoms are then most grave, the moral sufferings most intense, and life most insupportable.
Finally, after having engaged for months and years, in an internal struggle, with alternate remissions, a prey to the most frightful passions, or else indifferent and insensible to every thing; experiencing neither the blessings nor pain of living; led on slowly, to the last degree of physical and moral insensibility, which deprives man of the conservative instinct of his own proper existence; they quit life, to avoid intolerable sufferings, or a most trying weariness of it. Their eyes are haggard, the countenance is flushed, or very pale, the respiration is hurried, and the mind perplexed. They are no longer masters of their actions. The sentiments which some of them leave behind; do not these prove the exaltation and derangement of their reason? If some write to their relatives and friends, letters which express the composure of reason, do they not dissemble their moral condition, as so often happens in the case of monomaniacs?
This destruction of all physical sensibility is not rare among monomaniacs, as we have known them to mutilate and burn themselves, and amputate the limbs, without appearing to suffer any pain in consequence of it; so completely had the exaltation and fixedness of their emotions blunted their sensibility, and driven it from its true seat.
Many suicides, after having most seriously wounded themselves, do not complain of the pain of their wounds. This state of organic insensibility indicates that the delirium has not ceased, and that the patients ought to be watched with care. Porcia, filled with despair on account of the death of her husband, swallows burning coals. Haslam speaks of a woman who, having champed some glass in her mouth for a half-hour, assured him that it did not occasion the least suffering. I have applied blisters, setons, moxas and the actual cautery, to persons strongly inclined to suicide, and lypemaniacs, in order to interrogate their sensibility, without producing pain. Some, after their restoration to health, have assured me that they did not suffer in the least from these applications. A young man, twenty-seven years of age, in a fit of financial despair, throws himself from the fourth story; protests that it has done him no harm, and ascends immediately to his apartment. The fibula was fractured. A soldier fractured one of his thighs, by throwing himself from the second story. He constantly repeated, it is nothing, I am not in pain. I do not insist upon this point of analogy between suicides and the insane. We shall see other examples of it, in the course of this article…
The obstinacy manifested in the resolution to commit suicide, and perseverance in the execution of this design, surpass all belief; especially among lypemaniacs. When this class of persons, controlled by a fixed idea, have resolved to terminate their existence, they resist, not merely the councils of reason, of friendship and tenderness, and those material obstacles that oppose their designs; but support unheard of sufferings, whilst preserving a composure and resignation which contrast singularly with the convulsive and painful expression of their countenance. In vain do they tell us that they do not suffer, whilst every thing betrays the keenest mental agony…
All that I have said hitherto, together with the facts which I have related, prove that suicide offers all the characteristics of mental alienation, of which it is, in reality, a symptom: that we must not look for a single and peculiar sign of suicide, since we observe it under circumstances the most opposite, and since it is symptomatic or secondary, either in acute or febrile delirium, or in chronic delirium…
Treatment of Suicide: Means of Preventing It
Suicide being an act consecutive to the delirium of the passions or insanity, I ought to have little to say respecting the treatment of a symptom; a treatment which belongs to the therapeutics of mental diseases, and reposes essentially upon the appreciation of the causes and determining motives of suicide. Therefore, it is to the treatment adapted to each variety of insanity that we must have recourse, in treating an individual urged on to his own destruction; just as it is necessary to go back to the councils of religion and public morals, when we would prevent the numerous suicides that are provoked by general error of opinion, and the exaltation of the passions. I would have limited myself to these general remarks, were not suicide so grave a symptom as to render it important that we should avail ourselves of all possible means of combating and preventing it. Suicide is sometimes cured spontaneously, like mental diseases; through the influence of hygienic agents, by some physical or moral crisis; or by the aid of medicines. Pinel speaks of a certain scholar who, being in London for the purpose of dissipating a melancholic affection, was going to drown himself in the Thames, when he was attacked by robbers. He defended himself against these ruffians, and forgot the purpose which had led him from home. This gentleman died at the age of eighty-four years; and although often reduced to the necessity of receiving aid from his friends, he did not again experience a desire to destroy himself.
A young man wishes to take his life, and goes out to purchase a pair of pistols. The gun-smith demands an exorbitant price; he becomes irritated, disputes with the dealer, and forgets that he wanted to purchase arms wherewith to destroy himself. How many people are there who, after an ineffectual attempt to take their own lives, no longer entertain a thought of it; because they have been frightened by the risk that they run, or saw death so near at hand, as to desire no more immediate intercourse. A lady desires to die of hunger, because she has openly betrayed the secrets of her heart. Attentions and consolations, the assurance that no one credits what she has said, and the hope of seeing her lover whom she supposed dead; cause her to entertain once more a desire for life, and she decides, not only to take nourishment, but to do whatever is recommended, with a view to her entire cure…
Some physicians have proposed a specific treatment for suicide. Persuaded that the liver is the seat of the evil, and that the bile is the prime cause of it; some recommended what are called hepatic purgatives. Others believe that we should bleed, so as to unload the great vessels of the brain. The latter holding that the tendency to suicide, is the effect of the weakness or oppression of the vital principle, have recommended tonics in large doses. I can say that bark, in combination with opium, hyoscyamus and musk, has sometimes succeeded in modifying the sensibility of this class of patients, and in procuring sleep. These means however, would not be applicable to all cases. Subjects enfeebled by onanism, are much benefited by the cold bath, and even aspersions of cold water. Avenbrugger proposed an exutory over the region of the liver, and copious draughts of water. The celebrated Theden, and more recently, Dr. Leroy, physician at Anvers, have insisted upon the very abundant use of cold water as a specific, Theden states that he made a most successful trial of it upon himself, and relates some cases in support of the efficacy of this method. Dr. Chevrey, cites several cases establishing the fact, that the cure of the disposition to suicide, has been effected by the method of Avenbrugger. I have submitted to this treatment several patients who had made divers attempts to commit suicide, but with little success. In three cases, treated at the Salpêtrière, I ordered, for two of them, a seton over the right hypochondrium, and a blister for the third. I also prescribed a great quantity of water. I related above the case of a lady, in which I had caused a large seton to be inserted over the region of the liver. At Charenton, I caused blisters to be placed over the same region. Setons and blisters continued for several months, effected no amelioration.
Suicides, like all lypemaniacs, think too much. We must either prevent them from thinking, or oblige them to think differently from what they are in the habit of doing. Reasoning effects little; moral commotions are of more service. Celsus advises that individuals who entertain a desire for suicide, should go abroad; and physicians, in all times, have recommended corporeal exercises, gymnastics, riding on horseback, the cultivation of the soil, journeying, etc…
I have nothing to remark respecting the treatment which the symptoms, following attempts at suicide, may demand. Cerebral congestions, asphyxia, whether produced by immersion or strangulations, wounds, bruises, the symptoms of poisoning and the effects of abstinence, present various indications of which we cannot here speak. Persons who have a propensity to suicide, should occupy apartments on the ground floor of a building, cheerful, and pleasantly located. They should be guarded night and day by attendants, vigilant, and having experience to meet the wiles of suicides, usually exceedingly skillful in baffling the watchfulness of the most active. If it be necessary at any time, to have recourse to the camisole, this should not operate as a motive to security, for patients have made use of it to strangle themselves. A woman at the Salpêtrière had been fastened upon her bed, by means of this garment. During the night she threw herself from it, and her body, resting with all its weight upon the waistcoat, compressed the trachea, and the patient was asphyxiated. A patient, confined to his bed, succeeds in throwing from his couch every portion of his bedding, and is suspended and strangulated by the camisole. In public establishments, individuals who are disposed to suicide, demand the utmost attention. These patients should not be placed in isolated cells, but in public halls, where they may be better watched, by both their fellow patients, and the attendants. They should never be out of sight. It is to this attention, and the advantage of having all the apartments of this class of patients upon the ground floor, that we are indebted, at the Salpêtrière, for having scarcely any suicides; since, among eleven or twelve hundred insane persons, of whom one hundred at least have made attempts upon their lives in the course of ten years, only four suicides have been committed; whilst, every where else, the number is far more considerable. I congratulate myself, on having first laid down a general rule for the government of suicides, even with respect to their sleeping arrangements; a precept that has not been lost in other establishments, where they have made use of it, and in which many individuals are disposed to suicide…
I might here close what I have to say upon the subject of suicide. It is, however, a malady so deplorable and frequent, it propagates itself in a manner so frightful to families and society, and suggests questions of so much importance, that I cannot refrain from saying a word upon these points. And in the first place, is suicide a criminal act which may be punished by the laws? Has the legislator the means of preventing it? Since suicide is almost always the effect of disease, it cannot be punished; the law inflicting penalties, only upon acts voluntarily committed, in the full enjoyment of reason. Now I believe that I have shown, that man only makes attempts upon his life, when in a state of delirium, and that suicides are insane persons. Fodéré is of the same opinion. In 1777, the parliament of Paris examined this question, but without deciding it. But, in view of the interest of humanity and society, can the legislator have recourse to means adapted to prevent an act, which outrages equally, natural laws, the laws of religion and of society, and which is so frequent also, that in France for example, there are annually committed, three times as many suicides as assassinations? Experience shows, that comminatory enactments have sufficed to prevent suicide. When the declamations of Agesias rendered suicide frequent in Egypt, a law of Ptolemy, which forbad any one, on pain of death, from teaching the philosophy of Zeno, put an end to this dreadful practice. When the daughters of Miletus hung themselves in emulation one of another, the senate passed a decree, that the bodies of suicides should be exposed in some public place, and the contagion ceased. The negroes who were transported to America, were accustomed to destroy themselves, in the hope of returning to Africa after death. An Englishman caused this impulse to cease, by ordering the hands of those negroes who committed suicide to be cut off, and exposed to the observation of their companions. Penal enactments were passed by certain ancient nations with a view to prevent suicide. The laws of Athens prosecuted this crime even beyond the limits of life; requiring that the hand of the offender should be burned separately from the body. A law of the elder Tarquin, deprived of the right of sepulture, the body of any citizen, who voluntarily destroyed himself. The senate of the republic of Marseilles, which tolerated suicide, condemned him who took his own life without a legitimate cause. At an earlier period, the Roman laws favorable to suicide, annulled the testament of him, who destroyed himself, in order to escape an ignominious punishment, and forbade mourning for it. Soldiers were disgraced, if they made an attempt upon their own lives. At Thebes, the dead body of a suicide, was burnt in disgrace.
The laws of Christian countries, which condemn all murder, have pronounced self-murder to be the greatest crime, because it leaves no room for repentance. They refuse to the dead bodies of suicides, a Christian burial. All modern legislation, to which the laws of the church have served as a basis, have branded suicide with infamy. In England, the corpses of suicides were formerly thrown out into the highway. More recently, they have been interred in the country, where three roads meet. In France, during the time of St. Louis, the household goods of the suicide were confiscated for the benefit of the proprietor of the soil on which the crime was committed. At a later period, the dead bodies of suicides were drawn through the streets upon a hurdle. All these laws have fallen into desuetude, particularly in France. In England, they evade their application, by obtaining the certificate of a physician, who testifies that the person who has committed the act of self-murder was insane. At this day in France, and in the greater portion of Europe, they would look upon the punishment of suicide, as an act of barbarism. Beccaria opposes the penalties enacted against suicide, on the grounds that they are inflicted only upon a dead body, and produce no impression upon the living; whilst, at the same time, by causing the relatives to suffer, the innocent are punished, which is unjust. If it be affirmed in opposition, says this writer, that the disgrace and penalties attending this act, and the fear of infamy, will prevent the most resolute man from the commission of it; I reply that he whom the horror of death, and the threats of eternal punishment do not restrain, will not be deterred, by considerations far less weighty.
Are not the fundamental laws of our being, and the warnings of religion, daily sacrificed to the force of prejudice, to passions and social interests? Did we not say, that the punishments inflicted upon sorcerers and the possessed, far from diminishing their number, augmented it? Will it not be the same, with respect to the penalties enacted against suicide? With reference to the former, the penalties inflicted upon sorcerers and the possessed, were enacted in accordance with a popular error. The more severe the enactments, the more thoroughly persuaded were the public of the existence of sorcerers and the possessed, of which, the laws sanctioned the belief. The number of these deluded people began to lessen, so soon as they ceased to believe in the existence of sorcerers, and to fortify the public mind in this belief, by the zeal which was manifested, not in destroying error, but in punishing it.
Popular opinion is not favorable to suicide, nor is it exercised with a view to combat an error, but to prevent an act, whatever, aside from this, its moral or legal character may be. Argument merely, should not prevail against the authority of experience. Comminatory laws caused suicides, to cease in Egypt, Miletus and America. Suicide is more frequent, since the laws which condemn it, have lost their force. Hence, for the welfare of society, the legislature should establish laws, not attaching penalties to the dead body of the suicide, and still less against his relatives; but with a view to prevent the commission of suicide. It does not belong to me to say what these laws shall be, but, in my opinion, they should vary to suit the dispositions, morals, and even the prejudices of the people inhabiting different countries; and should be designed to meet the social causes, which are calculated to develop a tendency to suicide. For example, in our day, the king of Saxony has enacted a law, that the bodies of suicides, should be placed in public amphitheatres for dissection. Until wise legislation apply some remedy to this social evil, the friends of humanity should desire that education may repose upon the solid basis of moral and religious principles. They should protest against the publication of works which inspire a contempt for life, and laud the advantages connected with a voluntary death. They should point out to the government, the dangers which result from making public the infirmities to which man is exposed. They should loudly demand, that the journals be forbidden to publish suicides, and from relating the motives and trifling circumstances connected with the commission of the act. These frequent accounts familiarize the mind to the idea of death, and cause it to be regarded with indifference. The examples daily presented for imitation, are contagious and fatal; and that person, who is now harassed by reverses or vexations, would not have destroyed himself had he not read in a journal, the history of the suicide of a friend or an acquaintance. The freedom of the press should not prevail over the true interest of humanity.
When speaking of the particular causes of suicide, I demonstrated that the present age was fruitful in causes adapted to produce it. As when in times of ignorance, and at periods when religious discussions prevail, and religious monomania abounds, we meet with magicians, sorcerers and the possessed; so suicides prevail, when the excesses of civilization threaten the destruction of empires. During the prosperous periods of the Roman Republic, suicide was rare. But it became frequent, when the philosophy of the stoics found partisans in the patrician order; when two soothsayers could no longer regard each other without a smile; when luxury and wealth had corrupted the morals of the people; and political agitations had shaken the Republic to its centre.
The same has been true in England, since Richard Smith, and particularly Mordan, set an example which became contagious. Moreover, since the writings of Donne, Blount and Gildon have found readers; since certain philosophers in France have revived and given credit to the doctrine of Zeno; since certain others have taken up the defence of self-murder; and revolutions have given a new impulse to all the passions, suicide has become more frequent. Under all these circumstances, the natural motives which inspire a horror of death, and especially of self-murder, are not strengthened by considerations drawn from morals, religion and the laws. If suicide is constantly represented in books and upon the stage, not merely as an indifferent act, but as one indicative of courage, from which men the most grave, and often the most eminent in society do not recoil; the public mind will doubtless be more disposed to suicide; and this disposition will be fortified by the force of imitation, if examples are daily presented in the public prints.
Filed under Esquirol, Jean-Etienne-Dominique, Europe, Psychiatry, Selections, The Early Modern Period
from The Novices of Sais
Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg was a lyric poet of German Romanticism and a prose writer of encyclopedic talent; he wrote under the nom de plume Novalis. He was born into a family descended from the low German nobility; his father, a deeply pietistic man, managed a salt mine, as well as the family estate in the Harz mountains. Novalis was educated in law at Jena, Leipzig, and Wittenberg. At age 22, he fell in love with the 12-year-old Sophie von Kühn and became engaged to be married, but was devastated when she died, at the age of 15. During this time, he was first introduced to the philosophy of Johann Fichte [q.v], who would be a main influence on his later work.
His prose lyrics Hymnen an die Nacht (Hymns to the Night, 1800), written after Sophie’s death in 1797, show his mediated, universal religiosity, the view that there must be an intermediary between man and God, not necessarily a cleric or divine figure, but in this case, the beloved—now dead. Novalis later studied geology, chemistry, biology, history, mathematics, mining, and philosophy; these contributed to his anticipated encyclopedia project. He died of tuberculosis at age 29.
The novel fragment The Novices of Sais (1802) reflects Novalis’s fascination with universal science; in particular, this short work explores the possibility of using poetry to describe a universal world harmony. In this context, Novalis alludes to the notion of universal suicide, imagining nature as hostile and man able to free himself from this threat only if all of humankind were to bring their lives to an end.
Novalis, The Novices of Sais, tr. Ralph Manheim. New York: Curt Valentin, 1949; New York: Archipelago Books, 2005, pp. 19-45.
It must have been a long time before men thought of giving a common name to the manifold objects of their senses, and of placing themselves in opposition to them. Through practice developments were furthered, and in all developments occur separations and divisions that may well be compared with the splitting of a ray of light. It was only gradually that our inwardness split into such various forces, and with continued practice this splitting will increase. Perhaps it is only the sickly predisposition of later men that makes them lose the power to mix again the scattered colors of their spirit and at will restore the old, simple, natural state, or bring about new and varied relations between the colors. The more united they are, the more united, complete and personal will every natural object, every phenomenon enter into them; for to the nature of the sense corresponds the nature of the impression, and therefore to those earlier men, everything seemed human, familiar, and companionable, there was freshness and originality in all their perceptions, each one of their utterances was a true product of nature, their ideas could not help but accord with the world around them and express it faithfully. We can therefore regard the ideas of our forefathers concerning the things of this world as a necessary product, a self-portrait of the state of earthly nature at that time, and from these ideas, considered as the most fitting instruments for observing the universe, we can assuredly take the main relation, the relation between the world and its inhabitants. We find that the noblest questions of all first occupied their attention and that they sought the key to the wondrous edifice, sometimes in a common measure of real things, and sometimes in the fancied object of an unknown sense. This key, it is known, was generally divined in the liquid, the vaporous, the shapeless. The inertia and helplessness of solid bodies gave rise, no doubt, to a not unmeaningful belief in their baseness and dependence. But soon a pondering mind encountered the difficulty of deriving forms from forces and oceans without form. He attempted to loose the knot by a kind of combination; making the first beginnings into solid particles definitely shaped but minute beyond conception, and from this sea of dust, he believed that he could complete the immense edifice, though not without the help of ideal fictions of attracting and repellent forces. Earlier still we find, instead of scientific explanations, myths and poems full of marvelous imagery, of men, gods and beasts all building together, and it is here that the genesis of the world is most naturally described. Here at least we find certainty as to an accidental, handicraft origin, and even for those who despise the uncontrolled outpourings of the imagination, this conception is full of meaning. To treat the history of the universe as a history of mankind, to find only human happenings and relations everywhere, is a continuous idea, reappearing at the most widely separate epochs, always in a new form, and this conception seems to have excelled all others in miraculous effect and persuasiveness. Moreover, the capriciousness of nature seems of itself to fall in with the idea of human personality, which is apparently best grasped in the form of a human creature. That is why poetry has been the favorite instrument of true friends of nature, and the spirit of nature has shone most radiantly in poems. When we read and hear true poems, we feel the movement of nature’s inner reason and, like its celestial embodiment, we dwell in it and hover over it at once. Scientists and poets have, by speaking one language, always shown themselves to be one people. What the scientists have gathered and arranged in huge, well-ordered stores, has been made by the poets into the daily food and consolation of human hearts; the ports have broken up the one, great, immeasurable nature and molded it into various small, amenable natures. Poets have lightheartedly pursued the liquid and fugitive, while scientists have cut into the inner structure and sought after the relations between its members. Under their hands friendly nature died, leaving behind only dead, quivering remnants, while the poet inspired her like a heady wine till she uttered the blithest, most godlike fancies, till, lifted out of her everyday life, she soared to heaven, danced and prophesied, bade everyone welcome, and squandered her treasures with a happy heart. Thus she enjoyed heavenly hours with the poet and called the scientist only when she was sick and bowed down with conscience. On these occasions she answered each one of his questions and treated the stern man with reverence. Those who would know her spirit truly must therefore seek it in the company of poets, where she is free and pours forth her wondrous heart. But those who do not love her from the bottom of their hearts, who only admire this and that in her and wish to learn this and that about her, must visit her sickroom, her charnel-house.
Our relations with nature are as inscrutably various as with men; to the child she shows herself childlike, pressing fondly to his childlike heart, and to the god she discloses herself divine, in accord with his exalted spirit. It is bombast to speak of one nature, and all striving after truth in discourse about nature only removes us farther from the natural. Great is the gain when the striving to understand nature completely, is ennobled to yearning, a tender, diffident yearning that gladly accepts the strange, cold creature, in the hope that she will some day become more familiar. Within us there lies a mysterious force that tends in all directions, spreading from a center hidden in infinite depths. If wondrous nature, the nature of the senses and the nature that is not of the senses, surrounds us, we believe this force to be an attraction of nature, an effect of our sympathy with her; but behind these blue, distant shapes one man will seek a home that they withhold, a beloved of his youth, mother and father, brothers and sisters, old friends, cherished times past; to another it seems that out there unknown glories await him, a radiant future is hidden, and he stretches forth his hand in quest of a new world. A few stand calmly in this glorious abode, seeking only to embrace it in its plenitude and enchainment; no detail makes them forget the glittering thread that joins the links in rows to form the holy candelabrum, and they find beatitude in the contemplation of this living ornament hovering over the depths of night. The ways of contemplating nature are innumerable; at one extreme the sentiment of nature becomes a jocose fancy, a banquet, while at the other it develops into the most devout religion, giving to a whole life direction, principle, meaning. Even among the childlike peoples there were grave men, for whom nature was the face of a godhead, while other, merry hearts only prayed to her at table; the air was to them a soothing drink, the stars were a light to dance by, plants and beasts were merely delectable fare, nature to them was not a wondrous, silent temple, but a jolly kitchen and pantry. In between, there were other, more contemplative souls, who found in the nature before them only large but neglected gardens, and busied themselves creating prototypes of a nobler nature.—For this great work they broke into companionable groups, some sought to awaken the spent and lost tones in the air and in the forests, others fixed their presentiments and images of more beautiful races in bronze and stone, fashioned more beautiful rocks and made them into dwellings, brought back to light the treasures hidden in the crypts of the earth; tamed unruly streams, populated the inhospitable sea, restored noble plants and beasts to desert regions, damned the forest floods and cultivated the nobler flowers and herbs, opened the earth to the touch of the fructifying air and the kindling light, taught the colors to mingle and order themselves into charming shapes, taught wood and meadow, springs and crags to join again in pleasant gardens, breathed tones into living things, that they might unfold and move in joyous rhythms, took under their protection those poor forsaken beasts amenable to human ways, and cleansed the woods of savage monsters, the misbegotten creatures of a degenerate fantasy. Soon nature learned friendlier ways again, she became gentler and more amiable, more prone to favor the desires of man. Little by little her heart learned human emotions, her fantasies became more joyful, she became companionable, responding gladly to the friendly questioner, and thus little by little she seems to have brought back the old golden age, in which she was man’s friend, consoler, priestess and enchantress, when she lived among men and divine association made men immortal. Then once more the constellations will visit the earth that they looked upon so angrily in those days of darkness; then the sun will lay down her harsh scepter, becoming again a star among stars, and all the races of the world will come together after long separation. Families orphaned of old will be reunited, and each day will see new greetings, new embraces; then the former inhabitants of the earth will return, on every hill embers will be rekindled; everywhere the flames of life will blaze up, old dwelling places will be rebuilt, old times renewed, and history will become the dream of an infinite, everlasting present.
He who belongs to this race and this faith and wishes to contribute his part towards the taming of nature, frequents the workshops of artists, gives ear to the poetry that bursts forth unawares in every walk of life, never wearies of contemplating nature and conversing with her, follows all her beckonings, finds no journey too arduous if it is she who calls, even should it take him into the dank bowels of the earth: surely he will find ineffable treasures, in the end his candle will come to rest, and then who knows into what heavenly mysteries a charming subterranean sprite may initiate him. Surely no one strays farther from the goal than he who imagines that he already knows the strange realm, that he can explain its structure in few words and everywhere find the right path. No one who tears himself loose and makes himself an island arrives at understanding without pains. Only to children or childlike people, ignorant of what they are doing, can this happen. Attentiveness to subtle signs and traits, an inward poetic life, practiced senses, a simple, God-fearing heart—these are the basic requisites for a true friend of nature, and without them his striving will not prosper. Without full, flowering humanity, the striving to understand a human world does not seem wise. Not one of the senses must slumber, and even if not all are equally awake, all must be stimulated and not repressed or neglected. As we see the future painter in the boy who covers every wall and every level stretch of sand with his drawings, who combines bright colors into figures, we see the future philosopher in him who untiringly pursues and inquires into all things in nature, who turns his mind to everything, gathers whatever is noteworthy and is happy if he has made himself the master and possessor of a new phenomenon, a new force and knowledge.
Now to some it seems not worth the trouble to pursue the infinite divisions of nature, and moreover, they find it a dangerous undertaking without fruit or issue. Never can we find the smallest grain or the simplest fiber of a solid body, since all magnitude loses itself forwards and backwards in infinity, and the same applies to the varieties of bodies and forces; we encounter forever new species, new combinations, new phenomena, and so on to infinity. They seem to stand still only when our fervor wanes; we waste the precious time in vain study and tedious enumeration, and this in the end becomes a true madness, a fatal vertigo over the horrid abyss. And nature, they say, remains wherever we turn a terrible mill of death: everywhere monstrous change, indissoluble endless chain, realm of voracity and mad luxuriance, incommensurable and fraught with disaster; the few bright points, they say, only serve to illumine a night that is all the more terrifying, filled with all manner of specters that frighten the beholder into insensibility. Death stands like a savior by the side of unfortunate mankind, for without death the madman would be the happiest among creatures. The effort to fathom the giant mechanism is in itself a move towards the abyss, a beginning of madness: for every lure seems an expanding vortex, which soon takes full possession of the unfortunate and carries him away through a night of terrors. Here, they say, is the insidious pitfall of human reason, which nature looks upon as her worst enemy and everywhere seeks to destroy. Praised be the childlike ignorance and innocence of men, which leaves them unaware of the terrible dangers, which everywhere like awesome storm clouds surround their peaceful dwelling places, threatening at every instant to break over them. Only the inner disunity of nature’s forces has preserved man up to now, but inexorably the great moment will come when all mankind by common resolve will save itself from this intolerable lot, will wrench itself free from this hideous prison, when through voluntary renunciation of their earthly possessions men will redeem their race forever from this misery, and escape to a happier world, to the home of their ancient father. Thus men would end in a manner worthy of them, thus they would anticipate their inevitable extermination or even more terrible degeneration into beasts through gradual destruction of the mind, through madness. Association with the forces of nature, with beasts, plants, rocks, storms and waves, must inevitably make men resemble these things, and this adaptation, transformation, dissolution of the divine and human into uncontrolled forces is, they say, the spirit of the awful, devouring power that is nature: and is not indeed everything we see a rape of heaven, a desolation of former glories, the remnant of a hideous feast?
“Very well,” say some who are more courageous, “let our race carry on a slow, well-conceived war of annihilation with nature! We must seek to lay her low with insidious poisons. The scientist is a noble hero, who leaps into the open abyss in order to save his fellow citizens. Artists have dealt her many covert blows: continue along this road, possess yourselves of the secret threads, and make her lust after herself. Exploit her strife to bend her to your will, like the fire-spewing bull. She must be made to serve you. Patience and faith befit the children of mankind. Distant brothers are united with us for one purpose, the starry wheel will become the spinning wheel of our life, and then with the help of our slaves we shall build ourselves a new Djinnistan. With inward triumph let us behold her devastations, her tumults, she shall sell herself to us, and bitterly atone for every violent deed. With a rapturous sentiment of our freedom let us live and die; here rises the stream that will some day submerge and quell her, let us bathe in it and gather courage for new heroic deeds. The monster’s rage cannot reach us, a drop of freedom is enough to lame it forever, and put an end to its devastation,”
Filed under Europe, Mass Suicide, Novalis, Selections, The Early Modern Period
from Philosophy of Right
Born to a Protestant family in Stuttgart, Hegel received an excellent early education. He studied philosophy and theology at the seminary of Tübingen, where he was particularly influenced by the works of Kant and Schiller. After passing his theological examinations in 1793, Hegel worked in Bern and Frankfurt as a tutor for several years.
Among the German idealists, Hegel attempted to formulate a complete system of philosophy that would account for the differences and similarities of all previous philosophies. In 1801, with a dissertation written in Latin entitled On the Orbits of the Planets, Hegel secured a lectureship at the University of Jena, where he spoke on a wide variety of subjects. On October 13, 1806, the same day that Napoleon victoriously entered the city, he finished his Phenomenology of Spirit. In this work, an early masterpiece much influenced by German Romanticism, Hegel describes the process by which both individuals and societies can grow to “absolute knowledge” by developing consciousness from sense perceptions to reason, which is the ultimate essence of the world and the guiding principle of history. Reconciliation is reached when a concept progresses through an endless dialectical process; thesis leads to antithesis, which finally leads to synthesis, which itself inherently contains a contrasting element that negates it and serves as the antithesis in the next stage of development.
Due to the war, Hegel left Jena and eventually settled in Nürnberg, where he served as headmaster of the Royal Gymnasium, met his future wife, and wrote the Science of Logic (1812–16). In 1816, he resumed his academic career at the University of Heidelberg and published The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline (1817), which serves as an introduction to his philosophy. His major work of his last period was the Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, or Elements of the Philosophy of Right, known in English as the Philosophy of Right (published 1820, title page 1821), which argues that the nation-state is a manifestation of God and that the ideal state is the real materialization of the ethical idea. The work was heavily criticized as a hidden apologia for the Prussian state., but more recent scholarship challenges this view. Hegel’s philosophy of government and law became highly influential in Prussia, and Hegel himself became a power in the political and academic life of Germany. He died suddenly, at the peak of his career, from an attack of cholera.
In this brief selection from the Philosophy of Right, along with an addition made by Hegel’s students from his oral lectures and comments, Hegel argues that there is no right to suicide since there is no right over one’s own life—indeed, the concept is a contradiction. Central to Hegel’s thinking is the notion of the individual as secondary to moral and societal interests; “the particular person,” he says, “is really a subordinate, who must devote his life to the service of the ethical fabric.”
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Paragraph 70 and Addition, tr. S. W. Dyde. London: George Bell and Sons, 1896, p. 76.
from The Philosophy of Right
Since personality is something directly present, the comprehensive totality of one’s outer activity, the life, is not external to it. Thus the disposal or sacrifice of life is not the manifestation of one’s personality so much as the very opposite. Hence I have no right to relinquish my life. Only a moral and social ideal, which submerges the direct, simple and separate personality, and constitutes its real power, has a right to life. Life, as such, being direct and unreflected, and death the direct negation of it, death must come from without as a result of natural causes, or must be received in the service of the idea from a foreign hand.
The particular person is really a subordinate, who must devote his life to the service of the ethical fabric; when the state demands his life, he must yield it up. But should the man take his own life? Suicide may at first glance be looked upon as bravery, although it be the poor bravery of tailors and maid-servants. Or it may be regarded as a misfortune, caused by a broken heart. But the point is, Have I any right to kill myself? The answer is that I, as this individual am not lord over my own life, since the comprehensive totality of one’s activity, the life, falls within the direct and present personality. To speak of the right of a person over his life is a contradiction, since it implies a right of a person over himself. But no one can stand above and execute himself. When Hercules burnt himself, and Brutus fell upon his sword, this action against their personality was doubtless of an heroic type; but yet the simple right to commit suicide must be denied even to heroes.
Filed under Europe, Hegel, George Wilhelm Friedrich, Rights, Selections, The Early Modern Period
ANNE LOUISE GERMAINE DE STAËL-HOLSTEIN
from On the Influence of the Passions
from Reflections on Suicide
Anne Louise Germaine née Necker, Baroness of Staël-Holstein, widely known as Madame de Staël, was an important Swiss-French writer known for her work in literary criticism and for her novels. She was the daughter of a politician, Jacques Necker; in 1786, she married the Swedish ambassador to France, Baron de Staël-Holstein, in a marriage of convenience. Her first works were romantic love stories, but success came with her letters on Rousseau. She was much involved in the events of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror, defending her friends among the liberal aristocrats, often at the peril of her own life. Her literary contributions are considerable, including The Influence of Literature on Society (1800), and the novels Delphine (1802) and Corinne (1807). She published a lengthy work on German philosophy and literature, On Germany, in 1810, which attempted to stimulate France to fresh creativity, idealizing the German Romantic movement in an implicit critique of Napoleon’s France. All 5,000 copies of the printed book (2 vols.), the plates, and the manuscript were confiscated and destroyed by Napoleon, and only the quick action of her son saved a copy of the manuscript, which was published three years later in London. She was banished from France by Napoleon. She also published works on Rousseau and on the French Revolution.
Mme. de Staël, in one respect nearly unique among authors on suicide, published two starkly different views of self-killing. In 1798, in On the Influence of the Passions, she defended suicide as a valid solution to what she refers to as the unhappiness of “passionate minds.” Later, however, she rejected this view in Reflections on Suicide (1812), arguing resolutely against it. She gives the following account of this turnabout: “In my work On the Influence of the Passions I have applauded suicide and I have ever since repented of that inconsiderate expression. I was then in the pride and vivacity of early youth, but of what use is life, without the hope of improvement.” The work concludes with her reconstruction of Lady Jane Grey’s last days in the Tower of London, considering—and rejecting—the option of suicide.
Baroness of Staël-Holstein, A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations, tr. K. Staël-Holstein. London: George Cawthorne, [1789] 1798; Madame de Staël, Reflections on Suicide, in George Combe, The Constitution of Man, Considered in Relation to External Objects, Alexandrian edition. Columbus, OH: J & H Miller, n.d., second half of volume, pp. 99-112.
…of all the passions, love is the most fatal to the happiness of man. If we had the courage to die, we might venture to indulge the hope of so delightful a fate, but we resign our minds to the empire of feelings which poison the rest of our life. For some moments we enjoy a happiness which has no correspondence with the ordinary state of life, and we wish to survive its loss. The instinct of self preservation is more powerful than the emotions of despair, and we continue to exist without being able to indulge the hope of recovering in the future what the past has taken from us, without being able to find any reason to abandon our sorrow, either in the circle of the passions, in the sphere even of a sentiment which, deriving its source in a real principle, can admit of no consolation from reflection. None but men capable of resolving to commit suicide, can with any shadow of wisdom, venture to explore this grand path of happiness.*
But he who desires to live, and exposes himself to the necessity of retreat; he who desires to live, and yet renounces in any manner the empire over his own mind, devotes himself, like a madman, to the greatest of misfortunes.
The majority of men, and even a great number of women, have no idea of this sentiment, such as I have described it; and there are more people qualified to appreciate the merit of Newton than to judge of the real passion of love. A kind of ridicule is attached to what are called romantic sentiments; and those little minds, who assign so much importance to all the details of their self-love or of their interest, have arrogated to themselves a superior degree of reason to those whose character hurries them into a different kind of selfishness, which society considers with greater indulgence in the man who is occupied exclusively with himself. People of vigorousunderstandings consider the labours of thought, the services done to the human race, as alone deserving of the esteem of men. There are some geniuses who are entitled to consider themselves as useful to their fellow creatures; but how very few can flatter themselves with the possession of any thing more glorious than to constitute the happiness of another! Severe moralists dread the wanderings of such a passion. Alas! In our days, happy the nation, happy the individuals, that could boast of men susceptible of the impulse of sensibility! But, indeed, so many fleeting emotions bear a resemblance to love, so many attachments of quite a different nature, among women from vanity, among men from youth, take the appearance of this sentiment, that these degraded copies have almost entirely effaced the remembrance of the real object. In a word, there are certain characters prone to love, who, deeply convinced of the obstacles which oppose the happiness of this passion, which thwart its perfection, and, above all, threaten its permanence; and alarmed at the irritability of their own hearts, and those of others, reject, with courageous reason and timid sensibility, every thing that could excite this passion. From all these causes arise the errors adopted even by philosophers with regard to the real importance of the attachment of the heart, and the unbounded tortures which those who resign themselves to its guidance are accustomed to experience.
It unfortunately is not true, that we are never captivated but by the qualities which bespeak a certain resemblance of character and sentiments. The charms of a seducing figure, that species of advantage which permits the imagination to conceive all the beauties by which it is captivated, and to see all the expression which it wishes, acts powerfully upon an attachment which cannot exist without enthusiasm. The grace of manner, wit, language; in a word, grace, more difficult to be defined than any other charm, inspires this sentiment, which, at first over-looked, frequently arises from something which cannot be explained. Such an origin cannot secure either the happiness or the duration of a connection. Yet when love exists, the illusion is complete, and nothing can equal the despair excited by the certainty of having loved an object unworthy of us. This fatal ray of light darts in, and awakens reason before it has detached the heart. Haunted by the opinion we had formed, which we must now renounce, we still love while we cease to esteem. We act as if there still were room for hope. In our torture, as if all hope had vanished, we cling to the image which we ourselves have created. We hang upon those features which once we considered as the emblems of virtue, and we are repulsed by something more cruel than hatred, by the want of every tender and profound emotion. We ask if the object on which we doat is of another nature, if we are wild in our paroxysms. We could wish to persuade ourselves that we are distracted, in order to belie the judgment we pronounce on the heart of those we loved. The past even no longer exists to cherish our recollections. The opinion we are forced to adopt recurs to the moment when we were deceived. We call to mind those incidents which should have opened our eyes, and the misery we feel is diffused over every moment of life; regret is connected with remorse and melancholy; the last hope of the wretched can no more soften that repentance which agitates and consumes our frame, and renders solitude frightful, without rendering us capable of amusement.
If, on the contrary, there has been a single moment of life in which we have been beloved; if the object on whom we had fixed our choice was generous, was in any respect such as we had conceived him to be; and if time, the inconstancy of the imagination, which likewise loosens the attachments of the heart; or if another object less worthy of his tenderness has deprived us of that love on which our whole existence depended, how agonizing are the sufferings which we experience from this overthrow of our scheme of life! How poignant the tortures of that moment when the hand, which so often has traced the most sacred oaths of the eternal love, traces in characters, that stab to the heart, the cruel intelligence, that we have ceased to be the objects of affection! Oh! How painful, when comparing the letters which the same hand had written, our eyes can scarcely believe that the different periods at which they were composed, can alone explain the difference! How agonizing our sensations, when that voice, whose accents haunted us in solitude, thrilled through our agitated soul, and seemed to recall the fondest recollections; when that voice speaks to us without emotion, without embarrassment, without betraying the slightest movement of the heart! Alas! The passion we still feel, long renders it impossible to believe that we cease to interest the object of our tenderness. We seem to experience a sentiment which requires to be communicated. We imagine that we are separated by a barrier independent of his will; that when we see, when we speak to him, the feelings of the past will revive; that he will again yield to the tenderness he once experienced; we imagine that hearts, which have once completely unbosomed themselves, cannot cease to cherish the ancient union; we imagine that nothing can renew the impulse which we alone possess the secret of bestowing; yet we know that he is happy far from us, that he is happy with the object least calculated to bring back the recollection of us. The cords of sympathy remain in our hearts, but those which once vibrated in concert to them are annihilated. We must for ever forego the sight of him whose presence would renew our remembrance of the past, and whose conversation would render it still more poignant. We are condemned to wander over the scenes in which he loved us, over those scenes that remain unaltered, to attest the change which all the rest has undergone. Despair is rooted in our hearts, while a thousand duties, while pride itself imposes the necessity of concealment, and no outward sign of woe must challenge the attention of pity. Alone in secret, our whole being is changed from life to death.
What consolation can the world afford to grief like this? The courage of self slaughter! But in this situation even the aid of this terrible act is stripped of that consolation which it sometimes is supposed to bestow. The hope of exciting the interest of others when we are no more, that species of immortality, is for ever torn from her who no longer hopes that her death could inspire regret. It is indeed a most cruel death, to be unable either to afflict, to punish, or to engage the remembrance of the object by whom we are betrayed; and to leave him in the possession of her whom he prefers, inspires a sensation of anguish which extends beyond the grave, as if this idea would haunt us even in its silent retreat.
Most of the metaphysical ideas which I have just been endeavouring to unfold, are pointed out and illustrated by the mythological relations of the ancients respecting the final destiny of those who had signalized themselves by their crimes. The ever-streaming casks of the Danaides, Sysiphus labouring at an huge stone, which rolls down the mountain as often as he strives to roll it up, picture to us a faithful image of that necessity of acting, even without any fixed object, which compels a criminal to the most painful and laborious action, merely because it relieves him from rest, than which nothing to him is so insupportable. Tantalus continually endeavouring to approach an object which as uniformly recedes from him, pourtrays the habitual torment of those men who have consigned themselves over to wickedness and guilt. They are equally unable to attain any thing that is good, or to desist from desiring it. In a word, the ancient philosophical poets were sensible that it was not enough to shadow out and describe the sufferings of repentance; the description of their hell required something more, and they thought it necessary to shew what the wicked experience even in the full career of their wickedness, and what their very passions for crimes made them endure, even before it had ceased to operate, and had been succeeded by remorse.
But it may be asked, why, under the supposed pressure of so painful a situation, the relief of suicide is not more frequently resorted to; for death, after all, is the sole remedy against irreparable ills? But though it but rarely happens, that the profligate lay violent hands upon themselves, it is not, therefore, to be inferred, that the profligate are less unhappy and miserable than those who resolve upon and perpetrate suicide; and, without laying the least stress on that vague uncertain dread, with which the apprehension of what may follow this life, never ceases to haunt the mind of the guilty; there is something in the very act of suicide that argues a sensibility of disposition, and a cast of philosophy, which are altogether foreign to the nature of a depraved soul.
If we fling out of this mortal life, in order to rescue ourselves from the torments of the heart, we are not without a wish that our loss should be somewhat regretted; if we resolve upon suicide from an utter disrelish of existence, which enables us to appreciate the destiny of man, deep and serious reflections, long and repeated examinations of our own mind, must necessarily have preceded that resolution; but the malice with which the heart of the wicked man rankles against his enemies, would make him dread that his death would enable them to breathe in security;—the rage that agitates him, far from disgusting him with life, on the contrary, makes him cling to it with a kind of rancorous rapture; a certain degree of pain dispirits and fatigues; but the irritation that accompanies the perpetration of crimes, makes the criminal fasten upon existence with a mixture of fury and of fear; he beholds in it a kind of prey which he pursues for the pleasure of tearing it in pieces. It is, moreover, peculiar to the character of the eminently guilty, not to acknowledge, even to themselves, the miseries they endure: their pride forbids it. But this illusion, or rather this internal struggle and restraint, in no measure contributes to mitigate their sufferings; for the severest of all pain is that which cannot repose upon itself. The guilty man is ever restless and distrustful, even in the secret recesses of his own mind. He behaves towards himself as if he were negociating with an enemy; he observes with regard to his own reflection the same precaution and reserve which he puts on in order to shew himself in public. Under the alarms of such a state it is impossible there should ever exist that interval of calm meditation, that silence and serenity of reflection which is requisite for a full examination of truth, and in obedience to her dictates, to form an irrevocable resolution.
That courage which enables a man to brave the terrors of death, bears not the least affinity to the disposition that resolves upon self destruction. The greatest criminals may evince intrepidity in the midst of dangers: with them it is an effect of mad folly, a kind of resource, an emotion, a hope that prompts to action; but those very men, though the most miserable of mortal beings, scarcely ever attempt to cut short their existence; whether it be, that Providence has not armed them with this sublime resource, or that there is in the nature of guilt itself a kind of ardent selfishness, which, while it affords no enjoyment, excludes those elevated sentiments with which the boon of protracted existence is spurned and renounced.
Alas! How difficult would it be not to take an interest in the fate of a man who rises superior to nature, when he throws away what he holds from her; when he converts life into an instrument to destroy life; when he can prevail upon himself, by energy of soul, to subdue the most powerful movement of the human breast, the instinct of self-preservation! How difficult would it be not to suppose some generous impulse in the heart of the man whom repentance should drive to the act of suicide!—It is indeed not to be lamented that the truly wicked are incapable of such a resolve; it would, doubtless, be a painful punishment to an honourable soul, no to be able to hold in sovereign contempt a being which it can only loath and execrate.
If the life of man were to consist of but one period or æra, that of youth, then perhaps it might be permitted to run all the chances of the greater passions. But as soon as the winter of old age approaches, it points out and requires a new mode of existence, and this transition the philosopher only can endure with unconcern and without pain. If our faculties, if our desires, which originate from our faculties, were to run in uniform accord with the tenor of our destiny, we might indeed, at all periods of life, enjoy some portion of happiness; but the same blow does not strike at once our faculties and our desires. The lapse of time frequently impairs our lot without having enfeebled our faculties; and, on the contrary, enfeebles our faculties without having extinguished our desires. The activity of the soul survives the means of exercising it; our desires survive the loss of those pleasures to the enjoyment of which they were wont to impel us. The terrors and pangs of dissolution press home upon us, amidst the full consciousness of existence. We are, as it were, called upon to assist at our own funeral; and while we continue to hang with all the vehemence of grief on this mournful spectacle, we renew, within our own breast, the Mezentian punishment; we tie death and life together in one loathsome embrace.
When philosophy assumes the dominion of the soul, its first act is, undoubtedly, to depreciate the value both of what we possess and of what we hope to possess. The passions, on the other hand, magnify, to a great degree, the prices of everything: but when philosophy has once established this medium, or average of moderation, it continues through the whole of life: every moment then suffices to itself; one period of life does not encroach upon the other: nor does the hurricane of the passions disturb their regularity, nor precipitate their course: the years roll on in one tranquil flow, together with their events, and succeed each other in an undisturbed course, agreeably to the intention of nature, and give the breast of man to participate in the silent calm of universal order.
I have already observed, that he who can place suicide among the number of his resolves may fearlessly enter and run the career of the passions: to the passions he may consign his life, if he be but conscious of sufficient resolution to cut short its thread the moment that the thunderbolt of Fate shall have blasted and destroyed the object of all his wishes and of all his cares. But as a kind of instinct, which belongs, I believe, more to our physical than to our moral nature, frequently compels us to preserve a life, every instant of which is marked and marred by misfortune, can it be conceived an easy matter to run the almost certain chance of plunging into misery that will make us execrate existence, and of a disposition of the soul that fills us with the dread of its dissolution?
And this, not because, under such a situation life can still have any charms, but because we must compress into one moment’s space all the incentives of our grief, in order to struggle against the ever-recurring thought of death; and because misfortune spreads itself over the whole extent of life; while the terrors that suicide inspires concentrate themselves into the space of an instant: and, in order to effect the act of self-murder, a man must take in the picture of his misfortunes, like the spectacle of his final end, aided by the intense energy of one sentiment and of one single idea.
Nothing, however, inspires more horror than the possibility of existing purely and simply; and that, for want of sufficient resolution to die. For, as it is our fate to be exposed to all the vehement passions, such an object of dread suffices to make us cherish that power of philosophy, which supports man at the level of the events of life, without either attaching him to it too closely, or making him shrink from it with undue abhorrence.
I am afraid least I be accused of having, in the course of this work, spoken of suicide as an act deserving of praise.
I have not examined it in the ever respectable view of religious principles, but politically. I am persuaded that republics cannot forego the sentiment which prompted the ancients to commit self-murder; and, in particular situations, passionate minds, which resign themselves to the impulse of their nature, require the prospect of this resource, that they may not be driven to depravity in their misfortunes; and still more, perhaps, they require it during the efforts they exert to avoid them.
To His Highness The Prince Royal of Sweden.
Stockholm, December, 1812.
My Lord,
I wrote these Reflections on Suicide, at a time when misfortune rendered the solace of meditation necessary to sustain me. Near you, my lord, my troubles have been alleviated; my children and I, like the shepherds of Arabia, when they see a storm approaching, have sought shelter in the shade of the laurel. You, my lord, have ever considered death only in the light of devotion to your country; your mind has never been touched by the mortification which sometimes afflicts those who believe themselves useless upon earth. But to your superior mind no philosophical subject is strange; and your views are taken from so great an elevation that nothing can escape you. I have ever until now dedicated my works to the memory of my father but I have requested of you, my lord, the honor of doing you homage, because your public life is an exhibition to the world of sterling virtues which alone deserve the admiration of reflecting minds.
Intrepidity personally distinguishes you amidst the brave; but this intrepidity is directed by a feeling not less sublime; the blood of the warrior, the tears of the poor, even the cares of the unfortunate are objects of your watchful humanity. You dread the sufferings of your fellow creatures, and the exalted station in which you are placed will never be able to banish sympathy from your heart. A Frenchman said of you, my lord, that to ‘the chivalry of republicanism you united the chivalry of royalty:’ in truth generosity, in whatever manner it can be displayed, appears to be natural to you.
In your intercourse with the world, you never impose restraint, by factitious formality, upon the minds of those who surround you. You might, if I may be allowed the expression, gain the hearts of a whole nation, one by one, if each individual of which it is composed, had but the happiness of a few minutes conversation with you; combined with this affability, so full of grace, your manly energy attaches to you all heroic characters.
The Swedish nation, formerly so celebrated for its exploits, and which still preserves its early reputation, cherishes in you the presage of its glory. You respect the rights of this nation, both from inclination and duty and we have beheld you under many trying circumstances, as firm in supporting the constitutional barriers, as others are impatient of their restraint.
Duty never seems to you a restraint, but a support; and it is thus that your habitual deference for the experienced wisdom of the king gives a new lustre to the power he confides to you.
Pursue, my lord, the career which offers to you so fine a futurity, and you will teach the world anew, what it seems to have forgotten, that the most enlightened wisdom sheds a glory on morality, and that the greatest heroes, far from despising, believe themselves superior to their fellow-men, only by the sacrifices which they make to them.
I am with respect, my lord,
Your royal highness’
most humble, and obedient servant,
NECKAR.
Baroness de Stael-Holstein
I would impart consolation to the afflicted; the children of prosperity are instructed by their own experience only, and to them general reflections on most subjects appear useless: but it is not thus with the wretched: reflection is their best asylum, since separated by adversity from the distractions of the world, they fly to self-examination, and endeavor, like the invalid on the couch of pain, to find every alleviation of suffering.
Excess of misery gives birth to the idea of suicide, and this subject cannot be too thoroughly investigated: it involves the whole moral organization of man, I will endeavor to throw some new light upon the motives which lead to this action, as well as on those which prevent its perpetration I will examine the subject without prejudice or pride. We ought not to be offended with those who are so wretched as to be unable to support the burden of existence, nor should we applaud those, who sink under its weight, since, to sustain it, would be a greater proof of their moral strength.*
The opponents of suicide, feeling themselves on the ground of duty and reason, too often employ, in support of their arguments, an intolerant manner, offensive to their adversaries; and also frequently mingle unjust invective against enthusiasm, generally, with their well-merited reprobation of an unjustifiable action. It appears to me, on the contrary, that we can easily demonstrate from the principles themselves of true enthusiasm, or, in other words, from the love of pure morality, how far resignation to destiny is superior to rebellion against it.
I propose to present the question of suicide in three different points of view: I shall first examine what is the influence of suffering on the mind; secondly, I shall show, ‘what are the laws which the Christian religion impose on us in relation to suicide;’ and thirdly, I shall consider ‘in what consists the greatest moral dignity of man in this world.’
What Is the Influence of Suffering on the Mind?
We cannot dissemble that there is in the effect of impressions, produced by grief as much difference between individuals, as can exist relatively with genius and character. Not only the circumstances, but the manner of feeling them, differ so essentially, that people otherwise estimable may misunderstand each other in this respect; and yet, of all the limits of the understanding, the most grievous is that which prevents us from comprehending one another.
It appears to me that happiness consists in a destiny harmonizing with our faculties. Our desires are the offspring of the moment, and often are of fatal consequence to us; but our faculties are permanent, and their necessities are unceasing: hence the conquest of the world may have been as necessary to Alexander, as the possession of a cottage to a shepherd. It does not follow, however, that the human race should have served but as nourishment to the gigantic faculties of Alexander; but it may be admitted that, according to the constitution of his nature, there were no other means of happiness for him.
A capacity to love, an activity of mind, a value attached to opinion, are the sources of happiness to some and altogether productive of infelicity to others, the inflexible law of duty is the same for all, but moral strength is purely individual; and in forming an opinion of the happiness or unhappiness of those who are constituted differently from ourselves, a profound knowledge of the human heart is essential to the philosophical and just conclusion.
It appears to me then that we should never dispute the feelings of others; counsel can only operate on conduct, the laws of religion and virtue providing alike for all situations; but the causes of misery, and its intensity, vary equally with circumstances and individuals. We might as well attempt to count the waves of the sea, as to analyze the combinations of destiny and character. Conscience alone exists within us as a pure and unchangeable being, from whom we can all obtain what we all most need, the repose of the soul. The greater part of men resemble each other, not so much in their actions as in their powers, and no one capable of reflection will deny, that, in committing sins against morality, we always feel we might have avoided them. If then we admit that it is part of our condition here to endure affliction, we cannot excuse ourselves; either by the weight of this affliction, or by the acuteness of the felling which it produces. We all have within us the means of performing our duty; and what is most wonderful in moral as well as in physical nature, is, how equally and universally what is necessary to us is disturbed, while what is superfluous is diversified in a thousand ways.
Physical and moral pain are one and the same thing in their effect upon the mind; for corporeal and mental affliction are both productive of pain; but the one destroys the body, while the other regenerates the soul.
It is not enough to believe with the stoics that ‘pain is not an evil’; to submit to it with resignation, we must be convinced that it is a blessing. The least evil would be insupportable, if we considered it as purely accidental; individual irritability governing sensibility, there would be no more justice in blaming him who should destroy himself on account of the prick of a pin, than for an attack of the gout; for some slight difficulty, than for a real calamity. The smallest sensation of pain may excite rebellious dispositions in the mind, if it tend not towards its perfection; for there is more injustice in a light evil, if unnecessary, than in the heaviest affliction, if it have a noble end in view.
It is not necessary here to recur to the grand metaphysical question of the origin of evil, in the discussion of which philosophers have so vainly interested themselves. We can have no conception of free-will without admitting the possibility of evil; we can have no conception of virtue without free-will; nor of life eternal, without virtue;—this chain, the first link of which is, at the same time, incomprehensible and indispensable, ought to be considered as the condition of our being. If reflection and feeling lead us to believe that there is ever, in the ways of providence, a latent or apparent justice, we cannot consider suffering as either accidental or arbitrary. If we believe that the deity could endow us with unlimited faculties or powers, and that the infinite were thus transferable, we should have as much right to complain of some happiness withheld, as of some trouble imposed. Why should not man as well be incensed at not having always existed, as that he must cease to exist? In short, on what ground do his complaints rest? Is it against the system of the universe that he rebels, or against the part allotted to him in a system, subject to immutable laws? Affliction is one of the essential elements of the means of happiness; and it is impossible to form a conception of the one without the other. The vivacity of our desires is always in proportion to the difficulties with which they have contend; the height of our enjoyments, to the fear of losing them; the strength of our affections, to the dangers which menace the objects of our regard. In a word, the Gordian knot of pleasure and of pain can only be severed by the stroke that terminates existence. Let us submit, say the unfortunate, to the balance of good and evil which belongs to the ordinary course of events; but when we are treated as enemies by destiny we have a right to endeavor to escape its malignity: and yet the regulator which determines the result of this balance is entirely within ourselves: the same sort of life, which reduces one to despair, would fill another with joy, who is placed in a sphere of less elevated hopes. This reflection is not incompatible with what I have said as to the respect we owe to the various modes of feeling: without doubt, the happiness of one may not accord with the character of another; but resignation belongs equally to all. If there are in physical nature two opposite powers, impulse and gravity, which are the causes of the motion of the earth, it may also be asserted that the desire of action, and the necessity of submission, volition, and resignation, are the two poles of moral being, and that the equilibrium of reason is only to be found between them.
The greater part of men can scarcely comprehend more than two powers in life, destiny, and their own will, which is of itself, they believe, sufficient to influence destiny; and hence the general transition from irritation to pride. When they are in a state of irritation, they inveigh against destiny, as children beat the table against which they hurt themselves; and when they are satisfied with the events of life, the attribute them entirely to themselves, deriving a degree of complacency from the means they have employed to direct them, and considering these means as the only source of their felicity. Both these modes of judging are erroneous.
The will of man acts commonly, it is true, in concurrence with destiny; but when this destiny is the result of necessity, that is to say, when it is unalterable, it becomes the manifestation of the designs of providence towards us. A man of genius has observed that ‘necessity invigorates.’ We must rise to a great elevation of thought to adopt this expression in its full extent; but it is certain that we should always have a sort of respect for destiny. It is a power which, sooner or later, unforeseen or anticipated, seizes on a certain epoch of life and determines the course of it; but far from destiny being blind, as we are pleased to imagine it, we have reason to believe that it comprehends us thoroughly, for it scarcely ever fails to assail our inmost weaknesses. It is the secret tribunal which pronounces judgment on us, and when it may appear unjust, perhaps we alone can tell what it would intend and what it would exact.
There is no doubt of our coming forth, sensibly improved, from the trials of adversity, when we submit to them with a becoming fortitude. The greatest faculties of the soul are developed only by suffering, and this purification of ourselves restores us, after a time, to happiness; for the circle closes up again, and carries us back to those days of innocence which preceded our faults. We then abandon virtue when we fly to suicide as a refuge from misfortune; we reject the enjoyments that virtue would bestow by enabling us to triumph over our distresses. The disciples of Plato said that ‘the soul had need of a certain period of sojournment upon earth to become purified from guilty passions.’ We should, in fact, believe that the end of life is properly to renounce it. Physical nature accomplishes this work by destruction, and moral nature by sacrifice. Human existence, rightly conceived, is but the abdication of personality to gain admission into universal order. Children only comprehend themselves, young people each other an the friends who are a part of themselves; but when the presages of decay appear, we must seek consolation in general reflections, or abandon ourselves to all the terrors which the latter part of life presents; for the unfortunate or fortunate circumstances of each individual are of little consequence in comparison with the inflexible laws of nature. Old age and death, much more than our peculiar distresses, should fill us with despair; but we readily submit to an universal condition, and yet rebel against our own portion, without reflecting that the universal condition is found in each lot, and that the distinction is more apparent than real.
In treating of the moral dignity of man, I shall strenuously insist upon the difference which exists between suicide and self-devotion, that is to say, between the sacrifice of ourselves to others, or which is the same thing, to virtue; and the renunciation of existence because it is a burden to us. The motives which lead to this act change entirely the nature of it; for when we abdicate life in order to do good to others, we immolate, if I may use the expression, our body to our soul, whilst, when we destroy ourselves from impatience under misfortune, we sacrifice almost always our conscience to our passions.
It is nevertheless wrong to contend that suicide is an act of cowardice: this strained assertion never convinced any one; but we ought here to distinguish between courage and fortitude. The act of suicide implies contempt of death, but to be unable to endure suffering shows a want of fortitude. A species of frenzy is necessary to subdue in us the instinct of self-preservation, when no religious feeling demands the sacrifice. The generality of those who have unsuccessfully endeavored to destroy themselves have not renewed the attempt, because there is in suicide, as in every extravagant act of the will, a certain degree of folly, which is appeased when it nearly accomplishes the end it had in view. Unhappiness is scarcely ever absolute; its associations with our recollections or our hopes, often constitutes the greater part of it; and when we experience a lively check, our affliction frequently presents itself to our imagination under a very different aspect.
Observe, after a period of ten years, a person who has sustained some great privation, of whatever nature it may be, and you will find that he suffers and enjoys from other causes than those from which ten years ago his misery was derived. It does not, therefore, follow that his is restored to happiness; but hope and fear have changed their course in him; and of the activity of these two passions moral life is composed.
There is one cause of suicide which interests the hearts of most women: it is love. The spell of this passion is no doubt the principal cause of the errors we commit in our judgment on the question of self-destruction. We are willing that love should subjugate the highest powers of the soul, and that nothing should be beyond his empire. All sorts of enthusiasm having encountered the attacks of mocking incredulity, romances have still maintained the delusion of sentiment in those countries of the world, to which good faith has retired: but of all the miseries of love there is but one, it appears to me, which should subdue the energy of the soul; it is the death of the object we love and by whom we are beloved.
An inward horror pervades our nature when the heart with which our existence was blended rests cold in the tomb. This affliction, the only one perhaps which surpassed the strength god has given us to resist suffering, has nevertheless been considered by several moralists as easier to be supported than those in which offended pride is in any respect mingled. In fact, in the misery which is produced by the infidelity of the object of our love, though the heart receives the wound, self-love instills its poisons. Without doubt also, a sentiment nobler than self-love rends our hearts when we are obliged to relinquish the esteem we had conceived for the first object of our affections; when there remains no more of an enthusiasm so profound, than the remembrance of the delusive appearances which gave birth to it. We must, however, in strictness urge, that, in an intimate and sincere union, such as ought to exist between true and pure beings, from the moment that either is unfaithful, or that either has deceived, he becomes unworthy of the sentiment he had inspired. I do not wish by this reasoning to imitate those pedants who reduce the troubles of life to syllogisms. We suffer in a thousand ways, we suffer form various, opposite and contending feelings; and no one has a right to contest the causes of our miseries: but in all the sufferings of the soul, in which self-love has its share, it is as unwise as reprehensible to seek our own destruction: for all that partakes of vanity is necessarily fleeting and we must not accord to that which is fleeting the right to precipitate us into eternity.
A misfortune entirely free from all emotion of pride is then the only one which should lead to suicide; but for the very reason that such a misfortune originates entirely in sensibility, religion can deprive it of its bitterness. Providence, which desires not that the wounds of the human soul should be without a cure, brings relief to him whom he has afflicted beyond his strength. Often, at such a time, the wings of the angel of peace overshadow our dejected heads, and who can say that this angel is not the very object of our regret? Who can say that, touched by our tears, it has not obtained from heaven the power of watching over us?
The pains of sensibility, which self-love embitters, are necessarily moderated by time; and those of an affecting nature, without any mixture of the emotion of pride, inspire a religious disposition, which leads the soul to resignation. The most frequent causes of suicide in modern times are ruin and dishonor. A reverse of fortune, as society is constituted, produces a most acute unhappiness, which multiplies itself in a thousand different ways. The most cruel of all, however, is the loss of the rank we occupied in the world. Imagination has as much to do with the past, as with the future, and we form with our possessions an alliance, whose rupture is most grievous; but, after a time, a new situation presents a new perspective to almost all men. Happiness is so composed of relative sensations, that it is not things in themselves, but their connection with yesterday and to-morrow, which affects the imagination. If destiny or the menaces of a tyrant have led a man to apprehend a certain degree of unhappiness, and he learns that he is to be spared the half of what he dreaded, his impressions will be very different from those he would have experienced, if he had not suffered so great a terror. Destiny has almost always much to do in the composition of our miseries; we may say that he also sometimes repents as well as other sovereigns of causing too much evil.
Opinion exercises over most individuals a degree of influence whose power it is difficult to diminish: the words, ‘I am dishonored,’ affect the whole mind of a social being, and it is not possible to avoid pitying him who sinks under the weight of this misfortune; for, since he feels it so bitterly, it is, in all probability, unmerited: but yet we must range the causes of dishonor in two principal classes; those which are derived from faults with which our conscience reproaches us; and those which originate in involuntary error and are in no wise criminal.
Repentance is necessarily connected with our ideas of divine justice, for if we did not regulate our actions by this supreme standard of equity, we should experience in life nothing but discontent. We must consider existence in two points of view; either as a game, the gain or loss of which consists in the advantages of this world; or as a novicate for immortality. If we regard it as a game, we shall be able to trace in our own conduct only the consequences of true or false reasoning; if we have the life to come in view, it is intention only to which our conscience clings. The man whose views are limited to the interests of this world may suffer discontent, but repentance belongs only to the religious man; and being such, he necessarily feels that expiation is the first duty, and that conscience commands us to endure the consequences of our transgressions, to the end that we may repair them, if possible, by doing good. Merited dishonor is then, to the religious man, a just punishment, from which he believes he has no right to fly; for, although, among human actions, there may be many more perverse than suicide, there is not one which seems so formally to deprive us of the protection of god.
Our passions lead us to many culpable actions which have happiness for their end; but, in suicide, there is a renunciation of all succor from above, that cannot be reconciled with any pious disposition.
He who is truly affected by repentance will exclaim, with the prodigal son: ‘I will arise, and go to my father, and will say unto him, father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, and am no more worthy to be called thy son.’ With this affecting resignation would a religious being express himself, for the more criminal he believes himself to be, the less would he arrogate to himself the right to quit life, since he has not used the gift as the bestower of it exacts. As for those guilty beings who do not believe in a future existence, and who have lost their consequence in this world, suicide, according to their manner of thinking, has no other inconvenience than to deprive them of the happy chances that might yet remain for them, and each individual can estimate these chances as he chooses, from his calculation probabilities.
I believe we may affirm that unmerited dishonor is never of long duration. The influence of truth on the public is such, that patience only is requisite to restore us to our station. Time has something sacred in it, and seems to act independently of the events it embraces. It is a support for the weak and unfortunate, and, in fact, is one of those mysterious ways by which the deity manifests himself to us. The world, which is in most respects so different a thing from the individual, the world, which is a sensible being, although composed of so many stupid ones, the world, which is liberal, although follies without number are committed by those who make a part of it, the world always concludes by returning to justice, as soon as predominating and momentary circumstances have disappeared. ‘In patience possess ye your souls,’ says the gospel, and this counsel of piety is also that of reason. When we reflect on the holy writings, we find in them and admirable combination of the best precepts for conducting ourselves with success in this world, and often also the best means of obtaining it. Physical suffering, incurable infirmity, in short, all such miseries as are inseparable from corporeal existence, would seem to constitute one of the most plausible causes of suicide; and yet, scarcely ever, particularly among the moderns, does this species of misery occasion it. Miseries which are in the ordinary course of events may overcome us, but do not excite us to rebel against our condition. It is essential that irritation should be mingled with our feelings before we can be enraged against destiny, and wish to liberate ourselves from its evils, or revenge ourselves against it, as an oppressor. There is a singular kind of error in the manner in which most men consider their destiny. This error has so much influence on the impressions of the mind, that we cannot too often contemplate it under various aspects. Indeed, a community of suffering is sufficient to make us resigned to the most distressing events, and we find injustice only in those afflictions which are peculiarly our own. And yet, are not these varieties , as well as these resemblances, for the most part counterbalanced? And are they not all, I repeat it, equally comprised in the laws of nature? I shall not dwell upon the common consolations that may be derived from the hope of a change in our circumstances; there are some afflictions which are not susceptible of this sort of comfort: but I believe we may boldly affirm, that all who have resorted to an active and steady employment have found an alleviation of their distress. There is an object in all occupations, and it is an object that man constantly requires. Our faculties devour us, like the vulture of Prometheus, when they have no external cause of action, and employment exercises and directs these faculties: in short, when we possess imagination, and most people in sorrow have a great deal, we can always find renovated pleasure in the master-pieces of the human mind, either as amateurs of artists. A celebrated woman has remarked that ‘ennui is mingled in all our distresses,’ and this reflection is full profundity. True ennui, that of active minds, is the absence of all interest in what surrounds us, combined with faculties, which render this interest essential to us; it is thirst without the possibility of quenching it. Tantalus is a just image of the soul in this state. Occupation gives a zest to existence, and the fine arts contain, at the same time, the originality of particular objects, and the grandeur of universal ideas. They preserve our relation with nature; we might love her without the aid of these charming mediators, but they teach us the better to appreciate her.
What Are the Laws which the Christian Religion Imposes on Us, in Relation to Suicide?
When the ancient man of sorrows, Job, was stricken with every evil, when he had lost his fortune and his children, and when frightful physical afflictions made him suffer a thousand deaths, his wife advised him to renounce life. ‘Curse god,’ said she, ‘and die.’—‘What,’ replied he, ‘I have received good at the hand of god, and shall I not receive evil?’ And in whatsoever depth of depair he was plunged, he was resigned to his fate, and his patience was rewarded. It is supposed that Job preceded Moses; he existed, at least, long before the coming of Jesus Christ, and at a time when the hope of the soul’s immortality was not yet assured to mankind. What would he then have thought at the present time? We see in the bible, men, such as Samson and the Maccabees, who devoted themselves to death, to accomplish a design they believed to be noble and salutary; but in no part do we find examples of suicide, of which disgust to life or its troubles is the only cause; in no part has that species of suicide, which is only a desertion from destiny, been considered as possible. It has been frequently asserted, that there is no passage in the gospel which indicates a formal disapprobation of this act. Jesus Christ, in his discourses, rather ascends to the principles of action than enters into a particular application of the law; but is it not enough, that the general spirit of the gospel tends to hallow resignation?
‘Blessed are they that mourn,’ said Jesus Christ, ‘for they shall be comforted. If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross and follow me. Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, for my sake.’ Jesus Christ every where announces that his mission is, to teach man that the design of misfortune is the purification of the soul, and that celestial happiness is obtained by pious endurance of our miseries on earth. The interpretation of the doubtful meaning of affliction, is the special intention of the doctrine of Jesus Christ.
We find many good things respecting social morality in the Hebrew prophets and in the Pagan philosophers; but it was to teach charity, patience, and faith, that Jesus Christ descended upon earth; and these three virtues all alike tend to the relief of the unhappy. The first, charity, teaches us our duty towards them; the second, patience, teaches them to what consolations they ought to have recourse, and the third faith, announces to them their recompense. Most of the precepts of the gospel would want foundation if suicide were permitted; for, from misfortune we learn the necessity of appealing to heaven, and the insufficiency of the goods of this world is what, above all, renders another life necessary.
We must not disdain, in whatever misery we may be plunged, the primitive gifts of our creator, life and nature. A social being places too much importance upon the tissue of circumstances of which his individual history is composed. Existence is in itself a marvelous thing; the happiness of the savage is derived from it alone; sick people often pray for nothing else; the prisoner considers liberty as the supreme good; the blind man would willingly give all he possessed for the blessing of sight; the climates of the south, which give life to colors and develop perfumes, produce an undefinable impression; the consolations of philosophy have less empire over us than the enjoyments we derive from the spectacle of heaven and earth. Among our means of happiness then the power of reflection is most valuable. We are so contracted in ourselves, so many things agitate and wound us, that we have constantly need to plunge into this boundless sea of thoughts, where we must, as in the Styx, become invulnerable, or altogether resigned.
No one will venture to say that we can endure every calamity we are subjected to in this world, nor will any one dare to place such confidence in his own strength as to make this assertion. There are but few beings endowed with such superior faculties that despair has not reached them more than once; and life appears but as a protracted shipwreck, the fragments of which are friendship, love and glory. The borders of the stream of time are covered with them; but if we have preserved the internal harmony of the soul, we may yet hold communion with the works of the deity.
The mercy of heaven, the stillness of death, the beauty of the universe, which was not designed to show man his own insignificance, but as an earnest of better days; some noble thoughts, always the same; are like the harmony of creation, and restore us to tranquility when we are accustomed to comprehend them. From these sources the hero and the poet draw their inspirations; why then would not some drops from the cup, which elevates them above humanity, be salutary for all?
We accuse destiny of malignity because its blows are always aimed at the tenderest part of us. This is not attributable to the malignity of destiny but to the impetuosity of our desires, which precipitates us against the obstacles we encounter, as we run deeper upon the sword of our adversary in the ardor of combat: and besides, the instruction we should receive from misfortune necessarily applies to that part of our character which stands most in need of reproof. We cannot admit the belief of god without supposing that he directs in its influence upon men: we cannot then consider this destiny as a blind power; it remains to be considered whether he who governs it has given to man the liberty of submitting to or flying from it. I shall examine this in the second part of these reflections.
It is seldom that individuals, in the intoxication of prosperity, preserve a holy respect for sacred things. The allurements of this world are so brilliant as to darken all other joys, even the glory of a future existence. A German philosopher, disputing with his friends, once said, ‘To obtain such a thing, I would give millions of years of my eternal felicity,’ and he was singularly moderate in the sacrifice he offered; for temporal enjoyments have generally much more activity than religious hopes; and spiritual life, or Christianity, which is the same thing, would not exist, if sorrow dwelt not in the heart of man. Premeditated suicide is incompatible with Christian faith, because this faith rests chiefly on the different duties of resignation. With respect to suicide resulting from a moment of delirium, from an excess of despair, it is not probable the divine legislator of men had occasion to notice it among the Jews, who rarely offered examples of this sort of offence. He unceasingly combated, in the Pharisees, the vices of hypocrisy, of unbelief, and of hardness of heart. Indeed, he appears to have considered the faults of the passions as the disease of the soul, and not as its habitual state, and always to have appealed rather to the general spirit of morality than to the precepts which grow out of circumstances.
Jesus Christ constantly directed man to occupy himself with life as it has relation to immortality only. ‘Then, why take ye thought for raiment,’ said he, ‘consider the lilies of the field, they toil not, neither do they spin; yet Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these.’ It is not slothfulness nor indifference that Jesus Christ inculcates by this passage, but a sort of calm which would be useful even as it regards the interests of this world. Warriors call this sentiment confidence in their good fortune; religious men, the hope of divine assistance; but both the one and the other find in this internal disposition of the soul a support, which, while it enables them to form a clearer judgment of the circumstances of this life, at the same time affords the means of escaping from them. We believe we can obtain our emancipation from the tyranny of human events by determining to destroy ourselves if we do not attain the end of our desires. Under this idea, we consider ourselves as entirely at our own disposal; and free to relinquish life when we are no longer content with the condition of it. If the gospel accorded with this manner of thinking, we should find in it some lessons of prudence; but all those which relate to virtue would have a very limited application, for virtue consists only in the preference we give to others, that is to say, to our duty over our personal interests: now, when we renounce life, merely because we are not happy, we prefer ourselves to all the world, and become, if I may be allowed the expression, egotists in suicide.
Of all the religious arguments which have been adduced against suicide, that which has been most frequently reiterated, is that it is formally comprised in the prohibition expressed by the commandment of god: ‘Thou shalt not kill.’ Without doubt, this argument might also be admitted; but as it is impossible to consider the suicide in the same light with the assassin, the true point of view of this question is, that happiness not being the end of human life, man ought to aim at perfection, and consider his duties as necessarily connected with his sufferings. Marcus Aurelius said that ‘there was no more crime in leaving him than a room that smokes:’ certainly, if it were so, instances of suicide would be still more frequent than they are; for it is difficult, when the illusion of youth is past, to reflect on the course of things, and still to preserve our attachment to existence. We might adhere to this existence, through fear of leaving it; but if this motive alone retained us upon earth, all those who have conquered fear, by the force of military habits, all those whose imaginations are more terrified by the phantom of life than by that of death, would spare themselves their latter days, which repeat in so melancholy a tone the brilliant airs of our youth.
J. J. Rousseau, in his letter in favor of suicide, says, ‘Why, if we are allowed to cut off a leg, are we not also permitted to take away our lives?’ Has not the will of god given us the one as well as the other?’ A passage of the gospel seems to reply texturally to this sophism: ‘If thy right hand offend thee,’ says Jesus Christ ‘cut it off. If thine eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee.’ What the gospel here says, applies to temptation, and not suicide; but nevertheless it is sufficient to refute the argument of J. J. Rousseau. Man is permitted to seek a cure for all his evils; but it is forbidden him to destroy his being, or in other words, the power he has received of choosing between good and evil. He exists by this power, he ought to be regenerated by it, and to this principle of action, to which the exercise of free will entirely belongs, every thing is subordinate.
Jesus Christ, in encouraging man to endure the pains of life, repeats unceasingly the efficacy of prayer. ‘Knock,’ says he, ‘and it shall be opened unto you; ask and it shall be given unto you.’ But the hopes he presents relate not to the events of this life; it is the disposition of the soul upon which prayer exerts the greatest influence. Peace of mind and the prosperities of the world are both alike denominated by the word happiness; and yet, no two things are so different as these sources of enjoyment. The philosophers of the eighteenth century have founded morality on the positive advantages it procures in this world, and have considered it as personal interest, well understood. Christians have fixed the centre of our greatest enjoyments in the bottom of the soul. Philosophers promise temporal benefits to those who are virtuous; they are right, in some respects; for, in the ordinary course of things, it is very probable that the blessings of this life will accompany a course of moral conduct; but if our confidence in this should be deceived, despair would then be lawful; for, considering virtue only as a speculation, when it is unsuccessful we may abandon existence. Christianity, on the contrary, places happiness above all, in the impressions we receive from conscience. Have we not experienced, independently of religious feelings, and our internal disposition has not always agreed with our circumstances, and that we have often felt more or less happy, than we ought to be, after an examination of our situation? If the mere force of the mobility of our nature is sufficient to produce such an effect, how much more power ought the holy and secret operation of piety to have upon the soul! How often have those virtuous beings whom affliction has visited, found an unexpected calm in the bottom of their hearts! An unknown celestial music is heard in the desert, and seems to announce that the fountain will soon spring, even from the bosom of the rock.
When we have beheld Louis XVI, the purest and most respectable victim that faction could immolate, led to the scaffold, we cannot but demand what relief the hand of God stretched forth to him in the abyss of misery? Of a sudden the voice of an angel is heard, who under the form of a minister of the church, says to him, Son of Saint Louis, rise to heaven?’ His worldly grandeur, his heavenly hopes were all united in these simple words. They uplifted him, by recalling to him his illustrious race from the debasement into which man had wished to plunge him; they invoked the shades of his ancestors, who, without doubt, already stretched forth their crowns to welcome the coming of the august saint to heaven. Perhaps, at this moment, the eye of faith made him no longer. He approached the limits of time, and our calculation of its hours concerned him no longer. Who knows with what blissful emotion a single moment of tender reflection at that time filled his soul!
While the blood-stained executioner bound those hands, which has wielded the scepter of France, the same missionary of god said to his king, ‘Sire, it was thus that our lord was led to death.’ What aid did he not impart to the martyr, by presenting to his view his divine model! In fact, is not the most glorious example of the sacrifice of life the basis of the Christian’s belief? And does not this example mark the difference which exists between the martyr and the suicide? The martyr serves the cause of virtue, by yielding up his blood for the instruction of the world: the suicide perverts all idea of courage, and scandalizes even death itself. The martyr teaches man the power of conscience, it subdues the most powerful physical instinct; the suicide also proves the power of will, over instinct, but it is that of an unsteady charioteer, who can no longer hold the reins, but precipitates himself into the abyss, instead of conducting in safety to the goal. Indeed, in committing this terrible act, the soul is wrought to a pitch of frenzy, which concentrates, in an instant, an eternity of pain.
The last scene of the life of Jesus Christ appears destined, above all, to confound those who believe they have the right to destroy themselves in order to escape misfortune. The dread of suffering seized upon him, who had voluntarily devoted himself to the death, as well as to the life of man. He prayed a long time to his father, on the mount of Olives, and his soul was exceedingly sorrowful, even unto death. ‘My father,’ cried he, ‘if it be possible let this cup pass from me!’ Three times he repeated this prayer, his countenance bathed in tears. All our pains had passed into his divine being. He feared, like us, the outrageous of man; like us, perhaps, he regretted those he had loved, his mother and his disciples; like us, and more than us, perhaps, he loved this fruitful earth, and the celestial pleasures of an active beneficences, for which returned thanks to his father every day. But not being able to avert the cup to which he was destined, he cried, ‘Nevertheless, not my will, but thine be done, O, my father,’ and replaced himself in the hands of his enemies. What more would we seek in the gospel on resignation in affliction, and the duty of supporting it with courage and patience? The resignation we obtain from religious faith is a species of moral suicide, and it is in that it so much differs from suicide, properly so called, for the renunciation of self has for its end the sacrifice of ourselves to our fellow creatures; while suicide, caused by a disgust of life, is only the bloody mourning of personal happiness. Saint Paul says, ‘She that liveth in pleasure, is dead while she liveth.’ In every line of the holy writings we see this great misunderstanding between the beings of time and those of eternity; the first make life consist in what the last regard as death. It is then plain that the opinion of beings of time consecrates the suicide, while that of the beings of eternity exalts the martyr: for he who grounds morality on the happiness it may produce upon earth, hates life when it does not realize its promises; whilst he who makes true felicity consist in the internal emotion, which sentiments and thoughts in communication with the deity excite, can be happy in spite of men, and, if I may use the expression, in defiance of destiny. When the experience of existence has taught us the vanity of our own strength, and the almighty power of god, it often works in the soul a sort of regeneration, the delights of which are inexpressible. Then it is that we become accustomed to judge ourselves, as we judge of others; to place our conscience as a third person between our personal interests and those of our adversaries; we are passive as to our destiny, certain that we cannot direct it; we are passive also as regards our self-love, certain that it is not ourselves but the world that casts our character: we are passive, in fine, as to that hardest of all human trials, the wrongs and injuries of friendship; whether it be by recollection of our own imperfections, or by confiding to the tomb of the being who has best loved us our most secret thoughts; or, finally, by raising towards heaven the sensibility it has bestowed upon us. How great it the difference between this religious denial of terrestrial strife, and the frenzy which leads to suicide as a refuge from suffering. The renunciation of ourselves is in every respect opposed to suicide.
Besides, how can we be assured that suicide will deliver us from the evils which pursue us? What certainty can atheists have of annihilation or philosophers of the mode of existence nature has reserved for them? While Socrates taught to the Greek the immortality of the soul, many of his disciples committed suicide, greedy to taste of this intellectual life, of which the confused images of paganism had not given them the idea. The emotion excited by so novel a doctrine led their ardent imaginations astray; but, can Christians, to whom the promises of a future life have been extended only in connection with menaces of punishment to the guilty, can they hope that suicide will be the means of extricating them from the troubles which overwhelm them? If the soul survives death, will not the sentiment which filled it entirely, whatever may be its nature, still make a part of it? Who among us knows what connection is established between the recollections of earth and celestial enjoyments? Is it for us to draw near, by our own resolution, to this unknown region, from which, at the same time a secret dread repulse us? How can we annihilate, by the caprice of our will, (and I denominate thus every act not founded upon duty) the work of God in us? How shall we determine our death, when we had no power over our birth? How answer for our eternal destiny, when the most trifling actions of this brief existence have often filled us with the most bitter regret? Who will dare believe himself wiser and stronger than destiny, and venture so say to it—this is too much?
Suicide draws us from nature as well as from its author. Natural death is almost always softened by the enfeebling of our strength, and the exaltation of virtue sustains us in the sacrifice of life to our duty: but the suicide seems to spring with hostile arms beyond the borders of the tomb, and defies alone the images of horror and of darkness.
Oh! What despair is required for such an act! May pity, the most profound pity, be granted to him who is guilty of it! But, at least, let him not mingle human pride with it. Let not the wretch believe himself the more a man, for being the less a Christian, and let a reflecting being know ever where to place the true moral dignity of man.
Of the Moral Dignity of Man
Almost every individual aims here below either at his physical well-being or at his consideration in the world, and the greater part of mankind at both united: but consideration, in the estimation of some, consists in the ascendancy which power and fortune bestow, and in that of others, in the respect which talents and virtue inspire. Those who seek riches and power are also desirous to be thought possessed of moral qualities, and above all, of superior faculties; but this last is a secondary end, which must give place to the first; for a certain depraved knowledge of the human race, teaches us, that the solid advantages of life command the interests of men still more than their esteem.
We will set aside, as foreign from our subject, those whose ambition has only power and riches for its end; but we will examine with attention in what the moral dignity of man consists; and this examination will lead us necessarily to judge the action of self-destruction under two opposite points of view; the sacrifice inspired by virtue, and the disgust which results from mistaken passions. We have opposed, in respect to religion, the martyr to the suicide; we may also, in respect to moral dignity, present the contrast of devotion to duty, with rebellion against our condition.
Devotion generally leads us rather to submit to death, than to be instrumental in bringing it upon ourselves; yet, there were among the ancients suicides from devotion. Curtis, precipitating himself to the depth of the abyss, that he might cause it to close; Cato, stabbing himself to teach the world that there still existed a soul free under Caesar’s dominion, did not destroy themselves to escape from misery; the one wished to save his country, and the other gave the universe an example whose ascendancy still continues. Cato passed the night preceding his death in reading the Phaedon of Socrates, and the Phaedon explicitly condemns suicide, but this great citizen knew that he did not die for himself but for the cause of liberty; and, according to circumstances, this cause may teach us to await death, like Socrates, or to be ourselves the instrument of it, like Cato.
The characteristic of the true moral dignity of man, is devotion to duty. What we do for ourselves may have a sort of grandeur which excites surprise; but admiration is only due to the sacrifice of selfish feeling, under whatever from in may appear. Elevation of soul constantly tends to free us from what is purely individual, for the purpose of uniting us to the great views of the creator of the universe. Love and reflection comfort and exalt us only by withdrawing us from all egotistical impressions. Devotion and enthusiasm infuse a purer air into our breasts. Self-love, irritation, impatience, are the enemies against which conscience obliges us to combat, and the tissue of our lives is almost entirely composed of the continual action and reaction of internal strength against external circumstances, and of external circumstances against internal strength. Conscience is the true standard of the greatness of man, but it has only a claim to our admiration in the generous being, who opposes duty himself, and can sacrifice himself when duty commands him to do so.
Genius and talent can produce great effects upon this earth; but when the object of their exercise is the personal ambition of him who possesses them, they no longer constitute the divine nature of man. They only serve for address, for prudence, for all those worldly qualities, the type of which is found in animals, although the perfection of them belongs to man. The paw of the fox, and the pen of him who barters his opinion for his interest, are one and the same thing in respect to moral dignity. The man of genius who serves himself at the expense of the happiness of his fellow-creatures, whatever eminent faculties he may be endowed with, acts always with regard to self; and in this respect the principle of his conduct is the same with that of animals. What distinguishes conscience from instinct is sentiment and the knowledge of duty, and duty always consists in the sacrifice of self to others. The whole problem of moral life is included in this principle; the whole dignity of the human being is in proportion to its strength, not only against death, but against the interests of existence. The other impulse, that is to say, that which overthrows the obstacles opposed to our desires, has success for its recompense, as well as its end; but it is not more wonderful to make use of our intelligence to subject others to our passions, than to employ our feet in walking, or our hands in taking, and, in the estimate of moral qualities, it is the motive of actions which alone determines their worth.
Hegesippus of Cyrene, a disciple of Aristippus, discoursed in favor of suicide as well as sensuality. He contended that man should have no object but pleasure in this world; but as it is very difficult to insure our own enjoyments, he advised death to those who could not obtain them. This doctrine is one of those by which we can best determine the motives of suicide, and it evinces the species of egotism which mingles, as I have before observed, in the very act by which we would annihilate ourselves.
A Swedish professor, named Robeck, wrote a long work upon suicide, and killed himself after having composed it: he says in his book, that we should encourage a contempt of life, even to suicide. Do not the most profligate also despise life? Every thing consists in the sentiment to which we make the sacrifice. Suicide, regarding only self, which we have carefully distinguished from the sacrifice of existence to virtue, proves but one thing in point of courage, which is, that the will of the soul overcomes physical instinct: thousands of soldiers afford constant evidence of this truth. Animals, it is said, never kill themselves. Actions, which are the result of reflection, are incompatible with their nature; they appear to be enchained but the present, ignorant of the future, and gathering only habits from the past: but as soon as their passions become roused, they brave pain, and this greatest pain which we term death; of which, without doubt, they have not the least idea. The courage of a great many men also partakes of this want of thought. Robeck was wrong in extolling the contempt of life so highly. There are two ways of sacrificing life, either because we give duty the preference, or because we give our passions this preference, in not wishing to live when we have lost the hope of happiness. This last sentiment cannot merit esteem: but to fortify ourselves by our own thoughts, in the midst of the reverses of life; to make ourselves a defense against ourselves, in opposing the calm of conscience to the irritation of temperament: this is true courage, in comparison with which, that which springs from instinct, is very little, and that which is the fruit of self-love, still less. Some people pretend, that there are circumstances in which, feeling ourselves a burden upon others, we may make a duty of ridding them of the encumbrance. One of the great means of introducing errors in morality is, to fancy situations, to which there would be nothing to reply, if it were not that they do not exist. Who is so unfortunate as to find no fellow-creature to whom he may impart consolation? Who is so unhappy, that by his patience and his resignation, he may not give an example to move the soul, and give birth to sentiments, that the best precepts have never been able to inspire. The half of life is its decline: what has then been the intention of the creator in presenting this melancholy perspective to man, to man whose imagination has need of hope, and who counts as nothing what he has, except as the means of obtaining yet more! It is clear that the creator has willed that mortal man should obtain a mastery over self, and that he should commence this great act of dis-interestedness long before the degradation his strength should render it more easy to him.
When you reach the age of maturity, you are already in every thing reminded of your death. Do you marry your children? You make an estimate yourself of the fortune they may have when you shall be no more. Paternal duty consists in a continual devotion; and as soon as children attain the age of reason, almost all the enjoyments they afford are grounded on the sacrifice we make to them. If then happiness were the only end of life, we should destroy ourselves as soon as we cease to be young, as soon as we descend the mountain, whose summit appeared environed with so many brilliant illusions.
A man of wit, who was complimented on the fortitude with which he had supported great reverses, replies ‘I have sufficient consolation in being only twenty five years old.’ In fact, there are very few griefs more bitter than the loss of youth. Man accustoms himself to it by degrees, it will be said. Without doubt, time is an ally of reason, and weakens the resistance it meets with in us; but where is the impetuous soul, which is not irritated at the approaches of old age? Do the passions always decay with the faculties? Do we not often see the spectacle of the punishment of Mezentius renewed by the union of a soul still alive and a ruined body, inseparable enemies? Of what use would this sad herald be, which nature causes to precede dissolution, if it were not ordained that we should exist without happiness, and abdicate each day, flower after flower, the crown of life.
Savages, having no idea of the religious or philosophical destiny of man, believe they perform a duty to their parents by depriving them of life when they become old; this act is founded on the same principle as suicide. It is certain that happiness, in the acceptation given it by the passions, that the enjoyments of self-love at least, exist but in a small degree for old age; but it is this, which , by the development of moral dignity, seems to announce the approach of another life, as in the long days of the north, the twilight of the evening is confounded with the dawn of the ensuing day. I have seen these venerable countenances absorbed entirely with the future; they seem to announce, as a prophet, the old man who no longer interests himself with the remainder of his life, but is regenerated, by the elevation of his soul, as if he had already passed the barriers of the tomb. It is thus we must arm ourselves against misfortune; it is thus that in the strength of life itself, destiny often gives the signal of this detachment from existence, that time sooner or later exacts from us. ‘You have very humble thoughts,’ some men will say, convinced that pride consists in what we exact from destiny, and from others; while, on the contrary, it consists in what we exact from ourselves. These very men contrast Christianity with the philosophy of the ancients, and pretend that their doctrine was much more favorable to energy of character, than that whose foundation is resignation: but certainly we must not confound resignation to the will of God with condescension to the power of man. Those heroic citizens of antiquity, who would have endured death rather than slavery, were capable of a pious submission to the power of heaven; while modern writers, who pretend that Christianity weakens the soul, could very well bend, notwithstanding their apparent strength, to tyranny, with more suppleness than a feeble but Christian-like old man.
Socrates, that saint of sages, refused to make his escape from prison after he was condemned to death. He believed he ought to set an example of obedience to the magistrates of his country, although they were unjust to him. Does not this sentiment belong to the true firmness of character? What greatness likewise was there not in that philosophical discourse on the immortality of the soul, continued so calmly, even to the very moment when the poison was brought to him! For two thousand years, men of profound thought, heroes, poets, and artists, have consecrated the death of Socrates by their praise; but the thousands of instances of suicide, caused by disgust and ennui, with which the annals of every corner of the world are filled, what traces have they left in the remembrance of posterity?
If the ancients were proud of Socrates, Christians, even without including the martyrs, can present a great number of example of this noble strength of mind, in comparison with which the irritation or the depression, which leads us to destroy ourselves, is deserving only of pity. Sir Thomas More, Chancellor of Henry VIII., during a whole year of close confinement in the tower of London, refused day after day, the offers that an all-powerful king made him, to return to his service, if he would suppress the scruples of conscience which withheld him. Thomas More know how to confront death during a year: and to abandon life, still loving it, re-double the greatness of the sacrifice. A celebrated writer, he loved those intellectual occupations which fill every hour with a still increasing interest. A beloved daughter capable of appreciating the genius of her father, diffused an habitual charm throughout his household; he was in a dungeon, through the grates of which only a glimmering light, broken by the dark bars, could penetrate. While near this horrible abode, a delicious estate on the verdant borders of the Thames offered to him the union of every pleasure that the affection of his family and philosophical studies could impart. Nevertheless, he was immoveable; the scaffold could not intimidate him: his health, cruelly impaired, weakened not his resolution; he found strength in that fire of the soul, which is inexhaustible because it is eternal. He met death because it was his choice, sacrificing happiness, with life, to conscience; immolating every enjoyment to this sentiment of duty, the greatest wonder of moral nature; that which fertilizes the heart, as, in physical order, the sun enlightens the world. England, the birth-place of this virtuous man, where so many other citizens have so unostentatiously sacrificed their lives to virtue, England, I say, is nevertheless the country in which suicide is most frequently committed: and we are with reason, astonished that a nation, in which religion exercises so noble an empire, should offer the example of such an aberration: but they, who represent the English as cold in character, suffer themselves to be entirely deceived by the reserve of their manner. The English character, in general, is very active, and even impetuous; their admirable constitution, which develops the moral faculties in the highest degree, is of itself able to sustain their need of action and reflection; monotony of existence does not suit them, although they often inflict it upon themselves; they then diversify, by the exercises of the body, the sort of life which to us appears uniform.
No nation loves enterprise so much as the English, and from one end of the world to the other, from the falls of the Rhine, to the cataracts of the Nile, if anything singular and daring is attempted, it is by an Englishman. Extraordinary wagers, sometimes even blamable excesses, are a proof of the vehemence of their character. Their respect for all laws, that is to say, for moral law, for political law, and the laws of decorum, represses the outward indications of their natural ardor; but it does not the less exist; and when circumstances do not give it nourishment, when ennui takes possession of their lively imaginations, it produces incalculable ravages.
It is also maintained, that the climate of England tends particularly to melancholy: I cannot judge of it, for the sky of liberty has always appeared to me purer than any other; but I cannot think that we ought to attribute the frequent examples of suicide altogether to this physical cause. The climate of the north is much less agreeable than that of England, and yet they are less subject to disgust of life, because the mind has there less need of impulse and variety. Another cause also which renders suicide more frequent in England is the extreme importance which is attached to public opinion: as soon as a man’s reputation is impaired, life becomes insupportable to him. This great dread of censure is certainly a very salutary restraint for most men; but there is something still more sublime in having an asylum in ourselves, and there to find, as in a sanctuary, the voice of God inviting us to repent of our faults, or recompensing us for our secret good intentions.
Suicide is very rare among the people of the south. The air they breathe attaches them to life; the empire of public opinion is less absolute in a country where there is less need of society; the enjoyments of nature suffice for the rich as well as the poor; there is something in the spring of Italy which communicates happiness to every being.
Germany furnishes many examples of suicide, but the causes are various, and often whimsical, as is natural amongst a people, where a metaphysical enthusiasm prevails, which has yet no fixed object nor useful end. The defects of the Germans are much more the result of their situation, than of their character, and they will no doubt correct them, when there shall exist among them a political state of things, that will call into action men worthy of being citizens.
An event that happened recently at Berlin, may give an idea of the singular exaltation of which the Germans are susceptible.* The particular motives, which could lead any two individuals astray, are of little importance; but the enthusiasm with which an act has been spoken of, which ought rather to sue for indulgence, merits the most serious attention. If two persons, profoundly unhappy, had destroyed themselves after imploring the commiseration of sensible beings, and recommending themselves to the prayers of the pious, no one could have refused a tear to grief, that had driven them to distraction, whatever had been the species of folly to which it prompted. But can any one represent a mutual assassination as the sublime of reason, of religion, and of love! Can we give the name of virtue to the conduct of a woman, who voluntarily absolves herself from the duties of daughter, wife, and mother,—to that of a man who lends her his courage, thus to get rid of life!
What! This woman has sufficient confidence in the action she is committing, to write before she dies, ‘that she will watch over her daughter fro heaven:’ and while the righteous often tremble on the bed of death, she feels assured of celestial happiness! Two beings said to be estimable, introduce religion as a third, into the most bloody of actions! Two Christians bring murder into comparison with the communion, by leaving open beside them the canticle, chanted by the faithful, when they meet together to offer up their vows of obedience to the divine model of patience and resignation! What delirium in the woman, and what an abuse of faculties in the man! For must he not have regarded himself as an assassin, although he had obtained the consent of the wretched being he destroyed? Did the ever-fluctuating will of a human being give to a fellow creature the right of infringing the eternal principles of justice and humanity! He killed himself, it will be said, almost at the same moment with his friend; but can any one believe he has so ferocious a right over the life of another, at the same time also that he takes away his own!
And had this man, who wished to die, no country? Could he not have fought for it? Was there no noble or perilous enterprise in which he might have set a glorious example? What is that he has given? He did not expect, I imagine, that mankind would one day agree to renounce, in the sight of heaven, the gift of life; and yet, what other consequence could be drawn from the suicide of these two persons, who, as is supposed, knew no other misfortune than that of existence?
What then: there remained to these faithful friends a year perhaps, at least a day, to see and hear each other, and they voluntarily destroyed this happiness. One of them was capable of deforming those features in which he had read noble thoughts; the other no longer wished to hear the voice which had excited them in her soul; and every thing descriptive of hatred they called love! The most perfect innocence, we are assured, was mingled with it; is this enough to justify so barbarous a weakness? And what advantage do not such delusions give to those who consider enthusiasm as an evil! True enthusiasm should be the companion of reason, because it is the heat that develops it. Can there exist opposition between two qualities natural to the soul, and which are both rays of the same fire? When we say that reason is irreconcilable with enthusiasm, it is because we put calculation in the place of reason, and folly in the place of enthusiasm. There is reason in enthusiasm, and enthusiasm in reason, whenever they spring from nature and are without any mixture of affectation.
We are astonished at discovering affectation and vanity in a suicide; those sentiments, so contemptible even in this life, what do they not become in the presence of death? It appears that nothing is so profound, nor so powerful, as to prove a barrier against the most terrible of acts: but man has so much difficulty in picturing to himself the end of his existence, that he associates even with the tomb the most miserable interests of this world. In fact, we cannot avoid discerning sentimental affectation on the one side, and philosophical vanity on the other, in the manner in which the double suicide at Berlin was accomplished. The mother sends her daughter to an entertainment the night before she intended to kill herself, as if the death of a mother ought to be considered as a festival by her child, and as if it were already necessary to fill her young heart with the most false impressions of a bewildered imagination! This mother clothes herself in new attire as a holy victim; in her letter to her family she enters into a minute detail of household affairs, in order to show her indifference as to the act she is about to commit; indifference, great God, in disposing of herself without thy order! In passing from life to death without the aid of duty or nature to overleap the abyss!
The man, who, about to kill his friend, solemnizes a festival with her, and excites himself by songs and liquors, as it he feared the return of just and reasonable emotions: this man, I say, does he not resemble an author destitute of genius, who has recourse to a real catastrophe to produce effect she could not attain in fiction! True superiority of every kind has nothing of caprice in it: it is a more energetic and profound intensity in the impressions which the mass of mankind experiences. Genius is, in many respects, popular; that is to say, it has points of contact with the manner in which most people fell. It is not thus, with a bombastic mind, or a disordered imagination: those who torment themselves to attract public attention, by withdrawing it from others, fancy they have made discoveries in the unexplored regions of the human heart. They go so far as to imagine that what is revolting to the feelings of the greater part of the world is of a more elevated character than that which touches and captivates them. What a gigantic vanity is that which places us, if I may so speak, out of our kind. The eloquence and the inspiration of genius revives what had often existed in the hears of the most obscured individuals, and subdues their apathy or vulgar interests. Great minds, by their writings or their actions, some times scatter the ashes which covered the sacred fire: but to create, so to speak, a new world, in which it will be virtuous to abandon our duties; religious, to rebel against divine authority; affectionate, to immolate what is dear to us; is the melancholy result of sentiments without harmony, of faculties without force, and of a desire of that celebrity, to the attainment of which, the gifts of nature are not subsidiary.
I should not have taken the pains to dwell upon an act of madness, which may be excused by peculiar circumstances, of the details of which we are to a certain extent ignorant, if the event had not found apologists in Germany. The taste of German writers for the spirit of hypothesis is found in almost all the relations of life; they cannot be prevailed upon to devote all the powers of the soul to simple and acknowledged truths; it may be said they are as ambitious to make innovations in sentiment and conduct as in literature. Yet physical nature invents nothing better than the sun, the sea, forests, and rivers. Why then should not the affections of the heart also be always the same in their principle although varied in their effects? Is there not much more soul in what is understood by all, than in these human creations, invented, so to speak, like a fiction made at pleasure?
The Germans are endowed with most excellent qualities, and most extensive understandings; but it is from books the greater part of them are formed, and the result is a habit of analysis and sophistry, a certain research after ingenuity, which effects the manly decision of their conduct. The energy that knows not where to employ itself, inspires the most extravagant resolutions: but when they shall be able to consecrate their powers to the independence of their country, when they shall be regenerated as a nation, and thus reanimate the heart of Europe, paralyzed by slavery, we shall hear no more of sickly sentimentality; of literary suicides; of abstracted commentaries on subjects which shock the soul; they must then imitate those strong and hardy people of antiquity, whose character, constant upright, and resolute, never suffered them to undertake any thing arduous without accomplishing it; who considered it as pusillanimous for a citizen to shrink from a patriotic resolution, as for a soldier to fly on the day of battle.
The gift of existence is a constant miracle; the thoughts and feelings, which compose it, have something so sublime in them, that we cannot, without astonishment, contemplate our being by the aid of the faculties of this being. Shall we then squander, in a moment of impatience and ennui, the breath by which we have felt love, recognized genius, and adored the deity? Shakespeare says, in speaking of suicide,
—‘And then, what’s brave, what’s noble,
Let’s do it after the high Roman fashion,
And make death proud to take us.’
In short, if we are incapable of that Christian resignation, which makes us submit to the ordeal of life, at least we should return to the classical beauty of character of the ancients, and make glory our divinity, when we do not feel ourselves able to sacrifice this glory itself to the highest of all virtues.
We believe we have shown that suicide, whose end is, to rid ourselves of life, carries with it no character of devotion to duty, and cannot, of course, merit the name of enthusiasm.
Genius, and even courage, are only worthy of commendation when they tend to this devotion, which is able to produce greater miracles than genius. We have seen the greatest ability overcome, but the combination of religious and patriotic sentiment never is subdued. There is nothing truly great without the mixture of some virtue; every other rule of judgment necessarily leads to error. The events of this world, however important they may appear to us, are sometimes moved by the smallest springs, and chance has much to do with them. But there is neither littleness nor chance in a generous sentiment; whether it impel us to offer up life, or only exact the sacrifice of a day; whether it win a diadem, or be lost in oblivion; whether it inspire master-pieces of art, or prompt: to obscure benefits, is of no consequence; it is still a generous sentiment, and it is by this standard alone that man ought to admire the words and actions of man.
There are examples of suicide in the French nation, but we cannot generally attribute them to the melancholy of their character, nor to the elevation of their ideas. Positive evils have led some Frenchmen to this act, and they have committed it with intrepidity, but also with the thoughtlessness which often characterize them. Nevertheless, the multitudes of emigrants, which the revolution produced, have supported the most cruel privations with a sort of equanimity, of which no other nation would have been capable. Their genius disposes them more to action than to reflection, and this manner of life diverts them from the troubles of existence. What cost most to Frenchmen is separation from their country; and, indeed, what a country was theirs before faction had rent, before despotism had degraded it! What a country should we not see regenerated, if it were the voice of the nation that disposed of it? Imagination paints to us this beautiful France, which would welcome us under its azure heavens;—those friends who would melt with tenderness in beholding us again;—those recollections of youth, those traces of our relatives we should find at every step: and this return appears to us like a terrestrial resurrection; like another life granted to us here below:—but, if celestial goodness has not reserved for us this happiness, wherever we may be, we will offer up our prayers for this country, which will be so glorious, if it ever learns to appreciate liberty, or, in other words, the political guarantee of justice.
Notice of Lady Jane Gray
Lady Jane Gray was grand-niece of Henry VIII, by her grandmother Mary, sister of that king, and widow of Louis XII; she married Lord Guildford, son of the duke of Northumberland, who caused Edward, son of Henry VIII, to call him to the throne by his will, in 1533, to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth. Catherine of Arragon, was the mother of the former; her intolerant catholicism made her dreaded by the English Protestants,—and the birth of the daughter of Anna Boleyn was liable to be contested.
The duke of Northumberland urged these motives to Edward VI. Lady Jane Gray, not being herself satisfied of the validity of her right to the crown, refused at first to accede to the will of Edward, but at length the entreaties of her husband, whom she tenderly loved, and over whom Northumberland exercised great authority, drew from her the fatal consent they desired. She reigned nine days, or rather her father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, availed himself of her name to govern during that time.
Mary, eldest daughter of Henry VIII, however overcame her spite of the resistance of the partisans of the reformation: and her cruel and vindictive character signalized itself by the death of the Duke of Northumberland, his son Guildford, and the innocent lady Jane Gray. She was but eighteen years of age when she perished: yet her name was celebrated for her profound knowledge of ancient and modern languages, and her letters in Latin and Greek, still extant, evince very uncommon faculties for her years. She possessed the most perfect piety, and her whole existence was marked by sweetness and dignity. Her father and mother strongly urged her, notwithstanding her repugnance, to ascend the throne of England; her mother herself bore the train of her daughter on the day of her coronation; and her father, the duke of Suffolk, made and attempt to revive her party, while she was still a prisoner, and had been for some months condemned to death. It was this attempt which served as a pretext for executing her sentence, and the Duke of Suffolk perished a short time after his daughter.
The following letter might have been written in the month of February, 1554. It is certain that at this period, which is that of the death of Lady Jane Gray, she cultivated in her prison, a constant correspondence with her family and friends, and that even to her latest moments her philosophical disposition and religious firmness never forsook her.
Lady Jane Gray to Doctor Alymer.
It is to you, my worthy friend; I owe that religious instruction, that life of faith, which can alone endure forever: my last thoughts are addressed to you in the solemn trial to which I am condemned. Three months have elapsed since the sentence of death, which the queen caused to be pronounced against my husband and myself, as a punishment for that unhappy reign of nine days, for that crown of thorns, which rested on my head only to mark it for destruction. I believed, I avow to you, that the intention of Mary was, to intimidate me by this sentence, but I did not imagine that she wished to shed my blood, which is also hers. It appeared to me my youth would have been sufficient to excuse me, when it should be proved that for a long time I resisted the melancholy honors with which I was menaced, and that my deference to the wishes of the Duke of Northumberland my father-in-law, was alone able to mislead me to the fault I have committed; but it is not to accuse my enemies, I write to you; they are the instruments of the will of god, like every other event of this world, and I ought to reflect but upon my own emotions. Enclosed in this tower, I live upon my thoughts, and my moral and religious conduct consists only in conflicts within myself.
Yesterday our friend Ascham came to see me, and the sight of him at first gave me a lively pleasure; it recalled to my mind the recollection of the delightful and profitable hours I have passed with him in the study of the ancients. I wished to converse with him only on those illustrious deaths, the descriptions of which have opened to me a train of reflections without end. Ascham, you know, is serious and calm; he leans upon old age as a support against the evils of existence; in fact, the old age of a reflecting being is not feeble; experience and faith fortify it, and when the space which remains is so short, a last effort is sufficient to bear us over it; the goal is yet nearer to me than to an old man, but the sufferings accumulated upon my last days will be bitter.
Ascham announced to me that the queen permitted me to breathe the air in the garden of my prison, and I cannot express the joy I felt at it; it was such that our poor friend had not at first the courage to disturb it. We descended together, and he permitted me to enjoy for some time that nature of which I had been for several months deprived; it was one of those days at the close of winter which announces spring. I know not if that beautiful season itself would so much have affected my imagination as this presentments of its return; the trees turned their still leafless branches towards the sun; the grass was already green; a few premature flowers seemed, by their perfume, to form a prelude to the melody of nature, when she should reappear in all her magnificence! The air was of an undefinable softness it seemed as if I heard the voice of God, in the invisible and all-powerful breath, which, at every moment restored me again to life—to life! What have I said! I have thought until this day that it was my right, and now I receive its last benefits the adieus of a friend.
I advanced with Ascham towards the borders of the Thames, and we seated ourselves in the yet leafless wood, which was soon to be clothed with verdure; the waves seemed to sparkle with the reflection of the light of heaven; but although this spectacle was brilliant as a festival, there is always something melancholy in the course of the waves and no one can long contemplate them, without yielding to those reveries whose charm consists, above every thing, in a sort of detachment from ourselves. Ascham perceived the direction of my thoughts, and suddenly seizing my hands, and bathing it with tears, ‘Oh thou,’ said he, ‘who art ever my sovereign, is it for me to acquaint you with the fate which menaces you? Your father has assembled your partisans to oppose Mary, and this Queen, justly detested, charges you with all the love your name has excited.’ His sobs interrupted him. ‘Continue,’ said I to him; ‘Oh, my friend, remember those contemplative beings, who with a firm countenance, have looked upon the death even of those who were dear to them; they knew whence we came, and whether we go, that is enough. ‘Well,’ said he, ‘your sentence is to be executed, but, I bring that succor which has delivered so many illustrious men from the proscription of tyrants.’ This old man, the friend of my youth, then tremblingly offered me the poison, with which he would have saved me, at the peril of his life. I remembered how often we had together admired certain voluntary deaths among the ancients, and I fell into profound reflection, as if the lights of Christianity were suddenly extinguished in me, and I was abandoned to that indecision, from which even man, in the most simple occurrence, finds so much difficulty in extricating himself. Ascham fell on his knees before me, and covering his eyes with one had, with the other he presented me the fatal resource he had prepared. I gently repulse his hand; and renovating myself through prayer, found power to answer him as follows—
‘Ascham,’ said I, ‘you now with what delight I read with you the philosophers and poets of Greece and Rome; the masculine beauties of their language, the simple energy of their minds, will for ever remain incomparable. Society, such as is constituted in our days, has filled most minds with frivolity and vanity, and we are not ashamed to live without reflection, without endeavoring to understand the wonders of the world, which are created to instruct man by brilliant and durable symbols. The ancients have gone much beyond us in this respect, because they made themselves; but what revelation has planted in the soul of a Christian is greater than man. From the ideal of the arts, even to the rules of conduct, everything should have relation to religious faith, since life has no other end than to teach mortality. If I fly from the signal misfortune to which I am destined, I should not fortify, by my example, the hope of those on whom my fate ought to have an influence. The ancients elevated their souls by the contemplation of their own powers—Christians have a witness before whom thy must live and die; the ancients sought to glorify human nature; Christians consider themselves but as the manifestation of god upon earth; the ancients placed in the first rank of virtues, that death which freed them from the power of their oppressors, Christians prefer that devotion, which subjects us to the will of Providence. Activity and patience have their times by turns; we must make use of our will as long as we may thus serve others and perfect ourselves; but when destiny is, in a manner, face to face with us, our courage consists in awaiting it; and to look steadily on our fate is more noble than to turn from it. The soul thus concentrating itself in its own mysteries, every external action becomes more terrestrial than resignation.’ ‘I will not seek,’ said Ascham, ‘to dispute with you opinions whose unshaken firmness may be necessary to you; I am troubled only on account of the sufferings to which your fate condemns you; will you be able to support them? And this expectation of a mortal stroke, of a fixed hour; will it not be beyond your strength. If you should terminate your fate yourself, would it not be less cruel?’ ‘We must,’ replied I, ‘let the divine spirit take back what he has given. Immortality commences on this side the tomb, when by your own will we break off with life; in this situation, the internal impressions of the soul are more delightful than you can imagine. The source of enthusiasm becomes altogether independent of the objects which surrounds us, and god alone then constitutes all our destiny, in the most inward sanctuary of our souls.’ ‘But,’ replied Ascham, ‘why give to your enemies, to the cruel queen, to a worthless crowd, the unworthy spectacle—‘
He could not proceed.
‘If I should free myself,’ said I, ‘even by death, from the fury of the queen, I should irritate her pride, and should not serve as the instrument of her repentance. Who knows how far the example I shall give may do good to my fellow-creatures? How can I judge of the place my remembrance shall occupy in the chain of the events of history? By destroying myself, what shall I teach man but the just horror inspired by a violent outrage, and the sentiment of pride which leads us to avoid it? But, in supporting this terrible fate by the firmness which religion imparts to me, I inspire vessels, heathen, like myself, but the storm, with a greater confidence in the anchor of faith, which has sustained me.’
‘The people,’ said Ascham, ‘Falsehood,’ replied I, ‘may deceive individuals for a while, but nations and time always make truth triumphant: there is an eternity for all that belongs to virtue, and what we have done for her will advance even to the sea, however small the rivulet we may have been during our life.
‘No, I shall not blush to submit to the punishment of the guilty, for it is my innocence itself calls me to it, and I should impair this sentiment of innocence by perpetrating an act of violence; we cannot accomplish it ourselves, without disturbing the serenity the soul should feel on its approach towards heaven—‘ ‘Oh! What is there more violent,’ cried our friend, ‘than this bloody death?’ ‘is not the blood of martyrs,’ replied I, ‘a balm for the wounds of the unfortunate!’ ‘This death,’ answered he, ‘inflicted by man, by the murderous ax, that a ruffian shall dare to raise over your royal head!’ ‘My friend,’ said I, ‘if my last moments were encompassed with respect, they would not the less inspire me we dread; does death bear a diadem on his pale front? Is he not always armed with the same terrors? If it were to nothing he conducted us, would it be worth while to dispute with this shadow? If it is the call of god through this veil of darkness, then day is behind this night, and heaven is concealed from us only by vain phantoms.’
‘What!’ said our friend, with a still agitated voice, and whom, at all other times, I had seen so calm, ‘are you aware that this punishment may be grievous, that it may be protracted, that an unskillful hand—‘ ‘Stop!’ said I, ‘I know it, but this will not be.’ ‘Whence comes this confidence?’ ‘From my own weakness,’ replied I. ‘I have always dreaded physical suffering and my efforts to acquire courage to brave it have been vain. I believe, therefore, I shall be always spared it; for there is much secret protection extended towards Christians, even when they seem most miserable, and what we feel to be above our strength, scarcely ever happens to us. We generally know only the exterior of man’s character; what passes within himself, may still afford new hints during thousands of ages. Irreligion has rendered the mind superficial; we are captivated by the external appearance of things, by circumstance, by fortune; the true treasures of thought, as well as of imagination, are the relations of the human heart with its creator; there are to be found presentiments, there prodigies, there oracles, and all that the ancients believed they saw in nature, was but the reflection of what they experienced within themselves, without their knowledge.’
Ascham and I were silent for some time; an uneasiness pervaded me, and I dared not express it, so much did it trouble me. ‘Have you seen my husband?’ said I. ‘Yes,’ replied Ascham. ‘Did you consult him on the offer you were about to make me? ‘Yes,’ answered he again. ‘Finish, I pray you,’ said I. ‘If Guildford and my conscience do not agree, which of these two powers should be imperative on me?’ ‘Lord Guildford,’ said he, ‘did not express an opinion on the part you ought to take, but as to him, his resolution to perish on the scaffold, in immovable.’ ‘Oh, my friend,’ cried I, ‘how I thank you for having left me the merit of a choice; if I had sooner known of the resolution of Guildford, I should not even have deliberated, and love would have been sufficient to animate me to what religion commands. Should I spare myself a single one of his sufferings? And does not every step of his towards death mark my path also?’ Ascham then perceiving my resolution not to be shaken, departed from me, sad and pensive, promising to see me again.
Doctor Feckenham, chaplain to the queen, came a few hours after, to announce to me, that the day of my death was fixed for the next Friday, from which five days still separated me. I acknowledge to you, it seemed as if I were prepared for nothing, so much did the designation of a day appall me. I tried to conceal my emotion, but Fenckenham undoubtedly perceived it, for he hastened to avail himself of my trouble, to offer me life, if I would change my religion. You see, my worthy friend, that God came to my assistance at that moment, for the necessity of repulsing an offer, so unworthy of me, restored to me the strength I had lost.
Doctor Feckenham wished to enter into controversy with me, which I prevented, by observing to him, ‘that my understanding being necessarily obscured by the situation in which I was placed, I should not, dying as I was, discuss truths of which I had been convinced when my mind was in all its strength.’ He endeavored to intimidate me, by saying that he should see me no more, neither in this world nor in heaven, from which my religious belief had excluded me. ‘You would occasion me more alarm than my executioners,’ replied I, ‘if I could believe you; but the religion to which we sacrifice life, is always the true one for the heart. The light of reason is very vacillating in questions of such moment, and I cling to the principle of sacrifice; of that I can have no doubt.’
This conversation with doctor Fenckenham revived my dejected soul; providence had just granted what Ascham desired for me, a voluntary death; I did not destroy myself, but I refused to live;—and the scaffold, accented by my will seemed no longer but as the altar chosen by the victim. To renounce life when we can purchase it but at the price of conscience, is the only kind of suicide which should be permitted to a virtuous being.
Convinced I had done my duty, I dared to count upon my courage; but soon again my attachment to existence, with which I had sometimes reproached myself, in the days of my felicity, revived in my feeble heart. Ascham came again the next day, and we visited once more the borders of the Thames, the pride of our delightful country. I endeavored to resume my habitual subjects of conversation. I recited some passages from the beautiful poetry of the Iliad and from Virgil, that we had studied together; but poetry serves above all, to penetrate us with a tender enthusiasm for existence; the seductive mixture of thoughts and images, of nature and the soul, of harmony, of language, and of the emotions it retraces, intoxicates us with the power of feeling and admiring; and these pleasures no longer exist for me! I then turned the conversation to the more sever writings of the philosophers. Ascham considers Plato as a soul predestined to Christianity; but even he, and the greater part of the ancients, are too proud of the intellectual strength of the human mind; they enjoy so much of the faculty of thought, that their desires do not lead them towards another life; they believe they can produce an evocation of it in themselves, by the energy of contemplation: I also once derived the purest delight from meditating upon heaven, genius, and nature. At the remembrance of this, a senseless regret of life took possession of me. I represented it to myself in colors compared with which, the world to come appeared no more than an abstraction destitute of charms. ‘How,’ said I to myself, ‘will the eternal duration of sentiment be equal to this succession of hope and fear, which renews, in so lively a manner, the tenderest affections? Will the knowledge of the mysteries of the universe ever equal the inexpressible attraction of the veil which covers them? Will certainty have the flattering illusion of doubt? Will the brilliancy of truth ever afford as much enjoyment, as the research and the discovery of it? What will youth, hope, memory, affection be, if the course of time is arrested? In fine, can the supreme being, in all His glory, give to the creature a more enchanting present than love?’
I humbly confess to you, my worthy friend, that these fears were impious. Ascham, who, in our conversation the evening before, had appeared less religious than myself, at once availed himself of my rebellious grief.
‘You ought not,’ said he, ‘to make use of benefits to cast a doubt upon the power of the benefactor, whose gift is this life that you regret? And if its imperfect enjoyments seem to you so valuable, why should you believe them irreparable? Certainly our imagination itself may conceive of something better than this earth; but, if it be unequal to this, is it for us to consider the deity merely as a poet, who is unable to produce a second work superior to the first?’ This simple reflection restored me to myself, and I blushed at the obliquity into which the dread of death had betrayed me! Oh! My friend! What it costs me to fathom this thought! Abysses, still deeper and deeper, open under each other!
In four days I shall no longer exist; that bird which flies through the air will survive me; I have less time to live than he; the inanimate objects which surround me will preserve their form, and nothing of me will remain upon earth, but the remembrance of my friends. Inconceivable mystery of the soul, which foresees its end here below, and yet cannot prevent it. The hand directs the coursers who conduct us: thought cannot obtain a moment’s victory over death! Pardon my weakness, oh my father in religion, you, who have so tenderly cherished me: we shall be reunited in heaven; but shall I still hear that affecting voice which revealed to me a god of mercy? Shall these eyes contemplate your venerable features? Oh, Guildford! Oh, my husband! You whose noble figure is unceasingly present to my heart, shall I behold you again, such as you are, among the angels whose image you are upon earth? But what do I say? My feeble soul desires nothing beyond the tomb but the actual return of life!—
Thursday.
My husband has requested to see me to-day for the last time. I have avoided that moment in which joy and despair would be too closely blended. I dreaded the loss of the resignation I now feel. You have seen that my heart has had but too much attachment to happiness; let me not relapse into it again. My father, do you approve of me? Has not this sacrifice expiated all? I no longer fear that existence will still be dear to me.
The morning of the execution.
Oh! My father! I have seen him! He marched to his execution with as firm a step as if he had commanded those by whom he was conducted. Guildford raised his eyes towards my prison, then directed them still higher; I understood him: he continued on his way. At the turn of the road which leads to the place where death is prepared for both of us, he stopped to behold me once more; his last looks blessed her, who was his companion upon the throne and upon the scaffold!
An hour after.
They have carried the remains of Guildford under the windows of the tower; a sheet covered his mutilated corpse;—through his sheet a horrible image presented itself. If the same stroke was not reserved for me, could earth support the weight of my affliction? My father, how could I regret life so deeply? Oh holy death! Gift of heaven as well as life! Thou art now my tutelary angel! Thou restorest me to serenity! My sovereign master has disposed of me, but since he will reunite me to my husband, he has demanded nothing of me surpassing my strength, and I replace my soul without fear in his hands?
In my work ‘On the Influence of the Passions’ I have applauded suicide, and I have ever since repented of that inconsiderate expression. I was then in all the pride and vivacity of early youth; but of what use is life, without the hope improvement?
M. de K——an Madame de V——, two persons of very estimable character, left Berlin, the place of their abode, towards the end of the year 1811, to repair to an inn at Potsdam, where they passed some time in taking refreshment, and in singing together the canticles of the holy sacrament. Then, by mutual consent, the man blew the woman’s brains out, and killed himself the minute after. Madame de V——had a father, a husband, and a daughter. M. de K——was a poet, and an officer of merit.
Filed under Christianity, Dignity, Europe, Love, Martyrdom, Selections, Stael-Holstein, Anne-Louise-Germain, The Early Modern Period
EPHRAIM ZALMAN MARGOLIOTH
from Bet Efrayim
Ephraim Zalman Margolioth, a Galician rabbi, was the author of many commentaries esteemed as authoritative within the Jewish tradition. He was born in Brody, Poland, Dec. 19, 1762, and began to distinguish himself as a Talmudic scholar at a young age. Before the age of 20, Margolioth was corresponding with the foremost scholars of Talmudic thought; in 1785, he was a appointed a rabbi of Brody. He eventually became head of his own yeshivah, or Talmudic academy, and mentored many pupils to their appointment as rabbis.
Among Margolioth’s many works is his collected responsa, Bet Efrayim (2 vols., 1809–10), including a commentary on the Yoreh De’ah. In its short passage concerning suicide, Margolioth makes several important points. First, in a discussion of the rites associated with suicides, he maintains that self-killing may constitute an act of repentance, in which case suicide is permitted. Second, he argues that Saul’s suicide [q.v., under Hebrew Bible] was licit because Saul, by killing himself, avoided a mocking death by torture at the hands of the Philistines and because it was prophesied that Saul would soon die. Margolioth also cites other sources that excuse suicides which result from indigence or grief and do not subject them to the law of suicides described in the Talmud [q.v. under Babylonian Talmud]. He appears to second the view that he cites from the Besamim Rosh that a “suicide is [only] someone who despises God’s good like the philosophers” and not someone with a good reason to despair.
Ephraim Zalman Margolioth, Bet Efrayim YD, 76, tr. Baruch Brody.
Since he did not say first, how do we know that he did it from spite. Perhaps he did it as an act of repentance, and all who commit suicide as an act of repentance have done a permissible act… We also find in Besamim Rosh, that was recently printed, that a suicide is someone who despises God’s good like the philosophers, but someone who says that my life is a burden on me because of my poverty is not a suicide. It is true that his proof from Saul is no proof, as Nachmanides and the other commentators explain. Saul knew that he was going to die because of the prophecy of Samuel, who told him that he and his sons would die. For a short period of time alone, it [killing oneself] is permitted, so that he would not be mocked. Nevertheless, he may be right… We certainly find in the Talmud many who committed suicide out of anguish. As in the case of the woman with her seven sons… It is implausible to say about her that she was afraid that she would be forced to sin, as Tosafot says about the children who jumped into the sea.
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Millions Wasted: EU Countries Call for Reviewing Pfizer Deal
It is “irrational” to buy more vaccines, Bulgaria argued, as it prepares to destroy more vaccines, now expired, than it had administered.
Tamás Orbán
Four EU member states have demanded that the European Commission renegotiate the terms of the contract with Pfizer for the continuous supply of its COVID-19 vaccines. The joint request, calling for a review of the deal, was submitted by the countries’ health ministers during an EU Council meeting on Tuesday, March 14th.
The initiative was championed by Bulgaria, which announced on March 8th that it had the support of seven other member states. In the end, however, only three of them joined Sofia in signing the statement—Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary.
The ministers involved voiced deep concerns about a proposed new addition to Pfizer’s vaccine supply agreement, saying that the contract must take into account the needs and budgets of all EU countries, asking for a “new, fairer deal in the public interest.”
The source of most problems cited is financial and tied to the required purchasing of new doses under the joint procurement, even when public demand for vaccinations had dropped significantly. This oversupply has led to large quantities of the vaccine expiring and, as a result, having to be destroyed.
In addition to renegotiating the contract, the ministers are also asking the commission to seek opportunities to negotiate further with Pfizer on non-delivery payments, reducing the number of contracted doses, or buying surplus vaccines from member states to donate to regions in need.
The ministers then turned to Pfizer directly, asking it to take a more responsible approach. “We call on Pfizer to maintain confidence in the vaccination process, to assume its responsibility towards EU citizens and Member States,” the statement says, “and act in good faith towards a solution, fair to all: in the name of the common good, not only business interest.”
The Bulgarian position on the Pfizer contract has been known for some time now. The country’s caretaker government criticized the current contract for assuming all EU members would have the same needs. It also finds fault with the current agreement claiming that it fails to define specific quantities and their expiration date, and that the joint procurement requires payment before actual delivery.
The outrage is justified, as Bulgaria was forced to scrap large quantities of expired vaccines in the past. Earlier this month, Sofia announced that more than 1.3 million doses of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines would have to be disposed of because they were past their expiration date. This is part of the 2.8 million doses set to be destroyed in the near future. Last year, 2.3 million doses had to be disposed of.
This brings the total to 5.1 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines that were effectively purchased for no purpose (potentially costing Bulgaria $75 to $100 million), surpassing the number of doses administered, which currently stands at 4.6 million.
Furthermore, Sofia argues, more than 650,000 doses will expire in January/February 2024, and it is already evident that these quantities will also have to be destroyed. The government has explained that contracts do not allow for the donation of unneeded vaccines to developing countries.
Under the current contract, however, each member state will have additional booster shots delivered over the course of 2023. But as Bulgarian Health Minister Assen Medzhidiev said, it is “irrational” for his country to buy more vaccines that Sofia will end up having to destroy. Bulgaria’s vaccination rate stands at just over 30%, which means that over two-thirds of the population is not even qualified to get a booster shot.
Tamás Orbán is a political journalist for The European Conservative, based in Brussels. Born in Transylvania, he studied history and international relations in Kolozsvár, and worked for several political research institutes in Budapest. His interests include current affairs, social movements, geopolitics, and Central European security. On Twitter, he is @TamasOrbanEC.
Tags: Bulgaria, contracts, COVID-19, EU Council, Pfizer, Vaccine
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Gay Marriage Could Be Coming for Estonians | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2060 | {"url": "https://europeanconservative.com/articles/news/millions-wasted-eu-countries-call-for-reviewing-pfizer-deal/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "europeanconservative.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:28:29Z", "digest": "sha1:7YDF4TLEWGU6TKMGDXJJNHKI3KUM23BF"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 4349, 4349.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 4349, 5349.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 4349, 19.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 4349, 84.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 4349, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 4349, 268.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 4349, 0.37469287]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 4349, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 4349, 0.00840807]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 4349, 0.01093049]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 4349, 0.00952915]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 4349, 0.01351351]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 4349, 0.16584767]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 4349, 0.50146628]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 4349, 5.23167155]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 4349, 5.28836075]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 4349, 682.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 61, 0.0], [61, 199, 1.0], [199, 211, 0.0], [211, 533, 1.0], [533, 769, 1.0], [769, 1028, 1.0], [1028, 1331, 1.0], [1331, 1617, 1.0], [1617, 1986, 1.0], [1986, 2387, 1.0], [2387, 2797, 1.0], [2797, 3044, 1.0], [3044, 3333, 1.0], [3333, 3761, 1.0], [3761, 4132, 1.0], [4132, 4197, 0.0], [4197, 4257, 0.0], [4257, 4307, 0.0], [4307, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 61, 0.0], [61, 199, 0.0], [199, 211, 0.0], [211, 533, 0.0], [533, 769, 0.0], [769, 1028, 0.0], [1028, 1331, 0.0], [1331, 1617, 0.0], [1617, 1986, 0.0], [1986, 2387, 0.0], [2387, 2797, 0.0], [2797, 3044, 0.0], [3044, 3333, 0.0], [3333, 3761, 0.0], [3761, 4132, 0.0], [4132, 4197, 0.0], [4197, 4257, 0.0], [4257, 4307, 0.0], [4307, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 61, 9.0], [61, 199, 22.0], [199, 211, 2.0], [211, 533, 52.0], [533, 769, 38.0], [769, 1028, 42.0], [1028, 1331, 49.0], [1331, 1617, 43.0], [1617, 1986, 61.0], [1986, 2387, 62.0], [2387, 2797, 71.0], [2797, 3044, 37.0], [3044, 3333, 44.0], [3333, 3761, 70.0], [3761, 4132, 50.0], [4132, 4197, 8.0], [4197, 4257, 8.0], [4257, 4307, 7.0], [4307, 4349, 7.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 61, 0.0], [61, 199, 0.0], [199, 211, 0.0], [211, 533, 0.01269841], [533, 769, 0.00438596], [769, 1028, 0.0], [1028, 1331, 0.0], [1331, 1617, 0.0], [1617, 1986, 0.0], [1986, 2387, 0.0], [2387, 2797, 0.01507538], [2797, 3044, 0.04661017], [3044, 3333, 0.03558719], [3333, 3761, 0.01435407], [3761, 4132, 0.0], [4132, 4197, 0.03508772], [4197, 4257, 0.0], [4257, 4307, 0.0], [4307, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 61, 0.0], [61, 199, 0.0], [199, 211, 0.0], [211, 533, 0.0], [533, 769, 0.0], [769, 1028, 0.0], [1028, 1331, 0.0], [1331, 1617, 0.0], [1617, 1986, 0.0], [1986, 2387, 0.0], [2387, 2797, 0.0], [2797, 3044, 0.0], [3044, 3333, 0.0], [3333, 3761, 0.0], [3761, 4132, 0.0], [4132, 4197, 0.0], [4197, 4257, 0.0], [4257, 4307, 0.0], [4307, 4349, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 61, 0.14754098], [61, 199, 0.01449275], [199, 211, 0.16666667], [211, 533, 0.05279503], [533, 769, 0.03389831], [769, 1028, 0.01544402], [1028, 1331, 0.00660066], [1331, 1617, 0.00699301], [1617, 1986, 0.02168022], [1986, 2387, 0.01745636], [2387, 2797, 0.02439024], [2797, 3044, 0.02834008], [3044, 3333, 0.01730104], [3333, 3761, 0.02102804], [3761, 4132, 0.05121294], [4132, 4197, 0.18461538], [4197, 4257, 0.18333333], [4257, 4307, 0.12], [4307, 4349, 0.14285714]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 4349, 0.85342181]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 4349, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 4349, 0.78255206]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 4349, -122.62170165]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 4349, 106.7639872]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 4349, -0.5127393]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 4349, 34.0]]} |
A conversation with a sensation! Domestic violence awareness month event | OCTOBER 30, 2022
4:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. | Community
SASHA Center will engage in a one-hour conversation Live on FaceBook and Zoom with the Mighty Ruthie Bolton as she shares her triumphs and...
Postponed: "What's up with that?" a roundtable discussion exploring interim positions for women | FEBRUARY 22, 2023
11:30 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. | Lunch | Map
***This event is postponed to a date TBD due the weather forecasting. Once a new date is confirmed, the original RSVPs will have first access...
June 29, 2022|July 01, 2022
Showing 0 event for June 30, 2022. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2061 | {"url": "https://events.wayne.edu/cosw/2022/06/30/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "events.wayne.edu", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:47:44Z", "digest": "sha1:OK3GNLOJQ65OTDBAVOZKZNANIKNAEF6W"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 628, 628.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 628, 1213.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 628, 8.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 628, 45.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 628, 0.92]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 628, 234.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 628, 0.26845638]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 628, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 628, 0.02515723]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 628, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 628, 0.03355705]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 628, 0.25]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 628, 0.37583893]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 628, 0.76237624]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 628, 4.72277228]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 628, 0.01342282]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 628, 4.22198794]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 628, 101.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 92, 0.0], [92, 126, 0.0], [126, 268, 1.0], [268, 384, 0.0], [384, 421, 0.0], [421, 566, 1.0], [566, 594, 0.0], [594, 628, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 92, 0.0], [92, 126, 0.0], [126, 268, 0.0], [268, 384, 0.0], [384, 421, 0.0], [421, 566, 0.0], [566, 594, 0.0], [594, 628, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 92, 13.0], [92, 126, 5.0], [126, 268, 24.0], [268, 384, 16.0], [384, 421, 6.0], [421, 566, 25.0], [566, 594, 5.0], [594, 628, 7.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 92, 0.06896552], [92, 126, 0.26086957], [126, 268, 0.0], [268, 384, 0.05607477], [384, 421, 0.29166667], [421, 566, 0.0], [566, 594, 0.5], [594, 628, 0.21875]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 92, 0.0], [92, 126, 0.0], [126, 268, 0.0], [268, 384, 0.0], [384, 421, 0.0], [421, 566, 0.0], [566, 594, 0.0], [594, 628, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 92, 0.09782609], [92, 126, 0.02941176], [126, 268, 0.0915493], [268, 384, 0.0862069], [384, 421, 0.05405405], [421, 566, 0.06206897], [566, 594, 0.07142857], [594, 628, 0.05882353]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 628, 0.00092763]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 628, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 628, 0.04115999]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 628, -80.13611038]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 628, -35.89390513]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 628, -37.69051258]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 628, 14.0]]} |
Celebrate Madison Square Chefs 2019 was a Fun-Filled Feast
Earlier this week, people from all over the city gathered in Madison Square Park for delicious food provided by the most innovative and diverse restaurants in NoMad. This year, 30 chefs participated, representing 28 restaurants including neighborhood staples such as Eleven Madison Park, Eataly, Shake Shack and more. It was a perfect evening with the summer sun shining down and the smell of world-class food filling the air.
While you can’t go wrong with a Shake Shack burger, many chefs were serving up more adventurous options. The Clocktower tent was serving Hudson Valley Foie Gras Parfait with green garlic and rye, and Scampi gave guests the opportunity to try their Tuna Acqua Pazza with delicious cookies for desert. In the end, many were left wishing they had a bigger appetite because it was nearly impossible to choose between all of the incredible options.
To go along with all of the amazing food options, 13 vendors were there to provide libations for the hungry crowd. Four Roses Bourbon, one of the event’s sponsors, was serving up delicious grapefruit cocktails. Others such as Aviation Gin, Brooklyn Brewery and Cooperstown Distillery were also there to keep everyone hydrated.
The Barnstorm was there playing amazing music for the evening. Described on their website as a rock, rap, pop, country, dance, hip-hop, funk, 70’s, 80’s, 90’s, singalong party band, they did not disappoint. The New York-based band plays shows all over the world, and they certainly kept the party going until the event wrapped up.
And the best part? Guests were able to get their fill on gourmet food and drink all while knowing that they did their part to support Madison Square Park. Funds raised at Celebrate Madison Square Chefs support the park’s horticulture, maintenance and free public programs.
If you missed it this year, next year is your chance! Stay up-to-date about events going on in the park on the Madison Square Park Conservancy website. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2062 | {"url": "https://experiencenomad.com/celebrate-madison-square-chefs-2019-was-a-fun-filled-feast/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "experiencenomad.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:30:28Z", "digest": "sha1:HQWLYMUBPFZ4LMU3C2ZXDC6GIMVOO4T2"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2012, 2012.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2012, 2811.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2012, 7.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2012, 56.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2012, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2012, 319.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2012, 0.37437186]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2012, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2012, 0.03980404]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2012, 0.03123086]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2012, 0.03306797]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2012, 0.15577889]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2012, 0.59818731]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2012, 4.93353474]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2012, 4.96353668]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2012, 331.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 486, 1.0], [486, 930, 1.0], [930, 1257, 1.0], [1257, 1588, 1.0], [1588, 1861, 1.0], [1861, 2012, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 486, 0.0], [486, 930, 0.0], [930, 1257, 0.0], [1257, 1588, 0.0], [1588, 1861, 0.0], [1861, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 59, 9.0], [59, 486, 68.0], [486, 930, 75.0], [930, 1257, 52.0], [1257, 1588, 55.0], [1588, 1861, 45.0], [1861, 2012, 27.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 59, 0.07017544], [59, 486, 0.00959233], [486, 930, 0.0], [930, 1257, 0.00626959], [1257, 1588, 0.01916933], [1588, 1861, 0.0], [1861, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 486, 0.0], [486, 930, 0.0], [930, 1257, 0.0], [1257, 1588, 0.0], [1588, 1861, 0.0], [1861, 2012, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 59, 0.11864407], [59, 486, 0.03278689], [486, 930, 0.03378378], [930, 1257, 0.03363914], [1257, 1588, 0.01812689], [1588, 1861, 0.03663004], [1861, 2012, 0.0397351]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2012, 0.6030947]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2012, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2012, 0.17649609]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2012, -94.14593348]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2012, 33.46810759]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2012, -25.94092568]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2012, 17.0]]} |
Mad. Sq. Eats Returns in May
Mad. Sq. Eats will return to Madison Square Park in May. The event takes place at Worth Square and will run from May 3 through May 31. Anyone is welcome to attend this “pop-up market,” which will be open between the hours of 11am and 9pm daily.
There are many exciting new vendors participating this year. These include Eleni’s, Mason Jar, Sunday Gravy, Third Rail Coffee and more.
There are also lots of returning vendors featuring many of NYC’s favorite spots. These include Bushwick pizza legends Roberta’s, Momofuku Milk Bar, Calexico, Red Hook Lobster Pound and many more.
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The prevalence of obesity and its changes over time in middle-aged and elderly men and women in Jerusalem
J. Gofin, J. H. Abramson, J. D. Kark, L. Epstein
Dive into the research topics of 'The prevalence of obesity and its changes over time in middle-aged and elderly men and women in Jerusalem'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Obesity 100%
Overweight 25%
Age Groups 20%
Parturition 19%
Diagnostic Self Evaluation 17%
Demography 9%
Physicians 9% | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2064 | {"url": "https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/the-prevalence-of-obesity-and-its-changes-over-time-in-middle-age/fingerprints/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "experts.nebraska.edu", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:11:23Z", "digest": "sha1:ZXFXHRFVQ3LBIUWIOVOW6CJGK5N2SKKX"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 455, 455.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 455, 1346.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 455, 10.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 455, 43.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 455, 0.84]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 455, 316.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 455, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 455, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 455, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 455, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 455, 0.23469388]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 455, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 455, 0.48467967]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 455, 0.48467967]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 455, 0.48467967]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 455, 0.48467967]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 455, 0.48467967]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 455, 0.48467967]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 455, 0.0724234]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 455, 0.08356546]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 455, 0.12256267]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 455, 0.06122449]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 455, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 455, 0.28571429]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 455, 0.64]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 455, 4.78666667]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 455, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 455, 3.72111052]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 455, 75.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 106, 0.0], [106, 155, 0.0], [155, 338, 1.0], [338, 351, 0.0], [351, 366, 0.0], [366, 381, 0.0], [381, 397, 0.0], [397, 428, 0.0], [428, 442, 0.0], [442, 455, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 106, 0.0], [106, 155, 0.0], [155, 338, 0.0], [338, 351, 0.0], [351, 366, 0.0], [366, 381, 0.0], [381, 397, 0.0], [397, 428, 0.0], [428, 442, 0.0], [442, 455, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 106, 18.0], [106, 155, 10.0], [155, 338, 30.0], [338, 351, 2.0], [351, 366, 2.0], [366, 381, 3.0], [381, 397, 2.0], [397, 428, 4.0], [428, 442, 2.0], [442, 455, 2.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 106, 0.0], [106, 155, 0.0], [155, 338, 0.0], [338, 351, 0.27272727], [351, 366, 0.15384615], [366, 381, 0.15384615], [381, 397, 0.14285714], [397, 428, 0.06896552], [428, 442, 0.08333333], [442, 455, 0.08333333]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 106, 0.0], [106, 155, 0.0], [155, 338, 0.0], [338, 351, 0.0], [351, 366, 0.0], [366, 381, 0.0], [381, 397, 0.0], [397, 428, 0.0], [428, 442, 0.0], [442, 455, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 106, 0.01886792], [106, 155, 0.20408163], [155, 338, 0.02185792], [338, 351, 0.07692308], [351, 366, 0.06666667], [366, 381, 0.13333333], [381, 397, 0.0625], [397, 428, 0.09677419], [428, 442, 0.07142857], [442, 455, 0.07692308]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 455, 0.02479076]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 455, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 455, 0.00068319]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 455, -47.71418099]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 455, -13.85618708]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 455, 8.26873594]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 455, 9.0]]} |
There is a Desperate Need Among America’s At-Risk Children to be the “One-and-Only” in the Life of a Caring Adult.
March 5, 2013 /in Mission Trips
In the hectic world we live in it can be difficult to find the time to volunteer on a regular basis. At Kids Hope, we ask our volunteer mentors to give one hour, one day a week, for one year. That commitment is one of the most important aspects of the mentor relationship because, for many of these kids, it is the only one-on-one attention they receive.
At first, this commitment can seem like an extensive obligation. However, as one of our mentors Rosamaria explains, the benefits of serving far outweigh the requirements.
“Volunteering at Kid’s Hope has been a blessing in so many ways. Initially, I thought that by being consistently there for my little one would make a difference in her life. Now I know that throughout this time, the Lord has used her to bless my life in so many ways. The Lord is like that, He asks us to serve and He uses that venue to help us grow and to pour blessings into our lives.
I felt called to serve in this ministry one year before I started. Today I can only say that I wish I had started the day I first felt called to serve in this ministry. Every week I look forward to meeting my little one. I trust that the Lord is using our time together to bless her life. I pray that my testimony will display His character and I cannot wait to see her become a beautiful young woman who loves Jesus with all her heart.”
There is a desperate need among America’s at-risk children to be the “one-and-only” in the life of a caring adult. This need for love can only be met one child at a time. Despite the business of daily life, there is always 1extra hour to make a difference in the life of a child. For more information on how you can impact a child, contact Holly at [email protected].
0 0 Brad Ervin https://faithpromise.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/fplogo2022.png Brad Ervin2013-03-05 14:02:302013-03-05 14:02:30There is a Desperate Need Among America’s At-Risk Children to be the “One-and-Only” in the Life of a Caring Adult.
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Originally started as an homage to J.M.W. Turner and friend mentioned that she liked it better upside down and then it reminded me of the underside of Bespin. This never made it out into the world because a different friend liked it so much I couldn’t refuse giving it to her. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2066 | {"url": "https://farlip.wordpress.com/2018/12/15/first/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "farlip.wordpress.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:24:57Z", "digest": "sha1:HE5CMYCWZDDODIDIVQGS7SVT3DVMUWXD"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 276, 276.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 276, 1972.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 276, 1.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 276, 74.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 276, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 276, 112.5]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 276, 0.55]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 276, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 276, 0.06334842]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 276, 0.06666667]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 276, 0.1]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 276, 0.80392157]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 276, 4.33333333]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 276, 3.61094415]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 276, 51.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 276, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 276, 51.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 276, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 276, 0.02898551]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 276, 0.00344735]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 276, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 276, 2.86e-06]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 276, 0.05114203]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 276, 1.38362535]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 276, -21.77807671]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 276, 5.0]]} |
Adal Sheep: Best 10+ Information
Adal sheep is a type of sheep that can have either two horns or four horns. Adal sheep is an animal that is not popular because it is less meat than other animals. A male Adal sheep can weigh up to 190 pounds, but they tend to weigh around 110-130 pounds. There are no horns on an Adal sheep because of its skin, but there are humps on the back of its neck.
Their average height is about 3 feet tall. This sheep tend to live in the desert and mountain areas of North Africa and North America; they also can be found in central Asia and South America. Their skin is used for hides, for leather, and their horns are used for jewelry.
How to identify Adal sheep?
Adal sheep are medium to large-sized animals. Their average body weight is about 55 kilograms. They have long floppy ears, a small tail, long slender legs, and a straight back.
Adal Sheep identify
The circumference of their neck is about 15 inches and the circumference of their head is about 25 inches. They have wide nostrils and they have a strong sense of smell. They can be identified by their faces because they often have a brownish color with grey spots and black between the nose, mouth, and eyes along with white around the mouth.
Their ears are black and their nose is also black. Adal sheep have a long, slender body with a brownish color and have white spots on their faces. They have black hooves and are mainly found in central Asia and North Africa. They are usually found in the desert or mountainous regions, with some of them also being seen in central Asia.
Adal sheep are very curious and intelligent animals. They are constantly on the move, which makes it hard to study them. The female Adal is a very good mother, she has many offspring, and they all tend to receive a lot of care. The male Adal sheep can be very territorial; they also have fights with other males.
Some of these fights can result in the death of one or both of the male Adal. When they are done with fighting they go back to the female and spend their time with her.
Adal sheep are grazers, meaning they eat a lot of grass and plants. They have a very broad diet because they can eat certain shrubs, which makes it easier for them to survive. They also eat leaves, twigs, and flowers of trees, shrubs, and plants. They have a very broad diet because they can eat certain shrubs, which makes it easier for them to survive.
Adal sheep have milky white wool. The wool is used for clothing, making blankets, and hats. The fleece from an Adal sheep can be used to make products like carpets and rugs, as well as fur coats, mittens, and gloves. The wool from This sheep is the lightest colored of all wools.
Adal Sheep for Wool
The horns of the males are sometimes used for jewelry and ornaments for decoration. Meat from sheep is not good for consumption because it is not a good meat source, but it is sometimes used for medicine and food. They have been around for as long as 3000 years ago.
Adal sheep are grazers, meaning they eat a lot of grass and plants. They have a very broad diet because they can eat certain shrubs, which makes it easier for them to survive. They also eat leaves, twigs, and flowers of trees, shrubs, and plants. Adal sheep are domesticated animals that were first seen in central Asia around 4000 years ago. However, review the full breed profile of the Adal sheep in the following table.
Breed Name Adal sheep
Breed Purpose Meat, Fleece, Show, Ornaments, and pets
Other Name Somalia Sheep, Barka Sheep
Life Expectancy 13-14 years
Weight Females 55–100 kg, Males 60–115 kg
Temperament They are easy to tame and good with humans. They are also very good with other animals and children. They also tend to eat close to humans and tend to be very friendly around them and other domesticated animals.
Climate Tolerance They are good with cold temperatures, but their wool will not grow as much in cold weather.
Country/Place of Origin Central Asia, Africa, and North America
Rarity Uncommon
Comments This animal is very rarely seen in zoos and around the world.
Categories Sheep
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(-) Processed Food Products (1)
(-) Processed Food Products
Showcasing New Opportunities in the Growing Philippines Food and Beverage Market
Dane International Commodities, Inc., a Philippine importer specializing in the supply of U.S. nuts, California raisins, other dried fruits and food ingredients, showcases its products to food franchises attending a marketing event in Manila... | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2068 | {"url": "https://fas.usda.gov/newsroom/search?news%5B0%5D=news_commodities%3A23&news%5B1%5D=news_commodities%3A31&news%5B2%5D=news_commodities%3A616", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "fas.usda.gov", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:04:32Z", "digest": "sha1:PLRQ26YGYH7SJ6FB24F6AIDSGBM5V3LG"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 385, 385.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 385, 1661.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 385, 4.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 385, 70.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 385, 0.85]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 385, 316.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 385, 0.2]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 385, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 385, 0.08306709]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 385, 0.1341853]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 385, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 385, 0.03076923]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 385, 0.25]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 385, 0.2]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 385, 0.76923077]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 385, 6.01923077]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 385, 0.01538462]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 385, 3.56308909]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 385, 52.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 32, 0.0], [32, 60, 0.0], [60, 141, 0.0], [141, 385, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 32, 0.0], [32, 60, 0.0], [60, 141, 0.0], [141, 385, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 32, 4.0], [32, 60, 3.0], [60, 141, 11.0], [141, 385, 34.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 32, 0.04], [32, 60, 0.0], [60, 141, 0.0], [141, 385, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 32, 0.0], [32, 60, 0.0], [60, 141, 0.0], [141, 385, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 32, 0.09375], [32, 60, 0.10714286], [60, 141, 0.09876543], [141, 385, 0.03688525]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 385, 5.245e-05]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 385, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 385, -5.36e-06]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 385, -24.60869262]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 385, -6.55610466]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 385, 3.32513502]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 385, 4.0]]} |
Krohn Conservatory - A Cincinnati Treasure
Join us for a trip to Krohn Conservatory, a Cincinnati landmark built in 1933. During this trip Krohn's annual holiday show will be taking place that decorates a room in a Cincinnati thems are has an unforgettable train display. You will also be seeing the many other sections of the conservatory including the Fern House, Palm House, Desert House, Orchid House, John Carroll Bonsai Gallery, and the Seasonal Flordal Showroom.
Walk into the majestic floral showroom and revel in the intricately designed Cincinnati theme and laced with lush green foliage, beautiful red poinsettias, holiday trees and, of course, the unforgettable train displays.
Krohn Conservatory opened in 1933 and is located in Eden Park. The land in the park used to belong to Nicholas Longworth and he called it his Garden of Eden. The conservatory has many features in a style called Art Deco that was very popular in 1933.The railings in the front lobby feature pictures in the metal that is an art deco style.
FERN HOUSE
Plants in this house include microscopic algae in the pools, tiny mosses and liverworts covering the moist rocks, and ferns and seed plants springing from the soil. About 300,000 types of plants have been identified in the world. Botanists estimate that there are at least 50,000 more species to be discovered. Ferns reproduce by spores that look like bumps on the back of the fern fronds or leaves.
PALM HOUSE
A tropical rain forest is recreated in this house. Precipitation in such a forest may total 160 inches yearly, as compared to 40 inches annually in Cincinnati. Tropical plants must quickly shed water from their leaves in order to prevent harmful growths of bacteria and fungi. Look at the trees overhead and note that many of the leaves covered with a water-repelling wax surface. Sometimes the shape of the leaf will allow water to drip off easier.
Most of the plants in this house are from desert regions that receive less than 10 inches of precipitation (rain) a year. That is one-fourth of the yearly amount that falls in Cincinnati. So how many inches of rain do you think we would get in Cincinnati? Many desert plants have accordion shaped ridges so that the plant can shrink during drought and expand when the rains come.
ORCHID HOUSE
Orchids range widely over the world, living everywhere except in deserts and on glaciers. The shortest species is one-quarter-inch high with flowers one-hundredth-inch in diameter. The tallest freestanding orchid is 45 feet high with flowers 6 inches in diameter. Perfume manufacturers seeking new fragrance chemicals frequently analyze the floral scents of orchids. Seeds of the vanilla orchid provide a popular food flavoring. Mostly, however, orchids have been extensively cultivated for the enjoyment of their blooms, leading to the production of numerous horticultural varieties.
JOHN CARROLL BONSAI GALLERY
Bonsai (pronounced bone-sigh) is a Japanese term for woody plants that have been creatively miniaturized. The art of making bonsai originated in China about 2,000 years ago and is now practiced throughout the world. Bonsai are kept small through pot confinement along with branch and root pruning. Wire wrapped around branches holds them in place until they grow into desired shapes
SEASONAL FLORAL SHOW ROOM
In addition to hosting five seasonal floral shows, this house contains a permanent citrus tree collection. Among the trees here are orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, tangerine, and kumquat. Though the exact locations of origin of citrus trees are not known, it is believed that they began to be cultivated around 8,000 years ago in Southeast Asia.
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Life in the Field
Staff Post
Let's Be Part of the Change!
By: Ricardo Sánchez (Mapache) - Program Assistant
Everyone kept working in the rain, not because they had to, but because they liked the way they felt being in the rain and being part of something bigger.
Some people say that the only constant thing in life is change, and I believe they are right!
Many times, change is so subtle we don’t notice it, but it keeps expanding until it becomes a drastic change, even for those who are not part of it.
An example is the number of people concerned about the consequences of our unsustainable lifestyles. The number of people who try to make a positive change in their lives, their families, their communities, and even their own countries, is increasing. Although sometimes people are dispersed throughout the world, there are organizations promoting their gathering and triggering the necessary preparation and motivation to make a positive change together. The SFS Center in Costa Rica is one of these organizations, and I feel very excited to collaborate in the mission of helping young people to achieve a more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable world.
Summer 2021 Costa Rica´s group in Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve (Ricardo Sánchez is in front row, left).
At the Center for Sustainable Development Studies in Costa Rica, students not only come to learn but also to teach each other. They not only come searching for motivation but also motivating others. Here, the learning process takes place not only in classrooms, but also at organic farms, agroforestry systems, and tropical forests. The students become friends and they test not only their knowledge but also their values. Although I am a new staff member, I quickly realized that the empathy, fellowship, respect, and curiosity I see in the students, are a fundamental part of the whole staff too.
Staff and students working and exploring nature together on campus.
Tirimbina Biological Reserve
This summer course focused on coffee and chocolate production in the tropics. Beyond these topics, I learned some good life lessons. For example, the reason we consume chocolate and coffee is not only because we like their flavor, but because we like the way they make us feel. Although they are not essential food items, they are always present in our daily lives. This summer I saw many students collecting data for their fieldwork, all under the rain, and getting wet… but happy. Everyone kept working in the rain, not because they had to, but because they liked the way they felt being in the rain and being part of something bigger. They felt connected with nature rather than with the screens that kept us going during the COVID lockdown.
As we enjoy the feeling of being in the middle of the forest, and the way we feel in the rain, more than the way we feel staring at screens, we will begin to integrate nature into our daily lives.
The attitude of this group of students is the kind of subtle change that I would like to see happening, and from SFS Costa Rica, I hope to help trigger this subtle change to become a drastic, positive change this world urgently needs.
Students taking data while enjoying the rain at Life Monteverde coffee farm, an example of a sustainable farm producing coffee using native trees as windbreaks.
In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”
Curious to learn a bit more about the SFS Costa Rica Center? Click here to read about why we’re based there, our environmental research focus, how we connect and support the local community, and even take a tour of the Center.
SFS is a different kind of study abroad.
Tracking elephants through the Serengeti, collecting glacial soil samples in Chilean Patagonia, measuring the health of coral reefs in the Turks and Caicos Islands – on an SFS study abroad program, you’ll have the opportunity to explore incredible environments, build real field research skills, and earn college credit.
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Sports / True Crime
by: Bec Heim
Did NFL star Ray Lewis murder in self-defense? Revisit the high-profile case
There have been a lot of cases over the years that focus on famous athletes in the world of true crime: Aaron Hernandez, Tonya Harding, Oscar Pistorius. The list honestly is as long as our arm if we’re being honest. Maybe longer. One of the more unknown cases is that of Ray Lewis and whether he helped murder two people following a Super Bowl party in Atlanta back in 2000.
The Ray Lewis murder case, however, remains a footnote, or not as well known, except for the intersection of people who are interested in true crime & sports. For those who are interested in learning more about the case, here’s everything you need to know about the murder that NFL star & former Dancing with the Stars contestant Ray Lewis found himself embroiled in.
The facts of the case
On Jan. 31, 2000 at a Super Bowl XXXIV party at the Cobalt Lounge in Atlanta, Ray Lewis was in attendance with some of friends. After the game ended between the St. Louis Rams & the Tennessee Titans, Lewis exited the bar with his friends when an altercation broke out between his group & another group. When the dust settled, so to speak, Jacinth Baker and Richard Lollar were dead.
Lewis, at the time, was a standout linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens. The Ravens, obviously, didn’t make it to the Super Bowl that year so Ray Lewis went to Atlanta to party. Unfortunately, the party ended in murder. Lewis and his two companions, Reginald Oakley and Joseph Sweeting, were indicted on murder & aggravated assault charges 11 days later.
Some odd things had happened after. For example, the white suit that Ray Lewis wore on the night of the murders has never been found. Greg Wilson, uncle of Jacinth Baker, said to USA Today, “Why would that or anything else they had on them end up missing that night unless it was something that linked them to the murder?”
Ultimately, however, Ray Lewis did not go to trial for murder. He pled guilty to an obstruction of justice charge, served one year probation, and paid the NFL $250,000 USD for “conduct detrimental to the league”. In June 2000, Oakley & Sweeting were acquitted of charges of murder. No other arrests have been made and the case, technically, remains unsolved.
What happened next in the Ray Lewis murder case?
Following the acquittal of Oakley & Sweeting, the families of Baker & Lollar went to civil court against Ray Lewis for the murder case of their loved ones. During the case, new evidence came out about a cover-up, specifically involving Ray Lewis’ missing white suit. Documents filed by the Baker’s attorney, Richard Middleton, read, “The suit that Defendant Lewis was wearing during the fight is still `missing’ and Defendant Lewis has never attempted to locate its whereabouts.” Allegedly, it was destroyed.
A few months later, Ray Lewis reached an undisclosed settlement with the Baker & Lollar families. Lewis, however, had proclaimed his innocence in the killings saying that he had paid the families out of sympathy for them over guilt. In an interview with Shannon Sharpe, when asked about how he feels about the victims families having to see him idolized by fans, Lewis said,
“God has never made a mistake. That’s just who He is, you see…. To the family, if you knew, if you really knew the way God works, He don’t use people who commits anything like that for His glory.”
What do you think about the Ray Lewis murder case? Was he more involved than people are saying? Sound off in the comments below and let us know your thoughts.
Baltimore RavensDancing with the starsNFLRay Lewis
Bec Heim
When not talking and writing about pop culture (especially superheroes or any show with a paranormal bent), freelance writer Bec Heim is usually tackling her mountain of books, writing scripts or stories, or listening to podcasts.
[email protected]
Depends on the settlement amount, but a WHITE SUIT MISSING? IT HAD BLOOD ALL OVER IT THATS WHY
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‘Plane’ Soundtrack to Be Released
Posted: February 23, 2023 by filmmusicreporter in Film Music Albums
Tags: Jean-Francois Richet, Marco Beltrami, Marcus Trumpp, Plane, score, Soundtrack
Filmtrax/Atlantic Screen Music will release a soundtrack album for the action thriller Plane. The album features the film’s original music composed by Marco Beltrami (3:10 to Yuma, A Quiet Place, Scream, Logan, World War Z) & Marcus Trumpp ((Love and Monsters, Fear Street Part 1 & 3, The Woman in Black 2: Angel of Death). The soundtrack will be released digitally this Friday, February 24 and will be available to stream/download here. Plane is directed by Jean-François Richet and stars Gerard Butler, Mike Colter, Yoson An, Daniella Pineda, Paul Ben-Victor, Remi Adeleke, Joey Slotnick, Evan Dane Taylor, Claro de los Reyes and Tony Goldwyn. The movie follows a pilot who has to make a risky landing on a war-torn island – only to find that surviving the landing was just the beginning. The thriller was released in theaters nationwide last month by Lionsgate and is now also available on PVOD. The film will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 28.
Here’s the track list of the album:
1. The Plane Main Titles (1:22)
2. Let’s Have a Good Flight & Gasper’s Theme (2:20)
3. Storm (3:21)
4. Back on Board (2:30)
5. Jolo Island (3:57)
6. Interrupted Phone Call (2:32)
7. A Very Big Plane (3:25)
8. We’re in Serious Trouble (3:30)
9. Sneaking Into Enemy Territory (4:07)
10. Back to the Bus (3:15)
11. Wake Up the Island (1:29)
12. How Are We Gonna Get Out of Here (1:31)
13. Here They Come (3:10)
14. Bumpy Take-Off (6:09)
15. Find Me a Place to Land (2:32)
16. Better Layover (2:21)
17. Goodbye Plane (2:08)
18. End Credits (3:45)
Asia says:
I really don’t know why it took over a month for this to happen! 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Did You Remember to Deduct Charitable Donations from Your Tax Bill? If You Haven’t Filed Yet, It’s Not Too Late
The deadline to file taxes is almost here, so if you’ve done any charitable giving for 2014, now is the time to take a look at your tax deductions again before April 15 arrives.According to U.S. News and World Report, many people overlook the smaller donations they’ve given throughout the year. Whether it was an extra dollar or two given at the supermarket checkout line for a food pantry or a one-time pledge to help a friend running a charity marathon, there are all kinds of little donations that can add up throughout the year.
Melissa Labant, director of tax advocacy at the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, also pointed out that many workers get automatic payroll charitable deductions, which could be missed because they don’t appear on a W-2.
Those who volunteer their time rather than donating money can get a write-off by factoring in their transportation costs, such as gasoline for a car or taxi fare.
Even gently used items can be given to charity, and these donations can also put money back in donors’ pockets.
What are the best charities to donate to for a tax write-off? There are plenty to choose from, but donating clothing, for instance, will usually earn donors a receipt that they can use as proof of their generosity.
Clothing donations can be itemized based on the resale value of the items contributed — which isn’t necessarily the cost of what they were when they were purchased. Each year, Americans donate about 14.3 million tons of clothing to individuals and families worldwide, so this is a simple — and popular — donation option for people looking for an easy way to give.
Lanbart warns donors to make sure they use a correct estimate for clothing donations — using a calculator provided by the charity, if available — and make sure to hold onto the list of donated items and a receipt.
However, keep in mind that these donations must have been given on or before December 31 in order to lower your tax bill for last year.
There is one exception that will allow last-minute filers the chance to write off a donation, though. Because the Slain Officer Family Support Act of 2015 became law on April 1, so those who contribute to the fund with cash can write off any cash contribution made on or before April 15.
The charity provides relief for the families of two New York City police officers killed in the line of duty last year, Detectives Wenjian Liu and Rafael Ramos, who were killed on Dec. 20, 2014.
Author Financiarul Posted on April 10, 2015January 11, 2021Categories Taxes & LawTags charity, clothing donations, donations, tax deductions, taxes
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Next Next post: Is It Worth Buying a Unique House with ‘Grandfathered in’ Architectural Features? It’s a Risk the Rich Are Willing to Take | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2073 | {"url": "https://financiarul.com/did-you-remember-to-deduct-charitable-donations-from-your-tax-bill-if-you-havent-filed-yet-its-not-too-late/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "financiarul.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:32:06Z", "digest": "sha1:NOHY2HILCSLREQOFHXRY67XB4F6V3PKP"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2950, 2950.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2950, 4805.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2950, 14.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2950, 127.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2950, 0.95]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2950, 298.5]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2950, 0.41326531]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2950, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2950, 0.00879765]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2950, 0.00921659]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2950, 0.00510204]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2950, 0.14455782]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2950, 0.56126482]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2950, 4.7173913]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2950, 5.27929631]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2950, 506.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 112, 0.0], [112, 646, 1.0], [646, 884, 1.0], [884, 1047, 1.0], [1047, 1159, 1.0], [1159, 1374, 1.0], [1374, 1738, 1.0], [1738, 1952, 1.0], [1952, 2088, 1.0], [2088, 2376, 1.0], [2376, 2571, 1.0], [2571, 2719, 0.0], [2719, 2812, 0.0], [2812, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 112, 0.0], [112, 646, 0.0], [646, 884, 0.0], [884, 1047, 0.0], [1047, 1159, 0.0], [1159, 1374, 0.0], [1374, 1738, 0.0], [1738, 1952, 0.0], [1952, 2088, 0.0], [2088, 2376, 0.0], [2376, 2571, 0.0], [2571, 2719, 0.0], [2719, 2812, 0.0], [2812, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 112, 20.0], [112, 646, 95.0], [646, 884, 36.0], [884, 1047, 28.0], [1047, 1159, 20.0], [1159, 1374, 38.0], [1374, 1738, 63.0], [1738, 1952, 39.0], [1952, 2088, 26.0], [2088, 2376, 52.0], [2376, 2571, 35.0], [2571, 2719, 18.0], [2719, 2812, 12.0], [2812, 2950, 24.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 112, 0.0], [112, 646, 0.01147228], [646, 884, 0.00431034], [884, 1047, 0.0], [1047, 1159, 0.0], [1159, 1374, 0.0], [1374, 1738, 0.00837989], [1738, 1952, 0.0], [1952, 2088, 0.01503759], [2088, 2376, 0.0248227], [2376, 2571, 0.03174603], [2571, 2719, 0.08633094], [2719, 2812, 0.0], [2812, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 112, 0.0], [112, 646, 0.0], [646, 884, 0.0], [884, 1047, 0.0], [1047, 1159, 0.0], [1159, 1374, 0.0], [1374, 1738, 0.0], [1738, 1952, 0.0], [1952, 2088, 0.0], [2088, 2376, 0.0], [2376, 2571, 0.0], [2571, 2719, 0.0], [2719, 2812, 0.0], [2812, 2950, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 112, 0.16071429], [112, 646, 0.01685393], [646, 884, 0.03361345], [884, 1047, 0.00613497], [1047, 1159, 0.00892857], [1159, 1374, 0.00930233], [1374, 1738, 0.00824176], [1738, 1952, 0.0046729], [1952, 2088, 0.01470588], [2088, 2376, 0.03125], [2376, 2571, 0.05128205], [2571, 2719, 0.06081081], [2719, 2812, 0.11827957], [2812, 2950, 0.12318841]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2950, 0.05500501]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2950, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2950, 0.06197679]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2950, -172.54931016]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2950, 30.67423442]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2950, -108.38709402]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2950, 22.0]]} |
By clicking on any of the pictures below, you will enter websites filled with games and fun activities designed especially for children of all ages. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2074 | {"url": "https://fire.co.clark.nv.us/(S(mynlau3tkukaoklpbom5ea5u))/Kids%20Corner.aspx", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "fire.co.clark.nv.us", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:40:26Z", "digest": "sha1:HDNYTBTDVA4UDNH2BKDEJGSNLGH4GVC2"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 148, 148.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 148, 652.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 148, 1.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 148, 24.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 148, 0.95]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 148, 197.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 148, 0.48148148]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 148, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 148, 0.07407407]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 148, 0.96]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 148, 4.88]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 148, 3.16342405]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 148, 25.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 148, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 148, 25.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 148, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 148, 0.00675676]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 148, -9.78e-06]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 148, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 148, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 148, -2.43313807]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 148, -0.80024017]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 148, -4.87253385]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 148, 1.0]]} |
First Coast Relief FundWorking Together in Crisis
Hurricane Ian Relief
The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida Receives $500,000 from The Humana Foundation
By fcrf
JACKSONVILLE, Florida – May 19, 2020 – The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida is honored to announce it has received a $500,000 gift from The Humana Foundation that will be directed to Florida’s First Coast Relief Fund to aid pandemic response in our community. With these funds from The Humana Foundation, Northeast Florida will be better positioned to respond to those who need assistance to recover and rebuild from this crisis.
The Humana Foundation’s $500,000 gift is in addition to a $100,000 contribution from Humana to United Way of Northeast Florida for Florida’s First Coast Relief Fund in the earliest days of the pandemic as part of its Bold Goal partnership with the Jacksonville market.
“The impact of a grant of this size cannot be underestimated,” noted Nina Waters, president of The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida. “Every week, we and our partners in Florida’s First Coast Relief Fund struggle with the extraordinary needs presented by our nonprofit community as they try to respond to their clients who are hurting. The Humana Foundation’s generosity will help alleviate the strain on our neighbors and fellow citizens.”
Since mid-March, Florida’s First Coast Relief Fund has granted more than $2.4 million to 75 local nonprofits in the six-county area. Applications continue to come in, and new grants are awarded weekly.
The current COVID-19 health crisis requires both immediate and long-term, sustainable relief in varying degrees across the U.S. This pandemic escalated what were previously already growing health concerns, such as access to care, food insecurity and mental health.
“The Humana Foundation understands the far-reaching strain the pandemic has placed on many organizations working on the frontlines to provide healthcare, food and employment for those disproportionality affected by the COVID-19 health crisis, and our aim is to remove barriers and help them respond, recover and rebuild,” said Walter D. Woods, Chief Executive Officer of The Humana Foundation. “Our intention with this commitment is to not only help provide immediate crisis relief, but also serve as a catalyst in building sustainable achievement and long-term community resilience.”
The Humana Foundation’s gift to The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida is part of The Humana Foundation’s historic April 30 announcement to commit $50 million to coronavirus relief and recovery efforts to a select group of organizations supporting essential workers, food security, behavioral health and local communities.
About Florida’s First Coast Relief Fund
Florida’s First Coast Relief Fund is a collaboration of The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida, the Jessie Ball duPont Fund, the Jacksonville Jewish Federation and Foundation, United Way of St. Johns County and United Way of Northeast Florida. It was created following Hurricanes Matthew and Irma, and re-activated to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. To make a donation, click here.
About The Humana Foundation
The Humana Foundation was established in 1981 as the philanthropic arm of Humana Inc., one of the nation’s leading health and well-being companies. Located in Louisville, Ky., the Foundation seeks to cocreate communities where leadership, culture, and systems work to improve and sustain positive health outcomes. For more information, visit humanafoundation.org.
Humana and The Humana Foundation are dedicated to communities through our Bold Goal. The Bold Goal is committed to co-creating solutions with community partners to ensure that every business decision we make reflects our commitment to improving the health and well-being of our members, our employees, the communities we serve, and our planet.
About The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida
The Community Foundation for Northeast Florida (www.jaxcf.org), Florida’s oldest and largest community foundation, works to stimulate philanthropy to build a better community. The Foundation helps donors invest their philanthropic gifts wisely, helps nonprofits serve the region effectively, and helps people come together to make the community a better place. Created in 1964, the Foundation has assets of $482 million and has made approximately $550 million in grants since inception.
Susan Datz Edelman
VP, Strategic Communications
904-356-4483 | [email protected]
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RELIEF FUND PARTNERS | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2075 | {"url": "https://firstcoastrelieffund.org/the-community-foundation-for-northeast-florida-receives-500000-from-the-humana-foundation/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "firstcoastrelieffund.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:36:30Z", "digest": "sha1:5HTJMAXIESHGUTJNAW7MUJFCJNE3B2YM"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 4749, 4749.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 4749, 10571.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 4749, 25.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 4749, 115.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 4749, 0.92]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 4749, 272.6]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 4749, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 4749, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 4749, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 4749, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 4749, 0.29849013]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 4749, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 4749, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 4749, 0.13357034]], 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Alaska Sea Grant Schedules Oil Spill Workshop
On the eve of the 30th anniversary of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster in Alaska’s Prince William Sound an oil spill workshop is planned for Feb. 20-21 in Anchorage, Alaska, as part of a national series sponsored by the Sea Grant Oil Spill Science Outreach Program.
The event, a collaboration of the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine; Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative; and Sea Grant programs around the country, will focus on public health, social disruption and the economic impacts of major spills. The goal is to identify specific regional needs and priorities for improving preparedness. Presenters from the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council, the Alaska Ocean Observing System, the US Coast Guard and Sea Grant hope to come away with protocols to build resilience in the event of future spills.
The Exxon Valdez environmental disaster polluted thousands of square kilometers of sea surface just before the arrival in Prince William Sound of the annual migrations of fish, birds and sea mammals.
The spill has been the subject of renewed discussion as the anniversary date approaches. Retired NOAA research chemist Jeff Short, a lead chemist for the state and federal government in the wake of the Exxon Valdez disaster, spoke about the legacy of the spill at the recent 2019 Alaska Marine Science Symposium presented in Anchorage, Alaska. Short noted that research funded by a $900 million fund from the settlement has led to major discoveries regarding effects of the spill, including the ecotoxicology of oil pollution, the persistence of oil and long-term impairment of marine life populations. That research had direct benefit in early detection of abrupt ecosystem changes, such as oceanographic regime shifts and the recent marine heat wave in the Gulf of Alaska, known as “the Blob.”
PrevIPHC Gives Small Boost to Halibut Catch Limits
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Election for Commissioner
Election of Commissioner
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Election of the Fishers Island Waste Management District will take place on Tuesday, December 8, 2020 between the hours of 6:00 pm and 9:00 pm, at the Fishers Island Community Center located at 66 Hound Lane Fishers Island, Town of Southold, County of Suffolk and State of New York for the purpose of electing one commissioner for a five year term commencing January 1, 2021.
All registered voters of Fishers Island Waste Management District are eligible to vote. Every resident of the District, who is qualified to vote for a Town officer, shall be eligible to hold the office of District Commissioner.
By resolution of the Commissioners, nominations are to be submitted in petition form, signed by twenty-five (25) qualified voters of the District and are available between the hours of 8:00 am – 3:00 pm Monday through Friday. Petitions are due by Wednesday, December 2, 2020 @ 3:00 pm.
Petition forms and absentee ballot applications can be obtained from the Fishers Island Waste Management District office between the hours of 8:00 am – 3:00 pm Monday through Friday from the District Administrator & Business Manager Beth A. Stern at the District Office at 2760 Whistler Avenue Fishers Island, NY 06390 or fishersislandwastemanagement.com. If the applicant is mailing the completed absentee application it must be received on or before Wednesday, December 2, or the day before the election if the application is to be delivered personally to the voter.
Mailed absentee ballots must be received by the District Administrator & Business Manager, Beth A. Stern not later than Friday, December 11, 2020. Hand delivered absentee ballots are due no later than the close of polls by Tuesday, December 8, 2020.
Beth A. Stern
https://fiwm.files.wordpress.com/2020/11/2020-petition-5-yr-term.docx
https://fiwm.files.wordpress.com/2020/11/2020-absentee-application.docx
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on November 5, 2020 by FI Waste Management District.
New Soil Pricing
The District will be increasing the price of compost and mulch:
Compost: $90 per cubic yard
Mulch: $50.00 per cubic yard
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on September 22, 2020 by FI Waste Management District.
Swap Area
Now that we are in the windier time of year, and due to the fact we do not have a permanent structure to hold items in, on Friday, September 25th, the Waste Management District will no longer be taking small items for our swap area. All small items will be disposed of in the dumpsters. We will continue to accept large items of furniture.
We would like to thank everyone for the items brought to us and for those who enjoyed “shopping”.
Organics Update
As we wrap up our eight-month of accepting household organic waste, we would love to thank all those that have joined our program. You have made it the success that it is.
Here is the monthly breakdown: (in pounds)
January – 588
February – 599
March – 394 (only partial due to shut down from Covid-19)
April – (Closed all month for Covid-19)
May – 356 (partial month due to re-opening)
June – 501
July – 1062
August – 607
Total – 4107
The Pequot Inn has been doing its share to divert organics from their kitchen:
July – 256
Total – 724
It’s amazing that we have collected almost 2-1/2 tons of organic scraps that have been diverted from our household trash and all from a small number of volunteers in our program. It is our hope that this program will continue to grow with more households and businesses joining in.
Again, thanks to all our volunteers.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on September 4, 2020 by FI Waste Management District.
FIWMD held its Budget Hearing September 3, 2020. The link is the proposed Budget for The Town of Southold’s approval.BUDGET proposal 2021
FIWMD 2021 Budget Proposal
LEGAL NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Fishers Island Waste Management District will hold a public hearing on its proposed budget for the fiscal year January 1, 2021 – December 31, 2021 and will be held on Thursday, September 3, 2020, at 5:00 p.m. until 5:30 p.m., at www.zoom.com to allow the public to ask questions and make comments on the said proposed 2021 budget. Please email [email protected] for a zoom invite.
Please click the link for our 2021 Budget proposal BUDGET proposal 2021
LABOR DAY WEEKEND HOURS
Saturday, Sept. 5th 7:30 am – 12:30 pm
Sunday, Sept. 6th 7:30 am – 12:30 pm
Monday, Sept. 7th 7:30 am – 12:00 pm 12:30 pm – 4:30 pm
Sunday, Sept. 6th Closed
Monday, Sept. 7th Closed
Tuesday, Sept. 8th 7:30 am – 12:00 pm 12:30 pm – 4:30 pm
POSITION OPENING FOR MAINTENANCE & OPERATIONS TECHNITIAN
Please open links for job opportunity & job description:
Maint. & Operations Technician Posting 08.31.2020
Facilities Maint Operations Tech 08.31.2020
For safety reasons starting Monday, September 1
the Transfer Station gates will
close while there is heavy equipment performing a haul
Rescheduled Monthly Meeting
FIWMD
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Same name, different story
February 16, 2015 Fn_admin
By: Kayla Mueller – Staff Writer
My alarm clock woke me on Tuesday the same way it does any other day. But that Tuesday was no typical day. I woke to an unusual number of text messages, saying things like, “Are you ok?” and “I love you Kayla.”
Friends from high school that I haven’t talked to in years were posting on my Facebook wall and sending me messages. My concerned advisor rewound the news when she was watching it at home with her husband. I received over 50 text messages and several phone calls. Some friends even sent me Snapchats with images from their internet home screen. In three of my classes Tuesday my professors diverted their lectures in a special aside with the entire class, catching many off guard. My grandparents have been receiving countless phone calls from their friends – all because I share my name with another girl.
This day was different because something tragic had happened to a different Kayla Mueller, someone who I had never heard of before, on the other side of the world. She was a 26-year-old aid worker from Arizona who had been held hostage by ISIS since 2013. Her death was confirmed by the White House and made national news on Tuesday.
According to NBC, Mueller’s parents released statements saying, “Kayla was a compassionate and devoted humanitarian. She dedicated the whole of her young life to helping those in need from freedom, justice and peace … Our hearts are breaking for our only daughter, but we will continue in peace, dignity and love for her.”
We all have our own names, and when they are used in the news, it has the potential to change how we view the situation. It makes it real. It makes us realize that behind the words in the newspaper is another human being.
Kayla Mueller was an American citizen who went to college and was making the world a better place. In Prescott, Arizona, there is a community of people suffering for the loss of Kayla Jean Mueller. There are parents, Carl and Marsha, who never get to talk to their daughter again. There is a brother who has lost his little sister. There are friends who will never get to be in Kayla’s life again.
I am the first to admit that sometimes I am not the best at staying up-to-date on current events, but having my name associated with this woman I have experienced the news in a very different way. I feel as though I know a girl who I have never met.
So many people have reached out to me this week to tell me that they love me. I challenge all of you to remind your loved ones how much you love them, everyday. My thoughts and prayers go out to the family and friends of Kayla Jean Mueller. In death, she has taught this Kayla Mueller so much about life.
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Published 23 Nov 2022 in Columns
On my music and beyond: On the search for enjoyable contemporary music
by Mioko Yokoyama
"I would be delighted if an audience member said: 'Those ten minutes passed so quickly' after hearing my music", writes Mioko Yokoyama.
I would like the audience to have an extraordinary and enjoyable time when coming to a concert – not only my musician friends but also those who are not necessarily that familiar with contemporary music but who have come to the concert by chance. I would simply like to create music that is interesting, perhaps because I cannot think of anything too complicated.
There is clearly a lack of understanding of the occupation of the composer in contemporary classical music. When I introduce myself as a composer in Japan, I am frequently asked: “Do you compose for TV commercials or something? No? Then how do you earn your income?” I have tried various explanations, and my latest answer to the question is: “There are people who need this.”
What, then, is enjoyable contemporary music?
In the composition seminar at the Sibelius Academy some years ago, we discussed that “the composer’s job is to move the ears of audiences to the next stage”. This is an old example, but even though Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring (1913) stirred a momentous debate at the time of its premiere; the work eventually came to be considered a masterpiece and became an inseparable part of the basic repertoire.
In other words, there were people who needed that piece and were ready to move their ears to the next stage. Similarly, I seek to provide the audience with experiences they have never had before. I wish to make the time meaningful with music that people may otherwise normally pass by. For example, I would be delighted if an audience member said: “Those ten minutes passed so quickly” after hearing my music.
Even during difficult times, I wish to deliver a positive message through an artist’s filter instead of directly expressing the difficulty of our times. This is not meant as chasing an audience’s favour. I wish to contribute to the cycle where people are eager to go to concerts, the contemporary music field becomes more active, and masterpieces are created in this world.
The important parts of my compositional process are timbre and structure. My inspiration usually originates in the sound itself. First, I look for an intriguing sound from the viewpoint of instrumentation. I think of what kind of sound I would like to hear by listening to pieces with similar instrumentation and by playing the instrument myself. Broadly speaking, I like the percussive sound created by various instruments. Recently, however, I have started to become aware of the attractiveness of pitches.
Once I have discovered an aural material I want to use, the next step is to think about the structural patterns of the piece. I draw abstract figures on a sketchbook concerning when I should introduce the material, what timing would be the most effective for the material, and how music before and after it should sound. After that, little by little, I write the music on paper by hand. For me, pencils are easier to handle than a computer, and I sense freedom from blank spaces on paper more than on notation software.
When I have advanced to a certain stage, I listen to the music from the beginning in my mind. If a change in the musical flow feels too sudden, I add some music. When I compose, I tend to be in a different flow from the audience because I focus on single sounds. Therefore I constantly have to check that the flow of the music works.
While I strive to write a theoretically convincing piece, I also find little examples of inhomogeneity and human error to be adorable. I wish some parts of my music to remain neither too intuitive nor too theoretical. Sometimes, in the middle of the piece, the music asks me to leave my sketchbook and go in a different direction. No matter how much time I spend planning in front of the sketchbook, once the music is born, the sound material sometimes knows more about the natural direction than I do. In such cases, I discard the sketches and start planning the rest of the piece again.
Although I have studied the basics of all instruments, I always relearn a certain instrument when I have a chance to compose for it. Recently, for example, I composed for the guitar and accordion; the studying is endless. There is always more to learn in addition to what I already know. As I am still in the first half of my career, I must keep on developing my musical language.
I recently premiered my piano concerto as soloist. The piano used to be something I “had to” practise when I was young, but after about thirty years, the instrument became a good companion to me. At the same time, performing became an inseparable part of my life as a composer. I am not sure yet how the balance between performing and composing will develop in the future. What I can say at this stage is that I probably understand the writing and playing techniques of the piano deeper than those of other instruments.
If asked whether there are any unique elements to my career, I would mention that I am a Japanese who came to Finland as a master’s degree student at the Sibelius Academy seven years ago. My mother tongue is Japanese, and my English and Finnish are not as good as other people in Finland. I write my sketchbook in Japanese or sometimes in English when I intend to show it to other people.
When I am in Japan, I receive information through my eyes and ears even when I do not want to. But here, I do not understand everything, so even though there are a lot of advertising people and people having conversations around me, they ultimately only give me silence. It is also true that understanding everything does not always bring happiness. However, I study Finnish hard, so I may lose this quietness one day.
Based only on my name, it may not seem like I live in Finland. However, names do not show where people live. I would be glad if everyone realised that there are composers like me who enjoy engaging with the musical scene in Finland and try, on their own part, to energise it as part of musical society.
Being situated at the threshold of different cultures and languages has certainly impacted upon my work. I believe that Japanese culture, from traditional culture to video games and manga, has influenced my creative process, both consciously and unconsciously. Besides that, I believe that my musical language is a mixture of English-language and Finnish-language ways of thinking, as well as what I have learned from the many people I have met through music.
Featured photo: Maarit Kytöharju
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On my music and beyond: How I learned to stop worrying and love the pressure
Columns by Panu AaltioPublished 24 Aug 2022
On my music and beyond: Opening up enclosed compositions in an enclosed space
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Deputy Fire Chief Carrie Edwards-Clemons Re-elected President of IABPFF
by Chris Frye | Sep 1, 2022 | City of Flint, Community Info, Recognition, September 2022
Flint’s Deputy Fire Chief, Carrie Edwards-Clemons was recently re-elected to the Presidency of the International Association of Black Professional Fire Fighters.
Carrie, the first woman elected President of the organization was re-elected at the recent 50th Anniversary Convention of thIABPFF held in Hartford, CT.
The International Association of Black Professional Fire Fighters. Inc. held their Golden Anniversary in Hartford, CT. where the organization began 52 years ago. The 50th Anniversary was postponed until this year due to the Covid pandemic.
The convention featured workshops, business meetings, social events, a memorial march, and a community service project to benefit children in the Hartford community.
The convention theme was “Honoring Our Past, Respecting Our Present and Shaping Our Future,” Over 1000 Black professional firefighters gathered from across the United States, Canada, Africa, Barbados, and the Bahamas to celebrate this historic occasion.
Carrie Edwards-Clemons, Deputy Fire Chief of Flint, Mich. is the first female President of the IABPFF, Inc. and was successful in her bid for a second term as president of the organization. “I am excited for the opportunity to serve, and I am thankful for the confidence bestowed upon me by our membership.”
Deputy Chief Edwards-Clemons credited the Flint community and the IABPFF, Inc. for her success. “There were people in my community and in the IABPFF, Inc. that supported and encouraged me to reach higher and I will pay it forward through service to others.”
Congratulations to the IABPFF leadership on a successful convention. The next convention will be in Miami Florida, 2024. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2080 | {"url": "https://focov.org/2022/09/deputy-fire-chief-carrie-edwards-clemons-re-elected-president-of-iabpff/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "focov.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:31:28Z", "digest": "sha1:LPLKYEIELQ2W34SJXP6UAKJHJ2CF2U3F"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 1822, 1822.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 1822, 3550.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 1822, 10.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 1822, 59.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 1822, 0.96]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 1822, 225.8]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 1822, 0.30205279]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 1822, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 1822, 0.12466488]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 1822, 0.07774799]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 1822, 0.07774799]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 1822, 0.07774799]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 1822, 0.02949062]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 1822, 0.03016086]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 1822, 0.02815013]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 1822, 0.02932551]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 1822, 0.18475073]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 1822, 0.52536232]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 1822, 5.4057971]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 1822, 4.58376509]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 1822, 276.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 72, 0.0], [72, 161, 0.0], [161, 323, 1.0], [323, 476, 1.0], [476, 716, 1.0], [716, 882, 1.0], [882, 1136, 1.0], [1136, 1444, 1.0], [1444, 1702, 1.0], [1702, 1822, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 72, 0.0], [72, 161, 0.0], [161, 323, 0.0], [323, 476, 0.0], [476, 716, 0.0], [716, 882, 0.0], [882, 1136, 0.0], [1136, 1444, 0.0], [1444, 1702, 0.0], [1702, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 72, 9.0], [72, 161, 14.0], [161, 323, 21.0], [323, 476, 23.0], [476, 716, 36.0], [716, 882, 23.0], [882, 1136, 36.0], [1136, 1444, 53.0], [1444, 1702, 43.0], [1702, 1822, 18.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 72, 0.0], [72, 161, 0.1125], [161, 323, 0.0], [323, 476, 0.01351351], [476, 716, 0.01716738], [716, 882, 0.0], [882, 1136, 0.01626016], [1136, 1444, 0.0], [1444, 1702, 0.0], [1702, 1822, 0.03418803]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 72, 0.0], [72, 161, 0.0], [161, 323, 0.0], [323, 476, 0.0], [476, 716, 0.0], [716, 882, 0.0], [882, 1136, 0.0], [1136, 1444, 0.0], [1444, 1702, 0.0], [1702, 1822, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 72, 0.19444444], [72, 161, 0.1011236], [161, 323, 0.08641975], [323, 476, 0.08496732], [476, 716, 0.06666667], [716, 882, 0.01204819], [882, 1136, 0.07086614], [1136, 1444, 0.05844156], [1444, 1702, 0.08139535], [1702, 1822, 0.08333333]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 1822, 0.091097]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 1822, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 1822, 0.4671306]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 1822, -81.71368219]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 1822, 7.63934966]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 1822, 14.13833913]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 1822, 19.0]]} |
Focus Gaming News | Oceania | Finance
New Zealand could have a billion-dollar gaming sector
A new report shows that New Zealand could have a billion-dollar industry by 2024 under an industry development plan.
New Zealand.- New Zealand could become a massive role in the online gaming industry in the upcoming years. A new report shows that by 2024, New Zealand could have a billion-dollar worth industry if it follows an industry development plan.
As revealed by the New Zealand Game Developers Association in a press statement, the introduction of a plan that focuses on investing in allowing interactive media to access existing screen industry programs would create hundreds of new jobs.
The Minister of Economic Development Hon Phil Twyford launched the Interactive Aotearoa report at Wellington games studio on Monday. It was produced by the New Zealand Game Developers Association with support from NZTech, WeCreate and government agencies. The report looks into the economic, social and educational benefits of interactive media, including games and apps.
Cassandra Gray, chairperson of the New Zealand Game Developers Association. “Our aspirational, yet achievable, goal is to see New Zealand become a billion-dollar exporter of interactive media, sitting alongside our successful film and software sectors. We’ve made a strong start, but our sector is still young and growing.”
The report sets games as the greatest potential creator of new jobs and highlights the rise of eSports. The online gaming sector posted a 39% increase annually for the last six years, the association says. At this growth rate, the industry would be worth one billion in 2024.
New Zealand to ban credit card gambling
Credit card usage for gambling could be restricted in the near future in New Zealand. After casino operator SKYCITY moved its iGaming operation to a platform operated from Malta, the spotlight turned to regulation changes. A spokesman for the Department of Internal Affairs said they’re reviewing the laws around the segment to “ensure that they are okay for purpose.”
He also said the department is looking at ways to minimise harm for gambling, including the credit card ban. The company is reluctant to debate but already announced it would comply with any legislative requirements.
New Zealand online gaming | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2081 | {"url": "https://focusgn.com/new-zealand-billion-gaming", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "focusgn.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:38:11Z", "digest": "sha1:BTHKSDVAEFMJ5K7DUKQZMQN7BPIAZR6P"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2314, 2314.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2314, 4570.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2314, 12.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2314, 72.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2314, 0.95]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2314, 324.1]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2314, 0.34216867]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2314, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2314, 0.13371788]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2314, 0.1137913]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2314, 0.04195071]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2314, 0.06292606]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2314, 0.03146303]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2314, 0.02988988]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2314, 0.00963855]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2314, 0.11566265]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2314, 0.51232877]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2314, 5.22465753]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2314, 4.78880996]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2314, 365.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 92, 0.0], [92, 209, 1.0], [209, 448, 1.0], [448, 691, 1.0], [691, 1063, 1.0], [1063, 1387, 1.0], [1387, 1663, 1.0], [1663, 1703, 0.0], [1703, 2072, 1.0], [2072, 2289, 1.0], [2289, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 92, 0.0], [92, 209, 0.0], [209, 448, 0.0], [448, 691, 0.0], [691, 1063, 0.0], [1063, 1387, 0.0], [1387, 1663, 0.0], [1663, 1703, 0.0], [1703, 2072, 0.0], [2072, 2289, 0.0], [2289, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 38, 5.0], [38, 92, 8.0], [92, 209, 19.0], [209, 448, 40.0], [448, 691, 38.0], [691, 1063, 54.0], [1063, 1387, 48.0], [1387, 1663, 48.0], [1663, 1703, 7.0], [1703, 2072, 59.0], [2072, 2289, 35.0], [2289, 2314, 4.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 92, 0.0], [92, 209, 0.03508772], [209, 448, 0.01724138], [448, 691, 0.0], [691, 1063, 0.0], [1063, 1387, 0.0], [1387, 1663, 0.02230483], [1663, 1703, 0.0], [1703, 2072, 0.0], [2072, 2289, 0.0], [2289, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 92, 0.0], [92, 209, 0.0], [209, 448, 0.0], [448, 691, 0.0], [691, 1063, 0.0], [1063, 1387, 0.0], [1387, 1663, 0.0], [1663, 1703, 0.0], [1703, 2072, 0.0], [2072, 2289, 0.0], [2289, 2314, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 38, 0.13157895], [38, 92, 0.03703704], [92, 209, 0.02564103], [209, 448, 0.0292887], [448, 691, 0.02469136], [691, 1063, 0.06182796], [1063, 1387, 0.03395062], [1387, 1663, 0.01449275], [1663, 1703, 0.05], [1703, 2072, 0.04607046], [2072, 2289, 0.00921659], [2289, 2314, 0.08]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2314, 0.58016479]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2314, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2314, 0.28701144]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2314, -99.0853183]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2314, 46.35813435]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2314, 10.51693311]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2314, 20.0]]} |
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-You: a person or entity that is registered with Fokatech.com to use the Services.
Information automatically collected-
There is some information like your Internet Protocol (IP) address and/or browser and device characteristics — is collected automatically when you visit our platform. This information may be used to connect your computer to the Internet. Other information collected automatically could be a login, e-mail address, password, computer and connection information such as browser plug-in types and versions and time zone settings, operating systems and platforms, purchase history, (we sometimes aggregate with similar information from other Users), the full Uniform Resource Locator (URL) clickstream to, through and from our Website that may include date and time; cookie number; parts of the site you viewed or searched for; and the phone number you used to call our Customer Services.
We may also use browser data such as cookies, Flash cookies (also known as Flash Local Shared Objects), or similar data on certain parts of our Website for fraud prevention and other purposes. During your visits, we may use software tools such as JavaScript to measure and collect session information including page response times, download errors, length of visits to certain pages, page interaction information (such as scrolling, clicks, and mouse-overs), and methods used to browse away from the page. We may also collect technical information to help us identify your device for fraud prevention and diagnostic purposes.
We automatically collect certain information when you visit, use or navigate the platform. This information does not reveal your specific identity (like your name or contact information) but may include device and usage information, such as your IP address, browser and device characteristics, operating system, language preferences, referring URLs, device name, country, location, information about who and when you use our and other technical information. This information is primarily needed to maintain the security and operation of our platform, and for our internal analytics and reporting purposes.
We reserve the right to transfer information to a third party in the event of a sale, merger or other transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of Fokatech.com or any of its Corporate Affiliates (as defined herein), or that portion of Fokatech.com or any of its Corporate Affiliates to which the Service relates, or in the event that we discontinue our business or file a petition or have filed against us a petition in bankruptcy, reorganization or similar proceeding, provided that the third party agrees to adhere to the terms of this Privacy Policy.
We may disclose information (including personal information) about you to our Corporate Affiliates. For purposes of this Privacy Policy, “Corporate Affiliate” means any person or entity which directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with Fokatech.com, whether by ownership or otherwise. Any information relating to you that we provide to our Corporate Affiliates will be treated by those Corporate Affiliates in accordance with the terms of this Privacy Policy.
This Privacy Policy is governed by the laws of the United States without regard to its conflict of laws provision. You consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in connection with any action or dispute arising between the parties under or in connection with this Privacy Policy except for those individuals who may have rights to make claims under Privacy Shield or the Swiss-US framework.
The laws of the United States, excluding its conflicts of law rules, shall govern this Agreement and your use of the website. Your use of the website may also be subject to other local, state, national, or international laws.
By using Fokatech.com or contacting us directly, you signify your acceptance of this Privacy Policy. If you do not agree to this Privacy Policy, you should not engage with our website, or use our services. Continued use of the website, direct engagement with us, or following the posting of changes to this Privacy Policy that do not significantly affect the use or disclosure of your personal information will mean that you accept those changes.
We’ve updated our Privacy Policy to provide you with complete transparency into what is being set when you visit our site and how it’s being used. By using our website, registering an account, or making a purchase, you hereby consent to our Privacy Policy and agree to its terms.
This Privacy Policy applies only to the Services. The Services may contain links to other websites not operated or controlled by Fokatech.com. We are not responsible for the content, accuracy, or opinions expressed in such websites, and such websites are not investigated, monitored, or checked for accuracy or completeness by us. Please remember that when you use a link to go from the Services to another website, our Privacy Policy is no longer in effect. Your browsing and interaction on any other website, including those that have a link on our platform, is subject to that website’s own rules and policies. Such third parties may use their own cookies or other methods to collect information about you.
This website may contain third-party advertisements and links to third-party sites. Fokatech.com does not make any representation as to the accuracy or suitability of any of the information contained in those advertisements or sites and does not accept any responsibility or liability for the conduct or content of those advertisements and sites and the offerings made by the third parties.
Advertising keeps Fokatech.com and many of the websites and services you use free of charge. We work hard to make sure that ads are safe, unobtrusive, and as relevant as possible.
Third-party advertisements and links to other sites where goods or services are advertised are not endorsements or recommendations by Fokatech.com of the third-party sites, goods, or services. Fokatech.com takes no responsibility for the content of any of the ads, promises made, or the quality/reliability of the products or services offered in all advertisements.
Cookies for Advertising
These cookies collect information over time about your online activity on the website and other online services to make online advertisements more relevant and effective to you. This is known as interest-based advertising. They also perform functions like preventing the same ad from continuously reappearing and ensuring that ads are properly displayed for advertisers. Without cookies, it’s really hard for an advertiser to reach its audience, or to know how many ads were shown and how many clicks they received.
Fokatech.com uses “Cookies” to identify the areas of our website that you have visited. A cookie is a small piece of data stored on your computer or mobile device by your web browser. We use cookies to enhance the performance and functionality of our website but are non-essential to their use. However, without these cookies, certain functionality like videos may become unavailable or you would be required to enter your login details every time you visit the website as we would not be able to remember that you had logged in previously. Most web browsers can be set to disable the use of Cookies. However, if you disable Cookies, you may not be able to access functionality on our website correctly or at all. We never place Personally Identifiable Information in Cookies.
Blocking and disabling cookies and similar technologies
Wherever you’re located you may also set your browser to block cookies and similar technologies, but this action may block our essential cookies and prevent our website from functioning properly, and you may not be able to fully utilize all of its features and services. You should also be aware that you may also lose some saved information (e.g. saved login details, and site preferences) if you block cookies on your browser. Different browsers make different controls available to you. Disabling a cookie or category of cookies does not delete the cookie from your browser, you will need to do this yourself from within your browser, you should visit your browser’s help menu for more information.
Kids’ Privacy
We collect information from kids under the age of 13 just to better our services. If You are a parent or guardian and You are aware that Your child has provided Us with Personal Data without your permission, please contact Us. If We become aware that We have collected Personal Data from anyone under the age of 13 without verification of parental consent, We take steps to remove that information from Our servers.
We may change our Service and policies, and we may need to make changes to this Privacy Policy so that they accurately reflect our Service and policies. Unless otherwise required by law, we will notify you (for example, through our Service) before we make changes to this Privacy Policy and give you an opportunity to review them before they go into effect. Then, if you continue to use the Service, you will be bound by the updated Privacy Policy. If you do not want to agree to this or any updated Privacy Policy, you can delete your account.
We may display, include or make available third-party content (including data, information, applications, and other product services) or provide links to third-party websites or services (“Third-Party Services”).
You acknowledge and agree that Fokatech.com shall not be responsible for any Third-Party Services, including their accuracy, completeness, timeliness, validity, copyright compliance, legality, decency, quality, or any other aspect thereof. Fokatech.com does not assume and shall not have any liability or responsibility to you or any other person or entity for any Third-Party Services.
Third-Party Services and links thereto are provided solely as a convenience to you and you access and use them entirely at your own risk and subject to such third parties terms and conditions.
Information about General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
We may be collecting and using information from you if you are from the European Economic Area (EEA), and in this section of our Privacy Policy, we are going to explain exactly how and why is this data collected, and how we maintain this data under protection from being replicated or used in the wrong way.
GDPR is an EU-wide privacy and data protection law that regulates how EU residents’ data is protected by companies and enhances the control the EU residents have, over their personal data.
The GDPR is relevant to any globally operating company and not just the EU-based businesses and EU residents. Our customers’ data is important irrespective of where they are located, which is why we have implemented GDPR controls as our baseline standard for all our operations worldwide.
Any data that relates to an identifiable or identified individual. GDPR covers a broad spectrum of information that could be used on its own, or in combination with other pieces of information, to identify a person. Personal data extends beyond a person’s name or email address. Some examples include financial information, political opinions, genetic data, biometric data, IP addresses, physical addresses, sexual orientations, and ethnicity.
The Data Protection Principles include requirements such as:
-Personal data collected must be processed in a fair, legal, and transparent way and should only be used in a way that a person would reasonably expect.
-Personal data should only be collected to fulfill a specific purpose and it should only be used for that purpose. Organizations must specify why they need personal data when they collect it.
-Personal data should be held no longer than necessary to fulfill its purpose.
-People covered by the GDPR have the right to access their own personal data. They can also request a copy of their data, and that their data be updated, deleted, restricted, or moved to another organization.
Why is GDPR important?
GDPR adds some new requirements regarding how companies should protect individuals’ personal data that they collect and process. It also raises the stakes for compliance by increasing enforcement and imposing greater fines for breaches. Beyond these facts, it’s simply the right thing to do. At Fokatech.com we strongly believe that your data privacy is very important and we already have solid security and privacy practices in place that go beyond the requirements of this new regulation.
Individual Data Subject’s Rights – Data Access, Portability, and Deletion
We are committed to helping our customers meet the data subject rights requirements of GDPR. Fokatech.com processes or stores all personal data in fully vetted, DPA-compliant vendors. We do store all conversation and personal data for up to 6 years unless your account is deleted. In this case, we dispose of all data in accordance with our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, but we will not hold it for longer than 60 days.
We are aware that if you are working with EU customers, you need to be able to provide them with the ability to access, update, retrieve and remove personal data. We got you! We’ve been set up as self-service from the start and have always given you access to your data and your customer’s data. Our customer support team is here for you to answer any questions you might have about working with the API.
The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) requires us to disclose the categories of Personal Information we collect and how we use it, the categories of sources from whom we collect Personal Information, and the third parties with whom we share it, which we have explained above.
We are also required to communicate information about the rights California residents have under California law. You may exercise the following rights:
-Right to Know and Access. You may submit a verifiable request for information regarding the:
(1) categories of Personal Information we collect, use, or share;
(2) purposes for which categories of Personal Information are collected or used by us;
(3) categories of sources from which we collect Personal Information; and
4) specific pieces of Personal Information we have collected about you.
-Right to Equal Service. We will not discriminate against you if you exercise your privacy rights.
-Right to Delete. You may submit a verifiable request to close your account and we will delete the Personal Information about you that we have collected.
-Request that a business that sells a consumer’s personal data, not sell the consumer’s personal data.
We do not sell the Personal Information of our users.
For more information about these rights, please contact us.
California Online Privacy Protection Act (CalOPPA)
CalOPPA requires us to disclose the categories of Personal Information we collect and how we use it, the categories of sources from whom we collect Personal Information, and the third parties with whom we share it, which we have explained above.
CalOPPA users have the following rights:
(4) specific pieces of Personal Information we have collected about you.
-Right to request that a business that sells a consumer’s personal data, not sell the consumer’s personal data.
Don’t hesitate to contact us if you have any questions.
-Via Email: [email protected]
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Tag Archives: gap analysis
What Is Your Company’s Level of Digital Risk Maturity?
By Steven Sklare
The digital transformation of food safety management programs is a common topic of discussion today, across the full range of media including print, blogs, websites and conferences. It has also been generally acknowledged that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated the adoption of various digital technologies. However, let’s be clear, COVID-19 may have accelerated the process, but the process was under way as the only way for food companies to efficiently cope with the increase of required compliance documentation for regulatory bodies, such as FDA, USDA, etc., non-regulatory organizations such as GFSI, and customer specific requirements. COVID-19 has added a sense of urgency, as the fragility of both domestic and international supply chains has been exposed with long-term sources of ingredients or equipment being cut off overnight. We must also overlay the need to manage food safety risk and food fraud vulnerability in real time (or even predict the future, which will be discussed further in a future article). The food industry has also had to adjust to dealing with many aspects of work and production without typical face-to-face interaction—a norm of operating within the environment of a global pandemic over the past two years.
What is not clear, however, is the meaning of “digital transformation” or the “digitization” of a food safety management program. What is not clear is what these terms mean to individual organizations. The frenzy of buzzwords, “urgent” presentations, blogs and webinars help to create an improved level of awareness but rarely result in concrete actions that lead to improved results. I admit to being guilty of this very hyperbole—in a previous article discussing “Chocolate and Big Data”, I said, “If a food organization is going to effectively protect the public’s health, protect their brand and comply with various governmental regulations and non-governmental standards such as GFSI, horizon scanning, along with the use of food safety intelligent digital tools, needs to be incorporated into food company’s core FSQA program.” Sounds great, but it presupposes a high level of awareness of those “digital tools”. What is not clear to many organizations is how to get started and how to create a road map that leads to improved results, more efficient operations and importantly, to ongoing improvement in the production of safe food.
Addressing a new concept can be intimidating and paralyzing. Think back to the beginning days of HACCP, then TACCP, then VACCP, and post FSMA, preventive controls! So, where do we start?
Nikos Manouselis, CEO of Agroknow, a food safety data and intelligence company with a cloud-based risk intelligence platform, Foodakai, believes the place to start is for food companies to perform an honest, self-assessment of their digital risk maturity. Think of it as a digital risk maturity gap analysis. While there are certainly different approaches to performing this self-assessment, Agroknow has developed a simple, straightforward series of questions that focus on three critical areas: Risk monitoring practices and tools; risk assessment practices and tools; and risk prevention practices and tools. The questions within each of these areas lead to a ranking of 1–5 with 1 being a low level of maturity and 5 being a high level of maturity. One of the goals of the self-assessment is to determine where your company stands, right now, compared to where you want to be or should be.
While this is not a complete nor exhaustive process, it helps to break the inertia that could be holding a company back from starting the process of digitizing their food protection and quality systems, which will allow them to take advantage of the benefits available from continuous monitoring of food safety risks and food fraud vulnerabilities, artificial intelligence and predictive analytics.
How to Survive an FDA Foreign Facility Inspection
By Maria Fontanazza
Since 2002, the amount of FDA-regulated food imported to the United States has nearly doubled. With the implementation of FSMA well underway, expect that FDA will be increasing its inspections at foreign manufacturing facilities. When prioritizing inspections, FDA looks at a facility’s compliance history, the risk of the product manufactured in the plant, the date of its last inspection, and any import alerts associated with the site.
First and foremost, it’s important to make sure your foreign facility understands what a food safety plan under FSMA requires, said Chengboey Lau, principal scientist for North America scientific & regulatory affairs at Mondelēz International. Today at the GMA Science Forum Lau pulled from the experience of Mondelez (the $30 billion-company has more than 165 manufacturing plants worldwide and requires all of its suppliers to be GFSI certified) to provide some helpful tips on how a company can get ready for an FDA inspection of a foreign facility, what it should do during the event, and the steps that should be taken afterwards.
Prepare for the Inspection
Develop an internal policy for foreign inspections
To ensure readiness at all times, implement a proactive program that involves the following activities
Annual review of registered facilities
Review of any products or materials made for U.S. markets (including R&D samples)
Gap assessments to ensure compliance with FDA requirements, followed by an action plan to close identified gaps
Employee training on FDA requirements
Create a site-specific FDA inspection manual for all necessary documentation
Survive the Inspection
Align expectations with the inspector at the start of the inspection
Have an employee who has strong English skills present to help with translation (the employee should have an understanding of American slang, too)
Consider having a U.S. regulatory support colleague available for questions during the inspection
Post-inspection
Email the inspector or make a Freedom of Information Act request if you don’t receive an establishment inspection report after six months
If a form 483 letter is issued, respond in writing within 15 days, and follow up within 40 days to inform FDA of the completion of any corrective actions
At the end of the day, make sure you have a firm understanding of which final FSMA rules apply to your organization, advised Lau. From there companies should perform a gap analysis, identify the resources necessary and any constraints involved, train employees on the new FSMA expectations, and be prepared to implement new and/or modify current policies and procedures to ensure inspection readiness.
Developing an Enduring Food Safety Culture
By Dan Okenu, Ph.D.
Food safety gap analysis is a process improvement management tool that helps to identify areas of risk and associated gaps in the internal food safety programs that must be addressed to ensure high confidence in your Food Safety management system. It is structured to benchmark the level of food safety, and to highlight potential areas of concern that might impact the business, customers and the overall business brand. Although a continuous internal self-assessment is encouraged, best practices require the use of third party consultants to sieve and weave through the entire organization to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and systems and to make appropriate recommendations for improvement.
The NSF has a robust food safety gap analysis protocol which is referred to as a Maturity Model Assessment. It is very detailed and extensive involving site visits, observations and interviews of senior management. It is deliberately designed to completely evaluate the preparedness of the entire organization in food safety best practices. Such an unbiased third party instrument is an excellent assessment tool for any organization’s food safety culture.
Why is developing an enduring food safety culture important to the business? A senior manager in a large retail food company once told us in a meeting that although he had been with the company for almost 15 years that he still didn’t really understand what the Food Safety team was doing. We all thought that this manager was just being sarcastic but on closer scrutiny, we discovered that not only did he not understand the why and how of the many ongoing food safety projects, but also thought that a lot of those projects were not really required, since according to him, there had not been any major food safety event in the last 15 years while he had been with the company.
This is obviously a bad commentary on this particular organization’s food safety culture. First, the food safety team appeared not to be doing a good job in sensitizing all parts of the business on the importance and business value proposition of its food safety practices and initiatives. Second, that senior manager may have been working in a silo without interfacing with other business functions and stakeholders to completely understand how his projects and programs impact other parts of the business. Consequently, every food company must encourage and support the development of an enduring food safety culture to avoid such grievous disconnect between its food safety management system and the important stakeholders that influence its successful implementation.
An enduring food safety culture – will the customer notice?
Recently, we had an opportunity to visit a large retail food company in the Southwest. The parking lot was so tidy that we couldn’t find a single piece of trash usually left by customers on carts or littered around cars and cart holding stations. The facility floors were so polished and sparkling clean that you could see your reflection and yet the floor coefficient of friction remained at its best to avoid slip and fall accidents. After taking in all the neatly arranged food prep work areas, the correct use of gloves, proper hand washing and the overall professionalism of the foodservice workers, I managed to excuse myself to take a look at the restroom. In my mind, the condition of the restroom would be the true test for an organizational food safety commitment from the customers’ standpoint. Even as a Cleaning & Sanitation enthusiast who is never satisfied unless it feels and smells clean and sanitary, I was impressed by what I saw.
To further validate my observations, I left the guided tour and sneaked into one of the company’s stores in a less affluent neighborhood, and it still looked good.
Several days later, I had an opportunity to meet with the company’s senior vice president. How did you do it? I asked. I got a very simple response but yet so revealing. Food safety culture is taken seriously by the company leadership, from the top down (and not from the bottom up! my emphasis). The Director of Food Safety reports directly both to the senior vice president and to the CEO. This means that food safety has direct access to top level management.
Listen to this: every employee in the organization including senior management sat through a food safety training certification on a regular basis. The best part – the CEO actually attends food safety conferences along with the food safety team. According to the senior vice president, the rate of return on investment continues to be outstanding, and the company is still expanding, in spite of the uncertainty in the current business environment. Thus, it appears that an enduring food safety culture is also good for business!
Although a third party food safety gap analysis is recommended for evaluating an organization’s food safety culture and commitment, let me challenge you to do it differently using the benchmarks from this exemplary retail food company in the Southwest, as follows:
Are you able to get your CEO to attend a major food safety conference?
Does your food safety team have direct access to top level leadership management or at a minimum reports directly to a Vice President who can take far reaching decisions before situation snowballs into something big and messy for your customers?
Is there any kind of company-wide food safety awareness training for all employees especially including senior leadership management in your organization?
Is every company employee aware of how their specific job function interfaces with food safety in fulfilling the company’s mission and supporting customer satisfaction? A good example would be an hourly worker at the store level knowing why we need 50 – 100 ppm chlorine based sanitizer to sanitize food contact surfaces, and the CEO understands that proper sanitation of food contact surfaces using the right tools by employees with the right training is mandatory.
Cleanliness and the perception of cleanliness are the key customer indicators for any good food safety culture. Customers don’t care about complex food safety management system that sometimes is so cumbersome to implement by folks at the frontlines. Instead, customers care about the little tell-tale signs of food safety that they see during their brief visit to your retail foodservice establishment. If the customer can trust you in such little things like keeping the parking lot, dining room, restroom or drive-through clean, it becomes even easier to trust you on the big stuff that happens away from the prying eyes of the customer at the back of the house. There’s an empirical evidence that cleanliness is directly and significantly associated with increased sales and profitability.
So, let’s take a moment at the beginning of this year and make yet another new year resolution to perform our annual food safety gap analysis, assess our organization’s food safety culture and implement the much needed corrective actions to fill these gaps towards the establishment of an enduring food safety culture. Let us convince senior management that it is good business that not only pays for itself but pushes customer satisfaction and profitability beyond our wildest dreams. Happy New Year, folks!
March 23, 2023 – 12:00:00 – 14:00:00
April 3, 2023 – 13:00:00 – April 5, 2023 – 15:00:00
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Fordham Softball Set to Make a Run at Conference
Pitcher Jen Mineau, FCRH ’12, has been the leading force of an excellent softball team. (Brian Jasinski/The Observer)
By RANDY NARINE
With the Atlantic-10 (A-10) Championships less than a week away, the Fordham Rams softball team looks poised to make a serious run at a conference title.
The Rams struggled at the start of the season as they faced stiff competition, including three teams ranked in the top 25. However, the team picked it up once conference play started, posting a 14-2 conference record, and improving their overall record to 30-20.
“I think the beginning of the season was rough because there were so many young kids playing new positions on defense,” Jen Mineau, Fordham College at Rose Hill (FCRH) ’12, said. “We’ve started to put it together now and have been playing really well.”
Early season struggles were to be expected as the Rams had to deal with competition with a very inexperienced squad. The team has just eight upperclassmen in comparison to four sophomores and nine freshmen.
“I think senior leadership has played a big role,” Mineau said. “The four of us start every game, and it helps to have a consistent presence on and off the field. We’re showing the new kids what to do, what to expect and we’re leading by example.”
The seniors have played exceptional softball to this point, with Mineau and Lindsey Kay Bright, FCRH ’12, leading the way in conference play. Bright is leading the team with a .524 conference batting average and a .397 overall batting average.
“She’s started in left field since her freshmen year and has really found her way this year,” Head Coach Bridget Orchard said. “She’s been a great senior leader who gets a lot of hits. She has over 200 hits and that’s only the fifth time in Fordham softball history. She’s just really stepped up her play to another level.”
Mineau has been just as dominant pitching as Bright has been hitting. Mineau has a 24-11 record with a 1.64 ERA and 28 complete games. She’s been even more impressive in the A-10 with a 13-2 record and a 0.80 ERA. “I’ve pitched well for most part,” Mineau said. “I’ve pitched a lot of innings, which is good because it’s my senior year and I want to pitch.”
Orchard added, “She’s an All-American pitcher this season who has carried the team. She’s number two in strikeout and we can win every game she pitches. We just need to get her one or two runs because she gets a lot of shutouts.”
The Rams will need to continue their recent strong play as they have a huge two game set against conference leading UMass. UMass has gone undefeated in conference to this point but a two game sweep would greatly improve Fordham’s chances of winning the regular season crown.
“We’re really excited and a bit anxious,” Orchard said. “It’s a big weekend with UMass coming in. Hopefully we’ll take the number one seed from them. We’re happy to be put in position to play UMass and see what they have.”
Mineau shared her coach’s enthusiasm, but stressed that the regular season crown isn’t the ultimate goal.
“We’re already locked into the number two seed with a first round bye. Regular season championships don’t mean all that much. Of course we’d like to win but we just want to win the tournament right now. That’s our only goal at this point.”
Orchard thinks that this team has gelled at the right time and can really make a run at something special. “We’re very confident if all of the pieces fall together,” Orchard said. “If our defense and our hitting perform, our pitching can take us far. The goal is to improve upon last year’s regional showing and make it to the superregionals.”
Randy Narine
RANDY NARINE, Sports Editor Emeritus | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2084 | {"url": "https://fordhamobserver.com/11502/recent/sports-and-health/fordham-softball-set-to-make-a-run-at-conference/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "fordhamobserver.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:45:52Z", "digest": "sha1:D6JRJEILHM3YYQQUQYVYNIOQYWDCPOZN"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 3701, 3701.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 3701, 6381.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 3701, 19.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 3701, 144.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 3701, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 3701, 290.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 3701, 0.42331288]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 3701, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 3701, 0.00842602]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 3701, 0.00606673]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 3701, 0.00674082]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 3701, 0.0196319]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 3701, 0.18404908]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 3701, 0.46850998]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 3701, 4.55760369]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 3701, 5.26357856]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 3701, 651.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 49, 0.0], [49, 167, 0.0], [167, 183, 0.0], [183, 337, 1.0], [337, 600, 1.0], [600, 853, 1.0], [853, 1060, 1.0], [1060, 1308, 1.0], [1308, 1552, 1.0], [1552, 1876, 1.0], [1876, 2234, 1.0], [2234, 2464, 1.0], [2464, 2739, 1.0], [2739, 2962, 1.0], [2962, 3068, 1.0], [3068, 3308, 1.0], [3308, 3652, 1.0], [3652, 3665, 0.0], [3665, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 49, 0.0], [49, 167, 0.0], [167, 183, 0.0], [183, 337, 0.0], [337, 600, 0.0], [600, 853, 0.0], [853, 1060, 0.0], [1060, 1308, 0.0], [1308, 1552, 0.0], [1552, 1876, 0.0], [1876, 2234, 0.0], [2234, 2464, 0.0], [2464, 2739, 0.0], [2739, 2962, 0.0], [2962, 3068, 0.0], [3068, 3308, 0.0], [3308, 3652, 0.0], [3652, 3665, 0.0], [3665, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 49, 9.0], [49, 167, 18.0], [167, 183, 3.0], [183, 337, 26.0], [337, 600, 44.0], [600, 853, 44.0], [853, 1060, 34.0], [1060, 1308, 47.0], [1308, 1552, 40.0], [1552, 1876, 59.0], [1876, 2234, 68.0], [2234, 2464, 43.0], [2464, 2739, 47.0], [2739, 2962, 41.0], [2962, 3068, 16.0], [3068, 3308, 44.0], [3308, 3652, 61.0], [3652, 3665, 2.0], [3665, 3701, 5.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 49, 0.0], [49, 167, 0.01801802], [167, 183, 0.0], [183, 337, 0.02721088], [337, 600, 0.03543307], [600, 853, 0.00816327], [853, 1060, 0.0], [1060, 1308, 0.0], [1308, 1552, 0.03389831], [1552, 1876, 0.00943396], [1876, 2234, 0.04927536], [2234, 2464, 0.0], [2464, 2739, 0.0], [2739, 2962, 0.0], [2962, 3068, 0.0], [3068, 3308, 0.0], [3308, 3652, 0.0], [3652, 3665, 0.0], [3665, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 49, 0.0], [49, 167, 0.0], [167, 183, 0.0], [183, 337, 0.0], [337, 600, 0.0], [600, 853, 0.0], [853, 1060, 0.0], [1060, 1308, 0.0], [1308, 1552, 0.0], [1552, 1876, 0.0], [1876, 2234, 0.0], [2234, 2464, 0.0], [2464, 2739, 0.0], [2739, 2962, 0.0], [2962, 3068, 0.0], [3068, 3308, 0.0], [3308, 3652, 0.0], [3652, 3665, 0.0], [3665, 3701, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 49, 0.12244898], [49, 167, 0.09322034], [167, 183, 0.75], [183, 337, 0.03896104], [337, 600, 0.01140684], [600, 853, 0.04743083], [853, 1060, 0.01449275], [1060, 1308, 0.01612903], [1308, 1552, 0.04098361], [1552, 1876, 0.02777778], [1876, 2234, 0.04189944], [2234, 2464, 0.02608696], [2464, 2739, 0.02545455], [2739, 2962, 0.04035874], [2962, 3068, 0.00943396], [3068, 3308, 0.01666667], [3308, 3652, 0.01453488], [3652, 3665, 0.15384615], [3665, 3701, 0.38888889]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 3701, 0.47665071]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 3701, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 3701, 0.91343558]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 3701, -346.85377925]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 3701, 162.47820092]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 3701, -343.706919]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 3701, 45.0]]} |
PubPol 541: International Trade Policy
8:30-9:50 am EDT
Course Section
U-M Course Number
This course examines the policy issues of international trade, including trade in both goods and services and also international flows of direct investment and migration. It builds on microeconomic theory, first to examine the basic theories of international trade and factor movements, including the classic Ricardian theory of competitive advantages, the neoclassical factor proportions theory, and the New Trade Theories that incorporate increasing returns to scale, imperfect competition, and product differentiation. These models are then used to examine the major policies and institutions that constrain and influence international trade and factor movements. Special attention is given to the WTO, to various elements of U.S. trade policy, and to the growing number of regional arrangements such as the European Union and NAFTA. Emprical evidence and applications of the theories are addressed, including their applicability for less developed and emerging economies. Although the major emphasis of the course is on the microeconomics of international transactions, a portion of the course will also put this into macroeconomic context. Topics here include the role and determination of exchange rates in the world economy, as well as how international movements of financial capital interact with trade and exchange rates in determining the balance of trade and the vulnerability of a country's macroeconomic variables to events abroad. This course presumes a prior knowledge of intermediate economics.
Faculty Expert
Alan V. Deardorff
Professor Emeritus of Public Policy
Deardorff’s research focuses on international trade. With Bob Stern, he developed the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade, which has been used to estimate the effects of trade agreements. He is also doing theoretical work in international trade and trade policy. He has served as a consultant to the U.S. Departments of Commerce, Labor, State, and Treasury and to international organizations including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2085 | {"url": "https://fordschool.umich.edu/course/fall/2022/pubpol-541-international-trade-policy", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "fordschool.umich.edu", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:16:47Z", "digest": "sha1:43EFBHAR276T77GUK6HAE5OJISDDKRTX"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2158, 2158.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2158, 5939.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2158, 9.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2158, 211.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2158, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2158, 177.5]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2158, 0.3579235]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2158, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2158, 0.0399556]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2158, 0.05993341]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2158, 0.03496115]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2158, 0.0299667]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2158, 0.0273224]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2158, 0.12568306]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2158, 0.5362776]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2158, 5.68454259]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2158, 4.584116]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2158, 317.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 56, 0.0], [56, 71, 0.0], [71, 89, 0.0], [89, 1601, 1.0], [1601, 1616, 0.0], [1616, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1670, 0.0], [1670, 2158, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 56, 0.0], [56, 71, 0.0], [71, 89, 0.0], [89, 1601, 0.0], [1601, 1616, 0.0], [1616, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1670, 0.0], [1670, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 39, 5.0], [39, 56, 3.0], [56, 71, 2.0], [71, 89, 3.0], [89, 1601, 220.0], [1601, 1616, 2.0], [1616, 1634, 3.0], [1634, 1670, 5.0], [1670, 2158, 74.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 39, 0.08108108], [39, 56, 0.46153846], [56, 71, 0.0], [71, 89, 0.0], [89, 1601, 0.0], [1601, 1616, 0.0], [1616, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1670, 0.0], [1670, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 39, 0.0], [39, 56, 0.0], [56, 71, 0.0], [71, 89, 0.0], [89, 1601, 0.0], [1601, 1616, 0.0], [1616, 1634, 0.0], [1634, 1670, 0.0], [1670, 2158, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 39, 0.12820513], [39, 56, 0.17647059], [56, 71, 0.13333333], [71, 89, 0.22222222], [89, 1601, 0.01587302], [1601, 1616, 0.13333333], [1616, 1634, 0.16666667], [1634, 1670, 0.11111111], [1670, 2158, 0.04918033]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2158, 0.75344455]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2158, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2158, 0.79857057]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2158, -82.27904818]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2158, 13.63034269]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2158, 42.12476055]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2158, 17.0]]} |
Justia › Forms › Alaska › Statewide › Criminal › Waiver Of Indictment
Waiver Of Indictment
Waiver Of Indictment Form. This is a Alaska form and can be use in Criminal Statewide.
Tags: Waiver Of Indictment, CR-311, Alaska Statewide, Criminal
ACW Page 1 of 2 CR-311 (4/19)(cs) Crim. R. 7(b) WAIVER OF INDICTMENT IN THE SUPERIOR COURT FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA AT STATE OF ALASKA ) ) Plaintiff ) ) vs. ) ) Defendant. ) DOB: ) WAIVER OF INDICTMENT I, the above-named defendant, am charged with violation of: (statute) (offense) . I am fully advised of the following: 1. Under the Alaska Constitution, I have a right to have the above charge presented to a Grand Jury for review. 2. A Grand Jury consists of 12 to 18 citizens who hear evidence presented by the District American LegalNet, Inc. www.For ACW Page 2 of 2 CR-311 (4/19)(cs) Crim. R. 7(b) WAIVER OF INDICTMENT I have received a copy of the Complaint or Information charging me with the offense referred to above and therefore I am familiar with the nature of the charges against me. I have been advised by my attorney and the court of the nature of the charges against me and my right to indictment by Grand Jury. I have taken into consideration the information listed above. I hereby waive in open court prosecution by indictment and consent to prosecution in Superior Court by information rather than indictment. Date Assistant District Attorney Counsel for Defendant Type or Print Name Bar Number Type or Print Name Bar Number ****************************************************************************** FINDING dictment by Grand Jury, I find to indictment by Grand Jury. Date Superior Court Judge Type or Print Name I certify that on A copy of this waiver was sent or given to: Defense Counsel: Prosecutor: Clerk: American LegalNet, Inc. www.FormsWorkFlow.com | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2086 | {"url": "https://forms.justia.com/alaska/statewide/criminal/waiver-of-indictment-33397.html", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "forms.justia.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:24:34Z", "digest": "sha1:IQQKZQSAYU46PEKTQXAEOVJQIUAP3OKN"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 1819, 1819.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 1819, 4104.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 1819, 5.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 1819, 124.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 1819, 0.9]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 1819, 272.6]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 1819, 0.27733333]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 1819, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 1819, 0.05551497]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 1819, 0.20745069]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 1819, 0.17384953]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 1819, 0.09934259]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 1819, 0.05551497]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 1819, 0.05551497]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 1819, 0.04090577]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 1819, 0.09203798]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 1819, 0.03287071]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 1819, 0.11466667]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 1819, 0.24]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 1819, 0.41496599]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 1819, 4.65646259]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 1819, 4.43144958]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 1819, 294.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 70, 0.0], [70, 91, 0.0], [91, 178, 1.0], [178, 241, 0.0], [241, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 70, 0.0], [70, 91, 0.0], [91, 178, 0.0], [178, 241, 0.0], [241, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 70, 13.0], [70, 91, 3.0], [91, 178, 16.0], [178, 241, 8.0], [241, 1819, 254.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 70, 0.0], [70, 91, 0.0], [91, 178, 0.0], [178, 241, 0.05263158], [241, 1819, 0.01680672]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 70, 0.0], [70, 91, 0.0], [91, 178, 0.0], [178, 241, 0.0], [241, 1819, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 70, 0.11428571], [70, 91, 0.14285714], [91, 178, 0.09195402], [178, 241, 0.14285714], [241, 1819, 0.12864385]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 1819, 0.00065833]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 1819, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 1819, 0.00121886]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 1819, -174.06449786]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 1819, -85.81978748]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 1819, -94.92602776]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 1819, 23.0]]} |
Oilmen take Washington, signal dawn of new U.S. energy era
1600 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, D.C.
Ever since the Supreme Court broke up John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil in 1911, the energy industry has been at loggerheads with the federal government. Now it is the government — or may be if ExxonMobil Chief Executive Officer Rex Tillerson is confirmed as President-elect Donald Trump’s secretary of state.
All across the oil patch, they’re figuratively uncorking the champagne bottles as Tillerson and other well-placed leaders and friends are proposed for top jobs. Rick Perry, former governor of oil-rich Texas, has been picked to run the Energy Department, which he once famously threatened to do away with and whose name he forgot in a 2012 Republican presidential primary debate. Scott Pruitt, a friend to Oklahoma’s homegrown shale industry and confirmed climate-change skeptic, would take over the Environmental Protection Agency. And Rep. Ryan Zinke, R-Montana, and former CEO of an oil and gas consulting firm, is poised to become head of the Interior Department.
“Oil and gas is really the future engine of the economy,” said Hess Corp. CEO John Hess. He lauded Trump’s picks and added that he has “made it very clear that energy is critical.”
It’s a breathtaking turn of events for an industry that has battled the federal government for decades on tax issues, antitrust challenges, environmental regulations and ethics oversight under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Now, after eight years of especially antagonistic face-offs with the Obama administration, Big Oil is going from Washington outsider to running the show.
“It’s clearly a U-turn from the current administration, which is very hostile to fossil fuels,” said Craig Pirrong, director of the University of Houston’s Gutierrez Energy Management Institute. With “a representative of the world’s largest energy company in the State Department, it’s inevitable that they’ll have a powerful and forceful and informed advocate.”
The industry is poised to wield previously unimaginable influence on a global scale in a Trump administration. Tillerson has legitimately honed his leadership skills as head of the largest publicly traded oil company in the world. He is equal parts diplomat and executive, having spent much of his career negotiating complex and controversial business transactions in countries with which the U.S. government has strained relations. In 2011, he famously went into business with Russian leader Vladimir Putin, signing a joint-venture agreement to partner with state oil company Rosneft on Arctic oil exploration.
“There is a very thin line between oil, geopolitics and diplomacy,” OPEC Secretary General Mohammad Barkindo said in Washington on Tuesday. Tillerson’s experience on that front makes him “more than qualified to occupy this very important office.”
But Tillerson’s oil-industry positions also could pose problems for implementing U.S. foreign policy. Tillerson has said he opposes international sanctions; as secretary of state he could push for easing sanctions against Russia, which would have obvious benefits for ExxonMobil’s partnership with Rosneft.
“Donald Trump doesn’t want to drain the swamp, he wants to drill in it,” said Sen. Ed Markey, D-Massachusetts. “These nominees’ ties to fossil fuel interests are as deep as an oil well.”
Tillerson, though, breaks with Trump’s climate-change denials. The oil executive has characterized global warming as “a serious risk” and supports a carbon tax as the best way to curb industry emissions, something Trump has said he opposes. Perry, meanwhile, oversaw a massive wind-power boom during his terms as Texas governor.
Like Tillerson’s, Perry’s business interests also could get a boost from his appointment. He sits on the board of Energy Transfer Partners, the company behind the beleaguered Dakota Access pipeline project stalled this year by President Barack Obama’s Army Corp of Engineers. Perry is broadly supportive of building out pipeline infrastructure. During his own short-lived presidential campaign, he promised to green-light TransCanada Corp.’s Keystone XL pipeline, which is also a priority for both Trump and Tillerson. As secretary of state, Tillerson would have direct authority over approving the project.
At the Interior Department, an agency that oversees drilling on public lands and in federal waters, the selection of Montana Republican Zinke bodes well for oil companies that have criticized federal barriers to energy development. The Interior Secretary will have an opportunity to open up new coastal areas for drilling, including Arctic and Atlantic waters that were blocked from exploration by the Obama administration. In Congress, Zinke has co-sponsored legislation to expand drilling and mining on public lands.
Pruitt, attorney general of Oklahoma, spent the last few years suing to block EPA rules energy companies oppose. As head of that agency, he’ll almost certainly begin working to dismantle them. In his home state, he created a “federalism unit” tasked with fighting “unwarranted regulation and overreach by the federal government” and has billed himself as the EPA’s chief antagonist.
The agency is one of two that could significantly affect the U.S. energy industry, according to Ed Morse, head of commodity research at Citigroup Inc. and a former deputy assistant secretary of state for international energy policy. The other is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which approves natural-gas pipelines and LNG terminals.
These agencies “set how policy is implemented, so a lot can happen without changing law,” Morse said. Their actions could have “tangible results on both U.S. and global prices.”
–With assistance from Mark Shenk and Jennifer A. Dlouhy. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2087 | {"url": "https://fortworthbusiness.com/energy/oilmen-take-washington-signal-dawn-of-new-u-s-energy-era/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "fortworthbusiness.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:33:46Z", "digest": "sha1:3GEREP6IXLY5XF5O4ZI2LZJI5LOII2VZ"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 5774, 5774.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 5774, 8067.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 5774, 18.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 5774, 188.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 5774, 0.97]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 5774, 227.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 5774, 0.34639927]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 5774, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 5774, 0.0052521]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 5774, 0.01344538]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 5774, 0.00672269]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 5774, 0.02187785]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 5774, 0.15952598]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 5774, 0.53340883]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 5774, 5.39071348]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 5774, 5.60707261]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 5774, 883.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 100, 1.0], [100, 411, 1.0], [411, 1078, 1.0], [1078, 1259, 1.0], [1259, 1641, 1.0], [1641, 2004, 1.0], [2004, 2616, 1.0], [2616, 2863, 1.0], [2863, 3170, 1.0], [3170, 3357, 1.0], [3357, 3686, 1.0], [3686, 4294, 1.0], [4294, 4813, 1.0], [4813, 5196, 1.0], [5196, 5540, 1.0], [5540, 5718, 1.0], [5718, 5774, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 100, 0.0], [100, 411, 0.0], [411, 1078, 0.0], [1078, 1259, 0.0], [1259, 1641, 0.0], [1641, 2004, 0.0], [2004, 2616, 0.0], [2616, 2863, 0.0], [2863, 3170, 0.0], [3170, 3357, 0.0], [3357, 3686, 0.0], [3686, 4294, 0.0], [4294, 4813, 0.0], [4813, 5196, 0.0], [5196, 5540, 0.0], [5540, 5718, 0.0], [5718, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 59, 10.0], [59, 100, 5.0], [100, 411, 50.0], [411, 1078, 104.0], [1078, 1259, 34.0], [1259, 1641, 56.0], [1641, 2004, 53.0], [2004, 2616, 92.0], [2616, 2863, 37.0], [2863, 3170, 42.0], [3170, 3357, 33.0], [3357, 3686, 50.0], [3686, 4294, 89.0], [4294, 4813, 78.0], [4813, 5196, 60.0], [5196, 5540, 52.0], [5540, 5718, 29.0], [5718, 5774, 9.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 100, 0.11428571], [100, 411, 0.01311475], [411, 1078, 0.00617284], [1078, 1259, 0.0], [1259, 1641, 0.0], [1641, 2004, 0.0], [2004, 2616, 0.00665557], [2616, 2863, 0.0], [2863, 3170, 0.0], [3170, 3357, 0.0], [3357, 3686, 0.0], [3686, 4294, 0.0], [4294, 4813, 0.0], [4813, 5196, 0.0], [5196, 5540, 0.0], [5540, 5718, 0.0], [5718, 5774, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 59, 0.0], [59, 100, 0.0], [100, 411, 0.0], [411, 1078, 0.0], [1078, 1259, 0.0], [1259, 1641, 0.0], [1641, 2004, 0.0], [2004, 2616, 0.0], [2616, 2863, 0.0], [2863, 3170, 0.0], [3170, 3357, 0.0], [3357, 3686, 0.0], [3686, 4294, 0.0], [4294, 4813, 0.0], [4813, 5196, 0.0], [5196, 5540, 0.0], [5540, 5718, 0.0], [5718, 5774, 1.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 59, 0.06779661], [59, 100, 0.12195122], [100, 411, 0.06109325], [411, 1078, 0.03748126], [1078, 1259, 0.05524862], [1259, 1641, 0.02617801], [1641, 2004, 0.03581267], [2004, 2616, 0.01960784], [2616, 2863, 0.048583], [2863, 3170, 0.02931596], [3170, 3357, 0.04278075], [3357, 3686, 0.01823708], [3686, 4294, 0.04440789], [4294, 4813, 0.02890173], [4813, 5196, 0.02610966], [5196, 5540, 0.04360465], [5540, 5718, 0.02808989], [5718, 5774, 0.10714286]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 5774, 0.95798671]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 5774, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 5774, 0.84983724]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 5774, -317.83810361]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 5774, 213.08216047]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 5774, -120.63641155]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 5774, 61.0]]} |
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I agree to the Privacy Policy and to the use of cookies described therein. I acknowledge that this forum may be hosted outside my country and I consent to the collection, storage and processing of my data in the country where this forum is hosted. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2088 | {"url": "https://forum.defcon.org/register?urlpath=aHR0cHM6Ly9mb3J1bS5kZWZjb24ub3JnLy9ub2RlLzYzNA%3D%3D", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "forum.defcon.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:39:05Z", "digest": "sha1:4NB4DKUOIA75URPFGR7CG6SH5VYYE26N"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 318, 318.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 318, 1671.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 318, 2.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 318, 76.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 318, 0.93]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 318, 261.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 318, 0.5483871]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 318, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 318, 0.05836576]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 318, 0.0483871]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 318, 0.06451613]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 318, 0.67241379]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 318, 4.43103448]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 318, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 318, 3.51340125]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 318, 58.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 71, 1.0], [71, 318, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 71, 0.0], [71, 318, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 71, 13.0], [71, 318, 45.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 71, 0.0], [71, 318, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 71, 0.0], [71, 318, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 71, 0.01408451], [71, 318, 0.02024291]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 318, 0.00320601]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 318, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 318, 0.01307124]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 318, 1.19420221]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 318, 1.19167738]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 318, -17.71460027]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 318, 3.0]]} |
F-Droid Forum
Jozef Behr : Which is the best language to create a simple APP?
jozefbehr November 1, 2022, 12:16pm 1
i want to create a simple app, which language i should use to create .please suggest me .
Licaon_Kter November 1, 2022, 12:46pm 2
Which language do you know?
mpardo November 1, 2022, 1:26pm 3
Yes. Unless there is a programming language that you really want to learn, the best programming language to use is the one that you already know.
JasonUk November 2, 2022, 10:40am 4
Whats the app going to do, what are you going to run it on, android, apple, web, desktop etc.
uniqx November 2, 2022, 10:49am 5
IMHO It really depends on the project you’d like to build and on where you’re coming from. Sometimes it’s easier to learn a new language for a specific project, other times it makes more sense to go with something you already know.
Since you asked in this forum, I’m going to assume you want to build and Android app.
So if you want to write a normal Android app. That looks and feels “normal” you probably want to use the official Android SDK with Java or Kotlin. Almost all mature Android apps use at least little bit of Kotlin or Java, because that’s the only way to integrate well with Android, even if most of an app is written in another language. This is also what Google officially supports, so there are lots of tutorials and documentation about Android app development in Java or Kotlin on the internet.
If you’re interested in writing code that works on both Android and iOS, you might want to look at flutter, which uses a programming language called dart.
There are also some frameworks based on web development stacks (JavaScript+HTML, etc.). Most of them are pretty bad, but I’ve heard React Native works fine for small or simple apps. They usually support publishing for both iOS and Android.
(There’s also xamarin if you’re familiar with C#, however I guess that’s a bad choice because it’s proprietary and apps built with it are not allowed in F-Droid)
If you want to build a game you probably should to use a game engine. They usually come with their own language, but might also support more than one language. Godot is the only big game engine I’m aware of which eligible for publishing to F-Droid.
The more programming languages you’ve mastered, the easier it’ll become to learn new ones. e.g. If you just want to build a fun project for Android I’d go for Kotlin, Java or maybe Flutter. That’s what most apps on F-Droid use.
jozefbehr December 5, 2022, 9:07am 6
I have knowledge of Java …
system Closed February 3, 2023, 9:08am 7 | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2089 | {"url": "https://forum.f-droid.org/t/jozef-behr-which-is-the-best-language-to-create-a-simple-app/20131", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "forum.f-droid.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:17:39Z", "digest": "sha1:OWY5MCGQN4T4BRNQAILTVP2II7TOSPAW"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2570, 2570.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2570, 2926.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2570, 22.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2570, 31.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2570, 0.93]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2570, 267.1]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2570, 0.42783505]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2570, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2570, 0.01773399]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2570, 0.02364532]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2570, 0.01921182]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2570, 0.01477833]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2570, 0.0257732]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2570, 0.04545455]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2570, 0.21134021]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2570, 0.45969499]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2570, 4.42265795]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2570, 0.00343643]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2570, 4.97736943]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2570, 459.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 14, 0.0], [14, 78, 1.0], [78, 116, 0.0], [116, 206, 1.0], [206, 246, 0.0], [246, 274, 1.0], [274, 308, 0.0], [308, 454, 1.0], [454, 490, 0.0], [490, 584, 1.0], [584, 618, 0.0], [618, 850, 1.0], [850, 936, 1.0], [936, 1432, 1.0], [1432, 1587, 1.0], [1587, 1827, 1.0], [1827, 1989, 0.0], [1989, 2238, 1.0], [2238, 2466, 1.0], [2466, 2503, 0.0], [2503, 2530, 0.0], [2530, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 14, 0.0], [14, 78, 0.0], [78, 116, 0.0], [116, 206, 0.0], [206, 246, 0.0], [246, 274, 0.0], [274, 308, 0.0], [308, 454, 0.0], [454, 490, 0.0], [490, 584, 0.0], [584, 618, 0.0], [618, 850, 0.0], [850, 936, 0.0], [936, 1432, 0.0], [1432, 1587, 0.0], [1587, 1827, 0.0], [1827, 1989, 0.0], [1989, 2238, 0.0], [2238, 2466, 0.0], [2466, 2503, 0.0], [2503, 2530, 0.0], [2530, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 14, 2.0], [14, 78, 12.0], [78, 116, 6.0], [116, 206, 17.0], [206, 246, 6.0], [246, 274, 5.0], [274, 308, 6.0], [308, 454, 26.0], [454, 490, 6.0], [490, 584, 19.0], [584, 618, 6.0], [618, 850, 42.0], [850, 936, 17.0], [936, 1432, 89.0], [1432, 1587, 27.0], [1587, 1827, 39.0], [1827, 1989, 28.0], [1989, 2238, 46.0], [2238, 2466, 41.0], [2466, 2503, 6.0], [2503, 2530, 6.0], [2530, 2570, 7.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 14, 0.0], [14, 78, 0.0], [78, 116, 0.29411765], [116, 206, 0.0], [206, 246, 0.28571429], [246, 274, 0.0], [274, 308, 0.3], [308, 454, 0.0], [454, 490, 0.3125], [490, 584, 0.0], [584, 618, 0.33333333], [618, 850, 0.0], [850, 936, 0.0], [936, 1432, 0.0], [1432, 1587, 0.0], [1587, 1827, 0.0], [1827, 1989, 0.0], [1989, 2238, 0.0], [2238, 2466, 0.0], [2466, 2503, 0.27272727], [2503, 2530, 0.0], [2530, 2570, 0.24324324]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 14, 0.0], [14, 78, 0.0], [78, 116, 0.0], [116, 206, 0.0], [206, 246, 0.0], [246, 274, 0.0], [274, 308, 0.0], [308, 454, 0.0], [454, 490, 0.0], [490, 584, 0.0], [584, 618, 0.0], [618, 850, 0.0], [850, 936, 0.0], [936, 1432, 0.0], [1432, 1587, 0.0], [1587, 1827, 0.0], [1827, 1989, 0.0], [1989, 2238, 0.0], [2238, 2466, 0.0], [2466, 2503, 0.0], [2503, 2530, 0.0], [2530, 2570, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 14, 0.21428571], [14, 78, 0.09375], [78, 116, 0.02631579], [116, 206, 0.0], [206, 246, 0.075], [246, 274, 0.03571429], [274, 308, 0.02941176], [308, 454, 0.01369863], [454, 490, 0.08333333], [490, 584, 0.0106383], [584, 618, 0.02941176], [618, 850, 0.02586207], [850, 936, 0.03488372], [936, 1432, 0.03830645], [1432, 1587, 0.02580645], [1587, 1827, 0.0625], [1827, 1989, 0.0308642], [1989, 2238, 0.02409639], [2238, 2466, 0.04385965], [2466, 2503, 0.02702703], [2503, 2530, 0.07407407], [2530, 2570, 0.05]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2570, 0.80261791]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2570, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2570, 0.26279622]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2570, -273.81032674]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2570, 13.17867877]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2570, -310.02773341]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2570, 27.0]]} |
All posts tagged "Better Call Saul"
‘Better Call Saul’ has been renewed for a fourth season | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2090 | {"url": "https://freewher.com/tag/better-call-saul/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "freewher.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:29:27Z", "digest": "sha1:S3WPJYPGDEL2AMSBSKXENCDGC2RCOKHS"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 91, 91.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 91, 3980.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 91, 2.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 91, 67.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 91, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 91, 330.9]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 91, 0.2]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 91, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 91, 0.2]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 91, 0.9375]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 91, 4.625]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 91, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 91, 2.68594532]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 91, 16.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 91, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 91, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 36, 6.0], [36, 91, 10.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 91, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 36, 0.0], [36, 91, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 36, 0.11111111], [36, 91, 0.05454545]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 91, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 91, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 91, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 91, -5.41729334]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 91, -1.06593387]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 91, -4.21529952]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 91, 1.0]]} |
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TrueKnight
Tipped: $20 Upgraded to Standard Room from Standard Room
This is one of those timeshare presentation required trips thus the room for the three nights are technically free (room taxes not included). This is one of Harrah’s owned properties. Upon arriving at Vegas, we had to check-in at Harrahs to get vouchers for the room. Note that this is not the place where the room is assigned, this is simply signing up to attend the required timeshare presentation. Anyways, after obtaining the vouchers, we drove to the Tuscany Suites to check-in. There was no one in the lobby, one clerk behind the check-in counters so I didn’t exactly have a choice in choosing another. It almost appeared like a one person operated hotel. Anyhoo, I presented the vouchers for the room along with the $20 in plain open sight since there was no one around. I asked for the two-bedroom suite. She looked at the money, didn’t take it, and laughed. She said “That is a $599 a night room”. Then went off saying the hotel has only 6 of those units and they’re all booked. Essentially the message I got was “You’re not gonna get it”. This is an off-strip hotel practically in the middle of nowhere (walking distance wise) and I didn’t see any other guests to even suggest the hotel was packed on a Sunday evening. Needless to say, it didn’t work and I put the $20 away. Btw, the hotel’s website advertises wireless internet. It is NOT FREE. $13/night. Also, room stank, and the floor shakes whenever someone around in the room. Lastly, pool is filthy, almost gray in color. Stay away from this place. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2091 | {"url": "https://frontdesktip.com/las-vegas/tuscany-suites/?orderby=epic", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "frontdesktip.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:39:57Z", "digest": "sha1:5ZPSC2KQTVDQGHABVCV3KNQUMAUDAWR6"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 1706, 1706.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 1706, 3005.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 1706, 7.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 1706, 84.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 1706, 0.96]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 1706, 289.3]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 1706, 0.40469974]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 1706, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 1706, 0.02225519]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 1706, 0.01335312]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 1706, 0.01632047]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 1706, 0.02610966]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 1706, 0.20104439]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 1706, 0.5794702]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 1706, 4.46357616]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 1706, 4.79317028]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 1706, 302.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 64, 0.0], [64, 97, 0.0], [97, 123, 0.0], [123, 134, 0.0], [134, 191, 0.0], [191, 1706, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 64, 0.0], [64, 97, 0.0], [97, 123, 0.0], [123, 134, 0.0], [134, 191, 0.0], [191, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 38, 7.0], [38, 64, 6.0], [64, 97, 4.0], [97, 123, 5.0], [123, 134, 1.0], [134, 191, 9.0], [191, 1706, 270.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 38, 0.22857143], [38, 64, 0.04166667], [64, 97, 0.0], [97, 123, 0.13636364], [123, 134, 0.0], [134, 191, 0.03703704], [191, 1706, 0.00682128]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 38, 0.0], [38, 64, 0.0], [64, 97, 0.0], [97, 123, 0.0], [123, 134, 0.0], [134, 191, 0.0], [191, 1706, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 38, 0.18421053], [38, 64, 0.11538462], [64, 97, 0.12121212], [97, 123, 0.11538462], [123, 134, 0.18181818], [134, 191, 0.10526316], [191, 1706, 0.02640264]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 1706, 0.136585]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 1706, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 1706, 0.00689477]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 1706, -81.34987587]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 1706, 14.09983327]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 1706, -118.9418119]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 1706, 21.0]]} |
After Brown: Fewer Black Teachers
February 1, 2019 / Martina Will, Ph.D. / Community Issues, History, Politics, Schools/Education / No Comments
MLK, Kids March from Steve Larson on Vimeo.
Kindergarten and first grade students from four Park Hill elementary schools sing “We Shall Overcome” on the steps of Montview Presbyterian Church where Martin Luther King spoke to a crowd of 3,000 in 1964.
King’s 1963 “I Have a Dream Speech” envisioned black and white boys and girls together just as they are shown in this photo celebrating him today. But real integration of schools has proven elusive.
In 1954, a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court determined that segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment, in the Brown v. Board of Education decision. The following year, the Supreme Court, in what became known as Brown II, instructed states to begin desegregation “with all deliberate speed.” States liberally interpreted that phrase, and many plodded towards integration with the deliberate speed of tortoises.
Michael Williams (AAETF Steering Committee member) speaks out in the Bailey Report meeting.
The National Bureau of Economic Research recently released a study which found that “Black students who’d had just one black teacher by third grade were 13 percent more likely to enroll in college—and those who’d had two were 32 percent more likely.” This wasn’t the first report to find a positive correlation between Black teachers and Black student outcomes. As DPS seeks to reduce the achievement gap, then, why do our schools still have so few Black teachers?
Dr. Sharon Bailey (foreground), former DPS board member, released a report in August 2016 summarizing the concerns of Black educators in DPS. Pictured behind Bailey at a summer 2017 meeting about that report are former Superintendent Tom Boasberg and Anna Jo Haynes (far left).
Though we typically think of Brown v. Board of Education in terms of its impact on students, the Donnell-Kay Foundation hosted a panel discussion to examine Brown’s legacy on Black educators on Jan. 24 at Manual High School. The discussion built on Dr. Michèle Foster’s life histories of Black educators from her book, Black Teachers on Teaching.
After Brown, especially in the South, school districts pushed Black educators and administrators out of the profession. Schools grudgingly integrated Black students but not their former teachers. Since the Brown decision, the number of Black teachers and administrators relative to White teachers and administrators has declined nationally.
500 Kindergarten and first grade students from all four Park Hill Elementary schools looked at the photo of MLK (at right) as they headed up the steps to stand where he had stood 64 years earlier at Montview Presbyterian Church. Park Hill Elementary kindergarten teacher Erika Neale spearheaded the event that took place on Jan. 22. On the steps of Montview Church, they are a picture of integration—but within these four schools, like many others in DPS, racial divides persist. The minority populations of the four schools are 96%, 92%, 69% and 27%.
Even as public-school populations across the country have grown more diverse (DPS’ non-White student population is 76%, of which about 13% is Black), the teaching population has remained predominantly White. According to the Education Trust, “Teachers of color represent only 18 percent of the teaching population in the U.S. (Black teachers are 7 percent.)” The research offers a host of explanations for this “diversity gap,” including fewer undergraduates choosing to major in Education. In many districts, teachers of color are more likely to be placed in low-income, high-minority urban schools where conditions are already extremely challenging, leading to low teacher retention. When these schools fail, these same educators may be left without jobs.
Third grade teacher at Ashley, Branta Lockett.
Third-grade Ashley Elementary teacher Branta Lockett was among the panelists at the Donnell-Kay Foundation event. The child of a schoolteacher, Lockett relays that her mother had hoped she would enter a better-paying profession. She understands her mother’s concerns. “A lot of Blacks don’t go into teaching because of the money…A lot of us cannot afford to teach.”
She shares concern over the ongoing segregation and disparities students face, even in the same neighborhood. “I look at the resources we have at Ashley, and if I cross the street to Stapleton, there are stark differences in resources. It’s hard on teachers. How do we make these resources work? Our students still deserve the best.”
DPS has been aware of its shortage of African American teachers for decades. In 1962, 5.6% of DPS teachers were Black; “A Progress Report to the Board of Education” documented several efforts in 1964-65 to recruit more “Negro” and “Spanish-named applicants.” These efforts seem to have been successful, and by the mid-1970s, 9.7% of DPS teachers were Black and 4.5% were “Chicano” or Hispanic, according to a League of Women Voters report.
Today, however, even after a year that saw greater minority teacher recruitment than ever before (274 total new-to-DPS educators, of whom 4.37% are Black), only 4% of DPS classroom teachers are Black. By comparison, almost 15% of DPS paraprofessionals and 13% of principals are African American. Dr. Sharon Bailey interviewed Black DPS educators and put together a set of recommendations for DPS in 2016; among these was the creation of a professional network to help connect Black educators.
Allen Smith, Chief of the Culture, Equity & Leadership Team at DPS, cites Reach One Mentoring and Belong affinity groups as two new programs created in response to the recommendations and designed to foster community among teachers of color. Lockett lauds Reach One, which pairs newer teachers of color with mentors, for providing the support she needed as a new teacher. She also credits Ashley’s supportive culture as key to teacher retention. “Our voices are heard.” She hopes DPS will create more programs that foster relationships among teachers of color across schools, since they are otherwise often isolated.
Smith, who grew up in a family of teachers, says “This isn’t an issue that was created overnight, and we’re not going to fix it overnight….but we want to do just as good a job retaining our teachers as recruiting them. We don’t want to have this revolving door.” He acknowledges the important role Black teachers have in closing the achievement gap, while observing that an unintended consequence of only focusing on increasing the number of Black teachers in classrooms could place a disproportionate burden on them to close gaps. “We also have to consider whether other (non-Black) teachers are holding our kids to high expectations and truly helping them.” Cultural competency training for teachers can help ensure that all educators have the same high expectations and level of understanding for every child. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2092 | {"url": "https://frontporchne.com/article/brown-integration-theory-not-practice/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "frontporchne.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T09:44:52Z", "digest": "sha1:KYPK7I7KOBAET33VB5CB3LAKNU322IE6"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 6958, 6958.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 6958, 8075.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 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Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada works with Canadians in all areas of the economy and in all parts of the country to improve conditions for investment, enhance Canada's innovation performance, increase Canada's share of global trade and build a fair, efficient and competitive marketplace.
As a department, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada is responsible for the following:
Departmental legislation
Department of Industry Act , S.C. 1995, c. 1
Telecommunications legislation
Radiocommunication Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. R-2
Telecommunications Act , S.C. 1993, c. 38
Marketplace and trade legislation
Agreement on Internal Trade Implementation Act , S.C. 1996, c. 17
Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. B-3
Boards of Trade Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. B-6
Canada Business Corporations Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. C-44
Canada Cooperatives Act , S.C. 1998, c. 1
Canada Corporations Act , R.S.C. 1970, c. C-32
Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act , S.C. 2009, c. 23
Canada Small Business Financing Act , S.C. 1998, c. 36
Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. C-36
Competition Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34
Government Corporations Operation Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. G-4
Investment Canada Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. 28 (1st Supp.) (except Parts II–V1, but not Part IV.1)
Winding-up and Restructuring Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. W-11 (Part I)
Intellectual property legislation
Copyright Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. C-42
Industrial Design Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. I-9
Integrated Circuit Topography Act , S.C. 1990, c. 37
Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act , S.C. 2007, c. 25
Patent Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. P-4 (except sections 79–103)
Public Servants Inventions Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. P-32
Trade-marks Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. T-13
Consumer legislation
Bills of Exchange Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. B-4 (Part V)
Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. C-38 (except in relation to food)
Electricity and Gas Inspection Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. E-4
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act , S.C. 2000, c-5
Precious Metals Marking Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. P-19
Textile Labelling Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. T-10
Timber Marking Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. T-11
Weights and Measures Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. W-6
Registrar General functions
Public Documents Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. P-28
Public Officers Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. P-31
Seals Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. S-6
Trade Unions Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. T-14
Portfolio and agency legislation
Business Development Bank of Canada Act , S.C. 1995, c. 28
Budget Implementation Act, 1997 , S.C. 1997, c. 26 (Part I: Canada Foundation for Innovation)
Canadian Space Agency Act , S.C. 1990, c. 13
Canadian Tourism Commission Act , S.C. 2000, c. 28
Civil International Space Station Agreement Implementation Act , S.C. 1999, c. 35
Competition Tribunal Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (2nd Supp.)
National Research Council Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. N-15
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. N-21
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. S-12
Standards Council of Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-16
Statistics Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. S-19
Agricultural and Rural Development Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. A-3
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. 41 (4th Supp.)
Atlantic Fisheries Restructuring Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. A-14 (in respect of certain companies)
Bell Canada Act , S.C. 1987, c. 19
Corporations Returns Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. C-43
Employment Support Act , S.C. 1970-71-72, c. 56
Industrial and Regional Development Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. I-8 (except in relation to certain provinces)
Pension Fund Societies Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. P-8
Regional Development Incentives Act , R.S.C. 1970, c. R-38)
Small Business Investment Grants Act , S.C. 1980-81-82-83, c. 147
Special Areas Act , R.S.C. 1985, c. S-14 (Ontario)
Government-Wide Forward Regulatory Plans
Cabinet Directive on Regulatory Management
Red Tape Reduction Action Plan
Canada-United States Regulatory Cooperation Council
To learn about upcoming or ongoing consultations on proposed federal regulations, visit the Canada Gazette and Consulting with Canadians websites. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2093 | {"url": "https://frp.policygeek.ca/ISED/2021-07-31/h_00612.html", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "frp.policygeek.ca", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:20:41Z", "digest": "sha1:PCQMUDD3W7GT7EEYY53N3FRDM7C4VWO7"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 4134, 4134.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 4134, 5330.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 4134, 71.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 4134, 131.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 4134, 0.8]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 4134, 188.0]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 4134, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 4134, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 4134, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 4134, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 4134, 0.10602205]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 4134, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 4134, 0.0]], 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Faisal Ali Addabi
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The latest Developments in the Murder case of Mansoura Female Student
Summary of the merits of the case:
On 20, June, 2022, a student at Mansoura University called Mohammad Adil slaughtered his colleague Naira Ashraf on the main street, in front of the University and in front of many witnesses because she rejected his marriage proposal.
Summary of the Procedures and Judgment
The Egyptian Public Prosecutor referred this case, which shocked the Egyptian public opinion, to Mansoura Criminal Court. A medical report was issued confirming that the accused was of sound mind at the time of committing the crime. 25 witnesses testified against the accused. The court convicted the accused of premeditated murder, issued a preliminary death sentence against him and referred it to Egypt’s Grand Mufti. The Grand Mufti had approved the death sentence and Mansoura Criminal Court issued the final verdict on 6 July 2022 and sentenced the accused to death by hanging. The accused’s lawyer filed an appeal in cassation against the final verdict in front of the Egyptian Court of Cassation within the 60-day period prescribed for filing appeal in cassation and the Court of Cassation set a date on 26 January 2023 for issuing the judgment.
Legal opinion on the case
Legal warning: crime is useless, in most cases, criminals are arrested, tried, convicted and penalized. In this particular case, we notice that the four legal elements of the crime of premeditated murder, which are criminal intent, criminal act, causation link and non-availability of any legal defense on the accused’s side, have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, therefore, the final verdict is completely correct as it has been issued in line with the applicable law and in accordance with a good weight of evidence.
Faisal Ali Addabi\Advocate
7th Oct 2022
legal, Uncategorized
Solving the Problem of the Dead who Came Back to Life!! 23rd Nov 2022
Universal Odes of Human Rights (4) 17th Nov 2022 | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2094 | {"url": "https://funwithtroubleshooting.blog/2022/10/07/the-latest-developments-in-the-murder-case-of-mansoura-female-student/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "funwithtroubleshooting.blog", "date_download": "2023-03-20T08:49:49Z", "digest": "sha1:KXWREBMCYPVBKXJSAZCOA5DEYCVQTT2D"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 2167, 2167.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 2167, 3343.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 2167, 16.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 2167, 65.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 2167, 0.95]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 2167, 264.4]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 2167, 0.3490099]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 2167, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 2167, 0.02259887]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 2167, 0.01525424]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 2167, 0.01355932]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 2167, 0.00247525]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 2167, 0.13861386]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 2167, 0.53389831]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 2167, 5.0]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 2167, 4.76083692]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 2167, 354.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 18, 0.0], [18, 43, 0.0], [43, 193, 1.0], [193, 205, 0.0], [205, 275, 0.0], [275, 310, 0.0], [310, 544, 1.0], [544, 583, 0.0], [583, 1437, 1.0], [1437, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 1988, 1.0], [1988, 2015, 0.0], [2015, 2028, 0.0], [2028, 2049, 0.0], [2049, 2119, 0.0], [2119, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 18, 0.0], [18, 43, 0.0], [43, 193, 0.0], [193, 205, 0.0], [205, 275, 0.0], [275, 310, 0.0], [310, 544, 0.0], [544, 583, 0.0], [583, 1437, 0.0], [1437, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 1988, 0.0], [1988, 2015, 0.0], [2015, 2028, 0.0], [2028, 2049, 0.0], [2049, 2119, 0.0], [2119, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 18, 3.0], [18, 43, 3.0], [43, 193, 25.0], [193, 205, 2.0], [205, 275, 11.0], [275, 310, 7.0], [310, 544, 38.0], [544, 583, 6.0], [583, 1437, 139.0], [1437, 1463, 5.0], [1463, 1988, 84.0], [1988, 2015, 3.0], [2015, 2028, 3.0], [2028, 2049, 2.0], [2049, 2119, 14.0], [2119, 2167, 9.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 18, 0.0], [18, 43, 0.0], [43, 193, 0.0], [193, 205, 0.0], [205, 275, 0.0], [275, 310, 0.0], [310, 544, 0.02631579], [544, 583, 0.0], [583, 1437, 0.01779359], [1437, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 1988, 0.0], [1988, 2015, 0.0], [2015, 2028, 0.41666667], [2028, 2049, 0.0], [2049, 2119, 0.08955224], [2119, 2167, 0.15217391]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 18, 0.0], [18, 43, 0.0], [43, 193, 0.0], [193, 205, 0.0], [205, 275, 0.0], [275, 310, 0.0], [310, 544, 0.0], [544, 583, 0.0], [583, 1437, 0.0], [1437, 1463, 0.0], [1463, 1988, 0.0], [1988, 2015, 0.0], [2015, 2028, 0.0], [2028, 2049, 0.0], [2049, 2119, 0.0], [2119, 2167, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 18, 0.16666667], [18, 43, 0.08], [43, 193, 0.00666667], [193, 205, 0.16666667], [205, 275, 0.08571429], [275, 310, 0.02857143], [310, 544, 0.03846154], [544, 583, 0.07692308], [583, 1437, 0.03161593], [1437, 1463, 0.03846154], [1463, 1988, 0.00380952], [1988, 2015, 0.14814815], [2015, 2028, 0.07692308], [2028, 2049, 0.04761905], [2049, 2119, 0.1], [2119, 2167, 0.10416667]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 2167, 0.05885446]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 2167, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 2167, 0.66269863]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 2167, -45.9015461]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 2167, 27.42057984]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 2167, 31.01495515]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 2167, 12.0]]} |
Kenneth R. Strope, Jr. | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2095 | {"url": "https://garfieldhts.org/directory.aspx?eid=26", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "garfieldhts.org", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:27:03Z", "digest": "sha1:H566FE4FHAVKVTJPT2JXQN3BFEHMLBXD"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 22, 22.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 22, 1001.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 22, 1.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 22, 53.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 22, 0.63]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 22, 134.2]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 22, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 22, 0.14285714]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 22, 0.42857143]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 22, 1.0]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 22, 4.0]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 22, 1.38629436]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 22, 4.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 22, 1.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 22, 4.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 22, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 22, 0.18181818]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 22, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 22, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 22, -1.001e-05]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 22, -2.8391829]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 22, -2.19837284]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 22, -1.69123486]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 22, 2.0]]} |
Tag: https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2022/2606.html
Harris ea v Environment Agency. The remedy for an Agency’s breach of statutory obligations, with lessons for climate litigation remedies.
Harris ea v Environment Agency [2022] EWHC 2606 (Admin) I fear is another case I let slip on the blog. It is a judgment which discusses to right to an effective remedy following the earlier finding in Harris & Anor v Environment Agency [2022] EWHC 2264 (Admin) that the Agency’s allowing water extraction in three Sites of Special Scientific Interest was in breach of retained EU law, namely Article 6(2) Habitats Directive (measures designed to prevent the deterioration of habitats and species) and of the equally retained EU law precautionary principle.
The issue at stake in current case is the appropriate remedy, a classic challenge in judicial review cases in instances where the authorities have been found in breach of an obligation of effort rather than one of result. Those of us involved in climate litigation will appreciate the difficulty.
The Agency suggests the finding that there was a breach is enough of a remedy. Claimants disagree, seeking an order in the nature of [2018] EWHC 315 (Admin) which the Agency says must be distinguished on the grounds that the regulatory requirements relevant to that order, they argue, is more prescriptive.
Johnson J holds [7] that ‘the claimants have not just a presumptive common law right to a remedy, but also a statutory right’, given Article 19(1) TEU’s right to an effective remedy. A mandatory order that the Environment Agency must formulate a plan is issued [10], a plan which must be produced within 8 weeks [13]; that deadline has passed at the time of posting], disclose that plan to claimants [17] and with the precise formulation of the order [26] being
“The defendant shall, by 4pm on 7 December 2022, provide to the claimants details of the measures it intends to take to comply with its duties under Article 6(2) of the Habitats Directive (“Art 6(2)”) in respect of The Broads Special Area of Conservation. The details shall include an indication as to the time by which the defendant intends to have completed those measures. It shall also include, so far as practicable, the scientific and technical basis for the defendant’s assessment of the measures that are necessary to comply with Art 6(2).”
More on the nature of the kind of orders judges may give to authorities is currently discussed in a wide range of environmental law, including climate law litigation. It is an interesting application of the nature of judicial review and trias politica..
Monash University, Law 5478 Strategic and Public Interest Litigation.
Remedy under common law when public authority has been found to have acted illegally
A6(2) EU Habitats law, water extraction
Agency ordered to produce plan & its legal, science basis, within 8 weeks
Harris ea v Environment Agency [2022] EWHC 2606 (Admin)https://t.co/6OKSKh7caJ pic.twitter.com/SKjEnpnQF0
— Geert Van Calster (@GAVClaw) October 19, 2022 | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2096 | {"url": "https://gavclaw.com/tag/https-www-bailii-org-ew-cases-ewhc-admin-2022-2606-html/", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "gavclaw.com", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:45:09Z", "digest": "sha1:ZPRLFMHKJUOZO3ZNGVZFC43ZSOMYKL7D"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 3049, 3049.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 3049, 6531.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 3049, 14.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 3049, 65.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 3049, 0.94]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 3049, 270.5]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 3049, 0.3485342]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 3049, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 3049, 0.07166124]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 3049, 0.03094463]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 3049, 0.03094463]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 3049, 0.03094463]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 3049, 0.01628664]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 3049, 0.02931596]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 3049, 0.02442997]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 3049, 0.0228013]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 3049, 0.21986971]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 3049, 0.47942387]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 3049, 5.05349794]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 3049, 4.97858557]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 3049, 486.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 63, 0.0], [63, 201, 1.0], [201, 758, 1.0], [758, 1055, 1.0], [1055, 1362, 1.0], [1362, 1824, 0.0], [1824, 2373, 1.0], [2373, 2627, 1.0], [2627, 2697, 1.0], [2697, 2782, 0.0], [2782, 2822, 0.0], [2822, 2896, 0.0], [2896, 3002, 0.0], [3002, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 63, 0.0], [63, 201, 0.0], [201, 758, 0.0], [758, 1055, 0.0], [1055, 1362, 0.0], [1362, 1824, 0.0], [1824, 2373, 0.0], [2373, 2627, 0.0], [2627, 2697, 0.0], [2697, 2782, 0.0], [2782, 2822, 0.0], [2822, 2896, 0.0], [2896, 3002, 0.0], [3002, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 63, 2.0], [63, 201, 20.0], [201, 758, 90.0], [758, 1055, 49.0], [1055, 1362, 51.0], [1362, 1824, 81.0], [1824, 2373, 92.0], [2373, 2627, 42.0], [2627, 2697, 9.0], [2697, 2782, 14.0], [2782, 2822, 6.0], [2822, 2896, 12.0], [2896, 3002, 10.0], [3002, 3049, 8.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 63, 0.16326531], [63, 201, 0.0], [201, 758, 0.03339518], [758, 1055, 0.0], [1055, 1362, 0.02356902], [1362, 1824, 0.02941176], [1824, 2373, 0.02251407], [2373, 2627, 0.0], [2627, 2697, 0.05970149], [2697, 2782, 0.0], [2782, 2822, 0.05555556], [2822, 2896, 0.01449275], [2896, 3002, 0.11827957], [3002, 3049, 0.13953488]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 63, 0.0], [63, 201, 0.0], [201, 758, 0.0], [758, 1055, 0.0], [1055, 1362, 0.0], [1362, 1824, 0.0], [1824, 2373, 0.0], [2373, 2627, 0.0], [2627, 2697, 0.0], [2697, 2782, 0.0], [2782, 2822, 0.0], [2822, 2896, 0.0], [2896, 3002, 0.0], [3002, 3049, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 63, 0.0952381], [63, 201, 0.03623188], [201, 758, 0.05745063], [758, 1055, 0.00673401], [1055, 1362, 0.02931596], [1362, 1824, 0.01948052], [1824, 2373, 0.02550091], [2373, 2627, 0.00787402], [2627, 2697, 0.1], [2697, 2782, 0.01176471], [2782, 2822, 0.1], [2822, 2896, 0.01351351], [2896, 3002, 0.16981132], [3002, 3049, 0.17021277]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 3049, 0.0441764]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 3049, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 3049, 0.5181278]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 3049, -202.02469994]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 3049, -9.77636395]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 3049, -97.60619977]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 3049, 22.0]]} |
Extended Abstracts(چکیده های گسترده به زبان انگلیسی)
Iran is located on the world’s Sun Belt; therefore the required energy of many parts of the country can be generated through photovoltaic systems. Nowadays, with the increasing growth of energy consumption, the tendency to use renewable energy and specifically solar powers is rising. Within 2000 to 2007, world energy production increased 10.3 percent per capita (Department of Energy, Iran).This consumption increase in 2030 reaches over 48% and even 60% in 2000. However, disadvantages of fossil energy led international community to use new types of renewable energy. Among the renewable energy forms, solar energy tends to be the cleanest energy and considering potentials of the selected sites, is can be deemed economical, as well.
Solar Energy Frams
Fuzzy TOPSIS
Sugeno-type Fuzzy
سایر زمینه هایی مطالعاتی جغرافیایی و بین رشته ای
Regional Assessment of Iran's Potential for Solar Farms by TOPSIS, Fuzzy TOPSIS and Sugeno-type Fuzzy Inference Methods
Sánchez-Lozano, J.M., J. Teruel-Solano, P.L. Soto-Elvira & M. Socorro García-Cascales, (2013), "Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods for the evaluation of solar farms locations: Case study in south-eastern Spain", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No. 24, PP. 544-556.
-Solangi, K.H., M.R. Islam, R. Saidur, N.A. Rahim & H. Fayaz, (2011), “A review on global solar energy policy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, No. 15(4), PP. 2149-2163.
-Sun, Y.-w., A. Hof, R. Wang, J. Liu, Y.-j. Lin & D.-w. Yang, (2013), “GIS-based approach for potential analysis of solar PV generation at the regional scale: A case study of Fujian Province”, Energy Policy, No. 58, PP. 248-259.
-Tabik, S., A. Villegas, E.L. Zapata & L.F. Romero, (2012), “A Fast GIS-tool to Compute the Maximum Solar Energy on Very Large Terrains”, Procedia Computer Science, No. 9(0), PP. 364-372.
-Tian, J., D. Yu, B. Yu & S. Ma, (2013), “A fuzzy TOPSIS model via chi-square test for information source selection”, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 37, PP. 515-527.
-Tiba, C., A.L.B. Candeias, N. Fraidenraich, E.M.d.S. Barbosa, P.B. de Carvalho Neto & J.B. de Melo Filho, (2010), “A GIS-based decision support tool for renewable energy management and planning in semi-arid rural environments of northeast of Brazil”, Renewable Energy, No. 35(12), PP. 2921-2932.
-Tsoutsos, T., N. Frantzeskaki & V. Gekas, (2005), “Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologie”, Energy Policy, No. 33(3), PP. 289-296.
-Yun-na, W., Y. Yi-sheng, F. Tian-tian, K. Li-na, L. Wei & F. Luo-jie, (2013), “Macro-site selection of wind/solar hybrid power station based on Ideal Matter-Element Model”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, No. 50, PP. 76-84.
-Zohoori, M., (2012), “Exploiting Renewable Energy Sources in Iran”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, No. 4(7), PP. 849-862.
. (1396). Extended Abstracts(چکیده های گسترده به زبان انگلیسی). نشریه علمی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی, 21(59), 329-387. doi: 301
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. (1396). 'Extended Abstracts(چکیده های گسترده به زبان انگلیسی)', نشریه علمی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی, 21(59), pp. 329-387. doi: 301
. Extended Abstracts(چکیده های گسترده به زبان انگلیسی). نشریه علمی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی, 1396; 21(59): 329-387. doi: 301 | 2023-14/0000/en_head.json.gz/2097 | {"url": "https://geoplanning.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7445.html", "partition": "head_middle", "language": "en", "source_domain": "geoplanning.tabrizu.ac.ir", "date_download": "2023-03-20T10:30:37Z", "digest": "sha1:FN7ERUDNJ43D5JEMCDXCE3CWGK6Q57GV"} | {"ccnet_length": [[0, 3456, 3456.0]], "ccnet_original_length": [[0, 3456, 7071.0]], "ccnet_nlines": [[0, 3456, 20.0]], "ccnet_original_nlines": [[0, 3456, 113.0]], "ccnet_language_score": [[0, 3456, 0.5]], "ccnet_perplexity": [[0, 3456, 237.2]], "ccnet_bucket": [[0, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_doc_curly_bracket": [[0, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_doc_ldnoobw_words": [[0, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_doc_lorem_ipsum": [[0, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_doc_stop_word_fraction": [[0, 3456, 0.10080183]], "rps_doc_ut1_blacklist": [[0, 3456, null]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_10grams": [[0, 3456, 0.12399541]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_5grams": [[0, 3456, 0.16991963]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_6grams": [[0, 3456, 0.16991963]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_7grams": [[0, 3456, 0.14083429]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_8grams": [[0, 3456, 0.12399541]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_dupe_9grams": [[0, 3456, 0.12399541]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_2gram": [[0, 3456, 0.03444317]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_3gram": [[0, 3456, 0.04783773]], "rps_doc_frac_chars_top_4gram": [[0, 3456, 0.05931879]], "rps_doc_frac_all_caps_words": [[0, 3456, 0.08705613]], "rps_doc_frac_lines_end_with_ellipsis": [[0, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_doc_frac_no_alph_words": [[0, 3456, 0.49599084]], "rps_doc_frac_unique_words": [[0, 3456, 0.57790927]], "rps_doc_mean_word_length": [[0, 3456, 5.15384615]], "rps_doc_symbol_to_word_ratio": [[0, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_doc_unigram_entropy": [[0, 3456, 5.30597504]], "rps_doc_word_count": [[0, 3456, 507.0]], "rps_lines_ending_with_terminal_punctution_mark": [[0, 53, 0.0], [53, 792, 1.0], [792, 811, 0.0], [811, 824, 0.0], [824, 842, 0.0], [842, 891, 0.0], [891, 1012, 0.0], [1012, 1341, 1.0], [1341, 1521, 1.0], [1521, 1750, 1.0], [1750, 1938, 1.0], [1938, 2102, 1.0], [2102, 2399, 1.0], [2399, 2548, 1.0], [2548, 2801, 1.0], [2801, 2957, 1.0], [2957, 3081, 0.0], [3081, 3205, 0.0], [3205, 3335, 0.0], [3335, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_lines_javascript_counts": [[0, 53, 0.0], [53, 792, 0.0], [792, 811, 0.0], [811, 824, 0.0], [824, 842, 0.0], [842, 891, 0.0], [891, 1012, 0.0], [1012, 1341, 0.0], [1341, 1521, 0.0], [1521, 1750, 0.0], [1750, 1938, 0.0], [1938, 2102, 0.0], [2102, 2399, 0.0], [2399, 2548, 0.0], [2548, 2801, 0.0], [2801, 2957, 0.0], [2957, 3081, 0.0], [3081, 3205, 0.0], [3205, 3335, 0.0], [3335, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_lines_num_words": [[0, 53, 7.0], [53, 792, 114.0], [792, 811, 3.0], [811, 824, 2.0], [824, 842, 2.0], [842, 891, 9.0], [891, 1012, 17.0], [1012, 1341, 41.0], [1341, 1521, 27.0], [1521, 1750, 38.0], [1750, 1938, 29.0], [1938, 2102, 26.0], [2102, 2399, 42.0], [2399, 2548, 20.0], [2548, 2801, 36.0], [2801, 2957, 20.0], [2957, 3081, 18.0], [3081, 3205, 19.0], [3205, 3335, 19.0], [3335, 3456, 18.0]], "rps_lines_numerical_chars_fraction": [[0, 53, 0.0], [53, 792, 0.03203343], [792, 811, 0.0], [811, 824, 0.0], [824, 842, 0.0], [842, 891, 0.0], [891, 1012, 0.0], [1012, 1341, 0.04067797], [1341, 1521, 0.09933775], [1521, 1750, 0.06153846], [1750, 1938, 0.07453416], [1938, 2102, 0.08571429], [2102, 2399, 0.06153846], [2399, 2548, 0.1023622], [2548, 2801, 0.04608295], [2801, 2957, 0.08633094], [2957, 3081, 0.15740741], [3081, 3205, 0.1559633], [3205, 3335, 0.15315315], [3335, 3456, 0.15740741]], "rps_lines_start_with_bulletpoint": [[0, 53, 0.0], [53, 792, 0.0], [792, 811, 0.0], [811, 824, 0.0], [824, 842, 0.0], [842, 891, 0.0], [891, 1012, 0.0], [1012, 1341, 0.0], [1341, 1521, 0.0], [1521, 1750, 0.0], [1750, 1938, 0.0], [1938, 2102, 0.0], [2102, 2399, 0.0], [2399, 2548, 0.0], [2548, 2801, 0.0], [2801, 2957, 0.0], [2957, 3081, 0.0], [3081, 3205, 0.0], [3205, 3335, 0.0], [3335, 3456, 0.0]], "rps_lines_uppercase_letter_fraction": [[0, 53, 0.03773585], [53, 792, 0.01488498], [792, 811, 0.15789474], [811, 824, 0.53846154], [824, 842, 0.11111111], [842, 891, 0.0], [891, 1012, 0.19008264], [1012, 1341, 0.11550152], [1341, 1521, 0.11666667], [1521, 1750, 0.10917031], [1750, 1938, 0.14893617], [1938, 2102, 0.12804878], [2102, 2399, 0.1010101], [2399, 2548, 0.08053691], [2548, 2801, 0.1027668], [2801, 2957, 0.09615385], [2957, 3081, 0.01612903], [3081, 3205, 0.01612903], [3205, 3335, 0.01538462], [3335, 3456, 0.01652893]], "rps_doc_ml_palm_score": [[0, 3456, 0.01334614]], "rps_doc_ml_wikipedia_score": [[0, 3456, null]], "rps_doc_ml_wikiref_score": [[0, 3456, 0.34902954]], "rps_doc_books_importance": [[0, 3456, -450.13971818]], "rps_doc_openwebtext_importance": [[0, 3456, -154.48478017]], "rps_doc_wikipedia_importance": [[0, 3456, -39.2404425]], "rps_doc_num_sentences": [[0, 3456, 104.0]]} |
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Excerpts from the Press Briefing by Scott McClellan, September 26, 2003 (Full Transcript)
QUESTION: Scott, there's a new Census Bureau report that says 1.7 million people slid into poverty last year. Is the President surprised by these numbers?
MR. McCLELLAN: Steve, a couple things. I think, one, that the numbers do reflect the economic slowdown that we have been through and the unemployment situation. Unemployment is a lagging indicator. But let me remind you that the action that we have taken to boost the economy and to create jobs is essential to turning this around.
We have also worked on a number of fronts, besides putting forward the economic packages that we have, to create an environment for job growth. We have also worked on a number of initiatives to build upon the successes we have made in moving people from welfare to work. We have worked to expand home ownership for low-income Americans so that more Americans can realize the American Dream and participate in what the President refers to as an ownership society. We've also pursued historic education reforms to improve the quality of education, which I think is key in the long-run as well. We've worked to reach out to faith-based groups. We passed a child tax credit to increase the child tax credit for families.
QUESTION: He's asking about jobs, jobs. Not home ownership -- jobs, more jobs in this country.
MR. McCLELLAN: And I just addressed that. The President --
QUESTION: Are you saying there are going to be more jobs?
MR. McCLELLAN: If you look at the latest indicators on GDP, which were revised today, you see that the economy continues to grow and it continues to pick up, grow stronger.
QUESTION: And will there be more jobs?
MR. McCLELLAN: So the economy is moving in the right direction. And unemployment is always a lagging indicator, particularly when you have high productivity --
QUESTION: How far is it lagging?
MR. McCLELLAN: -- which the President has talked about. But, remember, when you're coming out of recession, like we did, when the President inherited it -- and he acted to make it one of the shallowest and shortest in history -- you see unemployment as a lagging indicator. But there are a lot of other positive signs about the way the economy is --
QUESTION: Well, what do you think that --
MR. McCLELLAN: -- there are a lot of other positive signs about the way the economy is moving. But the President is not satisfied as long as people who are looking for work cannot find a job when they're looking for it.
QUESTION: We understand that, but I want to know
MR. McCLELLAN: And that's why there's more that we can do, and that's why the President has continued to press for additional action on the economic front.
QUESTION: When do you think there will be more jobs?
MR. McCLELLAN: Well, I think economists have talked about as the economy continues to pick up steam and grow at a faster rate, then you will see more job creation come into the mix. But it's important to create the conditions for job growth, and that's why the President continues to say there's more that we need to do. We need to work to pass a comprehensive energy plan. That's important not only to our national security, but our economic security. We need to move forward and make the tax cuts permanent. That provides certainty for people, so that they can plan. And it's important that we make those tax cuts permanent.
We need to work to --
QUESTION: It hasn't had any effect yet.
MR. McCLELLAN: Let me finish, Helen. We need to work to expand trade and make sure that there's a level playing field for our manufacturers, and that's what the President has been working on. We also need to work to streamline regulations. We need to pass lawsuit reform. There are a number of steps that we can continue to work on to make the economy grow even faster and create a environment for job creation.
QUESTION: Scott, to follow on that, one of the central and longest lasting arguments for tax cuts, going back to the first big package in 2001, is that cutting taxes would create jobs. Clearly, that hasn't happened, indeed, the economy continues to shed jobs, even as -- even as various indicators are undeniably moving in a positive direction. Is the President wrong to suggest that job creation would happen? And --
MR. McCLELLAN: I think we've pointed out that there would have been additional 1.3 or 1.4 million people would have been without a job if we hadn't taken the action we did. The first thing you've got to do is turn the economy around. The President acted, he led, and he acted and we passed those tax cuts to get more money back into people's pockets so they can spend it on a good or service. The economy is growing. And when that -- the unemployment is a lagging indicator. As I said, that's going to come along, and as the economy picks up even more steam, the economists will tell you then that creates an environment for job creation.
QUESTION: Is he concerned about --
MR. McCLELLAN: When people have more certainty, then they can plan, they can invest and so forth.
QUESTION: A growing number of economists on Wall Street, who study this for a living, say that it appears that we may be undergoing a fundamental change in the American work force, and that we may have a recovery. But because of increased productivity those jobs may be going away and going away for good.
MR. McCLELLAN: That's something the President has talked about often, about the high productivity rate and why we need to get -- why we needed -- why unemployment has been lagging because of that high productivity rate, and because of the direction our economy is going. But that's also why he will continue to emphasize there's more that we can do to improve our economic security. 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Sunday, May 29, 2022 No contributions on Monday, May 30, 2022 6 contributions on Tuesday, May 31, 2022 1 contribution on Wednesday, June 1, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, June 2, 2022 No contributions on Friday, June 3, 2022 6 contributions on Saturday, June 4, 2022 16 contributions on Sunday, June 5, 2022 2 contributions on Monday, June 6, 2022 4 contributions on Tuesday, June 7, 2022 2 contributions on Wednesday, June 8, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, June 9, 2022 6 contributions on Friday, June 10, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, June 11, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, June 12, 2022 6 contributions on Monday, June 13, 2022 6 contributions on Tuesday, June 14, 2022 2 contributions on Wednesday, June 15, 2022 3 contributions on Thursday, June 16, 2022 1 contribution on Friday, June 17, 2022 16 contributions on Saturday, June 18, 2022 14 contributions on Sunday, June 19, 2022 No contributions on Monday, June 20, 2022 7 contributions on Tuesday, June 21, 2022 13 contributions on Wednesday, June 22, 2022 11 contributions on Thursday, June 23, 2022 5 contributions on Friday, June 24, 2022 11 contributions on Saturday, June 25, 2022 6 contributions on Sunday, June 26, 2022 7 contributions on Monday, June 27, 2022 1 contribution on Tuesday, June 28, 2022 22 contributions on Wednesday, June 29, 2022 2 contributions on Thursday, June 30, 2022 3 contributions on Friday, July 1, 2022 3 contributions on Saturday, July 2, 2022 4 contributions on Sunday, July 3, 2022 No contributions on Monday, July 4, 2022 8 contributions on Tuesday, July 5, 2022 1 contribution on Wednesday, July 6, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, July 7, 2022 1 contribution on Friday, July 8, 2022 21 contributions on Saturday, July 9, 2022 4 contributions on Sunday, July 10, 2022 5 contributions on Monday, July 11, 2022 24 contributions on Tuesday, July 12, 2022 18 contributions on Wednesday, July 13, 2022 3 contributions on Thursday, July 14, 2022 6 contributions on Friday, July 15, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, July 16, 2022 17 contributions on Sunday, July 17, 2022 4 contributions on Monday, July 18, 2022 7 contributions on Tuesday, July 19, 2022 5 contributions on Wednesday, July 20, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, July 21, 2022 1 contribution on Friday, July 22, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, July 23, 2022 16 contributions on Sunday, July 24, 2022 17 contributions on Monday, July 25, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, July 26, 2022 2 contributions on Wednesday, July 27, 2022 2 contributions on Thursday, July 28, 2022 3 contributions on Friday, July 29, 2022 2 contributions on Saturday, July 30, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, July 31, 2022 No contributions on Monday, August 1, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, August 2, 2022 9 contributions on Wednesday, August 3, 2022 15 contributions on Thursday, August 4, 2022 No contributions on Friday, August 5, 2022 1 contribution on Saturday, August 6, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, August 7, 2022 No contributions on Monday, August 8, 2022 4 contributions on Tuesday, August 9, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, August 10, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, August 11, 2022 2 contributions on Friday, August 12, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, August 13, 2022 2 contributions on Sunday, August 14, 2022 3 contributions on Monday, August 15, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, August 16, 2022 5 contributions on Wednesday, August 17, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, August 18, 2022 4 contributions on Friday, August 19, 2022 2 contributions on Saturday, August 20, 2022 2 contributions on Sunday, August 21, 2022 1 contribution on Monday, August 22, 2022 2 contributions on Tuesday, August 23, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, August 24, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, August 25, 2022 No contributions on Friday, August 26, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, August 27, 2022 3 contributions on Sunday, August 28, 2022 No contributions on Monday, August 29, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, August 30, 2022 1 contribution on Wednesday, August 31, 2022 4 contributions on Thursday, September 1, 2022 13 contributions on Friday, September 2, 2022 3 contributions on Saturday, September 3, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, September 4, 2022 No contributions on Monday, September 5, 2022 19 contributions on Tuesday, September 6, 2022 2 contributions on Wednesday, September 7, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, September 8, 2022 6 contributions on Friday, September 9, 2022 4 contributions on Saturday, September 10, 2022 8 contributions on Sunday, September 11, 2022 1 contribution on Monday, September 12, 2022 6 contributions on Tuesday, September 13, 2022 2 contributions on Wednesday, September 14, 2022 1 contribution on Thursday, September 15, 2022 No contributions on Friday, September 16, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, September 17, 2022 6 contributions on Sunday, September 18, 2022 11 contributions on Monday, September 19, 2022 7 contributions on Tuesday, September 20, 2022 1 contribution on Wednesday, September 21, 2022 19 contributions on Thursday, September 22, 2022 5 contributions on Friday, September 23, 2022 19 contributions on Saturday, September 24, 2022 3 contributions on Sunday, September 25, 2022 No contributions on Monday, September 26, 2022 2 contributions on Tuesday, September 27, 2022 4 contributions on Wednesday, September 28, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, September 29, 2022 No contributions on Friday, September 30, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, October 1, 2022 2 contributions on Sunday, October 2, 2022 6 contributions on Monday, October 3, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, October 4, 2022 12 contributions on Wednesday, October 5, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, October 6, 2022 No contributions on Friday, October 7, 2022 6 contributions on Saturday, October 8, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, October 9, 2022 No contributions on Monday, October 10, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, October 11, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, October 12, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, October 13, 2022 1 contribution on Friday, October 14, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, October 15, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, October 16, 2022 3 contributions on Monday, October 17, 2022 11 contributions on Tuesday, October 18, 2022 5 contributions on Wednesday, October 19, 2022 3 contributions on Thursday, October 20, 2022 8 contributions on Friday, October 21, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, October 22, 2022 7 contributions on Sunday, October 23, 2022 9 contributions on Monday, October 24, 2022 6 contributions on Tuesday, October 25, 2022 8 contributions on Wednesday, October 26, 2022 3 contributions on Thursday, October 27, 2022 4 contributions on Friday, October 28, 2022 1 contribution on Saturday, October 29, 2022 2 contributions on Sunday, October 30, 2022 3 contributions on Monday, October 31, 2022 2 contributions on Tuesday, November 1, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, November 2, 2022 4 contributions on Thursday, November 3, 2022 11 contributions on Friday, November 4, 2022 11 contributions on Saturday, November 5, 2022 1 contribution on Sunday, November 6, 2022 3 contributions on Monday, November 7, 2022 12 contributions on Tuesday, November 8, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, November 9, 2022 26 contributions on Thursday, November 10, 2022 3 contributions on Friday, November 11, 2022 14 contributions on Saturday, November 12, 2022 2 contributions on Sunday, November 13, 2022 No contributions on Monday, November 14, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, November 15, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, November 16, 2022 2 contributions on Thursday, November 17, 2022 No contributions on Friday, November 18, 2022 2 contributions on Saturday, November 19, 2022 12 contributions on Sunday, November 20, 2022 10 contributions on Monday, November 21, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, November 22, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, November 23, 2022 5 contributions on Thursday, November 24, 2022 No contributions on Friday, November 25, 2022 7 contributions on Saturday, November 26, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, November 27, 2022 8 contributions on Monday, November 28, 2022 16 contributions on Tuesday, November 29, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, November 30, 2022 1 contribution on Thursday, December 1, 2022 No contributions on Friday, December 2, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, December 3, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, December 4, 2022 No contributions on Monday, December 5, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, December 6, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, December 7, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, December 8, 2022 No contributions on Friday, December 9, 2022 1 contribution on Saturday, December 10, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, December 11, 2022 No contributions on Monday, December 12, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, December 13, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, December 14, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, December 15, 2022 No contributions on Friday, December 16, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, December 17, 2022 1 contribution on Sunday, December 18, 2022 No contributions on Monday, December 19, 2022 No contributions on Tuesday, December 20, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, December 21, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, December 22, 2022 No contributions on Friday, December 23, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, December 24, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, December 25, 2022 No contributions on Monday, December 26, 2022 10 contributions on Tuesday, December 27, 2022 No contributions on Wednesday, December 28, 2022 No contributions on Thursday, December 29, 2022 No contributions on Friday, December 30, 2022 No contributions on Saturday, December 31, 2022 No contributions on Sunday, January 1, 2023 No contributions on Monday, January 2, 2023 1 contribution on Tuesday, January 3, 2023 No contributions on Wednesday, January 4, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, January 5, 2023 No contributions on Friday, January 6, 2023 3 contributions on Saturday, January 7, 2023 No contributions on Sunday, January 8, 2023 No contributions on Monday, January 9, 2023 No contributions on Tuesday, January 10, 2023 No contributions on Wednesday, January 11, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, January 12, 2023 No contributions on Friday, January 13, 2023 No contributions on Saturday, January 14, 2023 No contributions on Sunday, January 15, 2023 5 contributions on Monday, January 16, 2023 No contributions on Tuesday, January 17, 2023 No contributions on Wednesday, January 18, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, January 19, 2023 No contributions on Friday, January 20, 2023 No contributions on Saturday, January 21, 2023 6 contributions on Sunday, January 22, 2023 No contributions on Monday, January 23, 2023 No contributions on Tuesday, January 24, 2023 10 contributions on Wednesday, January 25, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, January 26, 2023 2 contributions on Friday, January 27, 2023 No contributions on Saturday, January 28, 2023 No contributions on Sunday, January 29, 2023 No contributions on Monday, January 30, 2023 No contributions on Tuesday, January 31, 2023 No contributions on Wednesday, February 1, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, February 2, 2023 No contributions on Friday, February 3, 2023 No contributions on Saturday, February 4, 2023 No contributions on Sunday, February 5, 2023 No contributions on Monday, February 6, 2023 10 contributions on Tuesday, February 7, 2023 1 contribution on Wednesday, February 8, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, February 9, 2023 2 contributions on Friday, February 10, 2023 No contributions on Saturday, February 11, 2023 No contributions on Sunday, February 12, 2023 No contributions on Monday, February 13, 2023 1 contribution on Tuesday, February 14, 2023 No contributions on Wednesday, February 15, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, February 16, 2023 1 contribution on Friday, February 17, 2023 16 contributions on Saturday, February 18, 2023 No contributions on Sunday, February 19, 2023 8 contributions on Monday, February 20, 2023 No contributions on Tuesday, February 21, 2023 3 contributions on Wednesday, February 22, 2023 8 contributions on Thursday, February 23, 2023 2 contributions on Friday, February 24, 2023 6 contributions on Saturday, February 25, 2023 3 contributions on Sunday, February 26, 2023 3 contributions on Monday, February 27, 2023 1 contribution on Tuesday, February 28, 2023 4 contributions on Wednesday, March 1, 2023 10 contributions on Thursday, March 2, 2023 1 contribution on Friday, March 3, 2023 15 contributions on Saturday, March 4, 2023 7 contributions on Sunday, March 5, 2023 9 contributions on Monday, March 6, 2023 2 contributions on Tuesday, March 7, 2023 1 contribution on Wednesday, March 8, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, March 9, 2023 2 contributions on Friday, March 10, 2023 3 contributions on Saturday, March 11, 2023 1 contribution on Sunday, March 12, 2023 1 contribution on Monday, March 13, 2023 No contributions on Tuesday, March 14, 2023 8 contributions on Wednesday, March 15, 2023 No contributions on Thursday, March 16, 2023 No contributions on Friday, March 17, 2023 5 contributions on Saturday, March 18, 2023 1 contribution on Sunday, March 19, 2023 No contributions on Monday, March 20, 2023 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Learn how we count contributions
@TRIGONIM @GM-DONATE @tarantool More
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Contributed to AMD-NICK/blog.amd-nick.me, TRIGONIM/ggram, GM-DONATE/IGS and 26 other repositories
Contribution activity
Created 5 commits in 1 repository
AMD-NICK/blog.amd-nick.me 5 commits
Created 1 repository
AMD-NICK/r2-api TypeScript Mar 8
Opened 1 pull request in 1 repository
AMD-NICK/vscode-gmod-luadev 1 closed
test Mar 15
Created an issue in kerberos-io/agent that received 4 comments
The "recordings" tab is empty if the agent name contains an underscore "_"
I am not familiar with GoLang or the project structure, but it seems that the issue is related to this code: agent/machinery/src/utils/main.go …
62 contributions in private repositories Mar 1 – Mar 18
Seeing something unexpected? 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