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6,600 | AR6_WGII | 2,351 | 14 | Climate change has negative, widespread and cumulative impacts on mental health in the Arctic, particularly for Indigenous Peoples | very high | 3 | train |
6,601 | AR6_WGII | 2,351 | 17 | The negative mental health impacts from climate change are amplified among those most reliant on the environment for subsistence and livelihoods, those who already face chronic physical or mental health issues, and those facing socioeconomic inequities and marginalisation, particularly for Indigenous Peoples | high | 2 | train |
6,602 | AR6_WGII | 2,351 | 19 | Climate change will increase mental health risks in the Arctic in the future | medium | 1 | train |
6,603 | AR6_WGII | 2,353 | 1 | Therefore, effective responses to climate change risks for Indigenous Peoples are self-determined and underpinned by Indigenous knowledge (IK) | very high | 3 | train |
6,604 | AR6_WGII | 2,358 | 3 | Sector Direct and cascading risksEnabling principles of cli- mate resilience pathwaysAnticipated future condi- tions/level of certaintyCompounding risks (non-cli- matic factors) Coastal settlements (CCP6.2.5)Change in extent of sea ice with more storm surges, thawing of permafrost, SLR and coastal erosionLocal leadership and community-led initiatives to initiate and drive processes, responsive agencies, established processes for assessments and planning, geographic optionsIncreasing number of communities needing relocation (medium confidence), rising costs for mitigating erosion (high confidence)Limitations of government budgets, other disasters that may take priority, policies deficiencies for addressing mitigation and relocation Human health (CCP6.2.6)Increased food insecurity, waterborne disease, emerging pathogens, injury and death, and negative mental health outcomesResources to support public programmes; Indigenous self-determination; access to technology; supporting IK systems; interdisciplinary and integrated decision makingThe intersection of social determinants of health will modify or mediate climate change impacts on health (very high confidence)Underlying health conditions, advances in diagnosis and treatment, and other health system shocks (e.g., COVID) Transportation (aviation, rail, road, ice roads) (CCP6.2.4.3)Permafrost thaw, sea ice change, storm surge, coastal erosion, changing precipitation patterns (ice pellets, hail) and extreme events create risks to transportation infrastructure with consequences to navigation, economics, safety and securityFinancial and human resources for: climate-resilient infrastructure research, development and implementation; improved weather, water, ice and climate forecasting at appropriate scales; improved communications infrastructure; local search and rescueLimits to adaptation exist (high confidence), but strategic investments in technologically innovative infrastructure that offers mitigation co-benefits will greatly enhance adaptation effectiveness (very high confidence)Level of local, regional and national infrastructure development, commitment of national and state level government to sustainable development pathways, global economic and political trends, commodity prices, unforeseen system shocks Shipping (Box CCP6.1; FAQ CCP2)Sea ice reduction leading to increased shipping related to trade, tourism, fisheries, resource development and re-supply with cascading risks from ships such as: increased under-water noise, potential introduction of invasive species, fuel spill risks, release of black carbon and air emissions, impacts to cultural resources, implications for subsistence hunting and food security, increased accidents and incidentsFinancial support for ship-building technologies (e.g., low-emission fuels, propulsion technologies, hull strength); development of robust multi-national agreements (in addition to existing agreements); inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in decision making; investment in multi-national and longitudinal research on shipping impacts; and enhancing modern digital maritime chartingShip traffic will continue to grow in polar regions (high confidence), with Arctic trade routes becoming increasing accessible (very high confidence) albeit with more challenging navigation due to increases in mobile ice in the near-term compared with late century when ice is expected to diminish completely during the shipping season | high | 2 | train |
6,605 | AR6_WGII | 2,359 | 0 | CCP6 2348Cross-Chapter Paper 6 Polar Regions Sector Direct and cascading risksEnabling principles of cli- mate resilience pathwaysAnticipated future condi- tions/level of certaintyCompounding risks (non-cli- matic factors) Non-renewable resource extraction (Arctic only) (CCP6.2.4.1)Reduced sea ice improves access to non-renewable resources in remote Arctic regions, while warming temperature and thawing permafrost affect production levels, quality, and reliability and season length of ice roads, leading to increased operational costsInvestment in climate-resilient infrastructure and low-emission transportation (shipping) and investment in solar powered ships and low-impact modular mining camp infrastructureIncrease in mining in newly accessible marine regions (medium confidence), frequent false starts (i.e., due to climatic and non-climatic factors) (high confidence) and high levels of operational uncertainty (i.e., commodity prices, economic trends, climate risks) (very high confidence)Commodity prices; global economic trends and shocks; Indigenous rights and decisions; changing regulatory environments, geopolitics, global demand for resources Tourism (CCP6.2.4.2)Increased demand for polar tourism activities including development of ‘last chance tourism’ market; increased tourism improves economic conditions but leads to increased environmental and cultural impactsFinancial resources for service and infrastructure development; Indigenous self-determination and development of co-management approaches for natural and cultural attractions; development of multi-stakeholder/rightsholder tourism task teamsPolar tourism demand will continue to increase, especially for cruise and yacht experiences (high confidence) and enhance risks related to ship groundings, accidents and incidents (medium confidence)Limited search and rescue capacity, poor infrastructure, aging expedition cruise ship fleet, uncharted waters, geological and sovereignty debates, global economic trends, unforeseen events (i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), COVID-19) altering tourism demand patterns Reindeer herding (CCP6.2.3.1; 6.2.3.2; 6.2.5; Box CCP6.2)Rain-on-snow events causing high mortality of herds, especially in the autumn season; shrubification of tundra pasture lowering forage qualityFlexibility in movement to respond to changes in pastures, secure land use rights; adaptive management; continued economic viability and cultural tradition; self-determination in decision making; adequate support for communication and technological services; Indigenous rights upheld and protectedIncreased frequency of extreme events and changing forage quality adding to vulnerabilities of reindeer and herders | high | 2 | train |
6,606 | AR6_WGII | 2,359 | 1 | Declines in catch impact livelihoods, coastal communities, and pose a risk to regional and global food and nutritional security | very high | 3 | train |
6,607 | AR6_WGII | 2,359 | 3 | Adaptation at the local, individual, and household level under low mitigation scenarios will be costly and possibly undermined by the scale and pace of change, including climate shocks and extreme events | medium | 1 | train |
6,608 | AR6_WGII | 2,360 | 2 | Efforts to minimise and prevent extinctions; preservation of ecosystem processes and habitats during critical life stages; coordinated governance; measures and planning that consider dynamic interactions within and among social and ecological systems are more effectiveWithout institutional investment in sustaining climate resilience in ecosystems across sectors there is a high risk of failure | high | 2 | train |
6,609 | AR6_WGII | 2,361 | 2 | Human health is generally under- represented in adaptation initiatives, along with adaptations being developed within larger Arctic settlements (Ford et al., 2014; Canosa et al., 2020), and in many sectors decisions continue to be made without explicit inclusion of climate change impacts and risk in planning and design | high | 2 | train |
6,610 | AR6_WGII | 2,362 | 15 | In the Arctic, large landscapes, dispersed population centres, limited resources and settler colonialism are structural barriers to effective planning, emergency response, and relief and recovery from climate impacts | medium | 1 | train |
6,611 | AR6_WGII | 2,362 | 18 | Large ‘responsiveness gaps’ between impacts and implementation, approaches that fail to consider dynamic responses within social and ecological systems (which amplify or attenuate climate impacts), and a paucity of a priori planning can contribute to maladaptation | high | 2 | train |
6,612 | AR6_WGII | 2,362 | 21 | Inclusive and participatory decision making underpins long-term resilience to climate change | medium | 1 | train |
6,613 | AR6_WGII | 2,362 | 23 | The rapid pace of change, such as sea ice loss, can outpace ecological processes and induce substantial ecological shifts (CCP6.2) | medium | 1 | train |
6,614 | AR6_WGII | 2,362 | 24 | The speed of climate change in the Arctic limits options for adaptation in communities who rely on a narrow resource base, when adaptation involves loss of culture and livelihoods, and when the costs of adaptation make it infeasible | medium | 1 | train |
6,615 | AR6_WGII | 2,363 | 5 | Notably, terrestrial areas of greatest interest for infrastructure development, agriculture and visitation potential are often also the same areas that have been identified as culturally and ecologically significant (PEW, 2016; Eliasson et al., 2017; Grant et al., 2021) | high | 2 | train |
6,616 | AR6_WGII | 2,363 | 13 | For the Antarctic, the governance for managing climate impacts is emerging, particularly for terrestrial and nearshore habitats | high | 2 | train |
6,617 | AR6_WGII | 2,363 | 17 | CCP6.4.2 Inclusive, Integrated Co-management Inclusive, low-cost participatory decision making can deliver equitable responses to climate change | high | 2 | train |
6,618 | AR6_WGII | 2,363 | 19 | The capacity of governance systems in some Arctic regions to respond to climate change has strengthened recently | high | 2 | train |
6,619 | AR6_WGII | 2,364 | 3 | For residents in the Arctic, a sustainable development pathway has been found to be highly effective if a self-determined development model is employed | very high | 3 | train |
6,620 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 0 | CCP7 2371Tropical Forests Cross-Chapter Paper 7 Executive Summary Over 420 million ha of forest were lost to deforestation from 1990 to 2020; more than 90% of that loss took place in tropical areas | high | 2 | train |
6,621 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 4 | Climate change is altering the structure and species composition of tropical tree communities (high confidence), including transitions from moist to drier forest in regions such as the Amazon (high confidence), and movement of species from lower to higher elevations | high | 2 | train |
6,622 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 5 | Despite CO 2 fertilisation, ongoing climate change has weakened the carbon sink potential of tropical forests in Amazonia and, to a lesser extent, in Africa and Asia | medium | 1 | train |
6,623 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 7 | Deforestation generally reduces rainfall and enhances temperatures, with effects depending on scales (high confidence), while often increasing surface runoff | medium | 1 | train |
6,624 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 8 | Continued deforestation-driven landscape drying and fragmentation will aggravate fire risk and reduce forest resilience, leading to degradation or savannisation of the tropical forest biomes, in particular in combination with climate change | high | 2 | train |
6,625 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 11 | Forest restoration using a diverse mix of native species can help rebuild the climate resilience of tropical forests, but is best implemented alongside other sustainable forest management strategies and adaptation interventions | high | 2 | train |
6,626 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 14 | For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence.Community-based adaptation, built on Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge (IK and LK) over centuries or millennia, is often identified as an effective adaptation strategy to climate change | high | 2 | train |
6,627 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 15 | For successful adaptation of tropical forest communities, it is vital to consider IK and LK in addition to modern scientific approaches, together with consideration of non-climatic vulnerabilities (e.g., poverty, gender inequality and power asymmetries) | high | 2 | train |
6,628 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 17 | Transformative and sustainable practices are required for effective management of tropical forests | high | 2 | train |
6,629 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 19 | Tropical deforestation is largely driven by agriculture, both from subsistence farming and industrial agriculture (e.g., oil palm, timber plantations, soybeans, livestock) | high | 2 | train |
6,630 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 20 | While poverty and population growth combined with poor governance often fuel subsistence agriculture (high confidence), industrial agriculture is often driven by international market forces for commodities and large- scale land acquisitions | high | 2 | train |
6,631 | AR6_WGII | 2,382 | 22 | Transformative levers towards improving environmental governance and resilience of tropical forests include: incentivising and building capacity for environmental responsibility and discontinuing harmful subsidies and disincentives; reforming segmented decision-making to promote integration across sectors and jurisdictions; pursuing pre-emptive and precautionary actions; managing for resilient social and ecological systems in the face of uncertainty and complexity; strengthening environmental laws and policies and their implementation; acknowledging land tenure and rights; and inclusive stakeholder participation | medium | 1 | train |
6,632 | AR6_WGII | 2,383 | 0 | CCP7 2372Cross-Chapter Paper 7 Tropical Forests CCP7.1 Introduction Climate change is already impacting tropical forests around the world, including through distributional shifts of forest biomes, changes in species composition, biomass, pests and diseases, and increases in forest fires | high | 2 | train |
6,633 | AR6_WGII | 2,383 | 4 | Reducing direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation is therefore critical to building, maintaining or enhancing the resilience of tropical forests against climate and non-climate drivers alike | high | 2 | train |
6,634 | AR6_WGII | 2,383 | 6 | To the degree to which forests are affected by climate change and other drivers, their resilience against these stressors is diminishing leading to a reduction in the regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural ecosystem services they provide (Alroy, 2017; Cadman et al., 2017; Pörtner et al., 2021) (Chapter 2) | high | 2 | train |
6,635 | AR6_WGII | 2,383 | 8 | While strong mitigation efforts are fundamental to minimising future climate impacts on forests, forest management can be improved in many places in support of enhancing the resilience of tropical forests, often with significant co-benefits for carbon storage, biodiversity, food security and ecosystem services | high | 2 | test |
6,636 | AR6_WGII | 2,383 | 10 | While there are numerous approaches to managing forests and forest landscapes sustainably, an element that appears to be critical is property rights and tenure arrangements allowing stewards of the land, including Indigenous Peoples, securing long- term access and utilisation of forest resources | medium | 1 | train |
6,637 | AR6_WGII | 2,385 | 14 | Overall, the net loss rate has slightly decreased (−4%) since 1990 | high | 2 | train |
6,638 | AR6_WGII | 2,386 | 1 | CCP7.2.3 Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Deforestation and forest degradation both affect carbon stocks, biodiversity loss and the provision of ecosystem services, leading to a reduction in resilience to climate change and exacerbating forest landscape vulnerability even in the absence of direct anthropogenic action | high | 2 | train |
6,639 | AR6_WGII | 2,386 | 2 | There is also clear evidence of deforestation influencing temperatures and the hydrological cycle at local to regional scales resulting in reduced precipitation and evaporation and increased runoff relative to unaffected areas | high | 2 | train |
6,640 | AR6_WGII | 2,386 | 4 | Therefore, besides greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, reducing the driving forces leading to deforestation and forest degradation is of the utmost importance for forest resilience, biodiversity protection, avoiding regional climatic changes and the provision of critical ecosystem services, and communities whose livelihoods depend on forests | high | 2 | train |
6,641 | AR6_WGII | 2,386 | 15 | Though not as visible as direct drivers, indirect or underlying causes can greatly influence direct drivers, and must be addressed to reduce pressures on forests | high | 2 | train |
6,642 | AR6_WGII | 2,387 | 0 | CCP7 2376Cross-Chapter Paper 7 Tropical Forests International and market forces, particularly commodity markets and, increasingly, large-scale land acquisitions are also key underlying drivers | high | 2 | train |
6,643 | AR6_WGII | 2,389 | 0 | CCP7 2378Cross-Chapter Paper 7 Tropical Forests CCP7.3.3 Fire Risks from Climate Change in Tropical Forests Temperature rise and prolonged droughts increase the danger of fires in drained peatlands and tropical forests in Southeast Asia and the Amazon (da Silva et al., 2018; Pan et al., 2018; Sullivan Martin et al., 2020), resulting in large carbon emissions, which reached 11.3 Tg CO 2 day−1 during September–October 2015 (Huijnen et al., 2016; Yin et al., 2020) and changes in forest composition and biodiversity (Asner et al., 2000; Hoffmann et al., 2003) | high | 2 | train |
6,644 | AR6_WGII | 2,389 | 1 | In many cases, tree mortality due to fire is poorly recorded in the literature, but the available data suggest that fire-induced mortality has increased in recent years (Figure CCP7.2) (Malhi et al., 2014; Brando et al., 2019) | high | 2 | train |
6,645 | AR6_WGII | 2,390 | 19 | Observational data show that structurally intact old-growth tropical forests have been net sinks of atmospheric carbon in recent decades, but there is evidence that the capacity of such intact tropical forests to build up carbon stock may be limited as biomass peaked during the 1990s and has since weakened by 30% in the Amazon since the 1990s | high | 2 | train |
6,646 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 1 | The IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (Jia et al., 2019) and IPCC AR6 WGI (Douville et al., 2021) both describe significant climate-related changes resulting from tropical deforestation | high | 2 | train |
6,647 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 2 | Deforestation generally reduces rainfall and enhances temperatures and landscape dryness; effects that increase with the scale of forest loss, whereas reforestation and afforestation generally reverses these effects | high | 2 | train |
6,648 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 5 | Modelling studies estimate that large-scale tropical deforestation will contribute to average warming of the deforested areas with +0.61 ± 0.48°C and will lead to large changes in diurnal temperature ranges owing to a reduction of nocturnal cooling | medium | 1 | train |
6,649 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 6 | Large-scale deforestation will also strongly decrease average regional precipitation and evapotranspiration and further delay the onset of the wet season, enhancing the chance of dry spells and intensifying dry seasons, but the magnitude of the decline depends on the scale and type of land-cover change | high | 2 | train |
6,650 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 7 | Continued forest landscape drying and fragmentation in connection with deforestation may also enhance surface flow variability (Farinosi et al., 2019; Souza et al., 2019) and will aggravate the risk of forest dieback (Zemp et al., 2017), elevate forest flammability (Alencar et al., 2015) and increase fire incidence | high | 2 | train |
6,651 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 14 | The dearth of data for tropical forest regions other than the Amazon makes assessments of deforestation-related changes in temperature, precipitation and streamflow difficult (high confidence), and hampers estimates of tropical forest ecosystem health, biodiversity loss and vulnerability to current and future climatic and other pressures | high | 2 | train |
6,652 | AR6_WGII | 2,391 | 19 | Livelihoods, gender, land-use change and dependency on forest resources for food, fuel, housing and other needs have been identified as key elements of vulnerability in Indigenous Peoples and rural communities in Africa and South America | high | 2 | train |
6,653 | AR6_WGII | 2,392 | 3 | Globalised trade relations, agricultural expansion, illegal activities and violent conflicts have been identified as important non-climatic drivers of forest degradation | high | 2 | train |
6,654 | AR6_WGII | 2,392 | 23 | Actions to protect the extent or reduce the disturbance pressure on forest systems contribute to the capacity of these systems to respond to climate change (increasing resistance and resilience) | high | 2 | train |
6,655 | AR6_WGII | 2,393 | 1 | Indigenous knowledge systems, embedded in social and cultural structures, are integral to climate resilience and adaptation | high | 2 | train |
6,656 | AR6_WGII | 2,393 | 15 | Role of IK and LK and CBA for Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Forests Local forest and Indigenous forest management systems have developed over long time periods, generating social practices and institutions that have supported livelihoods and cultures for generations | high | 2 | train |
6,657 | AR6_WGII | 2,393 | 16 | Archaeological evidence shows that humans have manipulated tropical forests for at least 45,000 years | high | 2 | train |
6,658 | AR6_WGII | 2,393 | 23 | Integration of IK and LK Systems, CBA and Modern Scientific Systems Several authors have highlighted the need to foster a respectful dialogue between Indigenous knowledge (IK) and local knowledge (LK) and modern science towards a holistic research model | high | 2 | train |
6,659 | AR6_WGII | 2,394 | 1 | Forest management strategies must take into account the wider picture if they seek to be not just temporally effective (at best), but transformative and sustainable over time | high | 2 | train |
6,660 | AR6_WGII | 2,395 | 2 | Maximising tropical forest extent has well-described benefits in mitigating CO2 emissions and in the role of forests regulating global climate | high | 2 | test |
6,661 | AR6_WGII | 2,395 | 7 | Ensuring forested areas are large and/or interconnected including the use of specific climate refugia and climate corridors is recommended for climate adaptation | high | 2 | train |
6,662 | AR6_WGII | 2,398 | 18 | CCP7.6 Governance of Tropical Forests for Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change Deforestation and forest degradation in tropical forests has grown in prominence as priorities for environmental governance in the face of climate change, given the large share of forest and land use GHG emissions in the national profiles of tropical forest countries | high | 2 | train |
6,663 | AR6_WGII | 2,398 | 24 | Policy responses towards conservation and ecosystem resilience are found to be insufficient to stem the direct and indirect drivers of nature deterioration | high | 2 | train |
6,664 | AR6_WGII | 2,398 | 25 | For governance measures to be effective, it is necessary to alter the direct and underlying drivers that are leading to forest destruction or impeding the implementation of sustainable forest management practices and actions to restore degraded forests | high | 2 | train |
6,665 | AR6_WGII | 2,425 | 4 | There is also stronger evidence for impacts of long-term climate change on ecosystems, including the observed widespread mortality of warm water corals, far reaching shifts in phenology in marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the expansion of tropical species into the ranges of temperate species, and boreal species moving into Arctic regions | high | 2 | train |
6,666 | AR6_WGII | 2,425 | 8 | A negative impact of long-term climate change on crop yields has been identified in some regions (e.g., wheat yields in Europe) | medium | 1 | train |
6,667 | AR6_WGII | 2,425 | 12 | Overall, there is extensive observational evidence that extreme ambient temperatures increase human mortality (high confidence) and that the occurrence of water- and vector-borne diseases is sensitive to weather conditions | high | 2 | train |
6,668 | AR6_WGII | 2,425 | 16 | Climate variability and extremes are associated with increased prevalence of conflict, with more consistent evidence for low- intensity organised violence than for major armed conflict. Compared with other socioeconomic drivers, the link is relatively weak and conditional on high population size, low socioeconomic development, high political marginalisation and high agricultural dependence | medium | 1 | test |
6,669 | AR6_WGII | 2,425 | 17 | Literature suggests a larger climate-related influence on the dynamics of conflict than on the likelihood of initial conflict outbreak | low | 0 | test |
6,670 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 16 | Evidence focuses on constraints that may lead to limits at some point of the adaptation process, with less information on how limits may be related to different levels of socioeconomic or climatic change | high | 2 | train |
6,671 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 18 | Beginning at 1.5°C, autonomous and evolutionary adaptation responses by terrestrial and aquatic species and ecosystems face hard limits, resulting in biodiversity decline, species extinction and loss of related livelihoods | high | 2 | train |
6,672 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 19 | Beginning at 3°C, hard limits are projected for water management measures, leading to decreased water quality and availability, negative impacts on health and well-being, economic losses in water and energy-dependent sectors and potential migration of communities | medium | 1 | train |
6,673 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 20 | Adaptation to address risks of heat stress, heat mortality and reduced capacities for outdoor work for humans face soft and hard limits across regions beginning at 1.5°C, and are particularly relevant for regions with warm climates | high | 2 | train |
6,674 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 22 | As sea levels rise and extreme events intensify, coastal communities face soft limits due to financial, institutional and socioeconomic constraints reducing the efficacy of coastal protection and accommodation approaches and resulting in loss of life and economic damages | medium | 1 | train |
6,675 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 24 | Soft and hard limits for agricultural production are related to water availability and the uptake and effectiveness of climate-resilient crops which are constrained by socioeconomic and political challenges | medium | 1 | train |
6,676 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 27 | While the rate, extent and timing of climate hazards largely determine hard limits of biophysical systems, these factors appear to be less influential in determining soft limits for human systems | medium | 1 | train |
6,677 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 29 | Impacts of climate change may increase financial constraints (high confidence) and contribute to soft limits to adaptation being reached | medium | 1 | train |
6,678 | AR6_WGII | 2,426 | 32 | These key risk are represented in eight so-called Representative Key Risks (RKRs) clusters of key risks relating to low-lying coastal systems; terrestrial and ocean ecosystems; critical physical infrastructure, networks and services; living standards; human health; food security; water security; and peace and human mobility | high | 2 | train |
6,679 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 2 | For most Representative Key Risks (RKRs), potentially global and systemically pervasive risks become severe in the case of high warming, combined with high exposure/vulnerability, low adaptation, or both | high | 2 | train |
6,680 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 3 | Under these conditions, there would be severe and pervasive risks to critical infrastructure (high confidence) and to human health from heat-related mortality, to low-lying coastal areas, aggregate economic output, and livelihoods (all medium confidence), of armed conflict | low | 0 | train |
6,681 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 6 | Under these conditions, there would be severe and pervasive risks associated with water scarcity and water-related disasters | high | 2 | train |
6,682 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 10 | Tropical and polar low-lying coastal human communities are experiencing severe impacts today | high | 2 | train |
6,683 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 11 | Some systems will experience severe risks before the end of the century (medium confidence), for example critical infrastructure affected by extreme events | medium | 1 | train |
6,684 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 12 | Food security for millions of people, particularly low-income populations, also faces significant risks with moderate to high warming or high vulnerability, with a growing challenge by 2050 in terms of providing nutritious and affordable diets | high | 2 | train |
6,685 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 21 | Priority areas for regions are indicated by the intersection of hazards, risks and challenges, where, in the near term, challenges to SDGs indicate probable systemic vulnerabilities and issues in responding to climatic hazards | high | 2 | train |
6,686 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 23 | Solar radiation modification (SRM) approaches have potential to offset warming and ameliorate other climate hazards, but their potential to reduce risk or introduce novel risks to people and ecosystems is not well understood | high | 2 | train |
6,687 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 24 | SRM effects on climate hazards are highly dependent on deployment scenarios, and substantial residual climate change or overcompensating change would occur at regional scales and seasonal time scales | high | 2 | train |
6,688 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 26 | Large negative impacts are projected from rapid warming for a sudden and sustained termination of SRM in a high-CO 2 scenario | high | 2 | train |
6,689 | AR6_WGII | 2,427 | 27 | SRM would not stop CO 2 from increasing in the atmosphere or reduce resulting ocean acidification under continued anthropogenic emissions | high | 2 | train |
6,690 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 3 | The wide variation across disparate methodologies does not allow a robust range of damage estimates to be identified with confidence, though the spread of estimates increases with warming in all methodologies, indicating higher risk (in terms of economic costs) at higher temperatures | high | 2 | train |
6,691 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 7 | Compared with AR5 and SR15, risks increase to high and very high levels at lower global warming levels for all five RFCs | high | 2 | train |
6,692 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 8 | Transitions from high to very high risk emerge in all five RFCs, compared with just two RFCs in AR5 | high | 2 | train |
6,693 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 10 | Risks are already (at current warming of 1.1°C) in the transition from moderate to high | very high | 3 | train |
6,694 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 11 | The transition to very high risk occurs between 1.2°C and 2.0°C warming | high | 2 | train |
6,695 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 14 | The transition to very high risk occurs at between 2.0°C and 3.5°C warming | medium | 1 | train |
6,696 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 18 | Remaining below 2°C warming (but above 1.5°C) would imply that risk for RFC3 through 5 would be transitioning to high, and risk for RFC1 and RFC2 would be transitioning to very high | high | 2 | train |
6,697 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 19 | By 2.5°C warming, RFC1 will be in very high risk | high | 2 | train |
6,698 | AR6_WGII | 2,428 | 21 | Once such risks materialise, as is expected at very high risk levels, the impacts would persist even if global temperatures would subsequently decline to levels associated with lower levels of risk in an ‘overshooting’ scenario | high | 2 | train |
6,699 | AR6_WGII | 2,432 | 28 | This general reduction in poverty across the world is accompanied by a decrease in vulnerability to many types of climate change impacts | medium | 1 | train |
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