Datasets:
rlacombe
/
ClimateX

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
2
statement_idx
int64
0
8.09k
report
stringclasses
3 values
page_num
int64
18
2.84k
sent_num
int64
0
78
statement
stringlengths
13
4.29k
confidence
stringclasses
4 values
score
int64
0
3
split
stringclasses
2 values
6,300
AR6_WGII
2,176
21
An adaptation-pathways approach sets out near-term ‘low-regret’ actions that align with societal goals, facilitates implementation of a locally appropriate sequence of interventions in the face of uncertain climate and development futures, and enables necessary transformation
high
2
train
6,301
AR6_WGII
2,176
22
A mix of infrastructural, nature-based, institutional and sociocultural interventions are needed to reduce the multifaceted risk facing C&S, including vulnerability-reducing measures, avoidance (i.e., disincentivising developments in high-risk areas), hard and soft protection, accommodation, advance (i.e., building up and out to sea) and retreat (i.e., landward movement of people and development)
very high
3
train
6,302
AR6_WGII
2,176
23
Depending on the C&S archetype, technical limits for hard protection may be reached beyond 2100 under high-emission scenarios, with socioeconomic and governance barriers reached before then
medium
1
train
6,303
AR6_WGII
2,176
24
However, hard protection can set up lock-in of assets and people to risks and, in some cases, may reach limits—due to technical and financial constraints—by 2100 or sooner depending on the scenario, local SLR effects and community tolerance thresholds
medium
1
train
6,304
AR6_WGII
2,176
25
Where sufficient space and adequate habitats are available, nature-based solutions can help to reduce coastal hazard risks and provide other benefits, but biophysical limits may be reached before end-century
medium
1
train
6,305
AR6_WGII
2,176
28
As SLR is relentless on human timescales, the solution space will shrink without adoption of an adaptation-pathways planning approach
high
2
train
6,306
AR6_WGII
2,177
0
CCP2 2166Cross-Chapter Paper 2 Cities and Settlements by the Sea if this is underpinned by sustained and ambitious mitigation to slow greenhouse gas emission rates
high
2
train
6,307
AR6_WGII
2,177
1
Individual and collective choices founded on public-centred values and norms, as well as pro-social behaviour, help to foster climate-resilient coastal development in C&S
high
2
train
6,308
AR6_WGII
2,177
2
The effectiveness of different approaches (e.g., awareness and education, market-based and legal strategies) is mediated by how well they address contextual and psychosocial factors influencing adaptation choices in coastal C&S
medium
1
train
6,309
AR6_WGII
2,177
4
Locally appropriate institutional capabilities, including regulatory provisions and finances dedicated to maintaining healthy coastal socioecological systems, build adaptive capacity in C&S by the sea
high
2
train
6,310
AR6_WGII
2,177
5
Implementing integrated multi-level coastal zone governance, pre- emptive planning, enabling behavioural change and alignment of financial resources with a wide set of values will provide C&S with greater flexibility to open up the solution space to adapt to climate change
high
2
train
6,311
AR6_WGII
2,177
6
Insufficient financial resources are a key constraint for coastal adaptation, particularly in the Global South
high
2
train
6,312
AR6_WGII
2,177
7
Engaging the private sector in coastal adaptation action with a range of financial tools is crucial to address the coastal adaptation funding gap
high
2
test
6,313
AR6_WGII
2,177
8
Considering the full range of economic and non-economic values will improve adaptation effectiveness and equity across C&S archetypes
high
2
train
6,314
AR6_WGII
2,177
11
Realising global aspirations for CRD depends on the extent to which coastal C&S institutionalise key enabling conditions and chart place-based adaptation pathways to close the coastal adaptation gap, and on the extent to which they take urgent action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
medium
1
train
6,315
AR6_WGII
2,177
12
Extensive adaptation planning has been undertaken since the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), but there has not been widespread effective implementation, thus giving rise to a ‘coastal adaptation gap’
high
2
train
6,316
AR6_WGII
2,177
13
To date, most interventions have been reactive and often rely on protective works alone
high
2
train
6,317
AR6_WGII
2,177
14
The effectiveness of alternative interventions differs among C&S archetypes, while their feasibility is influenced by geomorphology and socioeconomic conditions as well as cultural, political and institutional considerations
very high
3
train
6,318
AR6_WGII
2,177
15
Mismatches between adaptation needs and patterns of physical development are commonplace in many coastal C&S, with particularly adverse impacts on poor and marginalised communities in the Global North and Global South
high
2
train
6,319
AR6_WGII
2,177
16
Overcoming this gap is key to transitioning towards CRD
medium
1
train
6,320
AR6_WGII
2,177
17
Under higher warming levels and higher SLR, increasingly dichotomous coastal futures will become more entrenched
medium
1
train
6,321
AR6_WGII
2,177
22
Progress towards these ends depends on the extent to which C&S mobilise urgent and transformational changes to institutionalise enabling conditions, close the coastal adaptation gap by addressing the drivers and root causes of exposure and vulnerability to climate-compounded coastal hazard risks, and drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions
medium
1
train
6,322
AR6_WGII
2,180
17
The ocean and climate impact drivers influencing these risks are assessed in WGI (Ranasinghe et al., 2021), which include extreme heat, pluvial floods from increasing rainfall intensity, coastal erosion and coastal flood driven by increasing SLR, and tropical cyclone storm surges
high
2
train
6,323
AR6_WGII
2,180
18
Further, Arctic coastal settlements are particularly exposed to climate change due to sea ice retreat as well as from permafrost melt
high
2
train
6,324
AR6_WGII
2,180
20
Across these studies, by 2100, 158–510 million people and USD 7,919–12,739 billion assets under RCP4.5, and 176–880 million people and USD 8,813– 14,178 billion assets under RCP8.5 will be within the 1-in-100-year floodplain
very high
3
train
6,325
AR6_WGII
2,182
4
There is emerging evidence
low
0
train
6,326
AR6_WGII
2,182
6
However, risks facing coastal C&S are high across the globe, especially under higher SLR projections
high
2
train
6,327
AR6_WGII
2,183
4
To date, interventions are typically implemented reactively in response to extreme events
high
2
train
6,328
AR6_WGII
2,184
26
Advance has occurred in all archetypes
high
2
train
6,329
AR6_WGII
2,188
22
Moreover, drawing from places as distinct as small communities in Fiji (Neef et al., 2018) and Belize (Karlsson and Hovelsrud, 2015), and megacities like New York City and Shanghai (Oppenheimer et al., 2019), BCR provides only a limited view and consideration of feasibility, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, culture, politics and power, and attachment to place has a greater chance of fostering CRD
high
2
train
6,330
AR6_WGII
2,192
13
In sum, prospects for addressing climate risk in archetypal coastal C&S around the world depend on the extent to which societal choices— and associated governance processes and practices—address the drivers and root causes of exposure and social vulnerability
very high
3
train
6,331
AR6_WGII
2,192
23
This cross-chapter paper shows that a range of adaptation solutions, hard and soft protection, nature-based measures, accommodate, advance, retreat and behavioural change will need to be implemented as an integrated and sequenced portfolio of responses if coastal C&S are to contain the adverse risks of climate change
high
2
train
6,332
AR6_WGII
2,193
2
Coastal C&S are on the frontline of observed climate change impacts and future risk
high
2
train
6,333
AR6_WGII
2,193
7
Given the risks assessed in coastal C&S, the scale of climate impacts globally will depend to a large extent on whether coastal settlements develop and implement pre- emptive and flexible adaptation pathways, and whether a significant and timely reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is achieved in C&S and globally
high
2
train
6,334
AR6_WGII
2,208
4
These changes have had varying and location-specific impacts on biodiversity, and have altered ecosystem carbon balance, water availability and the provision of ecosystem services
high
2
train
6,335
AR6_WGII
2,208
5
There is no evidence, however, of a global trend in dryland expansion based on analyses of vegetation patterns, precipitation and soil moisture, with overall, more greening than drying in drylands since the 1980s
medium
1
train
6,336
AR6_WGII
2,208
22
The impacts of climate change have affected the ecosystem services that humans can harness from drylands, with largely negative implications for livelihoods, human health and well- being, particularly in deserts and semiarid areas with lower adaptive capacities
high
2
train
6,337
AR6_WGII
2,208
23
Ecosystem degradation (Section 16.5.2.3.2) and desertification threaten the abilities of both natural and human systems to adapt to climate change
high
2
train
6,338
AR6_WGII
2,208
25
These groups also often have lower capacities to adapt, particularly given structural limitations of some drylands where healthcare, sanitation, infrastructure and efficient markets are lacking, reinforcing existing inequalities
high
2
train
6,339
AR6_WGII
2,208
26
In rural drylands in tropical and Mediterranean areas, human populations are steadily expanding with mixed implications for ecosystem services under climate change, while rapid urbanisation in new and existing dryland megacities puts additional pressure on water ecosystem services
high
2
train
6,340
AR6_WGII
2,208
30
Risks and adaptation under warming pathways Some drylands will expand by 2100, while others will shrink
high
2
train
6,341
AR6_WGII
2,208
32
Projections are nevertheless uncertain and not well supported by observed trends, while different methodological approaches and indices exhibit different strengths and weaknesses
medium
1
train
6,342
AR6_WGII
2,209
3
Nevertheless, the utility of the AI in delineating dryland biomes is limited under an increasing CO 2 environment
medium
1
train
6,343
AR6_WGII
2,209
5
The characteristics and speed of human responses and adaptations also affect future risks and impacts
high
2
train
6,344
AR6_WGII
2,209
6
Increased temperature and rainfall variability will significantly change the interannual variability in the global carbon cycle, which is strongly influenced by the world’s drylands and the ways they are managed
medium
1
train
6,345
AR6_WGII
2,209
7
Increased variability of precipitation would generally contribute to increased vulnerability for people in drylands, intensifying the challenges that people living in deserts and semiarid areas will face for their sustainable development
medium
1
train
6,346
AR6_WGII
2,209
11
Key enablers include supportive policies, institutions and governance approaches that strengthen the adaptive capacities of dryland farmers, pastoralists and other dryland resource users
high
2
train
6,347
AR6_WGII
2,209
15
Land-based adaptations can help manage dryland changes, including sand and dust storms and desertification
high
2
train
6,348
AR6_WGII
2,211
6
However, there is no evidence of a global trend in dryland expansion based on vegetation patterns, precipitation and soil moisture, based on the satellite record from the 1980s to the present
medium
1
train
6,349
AR6_WGII
2,212
5
These systems are highly sensitive to annual precipitation and temperature variations
high
2
train
6,350
AR6_WGII
2,212
20
Tree regeneration by farmers has also increased woody cover, particularly next to villages
high
2
train
6,351
AR6_WGII
2,212
23
CCP3.2.1.5 Tree Death and Woody Cover Decline Field measurements have also detected tree mortality and loss of mesic tree species at some Sahel sites during drought periods (Gonzalez et al., 2012; Kusserow, 2017; Brandt et al., 2018; Ibrahim et al., 2018; Trichon et al., 2018; Zwarts et al., 2018; Bernardino et al., 2020; Zida et al., 2020) and a reduction of mesic species in favour of drought-tolerant species
high
2
train
6,352
AR6_WGII
2,217
9
The spread of invasive Bromus tectorum may be enhanced by altered precipitation and freeze–thaw cycles
low
0
train
6,353
AR6_WGII
2,217
10
Arid grassland has expanded (between 10–100 km) into the eastern Karoo, South Africa
high
2
train
6,354
AR6_WGII
2,218
3
CCP3.2.1.7 Sand and Dust Storms Soil dust emissions are highly sensitive to changing climate conditions but also to changing land use and management practices
high
2
train
6,355
AR6_WGII
2,219
13
CCP3.2.2 Observed Impacts of Climate Change on Human Systems in Desert and Semiarid Areas Climate change and desertification, alongside other drivers of degra- dation, reduce dryland ecosystem services, leading to losses of bio- diversity, water, food and impacts on human health (Section CCP4.2.3) and well-being
high
2
train
6,356
AR6_WGII
2,219
21
SDS negatively impact human health through various pathways, causing respiratory, cardiovascular diseases and facilitating infections
high
2
train
6,357
AR6_WGII
2,222
20
AI projections indicate potentially severe aridification in the Amazon, Australia, Chile, the Mediterranean region, northern, southern and western Africa, southwestern USA and South America
medium
1
train
6,358
AR6_WGII
2,225
5
Supportive policies, institutions and good governance approaches can strengthen the adaptive capacities of dryland farmers, pastoralists and other resource users
high
2
train
6,359
AR6_WGII
2,228
8
Building capacity by improving the knowledge base and access to information, as well as to financial and other resources, encourages vulnerable economic sectors and people to adopt more self-reliant measures that promote more integrated and sustainable use of natural resources
high
2
train
6,360
AR6_WGII
2,246
8
Trends in precipitation are variable across the basin
low
0
train
6,361
AR6_WGII
2,246
9
Droughts have become more frequent and intense, especially in the north Mediterranean
high
2
train
6,362
AR6_WGII
2,246
11
Sea level has risen by 1.4±0.2 mm yr-1 during the 20th century (2.8±0.1 mm yr-1 over 1993–2018)
high
2
train
6,363
AR6_WGII
2,246
12
Ocean acidity is increasing
medium
1
train
6,364
AR6_WGII
2,246
23
Air and sea temperature and their extremes (notably heat waves) are likely2 to continue to increase more than the global average
high
2
train
6,365
AR6_WGII
2,246
24
The projected annual mean warming on land at the end of the century is in the range of 0.9–5.6°C compared to the last two decades of the 20th century, depending on the emission scenario
high
2
train
6,366
AR6_WGII
2,246
25
Precipitation will likely decrease in most areas by 4–22%, depending on the emission scenario
medium
1
train
6,367
AR6_WGII
2,246
26
Rainfall extremes will likely increase in the northern part of the region
high
2
train
6,368
AR6_WGII
2,246
27
Droughts will become more prevalent in many areas
high
2
train
6,369
AR6_WGII
2,246
29
Higher values cannot be excluded (low confidence) and the process is irreversible at the scale of centuries to millennia
high
2
train
6,370
AR6_WGII
2,246
31
The number of people exposed to sea level rise is projected to increase up to 2050, especially in the southern and eastern Mediterranean region, and may reach up to 130% compared to present in 2100
medium
1
train
6,371
AR6_WGII
2,246
32
Coastal settlements, World Heritage sites and ecosystems are at longer-term risk from sustained sea level rise over at least the coming three centuries
high
2
train
6,372
AR6_WGII
2,246
35
The low-lying areas are the most vulnerable areas for coastal climate-related risks (e.g., sea level rise, floods, erosion) and other consequent risks (e.g., saltwater intrusion and agriculture damage)
high
2
train
6,373
AR6_WGII
2,246
36
Climate change threatens water availability, reducing river low flows and annual runoff by 5–70%, reducing hydropower capacity
high
2
train
6,374
AR6_WGII
2,246
37
Yields of rain- fed crops may decrease by 64% in some locations
high
2
train
6,375
AR6_WGII
2,246
38
Ocean warming and acidification will impact marine ecosystems, with uncertain consequences on fisheries
low
0
train
6,376
AR6_WGII
2,246
39
Desertification will affect additional areas, notably in the south and southeast
medium
1
train
6,377
AR6_WGII
2,246
41
Beyond 3°C, 13–30% of the Natura 2000 protected area and 15–23% of Natura 2000 sites could be lost due to climate-driven habitat change
medium
1
train
6,378
AR6_WGII
2,247
0
CCP4 2236Cross-Chapter Paper 4 Mediterranean Region The adaptive capacity of ecosystems and human systems is expected to encounter hard limits due to the interacting, cumulative and cascading effects of droughts, heat waves, sea level rise, ocean warming and acidification
high
2
train
6,379
AR6_WGII
2,247
1
Coastal protection can reduce risks from sea level rise in some regions, but the costs of such interventions and their consequences for coastal ecosystems are high
medium
1
train
6,380
AR6_WGII
2,247
4
To equitably enhance regional adaptive capacity and sustainable development, while safeguarding the rights of the most vulnerable people, regional cooperation can be strengthened with a focus on the link between adaptation, costs and financial limitation, and climate justice
high
2
train
6,381
AR6_WGII
2,247
5
Cooperative policies across various sectors, involving all user groups and considering all regional and sectorial differences may enhance sustainable resource use in the region
high
2
train
6,382
AR6_WGII
2,248
8
With the changing climate, marine ecosystems have already undergone changes in structure, including the spread of tropical species from the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea
high
2
train
6,383
AR6_WGII
2,248
14
Wetlands and mountain summits are hotspots for biodiversity loss and extinctions
medium
1
train
6,384
AR6_WGII
2,248
24
Since the 1980s, Mediterranean atmospheric warming has exceeded global average rates
high
2
train
6,385
AR6_WGII
2,248
27
Temperature extremes and heat waves have increased in intensity, number, and length during recent decades, particularly in summer, and are projected to continue increasing
high
2
train
6,386
AR6_WGII
2,248
28
Sea surface temperatures have increased in recent decades
high
2
train
6,387
AR6_WGII
2,249
0
CCP4 2238Cross-Chapter Paper 4 Mediterranean Region 21st century, ocean warming in the range 0.8°C–3.8°C is projected near the surface
high
2
train
6,388
AR6_WGII
2,249
1
The duration and intensity of marine heat waves have increased
high
2
train
6,389
AR6_WGII
2,249
3
Salinity is projected to increase, with anomalies from +0.48 to +0.89 psu by the end of the century
medium
1
train
6,390
AR6_WGII
2,249
4
Observed trends in annual precipitation are significant only in some areas and some periods, and they are stationary over the long term throughout the region
medium
1
test
6,391
AR6_WGII
2,249
6
Precipitation extremes have increased in some northern areas (medium confidence), and are projected to increase in the north (high confidence for global warming levels above 2°C), potentially accompanied by an increase in of flash floods (Llasat et al., 2016), with no change in the south
low
0
train
6,392
AR6_WGII
2,249
9
Widespread increase of evaporative demand and some decrease of precipitation explain the drying of the Mediterranean region during recent decades
high
2
test
6,393
AR6_WGII
2,249
10
Droughts are projected to become more severe, more frequent and longer under moderate emission scenarios, and strongly enhanced under severe emission scenarios
high
2
train
6,394
AR6_WGII
2,250
5
Mediterranean waters have acidified since the pre-industrial period, more rapidly than the global ocean, due to faster ventilation times
high
2
train
6,395
AR6_WGII
2,251
0
CCP4 2240Cross-Chapter Paper 4 Mediterranean Region Mediterranean mean sea level has risen by 1.4±0.2 mm yr−1 during the 20th century (Wöppelmann and Marcos, 2012) and accelerated to 2.4±0.5 mm yr−1 for 1993 to 2012 (Bonaduce et al., 2016) and 3.4 mm yr−1 for 1990 to 2009 in the northwest
medium
1
train
6,396
AR6_WGII
2,251
2
For 2150, sea level is likely to reach 0.52 m [0.32–0.81] for SSP1- 1.9, to 1.22 [0.91–1.78] for SSP5-8.5 relative to 1996–2014
medium
1
train
6,397
AR6_WGII
2,251
6
CCP4.1.4 Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Impacts New evidence published since Working Group II Assessment Report 5 (WGII AR5) confirms that climate change is increasingly affecting many systems and sectors in the Mediterranean region
high
2
train
6,398
AR6_WGII
2,251
9
Despite increasing wildfire hazard, forest fires are generally decreasing in the European part of the basin, due to more efficient risk management
medium
1
train
6,399
AR6_WGII
2,251
14
While land use and fisheries are still major non-climatic drivers of changing hazards and biodiversity losses (Aguilera et al., 2015; Turco et al., 2016; IPBES, 2018a; 2018b; Tramblay et al., 2019; Vicente-Serrano et al., 2019), impacts of climate change are now being observed in all parts of the Mediterranean region
high
2
train