rasdani/cohere-wikipedia-2023-11-en · Datasets at Hugging Face

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20231101.en_13201685_51	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The generation of renewable energy can often be connected at the distribution level, instead of the transmission grids, which means that DSO's can manage the flows and distribute power locally. This brings new opportunity for DSO's to expand their market by selling energy directly to the consumer. Simultaneously, this is challenging the utilities producing fossil fuels who already are trapped by high costs of aging assets. Stricter regulations for producing traditional energy resources from the government increases the difficulty of stay in business and increases the pressure on traditional energy companies to make the shift to renewable energy sources. An example of a utility changing business model to produce more renewable energy is the Norwegian-based company, Equinor, which was a state-owned oil company which now are heavily investing in renewable energy.
20231101.en_13201685_52	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Wind and solar power are variable renewable energy sources that aren't as consistent as base load energy and a combined cycle hydrogen power plant could help renewables by capturing excess energy, with electrolysis, when they produce to much and fill the gaps with that energy when they aren't producing as much.
20231101.en_13201685_53	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	IntelliGrid – Created by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), IntelliGrid architecture provides methodology, tools, and recommendations for standards and technologies for utility use in planning, specifying, and procuring IT-based systems, such as advanced metering, distribution automation, and demand response. The architecture also provides a living laboratory for assessing devices, systems, and technology. Several utilities have applied IntelliGrid architecture including Southern California Edison, Long Island Power Authority, Salt River Project, and TXU Electric Delivery. The IntelliGrid Consortium is a public/private partnership that integrates and optimizes global research efforts, funds technology R&D, works to integrate technologies, and disseminates technical information.
20231101.en_13201685_54	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Grid 2030 – Grid 2030 is a joint vision statement for the U.S. electrical system developed by the electric utility industry, equipment manufacturers, information technology providers, federal and state government agencies, interest groups, universities, and national laboratories. It covers generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and end-use. The National Electric Delivery Technologies Roadmap is the implementation document for the Grid 2030 vision. The Roadmap outlines the key issues and challenges for modernizing the grid and suggests paths that government and industry can take to build America's future electric delivery system.
20231101.en_13201685_55	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), utilities, consumers, researchers, and other grid stakeholders to modernize and integrate the U.S. electrical grid. DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) sponsors the initiative, which builds upon Grid 2030 and the National Electricity Delivery Technologies Roadmap and is aligned with other programs such as GridWise and GridWorks.
20231101.en_13201685_56	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	GridWise – A DOE OE program focused on developing information technology to modernize the U.S. electrical grid. Working with the GridWise Alliance, the program invests in communications architecture and standards; simulation and analysis tools; smart technologies; test beds and demonstration projects; and new regulatory, institutional, and market frameworks. The GridWise Alliance is a consortium of public and private electricity sector stakeholders, providing a forum for idea exchanges, cooperative efforts, and meetings with policy makers at federal and state levels.
20231101.en_13201685_57	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) was formed by the U.S. Department of Energy to promote and enable interoperability among the many entities that interact with the nation's electric power system. The GWAC members are a balanced and respected team representing the many constituencies of the electricity supply chain and users. The GWAC provides industry guidance and tools to articulate the goal of interoperability across the electric system, identify the concepts and architectures needed to make interoperability possible, and develop actionable steps to facilitate the inter operation of the systems, devices, and institutions that encompass the nation's electric system. The GridWise Architecture Council Interoperability Context Setting Framework, V 1.1 defines necessary guidelines and principles.
20231101.en_13201685_58	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	GridWorks – A DOE OE program focused on improving the reliability of the electric system through modernizing key grid components such as cables and conductors, substations and protective systems, and power electronics. The program's focus includes coordinating efforts on high temperature superconducting systems, transmission reliability technologies, electric distribution technologies, energy storage devices, and GridWise systems.
20231101.en_13201685_59	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project. - This project is a demonstration across five Pacific Northwest states-Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. It involves about 60,000 metered customers, and contains many key functions of the future smart grid.
20231101.en_13201685_60	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Solar Cities - In Australia, the Solar Cities programme included close collaboration with energy companies to trial smart meters, peak and off-peak pricing, remote switching and related efforts. It also provided some limited funding for grid upgrades.
20231101.en_13201685_61	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) - Located at University of California, Los Angeles dedicated its efforts to large-scale testing of its smart EV charging network technology. It created another platform for bidirectional flow of information between a utility and consumer end-devices. SMERC also developed a demand response (DR) test bed that comprises a Control Center, Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS), Home-Area-Network (HAN), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and photovoltaic (PV) panels. These technologies are installed within the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison territory as a network of EV chargers, battery energy storage systems, solar panels, DC fast charger, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) units. These platforms, communications and control networks enables UCLA-led projects within the area to be tested in partnership with two local utilities, SCE and LADWP.
20231101.en_13201685_62	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Smart Quart - In Germany, the Smart Quart project develops three smart districts to develop, test and showcase technology to operate smart grids. The project is a collaboration of E.ON, Viessmann, gridX and hydrogenious together with the RWTH Aachen University. It is planned that by the end of 2024 all three districts are supplied with locally generated energy and are largely independent of fossil energy sources.
20231101.en_13201685_63	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids. They are generally studied within the framework of complex systems. In a recent brainstorming session, the power grid was considered within the context of optimal control, ecology, human cognition, glassy dynamics, information theory, microphysics of clouds, and many others. Here is a selection of the types of analyses that have appeared in recent years.
20231101.en_13201685_64	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Pelqim Spahiu and Ian R. Evans in their study introduced the concept of a substation based smart protection and hybrid Inspection Unit.
20231101.en_13201685_65	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The Kuramoto model is a well-studied system. The power grid has been described in this context as well. The goal is to keep the system in balance, or to maintain phase synchronization (also known as phase locking). Non-uniform oscillators also help to model different technologies, different types of power generators, patterns of consumption, and so on. The model has also been used to describe the synchronization patterns in the blinking of fireflies.
20231101.en_13201685_66	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Network Simulators are used to simulate/emulate network communication effects. This typically involves setting up a lab with the smart grid devices, applications etc. with the virtual network being provided by the network simulator.
20231101.en_13201685_67	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Neural networks have been considered for power grid management as well. Electric power systems can be classified in multiple different ways: non-linear, dynamic, discrete, or random. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) attempt to solve the most difficult of these problems, the non-linear problems.
20231101.en_13201685_68	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	One application of ANNs is in demand forecasting. In order for grids to operate economically and reliably, demand forecasting is essential, because it is used to predict the amount of power that will be consumed by the load. This is dependent on weather conditions, type of day, random events, incidents, etc. For non-linear loads though, the load profile isn't smooth and as predictable, resulting in higher uncertainty and less accuracy using the traditional Artificial Intelligence models. Some factors that ANNs consider when developing these sort of models: classification of load profiles of different customer classes based on the consumption of electricity, increased responsiveness of demand to predict real time electricity prices as compared to conventional grids, the need to input past demand as different components, such as peak load, base load, valley load, average load, etc. instead of joining them into a single input, and lastly, the dependence of the type on specific input variables. An example of the last case would be given the type of day, whether its weekday or weekend, that wouldn't have much of an effect on Hospital grids, but it'd be a big factor in resident housing grids' load profile.
20231101.en_13201685_69	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	As wind power continues to gain popularity, it becomes a necessary ingredient in realistic power grid studies. Off-line storage, wind variability, supply, demand, pricing, and other factors can be modelled as a mathematical game. Here the goal is to develop a winning strategy. Markov processes have been used to model and study this type of system.
20231101.en_13201685_70	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	In 2009, the US smart grid industry was valued at about $21.4 billion – by 2014, it will exceed at least $42.8 billion. Given the success of the smart grids in the U.S., the world market is expected to grow at a faster rate, surging from $69.3 billion in 2009 to $171.4 billion by 2014. With the segments set to benefit the most will be smart metering hardware sellers and makers of software used to transmit and organize the massive amount of data collected by meters.
20231101.en_13201685_71	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	A 2011 study from the Electric Power Research Institute concludes that investment in a U.S. smart grid will cost up to $476 billion over 20 years but will provide up to $2 trillion in customer benefits over that time. In 2015, the World Economic Forum reported a transformational investment of more than $7.6 trillion by members of the OECD is needed over the next 25 years (or $300 billion per year) to modernize, expand, and decentralize the electricity infrastructure with technical innovation as key to the transformation. A 2019 study from International Energy Agency estimates that the current (depriciated) value of the US electric grid is more than USD 1 trillion. The total cost of replacing it with a smart grid is estimated to be more than USD 4 trillion. If smart grids are deployed fully across the US, the country expects to save USD 130 billion annually.
20231101.en_13201685_72	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	As customers can choose their electricity suppliers, depending on their different tariff methods, the focus of transportation costs will be increased. Reduction of maintenance and replacements costs will stimulate more advanced control.
20231101.en_13201685_73	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	A smart grid precisely limits electrical power down to the residential level, network small-scale distributed energy generation and storage devices, communicate information on operating status and needs, collect information on prices and grid conditions, and move the grid beyond central control to a collaborative network.
20231101.en_13201685_74	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	A 2003 United States Department of Energy study calculated that internal modernization of US grids with smart grid capabilities would save between 46 and 117 billion dollars over the next 20 years if implemented within a few years of the study. As well as these industrial modernization benefits, smart grid features could expand energy efficiency beyond the grid into the home by coordinating low priority home devices such as water heaters so that their use of power takes advantage of the most desirable energy sources. Smart grids can also coordinate the production of power from large numbers of small power producers such as owners of rooftop solar panels — an arrangement that would otherwise prove problematic for power systems operators at local utilities.
20231101.en_13201685_75	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	One important question is whether consumers will act in response to market signals. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Smart Grid Investment Grant and Demonstrations Program funded special consumer behavior studies to examine the acceptance, retention, and response of consumers subscribed to time-based utility rate programs that involve advanced metering infrastructure and customer systems such as in-home displays and programmable communicating thermostats.
20231101.en_13201685_76	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Another concern is that the cost of telecommunications to fully support smart grids may be prohibitive. A less expensive communication mechanism is proposed using a form of "dynamic demand management" where devices shave peaks by shifting their loads in reaction to grid frequency. Grid frequency could be used to communicate load information without the need of an additional telecommunication network, but it would not support economic bargaining or quantification of contributions.
20231101.en_13201685_77	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Although there are specific and proven smart grid technologies in use, smart grid is an aggregate term for a set of related technologies on which a specification is generally agreed, rather than a name for a specific technology. Some of the benefits of such a modernized electricity network include the ability to reduce power consumption at the consumer side during peak hours, called demand side management; enabling grid connection of distributed generation power (with photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines, micro hydro, or even combined heat power generators in buildings); incorporating grid energy storage for distributed generation load balancing; and eliminating or containing failures such as widespread power grid cascading failures. The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce emissions.
20231101.en_13201685_78	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Most opposition and concerns have centered on smart meters and the items (such as remote control, remote disconnect, and variable rate pricing) enabled by them. Where opposition to smart meters is encountered, they are often marketed as "smart grid" which connects smart grid to smart meters in the eyes of opponents. Specific points of opposition or concern include:
20231101.en_13201685_79	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	concern that complex rate systems (e.g. variable rates) remove clarity and accountability, allowing the supplier to take advantage of the customer
20231101.en_13201685_80	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	While modernization of electrical grids into smart grids allows for optimization of everyday processes, a smart grid, being online, can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Transformers which increase the voltage of electricity created at power plants for long-distance travel, transmission lines themselves, and distribution lines which deliver the electricity to its consumers are particularly susceptible. These systems rely on sensors which gather information from the field and then deliver it to control centers, where algorithms automate analysis and decision-making processes. These decisions are sent back to the field, where existing equipment execute them. Hackers have the potential to disrupt these automated control systems, severing the channels which allow generated electricity to be utilized. This is called a denial of service or DoS attack. They can also launch integrity attacks which corrupt information being transmitted along the system as well as desynchronization attacks which affect when such information is delivered to the appropriate location. Additionally, intruders can gain access via renewable energy generation systems and smart meters connected to the grid, taking advantage of more specialized weaknesses or ones whose security has not been prioritized. Because a smart grid has a large number of access points, like smart meters, defending all of its weak points can prove difficult. There is also concern on the security of the infrastructure, primarily that involving communications technology. Concerns chiefly center around the communications technology at the heart of the smart grid. Designed to allow real-time contact between utilities and meters in customers' homes and businesses, there is a risk that these capabilities could be exploited for criminal or even terrorist actions. One of the key capabilities of this connectivity is the ability to remotely switch off power supplies, enabling utilities to quickly and easily cease or modify supplies to customers who default on payment. This is undoubtedly a massive boon for energy providers, but also raises some significant security issues. Cybercriminals have infiltrated the U.S. electric grid before on numerous occasions. Aside from computer infiltration, there are also concerns that computer malware like Stuxnet, which targeted SCADA systems which are widely used in industry, could be used to attack a smart grid network.
20231101.en_13201685_81	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Electricity theft is a concern in the U.S. where the smart meters being deployed use RF technology to communicate with the electricity transmission network. People with knowledge of electronics can devise interference devices to cause the smart meter to report lower than actual usage. Similarly, the same technology can be employed to make it appear that the energy the consumer is using is being used by another customer, increasing their bill.
20231101.en_13201685_82	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The damage from a well-executed, sizable cyberattack could be extensive and long-lasting. One incapacitated substation could take from nine days to over a year to repair, depending on the nature of the attack. It can also cause an hours-long outage in a small radius. It could have an immediate effect on transportation infrastructure, as traffic lights and other routing mechanisms as well as ventilation equipment for underground roadways is reliant on electricity. Additionally, infrastructure which relies on the electric grid, including wastewater treatment facilities, the information technology sector, and communications systems could be impacted.
20231101.en_13201685_83	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack, the first recorded of its kind, disrupted services to nearly a quarter of a million people by bringing substations offline. The Council on Foreign Relations has noted that states are most likely to be the perpetrators of such an attack as they have access to the resources to carry one out despite the high level of difficulty of doing so. Cyber intrusions can be used as portions of a larger offensive, military or otherwise. Some security experts warn that this type of event is easily scalable to grids elsewhere. Insurance company Lloyd's of London has already modeled the outcome of a cyberattack on the Eastern Interconnection, which has the potential to impact 15 states, put 93 million people in the dark, and cost the country's economy anywhere from $243 billion to $1 trillion in various damages.
20231101.en_13201685_84	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	According to the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, the electric grid has already seen a sizable number of cyber intrusions, with two in every five aiming to incapacitate it. As such, the U.S. Department of Energy has prioritized research and development to decrease the electric grid's vulnerability to cyberattacks, citing them as an "imminent danger" in its 2017 Quadrennial Energy Review. The Department of Energy has also identified both attack resistance and self-healing as major keys to ensuring that today's smart grid is future-proof. While there are regulations already in place, namely the Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards introduced by the North America Electric Reliability Council, a significant number of them are suggestions rather than mandates. Most electricity generation, transmission, and distribution facilities and equipment are owned by private stakeholders, further complicating the task of assessing adherence to such standards. Additionally, even if utilities want to fully comply, they may find that it is too expensive to do so.
20231101.en_13201685_85	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Some experts argue that the first step to increasing the cyber defenses of the smart electric grid is completing a comprehensive risk analysis of existing infrastructure, including research of software, hardware, and communication processes. Additionally, as intrusions themselves can provide valuable information, it could be useful to analyze system logs and other records of their nature and timing. Common weaknesses already identified using such methods by the Department of Homeland Security include poor code quality, improper authentication, and weak firewall rules. Once this step is completed, some suggest that it makes sense to then complete an analysis of the potential consequences of the aforementioned failures or shortcomings. This includes both immediate consequences as well as second- and third-order cascading effects on parallel systems. Finally, risk mitigation solutions, which may include simple remediation of infrastructure inadequacies or novel strategies, can be deployed to address the situation. Some such measures include recoding of control system algorithms to make them more able to resist and recover from cyberattacks or preventive techniques that allow more efficient detection of unusual or unauthorized changes to data. Strategies to account for human error which can compromise systems include educating those who work in the field to be wary of strange USB drives, which can introduce malware if inserted, even if just to check their contents.
20231101.en_13201685_86	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Other solutions include utilizing transmission substations, constrained SCADA networks, policy based data sharing, and attestation for constrained smart meters.
20231101.en_13201685_87	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Transmission substations utilize one-time signature authentication technologies and one-way hash chain constructs. These constraints have since been remedied with the creation of a fast-signing and verification technology and buffering-free data processing.
20231101.en_13201685_88	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	A similar solution has been constructed for constrained SCADA networks. This involves applying a Hash-Based Message Authentication Code to byte streams, converting the random-error detection available on legacy systems to a mechanism that guarantees data authenticity.
20231101.en_13201685_89	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Policy-based data sharing utilizes GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain power grid measurements to provide increased grid stability and reliability. It does this through synchro-phasor requirements that are gathered by PMUs.
20231101.en_13201685_90	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Attestation for constrained smart meters faces a slightly different challenge, however. One of the biggest issues with attestation for constrained smart meters is that in order to prevent energy theft, and similar attacks, cyber security providers have to make sure that the devices' software is authentic. To combat this problem, an architecture for constrained smart networks has been created and implemented at a low level in the embedded system.
20231101.en_13201685_91	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Before a utility installs an advanced metering system, or any type of smart system, it must make a business case for the investment. Some components, like the power system stabilizers (PSS) installed on generators are very expensive, require complex integration in the grid's control system, are needed only during emergencies, and are only effective if other suppliers on the network have them. Without any incentive to install them, power suppliers don't. Most utilities find it difficult to justify installing a communications infrastructure for a single application (e.g. meter reading). Because of this, a utility must typically identify several applications that will use the same communications infrastructure – for example, reading a meter, monitoring power quality, remote connection and disconnection of customers, enabling demand response, etc. Ideally, the communications infrastructure will not only support near-term applications, but unanticipated applications that will arise in the future. Regulatory or legislative actions can also drive utilities to implement pieces of a smart grid puzzle. Each utility has a unique set of business, regulatory, and legislative drivers that guide its investments. This means that each utility will take a different path to creating their smart grid and that different utilities will create smart grids at different adoption rates.
20231101.en_13201685_92	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Some features of smart grids draw opposition from industries that currently are, or hope to provide similar services. An example is competition with cable and DSL Internet providers from broadband over powerline internet access. Providers of SCADA control systems for grids have intentionally designed proprietary hardware, protocols and software so that they cannot inter-operate with other systems in order to tie its customers to the vendor.
20231101.en_13201685_93	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The incorporation of digital communications and computer infrastructure with the grid's existing physical infrastructure poses challenges and inherent vulnerabilities. According to IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, the smart grid will require that people develop and use large computer and communication infrastructure that supports a greater degree of situational awareness and that allows for more specific command and control operations. This process is necessary to support major systems such as demand-response wide-area measurement and control, storage and transportation of electricity, and the automation of electric distribution.
20231101.en_13201685_94	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Various "smart grid" systems have dual functions. This includes Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems which, when used with various software can be used to detect power theft and by process of elimination, detect where equipment failures have taken place. These are in addition to their primary functions of eliminating the need for human meter reading and measuring the time-of-use of electricity.
20231101.en_13201685_95	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The worldwide power loss including theft is estimated at approximately two-hundred billion dollars annually.
20231101.en_13201685_96	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Electricity theft also represents a major challenge when providing reliable electrical service in developing countries.
20231101.en_13201685_97	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The earliest, and one of the largest, example of a smart grid is the Italian system installed by Enel S.p.A. of Italy. Completed in 2005, the Telegestore project was highly unusual in the utility world because the company designed and manufactured their own meters, acted as their own system integrator, and developed their own system software. The Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first commercial scale use of smart grid technology to the home, and delivers annual savings of 500 million euro at a project cost of 2.1 billion euro.
20231101.en_13201685_98	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	One of the largest deployment programs in the world to-date is the U.S. Dept. of Energy's Smart Grid Program funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. This program required matching funding from individual utilities. A total of over $9 billion in Public/Private funds were invested as part of this program. Technologies included Advanced Metering Infrastructure, including over 65 million Advanced "Smart" Meters, Customer Interface Systems, Distribution & Substation Automation, Volt/VAR Optimization Systems, over 1,000 Synchrophasors, Dynamic Line Rating, Cyber Security Projects, Advanced Distribution Management Systems, Energy Storage Systems, and Renewable Energy Integration Projects.
20231101.en_13201685_99	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	This program consisted of Investment Grants (matching), Demonstration Projects, Consumer Acceptance Studies, and Workforce Education Programs. Reports from all individual utility programs as well as overall impact reports will be completed by the second quarter of 2015.
20231101.en_13201685_100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	In the US, the city of Austin, Texas, has been working on building its smart grid since 2003, when its utility first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters with smart meters that communicate via a wireless mesh network. It currently manages 200,000 devices real-time (smart meters, smart thermostats, and sensors across its service area), and expects to be supporting 500,000 devices real-time in 2009 servicing 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses.
20231101.en_13201685_101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Boulder, Colorado, completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008. Both systems use the smart meter as a gateway to the home automation network (HAN) that controls smart sockets and devices. Some HAN designers favor decoupling control functions from the meter, out of concern of future mismatches with new standards and technologies available from the fast moving business segment of home electronic devices.
20231101.en_13201685_102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Hydro One, in Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative, deploying a standards-compliant communications infrastructure from Trilliant. By the end of 2010, the system will serve 1.3 million customers in the province of Ontario. The initiative won the "Best AMR Initiative in North America" award from the Utility Planning Network.
20231101.en_13201685_103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Île d'Yeu began a 2-year pilot program in Spring of 2020. Twenty-three houses in the Ker Pissot neighborhood and surrounding areas were interconnected with a microgrid that was automated as a smart grid with software from Engie. Sixty-four solar panels with a peak capacity of 23.7 kW were installed on five houses and a battery with a storage capacity of 15 kWh was installed on one house. Six houses store excess solar energy in their hot water heaters. A dynamic system apportions the energy provided by the solar panels and stored in the battery and hot water heaters to the system of 23 houses. The smart grid software dynamically updates energy supply and demand in 5 minute intervals, deciding whether to pull energy from the battery or from the panels and when to store it in the hot water heaters. This pilot program was the first such project in France.
20231101.en_13201685_104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The City of Mannheim in Germany is using realtime Broadband Powerline (BPL) communications in its Model City Mannheim "MoMa" project.
20231101.en_13201685_105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Sydney also in Australia, in partnership with the Australian Government implemented the Smart Grid, Smart City program.
20231101.en_13201685_106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	InovGrid is an innovative project in Évora, Portugal that aims to equip the electricity grid with information and devices to automate grid management, improve service quality, reduce operating costs, promote energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, and increase the penetration of renewable energies and electric vehicles. It will be possible to control and manage the state of the entire electricity distribution grid at any given instant, allowing suppliers and energy services companies to use this technological platform to offer consumers information and added-value energy products and services. This project to install an intelligent energy grid places Portugal and EDP at the cutting edge of technological innovation and service provision in Europe.
20231101.en_13201685_107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	In the so-called E-Energy projects several German utilities are creating first nucleolus in six independent model regions. A technology competition identified this model regions to carry out research and development activities with the main objective to create an "Internet of Energy."
20231101.en_13201685_108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	One of the first attempted deployments of "smart grid" technologies in the United States was rejected in 2009 by electricity regulators in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a US state. According to an article in the Boston Globe, Northeast Utilities' Western Massachusetts Electric Co. subsidiary actually attempted to create a "smart grid" program using public subsidies that would switch low income customers from post-pay to pre-pay billing (using "smart cards") in addition to special hiked "premium" rates for electricity used above a predetermined amount. This plan was rejected by regulators as it "eroded important protections for low-income customers against shutoffs". According to the Boston Globe, the plan "unfairly targeted low-income customers and circumvented Massachusetts laws meant to help struggling consumers keep the lights on". A spokesman for an environmental group supportive of smart grid plans and Western Massachusetts' Electric's aforementioned "smart grid" plan, in particular, stated "If used properly, smart grid technology has a lot of potential for reducing peak demand, which would allow us to shut down some of the oldest, dirtiest power plants... It's a tool."
20231101.en_13201685_109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The eEnergy Vermont consortium is a US statewide initiative in Vermont, funded in part through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, in which all of the electric utilities in the state have rapidly adopted a variety of Smart Grid technologies, including about 90% Advanced Metering Infrastructure deployment, and are presently evaluating a variety of dynamic rate structures.
20231101.en_13201685_110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	In the Netherlands a large-scale project (>5000 connections, >20 partners) was initiated to demonstrate integrated smart grids technologies, services and business cases.
20231101.en_13201685_111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	EPB in Chattanooga, TN is a municipally-owned electric utility that started construction of a smart grid in 2008, receiving a $111,567,606 grant from the US DOE in 2009 to expedite construction and implementation (for a total budget of $232,219,350). Deployment of power-line interrupters (1170 units) was completed in April 2012, and deployment of smart meters (172,079 units) was completed in 2013. The smart grid's backbone fiber-optic system was also used to provide the first gigabit-speed internet connection to residential customers in the US through the Fiber to the Home initiative, and now speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second are available to residents. The smart grid is estimated to have reduced power outages by an average of 60%, saving the city about 60 million dollars annually. It has also reduced the need for "truck rolls" to scout and troubleshoot faults, resulting in an estimated reduction of 630,000 truck driving miles, and 4.7 million pounds of carbon emissions. In January 2016, EPB became the first major power distribution system to earn Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER) certification.
20231101.en_13201685_112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Certain deployments utilize the OpenADR standard for load shedding and demand reduction during higher demand periods.
20231101.en_13201685_113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The smart grid market in China is estimated to be $22.3 billion with a projected growth to $61.4 billion by 2015. Honeywell is developing a demand response pilot and feasibility study for China with the State Grid Corp. of China using the OpenADR demand response standard. The State Grid Corp., the Chinese Academy of Science, and General Electric intend to work together to develop standards for China's smart grid rollout.
20231101.en_13201685_114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	In 2009, the US Department of Energy awarded an $11 million grant to Southern California Edison and Honeywell for a demand response program that automatically turns down energy use during peak hours for participating industrial customers. The Department of Energy awarded an $11.4 million grant to Honeywell to implement the program using the OpenADR standard.
20231101.en_13201685_115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Hawaiian Electric Co. (HECO) is implementing a two-year pilot project to test the ability of an ADR program to respond to the intermittence of wind power. Hawaii has a goal to obtain 70 percent of its power from renewable sources by 2030. HECO will give customers incentives for reducing power consumption within 10 minutes of a notice.
20231101.en_13201685_116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Part of the IEEE Smart Grid Initiative, IEEE 2030.2 represents an extension of the work aimed at utility storage systems for transmission and distribution networks. The IEEE P2030 group expects to deliver early 2011 an overarching set of guidelines on smart grid interfaces. The new guidelines will cover areas including batteries and supercapacitors as well as flywheels. The group has also spun out a 2030.1 effort drafting guidelines for integrating electric vehicles into the smart grid.
20231101.en_13201685_117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	IEC TC 57 has created a family of international standards that can be used as part of the smart grid. These standards include IEC 61850 which is an architecture for substation automation, and IEC 61970/61968 – the Common Information Model (CIM). The CIM provides for common semantics to be used for turning data into information.
20231101.en_13201685_118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	It is typically used to send information and signals to cause electrical power-using devices to be turned off during periods of higher demand.
20231101.en_13201685_119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	MultiSpeak has created a specification that supports distribution functionality of the smart grid. MultiSpeak has a robust set of integration definitions that supports nearly all of the software interfaces necessary for a distribution utility or for the distribution portion of a vertically integrated utility. MultiSpeak integration is defined using extensible markup language (XML) and web services.
20231101.en_13201685_120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	The UCA International User Group discusses and supports real world experience of the standards used in smart grids.
20231101.en_13201685_121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP/IP technology as a common communication platform for smart meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform.
20231101.en_13201685_122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	IEEE P2030 is an IEEE project developing a "Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads".
20231101.en_13201685_123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	NIST has included ITU-T G.hn as one of the "Standards Identified for Implementation" for the Smart Grid "for which it believed there
20231101.en_13201685_124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	was strong stakeholder consensus". G.hn is standard for high-speed communications over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables.
20231101.en_13201685_125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	OASIS EnergyInterop' – An OASIS technical committee developing XML standards for energy interoperation. Its starting point is the California OpenADR standard.
20231101.en_13201685_126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), NIST is charged with overseeing the identification and selection of hundreds of standards that will be required to implement the Smart Grid in the U.S. These standards will be referred by NIST to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). This work has begun, and the first standards have already been selected for inclusion in NIST's Smart Grid catalog. However, some commentators have suggested that the benefits that could be realized from Smart Grid standardization could be threatened by a growing number of patents that cover Smart Grid architecture and technologies. If patents that cover standardized Smart Grid elements are not revealed until technology is broadly distributed throughout the network ("locked-in"), significant disruption could occur when patent holders seek to collect unanticipated rents from large segments of the market.
20231101.en_13201685_127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	In November 2017 the non-profit GridWise Alliance along with Clean Edge Inc., a clean energy group, released rankings for all 50 states in their efforts to modernize the electric grid. California was ranked number one. The other top states were Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Oregon, Arizona, the District of Columbia, New York, Nevada and Delaware. "The 30-plus page report from the GridWise Alliance, which represents stakeholders that design, build and operate the electric grid, takes a deep dive into grid modernization efforts across the country and ranks them by state."
20231101.en_13201685_128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Christian Neureiter, A Domain-Specific, Model Driven Engineering Approach For Systems Engineering In The Smart Grid , MBSE4U, 2017,
20231101.en_13201685_129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Video Lecture: Computer System Security: Technical and Social Challenges in Creating a Trustworthy Power Grid , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
20231101.en_13201685_130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid	Smart grid	Video Lecture: Smart Grid: Key to a Sustainable Energy Infrastructure , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
20231101.en_13201692_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niendorf%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Niendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Niendorf () is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since May 2019, it is part of the new municipality Siemz-Niendorf.
20231101.en_13201692_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niendorf%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Niendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	It is close to the cities of Lübeck, Wismar and Schwerin and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
20231101.en_13201723_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy is a secondary school in the town of Bishopbriggs, Scotland, in the district of East Dunbartonshire. Bishopbriggs Academy is a non-denominational, co-educational, comprehensive school taking pupils from S1 to S6. It is currently one of two secondary schools in Bishopbriggs, along with Turnbull High School at Brackenbrae.
20231101.en_13201723_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	The school was established in August 2006 as a result of the amalgamation of Bishopbriggs High School and Thomas Muir High School.
20231101.en_13201723_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	In 2021, the school was named "The Scottish State Secondary School of the decade" by the Sunday Times in the Sunday Times School Guide, recognising the "exceptional leadership, top quality teaching and high academic standards that the school provides." It has also twice been named 'The Scottish State Secondary School of the Year' by the Sunday Times in the Sunday Times School Guide, firstly in 2014 and again in 2017.
20231101.en_13201723_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	The school consistently ranks at the top of the school exam league tables, with the school currently ranking 10th in the league tables (out of 340 secondary schools in Scotland).
20231101.en_13201723_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	In January 2013 the school received four "Excellent" grades and one "Very Good" in an Education Scotland Inspection Report. This was the first time ever that education Education Scotland had awarded four "Excellent" grades under the new inspection standards which ranks school on 5 areas. The Inspectors also described the Academy as an 'outstanding school'.
20231101.en_13201723_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	The two antecedent secondary schools were originally established to meet local demand during Bishopbriggs' housing boom beginning in the 1960s.
20231101.en_13201723_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Bishopbriggs High School was opened by Lanark County Council in 1965 and designed by Simon Pollard. It replaced the previous Bishopbriggs Higher Grade School which had originally opened in 1896, designed by David Woodburn Sturrock, and featured inscriptions on its clock tower, commemorating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria that year. This catered only for pupils up to S4 with most leaving at age 15 (S3); Higher Grade pupils transferred to Lenzie Academy in Dunbartonshire. The school and its pupils appeared in an award-winning 1959 amateur film, L' Inspecteur. The former Bishopbriggs Higher Grade School building was converted into the town library after the completion of the new High School building.
20231101.en_13201723_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Thomas Muir High School was named after the local historical political radical, Thomas Muir, and opened in 1978 to serve the expanding Woodhill area of the town. The Thomas Muir name was continued for use for a new primary school in Bishopbriggs (an amalgamation of Woodhill Primary and Auchinairn Primary), completed in 2017.
20231101.en_13201723_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Bishopbriggs High School and Thomas Muir High School merged in 2006 to form Bishopbriggs Academy as part of a £100million PPP plan to build six new secondary schools in East Dunbartonshire. The school is now situated at the site of the former Thomas Muir High School on Wester Cleddens Road, where the new campus was completed in August 2009. Prior to that, Bishopbriggs Academy had been located at the former Bishopbriggs High School buildings near Bishopbriggs Cross, which were demolished during June 2010.
20231101.en_13201723_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	The council consultation with parents had initially resulted in an agreement that the school would be built on the Bishopbriggs High School site, however this decision was later reversed in favour of the Thomas Muir site in Woodhill, releasing the more valuable BHS site for a proposed supermarket.
20231101.en_13201723_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	The school follows the Scottish Qualification Authorities curriculum, offering from National 3 up to Advanced Highers. The school has over 100 teachers, over 40 non-teaching staff (librarian, office staff, kitchen staff, technicians, facilities etc.) and offers around 30 subjects. The school offers over 35 extracurricular activities including football, rugby, athletics, skiing, badminton, public speaking, choir, theatre, supported study, youth and philanthropy initiative (for seniors) and Duke of Edinburgh awards scheme. The school is split over three levels and has a library with computers for study, three gym halls, a fitness suite, and specialised science, computing, art, design and technology classrooms, study areas, a dining hall, and two athletic fields (one grass, one artificial). As of 2019 the grass pitch has been carved up into two separate sections, one of which has been converted into an artificial grass hockey pitch which is used by the Academy and the neighbouring primary school Thomas Muir.
20231101.en_13201723_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Jonathan Graham, bagpiper who piped at the 2010 Dehli Commonwealth Games handover ceremony & 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony to a combined audience of 2.5 billion.
20231101.en_13201723_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Dougie Freedman, Scotland international who notably played for Crystal Palace, Wolves and Nottingham Forest, as well as managing Crystal Palace F.C., Bolton Wanderers and Nottingham Forest F.C.
20231101.en_13201723_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Darren Lyon, current Queen's Park football player, formerly Hamilton Academical, Peterborough United and Queen of the South.
20231101.en_13201723_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Dylan McGeouch, former Celtic, Coventry City, Hibernian, Sunderland, Aberdeen and Scotland footballer
20231101.en_13201723_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Billy Reid, current assistant manager at Brighton & Hove Albion, formerly at Clyde, Hamilton Academical, Östersund, Swansea City, played for Queen of the South, Clyde, Hamilton Academical and Stirling Albion
20231101.en_13201723_16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy	Bishopbriggs Academy	Paul Stallan, award winning architect, best known for designing the 2014 Commonwealth Games Village and his work on the Falkirk Wheel and Scottish Parliament
20231101.en_13201725_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20FIFA%20Women%27s%20World%20Cup%20squads	2007 FIFA Women's World Cup squads	This article lists all the confirmed national football squads for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup held in China between 10 and 30 September 2007. The 16 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of up to 21 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.

20231101.en_13201685_51

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The generation of renewable energy can often be connected at the distribution level, instead of the transmission grids, which means that DSO's can manage the flows and distribute power locally. This brings new opportunity for DSO's to expand their market by selling energy directly to the consumer. Simultaneously, this is challenging the utilities producing fossil fuels who already are trapped by high costs of aging assets. Stricter regulations for producing traditional energy resources from the government increases the difficulty of stay in business and increases the pressure on traditional energy companies to make the shift to renewable energy sources. An example of a utility changing business model to produce more renewable energy is the Norwegian-based company, Equinor, which was a state-owned oil company which now are heavily investing in renewable energy.

20231101.en_13201685_52

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Wind and solar power are variable renewable energy sources that aren't as consistent as base load energy and a combined cycle hydrogen power plant could help renewables by capturing excess energy, with electrolysis, when they produce to much and fill the gaps with that energy when they aren't producing as much.

20231101.en_13201685_53

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

IntelliGrid – Created by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), IntelliGrid architecture provides methodology, tools, and recommendations for standards and technologies for utility use in planning, specifying, and procuring IT-based systems, such as advanced metering, distribution automation, and demand response. The architecture also provides a living laboratory for assessing devices, systems, and technology. Several utilities have applied IntelliGrid architecture including Southern California Edison, Long Island Power Authority, Salt River Project, and TXU Electric Delivery. The IntelliGrid Consortium is a public/private partnership that integrates and optimizes global research efforts, funds technology R&D, works to integrate technologies, and disseminates technical information.

20231101.en_13201685_54

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Grid 2030 – Grid 2030 is a joint vision statement for the U.S. electrical system developed by the electric utility industry, equipment manufacturers, information technology providers, federal and state government agencies, interest groups, universities, and national laboratories. It covers generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and end-use. The National Electric Delivery Technologies Roadmap is the implementation document for the Grid 2030 vision. The Roadmap outlines the key issues and challenges for modernizing the grid and suggests paths that government and industry can take to build America's future electric delivery system.

20231101.en_13201685_55

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), utilities, consumers, researchers, and other grid stakeholders to modernize and integrate the U.S. electrical grid. DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) sponsors the initiative, which builds upon Grid 2030 and the National Electricity Delivery Technologies Roadmap and is aligned with other programs such as GridWise and GridWorks.

20231101.en_13201685_56

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

GridWise – A DOE OE program focused on developing information technology to modernize the U.S. electrical grid. Working with the GridWise Alliance, the program invests in communications architecture and standards; simulation and analysis tools; smart technologies; test beds and demonstration projects; and new regulatory, institutional, and market frameworks. The GridWise Alliance is a consortium of public and private electricity sector stakeholders, providing a forum for idea exchanges, cooperative efforts, and meetings with policy makers at federal and state levels.

20231101.en_13201685_57

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) was formed by the U.S. Department of Energy to promote and enable interoperability among the many entities that interact with the nation's electric power system. The GWAC members are a balanced and respected team representing the many constituencies of the electricity supply chain and users. The GWAC provides industry guidance and tools to articulate the goal of interoperability across the electric system, identify the concepts and architectures needed to make interoperability possible, and develop actionable steps to facilitate the inter operation of the systems, devices, and institutions that encompass the nation's electric system. The GridWise Architecture Council Interoperability Context Setting Framework, V 1.1 defines necessary guidelines and principles.

20231101.en_13201685_58

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

GridWorks – A DOE OE program focused on improving the reliability of the electric system through modernizing key grid components such as cables and conductors, substations and protective systems, and power electronics. The program's focus includes coordinating efforts on high temperature superconducting systems, transmission reliability technologies, electric distribution technologies, energy storage devices, and GridWise systems.

20231101.en_13201685_59

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project. - This project is a demonstration across five Pacific Northwest states-Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. It involves about 60,000 metered customers, and contains many key functions of the future smart grid.

20231101.en_13201685_60

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Solar Cities - In Australia, the Solar Cities programme included close collaboration with energy companies to trial smart meters, peak and off-peak pricing, remote switching and related efforts. It also provided some limited funding for grid upgrades.

20231101.en_13201685_61

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) - Located at University of California, Los Angeles dedicated its efforts to large-scale testing of its smart EV charging network technology. It created another platform for bidirectional flow of information between a utility and consumer end-devices. SMERC also developed a demand response (DR) test bed that comprises a Control Center, Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS), Home-Area-Network (HAN), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and photovoltaic (PV) panels. These technologies are installed within the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison territory as a network of EV chargers, battery energy storage systems, solar panels, DC fast charger, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) units. These platforms, communications and control networks enables UCLA-led projects within the area to be tested in partnership with two local utilities, SCE and LADWP.

20231101.en_13201685_62

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Smart Quart - In Germany, the Smart Quart project develops three smart districts to develop, test and showcase technology to operate smart grids. The project is a collaboration of E.ON, Viessmann, gridX and hydrogenious together with the RWTH Aachen University. It is planned that by the end of 2024 all three districts are supplied with locally generated energy and are largely independent of fossil energy sources.

20231101.en_13201685_63

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids. They are generally studied within the framework of complex systems. In a recent brainstorming session, the power grid was considered within the context of optimal control, ecology, human cognition, glassy dynamics, information theory, microphysics of clouds, and many others. Here is a selection of the types of analyses that have appeared in recent years.

20231101.en_13201685_64

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Pelqim Spahiu and Ian R. Evans in their study introduced the concept of a substation based smart protection and hybrid Inspection Unit.

20231101.en_13201685_65

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The Kuramoto model is a well-studied system. The power grid has been described in this context as well. The goal is to keep the system in balance, or to maintain phase synchronization (also known as phase locking). Non-uniform oscillators also help to model different technologies, different types of power generators, patterns of consumption, and so on. The model has also been used to describe the synchronization patterns in the blinking of fireflies.

20231101.en_13201685_66

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Network Simulators are used to simulate/emulate network communication effects. This typically involves setting up a lab with the smart grid devices, applications etc. with the virtual network being provided by the network simulator.

20231101.en_13201685_67

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Neural networks have been considered for power grid management as well. Electric power systems can be classified in multiple different ways: non-linear, dynamic, discrete, or random. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) attempt to solve the most difficult of these problems, the non-linear problems.

20231101.en_13201685_68

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

One application of ANNs is in demand forecasting. In order for grids to operate economically and reliably, demand forecasting is essential, because it is used to predict the amount of power that will be consumed by the load. This is dependent on weather conditions, type of day, random events, incidents, etc. For non-linear loads though, the load profile isn't smooth and as predictable, resulting in higher uncertainty and less accuracy using the traditional Artificial Intelligence models. Some factors that ANNs consider when developing these sort of models: classification of load profiles of different customer classes based on the consumption of electricity, increased responsiveness of demand to predict real time electricity prices as compared to conventional grids, the need to input past demand as different components, such as peak load, base load, valley load, average load, etc. instead of joining them into a single input, and lastly, the dependence of the type on specific input variables. An example of the last case would be given the type of day, whether its weekday or weekend, that wouldn't have much of an effect on Hospital grids, but it'd be a big factor in resident housing grids' load profile.

20231101.en_13201685_69

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

As wind power continues to gain popularity, it becomes a necessary ingredient in realistic power grid studies. Off-line storage, wind variability, supply, demand, pricing, and other factors can be modelled as a mathematical game. Here the goal is to develop a winning strategy. Markov processes have been used to model and study this type of system.

20231101.en_13201685_70

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

In 2009, the US smart grid industry was valued at about $21.4 billion – by 2014, it will exceed at least $42.8 billion. Given the success of the smart grids in the U.S., the world market is expected to grow at a faster rate, surging from $69.3 billion in 2009 to $171.4 billion by 2014. With the segments set to benefit the most will be smart metering hardware sellers and makers of software used to transmit and organize the massive amount of data collected by meters.

20231101.en_13201685_71

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

A 2011 study from the Electric Power Research Institute concludes that investment in a U.S. smart grid will cost up to $476 billion over 20 years but will provide up to $2 trillion in customer benefits over that time. In 2015, the World Economic Forum reported a transformational investment of more than $7.6 trillion by members of the OECD is needed over the next 25 years (or $300 billion per year) to modernize, expand, and decentralize the electricity infrastructure with technical innovation as key to the transformation. A 2019 study from International Energy Agency estimates that the current (depriciated) value of the US electric grid is more than USD 1 trillion. The total cost of replacing it with a smart grid is estimated to be more than USD 4 trillion. If smart grids are deployed fully across the US, the country expects to save USD 130 billion annually.

20231101.en_13201685_72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

As customers can choose their electricity suppliers, depending on their different tariff methods, the focus of transportation costs will be increased. Reduction of maintenance and replacements costs will stimulate more advanced control.

20231101.en_13201685_73

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

A smart grid precisely limits electrical power down to the residential level, network small-scale distributed energy generation and storage devices, communicate information on operating status and needs, collect information on prices and grid conditions, and move the grid beyond central control to a collaborative network.

20231101.en_13201685_74

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

A 2003 United States Department of Energy study calculated that internal modernization of US grids with smart grid capabilities would save between 46 and 117 billion dollars over the next 20 years if implemented within a few years of the study. As well as these industrial modernization benefits, smart grid features could expand energy efficiency beyond the grid into the home by coordinating low priority home devices such as water heaters so that their use of power takes advantage of the most desirable energy sources. Smart grids can also coordinate the production of power from large numbers of small power producers such as owners of rooftop solar panels — an arrangement that would otherwise prove problematic for power systems operators at local utilities.

20231101.en_13201685_75

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

One important question is whether consumers will act in response to market signals. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Smart Grid Investment Grant and Demonstrations Program funded special consumer behavior studies to examine the acceptance, retention, and response of consumers subscribed to time-based utility rate programs that involve advanced metering infrastructure and customer systems such as in-home displays and programmable communicating thermostats.

20231101.en_13201685_76

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Another concern is that the cost of telecommunications to fully support smart grids may be prohibitive. A less expensive communication mechanism is proposed using a form of "dynamic demand management" where devices shave peaks by shifting their loads in reaction to grid frequency. Grid frequency could be used to communicate load information without the need of an additional telecommunication network, but it would not support economic bargaining or quantification of contributions.

20231101.en_13201685_77

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Although there are specific and proven smart grid technologies in use, smart grid is an aggregate term for a set of related technologies on which a specification is generally agreed, rather than a name for a specific technology. Some of the benefits of such a modernized electricity network include the ability to reduce power consumption at the consumer side during peak hours, called demand side management; enabling grid connection of distributed generation power (with photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines, micro hydro, or even combined heat power generators in buildings); incorporating grid energy storage for distributed generation load balancing; and eliminating or containing failures such as widespread power grid cascading failures. The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce emissions.

20231101.en_13201685_78

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Most opposition and concerns have centered on smart meters and the items (such as remote control, remote disconnect, and variable rate pricing) enabled by them. Where opposition to smart meters is encountered, they are often marketed as "smart grid" which connects smart grid to smart meters in the eyes of opponents. Specific points of opposition or concern include:

20231101.en_13201685_79

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

concern that complex rate systems (e.g. variable rates) remove clarity and accountability, allowing the supplier to take advantage of the customer

20231101.en_13201685_80

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

While modernization of electrical grids into smart grids allows for optimization of everyday processes, a smart grid, being online, can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Transformers which increase the voltage of electricity created at power plants for long-distance travel, transmission lines themselves, and distribution lines which deliver the electricity to its consumers are particularly susceptible. These systems rely on sensors which gather information from the field and then deliver it to control centers, where algorithms automate analysis and decision-making processes. These decisions are sent back to the field, where existing equipment execute them. Hackers have the potential to disrupt these automated control systems, severing the channels which allow generated electricity to be utilized. This is called a denial of service or DoS attack. They can also launch integrity attacks which corrupt information being transmitted along the system as well as desynchronization attacks which affect when such information is delivered to the appropriate location. Additionally, intruders can gain access via renewable energy generation systems and smart meters connected to the grid, taking advantage of more specialized weaknesses or ones whose security has not been prioritized. Because a smart grid has a large number of access points, like smart meters, defending all of its weak points can prove difficult. There is also concern on the security of the infrastructure, primarily that involving communications technology. Concerns chiefly center around the communications technology at the heart of the smart grid. Designed to allow real-time contact between utilities and meters in customers' homes and businesses, there is a risk that these capabilities could be exploited for criminal or even terrorist actions. One of the key capabilities of this connectivity is the ability to remotely switch off power supplies, enabling utilities to quickly and easily cease or modify supplies to customers who default on payment. This is undoubtedly a massive boon for energy providers, but also raises some significant security issues. Cybercriminals have infiltrated the U.S. electric grid before on numerous occasions. Aside from computer infiltration, there are also concerns that computer malware like Stuxnet, which targeted SCADA systems which are widely used in industry, could be used to attack a smart grid network.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Electricity theft is a concern in the U.S. where the smart meters being deployed use RF technology to communicate with the electricity transmission network. People with knowledge of electronics can devise interference devices to cause the smart meter to report lower than actual usage. Similarly, the same technology can be employed to make it appear that the energy the consumer is using is being used by another customer, increasing their bill.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The damage from a well-executed, sizable cyberattack could be extensive and long-lasting. One incapacitated substation could take from nine days to over a year to repair, depending on the nature of the attack. It can also cause an hours-long outage in a small radius. It could have an immediate effect on transportation infrastructure, as traffic lights and other routing mechanisms as well as ventilation equipment for underground roadways is reliant on electricity. Additionally, infrastructure which relies on the electric grid, including wastewater treatment facilities, the information technology sector, and communications systems could be impacted.

20231101.en_13201685_83

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack, the first recorded of its kind, disrupted services to nearly a quarter of a million people by bringing substations offline. The Council on Foreign Relations has noted that states are most likely to be the perpetrators of such an attack as they have access to the resources to carry one out despite the high level of difficulty of doing so. Cyber intrusions can be used as portions of a larger offensive, military or otherwise. Some security experts warn that this type of event is easily scalable to grids elsewhere. Insurance company Lloyd's of London has already modeled the outcome of a cyberattack on the Eastern Interconnection, which has the potential to impact 15 states, put 93 million people in the dark, and cost the country's economy anywhere from $243 billion to $1 trillion in various damages.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

According to the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, the electric grid has already seen a sizable number of cyber intrusions, with two in every five aiming to incapacitate it. As such, the U.S. Department of Energy has prioritized research and development to decrease the electric grid's vulnerability to cyberattacks, citing them as an "imminent danger" in its 2017 Quadrennial Energy Review. The Department of Energy has also identified both attack resistance and self-healing as major keys to ensuring that today's smart grid is future-proof. While there are regulations already in place, namely the Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards introduced by the North America Electric Reliability Council, a significant number of them are suggestions rather than mandates. Most electricity generation, transmission, and distribution facilities and equipment are owned by private stakeholders, further complicating the task of assessing adherence to such standards. Additionally, even if utilities want to fully comply, they may find that it is too expensive to do so.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Some experts argue that the first step to increasing the cyber defenses of the smart electric grid is completing a comprehensive risk analysis of existing infrastructure, including research of software, hardware, and communication processes. Additionally, as intrusions themselves can provide valuable information, it could be useful to analyze system logs and other records of their nature and timing. Common weaknesses already identified using such methods by the Department of Homeland Security include poor code quality, improper authentication, and weak firewall rules. Once this step is completed, some suggest that it makes sense to then complete an analysis of the potential consequences of the aforementioned failures or shortcomings. This includes both immediate consequences as well as second- and third-order cascading effects on parallel systems. Finally, risk mitigation solutions, which may include simple remediation of infrastructure inadequacies or novel strategies, can be deployed to address the situation. Some such measures include recoding of control system algorithms to make them more able to resist and recover from cyberattacks or preventive techniques that allow more efficient detection of unusual or unauthorized changes to data. Strategies to account for human error which can compromise systems include educating those who work in the field to be wary of strange USB drives, which can introduce malware if inserted, even if just to check their contents.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Other solutions include utilizing transmission substations, constrained SCADA networks, policy based data sharing, and attestation for constrained smart meters.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Transmission substations utilize one-time signature authentication technologies and one-way hash chain constructs. These constraints have since been remedied with the creation of a fast-signing and verification technology and buffering-free data processing.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

A similar solution has been constructed for constrained SCADA networks. This involves applying a Hash-Based Message Authentication Code to byte streams, converting the random-error detection available on legacy systems to a mechanism that guarantees data authenticity.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Policy-based data sharing utilizes GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain power grid measurements to provide increased grid stability and reliability. It does this through synchro-phasor requirements that are gathered by PMUs.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Attestation for constrained smart meters faces a slightly different challenge, however. One of the biggest issues with attestation for constrained smart meters is that in order to prevent energy theft, and similar attacks, cyber security providers have to make sure that the devices' software is authentic. To combat this problem, an architecture for constrained smart networks has been created and implemented at a low level in the embedded system.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Before a utility installs an advanced metering system, or any type of smart system, it must make a business case for the investment. Some components, like the power system stabilizers (PSS) installed on generators are very expensive, require complex integration in the grid's control system, are needed only during emergencies, and are only effective if other suppliers on the network have them. Without any incentive to install them, power suppliers don't. Most utilities find it difficult to justify installing a communications infrastructure for a single application (e.g. meter reading). Because of this, a utility must typically identify several applications that will use the same communications infrastructure – for example, reading a meter, monitoring power quality, remote connection and disconnection of customers, enabling demand response, etc. Ideally, the communications infrastructure will not only support near-term applications, but unanticipated applications that will arise in the future. Regulatory or legislative actions can also drive utilities to implement pieces of a smart grid puzzle. Each utility has a unique set of business, regulatory, and legislative drivers that guide its investments. This means that each utility will take a different path to creating their smart grid and that different utilities will create smart grids at different adoption rates.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Some features of smart grids draw opposition from industries that currently are, or hope to provide similar services. An example is competition with cable and DSL Internet providers from broadband over powerline internet access. Providers of SCADA control systems for grids have intentionally designed proprietary hardware, protocols and software so that they cannot inter-operate with other systems in order to tie its customers to the vendor.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The incorporation of digital communications and computer infrastructure with the grid's existing physical infrastructure poses challenges and inherent vulnerabilities. According to IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, the smart grid will require that people develop and use large computer and communication infrastructure that supports a greater degree of situational awareness and that allows for more specific command and control operations. This process is necessary to support major systems such as demand-response wide-area measurement and control, storage and transportation of electricity, and the automation of electric distribution.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Various "smart grid" systems have dual functions. This includes Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems which, when used with various software can be used to detect power theft and by process of elimination, detect where equipment failures have taken place. These are in addition to their primary functions of eliminating the need for human meter reading and measuring the time-of-use of electricity.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The worldwide power loss including theft is estimated at approximately two-hundred billion dollars annually.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Electricity theft also represents a major challenge when providing reliable electrical service in developing countries.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The earliest, and one of the largest, example of a smart grid is the Italian system installed by Enel S.p.A. of Italy. Completed in 2005, the Telegestore project was highly unusual in the utility world because the company designed and manufactured their own meters, acted as their own system integrator, and developed their own system software. The Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first commercial scale use of smart grid technology to the home, and delivers annual savings of 500 million euro at a project cost of 2.1 billion euro.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

One of the largest deployment programs in the world to-date is the U.S. Dept. of Energy's Smart Grid Program funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. This program required matching funding from individual utilities. A total of over $9 billion in Public/Private funds were invested as part of this program. Technologies included Advanced Metering Infrastructure, including over 65 million Advanced "Smart" Meters, Customer Interface Systems, Distribution & Substation Automation, Volt/VAR Optimization Systems, over 1,000 Synchrophasors, Dynamic Line Rating, Cyber Security Projects, Advanced Distribution Management Systems, Energy Storage Systems, and Renewable Energy Integration Projects.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

This program consisted of Investment Grants (matching), Demonstration Projects, Consumer Acceptance Studies, and Workforce Education Programs. Reports from all individual utility programs as well as overall impact reports will be completed by the second quarter of 2015.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

In the US, the city of Austin, Texas, has been working on building its smart grid since 2003, when its utility first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters with smart meters that communicate via a wireless mesh network. It currently manages 200,000 devices real-time (smart meters, smart thermostats, and sensors across its service area), and expects to be supporting 500,000 devices real-time in 2009 servicing 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Boulder, Colorado, completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008. Both systems use the smart meter as a gateway to the home automation network (HAN) that controls smart sockets and devices. Some HAN designers favor decoupling control functions from the meter, out of concern of future mismatches with new standards and technologies available from the fast moving business segment of home electronic devices.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Hydro One, in Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative, deploying a standards-compliant communications infrastructure from Trilliant. By the end of 2010, the system will serve 1.3 million customers in the province of Ontario. The initiative won the "Best AMR Initiative in North America" award from the Utility Planning Network.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Île d'Yeu began a 2-year pilot program in Spring of 2020. Twenty-three houses in the Ker Pissot neighborhood and surrounding areas were interconnected with a microgrid that was automated as a smart grid with software from Engie. Sixty-four solar panels with a peak capacity of 23.7 kW were installed on five houses and a battery with a storage capacity of 15 kWh was installed on one house. Six houses store excess solar energy in their hot water heaters. A dynamic system apportions the energy provided by the solar panels and stored in the battery and hot water heaters to the system of 23 houses. The smart grid software dynamically updates energy supply and demand in 5 minute intervals, deciding whether to pull energy from the battery or from the panels and when to store it in the hot water heaters. This pilot program was the first such project in France.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The City of Mannheim in Germany is using realtime Broadband Powerline (BPL) communications in its Model City Mannheim "MoMa" project.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Sydney also in Australia, in partnership with the Australian Government implemented the Smart Grid, Smart City program.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

InovGrid is an innovative project in Évora, Portugal that aims to equip the electricity grid with information and devices to automate grid management, improve service quality, reduce operating costs, promote energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, and increase the penetration of renewable energies and electric vehicles. It will be possible to control and manage the state of the entire electricity distribution grid at any given instant, allowing suppliers and energy services companies to use this technological platform to offer consumers information and added-value energy products and services. This project to install an intelligent energy grid places Portugal and EDP at the cutting edge of technological innovation and service provision in Europe.

20231101.en_13201685_107

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

In the so-called E-Energy projects several German utilities are creating first nucleolus in six independent model regions. A technology competition identified this model regions to carry out research and development activities with the main objective to create an "Internet of Energy."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

One of the first attempted deployments of "smart grid" technologies in the United States was rejected in 2009 by electricity regulators in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a US state. According to an article in the Boston Globe, Northeast Utilities' Western Massachusetts Electric Co. subsidiary actually attempted to create a "smart grid" program using public subsidies that would switch low income customers from post-pay to pre-pay billing (using "smart cards") in addition to special hiked "premium" rates for electricity used above a predetermined amount. This plan was rejected by regulators as it "eroded important protections for low-income customers against shutoffs". According to the Boston Globe, the plan "unfairly targeted low-income customers and circumvented Massachusetts laws meant to help struggling consumers keep the lights on". A spokesman for an environmental group supportive of smart grid plans and Western Massachusetts' Electric's aforementioned "smart grid" plan, in particular, stated "If used properly, smart grid technology has a lot of potential for reducing peak demand, which would allow us to shut down some of the oldest, dirtiest power plants... It's a tool."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The eEnergy Vermont consortium is a US statewide initiative in Vermont, funded in part through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, in which all of the electric utilities in the state have rapidly adopted a variety of Smart Grid technologies, including about 90% Advanced Metering Infrastructure deployment, and are presently evaluating a variety of dynamic rate structures.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

In the Netherlands a large-scale project (>5000 connections, >20 partners) was initiated to demonstrate integrated smart grids technologies, services and business cases.

20231101.en_13201685_111

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

EPB in Chattanooga, TN is a municipally-owned electric utility that started construction of a smart grid in 2008, receiving a $111,567,606 grant from the US DOE in 2009 to expedite construction and implementation (for a total budget of $232,219,350). Deployment of power-line interrupters (1170 units) was completed in April 2012, and deployment of smart meters (172,079 units) was completed in 2013. The smart grid's backbone fiber-optic system was also used to provide the first gigabit-speed internet connection to residential customers in the US through the Fiber to the Home initiative, and now speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second are available to residents. The smart grid is estimated to have reduced power outages by an average of 60%, saving the city about 60 million dollars annually. It has also reduced the need for "truck rolls" to scout and troubleshoot faults, resulting in an estimated reduction of 630,000 truck driving miles, and 4.7 million pounds of carbon emissions. In January 2016, EPB became the first major power distribution system to earn Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER) certification.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Certain deployments utilize the OpenADR standard for load shedding and demand reduction during higher demand periods.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The smart grid market in China is estimated to be $22.3 billion with a projected growth to $61.4 billion by 2015. Honeywell is developing a demand response pilot and feasibility study for China with the State Grid Corp. of China using the OpenADR demand response standard. The State Grid Corp., the Chinese Academy of Science, and General Electric intend to work together to develop standards for China's smart grid rollout.

20231101.en_13201685_114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

In 2009, the US Department of Energy awarded an $11 million grant to Southern California Edison and Honeywell for a demand response program that automatically turns down energy use during peak hours for participating industrial customers. The Department of Energy awarded an $11.4 million grant to Honeywell to implement the program using the OpenADR standard.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Hawaiian Electric Co. (HECO) is implementing a two-year pilot project to test the ability of an ADR program to respond to the intermittence of wind power. Hawaii has a goal to obtain 70 percent of its power from renewable sources by 2030. HECO will give customers incentives for reducing power consumption within 10 minutes of a notice.

20231101.en_13201685_116

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Part of the IEEE Smart Grid Initiative, IEEE 2030.2 represents an extension of the work aimed at utility storage systems for transmission and distribution networks. The IEEE P2030 group expects to deliver early 2011 an overarching set of guidelines on smart grid interfaces. The new guidelines will cover areas including batteries and supercapacitors as well as flywheels. The group has also spun out a 2030.1 effort drafting guidelines for integrating electric vehicles into the smart grid.

20231101.en_13201685_117

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

IEC TC 57 has created a family of international standards that can be used as part of the smart grid. These standards include IEC 61850 which is an architecture for substation automation, and IEC 61970/61968 – the Common Information Model (CIM). The CIM provides for common semantics to be used for turning data into information.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

It is typically used to send information and signals to cause electrical power-using devices to be turned off during periods of higher demand.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

MultiSpeak has created a specification that supports distribution functionality of the smart grid. MultiSpeak has a robust set of integration definitions that supports nearly all of the software interfaces necessary for a distribution utility or for the distribution portion of a vertically integrated utility. MultiSpeak integration is defined using extensible markup language (XML) and web services.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

The UCA International User Group discusses and supports real world experience of the standards used in smart grids.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP/IP technology as a common communication platform for smart meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

IEEE P2030 is an IEEE project developing a "Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

NIST has included ITU-T G.hn as one of the "Standards Identified for Implementation" for the Smart Grid "for which it believed there

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

was strong stakeholder consensus". G.hn is standard for high-speed communications over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

OASIS EnergyInterop' – An OASIS technical committee developing XML standards for energy interoperation. Its starting point is the California OpenADR standard.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), NIST is charged with overseeing the identification and selection of hundreds of standards that will be required to implement the Smart Grid in the U.S. These standards will be referred by NIST to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). This work has begun, and the first standards have already been selected for inclusion in NIST's Smart Grid catalog. However, some commentators have suggested that the benefits that could be realized from Smart Grid standardization could be threatened by a growing number of patents that cover Smart Grid architecture and technologies. If patents that cover standardized Smart Grid elements are not revealed until technology is broadly distributed throughout the network ("locked-in"), significant disruption could occur when patent holders seek to collect unanticipated rents from large segments of the market.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

In November 2017 the non-profit GridWise Alliance along with Clean Edge Inc., a clean energy group, released rankings for all 50 states in their efforts to modernize the electric grid. California was ranked number one. The other top states were Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Oregon, Arizona, the District of Columbia, New York, Nevada and Delaware. "The 30-plus page report from the GridWise Alliance, which represents stakeholders that design, build and operate the electric grid, takes a deep dive into grid modernization efforts across the country and ranks them by state."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Christian Neureiter, A Domain-Specific, Model Driven Engineering Approach For Systems Engineering In The Smart Grid , MBSE4U, 2017,

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Video Lecture: Computer System Security: Technical and Social Challenges in Creating a Trustworthy Power Grid , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20grid

Smart grid

Video Lecture: Smart Grid: Key to a Sustainable Energy Infrastructure , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niendorf%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Niendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Niendorf () is a village and a former municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since May 2019, it is part of the new municipality Siemz-Niendorf.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niendorf%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Niendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

It is close to the cities of Lübeck, Wismar and Schwerin and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.

20231101.en_13201723_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy is a secondary school in the town of Bishopbriggs, Scotland, in the district of East Dunbartonshire. Bishopbriggs Academy is a non-denominational, co-educational, comprehensive school taking pupils from S1 to S6. It is currently one of two secondary schools in Bishopbriggs, along with Turnbull High School at Brackenbrae.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

The school was established in August 2006 as a result of the amalgamation of Bishopbriggs High School and Thomas Muir High School.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

In 2021, the school was named "The Scottish State Secondary School of the decade" by the Sunday Times in the Sunday Times School Guide, recognising the "exceptional leadership, top quality teaching and high academic standards that the school provides." It has also twice been named 'The Scottish State Secondary School of the Year' by the Sunday Times in the Sunday Times School Guide, firstly in 2014 and again in 2017.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

The school consistently ranks at the top of the school exam league tables, with the school currently ranking 10th in the league tables (out of 340 secondary schools in Scotland).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

In January 2013 the school received four "Excellent" grades and one "Very Good" in an Education Scotland Inspection Report. This was the first time ever that education Education Scotland had awarded four "Excellent" grades under the new inspection standards which ranks school on 5 areas. The Inspectors also described the Academy as an 'outstanding school'.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

The two antecedent secondary schools were originally established to meet local demand during Bishopbriggs' housing boom beginning in the 1960s.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Bishopbriggs High School was opened by Lanark County Council in 1965 and designed by Simon Pollard. It replaced the previous Bishopbriggs Higher Grade School which had originally opened in 1896, designed by David Woodburn Sturrock, and featured inscriptions on its clock tower, commemorating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria that year. This catered only for pupils up to S4 with most leaving at age 15 (S3); Higher Grade pupils transferred to Lenzie Academy in Dunbartonshire. The school and its pupils appeared in an award-winning 1959 amateur film, L' Inspecteur. The former Bishopbriggs Higher Grade School building was converted into the town library after the completion of the new High School building.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Thomas Muir High School was named after the local historical political radical, Thomas Muir, and opened in 1978 to serve the expanding Woodhill area of the town. The Thomas Muir name was continued for use for a new primary school in Bishopbriggs (an amalgamation of Woodhill Primary and Auchinairn Primary), completed in 2017.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Bishopbriggs High School and Thomas Muir High School merged in 2006 to form Bishopbriggs Academy as part of a £100million PPP plan to build six new secondary schools in East Dunbartonshire. The school is now situated at the site of the former Thomas Muir High School on Wester Cleddens Road, where the new campus was completed in August 2009. Prior to that, Bishopbriggs Academy had been located at the former Bishopbriggs High School buildings near Bishopbriggs Cross, which were demolished during June 2010.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

The council consultation with parents had initially resulted in an agreement that the school would be built on the Bishopbriggs High School site, however this decision was later reversed in favour of the Thomas Muir site in Woodhill, releasing the more valuable BHS site for a proposed supermarket.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

The school follows the Scottish Qualification Authorities curriculum, offering from National 3 up to Advanced Highers. The school has over 100 teachers, over 40 non-teaching staff (librarian, office staff, kitchen staff, technicians, facilities etc.) and offers around 30 subjects. The school offers over 35 extracurricular activities including football, rugby, athletics, skiing, badminton, public speaking, choir, theatre, supported study, youth and philanthropy initiative (for seniors) and Duke of Edinburgh awards scheme. The school is split over three levels and has a library with computers for study, three gym halls, a fitness suite, and specialised science, computing, art, design and technology classrooms, study areas, a dining hall, and two athletic fields (one grass, one artificial). As of 2019 the grass pitch has been carved up into two separate sections, one of which has been converted into an artificial grass hockey pitch which is used by the Academy and the neighbouring primary school Thomas Muir.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Jonathan Graham, bagpiper who piped at the 2010 Dehli Commonwealth Games handover ceremony & 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony to a combined audience of 2.5 billion.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Dougie Freedman, Scotland international who notably played for Crystal Palace, Wolves and Nottingham Forest, as well as managing Crystal Palace F.C., Bolton Wanderers and Nottingham Forest F.C.

20231101.en_13201723_13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Darren Lyon, current Queen's Park football player, formerly Hamilton Academical, Peterborough United and Queen of the South.

20231101.en_13201723_14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Dylan McGeouch, former Celtic, Coventry City, Hibernian, Sunderland, Aberdeen and Scotland footballer

20231101.en_13201723_15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Billy Reid, current assistant manager at Brighton & Hove Albion, formerly at Clyde, Hamilton Academical, Östersund, Swansea City, played for Queen of the South, Clyde, Hamilton Academical and Stirling Albion

20231101.en_13201723_16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopbriggs%20Academy

Bishopbriggs Academy

Paul Stallan, award winning architect, best known for designing the 2014 Commonwealth Games Village and his work on the Falkirk Wheel and Scottish Parliament

20231101.en_13201725_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20FIFA%20Women%27s%20World%20Cup%20squads

2007 FIFA Women's World Cup squads

This article lists all the confirmed national football squads for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup held in China between 10 and 30 September 2007. The 16 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of up to 21 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.