rasdani/cohere-wikipedia-2023-11-en · Datasets at Hugging Face

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20231101.en_13201074_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	Computing a seam consists of finding a path of minimum energy cost from one end of the image to another.
20231101.en_13201074_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	This can be done via Dijkstra's algorithm, dynamic programming, greedy algorithm or graph cuts among others.
20231101.en_13201074_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	Dynamic programming is a programming method that stores the results of sub-calculations in order to simplify calculating a more complex result. Dynamic programming can be used to compute seams. If attempting to compute a vertical seam (path) of lowest energy, for each pixel in a row we compute the energy of the current pixel plus the energy of one of the three possible pixels above it.
20231101.en_13201074_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	The images below depict a DP process to compute one optimal seam. Each square represents a pixel, with the top-left value in red representing the energy value of that pixel. The value in black represents the cumulative sum of energies leading up to and including that pixel.
20231101.en_13201074_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	The energy calculation is trivially parallelized for simple functions. The calculation of the DP array can also be parallelized with some interprocess communication. However, the problem of making multiple seams at the same time is harder for two reasons: the energy needs to be regenerated for each removal for correctness and simply tracing back multiple seams can form overlaps. Avidan 2007 computes all seams by removing each seam iteratively and storing an "index map" to record all the seams generated. The map holds a "nth seam" number for each pixel on the image, and can be used later for size adjustment.
20231101.en_13201074_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	If one ignores both issues however, a greedy approximation for parallel seam carving is possible. To do so, one starts with the minimum-energy pixel at one end, and keep choosing the minimum energy path to the other end. The used pixels are marked so that they are not picked again. Local seams can also be computed for smaller parts of the image in parallel for a good approximation.
20231101.en_13201074_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	The algorithm may need user-provided information to reduce errors. This can consist of painting the regions which are to be preserved. With human faces it is possible to use face detection.
20231101.en_13201074_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	Sometimes the algorithm, by removing a low energy seam, may end up inadvertently creating a seam of higher energy. The solution to this is to simulate a removal of a seam, and then check the energy delta to see if the energy increases (forward energy). If it does, prefer other seams instead.
20231101.en_13201074_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	Adobe Systems acquired a non-exclusive license to seam carving technology from MERL, and implemented it as a feature in Photoshop CS4, where it is called Content Aware Scaling.
20231101.en_13201074_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	As the license is non-exclusive, other popular computer graphics applications (e. g. GIMP, digiKam, and ImageMagick) as well as some stand-alone programs (e. g. iResizer) also have implementations of this technique, some of which are released as free and open source software.
20231101.en_13201074_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving	Seam carving	A 2010 review of eight image retargeting methods found that seam carving produced output that was ranked among the worst of the tested algorithms. It was, however, a part of one of the highest-ranking algorithms: the multi-operator extension mentioned above (combined with cropping and scaling).
20231101.en_13201092_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlitinden	Langlitinden	Langlitinden is the highest mountain on the island of Andørja and is also the highest mountain on any Norwegian island (except Beerenberg, Jan Mayen). It is located on the northeastern part of the island in the municipality of Ibestad in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway, just to the south of the Mjøsund Bridge and just northwest of the shore of the Astafjorden. The mountain is tall.
20231101.en_13201096_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	Ouellette-Michalska was born in Saint-Alexandre-de-Kamouraska, Quebec. She studied arts at the Université de Montréal, the Université du Québec and the Université de Sherbrooke, where she received a PhD degree in 1987.
20231101.en_13201096_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	Ouellette-Michalska began writing professionally in the 1960s. One of her well-known works is the 1984 novel La Maison Trestler, a work of historical fiction. Her diary, La Tentation de dire, was published in 1985 and broadcast on CBC Radio-Canada.
20231101.en_13201096_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	As well as fiction, Ouellette-Michalska also published a number of essays, including L'Amour de la carte postale in 1987. She has contributed as a journalist to publications such as Perspectives and Le Devoir.
20231101.en_13201096_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	Ouellette-Michalska's sixth novel, L'Ete de l'ile de grace, won the 1993 France-Quebec literary prize.
20231101.en_13201096_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	1984 : La Maison Trestler, ou Le 8e jour d'Amérique, novel. (also translated by W. Donald Wilson into English as The Trestler House, 300 pages, )
20231101.en_13201096_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	1987 : L'Amour de la carte postale: Impérialisme culturel et différence ("Postcard love"), essay, 260 pages, Le Plat de lentilles ("Lentil dish"), novel, La Danse de l'amante ("Lover's dance"), theatre, 64 pages,
20231101.en_13201096_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska	Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska	1981 - Winner, Governor General's Award for French-language non-fiction for L'échappée des discours de l'oeil
20231101.en_13201116_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Suborics	Andreas Suborics	Andreas Suborics (born 11 August 1971) is an Austrian Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who is based in Germany and races worldwide.
20231101.en_13201116_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Suborics	Andreas Suborics	A three-time champion jockey in Germany, Suborics is best known as the jockey who rode Shirocco in 2004. In 2013/14, he ended the season with 14 wins for an HK career total of 55.
20231101.en_13201134_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	The Maritime Museum of British Columbia (MMBC) is a museum in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, that engages people with the maritime culture and history of the Pacific Northwest through rotating exhibits, educational and community-based programs, research services, and more.
20231101.en_13201134_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	In 2015 the MMBC completed its relocation from its long-term home in Bastion Square to a Society Office in Nootka Court at 634 Humboldt St., Victoria, with its collections being stored off-site in a climate-controlled facility. In August 2021, the MMBC moved to its current interim location at 744 Douglas St., with space to house exhibits that display artefacts from the collection, public research space, a gift shop, and staff offices.
20231101.en_13201134_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	The Maritime Museum of BC was opened by naval officers in 1955 at Signal Hill in Esquimalt, British Columbia and later went through name changes. The Maritime Museum of British Columbia Society was registered in 1957 as a non-profit society and would follow a broader Pacific coastal heritage mandate. The Museum moved in 1963-64 to 28 Bastion Square in downtown Victoria. The corresponding Maritime Museum of British Columbia Foundation was established sixteen years later to develop long-term support for the Society.
20231101.en_13201134_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	In 1981 a separate group founded the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, which continues at Naden on Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt.
20231101.en_13201134_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	The Museum’s Bastion Square venue closed in October 2014 because the provincially owned courthouse built in 1889 required seismic upgrading and other structural work. Packing and moving the collection required more than a year, and the Society completed its move to the new location on Humboldt Street in July 2015. In August 2021, the MMBC moved to its current interim Douglas Street location. Selected items from the collection are displayed along with travelling exhibits.
20231101.en_13201134_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	The rich collection of some 35,000 artefacts includes 800 models of ships and items related to the maritime heritage of BC. There is a reference library of 6,000 volumes including a collection of 200 titles of historical significance, an archival collection of records of local ship-owning and shipbuilding firms, logbooks, naval records, ships' plans of 1800 vessels, maps and charts, an art collection, and approximately 36,000 photographs. The 744 Douglas Street location is open to the public as of September 2021. Public outreach such as educational programming and talks are being offered. The exhibit space is used to interpret selected items from the permanent collection and travelling exhibits. The bulk of the collection is housed in climate-controlled space in the northern part of Victoria, while large items are stored at Ogden Point on the outer harbour. The reference room is used by researchers wishing to consult the library and archives, and volunteers and staff are available to assist with reference inquiries. The collection also includes three historic small vessels: ''Tilikum'', the 38-foot (11.6m) modified aboriginal cedar canoe sailed westabout from Vancouver Island starting in 1901 to London, UK; Trekka, a 20.5-foot (6.2m) sailboat sailed around the world by her Victoria builder starting in 1954 - at the time the smallest yacht to have circumnavigated the globe; and Dorothy, a locally built 1897 fantail cutter currently under restoration.
20231101.en_13201134_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia	Maritime Museum of British Columbia	The Maritime Museum of BC is affiliated with the B.C. Museums Association, the Canadian Museums Association, the Virtual Museum of Canada and Canadian Heritage Information Network. The organization is under the patronage of the Hon. Judith Guichon, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.
20231101.en_13201154_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Hoge	John B. Hoge	John Blair Hoge (February 2, 1825 – March 1, 1896) was an American journalist, lawyer, and Democratic politician who served as a United States Representative from West Virginia. He was a member of the 47th United States Congress.
20231101.en_13201154_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Hoge	John B. Hoge	Hoge was born in Richmond, Virginia, on February 2, 1825. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in April 1845 and entered practice in Martinsburg. He was chosen president of the Bank of Berkeley, Virginia (now West Virginia), in 1853. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1855 to 1859. He was chosen as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860. During the American Civil War, he served in the Confederate Army as both a line and staff officer until paroled in 1865.
20231101.en_13201154_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Hoge	John B. Hoge	He worked as a journalist and resumed his law practice in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 1870. He served as a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1872. He was chosen to serve as a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1872 to 1876. He served as a judge on the third judicial circuit in 1872. He resigned in August 1880 to run for Congress. He was elected from West Virginia's 2nd District in 1880 to the Forty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883). Subsequently, he served as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1885 to 1889. He died in Martinsburg on March 1, 1896, and was buried there in Norborne Cemetery.
20231101.en_13201166_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20%28consul%20460%29	Magnus (consul 460)	Magnus (died 475 AD) was a Roman senator of Narbonne (then Narbo). He was appointed Roman consul in 460 by the Western emperor Majorian, at the same time Apollonius served in the East. Magnus also served as praetorian prefect of Gaul around the same time.
20231101.en_13201166_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20%28consul%20460%29	Magnus (consul 460)	Magnus was the grandson of Agricola, consul in 421 and father of Emperor Avitus. According to one reconstruction, his father might have been the son of Ennodius, proconsul of Africa. He might have been Felix, consul in 428, who married Padusia and was allegedly an ancestor of Felix, consul in 511.
20231101.en_13201168_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan	John Skehan	John Skehan (18 July 1922 – 18 November 1992) was a prolific broadcaster on RTÉ, radio and television, for four decades.
20231101.en_13201168_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan	John Skehan	Prior to joining RTÉ, Skehan served in the Irish Army, reaching the rank of captain during The Emergency.
20231101.en_13201168_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan	John Skehan	Skehan began his television career as a reporter on Broadsheet, Telefís Éireann's first current affairs series. He went on to become a familiar face and voice on later programmes such as Discovery.
20231101.en_13201168_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan	John Skehan	Later he moved to radio and, in 1980, he won a Jacob's Award for his radio archive series Play It Again, John.
20231101.en_13201168_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan	John Skehan	In the late 1980s and 1990s he presented a weekly series on RTÉ Radio 1 entitled Words and Music, in which he interviewed notable people and played a selection of their favourite records.
20231101.en_13201175_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOJ	NOJ	Noyabrsk Airport (IATA airport code: NOJ; ICAO airport code: USRO), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia; near Noyabrsk
20231101.en_13201188_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver (both died 4 November 1558) were natives of the area around Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, who were arrested, put to an inquisition and burned at the stake in Ipswich for their adherence to the protestant faith, as part of the Marian persecutions. Both are commemorated among the Ipswich Martyrs.
20231101.en_13201188_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Alexander Gooch, of Woodbridge, was a weaver who had become a believer in the reformed faith. He refused to admit that the Pope was the supreme head of the Church and refused to receive the Mass. In consequence, he had been obliged to flee from his home in Woodbridge and go into hiding. He was pursued by a Justice named Noone. Alice Driver, born around 1528, was a married woman of Grundisburgh (a village close by Woodbridge) who had grown up as a country girl and had often driven her father's plough before she married Edward Driver of that village. She also came to the attention of Justice Noone, for she had obtained an English Bible and begun to read it. She had come to believe that the Holy Communion as it was administered in the Roman Mass was an idolatrous institution and contrary to the teachings of Christ. Therefore, she had probably ceased to attend church and may have been brought to Noone's attention by the priest of Grundisburgh.
20231101.en_13201188_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Justice Noone went to Grundisburgh with a body of men in search of Alexander Gooch, who was in hiding in Alice Driver's house. Hearing that the justice and his men were coming, Gooch and Driver hid themselves in a haystack, but their pursuers stuck pitchforks into the hay and discovered them. Gooch and Driver were captured and taken to the gaol at Melton, a village adjacent to Woodbridge. They remained there for a time, before being taken to Bury St Edmunds to attend the Assizes held at the feast of St James.
20231101.en_13201188_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Alice Driver showed herself to be a person of extraordinary courage and forthright speech. She was brought before Sir Clement Heigham, M.P. for Ipswich and Speaker of the House of Commons, who had been concerned also in the burning at Ipswich of Agnes Potten and Joan Trunchfield two years previously. Before him, she compared Queen Mary to Jezebel. Sir Clement immediately ordered that her ears should be cut off in punishment, but even that did not appear to subdue her spirits but rather increased her determination, and she was sent back to Melton Gaol.
20231101.en_13201188_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	In Ipswich she was taken to the judgement hall to be examined by Dr Spenser, Chancellor of Norwich. The Inquisition proceeded as follows, when Alice Driver smiled as she was brought in:
20231101.en_13201188_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Driver: "Then have ye done much wrong thus to imprison me, and know no cause why; for I know no evil that I have done, I thank God, and I hope there is no man that can accuse me of any notorious fact that I have done, justly."
20231101.en_13201188_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Spenser: "What sayest thou to the Blessed Sacrament of the altar? Dost thou believe that it is very flesh and blood after the words be spoken of consecration?"
20231101.en_13201188_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Alice Driver stood with her lips deliberately sealed. A priest who stood by told her, 'Answer the Chancellor, woman!"
20231101.en_13201188_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Driver:"Why, priest, I came not to talk with thee, but I came to talk with thy master, but if thou wilt I shall talk with thee, command thy master to hold his peace." With that the priest put his nose in his cap and spake never a word again. The Chancellor again pressed her for a reply.
20231101.en_13201188_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Driver: "Sir, pardon me though I make no answer, for I cannot tell what you mean thereby, for in all my life I never heard nor read of any such Sacrament in all the Scripture."
20231101.en_13201188_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Driver: "I have, I thank God, read God's Book... the Old and New testament. That same book have I read throughout, yet never could find any such Sacrament there; and for that cause I cannot make answer to that thing I know not. Notwithstanding for all, I will grant you a Sacrament, called the Lord's Supper, and therefore seeing I have granted you a Sacrament, I pray you show me what a Sacrament is."
20231101.en_13201188_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Spenser: "It is a sign." Dr Gascoigne, who was standing by, confirmed the same, that it was a sign of a holy thing.
20231101.en_13201188_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Driver: "You have said the truth, sir, it is a sign indeed, and I must needs grant it; and therefore seeing it is a sign, it cannot be the thing signified also. Thus far we agree, for I have granted you your own saying."
20231101.en_13201188_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	Have you any more to say? God be honoured. You be not able to resist the Spirit of God in me, a poor woman. I am an honest poor man's daughter, never brought up in the University, as you have been, but I have driven the plough before my father many a time (I thank God): yet, notwithstanding, in the defence of God's truth, and in the cause of my Master Christ, by His grace I will set my foot against the foot of any of you all, in the maintenance and defence of the same, and if I had a thousand lives, they should go for payment thereof.
20231101.en_13201188_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	The execution began at 7.00a.m. on 4 November 1558 (a fortnight before the death of Mary I of England, when Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver were taken to the Cornhill, Ipswich, where the stake was set up. Many people were assembled, including a considerable number whose sympathies were with the victims, and who supported them with demonstrations of affection and pity. The two knelt on a broom faggot together to say their prayers, and to sing psalms together, until Richard Smart, one of the two Bailiffs of the Borough, roughly told them to "have done". Their request to have more time in which to prepare themselves was refused.
20231101.en_13201188_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver	Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver	The Sheriff, Sir Henry Dowell, then commanded that they should be tied to the stake. A heavy chain was fastened around Alice Driver's neck, at which she said, "Oh! Here is a goodly neckerchief; blessed be God for it." Then various people came up from the crowd and shook hands with them. This annoyed the Sheriff so much that he ordered them to be arrested, whereupon many others from the crowd ran to the stake to do the same, so that he was obliged to leave them all alone. The broom was then lit, and the execution proceeded.
20231101.en_13201202_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besides%20%28Over%20the%20Rhine%20album%29	Besides (Over the Rhine album)	Besides is a compilation of outtakes, previously unreleased songs, and live recordings by Over the Rhine, released in 1997. While initially intended as a fan club release (the text 'For Rhinelanders Only' appears prominently on the back jewel case insert), the disc has been available at shows and through the band's website consistently since its release.
20231101.en_13201207_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closteriaceae	Closteriaceae	The Closteriaceae are one of four families of Charophyte green algae in the order Desmidiales (desmids). It contains two genera, Closterium and Spinoclosterium.
20231101.en_13201207_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closteriaceae	Closteriaceae	Closteriaceae consists of individual cells that are longer than wide. The cell shape ranges from straight to curved (lunate), with some species having cells curved only at the poles. The cell wall is hyaline or brownish in color, and may be covered with various ornamentation such as grooves, ribs, scores, and polar thickenings. Cells contain axial chloroplasts with several pyrenoids.
20231101.en_13201218_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Health care in Colombia refers to the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions in the Republic of Colombia.
20231101.en_13201218_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Colombia is fulfilling 94.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Colombia achieves 96.3% of what is expected based on its current income. In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 91.7% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Colombia falls into the "fair" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 93.9% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.
20231101.en_13201218_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Tropical diseases are important issues in Colombia because they are major causes of death. Malaria affects nearly 85% of the national territory, mainly the Pacific ocean coast, the Amazon jungle and eastern savannas, with an estimated of 250,000 cases/year and a mortality rate of 3/100,000.
20231101.en_13201218_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The main agent is Plasmodium vivax with 66% of the cases, except on the Pacific coast, where Plasmodium falciparum causes 75% of the cases.
20231101.en_13201218_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Yellow fever and Dengue fever are major public health concerns, because of their high epidemic potential, high mortality rate and wide distribution of Aedes aegypti. The Colombian government develops vaccination campaigns against yellow fever on a regular basis.
20231101.en_13201218_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Chagas disease is endemic to the Santander Department and nearby areas. Other diseases such as Leishmania, rabies, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and West nile virus are also present in Colombia. Snakebites are a big concern, because of the shortage in antivenom supplies countrywide.
20231101.en_13201218_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Different forms of malnutrition severely affect the population, especially children under five years of age, with moderate to severe rates of malnutrition of 21% and iron deficiency anemia of 23%. (see aguapanela).
20231101.en_13201218_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	In 1514, a swine plague killed a majority of the thousand inhabitants of Darién in modern-day Urabá. In 1550, Cartagena suffered an epidemic of leprosy, which they called "elefancia".
20231101.en_13201218_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The first graduated medical doctor, Alvaro de Aunón came to New Granada from Seville Spain, in 1597 and stayed for a short time. The first drug-store in Colombia was opened at the same time, in the main square of Bogotá by Pedro Lopez Buiza.
20231101.en_13201218_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	In 1636, Rodrigo Enriquez de Andrade started the first faculty of medicine in the New Granada, at St Bartholomew's College with little success because of the prejudices against the medical career in the Spanish culture, where it was considered vulgar and proper of lower-class people. Most of the medical practice in the country was provided by people without formal education. The first medical book written in Colombia was "Tratado de medicina y modelo de curar en estas partes de Indias" () by Pedro Fernandez de Valenzuela (1662).
20231101.en_13201218_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	In 1740, don Vicente Tomás Cansino started the medical program at Our Lady of the Rosary University. The medical care at the time was made almost exclusively in the particular homes of the sick people due lo the lack of health institutions. The first hospital in Colombia was San Pedro Hospital, in the capital city Bogotá. The hospital started functioning in 1564, built by bishop Juan de los Barrios. In 1739 the Hospital San Juan de Dios, Bogota was opened, built by fray Pedro Pablo Villamor.
20231101.en_13201218_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	In 1877, Anna Galvis Hotz became the first Colombian woman to become a Doctor of Medicine having graduated the University of Bern in Switzerland since women could not attend university in Colombia at the time. In 1925, Paulina Beregoff became the first woman to become a Doctor of Medicine from a Colombian institution, the Russian-American graduated from the University of Cartagena. In 1945, Inés Ochoa Pérez became the first Colombian woman to become a Doctor of Medicine from a Colombian institution having graduated from the National University of Colombia.
20231101.en_13201218_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Health standards in Colombia have improved greatly since the 1980s. A 1993 reform transformed the structure of public health care funding by shifting the burden of subsidy from providers to users. As a result, employees have been obligated to pay into health plans to which employers also contribute. Although this new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 56% in 2004 and 66% in 2005, health disparities persist, with the poor continuing to suffer relatively high mortality rates.
20231101.en_13201218_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The refractive surgery keratomileusis was developed by Ignacio Barraquer in 1964 in Bogotá. On January 10, 1985, Dr. Elkin Lucena performed the first successful In vitro fertilization, that allowed the birth of the first Latin American test tube baby Carolina Mendez. On December 14, 1985, the Dr. Alberto Villegas performed the first heart transplant in Latin America to Antonio Yepes.
20231101.en_13201218_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	On May 20, 1994, Dr. Manuel Elkin Patarroyo received the Prince of Asturias Awards by his technical and scientific research in the development of synthetic malaria vaccine.
20231101.en_13201218_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	In 2002 Colombia had 58,761 physicians, 23,950 nurses, and 33,951 dentists; these numbers equated to 1.35 physicians, 0.55 nurses, and 0.78 dentists per 1,000 people, respectively. In 2005 Colombia was reported to have only 1.1 physicians per 1,000 people, as compared with a Latin American average of 1.5.
20231101.en_13201218_16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	General government spending on health accounted for 20.5% of total government expenditures and for 84.1% of total health expenditures (private expenditures made up the balance) in 2003. Total expenditures on health constituted 5.6 percent of domestic product in 2005. The per capita expenditure on health care in 2005 at an average exchange rate was US$150.
20231101.en_13201218_17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Urban and rural residents experienced significant differences in access to health care. The coverage in the three largest cities—Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali—was almost 95 percent. At the rural level, the best services were delivered by the departments in the coffee-growing areas. At the bottom of the scale—in terms of quality and coverage—were the rural areas in the non-Andean regions as well as the marginal neighborhoods in medium-sized and small cities.
20231101.en_13201218_18	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Since 2001–2 Colombia has halved its homicide rate, which was more than 60 per 100,000 inhabitants, or 28,837, in 2002, one of the world's highest homicide rates. In 2006, a total of 17,206 violent deaths were recorded, the lowest figure since 1987. Other than homicide, heart disease is the main cause of premature death, followed by strokes, respiratory diseases, road accidents, and diabetes. Waterborne diseases such as cerebral malaria and leishmaniasis are prevalent in lowland and coastal areas. Child immunization for measles in 2004 as a percentage of children under 12 months of age was 92 percent.
20231101.en_13201218_19	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the fifth-leading cause of death in the working-age population. According to Colombia's National Health Institute data reported in 2003, nearly 240,000 people—mostly women and young people—or 0.6 percent of the population had been infected with the virus since AIDS arrived in Colombia in October 1983. Estimates of the number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), adults and children (0–49 years of age), in 2005 ranged from 160,000 to 310,000. The comparable figure for women (15–49 years of age) was 62,000. The number of AIDS and hepatitis B cases has been rising. In 2005, the estimated HIV adult prevalence rate (15–49 years of age) was 0.6 percent. As of 2006, between 5,200 and 12,000 people had died from AIDS. Services provided by the new Multisectoral National Plan, launched in July 2004, include integrated care for people living with HIV and provision of antiretroviral drugs. Under the plan, about 12,000 people have been receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (approximately 54% of those requiring it).
20231101.en_13201218_20	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	As of 2016, Colombia vaccinated against 26 diseases and participated in Vaccination Week in the Americas. Colombia began vaccinating against COVID-19 in February 2021.
20231101.en_13201218_21	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The national constitution was reformed in 1991 and with this purpose the general system of social security was reformed with the implementation of Law 100, which widely extended health coverage to the population; the economic resources to finance this reform, however, were insufficient, causing the collapse of many public health institutions and affecting the income of the medical staff.
20231101.en_13201218_22	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The general principles of the law determine that healthcare is a public service that must be granted under conditions of proficiency, universality, social solidarity and participation. Article 153 of the law mandates that health insurance be compulsory, that health providers must have administrative autonomy, and that health users must have free choice of health providers.
20231101.en_13201218_23	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	SISBEN: Sistema de Identificación de Beneficiarios de Subsidios Sociales (system of identification for social subsidies beneficiaries).
20231101.en_13201218_24	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	MAPIPOS: Manual de Procedimientos y Actividades del POS. (POS-related procedures and activities handbook)
20231101.en_13201218_25	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The System for the Selection of Beneficiaries for Social Programs (El Sistema de Seleccion de Beneficiarios para Programas Sociales), the national system of identification of beneficiaries for social subsidy, classifies the people according to the residential properties that should receive public services. All mayors should do the stratification of residential properties of their municipality or district.
20231101.en_13201218_26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Most of the social subsidies and public health programs are focused in strata 1 and 2 (and the newly introduced stratum 0 ). The fraudulent expedition of low level SISBEN ID cards is currently one of the major problems in the healthcare system. Regional politicians are often accused of providing them in exchange for votes to people that are not genuinely in need. Wrong identification of beneficiaries and political issues present a challenge to the system which is preventing people in need from receiving the subsidies and benefits designed for them.
20231101.en_13201218_27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	The National Health Superintendent (Superintendencia de Salud) defines which organizations may qualify as EPS according to a number or requirements, including infrastructure, capital, number of users, functionality and covering. The function of the EPS is to sell health service packages to the public, and contract such services with the healthcare-providing institution.
20231101.en_13201218_28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Some EPS providers offer a "Plan Complementario" that offers more expanded coverage and priority service to the patient.
20231101.en_13201218_29	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Most EPS providers also offer "Medicina Prepagada" that offers the highest level of medical attention and priority service to the patient at much higher costs.
20231101.en_13201218_30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	As of October 1, 2014, there were 3,620 health establishments in Colombia, including hospitals, clinics and ambulance services. Private healthcare establishments account for 57% of all establishments within the country.
20231101.en_13201218_31	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	While no single city or state stands out as being a centralized hub for hospitals, 80% of establishments are found within 16 (of 39 states).
20231101.en_13201218_32	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	Colombia ranks 22nd on the World Health Organization's list of the best healthcare systems. Health standards in Colombia have improved very much since the 1980s, healthcare reforms have led to the massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country. Although this new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 96% in 2012, health disparities persist.
20231101.en_13201218_33	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20care%20in%20Colombia	Health care in Colombia	A study conducted by América Economía magazine ranked 21 Colombian health care institutions among the top 44 in Latin America, amounting to 48 percent of the total. A cancer research and treatment centre was declared as a Project of National Strategic Interest.
20231101.en_13201234_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow%2C%20Germany	Carlow, Germany	Carlow is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It includes the quarters (German: Ortsteil) of Klein Molzahn, Klocksdorf, Kuhlrade, Neschow, Pogez, Samkow and Stove.
20231101.en_13201252_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmidiaceae	Desmidiaceae	The Desmidiaceae are one of four families of charophyte green algae in the order Desmidiales (desmids).
20231101.en_13201258_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesgabe	Gottesgabe	Gottesgabe is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
20231101.en_13201265_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks-Lehigh%20Regional%20Police	Berks-Lehigh Regional Police	The Berks-Lehigh Regional Police was a multi-jurisdictional police department in southeastern Pennsylvania. The agency provided law enforcement services to four incorporated municipalities in Berks and Lehigh counties. In Berks County, the department served Topton Borough, Lyons Borough and Maxatawny Township. In Lehigh County, Upper Macungie Township was served by the agency.
20231101.en_13201265_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks-Lehigh%20Regional%20Police	Berks-Lehigh Regional Police	Through the formation of a police district under the control of a Police Commission, some municipalities in Pennsylvania have found that improved and more professional police services could be obtained through inter-governmental cooperation. Having one police department covering four neighboring communities, rather than four separate police departments, allows each municipality to enjoy the benefits of a larger department, such as specialized units and a professional staff.
20231101.en_13201265_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks-Lehigh%20Regional%20Police	Berks-Lehigh Regional Police	Prior to January 1, 2001, the department was known as the Northeastern Berks Regional Police, as it only covered the three Berks County municipalities. The agency by this name existed between 1991 and 2001. When neighboring Upper Macungie Township in Lehigh County joined the agency in 2001, the name was changed to Berks-Lehigh Regional Police.
20231101.en_13201265_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks-Lehigh%20Regional%20Police	Berks-Lehigh Regional Police	On April 16, 2012, the Berks-Lehigh Regional Police announced it was disbanding at the end of 2012, with Upper Macungie Township forming its own police force.
20231101.en_13201265_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks-Lehigh%20Regional%20Police	Berks-Lehigh Regional Police	On December 28, 2012, it was announced Maxatawny Township would form its own police department. The new department would be led by one officer for the time being who would be in charge of ordinance enforcement and traffic studies, with the Pennsylvania State Police handling emergency calls and arrests in the township. A full-scale police department may be created in the future. In a primary ballot in May, residents voted against establishing a police department with a two-mil tax increase. Maxatawny Township is currently served by the Pennsylvania State Police, Reading Barracks. The Pennsylvania State Police also serves Topton Borough and Lyons Borough.

20231101.en_13201074_5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

Computing a seam consists of finding a path of minimum energy cost from one end of the image to another.

20231101.en_13201074_6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

This can be done via Dijkstra's algorithm, dynamic programming, greedy algorithm or graph cuts among others.

20231101.en_13201074_7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

Dynamic programming is a programming method that stores the results of sub-calculations in order to simplify calculating a more complex result. Dynamic programming can be used to compute seams. If attempting to compute a vertical seam (path) of lowest energy, for each pixel in a row we compute the energy of the current pixel plus the energy of one of the three possible pixels above it.

20231101.en_13201074_8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

The images below depict a DP process to compute one optimal seam. Each square represents a pixel, with the top-left value in red representing the energy value of that pixel. The value in black represents the cumulative sum of energies leading up to and including that pixel.

20231101.en_13201074_9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

The energy calculation is trivially parallelized for simple functions. The calculation of the DP array can also be parallelized with some interprocess communication. However, the problem of making multiple seams at the same time is harder for two reasons: the energy needs to be regenerated for each removal for correctness and simply tracing back multiple seams can form overlaps. Avidan 2007 computes all seams by removing each seam iteratively and storing an "index map" to record all the seams generated. The map holds a "nth seam" number for each pixel on the image, and can be used later for size adjustment.

20231101.en_13201074_10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

If one ignores both issues however, a greedy approximation for parallel seam carving is possible. To do so, one starts with the minimum-energy pixel at one end, and keep choosing the minimum energy path to the other end. The used pixels are marked so that they are not picked again. Local seams can also be computed for smaller parts of the image in parallel for a good approximation.

20231101.en_13201074_11

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

The algorithm may need user-provided information to reduce errors. This can consist of painting the regions which are to be preserved. With human faces it is possible to use face detection.

20231101.en_13201074_12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

Sometimes the algorithm, by removing a low energy seam, may end up inadvertently creating a seam of higher energy. The solution to this is to simulate a removal of a seam, and then check the energy delta to see if the energy increases (forward energy). If it does, prefer other seams instead.

20231101.en_13201074_13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

Adobe Systems acquired a non-exclusive license to seam carving technology from MERL, and implemented it as a feature in Photoshop CS4, where it is called Content Aware Scaling.

20231101.en_13201074_14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

As the license is non-exclusive, other popular computer graphics applications (e. g. GIMP, digiKam, and ImageMagick) as well as some stand-alone programs (e. g. iResizer) also have implementations of this technique, some of which are released as free and open source software.

20231101.en_13201074_15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving

Seam carving

A 2010 review of eight image retargeting methods found that seam carving produced output that was ranked among the worst of the tested algorithms. It was, however, a part of one of the highest-ranking algorithms: the multi-operator extension mentioned above (combined with cropping and scaling).

20231101.en_13201092_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlitinden

Langlitinden

Langlitinden is the highest mountain on the island of Andørja and is also the highest mountain on any Norwegian island (except Beerenberg, Jan Mayen). It is located on the northeastern part of the island in the municipality of Ibestad in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway, just to the south of the Mjøsund Bridge and just northwest of the shore of the Astafjorden. The mountain is tall.

20231101.en_13201096_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

Ouellette-Michalska was born in Saint-Alexandre-de-Kamouraska, Quebec. She studied arts at the Université de Montréal, the Université du Québec and the Université de Sherbrooke, where she received a PhD degree in 1987.

20231101.en_13201096_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

Ouellette-Michalska began writing professionally in the 1960s. One of her well-known works is the 1984 novel La Maison Trestler, a work of historical fiction. Her diary, La Tentation de dire, was published in 1985 and broadcast on CBC Radio-Canada.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

As well as fiction, Ouellette-Michalska also published a number of essays, including L'Amour de la carte postale in 1987. She has contributed as a journalist to publications such as Perspectives and Le Devoir.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

Ouellette-Michalska's sixth novel, L'Ete de l'ile de grace, won the 1993 France-Quebec literary prize.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

1984 : La Maison Trestler, ou Le 8e jour d'Amérique, novel. (also translated by W. Donald Wilson into English as The Trestler House, 300 pages, )

20231101.en_13201096_5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

1987 : L'Amour de la carte postale: Impérialisme culturel et différence ("Postcard love"), essay, 260 pages, Le Plat de lentilles ("Lentil dish"), novel, La Danse de l'amante ("Lover's dance"), theatre, 64 pages,

20231101.en_13201096_6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Ouellette-Michalska

Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska

1981 - Winner, Governor General's Award for French-language non-fiction for L'échappée des discours de l'oeil

20231101.en_13201116_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Suborics

Andreas Suborics

Andreas Suborics (born 11 August 1971) is an Austrian Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who is based in Germany and races worldwide.

20231101.en_13201116_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Suborics

Andreas Suborics

A three-time champion jockey in Germany, Suborics is best known as the jockey who rode Shirocco in 2004. In 2013/14, he ended the season with 14 wins for an HK career total of 55.

20231101.en_13201134_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

The Maritime Museum of British Columbia (MMBC) is a museum in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, that engages people with the maritime culture and history of the Pacific Northwest through rotating exhibits, educational and community-based programs, research services, and more.

20231101.en_13201134_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

In 2015 the MMBC completed its relocation from its long-term home in Bastion Square to a Society Office in Nootka Court at 634 Humboldt St., Victoria, with its collections being stored off-site in a climate-controlled facility. In August 2021, the MMBC moved to its current interim location at 744 Douglas St., with space to house exhibits that display artefacts from the collection, public research space, a gift shop, and staff offices.

20231101.en_13201134_2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

The Maritime Museum of BC was opened by naval officers in 1955 at Signal Hill in Esquimalt, British Columbia and later went through name changes. The Maritime Museum of British Columbia Society was registered in 1957 as a non-profit society and would follow a broader Pacific coastal heritage mandate. The Museum moved in 1963-64 to 28 Bastion Square in downtown Victoria. The corresponding Maritime Museum of British Columbia Foundation was established sixteen years later to develop long-term support for the Society.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

In 1981 a separate group founded the CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum, which continues at Naden on Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt.

20231101.en_13201134_4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

The Museum’s Bastion Square venue closed in October 2014 because the provincially owned courthouse built in 1889 required seismic upgrading and other structural work. Packing and moving the collection required more than a year, and the Society completed its move to the new location on Humboldt Street in July 2015. In August 2021, the MMBC moved to its current interim Douglas Street location. Selected items from the collection are displayed along with travelling exhibits.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

The rich collection of some 35,000 artefacts includes 800 models of ships and items related to the maritime heritage of BC. There is a reference library of 6,000 volumes including a collection of 200 titles of historical significance, an archival collection of records of local ship-owning and shipbuilding firms, logbooks, naval records, ships' plans of 1800 vessels, maps and charts, an art collection, and approximately 36,000 photographs. The 744 Douglas Street location is open to the public as of September 2021. Public outreach such as educational programming and talks are being offered. The exhibit space is used to interpret selected items from the permanent collection and travelling exhibits. The bulk of the collection is housed in climate-controlled space in the northern part of Victoria, while large items are stored at Ogden Point on the outer harbour. The reference room is used by researchers wishing to consult the library and archives, and volunteers and staff are available to assist with reference inquiries. The collection also includes three historic small vessels: ''Tilikum'', the 38-foot (11.6m) modified aboriginal cedar canoe sailed westabout from Vancouver Island starting in 1901 to London, UK; Trekka, a 20.5-foot (6.2m) sailboat sailed around the world by her Victoria builder starting in 1954 - at the time the smallest yacht to have circumnavigated the globe; and Dorothy, a locally built 1897 fantail cutter currently under restoration.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20British%20Columbia

Maritime Museum of British Columbia

The Maritime Museum of BC is affiliated with the B.C. Museums Association, the Canadian Museums Association, the Virtual Museum of Canada and Canadian Heritage Information Network. The organization is under the patronage of the Hon. Judith Guichon, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.

20231101.en_13201154_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Hoge

John B. Hoge

John Blair Hoge (February 2, 1825 – March 1, 1896) was an American journalist, lawyer, and Democratic politician who served as a United States Representative from West Virginia. He was a member of the 47th United States Congress.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Hoge

John B. Hoge

Hoge was born in Richmond, Virginia, on February 2, 1825. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in April 1845 and entered practice in Martinsburg. He was chosen president of the Bank of Berkeley, Virginia (now West Virginia), in 1853. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1855 to 1859. He was chosen as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860. During the American Civil War, he served in the Confederate Army as both a line and staff officer until paroled in 1865.

20231101.en_13201154_2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Hoge

John B. Hoge

He worked as a journalist and resumed his law practice in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 1870. He served as a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1872. He was chosen to serve as a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1872 to 1876. He served as a judge on the third judicial circuit in 1872. He resigned in August 1880 to run for Congress. He was elected from West Virginia's 2nd District in 1880 to the Forty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1883). Subsequently, he served as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1885 to 1889. He died in Martinsburg on March 1, 1896, and was buried there in Norborne Cemetery.

20231101.en_13201166_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20%28consul%20460%29

Magnus (consul 460)

Magnus (died 475 AD) was a Roman senator of Narbonne (then Narbo). He was appointed Roman consul in 460 by the Western emperor Majorian, at the same time Apollonius served in the East. Magnus also served as praetorian prefect of Gaul around the same time.

20231101.en_13201166_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20%28consul%20460%29

Magnus (consul 460)

Magnus was the grandson of Agricola, consul in 421 and father of Emperor Avitus. According to one reconstruction, his father might have been the son of Ennodius, proconsul of Africa. He might have been Felix, consul in 428, who married Padusia and was allegedly an ancestor of Felix, consul in 511.

20231101.en_13201168_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan

John Skehan

John Skehan (18 July 1922 – 18 November 1992) was a prolific broadcaster on RTÉ, radio and television, for four decades.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan

John Skehan

Prior to joining RTÉ, Skehan served in the Irish Army, reaching the rank of captain during The Emergency.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan

John Skehan

Skehan began his television career as a reporter on Broadsheet, Telefís Éireann's first current affairs series. He went on to become a familiar face and voice on later programmes such as Discovery.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan

John Skehan

Later he moved to radio and, in 1980, he won a Jacob's Award for his radio archive series Play It Again, John.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Skehan

John Skehan

In the late 1980s and 1990s he presented a weekly series on RTÉ Radio 1 entitled Words and Music, in which he interviewed notable people and played a selection of their favourite records.

20231101.en_13201175_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOJ

NOJ

Noyabrsk Airport (IATA airport code: NOJ; ICAO airport code: USRO), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia; near Noyabrsk

20231101.en_13201188_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver (both died 4 November 1558) were natives of the area around Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, who were arrested, put to an inquisition and burned at the stake in Ipswich for their adherence to the protestant faith, as part of the Marian persecutions. Both are commemorated among the Ipswich Martyrs.

20231101.en_13201188_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Alexander Gooch, of Woodbridge, was a weaver who had become a believer in the reformed faith. He refused to admit that the Pope was the supreme head of the Church and refused to receive the Mass. In consequence, he had been obliged to flee from his home in Woodbridge and go into hiding. He was pursued by a Justice named Noone. Alice Driver, born around 1528, was a married woman of Grundisburgh (a village close by Woodbridge) who had grown up as a country girl and had often driven her father's plough before she married Edward Driver of that village. She also came to the attention of Justice Noone, for she had obtained an English Bible and begun to read it. She had come to believe that the Holy Communion as it was administered in the Roman Mass was an idolatrous institution and contrary to the teachings of Christ. Therefore, she had probably ceased to attend church and may have been brought to Noone's attention by the priest of Grundisburgh.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Justice Noone went to Grundisburgh with a body of men in search of Alexander Gooch, who was in hiding in Alice Driver's house. Hearing that the justice and his men were coming, Gooch and Driver hid themselves in a haystack, but their pursuers stuck pitchforks into the hay and discovered them. Gooch and Driver were captured and taken to the gaol at Melton, a village adjacent to Woodbridge. They remained there for a time, before being taken to Bury St Edmunds to attend the Assizes held at the feast of St James.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Alice Driver showed herself to be a person of extraordinary courage and forthright speech. She was brought before Sir Clement Heigham, M.P. for Ipswich and Speaker of the House of Commons, who had been concerned also in the burning at Ipswich of Agnes Potten and Joan Trunchfield two years previously. Before him, she compared Queen Mary to Jezebel. Sir Clement immediately ordered that her ears should be cut off in punishment, but even that did not appear to subdue her spirits but rather increased her determination, and she was sent back to Melton Gaol.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

In Ipswich she was taken to the judgement hall to be examined by Dr Spenser, Chancellor of Norwich. The Inquisition proceeded as follows, when Alice Driver smiled as she was brought in:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Driver: "Then have ye done much wrong thus to imprison me, and know no cause why; for I know no evil that I have done, I thank God, and I hope there is no man that can accuse me of any notorious fact that I have done, justly."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Spenser: "What sayest thou to the Blessed Sacrament of the altar? Dost thou believe that it is very flesh and blood after the words be spoken of consecration?"

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Alice Driver stood with her lips deliberately sealed. A priest who stood by told her, 'Answer the Chancellor, woman!"

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Driver:"Why, priest, I came not to talk with thee, but I came to talk with thy master, but if thou wilt I shall talk with thee, command thy master to hold his peace." With that the priest put his nose in his cap and spake never a word again. The Chancellor again pressed her for a reply.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Driver: "Sir, pardon me though I make no answer, for I cannot tell what you mean thereby, for in all my life I never heard nor read of any such Sacrament in all the Scripture."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Driver: "I have, I thank God, read God's Book... the Old and New testament. That same book have I read throughout, yet never could find any such Sacrament there; and for that cause I cannot make answer to that thing I know not. Notwithstanding for all, I will grant you a Sacrament, called the Lord's Supper, and therefore seeing I have granted you a Sacrament, I pray you show me what a Sacrament is."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Spenser: "It is a sign." Dr Gascoigne, who was standing by, confirmed the same, that it was a sign of a holy thing.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Driver: "You have said the truth, sir, it is a sign indeed, and I must needs grant it; and therefore seeing it is a sign, it cannot be the thing signified also. Thus far we agree, for I have granted you your own saying."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

Have you any more to say? God be honoured. You be not able to resist the Spirit of God in me, a poor woman. I am an honest poor man's daughter, never brought up in the University, as you have been, but I have driven the plough before my father many a time (I thank God): yet, notwithstanding, in the defence of God's truth, and in the cause of my Master Christ, by His grace I will set my foot against the foot of any of you all, in the maintenance and defence of the same, and if I had a thousand lives, they should go for payment thereof.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

The execution began at 7.00a.m. on 4 November 1558 (a fortnight before the death of Mary I of England, when Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver were taken to the Cornhill, Ipswich, where the stake was set up. Many people were assembled, including a considerable number whose sympathies were with the victims, and who supported them with demonstrations of affection and pity. The two knelt on a broom faggot together to say their prayers, and to sing psalms together, until Richard Smart, one of the two Bailiffs of the Borough, roughly told them to "have done". Their request to have more time in which to prepare themselves was refused.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gooch%20and%20Alice%20Driver

Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver

The Sheriff, Sir Henry Dowell, then commanded that they should be tied to the stake. A heavy chain was fastened around Alice Driver's neck, at which she said, "Oh! Here is a goodly neckerchief; blessed be God for it." Then various people came up from the crowd and shook hands with them. This annoyed the Sheriff so much that he ordered them to be arrested, whereupon many others from the crowd ran to the stake to do the same, so that he was obliged to leave them all alone. The broom was then lit, and the execution proceeded.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besides%20%28Over%20the%20Rhine%20album%29

Besides (Over the Rhine album)

Besides is a compilation of outtakes, previously unreleased songs, and live recordings by Over the Rhine, released in 1997. While initially intended as a fan club release (the text 'For Rhinelanders Only' appears prominently on the back jewel case insert), the disc has been available at shows and through the band's website consistently since its release.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closteriaceae

Closteriaceae

The Closteriaceae are one of four families of Charophyte green algae in the order Desmidiales (desmids). It contains two genera, Closterium and Spinoclosterium.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closteriaceae

Closteriaceae

Closteriaceae consists of individual cells that are longer than wide. The cell shape ranges from straight to curved (lunate), with some species having cells curved only at the poles. The cell wall is hyaline or brownish in color, and may be covered with various ornamentation such as grooves, ribs, scores, and polar thickenings. Cells contain axial chloroplasts with several pyrenoids.

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