rasdani/cohere-wikipedia-2023-11-en · Datasets at Hugging Face

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20231101.en_13198142_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Dixon	Joseph Dixon	Joseph Dixon (inventor) (1799–1869), American inventor, entrepreneur; founder of what became the Dixon Ticonderoga Company
20231101.en_13198147_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekirija%20Ramadani	Zekirija Ramadani	Zekirija Ramadani (; born 21 January 1978) is a Macedonian professional football coach and former player of Albanian descent.
20231101.en_13198147_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekirija%20Ramadani	Zekirija Ramadani	Ramadani started his career at FK Sloga Jugomagnat. In the summer of 2006, he went on loan to FK Rabotnički. He returned to Belasitsa Petrich in January 2007.
20231101.en_13198147_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekirija%20Ramadani	Zekirija Ramadani	He made his senior debut for Macedonia in a July 2000 friendly match against Azerbaijan and has earned a total of 7 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a friendly against China in January 2004.
20231101.en_13198150_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	Estonia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Leto svet" written by Priit Pajusaar, Tarmo Leinatamm, Hannes Võrno, Peeter Oja and Glen Pilvre. The song was performed by the group Kreisiraadio. The Estonian broadcaster Eesti Rahvusringhääling (ERR) organised the national final Eurolaul 2008 in order to select the Estonian entry for the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia. Ten songs competed in the national final and the winner was selected over two rounds of public voting. In the first round, the top three were selected to qualify to the superfinal. In the superfinal, "Leto svet" performed by Kreisiraadio was selected as the winner.
20231101.en_13198150_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	Estonia was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 20 May 2008. Performing during the show in position 3, "Leto svet" was not announced among the 10 qualifying entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Estonia placed eighteenth out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 8 points.
20231101.en_13198150_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	Prior to the 2008 Contest, Estonia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirteen times since its first entry in , winning the contest on one occasion in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and 2XL. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Estonia has, to this point, yet to qualify to the final. In 2007, "Partners in Crime" performed by Gerli Padar failed to qualify Estonia to the final where the song placed twenty-second in the semi-final.
20231101.en_13198150_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	The Estonian national broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhääling (ERR), broadcasts the event within Estonia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Since their debut, the Estonian broadcaster has organised national finals that feature a competition among multiple artists and songs in order to select Estonia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest. The Eurolaul competition has been organised since 1996 in order to select Estonia's entry and on 17 September 2007, ERR announced the organisation of Eurolaul 2008 in order to select the nation's 2008 entry.
20231101.en_13198150_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	Eurolaul 2008 was the fifteenth edition of the Estonian national selection Eurolaul, which selected Estonia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. The competition consisted of a ten-song final on 2 February 2008 at the ERR studios in Tallinn, hosted by Marko Reikop and Eda-Ines Etti and broadcast on Eesti Televisioon (ETV) as well as streamed online at the broadcaster's official website etv.ee and the official Eurovision Song Contest website eurovision.tv.
20231101.en_13198150_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	On 2 October 2007, ERR opened the submission period for artists and composers to submit their entries up until 26 October 2007. All artists and composers were required to have Estonian citizenship or be a permanent resident of Estonia. 58 submissions were received by the deadline. An 11-member jury panel selected 5 finalists from the submissions, while an additional 5 finalists were selected by ERR via composers directly invited for the competition: Alar Kotkas, Elmar Liitmaa, Priit Pajusaar, Rein Rannap and Hendrik Sal-Saller. The selected songs were announced during the ETV program Kes pääses finaali? on 1 December 2007. The selection jury consisted of Toomas Puna (Raadio Sky+ program director), Alari Kivisaar (Raadio Sky+ presenter), Allan Roosileht (Star FM presenter), Andres Panksep (Raadio Uuno chief editor), Ahto Kruusmann (Raadio Uuno presenter), Raul Saaremets (Raadio 2 program director), Olev Ehrlich (Vikerraadio head of music), Ivan Makarov (Raadio 4 music editor), Owe Petersell (Raadio Elmar chief editor), Koit Raudsepp (Raadio 2 presenter) and Sven Lõhmus (composer).
20231101.en_13198150_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	The final took place on 2 February 2008. Ten songs competed during the show and the winner was selected over two rounds of public televoting. In the first round, the top three entries proceeded to the second round, and in the second round, "Leto svet" performed by Kreisiraadio was selected as the winner entirely by a public televote. The public vote registered 64,851 votes in the first round and 96,471 votes in the superfinal. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, Sahlene, who represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, and Gerli Padar, who represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, with Taavi Langdi performed as the interval acts.
20231101.en_13198150_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to the rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2008, an allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Estonia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 20 May 2008. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 17 March 2008 and Estonia was set to perform in position 3, following the entry from Israel and before the entry from Moldova.
20231101.en_13198150_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Estonia on ETV with commentary by Marko Reikop. The Estonian spokesperson, who announced the Estonian votes during the final, was Sahlene who had previously represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2002.
20231101.en_13198150_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	Kreisiraadio took part in technical rehearsals on 11 and 15 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 19 and 20 May. The Estonian performance featured the members of Kreisiraadio performing on stage in yellow, red and blue suits and joined by three dancers in golden tops waving big signs as well as the Serbian, Estonian, German and Finnish flags: Kauna Kõrge-Hårajuvet, Laura Lambut and Merit Reigam. The stage displayed green, yellow and red colours and the song title "Leto svet" appeared on the LED screens. The performance also featured the use of a non-functioning piano and an accordion.
20231101.en_13198150_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	At the end of the show, Estonia was not announced among the top 10 entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Estonia placed 18th in the semi-final, receiving a total of 8 points.
20231101.en_13198150_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008	Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008	Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Estonia and awarded by Estonia in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Finland in the semi-final and to Russia in the final of the contest.
20231101.en_13198154_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourie	Fourie	Fourie is a South African surname originating from Huguenot settlers. Notable people with the surname include:
20231101.en_13198154_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourie	Fourie	Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, a South African law case which led to the legalisation of same-sex marriage in South Africa
20231101.en_13198161_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedish%20records%20in%20swimming	List of Swedish records in swimming	This is a list of Swedish records in swimming, as ratified by the Swedish Swimming Federation (). All records were achieved in finals unless otherwise noted.
20231101.en_13198166_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	Lake Moondarra is an artificial lake on the Leichhardt River in Queensland, Australia, 16 km downstream from the town of Mount Isa. It provides water to the city and the adjacent Mount Isa Mines (MIM) mining lease.
20231101.en_13198166_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	The dam was built for Mount Isa Mines and, at the time, was the largest water scheme in Australia financed by private enterprise. The original construction was started by the American Utah Construction Company, but Thiess Brothers completed the project.
20231101.en_13198166_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	The lake includes picnic areas, pontoons, a ski jump, and water sports facilities. The lake is popular with birdwatchers, sailors and angler. The Lake Moondarra Fishing Classic has been held there since 1999.
20231101.en_13198166_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	Transport Bay was so named because tonnes of sand was deposited on the banks of the lake by MIM trucks to create a beach.
20231101.en_13198166_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	The lake was the location for one of Australia's largest stone axe quarries. The axes were traded amongst Aborigines across distances as far as 1,000 km.
20231101.en_13198166_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	Construction began on the Leichhardt Dam in 1956, and was completed on 6 November 1958 at a cost of £1.7 million. On 11 July 1961 the dam officially became Lake Moondarra after a competition to name the dam was won by a Mount Isa local, Danny Driscoll. The Aboriginal name means "plenty of rain also thunder".
20231101.en_13198166_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	In 1984, a species of weevil was successfully used as a biological pest control to contain a proliferation of the weed Salvinia molesta in the lake. The first releases were made in 1980. The weevil destroyed tens of thousands of tonnes of weed.
20231101.en_13198166_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra	Lake Moondarra	The dam is stocked with about 10,000 fingerlings each year for recreational fishing. It is stocked with barramundi and sooty grunter. 22 different freshwater species inhabit the dam.
20231101.en_13198191_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Benjamin Wilson (April 30, 1825 – April 26, 1901) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served as a United States Representative from West Virginia) (1875–1883) and as an assistant attorney general during the administration of President Grover Cleveland (1885 to 1893).
20231101.en_13198191_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Born in Wilsonburg in Harrison County, Virginia (now West Virginia) to Mary Martin (1804-1831) and her husband, Josiah D. Wilson (1796–1868), Benjamin was named for his paternal grandfather, the patriot Col. Benjamin Wilson Sr. (1747-1827), a lieutenant in Lord Dunmore's Army. After fighting Native Americans, in 1774 Col. Wilson moved across the Allegheny Mountains, settled in the Tygart valley and founded "Wilson's Fort" (which he defended during the American Revolutionary War) and later represented what was then Monongelia County in the Virginia General Assembly and became first clerk of the Harrison County court. This Benjamin Wilson's maternal grandfather, William Martin (1763–1851), had been a patriot as well, serving as commissary for New Jersey troops before settling in Harrison County.
20231101.en_13198191_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Although Benjamin Wilson did not own slaves, his father Josiah Wilson owned seven or eight slaves in 1850, and ten slaves in 1860.
20231101.en_13198191_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	This Benjamin Wilson attended the Northwestern Virginia Academy in Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia). He then traveled to Staunton, Virginia, to attend the law school which Judge Briscoe Baldwin had begun in 1831.
20231101.en_13198191_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Wilson married Susan Marsh in 1848, and they had a son, Stonewall Jackson Wilson (1862–1887), who survived to adulthood, as did three daughters: Buena Wilson Brown (1849–1930), Mary Drusilla Feeny (1851–1876), and Virginia Lee Wozencraft (1865–1893).
20231101.en_13198191_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Admitted to the Virginia bar in 1848, Wilson began his legal practice in Clarksburg. He was elected as commonwealth attorney for Harrison County following adoption of a new Virginia state constitution in 1851, and served from 1852 to 1860.
20231101.en_13198191_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Voters elected Wilson along with Unionist John S. Carlile as their delegates to the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. Unlike Carlile, who voted against secession during both votes, Wilson abstained from the second vote, though he did sign the ordinance of secession. Later, he and Judge Gideon D. Camden (who owned slaves in both censuses) moved southward into Virginia after Union forces captured much of Harrison County.
20231101.en_13198191_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	After the adoption of West Virginia's second Constitution in 1872 (which re-enfranchised Confederates, among other changes) voters elected Wilson from West Virginia's 1st District. Re-elected three times, Wilson served in the 44th United States Congress and the next three Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1883). Wilson was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872, the same year that he lost a campaign for election to the 43rd United States Congress. Two years later, Wilson won election as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and was re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1883). During the Cleveland administration, Wilson was Assistant Attorney General of the United States (from 1885 to 1893).
20231101.en_13198191_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29	Benjamin Wilson (congressman)	Benjamin Wilson died on April 26, 1901, in Clarksburg and was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery there.
20231101.en_13198193_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenic%20Keller	Domenic Keller	Domenic Keller is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the early 2000s. He won two bronze medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships earning them in 2000 and 2001.
20231101.en_13198217_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABn%20Nuhiji	Arbën Nuhiji	Arben Nuhiu () (born 27 February 1972) is an association footballer from North Macedonia, who finished his club career with Vardar. He is an ethnic Albanian.
20231101.en_13198217_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABn%20Nuhiji	Arbën Nuhiji	He made his senior debut for Macedonia in a June 2000 friendly match against South Korea and has earned a total of 5 caps, scoring 2 goals. His final international was a November 2005 friendly against Liechtenstein.
20231101.en_13198223_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gocha%20Trapaidze	Gocha Trapaidze	Gocha Trapaidze (born 9 May 1976) is a Georgian footballer currently playing for Yuksak Liqa club FK Karvan as a midfielder.
20231101.en_13198239_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Ferreira%20Xavier	Marcos Ferreira Xavier	Marcos Ferreira Xavier (; born 18 February 1982) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in Brazil, he represented the Azerbaijan national team.
20231101.en_13198239_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Ferreira%20Xavier	Marcos Ferreira Xavier	Marcos transferred to FK Karvan from Corinthians Alagoano in summer 2005. In the 2007 winter transfer window Marcos moved to Neftchi Baku on loan till the end of the season.
20231101.en_13198239_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Ferreira%20Xavier	Marcos Ferreira Xavier	After taking Azerbaijani citizenship in 2007, Marcos made his debut for Azerbaijan on 7 March 2007 in a 1–0 victory over Uzbekistan in the Alma TV Cup. His second, and last appearance for Azerbaijan, came four days later against Kyrgyzstan, also in the Alma TV Cup.
20231101.en_13198269_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Akhalkatsi	Roman Akhalkatsi	Roman Akhalkatsi (; born 20 February 1980) is a Georgian former footballer who played as a midfielder.
20231101.en_13198272_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOCN	WOCN	WKAT (AM), a radio station (1450 AM) licensed to serve Miami, Florida, United States, which held the call sign WOCN from 1966 to 2019
20231101.en_13198286_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilagi	Tuilagi	Tuilagi is a surname notably shared by a set of Samoan rugby-playing brothers. The five oldest have all represented at international level in a World Cup while the youngest, Manu chose to represent , also reaching a World Cup and playing for the British and Irish Lions in 2013.
20231101.en_13198286_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilagi	Tuilagi	They also have a seventh sibling, born Olotuli, who is fa'afafine and goes by the name Julie Tuilagi.
20231101.en_13198295_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleyman%20Camara	Suleyman Camara	Souleymane Camara (born 10 April 1984) is an Ivorian football striker whose last known club was Karvan in the Azerbaijan Premier League.
20231101.en_13198299_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Sudomotor function refers to the autonomic nervous system control of sweat gland activity in response to various environmental and individual factors. Sweat production is a vital thermoregulatory mechanism used by the body to prevent heat-related illness as the evaporation of sweat is the body’s most effective method of heat reduction and the only cooling method available when the air temperature rises above skin temperature. In addition, sweat plays key roles in grip, microbial defense, and wound healing.
20231101.en_13198299_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Human sweat glands are primarily classified as either eccrine or apocrine glands. Eccrine glands open directly onto the surface of the skin, while apocrine glands open into hair follicles. Eccrine glands are the predominant sweat gland in the human body with numbers totaling up to 4 million. They are located within the reticular dermal layer of the skin and distributed across nearly the entire surface of the body with the largest numbers occurring in the palms and soles.
20231101.en_13198299_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Eccrine sweat is secreted in response to both emotional and thermal stimulation. Eccrine glands are primarily innervated by small-diameter, unmyelinated class C-fibers from postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Increases in body and skin temperature are detected by visceral and peripheral thermoreceptors, which send signals via class C and Aδ-fiber afferent somatic neurons through the lateral spinothalamic tract to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus for processing. In addition, there are warm-sensitive neurons located within the preoptic nucleus that detect increases in core body temperature. Efferent pathways then descend ipsilaterally from the hypothalamus through the pons and medulla to preganglionic sympathetic cholinergic neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord. The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic cholinergic sudomotor (and to a lesser extent adrenergic) neurons in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal of the postganglionic neuron, acetylcholine is released which binds and activates muscarinic M3 receptors on the basolateral membrane of the clear cells in the secretory coil of the eccrine gland. This triggers the release of intracellular calcium storages and an influx of extracellular calcium which ultimately results in the movement of chloride ion Cl^-, sodium ion Na^+, and water into the duct lumen.
20231101.en_13198299_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Impaired sudomotor function can occur in any disorder that directly and/or indirectly affects the autonomic nervous system, including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure. Sudomotor dysfunction can manifest as increased or decreased sweating patterns. Both patterns have the potential to affect an individual’s quality of life. Excessive sweating can cause social embarrassment, while insufficient sweating can result in heat intolerance and dry skin. Depending on the severity of dyshidrosis, it may result in hyperkeratosis, rhagades, ulcerations, and poor wound healing due to altered epidermal moisturization.
20231101.en_13198299_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Sudomotor dysfunction is one of the most common and earliest neurophysiological manifestations of small fiber neuropathies. In some cases, it may be the only detectable neurologic manifestation.
20231101.en_13198299_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The gold standard for diagnosis of small fiber neuropathies is Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density (IENFD) measured from punch skin biopsies, but this procedure is invasive and inappropriate for long term follow-up. Sudomotor testing can be a valuable diagnostic tool for the early detection of small fiber neuropathies.
20231101.en_13198299_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	There are several methods available for the assessment of sudomotor function. They vary in cost, technical complexity, reproducibility, variability and the availability of normative data. However, it is important to note that all sudomotor function assessments are not specific for small fiber or sudomotor neuropathy, as they can also yield abnormal results from disorders of the sweat glands themselves. The following is a list of methods used in clinical practice and clinical research for sudomotor assessment.
20231101.en_13198299_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Thermoregulatory Sweat Test (TST) and Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART) are considered the gold standards for assessment of sudomotor function. Newer methods may offer simpler, potentially more sensitive, and more widely available alternatives for screening and monitoring in the clinic of autonomic and small fiber neuropathies, particularly those associated with diabetes.
20231101.en_13198299_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The TST was developed in the 1940s by Dr. Ludwig Guttmann to measure both preganglionic and postganglionic sudomotor function objectively. The test is performed in a standardized room with the temperature preheated to 45-50 °C and humidity set to 35-40%. The patient lies unclothed on an examination table. An indicator dye is evenly applied to the ventral surface of the patient’s skin excluding the eyes, ears, and perioral region. The dye changes color in response to a decrease in skin pH which occurs upon the onset of sweating as the room temperature is gradually raised. Digital pictures are taken to record the patient’s sweating patterns. In addition, a TST% is calculated by dividing the anhidrotic skin area by the total skin area and multiplying by 100. The TST% acts as an indicator of the severity of neurologic impairment. When used in conjunction with postganglionic sudomotor function testing, such as the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), it can differentiate a preganglionic lesion from a postganglionic lesion.
20231101.en_13198299_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	A distal anhidrotic pattern is characteristic of length-dependent small fiber neuropathies, such as the distal symmetric polyneuropathy commonly seen in diabetic patients.
20231101.en_13198299_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The TST has proven to be a sensitive measure of sudomotor function. However, it is time-consuming and requires a highly specialized facility with trained personnel.
20231101.en_13198299_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The QSART was developed in 1983 by Phillip Low as a quantitative method for the identification of localized postganglionic sudomotor dysfunction. Three-compartment sweat capsules are placed on the forearm, proximal and distal leg, as well as the dorsum of the foot. The outer compartment of the capsule is filled with a 10% acetylcholine solution, while nitrogen gas is released steadily onto the skin within the inner compartment. The middle compartment acts as a buffer between the inner and outer compartments to prevent direct stimulation of sweat glands or leakage of the acetylcholine solution. The outflow humidity of the nitrogen gas after passing across the skin is measured by a hygrometer. Once a stable baseline of outflow humidity is reached, iontophoresis of the acetylcholine fluid is initiated by using a 2mA electric current to deliver the acetylcholine into the dermal skin layers. The acetylcholine binds to sweat glands (direct sweat response), and nicotinic and muscarinic receptors on the sudomotor nerve terminals, which transmit the action potential antidromically to axon branch points and then orthodromically to adjacent sudomotor nerves and glands (indirect sweat response).
20231101.en_13198299_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Sweat production is measured as the change in relative humidity over time. The temporal resolution, magnitude, and onset latency of the sweat response are digitally recorded and analyzed using specialized software.
20231101.en_13198299_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	QSART is sensitive and specific for detecting postganglionic small fiber dysfunction. However, some studies have found it to have a high variability, poor reproducibility, and low diagnostic sensitivity. It is also sensitive to various factors such as caffeine and medications, and the iontophoresis procedure may cause skin irritation and discomfort. QSART requires highly specialized equipment needing regular calibration, a humidity- and temperature-controlled room, and trained personnel.
20231101.en_13198299_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Electrochemical skin conductance is an objective, quantitative, non-invasive method for the assessment of sudomotor function that utilizes chronoamperometry (the application of rectangular direct current (DC) pulses of varying voltage amplitudes) to electrically stimulate eccrine sweat glands, and reverse iontophoresis (the migration of electrolytes from the human sweat to the electrodes) for quantitative measurement of the resulting flow of Cl- ions.
20231101.en_13198299_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	A novel electrochemical model of the skin was devised, reproducing the behavior of chloride ions and the properties of their ion channel to develop a computational tool for measuring chloride ion flow through a sweat gland in response to an imposed voltage. In vitro electrochemical studies were then carried out in conventional three-electrode cells to identify the origin of currents measured upon the application of low voltage potentials with variable amplitudes to stainless steel electrodes applied to the skin during clinical tests. These studies also evaluated the influence of different parameters in sweat (e.g., urea, lactate) on the obtained currents. These studies formed the basis for the ESC methodology of measuring sudomotor function.
20231101.en_13198299_16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The flow of Cl− ions in the sweat secreted from the activated sweat glands are captured by the anode. This process is repeated twice for the feet and twice for the hands with the right and left electrodes alternating as the anode and cathode. A conductance deduced from the resulting current between the electrodes and the voltages is reported as ESC, measured in microsiemens (µS), and is proportional to the Cl− flow to the skin surface, that is to say the ability to secrete Cl− ions by eccrine glands, thus providing a quantitative measurement of sudomotor function.
20231101.en_13198299_17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The measurement requires no specific patient preparation or medical personnel training. The test lasts less than 3 minutes, and is innocuous and non-invasive.
20231101.en_13198299_18	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	In general, decreased ESC values indicate a higher risk of sudomotor dysfunction, and thus a greater likelihood of small fiber neuropathy. Sudoscan has been shown to be useful in the detection of small fiber neuropathy in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with a sensitivity of 77 to 87% and a specificity of 67 to 92%, as well as in the screening of diabetic nephropathy. Sudoscan has been compared with other reference tests including Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices, intraepidermal nerve fiber density, sweat gland nerve fiber density and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing (QSART). In addition to diabetes, low ESC values have been reported in association with increased severity of diabetic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. It has also been shown to be sensitive to change after different interventions in subjects with T2DM. ESC measurements are highly reproducible. Studies have shown ESC values to be dependent on ethnicity. For that purpose, normative reference values have been established on a total of 1,350 healthy participants. Normative ESC values have also been established for pediatric age groups, and it has been demonstrated that ESC values begin to decrease in the eighth decade of life. ESC has the potential to be a useful tool for detecting small fiber neuropathies. It is highly sensitive, rapid, more accessible and less technically complex than current gold standard sudomotor function tests, and causes minimal-to-no patient discomfort, so very suitable for routine use.
20231101.en_13198299_19	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Neuropad utilizes an adhesive pad with a cobalt (II) salt indicator that changes color from blue to pink in the presence of moisture due to the hydration of cobalt ions. One pad is applied to the plantar surface of each foot in between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal heads. The pad is kept on each foot for ten minutes and the final color is recorded. A full change in color from blue to pink is considered a normal sweat response, while an absent or incomplete color change is considered abnormal.
20231101.en_13198299_20	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The strengths of Neuropad are its high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and its potential as an at-home test. However, Neuropad has lower specificity, is not recommended for children and patients over the age of 70, and is sensitive to certain medications.
20231101.en_13198299_21	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Like QSART, silicone imprint utilizes the principles of iontophoresis to measure the axon-reflex sweat response; however, unlike QSART, it allows for spatial but not temporal resolution of the sweat response. Following iontophoresis of a cholinergic agonist, a thin layer of silicone is applied to the tested skin area until polymerization is complete (about 5 minutes). The silicone imprints are then analyzed, either by microscope or computer-assisted analysis, for sweat droplet size, number, and distribution, and compared to lower limits of normal.
20231101.en_13198299_22	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The silicone imprint method is relatively inexpensive and can be performed in non-specialized testing centers; however, the method is prone to artifacts caused by residual hair and dirt, as well as skin surface texture and air bubble formation; the accuracy of the results depends on the silicone material used; the processing of the sweat impressions is time consuming; and the technique requires standardization.
20231101.en_13198299_23	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The QDIRT was developed in 2008 by Christopher Gibbons and colleagues as a means for the evaluation of postganglionic sudomotor function outside of specialized autonomic testing centers. It combines elements of TST, QSART, and the silicone imprint method. Similar to QSART, it involves the iontophoresis of 10% acetylcholine solution to induce axon-reflex sweating; however, it utilizes an automated imaging analysis software that is less technically complex. Prior to iontophoresis, the skin is dried and covered with an indicator dye consisting of povidone-iodine mixed with corn starch and mineral oil. The indicator dye changes color with the onset of sweating. Digital photographs of the color change are recorded every 15 seconds over approximately 7 minutes. Spatial and temporal analysis of sweat droplets as well as direct and indirect sweat response are measured.
20231101.en_13198299_24	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Although QDIRT is less technically demanding than QSART or TST, it still requires trained staff and an environmentally controlled room; iontophoresis may cause skin irritation or burning; the skin areas studied using QDIRT are not pre-defined, thus limiting the interindividual comparability of the test; and little normative or performance data are available.
20231101.en_13198299_25	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The SST was recently developed by Adam Loavenbruck and colleagues in 2017 for the evaluation of individual sweat glands. It allows for the quantification of sweat from each individual sweat gland, as well as their location and distribution, thus providing both temporal and spatial resolution. The procedure is initiated by the iontophoresis of 0.5% pilocarpine solution over a 2.25 cm2 skin area, which stimulates the underlying sweat glands directly through the activation of muscarinic M3 receptors. Immediately following iontophoresis, the skin is dried, and then covered with a 10% povidone-iodine solution. At the onset of sweating, the reaction of sweat with the povidone-iodine solution and corn starch results in the appearance of a black spot. A customized miniature camera can follow the secretions of up to 400 sweat glands at a time for up to 60 seconds, analyzing the enlargement rate and area of each spot. The test is then repeated for replicate analysis.
20231101.en_13198299_26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The procedure is relatively quick and the camera is portable. However, further testing is needed to establish normative data and to confirm its utility in autonomic testing. As the test lacks an axon-reflex response, it has a limited ability to assess nerve fiber function.
20231101.en_13198299_27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	SSR refers to the change in skin resistance to electrical conduction associated with the sympathetic activation of sudomotor function in response to external or internal stimuli, such as electrical stimulation, deep breathing, and mental stress. It is mediated by a poorly understood somato-sympathetic reflex with spinal, bulbar, and suprabulbar components. The SSR is frequently utilized in psychophysiological studies and is a well-known component of the polygraph test.
20231101.en_13198299_28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The test is performed using standard electromyography (EMG) equipment in a lightly dimmed, humidity- and temperature-controlled room. A surface electrode is positioned on the patient’s palm or sole, along with a reference electrode on the dorsal side of the same body area. A change in skin potential is then induced either through electrical stimulation or deep breathing. The recorded SSR is then plotted on a graph and analyzed for presence or absence, latency, and amplitude.
20231101.en_13198299_29	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The SSR is thought to be mainly influenced by the electrolyte content of sweat secreted from eccrine glands. In addition, there is significant intra-individual and inter-individual variability, and SSR declines with age and is commonly absent in individuals over the age of 50. SSR is only considered a surrogate marker of sudomotor function and its results should be interpreted in the context of other sudomotor testing.
20231101.en_13198299_30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	The spoon test, developed in 1964 by Dr. Ernest Bors, relies on assessment of the smooth movement of the convex side of a spoon along the surface of the patient’s skin. In patients with sudomotor dysfunction, the spoon will slide in a smooth and uninterrupted fashion. Conversely, the spoon’s movement in normal controls will be frequently interrupted by the presence of sweat on the skin.
20231101.en_13198299_31	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	SGNFD can be quantified in skin biopsies taken from the distal leg, distal thigh, and proximal thigh prepared for standard analysis of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). Nerve fibers innervating sweat glands are stained with Protein Gene Product 9.5 and quantified using manual morphometry with light microscopy.
20231101.en_13198299_32	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	SGNFD can potentially be used as a surrogate anatomical marker for sudomotor function. However, it is not a direct assessment of the sweat response, and normative data must be established.
20231101.en_13198299_33	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor	Sudomotor	Inspection of the patient’s skin, particularly on the lower extremities, in conjunction with a thorough medical history, can provide valuable information regarding the possible presence of sudomotor dysfunction. Evidence of altered skin hydration, such as hyperkeratosis, excessive skin dander, rhagades, and ulcers, can be suggestive of sudomotor dysfunction. Presence of intense foot odor may be another presentation.
20231101.en_13198310_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir (; ; born November 22, 1990 in Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) is a professional Pakistani squash player. She dressed like a boy for the first 16 years of her life in order to participate in competitive sports as a Muslim girl, using the name Genghis Khan, fully supported by her Muslim parents.
20231101.en_13198310_1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	After defeating boys in weightlifting at age 12, Toorpakai turned to squash and, having to produce a birth certificate, gave up pretending to be a boy. She became the first tribal Pakistani girl in international squash tournaments, turning professional in 2006.
20231101.en_13198310_2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In August 2007, the President of Pakistan bestowed the Salaam Pakistan Award upon her. She was threatened by the Taliban and locked herself in her house for the following 3 years. In 2009, she won third place in the world junior women's squash championship. In 2011, she arrived in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to train with Jonathon Power.
20231101.en_13198310_3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	Her highest world ranking was 41st, in December 2012. At the age of 26, she was the highest ranked female squash player in Pakistan, and was appointed to the IOC Women in Sport commission.
20231101.en_13198310_4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	Maria Toorpakai was born on November 22, 1990 in Domel, Bannu, a tribal region in northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan. Her parents are teachers who are committed to women's rights despite the presence of the Taliban in the region. She credits the time her father, Shamsul Qayum Wazir, also spelled Shamsul Qayyum Wazir, spent time with hippies visiting the area in his youth for his autodidactic education and supportive attitude toward women's education, which included education of her mother. Her sister, Aisha Gulalai, is a Pakistani politician working to empower women in tribal areas.
20231101.en_13198310_5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	As a child, Toorpakai loved to play outside, even though girls are not allowed to go outside the house in the highly conservative tribal area. At age 4, her parents allowed her to dress in boys' clothes and by age 7 she lived as a boy. Before fifth grade, she burnt all her dresses. Her father saw parallels to his tomboy sister, who "just collapsed one day and he thought she died basically of a broken heart, because she wasn't allowed to live the life that she wanted to live."
20231101.en_13198310_6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In 2002, Toorpakai's father put her into weightlifting in Peshawar to "channel her negative energies" and introduced her with the name Genghis Khan. She trained and competed as a boy with the explicit support of her father. At age 12, she won a junior championship in Lahore, and managed to keep her clothes on for the mandatory weighing, because her brother refused to take off his clothes and created a protective precedent. She became captivated by squash after observing it where she was weightlifting and saw it as her next challenge. Her father took her to a squash academy and, after needing to produce a birth certificate, gave up pretending that she was a boy. The truth about her gender leaked out, and she had neither training partners nor coach and trained by herself for hours. She was harassed and bullied by other players, both boys and men.
20231101.en_13198310_7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In 2006, Toorpakai turned professional. As a female athlete who played without a veil and in shorts, her actions were perceived as "un-Islamic". It was in 2007, she recalls, two years before Malala Yousafzai was shot, that the Taliban threatened to kill her and her family. The Pakistani National Squash Federation provided security by "snipers around my house, all the way to the squash court and on the squash court". She recalls "There was a bomb blast every day. [...] terrible things [...] happening all around me."
20231101.en_13198310_8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	Toorpakai decided it was safer for everyone if she found an opportunity to train internationally. She wrote to clubs, players, and schools and received no response; for three and a half years she "locked herself in a room in [her] house." She said she kept playing squash, hitting balls against her wall, until her neighbors complained one day. "I had to switch the wall. But I kept going".
20231101.en_13198310_9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	Eventually former professional squash player Jonathon Power replied, and in 2011, she arrived to train in his academy in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
20231101.en_13198310_10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In 2013, she was one of three Pakistani women in the top 200. and as of May 2016, she ranked 56th of female squash player in the world.
20231101.en_13198310_11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	On May 4, 2017, she was appointed to the IOC Women in Sport commission, stating that could "play a better role from this position for athletes and girls in sports". Upon her appointment, the president of the World Squash Federation, Jaques Fontaine said "Every player has a journey, but very occasionally there is one that is very special and transcends her sport. Maria's is one of those. She is a most admirable young woman whose experiences will inspire everybody."
20231101.en_13198310_12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In August 2007, the President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, gave her the Salaam Pakistan Award, alongside tennis player Aisam Ul Haq Qureshi and footballer Muhammad Essa.
20231101.en_13198310_13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In late August 2007, at almost 17, she lost a five-game semi-final in the POF Women's International Squash Players Association Wah Cantt Open at the Jahangir Khan Squash Complex in Wah Cantt, Pakistan, missing out on a maiden appearance in a WISPA World Tour final; she was nominated as "Young Player of the Year 2007".
20231101.en_13198310_14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In October 2012 she won the first annual Voice of Hope Award from Canadian First Lady Laureen Harper.
20231101.en_13198310_15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	In 2011 through 2017, Toorpakai resided in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and has a home in Pakistan. Since 2017, she lives in Pakistan alone "but I don't go out to party or drink, because I want to set a standard for the girls back home." In May 2016, she published her memoir, for which she was interviewed by Terry Gross on National Public Radio's Fresh Air.
20231101.en_13198310_16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Toorpakai%20Wazir	Maria Toorpakai Wazir	Toorpakai is an advocate for women's rights in Pakistan to "overcome discrimination and cultural obstacles". She has set up a foundation encouraging families to educate girls and allow them to play sports.
20231101.en_13198338_0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagle%20Parek	Lagle Parek	Lagle Parek (born 17 April 1941) is an Estonian politician. She served as the Minister of the Interior in the first post-soviet government, led by the Prime Minister Mart Laar.

20231101.en_13198142_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Dixon

Joseph Dixon

Joseph Dixon (inventor) (1799–1869), American inventor, entrepreneur; founder of what became the Dixon Ticonderoga Company

20231101.en_13198147_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekirija%20Ramadani

Zekirija Ramadani

Zekirija Ramadani (; born 21 January 1978) is a Macedonian professional football coach and former player of Albanian descent.

20231101.en_13198147_1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekirija%20Ramadani

Zekirija Ramadani

Ramadani started his career at FK Sloga Jugomagnat. In the summer of 2006, he went on loan to FK Rabotnički. He returned to Belasitsa Petrich in January 2007.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekirija%20Ramadani

Zekirija Ramadani

He made his senior debut for Macedonia in a July 2000 friendly match against Azerbaijan and has earned a total of 7 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a friendly against China in January 2004.

20231101.en_13198150_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Estonia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Leto svet" written by Priit Pajusaar, Tarmo Leinatamm, Hannes Võrno, Peeter Oja and Glen Pilvre. The song was performed by the group Kreisiraadio. The Estonian broadcaster Eesti Rahvusringhääling (ERR) organised the national final Eurolaul 2008 in order to select the Estonian entry for the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia. Ten songs competed in the national final and the winner was selected over two rounds of public voting. In the first round, the top three were selected to qualify to the superfinal. In the superfinal, "Leto svet" performed by Kreisiraadio was selected as the winner.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Estonia was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 20 May 2008. Performing during the show in position 3, "Leto svet" was not announced among the 10 qualifying entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Estonia placed eighteenth out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 8 points.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Prior to the 2008 Contest, Estonia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirteen times since its first entry in , winning the contest on one occasion in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and 2XL. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Estonia has, to this point, yet to qualify to the final. In 2007, "Partners in Crime" performed by Gerli Padar failed to qualify Estonia to the final where the song placed twenty-second in the semi-final.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

The Estonian national broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhääling (ERR), broadcasts the event within Estonia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Since their debut, the Estonian broadcaster has organised national finals that feature a competition among multiple artists and songs in order to select Estonia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest. The Eurolaul competition has been organised since 1996 in order to select Estonia's entry and on 17 September 2007, ERR announced the organisation of Eurolaul 2008 in order to select the nation's 2008 entry.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Eurolaul 2008 was the fifteenth edition of the Estonian national selection Eurolaul, which selected Estonia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. The competition consisted of a ten-song final on 2 February 2008 at the ERR studios in Tallinn, hosted by Marko Reikop and Eda-Ines Etti and broadcast on Eesti Televisioon (ETV) as well as streamed online at the broadcaster's official website etv.ee and the official Eurovision Song Contest website eurovision.tv.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

On 2 October 2007, ERR opened the submission period for artists and composers to submit their entries up until 26 October 2007. All artists and composers were required to have Estonian citizenship or be a permanent resident of Estonia. 58 submissions were received by the deadline. An 11-member jury panel selected 5 finalists from the submissions, while an additional 5 finalists were selected by ERR via composers directly invited for the competition: Alar Kotkas, Elmar Liitmaa, Priit Pajusaar, Rein Rannap and Hendrik Sal-Saller. The selected songs were announced during the ETV program Kes pääses finaali? on 1 December 2007. The selection jury consisted of Toomas Puna (Raadio Sky+ program director), Alari Kivisaar (Raadio Sky+ presenter), Allan Roosileht (Star FM presenter), Andres Panksep (Raadio Uuno chief editor), Ahto Kruusmann (Raadio Uuno presenter), Raul Saaremets (Raadio 2 program director), Olev Ehrlich (Vikerraadio head of music), Ivan Makarov (Raadio 4 music editor), Owe Petersell (Raadio Elmar chief editor), Koit Raudsepp (Raadio 2 presenter) and Sven Lõhmus (composer).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

The final took place on 2 February 2008. Ten songs competed during the show and the winner was selected over two rounds of public televoting. In the first round, the top three entries proceeded to the second round, and in the second round, "Leto svet" performed by Kreisiraadio was selected as the winner entirely by a public televote. The public vote registered 64,851 votes in the first round and 96,471 votes in the superfinal. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, Sahlene, who represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, and Gerli Padar, who represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, with Taavi Langdi performed as the interval acts.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to the rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2008, an allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Estonia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 20 May 2008. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 17 March 2008 and Estonia was set to perform in position 3, following the entry from Israel and before the entry from Moldova.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Estonia on ETV with commentary by Marko Reikop. The Estonian spokesperson, who announced the Estonian votes during the final, was Sahlene who had previously represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2002.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Kreisiraadio took part in technical rehearsals on 11 and 15 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 19 and 20 May. The Estonian performance featured the members of Kreisiraadio performing on stage in yellow, red and blue suits and joined by three dancers in golden tops waving big signs as well as the Serbian, Estonian, German and Finnish flags: Kauna Kõrge-Hårajuvet, Laura Lambut and Merit Reigam. The stage displayed green, yellow and red colours and the song title "Leto svet" appeared on the LED screens. The performance also featured the use of a non-functioning piano and an accordion.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

At the end of the show, Estonia was not announced among the top 10 entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Estonia placed 18th in the semi-final, receiving a total of 8 points.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202008

Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Estonia and awarded by Estonia in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Finland in the semi-final and to Russia in the final of the contest.

20231101.en_13198154_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourie

Fourie

Fourie is a South African surname originating from Huguenot settlers. Notable people with the surname include:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourie

Fourie

Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, a South African law case which led to the legalisation of same-sex marriage in South Africa

20231101.en_13198161_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedish%20records%20in%20swimming

List of Swedish records in swimming

This is a list of Swedish records in swimming, as ratified by the Swedish Swimming Federation (). All records were achieved in finals unless otherwise noted.

20231101.en_13198166_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

Lake Moondarra is an artificial lake on the Leichhardt River in Queensland, Australia, 16 km downstream from the town of Mount Isa. It provides water to the city and the adjacent Mount Isa Mines (MIM) mining lease.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

The dam was built for Mount Isa Mines and, at the time, was the largest water scheme in Australia financed by private enterprise. The original construction was started by the American Utah Construction Company, but Thiess Brothers completed the project.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

The lake includes picnic areas, pontoons, a ski jump, and water sports facilities. The lake is popular with birdwatchers, sailors and angler. The Lake Moondarra Fishing Classic has been held there since 1999.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

Transport Bay was so named because tonnes of sand was deposited on the banks of the lake by MIM trucks to create a beach.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

The lake was the location for one of Australia's largest stone axe quarries. The axes were traded amongst Aborigines across distances as far as 1,000 km.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

Construction began on the Leichhardt Dam in 1956, and was completed on 6 November 1958 at a cost of £1.7 million. On 11 July 1961 the dam officially became Lake Moondarra after a competition to name the dam was won by a Mount Isa local, Danny Driscoll. The Aboriginal name means "plenty of rain also thunder".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

In 1984, a species of weevil was successfully used as a biological pest control to contain a proliferation of the weed Salvinia molesta in the lake. The first releases were made in 1980. The weevil destroyed tens of thousands of tonnes of weed.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Moondarra

Lake Moondarra

The dam is stocked with about 10,000 fingerlings each year for recreational fishing. It is stocked with barramundi and sooty grunter. 22 different freshwater species inhabit the dam.

20231101.en_13198191_0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Benjamin Wilson (April 30, 1825 – April 26, 1901) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served as a United States Representative from West Virginia) (1875–1883) and as an assistant attorney general during the administration of President Grover Cleveland (1885 to 1893).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Born in Wilsonburg in Harrison County, Virginia (now West Virginia) to Mary Martin (1804-1831) and her husband, Josiah D. Wilson (1796–1868), Benjamin was named for his paternal grandfather, the patriot Col. Benjamin Wilson Sr. (1747-1827), a lieutenant in Lord Dunmore's Army. After fighting Native Americans, in 1774 Col. Wilson moved across the Allegheny Mountains, settled in the Tygart valley and founded "Wilson's Fort" (which he defended during the American Revolutionary War) and later represented what was then Monongelia County in the Virginia General Assembly and became first clerk of the Harrison County court. This Benjamin Wilson's maternal grandfather, William Martin (1763–1851), had been a patriot as well, serving as commissary for New Jersey troops before settling in Harrison County.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Although Benjamin Wilson did not own slaves, his father Josiah Wilson owned seven or eight slaves in 1850, and ten slaves in 1860.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

This Benjamin Wilson attended the Northwestern Virginia Academy in Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia). He then traveled to Staunton, Virginia, to attend the law school which Judge Briscoe Baldwin had begun in 1831.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Wilson married Susan Marsh in 1848, and they had a son, Stonewall Jackson Wilson (1862–1887), who survived to adulthood, as did three daughters: Buena Wilson Brown (1849–1930), Mary Drusilla Feeny (1851–1876), and Virginia Lee Wozencraft (1865–1893).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Admitted to the Virginia bar in 1848, Wilson began his legal practice in Clarksburg. He was elected as commonwealth attorney for Harrison County following adoption of a new Virginia state constitution in 1851, and served from 1852 to 1860.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Voters elected Wilson along with Unionist John S. Carlile as their delegates to the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. Unlike Carlile, who voted against secession during both votes, Wilson abstained from the second vote, though he did sign the ordinance of secession. Later, he and Judge Gideon D. Camden (who owned slaves in both censuses) moved southward into Virginia after Union forces captured much of Harrison County.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

After the adoption of West Virginia's second Constitution in 1872 (which re-enfranchised Confederates, among other changes) voters elected Wilson from West Virginia's 1st District. Re-elected three times, Wilson served in the 44th United States Congress and the next three Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1883). Wilson was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872, the same year that he lost a campaign for election to the 43rd United States Congress. Two years later, Wilson won election as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and was re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1883). During the Cleveland administration, Wilson was Assistant Attorney General of the United States (from 1885 to 1893).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Wilson%20%28congressman%29

Benjamin Wilson (congressman)

Benjamin Wilson died on April 26, 1901, in Clarksburg and was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery there.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenic%20Keller

Domenic Keller

Domenic Keller is a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the early 2000s. He won two bronze medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships earning them in 2000 and 2001.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABn%20Nuhiji

Arbën Nuhiji

Arben Nuhiu () (born 27 February 1972) is an association footballer from North Macedonia, who finished his club career with Vardar. He is an ethnic Albanian.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABn%20Nuhiji

Arbën Nuhiji

He made his senior debut for Macedonia in a June 2000 friendly match against South Korea and has earned a total of 5 caps, scoring 2 goals. His final international was a November 2005 friendly against Liechtenstein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gocha%20Trapaidze

Gocha Trapaidze

Gocha Trapaidze (born 9 May 1976) is a Georgian footballer currently playing for Yuksak Liqa club FK Karvan as a midfielder.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Ferreira%20Xavier

Marcos Ferreira Xavier

Marcos Ferreira Xavier (; born 18 February 1982) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in Brazil, he represented the Azerbaijan national team.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Ferreira%20Xavier

Marcos Ferreira Xavier

Marcos transferred to FK Karvan from Corinthians Alagoano in summer 2005. In the 2007 winter transfer window Marcos moved to Neftchi Baku on loan till the end of the season.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Ferreira%20Xavier

Marcos Ferreira Xavier

After taking Azerbaijani citizenship in 2007, Marcos made his debut for Azerbaijan on 7 March 2007 in a 1–0 victory over Uzbekistan in the Alma TV Cup. His second, and last appearance for Azerbaijan, came four days later against Kyrgyzstan, also in the Alma TV Cup.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Akhalkatsi

Roman Akhalkatsi

Roman Akhalkatsi (; born 20 February 1980) is a Georgian former footballer who played as a midfielder.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOCN

WOCN

WKAT (AM), a radio station (1450 AM) licensed to serve Miami, Florida, United States, which held the call sign WOCN from 1966 to 2019

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilagi

Tuilagi

Tuilagi is a surname notably shared by a set of Samoan rugby-playing brothers. The five oldest have all represented at international level in a World Cup while the youngest, Manu chose to represent , also reaching a World Cup and playing for the British and Irish Lions in 2013.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilagi

Tuilagi

They also have a seventh sibling, born Olotuli, who is fa'afafine and goes by the name Julie Tuilagi.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleyman%20Camara

Suleyman Camara

Souleymane Camara (born 10 April 1984) is an Ivorian football striker whose last known club was Karvan in the Azerbaijan Premier League.

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