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stringlengths 4
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Four identical candles are set on a safe surface and lit. One is covered with a small-sized jar, one is covered with a large-sized jar, and one candle is left in the open. A fourth lit candle is placed in a vacuum. Which candle will most likely stay lit the longest?
|
[
"the candle placed in the vacuum",
"the candle covered with the small-sized jar",
"the candle covered with the large-sized jar",
"the candle left out in the open"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added - a communications blackout caused by solar storms. After a period of calm within the Sun, scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012, just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London. Now scientists believe that this peak could result in vast solar explosions that could throw billions of tons of charged matter towards the Earth, causing strong solar storms that could jam the telecommunications satellites and interact links sending five Olympic broadcast from London. "The Sun's activity has a strong influence on the Earth. The Olympics could be in the middle of the next solar maximum which could affect the functions of communications satellites," said Professor Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire. At the peak of the cycle, violent outbursts called coronalmass ejections occur in the Sun's atmosphere, throwing out great quantities of electrically-charged matter. " A coronal mass ejection can carry a billion tons of solar material into space at over a million kilometres per hour. Such events can expose astronauts to a deadly amount, can disable satellites, cause power failures on Earth and disturb communications," Professor Harrison added. The risk is greatest during a solar maximum when there is the greatest number of sunspots. Next week in America, NASA is scheduled to launch a satellite for monitoring solar activity called the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which will take images of the Sun that are 10 times clearer than the most advanced televisions available. The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory helped to make the high-tech cameras that will capture images of the solar flares and explosions as they occur. Professor Richard Hold away, the lab's director, said that the SDO should be able to provide early warning of a solar flare or explosion big enough to affect satellite communications on Earth "If we have advance warning, we'll be able to reduce the damage. _ According to the passage, NASA will launch a satellite to _
|
[
"take images of the solar system",
"provide early warning of thunderstorms",
"keep track of solar activities",
"improve the communications on Earth"
] | 0A
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The following is the instruction to the people who have to take this medicine. Dosage: Adult twelve years old and over take two teaspoonfuls as needed, not more than fifteen teaspoonfuls per day. Children six years old to twelve years old take half the adult dosage, not more than seven teaspoonfuls per day. Warning: Do not overtake this medicine unless directed by a doctor. Children under six years old and persons with high blood pressure, heart disease do not take this medicine. This preparation may cause _ . So do not drive or operate machinery while taking this medicine. Long- time cough is dangerous. If relief does not occur within three days, discontinue use and go to see your doctor. A ten-year-old child should _ .
|
[
"not take this preparation",
"not take two teaspoonfuls of this preparation",
"take one teaspoonful of this preparation",
"take one - half teaspoonful"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
looking directly at an eclipse of the Sun causes harm to the
|
[
"trees",
"clouds",
"rocks",
"organic light receptacle"
] | 3D
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
We are so used to having a cup of tea before heading off to work, during work or after getting back from work. Tea breaks are more like a custom that takes place regularly several times a day. This tea break tradition has been happening during the past 200 years or so. Tea just happens to be a wonderful drink for most of us. The day simply feels incomplete without a hot cup of tea. However, is tea good for you? In 2006, the papers were flooded with the news of research showing that drinking 2-3 cups of tea a day is as beneficial as drinking water, with even some additional health benefits. Another report published in November 2009, stated that drinking up to eight cups of tea a day is good for you. The research conducted by nutrition expert Dr. Carrie Ruxton, debunked the popular stories about caffeinated drinks like tea, coffee and cocoa. According to Dr. Ruxton, the caffeine present in tea tends to lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes. She says that drinking 8 cups of tea a day gives the drinkers "the best levels of health-giving substances" present in tea and other caffeinated drinks. Contrary to popular belief that tea does not contain more caffeine than coffee, it actually contains almost half the amount. Caffeine is a natural thing found in many types of food and drink. It's also something that can give you a much needed lift for a demanding and tiring afternoon ahead. Research shows that proper amounts of caffeine are safe for most people. So why not take full advantage of your tea breaks at work, or make time for afternoon tea while out shopping at the weekend? And remember that tea is not just a great drink, but it helps to keep you looking and feeling healthy. According to Dr. Carrie Ruxton, _ .
|
[
"over 5 cups of tea a day damage your health",
"drinking tea may cause some kinds of diseases",
"tea shouldn't be drunk together with coffee or cocoa",
"drinking tea helps prevent heart diseases"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Baths and bathing have long been considered of medical importance to man. In Greece there are the ruins of a water system for baths built over 3,000 years ago. The Romans had warm public baths. In some baths, as many 3,000 persons could bathe at the same time. Treating disease by taking bathing has been popular for centuries. Modern medical bathing first became popular in Europe and by the late 1700's has also become popular in the United States. For many years frequent bathing was believed to be bad for one's health. Ordinary bathing just to keep clean was avoided , and _ was often used to cover up body smells! By the 1700's doctors began to say that soap and water were good for health. They believed that it was good for people to be clean. Slowly, people began to bathe more frequently. During the Victorian Age of the late 19th century, taking a bath on Saturday night became common. In the United States ordinary bathing was slow to become popular. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, many Americans were known as "The Great Unwashed!" In one American city , for example, a person was only allowed to take a bath every thirty days! That was a law! Frequency of bathing today is partly a matter of habit. People know that bathing for cleanliness is important to health, Doctors know that dirty bodies increase the chance of diseases. As a result, in the United States, people generally bathe often. Some people bathe once a day at least. They consider a daily bath essential to good health. Dirty bodies can _ .
|
[
"ruin one's business",
"cause disease",
"drive customers away",
"cause good health"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Probably many of you know the idiom "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth". But do you believe a tooth for an eye? That's something a little bit different. This strange exchange is neither a form ofretribution nor an unexpected gift from the Tooth Fairy --- it's actually a very generous gift from a young Irishman, Robert McNichol, 23, to his formerly blind father, 57-year-old Bob McNichol. In 2005, Bob McNichol's sight was destroyed in an accident when his eyes weredoused(......)with liquidaluminum . Doctors predicted that he would never be able to see again. But McNichol never liked to take no for an answer: when he heard about a unique operation called Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis, he knew he had to _ , even though the success rate was a mere 65 percent. In the technique, the eyesocket is rebuilt and implanted with a human tooth and part of the jawbone, to provide support for an artificialcornea . Luckily for McNichol, Robert was willing to sacrifice one of his teeth to help his father regain his sight. The technique isn't simple: McNichol's first stint on the operating table lasted ten hours, with a five hour follow-up session at a later date. But thanks to his son's gift, he's already seeing astonishing results. "Now I have enough sight for me to get around and I can watch television. I have come out from complete darkness." he told his friends. What would be the best title for the passage?
|
[
"Father and son",
"A unique eye operation",
"A man defeating darkness",
"Blind man sees with aid of son's tooth"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Some colors people see late at night could cause signs of clinical depression . That was the finding of a study that builds on earlier study findings. They show that individuals who live or work in low levels of light overnight can develop clinical depression. Doctors use the word "clinical depression" to describe severe form of depression. Signs may include loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, low energy levels and thoughts of death or suicide. In the new study, American investigators designed an experiment that exposed hamsters to different colors. The researchers chose hamsters because they are nocturnal, which means they sleep during the day and are active at night. The animals were separated into four groups. One group of hamsters was kept in the dark during their night-time period. Another group was placed in front of a blue light, a third group slept in front of a white light, while a fourth was put in front of a red light. After four weeks, the researchers noted how much sugary water the hamsters drank. They found that the most depressed animals drank the least amount of water. Randy Nelson heads the Department of Neuroscience at Ohio State University. He says animals that slept in blue and white light appeared to be the most depressed. "What we saw is that these animals didn't show any sleep uneasiness at all but they did mess up biological clock genes and they did show depressive sign while if they were in the dim red light, they did not." Randy Nelson notes that photosensitive cells in the eyes have little to do with eyesight. He says these cells send signals to the area of the brain that controls what has been called the natural sleep-wake cycle. He says there's a lot of blue in white light. This explains why the blue light and white light hamsters appear to be more depressed than the hamsters seeing red light or darkness. What can help people who work late at night to avoid being depressed?
|
[
"Not being exposed to dim red light when using computers.",
"Equipping their computer screens to put it more in the reddish light.",
"Living or working in low levels of light overnight.",
"Going to see doctors of clinical depression regularly for help."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Michael Jackson's sudden death really astonished his fans, but soon they are glad to find another younger "King of Pop" has appeared. Wang Yiming, who is known as Xiao Bao, has already been popular across the world with his wonderful dance moves. He once appeared on U.S. television show "Ellen" and performed successfully at the World Expo 2010. About seven years ago, Xiao Bao was born prematurely , which made his mother really worried. He was so weak. What could he do? Doctors suggested that moving his body to music would help make him strong, but soon his parents were surprised by how quickly Xiao Bao fell in love with music! "When he was young, we just started playing music to him and he started moving around like this. But we didn't think that he had such a strong feeling for music. When he was just several months old, we would let him listen to music and he would stop crying and calm down at once," the proud mother once said. So far, Xiao Bao has learned the moonwalk and other Jackson's moves well. His fans are crazy about his wonderful shows. He has drawn more people's attention. He is fast becoming internationally popular. There are lots of problems waiting for him, but Xiao Bao will never give up. He is serious about his dancing career . Where there is a will, there is a way. We are sure that Xiao Bao's dream will come true one day. Why did doctors advise Xiao Bao to dance?
|
[
"Because they knew Xiao Bao's feeling for music.",
"Because Xiao Bao's parents wanted them to do so.",
"Because Xiao Bao likes Michael's dancing a lot.",
"Because they thought dancing would be good for his health."
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a drinking straw?
|
[
"25 centimeters",
"25 kilometers",
"25 meters",
"25 millimeters"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Friendships can be difficult -- because often people aren't as honest and open as they should be. Sometimes, people finally get hurt. Most problems with friendships come up because people are just too selfish to care about the things that their friends need. They care about their own needs much more, which makes it hard for friendships to work. However, being selfish is part of human nature. A person is put together in order to take care of themselves and their own needs, not necessarily those needs of other people. Even though being selfish is something that all humans are born with, it is something that everyone should be against. The best thing to remember when you are a friend to anyone is that you need to treat your friends the same way that you'd like to be treated . This is wonderful advice for a friendship, because it is really the only way to make sure that you are giving your friends everything you would want to be given in a friendship. Whenever you have a question about how you should treat a friend, it is easy to find an answer simply by asking yourself what you would like your friend to do for you, if he or she was in your shoes. Even if you're always thinking about how you'd like to be treated, and your friends are too, there are problems that come up from time to time in each friendship, and it is important to understand how to deal with these problems so that you can build stronger and healthier friendships. Problems like friends getting boyfriends or girlfriends and not spending enough time with their friends, or even friends finding new friends and leaving old friends behind are problems that will probably come up with one or more of your friendships. It is important to know how to deal with these friend problems so that you can keep your friends and make new ones. No one wants to have a broken friendship. According to the writer, problems with friendship may appear when _ .
|
[
"one is honest",
"one is selfish",
"one is open",
"one is kind"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
You feel happiest when you create a healthy balance between giving and receiving. If you give and give without making time to fill your own needs, then it's likely you will burn out, or feel upset .When you take and take without giving anything back ,you never feel fulfilled, so you are always searching for ways to fill the _ in your life. The way to create a healthy balance between giving and receiving is to know and then live by your values .I break values up into two groups which I call being and having values. Your being values are the character traits of the ideal person you would like to be. I suggest to my clients that they choose three being values that they are willing to make a commitment to live by. An example of some being values are: kind, loving, generous, inspirational, peaceful, wise and even powerful. By acting on these values you give to others through your actions and you inspire others by being a positive role model. Mastering being these character traits becomes your life purpose. Your having values are the feelings you need to create in order to be happy. These could be companionship, achievement, support, being valued or financial security. This is what you receive. You take responsibility for filling your own needs by taking steps to create these feelings and conditions in your life. When you make a commitment to live by your being values, it becomes easier to make conscious choices rather than reactionary ones. If your usual pattern is to talk about your problems, you could choose to think and act like a calm person. A calm person might go for a walk, meditate, or set a time limit before responding. If your usual pattern is to worry, you could choose to act like a responsible or wise person. In other words, you would act like the person you choose to be--this is the key to personal power. When you choose to act on your values, you not only feel good about yourself, you reinforce your chosen beliefs. Over time acting in this way changes how you see the world, and in turn the way other people think of you. According to the text, living by your own values, you will _ .
|
[
"gain a lot of power",
"fill your own needs",
"seek all human virtues",
"form positive personality"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What will man be like in the future--in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make a guess, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today, for man is slowly changing all the time. Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago, was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller, so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller. Again, as time goes on, we shall have to use our brains more and more. This is likely to bring about a physical change to the head, in particular, the forehead will grow larger. Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that man's eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand, we are likely to make less use of our arms and legs, which, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life. But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. Perhaps all these give the impression that in the future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at! This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us. What does the passage mainly tell us?
|
[
"Man's life will be different in the future.",
"Future man will look quite different from us.",
"Man is growing taller and uglier as time passes.",
"Man's organs' functions will be weaker."
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Putting heat on and around something like the following can cause a chemical reaction:
|
[
"a marble slab",
"carrot cake batter",
"a stone",
"a dirt patch"
] | 1B
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Another thing an astronaut has to learn about is eating in space.Food is weightless, just as men are. Food for space has to be packed in special ways.Some of it goes into tubes that a man can squeeze into his mouth.Bite-sized cookies are packed in plastic. There is a good reason for covering each bite.The plastic keeps pieces of food from traveling in the spaceship.On the earth very small pieces of food would simply fall to the floor.But gravity doesn't pull them to the floor when they are out of the plastic in a spaceship.They move here and there and can get into a man's eyes or into the spaceship's instruments. If any of the instruments is blocked, the astronauts may have trouble getting safely home. As astronauts travel on longer space trips, they must take time to sleep. An astronaut can fit himself to his seat with a kind of seat belt. Or, if he wants to, he can sleep in a sleeping bag which is fixed in place under his seat.But be careful he must put his hands under the belt when he goes to sleep.This is because he is really afraid that he might touch one of controls that isn't supposed to be touched until later. In a spaceship, astronauts can _ .
|
[
"walk just as they do on the earth.",
"not eat anything because it's dangerous.",
"control the spaceship when they are sleeping.",
"not litter small things or it will make trouble."
] | 3D
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When I was a kid, my Mom liked to make breakfast food for dinner every now and then. And I remember one night in particular when she had made breakfast after a long, hard day at hospital. On that evening so long ago, my Mom placed a plate of eggs, sausage and extremely burned toast in front of my dad. I remember waiting to see if anyone noticed! Yet all my dad did was reach for his toast, smile at my Mom and ask me how my day was at school. I don't remember what I told him that night, but I do remember watching him spread butter and jelly on that toast and eat every bite! When I got up from the table that evening, I remember hearing my Mom apologize to my dad for burning the toast. And I'll never forget what he said: "Honey, I love burned toast." Later that night, I went to kiss Daddy good night and I asked him if he really liked his toast burned. He took me in his arms and said, "Your Momma put in a hard day at work today and she's really tired. And besides - a little burned toast never hurt anyone!" You know, life is full of imperfect things and imperfect people. What I've learned over the years is that learning to accept each other's faults is one of the most important keys to creating a healthy, growing, and lasting relationship. This good quality is the base of any relationship --- husband-wife or parent-child or friendship! As far as I'm concerned, I'm not the best engineer as expected. However, I have made my efforts. That's enough. So learn to take the good, the bad, and the ugly parts of your life. Burnt toast isn't a deal-breaker! Don't put the key to your happiness in someone else's pocket but into your own. How did the author feel when his father said he loved burnt toast?
|
[
"Moved.",
"Puzzled",
"Surprised.",
"Disappointed."
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When two nuclei are combined into one nucleus, there is a slight change in mass and the release of a large amount of energy. What is this process called?
|
[
"conversion",
"reaction",
"fission",
"fusion"
] | 3D
|
college_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A daughter's duty? Adult daughters are often expected to caregiver for older parents. In 2007, Jorjan Sarich and her dad moved from California to Idaho. It was where he wanted to live his rest time. "I left my occupation, I left my friends; he did the same thing," said Sarich, who bought a house with her father, George Snyder, in the China Gardens neighborhood of Hailey after his health began to decline. Though a graduate student struggling to finish her dissertation , Sarich chose to be her dad's full-time caregiver. "It's only now, several years later, that I'm realizing how much work it was. It's the kind of exhaustion that sleep doesn't cure," she said. About 6 million Americans provide care to elderly relatives or friends living outside of nursing homes. Laurel Kennedy, author of "The Daughter Trap" (Thomas Dunne Books, $25.95), says that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden -- about 70 percent of hands-on care giving such as bathing. "I want to be clear: Women don't hate this," Kennedy said. "What they hate is that everyone just assumes they'll do it." Kennedy is calling for _ equal to the rise of affordable child care and day care: Employers should help working caregivers by offering accommodations. Men should step up more often. It's unfair that women are always chosen to provide care for an elderly family member. Despite the hard work it took on Sarich -- interrupted sleep and the knowledge that his 2009 death was the end game, she would do it again. Since about half a century had gone by, she wasn't the person he remembered, and he wasn't the person she remembered either. Caring for her father changed how each saw the other. In her care giving, Jorjan Sarich _ .
|
[
"got along well with her father",
"was a little tired of her father",
"changed her father in every way",
"felt it was unfair to do so"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
(Natural News)Many parents have tried to gave their children a head start on education with get-smart videos and enrichment activities as early as infancy, but free play is often sacrificed, so the American Academy of Pediatrics says that the best medicine for busy children is an increase in traditional "playtime". A number of studies suggest that unstructured play can help children become creative, discover their own interests, develop problem-solving abilities, and relate to others socially, according to a report prepared by two academy committees for release Monday at the group's annual meting. On the contrary, a lack of such playtime can create stress for both children and parents, and it can also cause obesity when children spend too much time sitting in front of educational videos. The report notes lack of playtime could even lead to depression in many children. The report thinks the lack of playtime lies in the fact that parents want to have super-smart children and safe places for children to play is decreasing. A balance between free playtime and educational activities should be struck, the report states. "In the current environment, where so many parents feel pressure to be super parents, I believe this message is an important one," said Dr. Kenneth Ginsburg, the report's lead author and a pediatrician at The Children's prefix = st1 /HospitalofPhiladelphia. Noted pediatrician, author, and presenter of cable TV's "What Every Baby Knows," Dr. T. Betty Brazelton agreed. "Children with structured activities" are missing the chance to dream, to make their own world work the way they want it. That to me is a very important part of childhood. It can be inferred from the passage that_.
|
[
"children given a lot of unstructured activities can be more creative",
"get-smart videos and enrichment can create super children",
"there is a competition among parents to be super parents",
"child obesity is mainly caused by lack of playtime"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Do you know why different animals or pests have their special colors? Colors in them seem to be used mainly to protect themselves. Some birds like eating locusts. but birds cannot easily catch them. Why? It is because locusts change their colors together with the change of the colors of crops. When crops are green, locusts look green. But as the harvest time comes, locusts change to the same brown color as crops have. Some other pests with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others. So they have to hide themselves for lives and appear only at night. If you study the animal life, you'll find the main use of coloring is protecting themselves. Bears, lions and other animals move quietly through forests. They cannot be seen by hunters. This is because they have the colors much like the tree. Have you ever noticed an even more strange act? A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid when it faces danger. While the liquid spread over, the enemies cannot find it. And it immediately swims away. So it has lived up to now though it isn't strong at all. , . From the passage we learn that locusts _ .
|
[
"are small animals",
"are easily found by birds",
"are dangerous to their enemies",
"change their colors to protect themselves"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A student is shown a slide of cells from a species of producer in a food web. The student observes that the cells have chloroplasts. What conclusion about the food web is best supported by these findings?
|
[
"The producers capture energy from sunlight.",
"The food web is found in a terrestrial ecosystem.",
"The producers in the web are single-celled organisms.",
"The food web contains many herbivores and omnivores."
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Complete the sentence.
Blending a smoothie is a ().
|
[
"chemical change",
"physical change"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age. People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging in the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize large amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute of Ageing. "Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work. Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says. Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by _ .
|
[
"constantly doing memory work",
"making frequent adjustments",
"going through specific training",
"taking part in various mental activities"
] | 3D
|
human_aging
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine, physics and chemistry are the most respected prizes in science. But talk to scientists in private, and many will complain why (besides jealousy, perhaps) are some scientists unhappy with the Nobels? One reason is that the committees can often be slow to recognize achievement. Alfred Nobel specified in his will that the prizes should reward work done in the previous year. But experience soon showed that this was risky, as medals were given out for discoveries that later proved questionable. So a degree of caution is probably advisable. Sometimes, though, it can lead to strange results. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, for instance, had to wait until 1983 to win a prize for work he had done in the 1930s on the structure of stars. However, Albert Einstein never won a prize for his theory of relativity. Even though some pretty suggestive evidence had been produced by Arthur Eddington in 1919, relativity, which has later passed every experimental test ever thrown at it, was still considered somewhat risky and obscure. Another criticism concerns the tradition that no more than three people can share a prize. Science is rarely this clear-cut. Take this year's physics prize, which recognised Peter Higgs for predicting the existence of the mass-bestowing particle that now bears his name. Dr Higgs was only one of several people with a claim. Two other teams---- Rober Brout and Francois Englert, as well as Gerald Guralnik, Carl Hageh and Tom Kibble----- submitted papers on the same idea to the same journal that published Dr Higgs's work, all within a few months of each other. Science often works like this, with different people coming up with similar ideas at similar times. In the event, the committee decided to honour Dr Engler (Brout is dead, therefore unqualified), whose paper was earlier than Dr Higgs's but did not explicitly predict a particle, over Dr Guralnik and his collaborators, who were more comprehensive but published a few weeks later. According to the passage why some of the scientists are unhappy with the Nobels?
|
[
"because usually the Nobels award work done in the previous year.",
"just because they envy those who have won the Nobles.",
"because different people often come up with similar ideas at similar times.",
"because the Nobles are quite possibly slow to recognize achievement"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Face book, the world's biggest social networking site, is celebrating its sixth birthday. The site's founder, Mark Zuckergerg, states that Face book will continue to work as hard as it has worked in the last six years in order to stay the web's number one communication site. The company started in a dorm room in 2004. Today it has 150 million active users, more than the 130 million of its competitor MySpace. Face book set itself apart from other social networking sites because you can communicate with people you really know and trust. Before, most people didn't want to share their real identities online. Face book has given people a safe and trusted environment for people to interact online. It has changed the way people view the world. A friend from any country is only a few clicks away. It was back in February 2004 when Zuckerberg started "the Face book" from a Harvard student's room. The aim was to help students get in touch with each other over the Internet. Within 24 hours over a thousand students had signed up and soon after that the network spread out to other universities. By 2005 a research study showed that about 85% of the students in the network had a Face book account. Another survey showed that Face book was almost as important as an iPod. At the end of 2005 Face book came to the UK. And up to today the site has been translated into 35 languages. Six years after its start, Face book has escaped the universities and colleges. More than half of its users are not at college any more and the fastest growing group are the 30 to 40-year-olds. Every day 15 million users update their profiles to tell their friends and the world what's happening to them. They also share photos, upload videos, chat, make friends, join groups and simply have fun. The passage mainly discusses _ .
|
[
"when Face book is started",
"what Face book is used for",
"how Face book is developed",
"why Face book is so popular"
] | 2C
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The alkaline earth metal elements are in the same family in the periodic table because they all have
|
[
"one valence electron.",
"two valence electrons.",
"seven valence electrons.",
"eight valence electrons."
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
If you want to be a success, study at the University of Waikato is right for you. The university is internationally recognized for its excellence and achievements. It will help you develop advanced research skills. As a university student you can get first-class research facilities with trained teachers to help, support and advise you in your study. We pride ourselves on our high standards, our research success and our international recognition. For further information: [email protected]. Degree We offer a wide choice of bachelor's degrees for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: [email protected]. Tuition Fees Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: [email protected]. Accommodation You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato. ac.nz Health The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: [email protected]. Sports The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@ waikato.ac.nz Which of the following statement is true?
|
[
"You don't have to pay more than $5000 a year.",
"Everyone can't choose the Bachelor of Music.",
"If you want to know more about Health, you can visit acc@waikato. ac.nz.",
"You can live in a flat with two bedrooms."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
NASA-s New Horizons probe flew by Pluto this morning, sending back history's first up-close looks at the vast freezing-cold world. Closest approach came at 7:49 a.m. EDT. To celebrate, NASA gave out the latest photo of Pluto. It showed a reddish world with an amazing heart-shaped feature on its surface. After today's close encounter, all the nine solar system's traditionally recognized planets have now been visited by a spaceship-a huge project begun in 1962 when NASA's Mariner 2 probe flew past Venus, a planet in the solar system. More than l,200 scientists, NASA guests and important persons, including 200 reporters, watched the flyby live at New Horizons' mission control center. That close encounter has been a long time coming. The$723 million New Horizons mission launched in January 2006 but began taking shape in 1989. "New Horizons is'a capstone mission'," Glen Fountain, mission project manager told Space, com. "It is the first completion of the observations of our solar system. It-s giving us a new idea about how we human beings fit into the universe." New Horizons "faced a crazy number of challenges," Stern, a driving force behind New Horizons said, "So many people stuck with this for so long. They got knocked down; they stood up. They got knocked down again; they stood up again." In a coincidence, today's close approach falls on the 50th anniversary of the first flyby of Mars, another planet, which was completed by NASA-s Mariner 4 spaceship. There are no longer nine officially recognized planets, of course. The International Astronomical Union regarded Pluto as "a dwarf planet" in 2006 in a decision that remains controversial today. Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?
|
[
"Ideas still vary in the identity of Pluto.",
"Only scientists could watch the flyby live.",
"Mars is the first planet visited by a spaceship.",
"New Horizons mission aimed to observe the solar system."
] | 0A
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A bowling ball sitting motionless on a table exerts a downward force on the table. The force exerted by the table must be
|
[
"equal to the force of the ball.",
"continually changing with the ball.",
"greater than the force of the ball.",
"less than the force of the ball."
] | 0A
|
college_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Vicky acquired this trait?
|
[
"Vicky learned biology by doing experiments.",
"Vicky is most interested in plant biology."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A person with a vitamin D deficiency who is allergic to sunlight could
|
[
"look at pictures",
"drink more water",
"bathe more often",
"eat more cheese"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Drew was measuring the growth of a vine that can grow almost 31 cm a day. Which would be the best way to record his data of the growth over a period of a day?
|
[
"a bar graph",
"a line graph",
"a pie graph",
"a picture graph"
] | 1B
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which substance is a compound?
|
[
"sodium",
"chlorine",
"table salt",
"salt water"
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Telling fewer lies benefits people physically and mentally. Anita Kelly, study author and professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, recruited 110 adults for her study. She divided them into two groups and asked one group to stop lying for 10 weeks. Lies included big ones and tiny ones--any false statement--but participants were still allowed to leave out the truth, keep secrets and avoid questions they didn't want to answer, etc. The other group wasn't given any special instructions about lying. It turns out that both groups reduced their lying, but those who were specifically told to tell the truth improved their health more. "We found that the participants could purposefully and dramatically reduce their everyday lies, and that in turn was associated with significantly improved health," said Kelly. When participants in the no-lie group told three fewer white lies than they did in other weeks, they experienced, on average, fewer mental-health complaints and physical complaints. They were less likely to feel tense or sad and also experienced fewer sore throats and headaches. They also reported that personal relationships improved. Additionally, participants found themselves being honest about their daily accomplishments, and they stopped making up excuses for being late or failing to complete a task, for example. "It's certainly a worthy goal to have people be more honest and interact with others in a more honest way," says psychologist Robert Feldman. "That would be beneficial. I'm a little doubtful that it makes us all healthier, but it may make us healthier in a psychological way." The text is mainly about _ .
|
[
"the connection between honesty and health",
"research on physical and mental health",
"advice for being an honest person",
"effects of honesty on personal relationships"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Students stir salt, sand, sawdust, and seashells into a jar filled with water. Which of the materials will form a solution?
|
[
"salt and water",
"sand and sawdust",
"seashells and water",
"sawdust and seashells"
] | 0A
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Environmental health is defined as the control of the factors in the environment that may have harmful effects on people's physical, mental, or social well-being . Because natural disasters expose people to danger by bringing up or threatening their immediate environment, effective management of environmental health after a natural disaster is of great importance. The environmental health measures that must be considered after a natural disaster include the supply of appropriate shelter for individuals or groups of people left homeless, the distribution of safe and accessible water, and the protection and distribution of safe food products and so on. To effectively manage environmental health during and after a disaster, it is important that a state of preparation is in effect before the event actually occurs. During an emergency, success largely depends on making good, rapid judgment and appropriate response measures. High-level decision makers, therefore, must be familiar with sound measures beforehand and should be given an accurate judgment of the disaster's specific effects as quickly as possible. This book is intended to serve as a guide for those who may be called upon to make emergency decisions after disaster strikes. The recommended environmental health measures have been listed in the order of priority in which they should be taken during an emergency. However, each natural disaster is unique in the degree or type of emergency. In response to any given disaster, decision makers may find it necessary to change the priority assigned to any particular measure. The best title of this passage should be _ .
|
[
"Environmental Health Management after Natural Disasters",
"The Bad Influence of the Natural Disasters",
"Useful Measures to Avoid the Natural Disasters",
"The Importance of the Environmental Health Management"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Compare the motion of two motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at a lower speed?
|
[
"a motorboat that moved 265kilometers in 10hours",
"a motorboat that moved 505kilometers in 10hours"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
One in ten teens says they use"study drugs"to improve their performance in school. So-called "study drugs"refer to prescription medicines that are used to treat ADHD .But most parents have no understanding of the problem, a new study finds. In January, 2013, researchers from the University of Michigan Mott Children's Hospital did a national survey of more than seven hundred families with teens. They found that only one percent of parents believe their child has taken a study drug. Yet in a 2012 University of Michigan study, ten percent of second-year high school students and twelve percent of third-year high school students say they use a study drug. The misuse of study drugs didn't come to the attention of almost all parents."What we found in this survey is a clear mismatch ,"said Dr. Matthew Davis, one of the researchers. It is a mismatch between what parents believed and what their kids were reporting. "We know teens are spreading the word that these drugs can improve their grades,"Davis said."But these prescription medicines are drugs. And teens who use them without a prescription are taking a serious risk." The new survey showed that fifty-four percent of white parents were"very concerned"about their child taking study drugs, compared with thirty-eight percent of Hispanic parents and thirty-seven percent of black parents. However, just twenty-seven percent of parents surveyed have talked to their teens about using study drugs. Of these parents, forty-one percent were black, twenty-seven percent were white and seventeen percent were Hispanic. Students with a prescription for an ADHD drug should be required to keep their medicines in a safe place, such as the school nurse's office. Seventy-nine percent of parents think so, the survey shows. This may help prevent _ from being shared or used by other students. What is the purpose of this text?
|
[
"To give useful advice.",
"To introduce a new drug.",
"To report a research result",
"To explain what ADHD is."
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A new argument has been put forward as to whether penguins are disturbed by the presence of tourists in Antarctica. Previous research by scientists from Keil University in Germany monitored Adelie penguins and noted that the birds' heart rates increased dramatically at the sight of a human as far as 30 meters away. But new research using an artificial egg, which is equipped to measure heart rates, disputes this. Scientists from the Scott Polar Research Institute at Cambridge say that a slow moving human who does not approach the nest too closely, is not viewed as a threat by penguins. The earlier findings have been used to partly explain the 20 per cent drop in populations of certain types of penguins near tourist sites. However, tour operators have continued to insist that their activities do not adversely affect wildlife in Antarctica, saying they encourage non-disruptive behavior in tourists, and that the decline in penguin numbers is caused by other factors. Amanda Nimon of the Scott Polar Research Institute spent three southern hemisphere summers at Cuverville Island in Antarctica studying penguin behavior towards humans. "A nesting penguin will react very differently to a person rapidly and closely approaching the nest," says Nimon. "First they exhibit large and prolonged heart rate changes and then they often flee the nest leaving it open for predators to fly in and remove eggs or chicks." The artificial egg, specially for the project, monitored both the parent who had been 'disturbed' when the egg was placed in the nest and the other parent as they both took it in turns to guard the nest. However, Boris Culik, who monitored the Adelie penguins, believes that Nimon's findings do not invalidate his own research. He points out that species behave differently - and Nimon's work was with Gentoo penguins. Nimon and her colleagues believe that Culik's research was methodologically flawed because the monitoring of penguins' responses needed capturing and restraining the birds and fitting them with beart-rate transmitters. Therefore, argues Nimon, it would not be surprising if they became stressed on seeing a human _ . Which ONE argument of the following is stated in the passage?
|
[
"Penguins are harder to research when they have young.",
"Tour operators should encourage tourists to avoid Antarctica.",
"Not all penguins behave in the same way.",
"Penguins need better protection from tourists."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What do these two changes have in common?
a piece of avocado turning brown
boiling sugar to make caramel
|
[
"Both are caused by cooling.",
"Both are only physical changes.",
"Both are chemical changes.",
"Both are caused by heating."
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
New technology in some countries focuses on medical procedures and space exploration. In other countries, new technology focuses on preventing disease and feeding an increasing population. Which statement best explains why countries focus on different types of new technology?
|
[
"Technological advances are not effective in some populations.",
"Needs and attitudes influence technological development.",
"Medical advances are not important in some countries.",
"Technology is inexpensive in developing countries."
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Ever wonder how much a cloud weighs? What about a hurricane? A meteorologist has done some estimates and the results might surprise you. Let's start with a very simple white puffy cloud -- a cumulus cloud . How much does the water in a cumulus cloud weigh? Peggy LeMone, senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, did the numbers. "The water in the little cloud weighs about 550 tons," she calculates. "Or if you want to convert it to something that might be a little more meaningful ... think of elephants." The thought of a hundred elephants-worth of water suspended in the sky begs another question -- what keeps it up there? "First of all, the water isn't in elephant sized particles , it's in tiny tiny tiny particles," explains LeMone. And those particles float on the warmer air that's rising below. But still, the concept of so much water floating in the sky was surprising even to a meteorologist like LeMone. "I had no idea how much a cloud would weigh, actually, when I started the calculations," she says. So how many elephant units of water are inside a big storm cloud--10 times bigger all the way around than the "puffy" cumulus cloud? Again, LeMone did the numbers: About 200,000 elephants. Now, ratchet up the calculations for a hurricane about the size of Missouri and the figures get really massive. "What we're doing is weighing the water in one cubic meter theoretically pulled from a cloud and then multiplying by the number of meters in a whole hurricane," she explains. The result? Forty million elephants. That means the water in one hurricane weighs more than all the elephants on the planet. Perhaps even more than all the elephants that have ever lived on the planet. What can be inferred from the passage?
|
[
"A storm cloud weighs about 200,000 elephants.",
"The water in a hurricane weighs more than that in any other kind of cloud.",
"There are less than forty million elephants living on the earth.",
"The water in the cloud is in very tiny partials."
] | 2C
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
June 6this National Eye Care Day. It is a good chance for us to improve our eye health. What are common eye problems we have today? How can we protect our eyes? Read on to find out the answer. Eyes are important in our everyday life. We use them to read books, see colors and view the wonders of the world. But sometimes, we use them too much and it hurts them. In the past, nearsightedness was a common eye problem among children. This is mostly because of their bad eye habits, such as watching TV too long and reading books in bed. However, today's technology is changing the way we live. Children spend more time working and playing in front of computers, smartphones and iPads. US children spend more than 42 hours a week in front of electronic screens , US' ABC news reported. This has caused a new problem for our eyes: digital eyestrain . People with digital eyestrain may get headaches, dry and red eyes, eye pain, watering and other eye problems. But don't worry. The following tips can help you protect your eyes. Try them out. Screen advice: 1. When you are watching electronic screens, keep them at least 30 cm from your eyes. Try not to use your smartphone in direct sunlight. 2. Blink more often when you are looking at the screen. This can help to stop dry eyes. 3. Remember to take a 20-20-20 break: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet (about 6 meters) away. 4. Spend less time in front of screens. One to two hours a day is OK for your eyes. As people _ , digital eyestrain has become a new eye problem.
|
[
"read books in bed and watch TV too long",
"spend too much time before electronic screens",
"eat too much junk food and smoke a lot",
"spend too little time doing sports outside"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
He could have been president of Israel or played violin at Carnegie Hall, but he was too busy thinking. His thinking on God, love and the meaning of life graces our greeting cards and day-timers. Fifty years after his death, his shock of white hair and hanging moustache still symbolize genius. Einstein remains the foremost scientist of the modern time. Looking back 2,400 years, only Newton ,Galileo and Aristotle were his equals. Around the world , universities and academies are celebrating the 100th anniversary of Einstein's "miracle year" when he published five scientific papers in 1905 that basically changed our grasp of space, time ,light and matter. Only he could top himself about a decade later with his theory of relativity. Born in the age of horse-drawn carriages, his ideas launched a technological revolution that has made more changes in a century than in the previous two thousand years. Computers, satellites, telecommunications, lasers, televisions and nuclear power all owe their invention to ways in which Einstein exposed a stranger and more complicated reality underneath the world. He escaped Hitler's Germany and devoted the rest of his life to human rights and peace with an authority unmatched by any scientist today, or even most politicians and religious leaders. He spoke out against fascism and racial prejudice. His FBI file ran 1,400 pages. His letters expose a disorderly personal life - married twice and indifferent toward his children while absorbed in physics. Yet he charmed lovers and admirers with poetry and sailboat outings. Friends and neighbors fiercely protected his privacy. Why was 1905 called Einstein's "miracle year"?
|
[
"Because he topped himself with the theory of relativity.",
"Because he made important discoveries of space, time , light and matter.",
"Because he published five papers on his theory of relativity.",
"Because he wrote five important articles to help people understand space, time , light and matter better."
] | 3D
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Dillon acquired this trait?
|
[
"Dillon can cook food over a fire.",
"Dillon learned how to build a fire at summer camp."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Alicia gives her brother a push while he is seated on a swing. She finds that after a few seconds, she needs to push again to keep him going. The reason her brother slows down is because the mechanical energy is converted into
|
[
"potential energy that heats the air.",
"chemical energy that moves the swing.",
"kinetic energy which makes the swing slow down.",
"thermal energy that is released into the atmosphere."
] | 3D
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the one substance that is not a mineral.
|
[
"Quartz is not made by living things. It is a pure substance.",
"Pyrite is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
"Plastic is not a pure substance. It is made in a factory."
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Is the following trait inherited or acquired?
Jack knows how to type.
|
[
"inherited",
"acquired"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Jim Dunbar has been late for work, holidays, meals with friends, left women waiting on first dates and even had to sneak into funerals long after they've begun. The 57-year-old said that his poor timekeeping is down to a medical condition that he was diagnosed with at an appointment at Ninewells Hospital in Dundee, which he was 20 minutes late for. It is thought that the condition is caused by the same part of the brain affected by those who suffer from Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and means Mr Dunbar cannot properly judge how long things take to complete. "I blamed it on myself and thought.Why can't I be on time? I lost a lot of jobs.I can understand people's reaction and why they don't believe me," said Mr Dunbar. Mr Dunbar recently tried to go to the cinema and knowing it could be a problem getting there for a 7 pm showing, he gave himself an 11-hour head start.But he still managed to arrive 20 minutes late. He has a special clock in his living room to make sure that the time it displays is always exactly right, but it doesn't help.He has tried wearing a watch, setting his clocks fast but still hasn't found a solution. "I've been late for funerals and slipped in and hid at the back of the hall.I arranged to pick my friend up at midday to go on holiday and was four hours late.He was angry because we had booked a ferry and everything.A friend invited me for a meal and I was more than three hours late.It has affected my entire life." But some experts are skeptical about Mr Dunbar's diagnosis. "The condition isn't in the DSM5 (the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) so I'm not sure you can really call it a condition," said Dr Sheri Jacobson."Repeated lateness is usually a symptom of a condition such as ADHD or depression but it can also just be habit.I think making everyday human behaviour into a medical condition is unwise." What is people's attitude towards Mr Dunbar's lateness?
|
[
"They show sympathy for him.",
"They blame him for his lateness.",
"They think he suffers from an illness.",
"They can't understand why he always does like this."
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
It is common sense that children who walk or cycle to school have a lower risk of obesity than those by car. But driving your youngsters to the gates could also cause their academic work to suffer. Researchers found children who were driven to school, or who took public transport, had poorer concentration levels than those who took a more active route such as walking or cycling. The joint study by researchers at two Danish universities found the regular exercise could advance a student up to half a year in their studies. Children who were driven to school, or who took public transport, performed less well in a test measuring concentration levels, than those who had walked or cycled. The results surprised the researchers, as their hypothesis originally focused on the effects of eating breakfast and lunch on pupils' ability to concentrate. "The exercise one uses to transport oneself to school is reflected in the level of concentration one has about four hours later," Niels Egelund, a co- author of the report said. "The results showed that having breakfast and lunch has an impact, but not very much compared to having exercise." "As a third-grade pupil, if you exercise and bike to school, your ability to concentrate increases to the equivalent of someone half a year further in their studies," he added. In the survey, taken by 19, 527 pupils aged five to 19 years old, participants were asked about their exercise habits and were then given a basic test measuring their concentration. "Most people know the feeling of being refreshed after having exercised, but it is surprising that the effect lasts for so long," Egelund said. Previous research from the university of Montreal has found that exercise helps our brains make better use of oxygen. It may also reduce mental fatigue and sharpen your thinking in between gym sessions. And last week Swedish researchers said they found that muscular boys will live longer than their weaker friends. And even if they are overweight by the time they get to adulthood, those with stronger muscles tend to live longer. Which of the following is NOT the result of the research from the University of Montreal?
|
[
"Exercise helps our brain make the most of oxygen.",
"Exercise can improve the level of concentration.",
"Exercise can make you sharp- minded.",
"Exercise can decrease mental fatigue."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What do these two changes have in common?
acid rain weathering a marble statue
compost rotting
|
[
"Both are caused by heating.",
"Both are caused by cooling.",
"Both are only physical changes.",
"Both are chemical changes."
] | 3D
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
What is the last stage in the "coming out" process?
|
[
"Integration",
"Relationship Development",
"Segregation",
"Exploration"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu
|
Scattered throughout the various reports on sleep research are several that describe some unusual behavior by people who are sleepwalking. These include eating, making phone calls and even murder. Now, there's a new case appearing in one more study on this strange phenomenon: sleep e-mailing. In an article published in journal Sleep Medicine, prefix = st1 /SetonHallUniversityresearchers document the following case of a 44-year-old woman: This woman received a puzzling phone call from a friend who said she was accepting her dinner invitation -- an invitation that the woman could not remember having made. The friend reminded the woman of the e-mail she had sent the night before -- an e-mail of which the woman also had no recollection . However, a quick search through her sent e-mail folder did turn up one strange e-mail. She had apparently sent it to her friend -- at 11:47 the previous night. The puzzling message said: "I don't get it. Please explain Lucy! Come tomorrow and sort this out! Dinner and drinks, 4 pm? Wine and caviar to bring only. Everything else, a guess? There were two other e-mails sent to her friend at 11:50pm and 11:53 pm, each of which seemed to be written in a strange language, full of capitalization errors and phrases that didn't make sense. According to Dr Fouzia Siddiqui, lead author of the case study, this particular sleepwalking case was unique and was the first and only published account of "sleep e-mailing". "Sleepwalking has occurred in the past where people would undertake other activities such as cooking or moving furniture around," Siddiqui said. " But this case is unique in that she wasn't just sleeping but doing complex things like turning on her computer, remembering her user name and password and typing entire e-mails." Just what is sleepwalking? It is actually a kind of sleep disorder. Studies have found that somewhere between 5 and 10 percent of people are sleepwalkers. It comes from a mixture of wakefulness and non-REM sleep. Sleepwalkers can carry out complex behavior such as driving, walking, e-mailing and telephoning in a sleep-like state. People with high levels of stress and anxiety, or those who have a family history of sleepwalking are more likely to experience it. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
|
[
"More than ten percent of people have the problem of sleepwalking.",
"A boy whose parents are sleepwalkers may become a sleepwalker.",
"Sleepwalking is a problem which is related to both age and anxiety.",
"Sleepwalkers won't hurt others at all when they are sleepwalking."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Dear Sara, Can you please help me improve my relationship with my mother? She is in her late 70s, and will probably need me to care for her in the future. I am willing to take on this responsibility but I find seeing her and talking to her stressful because I am so angry ab out what she and my father did to my elder sister. My sister was born "out of wedlock" in the 1950s. My sister's father disappeared and never turned up again. My mother loved my sister a lot even if she was an unwanted baby. But then my mother met and married my father. A few years later I was born. But my father didn't love my sister and my mother failed to protect her. We moved frequently, and my sister was not allowed to come along. She never came on holiday with us; instead she was sent to holiday camps. As she grew up, she started to use drugs and became an alcoholic. My sister is now in her mid-50s, jobless, living on benefits and mixing with a crowd of drunks. She has no partner, no children, no possessions and no company except for her dog. Her health is ruined, though she no longer drinks. I support her financially, but our relationsh ip is rocky as she hates the fact that my father loved me. She has no contact with my mother and is to this day excluded from any family event, including my father's funeral. My mother refuses even to mention my sister. I hate her because I think that if she could manage to apologize to my sister, things might be a little better. But there is ly no chance of this. How will I be able to take care of my mother with this always standing between us? Annie What can we infer from the passage?
|
[
"The author won't take care of her mother.",
"The author has no contact with her sister.",
"The author's sister is living a hard life now.",
"The author's mother will apologize to her sister."
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The moist skin of earthworms, spiracles of grasshoppers, and the mucus membranes lining alveoli are all associated with the process of
|
[
"excretion",
"respiration",
"circulation",
"digestion"
] | 1B
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu
|
If you are looking for an animal to take the title of "most violent fish in the sea", then the tiger puffer fish would have to be a strong contestant. Not only is it deadly poisonous --- though that doesn't stop people trying to eat it --- but it is also able to scare off enemies by inflating itself to become much larger than normal, when it is young it even chews on its own brothers and sisters. Tiger puffer fish attach their eggs to rocks near the bottom of the sea, often at the mouths of bays. Then the larvae move to the entries of rivers and lakes once they have grown a little. Then, having put on a lot of weight, they head out to sea. There's no innocent childhood for the puffer fish, as Shin Oikawa of Kyushu University in Japan and his colleagues found out when they put the larvae of tiger puffer fish in the lab and monitored them for two months. They found that the larvae went through three steps in which their metabolic rates increased dramatically when they reached body weights of 0.002g, 0.01g, and 0.1g. When a larva went through one of these steps, its behavior also changed. For instance, once a larva had passed the first level it would have grown its first tooth and could start attacking larvae that had not yet reached that stage. Similarly, any larva that had reached the 0.01g or 0.1g levels would start attacking lighter larvae. The researchers noted that the baby fish had a "relatively small mouth", so rather than swallowing their brothers and sisters whole, they would bite pieces out of them. Despite this limitation, the fish caused plenty of deaths --- up to 12 per cent of the deaths that happened in the lab each day. Those fish that grew fast enough to be able to chew on their fellows had an advantage. The extra food accelerated their growth and development. Tiger puffer fish are likely to be faster and swifter, so they can deal better with enemies. As the name suggests, puffer fish can inflate to make themselves seem much larger than they really are, thus scaring off enemies. They do this by filling their stomachs, which are extremely elastic , with water. If that's not enough of a threat, the tiger puffer fish --- like most of the other puffer fish in the family --- carries a deadly toxin . Eat one puffer fish and the poison will paralyze your muscles, including the muscles responsible for breathing, so death is usually caused by a lack of oxygen. Famously, the fish is a delicacy in Japan, where highly qualified chefs produce dishes that contain the safe level of the poison. Interestingly, the puffer fish does not go to the trouble of producing the poison itself. Instead, it hosts bacteria that produce the stuff. It obtains these bacteria from its diet, so the youngest adult fish are not poisonous. Where does the poison in the puffer fish's body come from?
|
[
"Its inner organs.",
"The air it breathes in.",
"The diet it eats.",
"The bacteria around it."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
During the past Spring Festival, many children may have received red packets from their families. But Xing Pu, a 40-year-old economist, is asking the government to give red packets to every Chinese citizen. Xing suggested the government give out 1,000 Yuan to each Chinese since the government income has increased rapidly in recent years. He said his suggestion would allow everyone to directly enjoy the fruits of the country's economic success, help the lower-income groups deal with rising prices and increase consumption around the country. Recent years have seen the government carry out a series of pro-poor and pro-rural policies, including increasing spending on public healthcare and calling off the agricultural tax. But the lower-income group still needs more help while being hit hard by an 11-year high in prices and recent snowstorms. Xing said while making the draft, he has borrowed many ideas from practices in countries like the United States and Singapore. Earlier this year, the governments of the two nations offered cash handouts to their citizens as the result of a surplus in government income. As for in China, "We can even encourage the rich to donate their 1,000 Yuan red packet to the poor," said Xing. Although Xing's suggestion has gained wide support among ordinary Chinese on the Internet, many other economists criticized it as unpractical. Even Xing himself admitted he made the suggestion without any careful calculation. But they agreed with Xing's point that the growing economic pie should be shared among the people. "To better use the increase of money, handing out money is not a solution that holds good for all time. It could be better to improve the public service or cut the price of energy use in daily life," said Qiao Xinsheng, an economic professor. What has the government done to help the lower-income group?
|
[
"Spending less on public health care.",
"Increasing the agricultural tax.",
"Handing out money to every Chinese.",
"Carrying out pro-poor policies."
] | 3D
|
high_school_macroeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When two unequal forces act in opposite directions on a moving object, the object will
|
[
"absorb the forces.",
"come to an immediate stop.",
"continue to move in the same direction.",
"move in the same direction as the larger force."
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
An alcohol breath test (ABT) is often used by the police to find out whether a person is drunk while driving. In the United States, the legal blood alcohol limit is 0.08% for people aged 21 years or older, while people under 21 are not allowed to drive a car with any level of alcohol in their body. A "positive" test result, a result over the legal limit, allows the police to arrest the driver. However, many people who tested positive on the test have claimed that they only drank a "non-alcoholic" energy drink. Can one of these energy drinks really cause someone to test positive on an ABT? Researchers in Missouri set up an experiment to find out. First, the amount of alcohol in 27 different popular energy drinks was measured. All but one had an alcohol level greater than 0.005%. In nine of the 27 drinks, the alcohol level was at least 0.096%.The scientists then investigated the possibility that these small levels of alcohol could be discovered by an ABT. They asked test _ to drink a full can or bottle of an energy drink and then gave each subject an ABT one minute and 15 minutes after the drink was finished. For 11 of the 27energy drinks, the ABT did find the presence of alcohol if the test was given within one minute after the drink was taken. However, alcohol could not be discovered for any of the drinks if the test was given 15 minutes after the drink was consumed. This shows that when the test is taken plays an important role in the test result. The sooner the test is conducted after the consumption of these drinks, the more likely a positive alcohol reading will be obtained. Which of the following affects the ABT test result most for energy drink consumers?
|
[
"The age of the person who takes the test.",
"The place where the test is given.",
"The equipment that the test uses.",
"The time when the test is taken."
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Watching a 3D movie can more than double the concentration powers and cognitive processing of children, a new research claims. A study made by visual technology firm RealD and led by child psychologist Dr Richard Woolfson suggests that childrenaged between 7 and 14 experienced twice the cognitive processing speed and performed better in testing after watching 20 minutes of a 3D film. This is despite suggestions that attention spans in children have shortened in the last decade due tounlimitedto access to entertainment, including on-demand TV, gaming and social media. A 2015 study claimed that watching 3D content had a similar effect to brain-training exercises. Consumer psychologist Mr Fagan said that the increasedstimulation found in watching something in 3D "exercised" the brain and improved performance in the short term. "3D films can play the role of 'brain-training' games and help to make children 'smarter' in the short term," he said. "The shortening of response times after watching 3D was almost three times as big as that gained from watching 2D; in other words, 3D helps children process aspects of their environment more quickly. This is likely to be because 3D is a mentallystimulatingexperience which 'gets the brain's juices flowing'." The experiment saw children given a range of cognitive tests before watching 20 minutes of a movie in either 2D or 3D and being tested again. The results showed those who saw the 3D content reacted faster and performed bettering the second round of testing. Mental engagement also rose by 13% among 3D watchers. Child psychologist Dr Woolfson added that "supportive parenting" and regularly listening to classical music can also aid a child's memory. The reason why children perform better after watching a 3D movie is that _ .
|
[
"a 3D movie makes their brain active",
"a 3D movie is more exciting than a 2D movie",
"children enjoy watching a 3D movie",
"children like the experience which \"gets the brain's juices flowing\""
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Zuhur Yasin has never been to the US, but she holds a bachelor's degree from an American university. Part of Yasin's studies in Somaliland were spent in a special classroom, lined with rows of computers equipped with webcams and microphones. The 29-year-old watched videos and took part in live virtual classes at Indiana University as part of her journalism programme at the University of Hargeisa."We had discussions and shared any challenges or questions," she says. The African Virtual University(AVU), an intergovernmental organization, connected Yasin with Indiana University. The AVU says it has used virtual learning to train 43, 000 students since its creation in 1997. Professors use programmes and apps including Skype and WhatsApp to communicate with students, but classes are taught using special software. The AVU is considering plans to make lectures accessible on mobile phones. Like Yasin, many students in sub-Saharan Africa are looking for opportunities to attend university. In 2008, the region had the lowest university attendance in the world, with just 6% of secondary school-leavers advancing to higher education, according to the UN's Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In May, the African Union(AU) opened the e-Learning Africa Conference on ICT for development, education and training at its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Rebecca Stromeyer, the founder of e-Learning Africa, says, "Now it is the time when technology can really help to protect the progress many African countries have made in education. If the right decisions are made now, they will help to achieve long-term economic growth." Experts say online learning tools can connect African students to massive open online courses (Mooc,) such as Coursera, an education platform that provides free virtual education from some of the world's top universities. What is preventing students from watching lectures on mobile phones?
|
[
"Lectures can't be played on mobile phones.",
"It's better to have live virtual classes in a special classroom.",
"Professors don't give lectures on mobile phones.",
"Not every student owns a phone."
] | 0A
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Mobile communications and the IP phone business have gradually replaced traditional long-distance calls. Mobile communications account for 28.5 percent of the total long-distance communications business. IP phones have 41.4 percent, while traditional long-distance calls are down to 30.1 percent. China Mobile, the country's largest mobile communication operator, has accounted for nearly 40 percent of taxes in the domestic telecom market. That puts it at the top of the six major telecom operators in the nation, according to the latest official statistics. The other five are: China Telecom, 31.1 percent; China Netcom, 16.6 percent; China Unicom, 13.4 percent; China Satellite Communications Corp and China Railcom, 1.5 percent. China Mobile is being chased by smaller rivals China Unicom and China Telecom, both of which are making significant 3G subscriber gains. That's aided in no small part by deals to offer the iPhone. However, as of March, China Mobile did have 15 million iPhone users on its network. In another ranking, Xiaomi, Huawei, Lenovo, vivo and OPPO came in as the top five mobile phone sellers in China by April, 2015, according to IHS Technology. The report also says that during this period, China produced 82 million handsets. (including GSM, GPRS and CDMA phones) and sold 80 million. Of the phones sold, 37 million were exported to other countries. Analysts point out that China's lack of core technologies and its heavy reliance on overseas technologies have proved to be an obstacle for development of domestic phone makers. We can infer from the text that _ .
|
[
"most phones are sold in foreign countries",
"most long-distance calls are made through mobile phone today",
"China had the most mobile phone users",
"China Telecom brings in more taxes of all the companies"
] | 1B
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you feel at present that you don't have enough friends in your life, one reason may be that you have let yourself become too busy to make time for the relationships you already have. Starting and keeping friendship require effort and commitment(,,). Many of us let our lives become so busy with work and other commitments that we don't get around to scheduling time for pleasure and renewal with the friends, relatives and acquaintances we already have. Making the effort to call your friends more regularly and to accept more of the invitations you receive from others can improve your social life in a hurry! Are there any people you could call right now and be assured of a pleasant welcome? Are there people that you could depend on to help you in time of difficulty? Can you have close talks with them? Do you have fun when you are together? Are you happy to have them in your life? If you haven't seen much of them lately, is it because you have become too busy? Have you grown apart? Was there an argument? If the main reason you haven't been getting together with the people you already know is that you have gotten too busy, take a good look at how you spend your time. Compare it with your real values and priorities in life. Is your busy lifestyle really bringing you the quality of life that you want? If you have become too busy for friends, why has this happened? Are you seeking material joys in your life at the expense of relationships with other human beings? Have you allowed your time to be over-committed because you never say ''No" to anyone? Do you insist on doing things yourself that could be _ o others? If so, why? Do you believe that everything depends on you? Examine whether the way you are now spending your time exactly reflects your deepest values and priorities. Make sure that you schedule enough time for the things that are truly most important to you. If you really want to keep friends in your life, make a space in your schedule, and a space in your heart for them. Which would be the best title for the text?
|
[
"Too busy for Friendship?",
"Too busy with work?",
"How to Spend Your Time",
"How to Make New Friends"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A 12-year old boy who donated bone marrow to his dying sister and has raised more thanPS10,000 for charity has been named the UK's Family Hero of the Year. Adam Kerr, 12, from Armagh, Northern Ireland, also helps his mother care for his younger brother Brian, 9, who suffers from the genetic disease Fanconi's anaemia . But it is not the first hardship that has affected young Adam. When he was just six, he donated his own bone marrow to his younger sister Helen who suffered from a rare blood disorder. Sadly she developed complications and died a few months after the operation in 2005. Adam found it very difficult to be happy after Helen's death. So he decided to start raising money in memory of Helen to help local poor children and families with bereavement . Overall he has raised PS10,000 and he has no intentions of giving up. He organised a Fun Day to provide the money for a brother and sister from Northern Ireland to visit their sick brother having a bone marrow transplant in a London hospital. He received his award and a cheque forPS2,000 at an "Oscar's style" ceremony in London. Ms Phillips said: "Adam is an incredible young man. In his relatively short life he has faced real sadness and bad luck and yet he works tirelessly to make life better for others." The Awards were sponsored by the charity 4Children and Take a Break Magazine. Anne Longfield OBE, Chief Executive of 4Children said:"It's an honour to recognise Adam's devotion and self-sacrifice, and his bravery shows there is always reason for hope and optimism. There is so much unrecognized goodwill out there of people who do so much for others, and the inspiring winners of the Family Heroes Awards remind us how important it is for us all to do our best to make a difference in the lives of others." From the passage we can see Adam's younger brother _ .
|
[
"was too young and ill to look after himself",
"was fortunate enough to be cured",
"donated his bone marrow to his sister",
"was going to have an operation"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How does an ecosystem benefit when leaves fall from a tree and decompose on the soil?
|
[
"Nutrients are released into the soil.",
"Soil erosion decreases.",
"Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soil.",
"Soil temperature decreases."
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Over the years, many cities and states have tried to put a tax on sugary drinks. Last week, Berkeley, California succeeded. The city in northern California will charge a penny-per-ounce tax on most sugary drinks. The tax is expected to raise more than $1 million every year to fight against obesity . Makers of sugary drinks are against the tax. They say picking out one product will not solve the obesity problem in America. They also argue that a tax is an attack on personal freedom. "Families should be able to make the choice for their kids without the government stepping in," said Chris Gindlesperger, a spokesperson for the American Beverage Association . Gindlesperger says that the fight against obesity is more successful when the government partners with industry. He shows how the beverage industry worked with President Bill Clinton's administration is the 1990s. They introduced water, milk, and fruit juice into a large number of schools, which took the place of sugary drinks. More recently, the beverage industry listened to First Lady Michelle Obama's suggestion that labels on sugary drinks be clearer. Containers of up to 20 ounces will show the total calories on the front. Some people say a tax is a _ way to help reduce obesity in the U.S. "There is clear evidence that taxes result in less consumption of sugary drinks," says Dr. Rachel Johnson, a spokesperson for the American Heart Association. She points to Mexico as an example. The country put up a tax on sugary drinks in January, and sales have already dropped by 10%. What's more, sales of healthier drinks have increased. Bottled water sales are up by 13%. Milk sales are up by 7%. Another purpose of the tax is to raise money to fight childhood obesity. Money will be used to build playgrounds, create educational materials, and increase the sales of the healthier foods. "We've already helped reduce obesity to some degree," says Dr. Johnson. "I'm confident that we're going to see even bigger progress soon." In the 1990s, sugary drinks in many schools _ .
|
[
"were charged a penny-per-ounce tax",
"were not as popular as they are today",
"were replaced by water, milk, and fruit juice",
"were not more than 20 ounces per bottle"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
As the price of a college degree continues to rise, there's growing evidence that the monetary payoff isn't quite as big as often advertised. The best estimate now is that a college degree is worth about $300,000 in today's dollars--nowhere near the million figure that is often quoted. "That million number has driven me crazy!" says Sandy Baum, a Skidmore economist who studied the value of a college degree for the College Board last year. Baum's research showed that college graduates earn, on average, about $20,000 a year more than those who finished their educations at high school. Add that up over a 40-year working life and the total differential is about $800,000, she figures. But since much of that bonus is earned many years from now, taking away the impact of inflation means that$800,000 in future dollars is worth only about $450,000 in today's dollars. Then, if you remove the cost of a college degree--about ,$30,000 in tuition and books for students who get no aid and attend public in-state universities--and the money a student could have earned at a job instead of attending school, the real net value in today's dollars is somewhere in the $300,000 range, a number confirmed by other studies. But, especially these days, that still makes a college degree one of the most _ investments a person can make, Baum notes. Better yet, college graduates can go on to earn advanced degrees, which return even bigger payoffs. The average holder of a bachelor's degree earns about$51,000 a year, Baum calculates. But those who've gone on to earn MBAs, law degrees, or other professional degrees earn about $100,000 a year. In addition, Baum found that there are plenty of other rewards for a degree. The quality of the jobs college graduates get is far better, for example. College graduates are more likely to get jobs with health insurance. And it is easier for them to find and hold jobs. The unemployment rate for college graduates was just 2.2 percent last year, half the unemployment level of those with only high school diplomas. There are lots of other nonmonetary benefits as well. College graduates are healthier, contribute more to their communities, and raise kids who are better prepared academically, studies show. Other researchers have found that the payoff of a degree is especially lucrative for students from low-income families, since the education and degrees give them a chance to break out of low-paying careers. How can a college graduate increase his or her yearly income according to the passage?
|
[
"By getting jobs with health insurance immediately.",
"By going on for higher degrees.",
"By breaking out of low-paying jobs.",
"By contributing more to his or her community."
] | 1B
|
high_school_microeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Traffic TV Avoid the jams -- see where tailbacks are before you set off and while on the move. Traffic TV is free to use on your personal computer and only PS4 per month (see below for other network charges) on your mobile. How does it work? Over 7,500 Trafficmaster cameras monitor traffic flow on over 8,000 miles of motorways and roads across the UK keeping you up to date 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Traffic TV on your mobile This downloadable application lets you see where jams are building up, the speed of vehicles at hotspots, and live pictures from thousands of roadside cameras. Traffic TV is PS4 a month for Orange mobile customers, after a 30 day free trial. On other networks Traffic TV is PS5 a month, after a 7 day free trial. Listen to live traffic news Don't want the download? Then simply dial the numbers below from your mobile to hear the latest traffic updates. *Orange mobile users call 177 (calls cost up to 55p a minute) *Other mobile users call 1740 (calls cost up to 59p a minute) Help friends avoid jams Simply enter your friend's email address to send them a link to this service. How long may a customer use the service if his/her network is Orange and pays PS20?
|
[
"About 120 days.",
"About 127 days.",
"Five months.",
"Six months."
] | 3D
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Sheep Smarter than Thought London--Sheep, like turkeys and ostriches, are not considered the most clever animals. British scientists said last Wednesday humans may have underestimated the woolly creature. They could be much smarter than we think. Researchers at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, southern England, have shown that the animals have a good memory system and are extremely good at recognizing faces--which they think is a sure sign of intelligence. Behavioral scientist Keith Kendrick and his friends trained 20 sheep to recognize and distinguish 25 pairs of sheep faces and used electrodes to measure their brain activity , which showed they could remember 50 faces for up to two years . "If they can do that with faces, they have to have reasonable intelligence; otherwise, what is the point of having a system for remembering faces and not remembering anything else?" Kendrick said in an interview. So hours of seemingly mindless eating grass may not be so mindless after all. Kendrick believes sheep got their reputation as dumb (unable to speak, unintelligent) animals because they live in large groups and do not appear to have much individuality and are frightened of just about everything. "All animals, including humans, once they are frightened, don't tend to show signs of intelligent action," he explained. In research reported in the science journal Nature, Kendrick and his team showed that sheep, like humans, have a specialized system in the brain which allows them to distinguish between many different faces which look extremely similar. "The most important finding (of the study) is that they are able , both from a behavioral point of view and from looking at the way the brain is organized , to remember a large number of individuals for a very long time," said Kendrick. "It is a very strange system. They are showing similar abilities in many ways to humans." As is known in the passage, _ .
|
[
"sheep are among the week animals",
"it is not right for people to raise sheep in groups",
"when sheep eat grass in the field their minds may be active",
"if people feel frightened, they may become braver"
] | 2C
|
anatomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
whether hot or cold blooded, to survive all animals are required to
|
[
"store radiant heat",
"wash with water",
"bath in sunshine",
"fight to survive"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Based on this information, what is Gumdrop's phenotype for the fur color trait?
|
[
"ff",
"brown fur"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
The survey by The Harvard Crimson was emailed to incoming first-year undergraduates; 1,600 students responded. Results showed that at least a tenth of the students polled admitted to having cheated on an exam before staring at the university, while almost half admitted to cheating on their homework. Athletes were apparently the most prone to cheating. 20 percent of students who played a university sport admitted to cheating on an exam compared to 9 percent of students who did not. The survey also revealed that men were not only more likely to cheat but were also more likely to admit to it. The results, compared to a previous survey done on the class of 2013, suggested that cheating may be becoming more commonplace. Of the outgoing seniors only 7 percent admitted to cheating on an exam and another 7 percent said they had been dishonest on a take-home test. 32 percent of the seniors said they had cheated on homework during their undergraduate years. The survey come in the wake of a cheating scandal at the university which saw 120 students investigated for sharing answers on an exam in 2022. One recent graduate stated:" Cheating was commonplace when I was at Harvard, especially with students in their first year or two. I would say as many as 60 percent of students took notes into some exams. No one really cared and the faculty, will some of them at least, seemed to recognize and yet ignore the problem. " In an email to NBC news, Jeff Neal, a Harvard representative, explained that a committee, made up of faculty, staff and students had been established to tackle cheating, which "is a national problem in American education". Why did The Harvard Crimson conduct the survey?
|
[
"They want to wake up the cheating students.",
"There was a cheating scandal at the university.",
"Cheating has become more commonplace.",
"The faculty recognized and yet ignored cheating."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Smoking bans in public places are linked with falls in childhood asthma attacks and preterm births , according to the biggest analysis of the influence of public smoking bans on child health. The finding should remove fears that such laws could have the opposite effect because they may lead people to smoke more at home. Several countries, such as Japan and Australia, have tightened laws on smoking in public places over the last few years. Meanwhile, some countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany, still allow smoking in pubs and restaurants. Only about half of US states have comprehensive bans, and there are few restrictions in poorer nations. Opponents often claim that bans could result in people smoking more at home, which would be worse for their children's health. Asthma is one of the main concerns as second-hand smoke harms children's airways in several ways. Researchers led by Jasper Been at Maastricht University Medical Centre reviewed as many as 11 studies that examined how hospital admissions for childhood asthma and preterm births changed after smoking bans came in. The studies involved more than 2.5 million births, and nearly 250,000 hospital admissions for asthma. The result shows that both asthma admissions and preterm birth rates fell by about 10 percent within a year after smoking restrictions were carried out. The effect on preterm births could also have been caused by pregnant women being more likely to quit or cut down following a public ban, says Been. But Been also says the studies could not completely prove that smoking bans directly caused these changes. However, as a matter of fact, because the analysis included several smoking bans introduced in different countries in different years, and most saw health improvements. Such findings are useful for countries and states where there is ongoing debate about how strict smoking bans should be, especially as hospital care for premature babies is so expensive. This might be one of the most important things to know in order to strengthen legislation . Other studies have shown that rates of heart attack and stroke also tend to fall after smoking bans are introduced. In their analysis, the researchers drew their conclusion by
|
[
"comparison",
"experimenting",
"questionnaire",
"example"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What births live young?
|
[
"a feathered animal with a beak",
"a tail having tree dweller",
"a modern sport utility vehicle",
"a planet close to the sun"
] | 1B
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of the following characteristics is used when classifying organisms within the plant kingdom?
|
[
"type of vascular tissue",
"use of photosynthesis",
"presence of cell walls",
"production of oxygen"
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Wind is becoming more common as a source of energy. Wind farms require large open spaces for the wind turbines. A negative consequence of this technology is wind turbines
|
[
"are an inexpensive source of energy.",
"cause little pollution to the environment.",
"may hurt the flying animals in the area.",
"are a renewable source of energy."
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology . With the help of new medicine, the human body will last a very long time. Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and war. Today's leading killers, such as heart diseases, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memory. In discussion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days. But the change in medicine can be the real technological event of our times. How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death. Cells are the basic units of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever. But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs . The medicine, made up of the basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on---in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones. It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic conditional human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future. We can learn from the passage that _ .
|
[
"human life will not last more than 120 years in the future",
"human have to take medicine to build new skin cells now",
"much needs to be done before humans can have a longer life",
"we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells."
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Motherhood may make women smarter and may help prevent dementia in old age by bathing the brain in protective hormones ,US researchers reported on Thursday. Tests on rats show that those who raise two or more litters of pups do considerably better in tests of memory and skills than rats who have no babies, and their brains show changes that suggest they may be protected against diseases such as Alzheimer's . University of Richmond psychology professor Craig Kinsley believes his findings will translate into humans. "Our research shows that the hormones of pregnancy are protecting the brain, including estrogen , which we know has many neuroprotective effects," Kinsley said. "It's rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals," he added in a telephone interview. "They go through pregnancy and hormonal changes." Kinsley said he hoped public health officials and researchers will look to see if having had children protects a woman from Alzheimer's and other forms of age related brain decline. "When people think about pregnancy, they think about what happens to babies and the mother from neck down," said Kinsley, who presented his findings to the annual meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in Orlando, Florida. "They do not realize that hormones are washing on the brain. If you look at female animals who have never gone through pregnancy, they act differently toward young. But if she goes through pregnancy, she will sacrifice her life for her infant--that is a great change in her behavior that showed in genetic alternations to the brain." How do scientists know that motherhood may make women smarter?
|
[
"Many women say so.",
"They know it by experimenting on rats.",
"They know it through their own experience.",
"Some researchers have told them."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A study of a million UK women, published today in The Lancet, has shown that happiness itself has no direct effect on mortality, and that the widespread but mistaken belief that unhappiness and stress directly cause ill health came from studies that had simply confused cause and effect. Life-threatening poor health can cause unhappiness, and for this reason unhappiness is associated with increased mortality. In addition, smokers tend to be unhappier than non-smokers. However, after taking account of previous ill health, smoking, and other lifestyle and socio-economic factors, the investigators found that unhappiness itself was no longer associated with increased mortality. The lead author, Dr Bette Liu, now at the University of New South Wales, Australia said: "Illness makes you unhappy, but unhappiness itself doesn't make you ill. We found no direct effect of unhappiness or stress on mortality, even in a ten-year study of a million women." As in other studies, unhappiness was associated with deprivation, smoking, lack of exercise, and not living with a partner. The strongest associations, however, were that the women who were already in poor health tended to say that they were unhappy, stressed, not in control, and not relaxed. The main analyses included 700 000 women, average age 59 years, and over the next 10 years these women were followed by electronic record linkage for mortality, during which time 30 000 of the women died. After allowing for any differences already present in health and lifestyle, the overall death rate among those who were unhappy was the same as the death rate among those who were generally happy. The study is so large that it rules out unhappiness being a direct cause of any material increase in overall mortality in women. This was true for overall mortality, for cancer mortality, and for heart disease mortality, and it was true for stress as well as for unhappiness. It's wrongly believed that _ .
|
[
"unhappiness itself is not associated with increased mortality",
"there is no direct link between unhappiness and mortality",
"ill health directly causes unhappiness and stress",
"ill health directly results from unhappiness and stress"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you feel at present that you don't have enough friends in your life,one reason may be that you have let yourself become too busy to make time for the relationships you already have.Starting and keeping friendship requires effort and commitment. Many of us let our lives become so busy with work and other commitments that we don't get around to scheduling time for pleasure and renewal with the friends,relatives and acquaintances we already have. Making the effort to call your friends more regularly and to accept more of the invitations you receive from others can improve your social life in a hurry! Are there any people you could call right now and be assured of a pleasant welcome? Are there people that you could count on to help you in time of difficulty? Can you have close talks with them? Do you have fun when you are together? Are you happy to have them in your life? If you haven't seen much of them lately. is it because you have become too busy? Have you grown apart? Was there an argument? If the main reason you haven't been getting together with the people you already know is that you have gotten too busy,take a good look at how you spend your time.Compare it with your real values and priorities in life.Is your busy lifestyle really bringing you the quality of life that you want? If you have become too busy for friends,why has this happened? Are you seeking material toys in your life at the expense of relationships with other human beings? Have you allowed your time to be over.committed because you never say"No"to anyone? Do you insist on doing things yourself that could be delegated to others? If so,why? Do you believe that everything depends on you? Examine whether the way you are now spending your time accurately reflects your deepest values and priorities.Make sure that you schedule enough time for the things that are truly most important to you. If you really want to keep friends in your lire,make a space in your schedule,and a space in your heart for them. Which of the following doesn't indicate a good relationship?
|
[
"You have someone to count on when you are in trouble.",
"You have someone to have close talks with.",
"You feel depressed with others in life",
"You have fun when you are with someone"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The whole morning we just checked our own things. We were looking for items to give away. We thought of blankets, food and clothing. Our aim was not to find things we no longer wanted, but things we use every day and would be useful to others. We made up boxes with the things and added some small toys. Inside the boxes a simple letter was placed, reading: "Please take these items and know that your life is important. Times are difficult but they will pass. We share what we have, believing it will matter. Use the blanket to stay warm. Be safe and know that the human spirit can overcome anything. Don't hold your head down. Someday please do the same when you can. How you do it and when, your heart will tell you. This kind act was not because the phone rang or for any reason. It was simply because it was the right time to do. We have often seen homeless people at the park where we left the belongings. The city would say that it isn't a problem but I see the lives walking to and from it. I noticed that my wife had put her favorite green coat into one of the boxes. I asked if she was sure about it and she simply replied that it had a hood . She liked the coat but knew the hood could shelter someone from the rain. We don't know where these gifts of compassion will go. We never go back and see what happens. It's unimportant. The right things will find the right people and that is all that counts. On the way my wife started to cry. When I asked why, she said because some things felt so right. The couple placed the letter inside the box mainly to _ .
|
[
"help the poor go through the difficulties",
"let the poor know who gave away the things",
"tell the poor how to use the items correctly",
"tell the poor to pass on the spirit to others"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Eight-year-old Jesse Abrogate was playing in the sea late one evening in July 2001 when a 7-foot bull shark attacked him and tore off his arm. Jesse's uncle jumped into the sea and dragged the boy to the store. The boy was not breathing. His aunt gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation while his uncle rang the emergency services. Pretty soon, a helicopter arrived and flew the boy to hospital. It was a much quicker journey than the journey by road. Jesse's uncle, Vance Folsenzier, ran back into the sea and found the shark that had attacked his nephew. He picked the shark up and threw it onto the beach. A coastguard shot the fish four times and although this didn't kill it, the shark's jaws relaxed so that they could open them, and reach down onto its stomach, and pull out the boy's arm. At the Baptist hospital in Pensacola, Dr Lan Rogers spent eleven hours reattaching Jesse's arm. "It was a complicated operation," he said, "but we were lucky. If the arm hadn't been recovered in time, we wouldn't have been able to do the operation at all. What I means is that if they hadn't found the shark, well then we wouldn't have had a chance." According to local park ranger Jack Tomosvic, shark attacks are not that common. "Jesse was just unlucky" he says, "Evening is the shark's feeding time. And Jesse was in the area without lifeguards. This would never have happened if he had been in the area where swimming is allowed." When reporters asked Jesse's uncle how he had had the courage to fight a shark , he replied, "I was mad and you do some strange things when you're mad." In which way did the boy's uncle help with the operation?
|
[
"By finding his lost arm",
"By shooting the fish",
"By flying him to hospital",
"By offering his blood"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If 1 kg of the compound toluene melts at -95°C, then 500 g of toluene will
|
[
"melt at -47.5°C.",
"melt at -95°C.",
"boil at 95°C.",
"boil at 47.5°C."
] | 1B
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
German scientists say that eating a little chocolate every day may keep you away from cardiovascular disease. The scientists have found that chocolate, especially dark chocolate , can help you cut down 39 percent of heart disease, including taking a very small amount . However, the study advises people not to eat too much chocolate, because too much chocolate is bad for our bodies. So the scientists advise people to eat small amount of chocolate instead of sugar or high-fat snacks. Scientists said, "Dark chocolate shows the greatest effects, milk chocolate fewer , and white chocolate no effects." The results showed chocolate may cut down blood pressure, but they also say that further study is needed. In the eight-year study, people's daily diet, exercise habits, and blood pressure were studied in 19,357 persons aged 35 to 65. They found that people who are an average of 7.5 grams of chocolate a day had a very lower chance of heart disease than those who ate much less chocolate , and average of 1.7 grams a day. From the passage, we know that _ .
|
[
"chocolate was popular in Germany before",
"chocolate is good for us, but we should not eat too much",
"eating 1.7 grams of chocolate each time is the best",
"people aged 35 had better not eat chocolate"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Tigers are among the most admired and most feared animals in the world . When we think of a tiger, we think of danger. We think of the big teeth and large feet of it. We also think of beauty. The tiger is a hunter that hunts alone. In fact , tigers are probably better than any other land mammal at catching large animals without help. Even so, the life of this big-game hunter isn't easy. Finding food can be difficult, especially for a tiger that is old or weak. Most of the animals it tries to attack get away. A tiger sometimes goes weeks without eating. When that happens, it may hunt animals that can be dangerous even for a tiger. When they are in a bad situation, some tigers may even attack humans. But in fact, tigers kill very few people each year. Most tigers run away when they see people. What tigers have done to people can't compare to what people have done to tigers. Over the last 200 years, we have almost killed tigers in the wild . Today, the tiger is one of the most endangered animals on Earth. A tiger may live 20 years or more, if it is not disturbed by humans. Female tigers usually live longer than male tigers, because the males live more dangerously. It isn't easy for people to tell a male from a female unless the female happens to be with her babies.Only females take care of the young. The big difference between males and females is size. Male tigers are much bigger. Tigers are big eaters. In a single year, one tiger must eat about 70 deer or other large animals. That is one reason why tigers hunt alone. If they lived in big groups, they could never find enough animals to feed them all. What can we learn from the passage?
|
[
"A tiger can only live about 20 years.",
"It is people who make tigers endangered",
"Many people are killed by tigers every year.",
"Male and female tigers take care of their babies together."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Growth and activities of organisms can speed up the chemical weathering of rocks. Which organisms naturally cause most of the chemical weathering of rocks?
|
[
"small mammals",
"plant seedlings",
"mosses",
"insects"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In our life, we have rarely expressed our gratitude to the one who lived those years with us. In fact, we don't have to wait for anniversaries to thank the ones closest to us and the ones so easily overlooked. If I have learned anything about giving thanks, it is this: give it now! While your feeling of appreciation is alive and sincere, act on it. Saying thanks is such an easy way to add to the world's happiness. Saying thanks not only brightens someone else's world, it brightens yours. If you're feeling left out, unloved or unappreciated, try reaching out to others. It may be just the medicine you need. Of course, there are times when you can't express gratitude immediately. In that case, don't let embarrassment sink you into silence and speak up the first time you have the chance. Once a young minister, Mark Brian, was sent to a remote parish of Kwakiutl Indians in British Columbia. The Indians, he had been told, did not have a word for thank you. But Brian soon found that these people had unusual generosity. Instead of saying thanks, it is their custom to return every favor with a favor of their own, and every kindness with an equal or superior kindness. They do their thanks. I wonder if we had no words in our vocabulary for thank you, would we do a better job of communicating our gratitude? Would we be more responsive, more sensitive, more caring? Thankfulness sets in motion a chain reaction that transforms people all around us-including ourselves. For no one ever misunderstands the melody of a grateful heart. Its message is universal; its poems transcend all earthly barriers; its music touches the heaven. When we say something for what others do for us, it _ .
|
[
"benefits the people who do something for us",
"is good for both us and people who help us",
"wastes our and our friends' time at the same time",
"does harm to both us and people who help us"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Our eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body. There are times when most of us would have sweet and ice-cream rather than eat meat and rice. Sweets and ice-cream are not bad for the stomach if we eat at the end of a meal. If we drink beer at meals, it may take away your appetite . It is important for us to eat our meal at the same time each day. When we feel hungry, it is a sign that our body needs food. When we feel angry or excited, we may not want to eat. A long time ago, in England, some judges often decided whether a man was telling the truth by giving him some dry bread. If the man could not swallow the bread, it was a sign that he was not telling the truth. Although this seems very strange and rather foolish , it is really a good way of finding out the truth. A man who is worried has difficulty in swallowing anything dry. Because of his worriment, he loses his appetite and doesn't want to eat. When do you think it is good to eat sweets and ice-cream according to the passage?
|
[
"When we are happy.",
"When we have a good appetite.",
"After a meal.",
"Before a meal."
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Who is smarter? A human being or artificial intelligence ? The question swept the world last week when a Google-developed program called AlphaGo defeated the world top player, South Korean Lee Se-del, 4-1. So, what comes next? Some people have been arguing that artificial intelligence, or AI in short, will be a bad thing for humans. In an interview with the BBC in 2014, UK scientist Stephen Hawking warned that "the development of full artificial intelligence could mean the end of the human race." So are we really about to live in the world shown in the Terminator movies? "Not quite," answered The Economist. After all, it's not hard to get a computer program to remember and produce facts. What is hard is getting computers to use their knowledge in everyday situations. "We think that, for the human being, things like sight and balance , are natural and ordinary in our life." Thomas Edison, founder of Motion Figures, a company that is bringing AI to boys, told the newspaper. "But for a robot, to walk up and down just like human beings requires various decisions to be made every second, and it's really difficult to do." As The Economist put it, "We have a long way to go before AI can truly begin to be similar to the human brain, even though the technology can be great." Meanwhile, John Markoff of The New York Times said that researchers should build artificial intelligence to make people more effective. "Our fate is in our own hands," he wrote. "Since technology depends on the values of its creators, we can make human choices that use technology to improve the world.".Com] Who believes much has to be done to improve AI?
|
[
"Stephen Hawking.",
"John Markoff.",
"The New York Times.",
"The Economist."
] | 3D
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Based on this information, what is Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait?
|
[
"having sickle-cell disease",
"not having sickle-cell disease"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Expanded use of computer technology ,development of stronger and lighter materials ,and research on pollution control will produce better, _ automobiles . In the 1980s the ides that a car would "talk" to its driver was science fiction; by the 1990s it had become reality. On board navigation was one of the new automotive technologies in the 1990s. By using the satellite-aided global positioning system(GPS), a computer in the automobile can pinpoint the car's location within a few feet. The onboard navigation system uses and electronic compass ,digitized maps , and a display screen showing where the car is to the destination the driver wants to reach. After being told the destination, the computer locates it and directs the driver to it , offering alternative routes if needed. Some cars now come equipped with GPS locator beacons ,enabling a GPS system operator to locate the vehicle ,map its location and ,if necessary ,direct repair or emergency workers to the scene. Gars equipped with computers and cellular telephones can link to the Internet to obtain constantly updated traffic reports ,weather information, route directions ,and other data .Future built-in computer systems may be used to automatically get business information over the Internet and manage personal affairs while the vehicle's owner is driving. What does the passage mainly talk about?
|
[
"New Technology in Automobile",
"Automobile",
"GPS Automobile",
"GPS"
] | 0A
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Swimming in the water of Hawaii's Big Island is a fun experience. But it can be more exciting if there are dolphins swimming around and jumping out of the sea too. For many people, it would be a wonderful dream to swim with these lovely animals! However, this may not be good for dolphins. They may get hurt because of human interaction . Dolphins are active and usually look for food at night. In the day, they like to rest in shallow bays . Many people think the dolphins are awake during the day as they swim. But when they sleep they rest half of their brain and keep the other half awake to breathe, so they may be sleeping even when they're swimming in the water. From 2010 to 2013, spinner dolphins of Hawaii's Big Island were exposed to human activities more than 82 percent of the time, according to Julian Tyne, a researcher at Australia's Murdoch University. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) says disturbing the animals in their near-shore habitat could force them to swim to less favorable places, putting them at risk of attack by sharks and other animals. Besides, when people are around, dolphins become more active. Thus, they can't get enough sleep. "Disturbing their resting behaviors can actually affect their long term health and the health of the dolphin population," Ann Garrett of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service told the Associated Press. As a result, the NOAA wants to make rules to help protect the dolphins. For example, the agency may ban swimming with the Hawaii spinner dolphins. Or they may stop people from swimming in shallow bays when the dolphins are resting. Tour operators must also be taught to watch for signs to know when the dolphins are in their resting state. Which of the following about dolphins is NOT true?
|
[
"They spend most of their time sleeping at night.",
"They like to stay in shallow bays during the day.",
"They keep half of their brain awake while sleeping.",
"They may be sleeping even when they're swimming."
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Autumn blues? Let the sunshine in falling leaves, flowers, and cold winds. For many people late autumn can be a season of depression. Those who suffer from " the autumn blue" are often extremely tired, lack energy, need more sleep, feel increased appetite and gain weight. "The exact cause of this condition, often called seasonal depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD), is not known yet," says Chen Jue, associate professor at Shanghai Mental Health Center. "But recent studies indicate that weather change is influential and strongly suggest that this condition is caused by changes in the availability of sunlight." One theory is that with decreased exposure to sunlight, the biological clock that regulates mood, sleep, and hormones is delayed, running more slowly in winter. Exposure to light may reset the biological clock. Another theory is that brain chemicals that transmit information between nerves, called neurotransmitters (for example, serotonin), may be altered in individuals with SAD. It is believed that exposure to light can correct these imbalances. "It is a sad season, but you can try to make it happy. Remember, spring always lives in your heart," Chen says. "Going outdoors to get some sunlight may reduce the tension that brings you the low spirits. Relax at work. Stretch, breathe deeply. Take a tea break. Think of your next vacation. Color treatment also works in handling low mood. Music also plays a role in treating autumn blues." Autumn blues is also called autumn _ .
|
[
"depression",
"sunshine",
"blue music",
"cold winds"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
For many men, the idea that they have a better sense of direction than women has been improved by a scientific study. Researchers from Norway scanned on the brains of volunteers as they completed navigation tasks to discover men are more skillful at finding their way because they use a separate part of their brain. According to lead researcher Dr. Cal Pintzka from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), men and women have different navigational strategies. Med use basic directions--the use of north, south, east and west--during navigation to a greater degree. Men's sense of direction was more effective. They quite simply got to their destination faster. "If they're going to the Students Society building in Trodheim, for example, men usually go into the general direction where it is located." Dr. Pintzka explained. Women usually orient themselves along a route to get there, for example, go past the hairdresser and then up the street and turn right after the shore. The study shows that using the basic directions is more efficient because it is a more flexible strategy. The destination can be reached faster because the strategy depends less on where you start. Meanwhile, the study also shows both men and women use large areas of the brain when they navigate, but some areas were different. The man used the hippocampus more, whereas women use their frontal areas to a greater extent. That degrees with the fact that the hippocampus is necessary to make use of basic directions. Losing one's sense of direction is one of the first symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Understanding how men and women use different brain areas and strategies to navigate, researchers will be able to enhance the understand of the disease's development, and develop coping strategies for those already affected. Why is men's strategy more efficient?
|
[
"Because it is much easier to be carried out.",
"Because it is more helpful to identify roads.",
"Because it is simpler for telling directions.",
"Because it is less limited by the starting place."
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Modern festival-goers who worry about ending up with a dead mobile phone battery after days stuck in a muddy field with no electric plug power points may now have a solution----power boots . Mobile phone company European Telco Orange has introduced a phone charging prototype---- a set of thermoelectric gumboots or Wellington boots with a "power generation sole" that changes heat from the wearer's feet into electrical power to charge battery-powered hand-helds. The boot was designed by Dave Pain, managing director at GotWind, a renewable energy company. Pain said the boot uses the Seebeck effect, in which a circuit made of two dissimilar metals conducts electricity if the two places where they connect are held at different temperatures. "In the sole of the Wellington boot there's a thermocouple and if you apply heat to one side of the thermocouple and cold to the other side it produces an electrical charge," Pain said. "That electrical charge we then pass through to a battery which you'll find in the heel of the boot for storage of the electrical power for later use to charge your mobile phone." These thermocouples are connected electrically, forming an array of multiple thermocouples (thermopile). They are then sandwiched between two thin ceramic wafers. When the heat from the foot is applied on the top side of the ceramic wafer and cold is applied on the opposite side, from the cold of the ground, electricity is made. But the prototype boot does have one _ . You have to walk for 12 hours in the boots to make one hour's worth of charge. The invention seems to be good news to those _ .
|
[
"who like traveling in the wild",
"who work at home",
"who study at school",
"who work at an office"
] | 0A
|
electrical_engineering
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In order for an animal to need to hibernate, they must be of the species that
|
[
"is in space",
"makes brownies",
"nothing",
"instinctively does it"
] | 3D
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A species of bird has not been seen since the 1900s and is considered extinct. Which evidence would best disprove the claim that the bird is extinct?
|
[
"A bird watcher makes a sketch of the bird.",
"A scientist discovers fossil remains of the bird.",
"A researcher takes a photograph of the bird.",
"A park ranger finds a suitable habitat for the bird."
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
The bear in the wild needs to find other animals to feast.
|
[
"they never kill",
"they only eat",
"they are docile",
"they are killers"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
You might think that whether you choose a blue shirt or a yellow one to wear to work or college makes no difference to your day and those around you. However, an increasing number of experts argue that the colors we choose affect our mood , our career and even our health. Color affects us to a greater degree than most of us realize. Color is used increasingly by doctors for influencing mood and state of mind, and for various types of medical treatment. Green is a good color if you are not feeling well, and possibly this is why we sometimes give flowers and plants to friends and relatives in hospital. It is also thought that turquoise , a "user-friendly" color, can treat stress and headaches. Companies use color to encourage us to buy their products. For example, purple, which mixes well with red, is used to show that a company has new ideas and the power to make them happen. Orange and blue are also recommended colors for companies to use, because orange is the color of communication and blue suggests safety. So this could be a particularly good combination. Companies have found that certain colors "speak" to specific age groups. They often use red to attract younger people to their products, for example, as it is lively and more youthful than colors like gold and navy , which older customers seem to prefer. Wearing different colors can affect how you feel and how others react to you, so it is important to consider this when deciding what to wear in the morning. If you want people to take you seriously, then wearing navy or black is good. Blue would also be helpful for an interview or oral examination because it relaxes you and makes you feel calm. Red gets you noticed by everyone and makes you feel energetic, but be careful, as it can raise your pulse rate and not everyone wants this effect. So think carefully before you leave the house or visit a friend with a gift. The colors you choose in both cases are a powerful tool. Are you making the right impression-- on yourself and on others? Turquoise is a color that _ .
|
[
"stands for energy",
"is good for health",
"is popular with young people",
"makes the wearer be taken seriously"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Lisa never had the chance to know her father. He and her mother divorced when she was just a young child. Even though he didn't move far, he never came to visit his children. Lisa often wondered about her father. What did he looked like and what he was doing. All she knew was his name: Jeff White. After Lisa grew up, she became a nurse at a hospital, where she would help provide medicine and comfort for patients in their final days. A few weeks ago, she received a new patient whose name was Jeff White. When Jeff came into his room, Lisa asked him if he had any children. Jeff told her that he had two daughters, Lisa and Elly. Lisa couldn't hold her tears back. She told him, "I am Lisa, your daughter." Jeff embraced her, saying that he was not a good father. And the daughter held his hand and kissed him. Then Jeff began to sing This Magic Moment. Jeff could have just weeks left to live, so Lisa wanted to make the most of the time she had with him. Lisa also brought her kids to the hospital to meet their grandfather. The kid made cards for him with the words, "I love you." Forgiveness is also a kind of love. What did Lisa know about her father?
|
[
"Her father's looks",
"Her father's name",
"Her father's hobby",
"Her father's job"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
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