question
stringlengths 4
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listlengths 2
5
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stringclasses 4
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|---|---|---|---|---|
The moon has many craters on the surface due to space rocks
|
[
"candy canes",
"bumping into it",
"rain drops",
"cats"
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Three Chinese astronauts on June 24 successfully completed a manual docking between the Shenzhou-9 spacecraft and the orbiting Tiangong-1 lab module, _ in China's history of space exploration. It means China has completely grasped space rendezvous and docking technologies and the country is fully capable of transporting humans and cargo to an orbiter in space, which is essential for building a space station in 2020. Astronaut Liu Wang, assisted by his teammates Jing Haipeng and Liu Yang, controlled the Shenzhou-9 spacecraft to dock with the Tiangong-1 space lab module at 12:48 p.m., which were reconnected about seven minutes later. About one and a half hours before the docking, Shenzhou-9 parted from Tiangong-1 to a berth point 400 meters away from the module. To leave room for adjustments, engineers set up four berth points for the spaceship on the same orbit 5 km, 400 meters, 140 meters and 30 meters away from the orbiting lab. "The manual docking was beautifully conducted. The manual docking was completed in only 7 minutes, 3 minutes faster than the automatic docking." said Liu Weibo, who is responsible for China's astronaut system. Liu explained to Xinhua the three factors behind today's manual docking success. Firstly, Liu Wang has grasped the sophisticated manual docking technologies very well and his psychological status has been sound. Secondly, the three astronauts were in close cooperation. Thirdly, the domestically-made docking system was reliable, he said. The astronauts, 343 km away from Earth, were also greeted by Chinese oceanauts from the Mariana Trench, 7,020 meters beneath the Pacific Ocean, where they just broke the country's dive record in a manned submersible on Sunday morning. "We hope the manual docking is a great success and wish for brilliant achievements in China's manned space and manned deep-sea dive causes," read the message sent by the three oceanauts aboard the manned submersible Jiaolong. Wu Ping, spokeswoman for China's manned space program, said Sunday the manual space docking was "a complete success." She told a press conference in Beijing that the three Chinese astronauts had already re-entered the space lab module to continue their scientific experiments. The manual docking is a significant step for China's manned space program that celebrated its 20th anniversary this year, as China has fully grasped space travel, space walk and space rendezvous and docking technologies that are essential to building a space station. China is the third country, after the United States and Russia, to acquire technologies and skills necessary for space rendezvous and docking and be able to supply manpower and material to an orbiting module via different docking methods. According to Liu Weibo, which of the following is not the factor contributing to the successful docking?
|
[
"Liu Yang has grasped the sophisticated manual docking technologies very well",
"The astronaut's psychological status has been in good condition.",
"The three astronauts cooperated with other closely.",
"The domestically-made docking system was reliable."
] | 0A
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which is the most flexible?
|
[
"cardboard",
"brick path",
"wood board"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Most of the volume of the universe is found in the space between galaxies. Objects found in the regions between galaxies are most likely to be closest in size to which of these?
|
[
"a dust particle",
"an asteroid",
"a planet",
"a star"
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Margaret is running a full lap around a circular track. She is facing north when she starts. What direction will she be facing after she has completed half of a lap?
|
[
"north",
"south",
"east",
"west"
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Thousands of people in the world are a hundred years old - or more and certain parts of the world are famous for the long lives of their inhabitants: the Vilacamba Valley in Ecuador, and the home of the Hunzas in the Himalayas. Why do so many people live to a healthy old age in certain parts of the world? What is the secret of their long lives? Three things seem to be very important: fresh air, fresh food and a simple way of life. People work near their homes in the clean mountain air instead of traveling long distances to work by bus, car or train. They do not sit all day in busy offices or factories, but work hard outdoors in the fields. They take more exercise and eat less food than people in the cities of the West. For years the Hunzas of the Himalayas did not need policemen, lawyers or doctors. There was no crime, no divorce and not much illness in their society. They were a happy, peaceful people, famous all over India for their long, healthy lives. Do you want to live to a hundred years old? Here are some rules for success. First, live in the right place. Second, choose the right kind of job. Doctors, dentists and bus-drivers die young. Farmers, priests and orchestral conductors live much longer. If you are in the wrong kind of job, you can still improve your way of life. An old man in the Caucasus was talking about his past life. "I was young then," he said, as he described his 87th year. His secret was: "Think young and stay young." An old woman from Missouri, the USA, gave this advice, "Drink a little whisky and some warm beer every day." An English lady just said, "Take a cold bath every morning." The shortest, simplest piece of advice came from Mr Jim Chapman, aged 103. "Just keep breathing," he told reporters. We can see from the passage that long-lived people avoid _ .
|
[
"working hard",
"drinking",
"eating too much",
"taking cold baths"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Maybe you are an average student. You probably think you will never be a top student . However, anyone can become a better student if he or she does his or her best. Here are some tips to help you. Plan your time carefully. You should plan your time for such things as eating, sleeping and dressing. Then make a good, regular time for studying. But don't forget to set enough time for entertainment . Keep your _ quiet and clean. The study should have a desk, a chair and some study materials , but no games, no radio and no television ! When you sit down to study, you can put your heart into it. Make good use of your time. Listen to everything that the teacher says. Listening carefully in class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says. After you get home from school, go over your notes . Review the important points. If you know what your teacher is going to discuss next day, read the material. It will help you study better. Develop a good attitude to tests . The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject . It helps you know what you are not good at. The world will still go on even if you fail in a test , so don't be too worried . Which is a good place for studying?
|
[
"A clean and beautiful place.",
"The place with a computer.",
"The place with a television and radio.",
"A quiet place with a chair, a desk, and some study materials."
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Life is filled with challenges. As we get older we come to realize that those challenges are the very things that shape us and make us who we are,it is the same with the challenges that come withfriendship.When we are faced with a challenge,we usually have two choices. We can try to beat it off, or we can decide that the thing presenting the challenge isn't worth the trouble and call it quits.Although there are certainly times when calling it quits is the right thing to do,in most cases all that is needed is commitment and communication. When we are _ to something, it means that no matter how painful or howuncomfortable something is,we will always choose to face it through instead of running away from it.Communication is making a space for discussion and talking about how you feel as opposed to just saying what the other person did wrong. If you can say to a friend,"I got my feelings hurt." rather than"You hurt my feelings."you are going to be able to solve the problem much faster. In dealing with many challenges that friendship will bring to you, try to see them for what they are:small hurdles you need to jump or get through on your way through life.Nothing is so big that it is impossible to get over, and hurt only serves to make us stronger.It is all part of growing up,it happens to everyone,and some day you will look back on all of this and say,"Hard as it was,it made me who I am today.And that is a good thing." The writer suggests that _ when faced with a challenge.
|
[
"one should call it quits",
"one should temporarily run away from it",
"one should be committed and communicable",
"one should lay it a side for a while"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Traveling is one of the most important activities and people have been interested in it for many years. Modern traffics develops fast, so traveling to different places has become much easier than before. Staying healthy:while traveling can make your trip happier. But do you know how to keep healthy during a trip? The following information may be useful for you. Before leaving: * Wear comfortable shoes, a hat and sunglasses. * Take some necessary medicine with you. They can be used when you get sick or have other problems. * If you do lots of sports like walking or climbing on your trip, you should do some exercise for weeks or months before you leave. While traveling: * Be sure not to eat dirty food or bad fruit. * Have enough time to take a rest during your trip. * Tap water is not safe, so drink bottled water and always clean the cover on the bottle. If you do lots of sports while traveling, you should _ before you leave.
|
[
"do some exercise for weeks or months",
"learn more about sports",
"watch many sports games",
"buy a car"
] | 0A
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between my parents. Every day they don't act in the romantic ways that I read in books or I see on TV. In their opinion, "I love you" is too luxurious for them to say. Sending flowers on Valentine's Day is even more out of the question. One day, my mother was sewing a quilt . "Mom, I have a question to ask you." "What?" she replied, still doing her work. "Is there love between you and Dad?" My mother stopped her work and raised her head with surprise in her eyes. Then she said, "Susan, look at this thread. Sometimes it appears, but most of it disappears in the quilt. The _ really makes the quilt strong and durable. If life is a quilt, then love should be a thread. Love is inside." I listened carefully but I couldn't understand until the next spring. At that time, my father suddenly got sick seriously. After they were back from the hospital, my mother helped him walk slowly on the beautiful country road every morning. My father had never been so gentle. But after two months he still couldn't walk by himself. All of us were worried about him. "Dad, how are you feeling now?" I asked him one day. "Susan, don't worry about me, "he said gently. "To tell you the truth, I just like walking with your mom. "Reading his eyes, I know he loves my mother deeply. Once I thought love meant flowers, gifts and sweet kisses. But from this experience, I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our life. Love is inside, making life strong and warm. ,. Why does the writer NOT make sure whether there is love between her parents?
|
[
"They don't act in the romantic ways.",
"They never say, \"I love you\".",
"They never send flowers to each other on Valentine's Day.",
"All of the above."
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
FOR people who are interested in space, nothing is more exciting than the idea of living on other planets. That might be why the movie The Martian (<<>> ) is so popular. It shows an astronaut struggling to live on Mars. But would it actually be possible to live on the Red Planet? While the idea of living on Mars is great, the reality does not look as good. Mars does not have a friendly atmosphere for humans. There is very little oxygen there. And because of its distance from the sun, it is also very cold. The temperature on Mars can be -62 degrees on average. This is much too cold for humans. However, scientists say it might be possible to live there even without a good atmosphere. Daytime on Mars is almost the same as Earth's. It means there's enough sunlight to grow plants inside safe buildings. However, they would have to grow in soil from Earth. Mars does not have a strong enough atmosphere to stop the radiation coming from space, which makes it dangerous to grow things in the soil. The radiation is also bad for our health. If we want to live there healthily, we need to build our homes under the ground or within the rocks on the planet. This would protect humans from the radiation and also some heat. When could we actually live on Mars? NASA is hoping to make some progress within the next 20 years. What does Para. 4 mainly talk about?
|
[
"What problems the radiation causes.",
"How to avoid bad conditions on Mars.",
"How to build homes on Mars.",
"How to protect Mars."
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Is the following trait inherited or acquired?
Clara can ride a bicycle.
|
[
"inherited",
"acquired"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Many people influenced various aspects of my life, based on their personal characteristics, accomplishments, and values. I have been fortunate to have had numerous teachers and professors who I respect for their patience and intelligence. There are artists that have inspired me by their natural talents and original creativity. I value many political leaders, who have inspired me by their contributions to society, and their ability to change our futures. But of all the people I have known in my life, the person I admire most is my father. As the youngest girl in my family, I always considered myself to be"Daddy's little girl". While I grew up, it always made me sad to see so many of my friends and neighbors without a father or father-like figure around. This helped me appreciate how my father always takes an interest in his children's lives. In every aspect of my life my father continuously pushes me to _ , so I could accomplish my work outstandingly among my people. Whenever I feel like giving up, or have a question or a concern, I know I can always call on him for advice. _ His strength seems to be unbreakable during hard times, and he is extremely determined to accomplish anything he sets his mind on, no matter how tiny it is. I highly respect him for how he stands up for what he believes in, and will never back down. I have always admired his open mind, compassion for people, and sense of understanding. He is a very reserved man, but to everybody's surprise, he has a great sense of humor, and always knows how to put a smile on the faces of his wife, his children and his friends. Living in his affection and instruction, I am very proud of my father. He also professes how proud he is of his children, and is still there to support us in whatever we are involved in. What can we infer about the author?
|
[
"She appreciated her father because he solved all the problems for her.",
"She considered her father humorous and was often made to laugh by him.",
"She had pity on the fatherless.",
"She was outstanding in work because her father pushed her hard."
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Once upon a time, a young man was standing in the middle of the town announcing that he had the most beautiful heart in the world. A large crowd gathered, and they al praised his heart for it was perfect. Suddenly, an old man appeared and said, "Why ,your heart is not as beautiful as mine." The old man's heart was ful of scars . Some pieces of his heart were removed and some pieces from other people were put in, but they didn't fit quite right. So there were several jagged edges. In fact, there were stil some holes in his heart where the pieces were missing. The young man laughed,"Comparing yours with mine, mine is perfect and yours is a mess." "Yes,"said the old man. "But, every scar shows that I took out a piece of my heart and gave it to a person, and often he gave me a piece of his heart in return." "Why do you have some jagged edges in your heart?"asked the young man."Because the shapes of the pieces weren't the same.""Then the holes?""Sometimes I gave pieces of my heart away, and the other person hasn't given back a piece of his, so ... but I don't care.""How come?""They remind me of the love we shared." The young man was deeply moved. He walked up to the old man, took a piece of his heart out and gave it to the old man. The old man placed it in his heart, then took a piece from his old scarred heart and placed it in the wound in the young man's heart. It fitted, but not perfectly, as there were some jagged edges. The young man looked at his heart, not perfect any more but more beautiful than ever. How sad it must be to go through life with a whole untouched heart! The old man said"... but I don't care"means _ .
|
[
"he didn't expect others'return",
"he didn't feel pain",
"he didn't think it serious",
"he cared nothing"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Preston acquired this trait?
|
[
"Preston's friend showed him how to ride a bicycle.",
"Preston rides his bicycle to school.",
"Preston and his mother both ride bicycles."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Select the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.
|
[
"Common ostriches have a beak and feathers. They also have two wings, but they cannot fly. Ostriches lay the biggest eggs of any bird. The shell of an ostrich egg is so hard that you can stand on the egg without breaking it!",
"Great crested newts have moist brown skin with black spots. Adult great crested newts mostly live on land, but young newts live underwater. Great crested newt eggs do not have shells. The female newts wrap their eggs in leaves for protection."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Do you suppose Darwin, one of the greatest scientists of all time, really did fools' experiments? Or did he do experiments that were so simple and basic that other people just thought they were foolish? Sometimes, people think they already know the answer to a question or the solution to a problem. Sometimes, they really do know an answer or a solution, but without thinking they are important. Charles Darwin didn't settle for just thinking he knew something. And, he believed all things could be important however simple they seemed to be. Suppose you drop sheets of paper that are of exactly the same size and shape. If you drop them at the same time in the same place, they will fall in the same way. Now make one of the sheets of paper into a tight little ball and let it drop along with the other sheets. What happens? You have done an experiment that is so simple that you might think it couldn't be worth anything. But this simple experiment is important. It explains part of our present day understandings of physics ideas that were worked out long ago by Galileo and Newton. And these understandings set aside some of ancient Greek physics. Scientist sometimes stops to look at very simple things and to think very hard about them. Even the simplest idea, which we might think is foolish, can shake the foundations of science. The author of the passage tries to_.
|
[
"convince us that Charles Darwin, Galileo and Newton are the greatest scientists in the world",
"draw the conclusion that basic sciences are simple things",
"prove that two sheets of paper, with the same size and shape, will fall at the same speed",
"draw our attention to everyday happenings around us"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
NOT all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences in nightmares. Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce, or possibly wipe out, the effect of painful memories. In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are wiped out. They are not sure to what degree people's memories are affected. The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it. Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers' troubling memories after war. They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories. "Some memories can ruin people's lives. They come back to you when you don't want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions," said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "This could relieve a lot of that suffering." But those who are against the research say that maybe the pills can change people's memories and changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity. They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past. "All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were terrible at the time but make us who we are. I'm not sure we want to wipe those memories out, "said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist. The passage is mainly about _ .
|
[
"a new medical invention",
"a new research on the pill",
"a way of wiping out painful memories",
"an argument about the research on the pill"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Based on this information, what is Bullseye's phenotype for the fur color trait?
|
[
"ff",
"brown fur"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Jane is a school girl. She is twelve. She studies at a middle school. She is in Grade Seven. She is a good girl. Jane gets up at seven in the morning. Then she has her breakfast. For breakfast she has eggs and a cup of milk. She doesn't have tea for breakfast. After breakfast Jane goes to school. At twelve she comes home from school. She has lunch with her mother. For lunch she has hamburgers and salad. She likes salad, but she doesn't like hamburgers. At seven she has supper with her father and mother. They have chicken and vegetables. Her father likes chicken, but Jane doesn't. Jane likes to eat _ for lunch.
|
[
"hamburgers",
"milk",
"salad",
"eggs"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Scientists are learning new things about Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth. For example, the Antarctic ice sheet is shrinking. A new study found that summer ice loss in parts of Antarctica was at its highest level in 1,000 years. The study showed that Antarctic ice was melting mostly from below ice shelves, where the water is warmer than the ice. Eric Rignot is an earth system expert at the University of California, Irvine. He also works for the American space agency, NASA. There he serves as senior research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also in California. He says ice melting from below is responsible for 55 percent of the shelf loss from 2003 to 2008. That is a much higher rate than scientists thought earlier. Professor Rignot and his team used satellite observations, radar and computer models to measure features above the ice to learn what was going on below. The measurements show differences from one area to the next around the continent. The major ice shelves are called Ross, Filchner and Ronne. They make up two-thirds of Antarctica's ice shelves. But they are responsible for only 15 percent of the melting ice. The professor says even small changes, like changes in ocean flow driven by wind, can make a huge difference in the melting of the ice shelf. Sixty percent of the Earth's fresh water is held in the huge Antarctic ice sheet. Professor Rignot says the study will help experts predict how the continent reacts to warmer ocean waters and helps to cause rising sea levels around the world. The study was published in the journal Science. What's the main idea of the passage?
|
[
"the Antarctic ice sheet is shrinking",
"the coldest place on earth",
"the major Antarctica's ice shelves",
"the Atlantic Ocean are changing"
] | 0A
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Last month I had a health problem and had to see a doctor. After examining me, The doctor said to me, "The result isn't too bad ." But you must excise often and have healthy food every day. In fact, I'm a lazy person. I never get up early to exercise. And I often have junk food because I like it. In order to be healthy, I decided to change my lifestyle. Now I get up at 6:00 am every day. Then I go out to run for about an hour. I go to a gym on Wednesday and Saturday afternoon. And I hardly have junk food. I have healthy food, like milk and fish. I often eat vegetables and I have an apple every day. You know, " An apple a day keeps the doctor away " I also have about eight glasses of water. And I usually go to bed by ten. All these things make me healthy. We can use _ instead of "about".
|
[
"on",
"with",
"maybe",
"Around"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
"I don't want to buy a traditional yearbook. I can keep and share memories of my high school on the Internet."You may often hear this from many American high school students now. Instead of buying a book, more and more students choose to sign up at My Yearbook.com. My Yearbook.com was created by two teenagers, Catherine Cook and her brother, 18-year-old David Cook, in 2005. They built it up to about 950,000 members in a year. The site allows people to create a profile with separate sections for high school, college, graduate school and professional life. Students who sign up are linked to other people at their school. Acting as their own editors, they can select friends from their classmates. The site also connects students through clubs and spprts pages. Like other so-called social-networking sites, it allows members to show photos and post messages. Students can do lots of things that old-fashioned yearbooks can't offer, including hearing music and watching videos. Catherine and David developed the idea because they thought that their own yearbooks weren't good enough and were too expensive. "We just think yearbooks are obsolete," said Catherine Cook, 16."If you think about it, all you're going to do with it is put it on the shelf and never really look at it." Many American teenagers want different things out of their yearbooks than their parents did. They like the idea of creating an online yearbook. That is the reason why My Yearbook.com is becoming more and more popular. Some people, however, still wonder if this free website can ever truly replace the traditional printed book of high-school memories-even for the generation that have grown up with the Internet. Some students would like to be the users of the My Yearbook.com as well as buy a traditional yearbook. The"war" between the tradition and the new technology will never end. Everyone is free to choose what he prefers and even has both. My Yearbook.com is becoming popular because _ .
|
[
"it was created by two American teenagers",
"it allows to create a profile with separate sections",
"teenagers like the idea of creating an online yearbook",
"it is free of charge and is easy to access"
] | 2C
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When the lighted half of the Moon faces the Sun and the dark half faces Earth, the phase of the Moon viewed from Earth is called the
|
[
"full moon.",
"new moon.",
"waxing moon.",
"waning moon."
] | 1B
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In many English homes, people have four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner. People have breakfast from 7:00 to 9: 00 in the morning. They eat eggs or bread. English people drink tea or milk for breakfast, too. Lunch comes at about 13:00. Afternoon tea is from 16:00 to 17:00, and dinner is about 19:30. They often have soup , and they have some chicken or fish with vegetables. Then they eat some bananas, apples or oranges. But not all English people have meals like that. Some of them don't have their dinners in the evening . ,. Many English people have _ meals a day.
|
[
"one",
"two",
"three",
"four"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which one of the following is not a use for intravenous infusions?
|
[
"Administer prescribed intravenous fluid.",
"Administer dyes or contrast media for radiographic examinations.",
"Administer prescribed blood products.",
"To orally hydrate a patient."
] | 3D
|
clinical_knowledge
|
mmlu
|
Select the amphibian.
|
[
"hippopotamus",
"California toad",
"bald eagle",
"fruit bat"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet, like on
|
[
"Orion",
"the Moon",
"Jupiter",
"Pluto"
] | 2C
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Some caterpillars' warning signals may have evolved from walking. A team, writing in the journal Nature Communications, reported that the hair-like structures the creatures use to make sounds evolved from legs. The team studied caterpillars which use these structures to communicate their ownership of leaves. This means the caterpillars are able to "tell" strangers to go away without risking injury in conflicts. "These are really interesting caterpillars," said Dr. Jayne Yack from Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, who led the research. "They make signals using hair-like structures which are on their back ends." The caterpillars drag these structures across the leaf to make scraping sounds when strangers enter their "leaf shelters". "When they make this signal, the strangers leave," explained Dr. Yack. "It's like saying 'I'm here, get out of here --I already own this leaf'." The scientists looked at other species within the same group of caterpillars and created a "family tree" of the creatures. They used chemical markers to work out the relationship between the animals, showing which in the group were the more ancient species and which species evolved more recently. "Those more ancient species actually don't have these sound-producing structures. They have legs that they use to walk towards strangers," said Dr. Yack. These more ancient species, she explained, walk towards strangers and try to attack them. "They can kill each other in the conflicts," Dr. Yack added. She said that the evolution of the scraping show had allowed the caterpillars to solve their conflicts without fighting. "So our idea is that these signals actually avoid damage to both sides --they solve conflicts in a more 'friendly' way." The study also provides a map of an evolutionary path that many other biologists are exploring. What is the main idea of the text?
|
[
"How caterpillars evolved.",
"Communication between caterpillars.",
"Caterpillars talk with strangers.",
"Caterpillars' warning signals evolved from walking."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you missed the rising moon today you will have to wait till when to see it again
|
[
"30 years",
"10 months",
"10 minutes",
"24 hours"
] | 3D
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Based on this information, what is Dusty's phenotype for the body hair trait?
|
[
"a hairless body",
"a hairy body"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Telemedicine is the name for when doctors give advice to patients by telephone or the Internet, or when health care providers in rural areas connect with specialists in big cities. Telemedicine has existed for a long time, but the rise of smart phones, tablets and webcam-equipped computers is raising telemedicine to new levels. Some health care systems in the United States now offer Virtual Urgent Care, patients see a doctor by video chat without having to leave home. Diana Rae is a nurse educator in the western state of Washington. She recently showed how Virtual Urgent Care works. She used an iPad tablet and skype -- the video chat service. Doctor Green has the patient describe her symptoms, then the doctor performs a physical exam by demonstrating what he wants her to do. Doctor Green decides that the problem is a silence infection. For medicine, he prescribes an antibiotic. He says about 3 out of 4 patients have health problems that can be treated like this --through Virtual Urgent Care, that means a video chat could replace a visit to the doctor's office. The Franciscan Health System is based in Tacoma, Washington. Franciscan charges $35 for this kind of virtual house call, that is much less than the cost of going to an emergency room, a doctor's office or an urgent care clinic. After trying the video conference, Diana Rae says, "I would've paid twice that for the convenience of getting taken care of without having to sit in a waiting room, wait, and get exposed to everyone else's germs." Franciscan has a deal with a company called Carena to add virtual urgent care by Skype or phone. Carena is one of several companies doing this kind of work around the country. But a company official says state rules have not kept progress with developments in telemedicine. The workers who provide virtual urgent care must be separately licensed in each state where the company does business. For now, that means Carena doctors can treat patients in Washington state and California for example, but not in neighboring Oregon or Idaho. By mentioning what Diana Rae says, the author wants to show _ .
|
[
"he finds it convenient to see a doctor by using a video chat",
"he sings high praise for this kind of treatment form",
"he must be tired of waiting too long in the hospital",
"it should be very unhealthy while staying in hospital"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which is true about reproduction for both an amoeba and a paramecium?
|
[
"Both can conjugate.",
"Neither can conjugate.",
"An amoeba can conjugate, but a paramecium cannot.",
"A paramecium can conjugate, but an amoeba cannot."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A few years ago, in one experiment in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects for their willingness to obey instructions given by a "leader" in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal dislike of the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer "teacher-subject" that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn. The teacher-subjects were placed before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from "15 volts of electricity (slight shock)" to "450 volts (danger -- severe shock)" in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered. The supposed "pupil" was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to pretend to receive the shocks by giving out cries and screams. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for. As the experiment unfolded, the "pupil" would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects _ administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to carry on with the experiment and that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment. Before carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that basically all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The psychiatrists felt that "most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts" and only a small percentage of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts. What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possibly account for this result? One might firstly argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment. A modem sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct was of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, finally finding its way into our genetic make-up. Another explanation is to see the teacher-subjects' actions as a result of the social context in which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, "Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is good and useful to society -- the pursuit of scientific troth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and gains trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting". Here we have two different explanations. The problem for us is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more reasonable. This is the problem of modern sociobiology -- to discover how hard-wired genetic programming decides the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with explaining the biological basis of all behaviour. Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists _ .
|
[
"believed that a shock of 150 volts was unbearable",
"failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions",
"under-predicted the teacher-subjects' willingness to follow experimental procedure",
"thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In multicellular organisms, different structures have different functions. Which function is carried out in the leaves of a plant?
|
[
"absorbing food",
"producing flowers",
"absorbing light",
"making seeds"
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Complete the statement.
Potassium hydroxide is ().
|
[
"a compound",
"an elementary substance"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
I grew up in one of the poorest areas in Bradford. I live in a three-bedroom house with six brothers and sisters. I studied very hard . I got the best results in the history of the school. Other students would be happy with receiving such results. Their parents would give them an MP5 player as a prize or take them for a trip. What about me? In fact it made me sad. It was because my application to Imperial College London didn't pass. It is my dream to study medicine there. I know that nothing in life is easy. I won't give up. I will apply again the following year. While some students are traveling during the holiday, I am working hard. I help the doctors look after sick people in a hospital . I believe I must become a doctor one day. What does the writer want to study? .
|
[
"History.",
"Medicine.",
"English.",
"Chemistry."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Doctors' moonlighting is becoming popular in hospitals around China. It has not only raised a lot of heated discussions in the media, but also caught the attention of the central government in Beijing. On December 26, a spokesman of the Ministry of Health stressed that the ministry was firmly against doctors' moonlighting, while strict regulations should be applied to doctors taking part-time jobs, the Xinhua News Agency reported. Last year, the Ministry sent out a notice to a variety of health organizations to speed up the reform of their personnel system. According to the notice, medical organizations can hire medical experts as part-time doctors but such activities should take place under the hospital's management and regulations . As for moonlighting--meaning that the doctor provides medical service without the permission of the original hospital--such activity goes against China's Practicing Doctor Law, Xinhua reported. In China, doctors used to be controlled by hospitals and they could work for only one hospital. However, as China's medical personnel system reform developed, it has been recognized that medical human resources, just like human resources in other areas, should be shared by the whole society. But on the other hand, doctors' taking part-time jobs should follow the relative regulations applied in the medical field. First of all, they should follow relative government laws and regulations. They should also follow the rules and regulations set by the medical organizations they work for. In addition, they should pay taxes for their income from the part-time jobs. What matters most is that they should first finish their regular jobs as required and be responsible for patients to ensure qualified and safe medical treatment. The passage is taken most probably from _ .
|
[
"a notice sent out by the Ministry of Health",
"regulations made by health organizations",
"China's Practicing Doctor Law",
"a magazine or a newspaper"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Every human being has a unique arrangement of the skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable. Scientists and experts have proved the uniqueness of finger-prints and discovered that no exactly similar pattern is passed on from parents to children, though nobody knows why this is the case. The ridge structure on a person's fingers does not change with growth and is not affected by surface injuries. Burns, cuts and other damage to the outer part of the skin will be replaced in time by new one which bears a reproduction of the original pattern. It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be destroyed. Some criminals make use of this fact to remove their own finger-prints but this is a dangerous and rare step to take. Finger-prints can be made very easily with printer's ink. They can be recorded easily. With special methods, identification can be achieved successfully within a short time. Because of the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case. A suspected man may deny a charge but this may be in vain. His finger-prints can prove who he is even if his appearance has been changed by age or accident. When a suspect leaves finger-prints behind at the scene of a crime, they are difficult to detect with the naked eye. Special techniques are used to "develop" them. Some of the marks found are incomplete but identification is possible if a print of a quarter of an inch square can be obtained. If your fingers are wounded by knife, fire or other means, the structure of skin will _ .
|
[
"be changed partly",
"be replaced by a different one",
"be the same when the wound is recovered",
"become ugly"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you are a computer game fan, you must have heard of StarCraft. Recently, the University of Florida opened a StarCraft class for students. Maybe you feel confused when you hear of the news, maybe you think I am joking. But that's true. In our mind, students are not allowed to play computer games by teachers and parents. Don't you believe that the StarCraft class was set up in the University of Florida? Please read more. Nowadays, the world is developing in a fast way, so it is very important for students to be good at skills such as solving problems, making decisions and critical thinking . It is said that all these skills appear in StarCraft. Therefore, StarCraft can provide a high _ environment for students to consider and take action in difficult situations. "A student who gets a university education and goes into the business world could realize that something he learned in his StarCraft class helps him to think in a different way," said one teacher in the University of Florida. "The StarCraft class offers a new way to students to study. Study is not only about learning things from books," said another teacher. Not all the students can take the StarCraft class. The class is only open to the students who have some knowledge about the game. Some don't believe that the StarCraft class was opened in a university because _ .
|
[
"most students don't like StarCraft.",
"they think StarCraft is not easy to play",
"they think that the StarCraft class can't bring enjoyment to students",
"they don't think students are allowed to play computer games at school"
] | 3D
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Some problems are difficult to solve.But there are a lot of number expressions that can help.For example, if we put two and two together , we might com e up with the right answer.We know that two heads are better than one.It is always better to workwith another person to solve a problem.Some problems have only one solution.You cannot be of two minds over this.But with any luck , we can solve the problem in two shakes of a lamb' s tail.In other words, we could have our answers quickly and easily. Sometimes we can kill two birds with one stone.That is , we can complete two goals with only one effort or action.But we must remember that two wrongs don' t make a right.If someone does something bad to you, you should not do the same to him. If you are going out with your girlfriend , or boyfriend , but you don' t want another friend to go a long on your date, you can just say to your friend : two' s company , three' s a crowd. When I was a young child in school , I had to learn the three R' s.These important skills are reading , writing and arithmetic.These three words do not all start with the letter " R".But they have the sound of " R".My teacher used to give three cheers when I did well in maths.They gave praise and approval for a job well done. Some of my friends were confused and did not understand their school work.They were at sixes and sevens.In fact , they did not care if they finished high school.But they were happy when they completed their studies and graduated from high school.They were in seventh heaven.They were on cloud nine.Nine times out of ten students who do we'll in school find good jobs.Some work in an office doing the same things every day at nine-to-five jobs.You do not have to dress to the nines , or wear your best clothes , for this kind of work. Which of the following has the similar meaning to " in all probability"?
|
[
"Two wrongs don' t make a right.",
"Two' s company, three' s a crowd.",
"Nine times out of ten.",
"Two heads are better than one."
] | 2C
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of the following is not an inherited trait of humans?
|
[
"eye color",
"hair color",
"favorite food",
"height"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Three years ago, five parrots were set free in a wild place of Arizona, thousands of miles from the Channel Islands in Jersey where they had been looked after by zookeepers. No evolutionary strategies informed them how to behave in this new landscape of mountainous pine forest unoccupied by their kind for 50 years. To the researchers' surprise, they failed to make contact with a group of wild parrots imported from Mexico and set free at the same time. Within 24 hours the reintroducing ended in failure, and the poor birds were back in cages, on their way to the safety of the Arizona reintroduction programme. Ever since then, the programme has enjoyed great success, mainly because the birds now being set free are Mexican birds illegally caught in the wild, confiscated on arrival north of the border, and raised by their parents in the safety of the programme. The experience shows how little we know about the behaviour and psychology of parrots, as Peter Bennett, a bird researcher, points out: "Reintroducing species of high intelligence like parrots is a lot more difficult. People like parrots, always treating them as nothing more than pets or valuable 'collectables'." Now that many species of parrot are in immediate danger of dying out, biologists are working together to study the natural history and the behaviour of this family of birds. Last year was an important turning point: conservationists founded the World Parrot Trust, based at Hayle in Cornwall, to support research into both wild and caged birds. Research on parrots is vital for two reasons. First, as the Arizona programme showed, when reintroducing parrots to the wild, we need to be aware of what the birds must know if they are to survive in their natural home. We also need to learn more about the needs of parrots kept as pets, particularly as the Trust's campaign does not attempt to discourage the practice, but rather urges people who buy parrots as pets to choose birds raised by humans. According to the passage, people are advised _ .
|
[
"to treat wild and caged parrots equally",
"to set up comfortable homes for parrots",
"not to keep wild parrots as pets",
"not to let more parrots go to the wild"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
All living organisms are dependent on plants because plants
|
[
"produce carbon dioxide",
"remove oxygen from the air",
"are producers",
"are consumers"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Many people throw away almost five pounds of trash each day. How could everyone decrease the amount of trash thrown away daily?
|
[
"recycle materials",
"use more products",
"put the trash in a landfill",
"pick up the trash on the ground"
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
When we talk of plants, most of us will think of things that grow from the ground and have green leaves, but there are plants that do not look or act like other plants. Some of these belong to a special class of plants called fungi. Fungi may appear almost everywhere. They commonly grow in wet places where they call get food and water easily. Because fungi do not have green leaves to make their own food, but fungi must take their food from animals, other plants or water. Some fungi live on dead or rotting wood, while others grow on living trees or in dirt or moss . Mushrooms are the best-known fungi. There are many kinds of mushrooms appearing in all shapes and sizes. For example, cauliflower mushrooms are found in forests from July to October.They can grow to be as heavy as fifty pounds! They grow at the foot of trees Squirrel's bread is another kind of wild mushroom Its appearance and use Call explain its name. These fungi look like small golden cakes Squirrels can easily eat them or carry them off to their hole to eat later. The mushrooms found in food stores are carefully grown by people who know they are safe to eat. People are warned never to touch of taste wild mushrooms because some of them are deadly. Even less dangerous ones cart still make a person very sick.. Where can Fungi take food? _ .
|
[
"From their green leaves",
"From water",
"From rotting wood",
"From people"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Honey bees are a kind of animal most of us learn about very early. In summer, many people step on honey bees and get stung while walking without wearing shoes. Honey bees are normally about third fourths of an inch long. Most bees are workers, which are female, but some are male, called "drones ". Workers are a little smaller than drones. Honey bees live in a nest, called a "hive". A hive can have up to 80,000 bees, mostly workers. It usually lies in a tree with a hole inside. The hive is ruled over by a queen bee. She is the largest bee in the hive, and she is the only female to mate. Males usually just hang around; their only purpose is to mate with the queen. Then they die. The workers do all of the work inside and outside of the hive. Their jobs include: caring for baby bees, cleaning up the hive, making honey... Honey bees are usually very friendly, and they mind their own business. They are too busy to worry about people or other animals. If a person is hardworking, we can say he is as busy as a bee. Are you a bee? Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
|
[
"There is only a queen bee in a hive.",
"A queen bee is the largest bee in the hive.",
"Male bees work very hard for other bees.",
"Bees like to make nests in a tree with a hole inside."
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Nowadays, the food we eat seems to have great effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, about 68 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue. What are nitrates used for?
|
[
"They preserve flavor in packaged foods.",
"They preserve the color of meats.",
"They are the objects of research.",
"They cause the animals to become fatter."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which organ receives signals from the brain to either contract or relax?
|
[
"skin",
"brain",
"skeleton",
"muscles"
] | 3D
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Health insurance is a great concern to Americans now. It's likely that many Americans lack health insurance with the economy having no sign of picking up. The National Academy of Sciences reported Thursday. "Unless health insurance is made more affordable, the number of uninsured Americans is likely to continue growing over time," said Mary Sue Coleman, co-chairwoman of the committee that wrote the report. The report is the first six planned by the institute of Medicine over two years. The series is planned to find out who lacks health insurance and why, and determine what the consequences are and provide the groundwork for debate on how to correct the problem. The institute is part of the academy, a private organization supported by Congress to advise the government of scientific matters. This first report seeks to draw a picture of the millions who lack insurance. It does not offer any recommendations. "Much of what Americans think they know about the uninsured is wrong," said Dr. Arthur Kellermann, a public health professor at Emory University Schools of Medicine in Atlanta, who also worked on the report. The Census Bureau reported last month that 38.7 million Americans went without coverage for all of 2000, compared with 39.3 million the year before, thanks to the booming economy. Experts say the trend is likely to reverse this year, given that the economy was slowing even before the Sep. 11 terrorist attacks. "Unfortunately, the recent economic slowdown might have reversed the modest gains in coverage for shorter periods." The report said that with insurance costs rising, more employers and individuals may conclude they are unable to afford coverage. Premium increases were often absorbed by employers in the strong economy of the 1990s, but that may not continue as the economy softens, the report said. The panel found that about 13.6 million of the uninsured work for employers that do not offer health insurance. Individually purchased coverage may be prohibitively costly. The chief objective of the first of the six reports is to _ .
|
[
"explain why certain groups of people lack health insurance",
"find out who lack health insurance",
"determine the consequences from the lack of health insurance",
"provide suggestions to address the health insurance issue"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The library is one of the most popular places at a western university.Students turn to it for research,conversations about class,and many other services. Compared with Chinese libraries,college libraries in the US and UK tend to offer more resources.A postgraduate at Yale University can borrow as many as 225 books at a time. In addition to borrowing books,there are online and electronic resources.These include a database search of popular and academic material,such as LexisNexis Academic,which offers items from newspapers and magazines. Although books and articles are the items that students ask for most frequently,some libraries provide audio and video recordings,maps and sheet music .At some schools,teachers and tutors put electronic copies of their teaching PPTs on the library web to give easier access for students. Another useful service in western college libraries is the Interlibrary Loan.This allows a student at one school to borrow books from another school.The loan request is made through the student's college library,which gets the book,gives it to the user,and arranges for its return. Technology has brought more services to students and has made libraries attractive.Some universities have services for students to send messages through the computer or mobile texts to ask the library staff for information. Earlier this year,Harvard University introduced a new Scan and Deliver service,allowing students to make requests for parts of books and articles.Requests made through the system are handled by library staff.The student receives an email with an Internet link to the scanned pages.The service is free and all material comes within four days. It used to be that libraries didn't allow food or drinks.But that rule is changing and many of them now contain a cafe so students can spend as much time as they want in the library. Actually,some US university libraries are now allnight affairs,or have at least one study room open all night. In western college libraries a postgraduate can _ .
|
[
"have a free drink or a meal",
"borrow as many books as they want",
"ask questions and get answers from their tutors",
"access not only books but other study resources"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Complete the sentence.
A copper statue turning green is a ().
|
[
"physical change",
"chemical change"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
What do these two changes have in common?
mixing sand and gravel
cracking open a peanut
|
[
"Both are chemical changes.",
"Both are caused by cooling.",
"Both are caused by heating.",
"Both are only physical changes."
] | 3D
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
You may have seen a lot of frogs, but if you haven't, you must have heard about frogs. However, have you heard about a frog that can kill a person? These small brightly colored amphibians live in the tropical rain forests of Central and South America. They are best known for their ability to kill persons even though they are no more than 2 inches long. If we touch their poisonous skin without proper protection (such as gloves), we may die! For animals of this size that can be so deadly, they are certainly one of the world's most poisonous animals! Who are they? They are poison arrow frogs or, simply, poison frogs. Poison frogs acquired their name from the Indians. The Indians catch and kill many of these frogs before hanging them upside down over a campfire. As the frogs get hot, the poison drips out of their skin. The Indians collect the poisonous liquid in a bottle and dip the tips of their arrows into the bottle. Once the tips are dried, they are ready to be used for their arrows for hunting. There are about 170 different types of poison arrow frogs in the world. Though most species have bright markings, either in stripes or patches, on their black bodies, some just wear noticeable single-colored coats. Their shocking skin colors-usually in yellow, red, green, blue or orange-serve as a warning sign to other animals. The sign simply says," Stay away or pay with your life!" They certainly do not bluff. Which of the following best explains the last sentence of the passage?
|
[
"Poison frogs don't want to kill others.",
"Poison frogs do not just scare others.",
"Poison frogs want to stop others from coming near.",
"Poison frogs just pretend to be dangerous animals."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Plants, like animals, are subject to diseases of various kinds.It has been estimated that some 30,000 different diseases attack our economic plants; forty are known to attack corn, and about as many attack wheat.The results of unchecked plant disease are all too obvious in countries which have marginal food supplies.The problem will soon be more widespread as the population of the world increases at its frightening rate.Even in countries which are now amply fed by their agricultural products there could soon be the major crops; the resulting famines could kill millions of people, and the resulting hardship on other millions could cause political upheavals disastrous to the order of the world. Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them.A blight may be but a local infection easily controlled; on the other hand it can attack particular plants in a whole region or nation.An example is the blight which killed virtually every chestnut tree in North America.Another is the famous potato blight in Ireland in the last century.As a result of that, it was estimated that one million people died of starvation and related ailments. Plant pathologists have made remarkable strides in identifying the pathogens of the various diseases.Bacteria may invade a plant through an infestation of insect parasites carrying the pathogen.A plant can also be inoculated by man.Other diseases might be caused by fungus which attacks the plant in the form of a model or smut or rust.Frequently such a primary infection will weaken the plant so that a secondary infection may result form its lack of tolerance.The symptoms shown may cause an error in diagnosis, so that treatment may be directed toward bacteria which could be the result of a susceptibility caused by a primary virus infection. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
|
[
"Around 30000",
"Forty",
"Around 29960",
"Around 40"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What would you think if someone suggested knocking down St Paul's Cathedral to widen the road? Or pulling down Big Ben to make way for a car park? It would be ridiculous, right? But when it comes to devastation of the natural world, we aren't so easily shocked. But we should be...or we'll be in a lot of trouble. _ . Ancient forests are destroyed. Wetlands are becoming dry. Woodland is disappearing, and all in the name of progress. This is bad in itself, but it's devastating for biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals and other living things that are all interconnected. The ecological services provided by biodiversity are vital to everyday life. The air we breathe is a product of photosynthesis by green plants. Insects, worms and bacteria break down waste and make soils rich. And tiny organisms clean the water in rivers and sea. In fact, all life on the earth exists thanks to the benefits of biodiversity. More than 90 percent of the calories consumed by people worldwide are produced from 80 plant species. And 30 percent of medicines are developed from plants and animals. Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each ecosystem is necessary to preserve all living things. The loss of biodiversity could be devastating. "It is wrong to think that biodiversity can be reduced indefinitely without threatening humans," said Harvard University biologist Edward O. Wilson, known as the "father of biodiversity". He warned, "We are about to reach a critical point beyond which biodiversity loss will become irreversible ." But what can we do? The present problem is that the concept of biodiversity is so vague . People might care about giant pandas, but it is much harder to excite them about the fate of tiny sea creatures which are being boiled to death in the cooling systems of power stations along coastlines. TheGuardiannewspaper is trying to help. _ has launched the Biodiversity 100 campaign to try to convince governments around the world to take action to deal with the widespread concerns about biodiversity. This includes persuading the UK government to create a series of marine reserves to reserve the decrease in the sea-life caused by industrial fishing, stopping fishing sharks by the Japanese fishermen and banning the killing of dingoes (wild dogs) in Australia, among many other things. There is a lot to do. And we'd better act quickly if we don't want to end up with a planet that can't sustain life! Edward O. Wilson thinks that _ .
|
[
"it doesn't matter to reduce biodiversity",
"people have done enough to preserve biodiversity",
"the situation of biodiversity is very serious",
"biodiversity loss has become irreversible"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Next time you're unhappy or complaining about your life, don't turn to a cheerful comedy. You might find a tear-jerking tragedy is just the thing you need to brighten your day. A team of researchers at Ohio State University, US, has found sad movies can make people happier, Science Daily reported last month. Many people find tragedies make them realize how good their own lives are, the study showed. "People seem to use tragedies as a way to reflect on the important relationships in their own lives," said Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, leader of the study. "Tragic stories often focus on themes of eternal love, and this leads viewers to think about their loved ones and count their good and helpful things." In the study, researchers gathered 361 college students and showed them the 2007 movie, Alonement. The movie is about two lovers who are separated and finally die during Worid War II. Before and after the movie, the students were asked questions measuring how happy they were with their lives. Researchers also asked them before, afier and three times during the movie to measure various emotions, including sadness. Researchers found that the sadder students felt while watching the movie, the more likely they were to think about real people they had close relationships with in life. This increased their happiness afier watching the movie. Knobloch-Westerwick explained that negative moods make people more thoughtful. "Positive emotions show that everything is fine, you don't have to worry, you don't have to think about problems in your life," she said. "But negative emotions, like sadness, make you think more critically about your situation. So seeing a tragic movie may make you sad, but that will make you to think more about your own close relationships and appreciate them more." The link between watching a tragic story and feeling better has long been recognized. The ancient Greeks even had a word for the feeling of happiness afier seeing something sad that led to the modern English word "catharsis ". The study also showed that relationships are a very important source of happiness in our lives, so it is no surprise that thinking about your loved ones makes you happier, researchers said. Which of the following about the study of Ohio State University is NOT true?
|
[
"Students' emotions are measured by asking questions.",
"Only sadness is measured in the study.",
"The study shows relationships are a source of happiness.",
"Those who felt sadder when watching the movie were more likely to be happier after that."
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which nongaseous compound can be made from two elements that are gases at room temperature?
|
[
"water",
"table salt",
"iron oxide",
"carbon dioxide"
] | 0A
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Compare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?
|
[
"a speedboat that moved 505kilometers west in 10hours",
"a speedboat that moved 465kilometers south in 10hours",
"a speedboat that moved 495kilometers south in 10hours"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Honesty, my mum always used to tell me, is the best policy. Of course, this didin't include her when she told me that if I didn't eat all my vegetables Father Christmas would find out and wouldn't give me any presents. But when it comes to medicine, I had assumed it was important to always be honest with my patients. After all, the doctor patient relationship is based on trust, and therefore honesty is essential, Or so I thought. I had just started working in geriatrics . Mr. McMahon was brought in when his baby was faound very swollen. I took a medical history from his daughter would accompanied him in the ambulance. She'd been his main carer for years. I stood looking at him as she gave a detailed history. "Has he lost any weight recently?" I asked, "Well, it's funny you should mention that, but yes." She said slowly. There was silence for a few moments. "Why? What are you worried about?" she asked, I hesitated. She was obviously very involved in his care and it was only fair that I told her the truth. "Well, we need to prove it's not cancer." I said and talked briefly about some of the tests I was going to order. Half an hour later, a nurse called me: "Mr. McMahon's daughter broke down-she said you told her he had cancer." My heart sank. By the time I arrived at the ward, my consultant was already there, explaining that we still had to run lots of tests and that it was by no means confirmed that he had cancer. I stood silently at the end of the bed. My consultant was obviously angry with me and as we left Mr. McMahon, she turned to me. "Why on carch did you do that?" she asked to disbelief. I looked at her andbit my hp. "She asked me what I was worried about and I told her." I said, hanging my head. "And give her more to worry about?" replied my consultant. "You don't say the word 'cancer' until it's confirmed. Even if you suspect it, think very carefully before you tell people." As it turned out, it wasn't cancer. But I did learn that when somecone is stressed and worried about their loved one they're sometimes selective in what they hear-and as a doctor it's important to be mindful of this. In being truthful, I'd made the situation worse. .What lesson has the author learnt from his experience?
|
[
"Learning form parents is necessary.",
"Jumping to a conclusion is dangerous.",
"Telling the truth may not always be the best solution.",
"Selecting pleasant words may not be the perfect policy."
] | 2C
|
professional_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Students who work during term time to support themselves at university are far more likely to graduate with a poor degree, according to a government-funded study published yesterday. Undergraduates with part-time jobs are a third less likely to get a first or upper second-class degree than other students, harming their career chances. Students from the poorest backgrounds were most likely to take jobs during term because they could not depend on help from their parents. The report, commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills, also found a clear relation between fear of debt and employment in non-graduate jobs. Students from poorer backgrounds are known to be more unwilling to be in debt than those from middle class families. The study of 8,600 people who graduated in 1999 was made by Peter Elias, of Warwick University, and Kate Purcell, from Bristol Business School. They found that twice as many first-class degrees were awarded to students who did not work during term compared with those who did. Between 35 and 38 percent who worked during term achieved a lower second, compared with about 28 percent of those who did not. Professor Elias said that the increase in school fees next year to PS3,000 would have to be monitored carefully for its effect on poorer students. "Higher education is going to be a harder struggle for those who do not come with all the advantages," he said. He suggested that universities could get in touch with employers to provide work experience on good salaries to choose students during holidays, so that they did not have to work during term. What's the main idea of the passage?
|
[
"Students at university like to take part-time jobs to support themselves,",
"Term-time jobs at university lead to poorer examination results.",
"The school fees are becoming higher and higher at university.",
"Students at university have much difficulty getting first-class degrees."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How has burning fossil fuels most caused a decline to the quality of air that people breathe?
|
[
"by adding particle pollution",
"by creating a hole in the ozone layer",
"by causing acid precipitation to fall",
"by increasing the levels of carbon dioxide"
] | 0A
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
If you've been joining in chat room conversations, or trading e-mails with net pals , you have become one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English. Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are "talking" online-many of them are talking at the same time. It's fast: trying talking to six people once. It's convenient: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness, concentration and quick fingers. And it requires very simple language. There's neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste valuable time telling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB (be right back) will do? Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI (pardon me for jumping in). Interested in whom you're talking to? Type A/S/L, the nearly universal request to know your pal's age, sex and location. You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal. If something makes you laugh, say you're OTF (on the floor), or LOL (laughing out loud), or join the two into ROTFL (rolling on the floor laughing). And when it's time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG (got to go) or TTYL (talk to you later). People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feeling, as it takes more time to hold down the "Shift" key and use capitals. Punctuation is going too. If you get 17/F/NY as an answer to your A/S/L, it means _ .
|
[
"the people on the other end is 17 from New York and he is fine",
"you are talking to a girl who is 17 and lives in New York",
"you are talking to 17 girls who are from New York",
"the people you are talking to is a 17-foot tall New York girl"
] | 1B
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
glass crystals will cause light to
|
[
"go out",
"dim",
"deflect",
"brighten"
] | 2C
|
college_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Chromosome mutations involve the deletion or duplication of many genes. The effects of chromosome mutations are often much greater than mutations within a single gene, because chromosome mutations
|
[
"can only occur at the time of fertilization.",
"can cause abnormal development of the offspring.",
"are always beneficial to the organism.",
"are rarely passed on to the next generation."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of these is an organism that is unicellular?
|
[
"virus",
"amoeba",
"mushroom",
"ant"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Maybe you love them and want to pet every one you see.Or maybe you're afraid of them and want to move to a dogfree neighborhood.Either way,dogs are a part of life.Millions of people have dogs as pets.You'll see them all over town,in the city,country,and even when you're on vacation. Like many kinds of pets--no matter how small or cute they are--dogs need to be respected as animals that,under certain conditions,could hurt you.Nearly 5 million dog bites happen every year in the United States.No one wants a dog bite,but how do you prevent one? One dog expert has come up with an easy way for kids to remember some tips to prevent dog bites.It spells "DOG SAFE". Don't tease,please:Teasing a dog can make it angry enough to bite.For instance,if a dog has food or a toy,never try to take it away.You wouldn't like it if someone took your snack while you were eating it! Only pet with permission:Never pet a dog without asking the owner if it's OK.Some dogs don't like to be touched by strangers. Give space:Little kids especially might run right up to a lovely dog and try to pet it or give it a hug.But dogs need space.Crowding a dog can frighten or anger the dog. Slow down:Some dogs like to chase and bite.Of course,you don't want to be chased or bitten!The way to avoid it is to go slow around dogs.Never run toward them or away from them.If a dog you don't know runs toward you,freeze.If you need to get away,back up slowly. Always get help:You may want to bring home a dog that seems lost or injured.But animals who are lost or injured may be very frightened or in pain.Find a grownup instead who can decide how to care for the animal. Fingers together:When feeding a dog a treat,put the treat in the palm of your hand and keep your fingers and thumb close together.Why?The dog is less likely to get confused about which is the treat--the doggie snack or your finger! Even good dogs can bite:Some people are very surprised when their dog bites someone,but all dogs can bite.Avoid doing things that make dogs scared or angry,such as backing them into a corner or bothering them when they are sleeping. You won't make a dog angry if _ .
|
[
"you let it alone while it is eating",
"you pretend to take its food away",
"you exchange toys with it",
"you play together with it"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
At what temperature is water most likely to be in vapor form?
|
[
"-10°C",
"20°C",
"90°C",
"120°C"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
What do these two changes have in common?
mixing lettuce and salad dressing
carving a piece of wood
|
[
"Both are caused by cooling.",
"Both are chemical changes.",
"Both are caused by heating.",
"Both are only physical changes."
] | 3D
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Global emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning jumped by the largest amount on record in 2010. Emissions rose 5.9 percent in 2010, according to an analysis released on Sunday by the Global Carbon Project. Scientists said the increase was almost certainly the largest absolute jump in any year since the Industrial Revolution. The increase solidified a trend of ever-rising emissions that will make it difficult, if not impossible, to stop severe climate change in coming decades. The burning of coal represented more than half of the growth in emissions, the analysis found. In the United States, emissions dropped by a remarkable 7 percent in the year of 2009, but rose by over 4 percent in 2010, the new analysis shows. "Each year, emissions go up, and there's another year of negotiations, another year of indecision," said Glen P. Peters, a researcher at the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research. "There's no evidence that this path we've been following in the last 10 years is going to change." Scientists say the rapid growth of emissions is warming the Earth and putting human welfare at long-term risk. But their increasingly urgent pleas that society find a way to limit emissions have met sharp political resistance in many countries because doing so would involve higher energy costs. The new figures show a continuation of a trend in which developing countries have surpassed the wealthy countries in their overall greenhouse emissions. In 2010, the burning of fossil fuels and the production of cement sent more than nine billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere, the new analysis found, with 57 percent of that coming from developing countries. On the surface, the figures of recent years suggest that wealthy countries have made headway in stabilizing their emissions. But Dr. Peters pointed out that, in a sense, the rich countries have simply exported some of them. The fast rise in developing countries has been caused to a large extent by the growth of energy-intensive manufacturing industries that make goods that rich countries import. "All that has changed is the location in which the emissions are being produced," Dr. Peters said. Many countries, as part of their response to the economic crisis, invested billions in programs designed to make their energy systems greener. While it is possible, the new numbers suggest they have had little effect so far. The text mainly talks about _ .
|
[
"an analysis released by the Global Carbon Project",
"the record jump in carbon dioxide emissions",
"the possible climate change in future decades",
"the main harm of greenhouse gases"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Looking back on China's road to outer space, people can easily find it has not been very smooth. In the past years, Chinese people have made hard and determined efforts to realize the dream their ancestors had for thousands of years. After China's first satellite into the Earth's orbit in 1970 came four flights of unmanned Shenzhou missions from 1999 to 2002. The country carried out its first one-piloted space flight in October, 2003, making China the third country in the world to have independent human spaceflight ability after the Soviet Union and the United States. Then came another breakthrough on October 12, 2005, when Shenzhou 6, China's second human spaceflight, was launched, with a crew of two astronauts. What's more, the landmark spacewalk done by Zhai Zhigang, one of the three boarding Shenzhou 7, launched on Sept. 25, 2008, leads the country further in its space exploration. Meanwhile, China's moon exploration project, started in 2004, has also been progressing satisfactorily. Fifty years after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world's first man-made satellite, China's first circumlunar satellite Chang'e 1 took off on Oct.24, 2007, which became another milestone in China's space achievements after the above-mentioned manned flights. Chang'e 1 was expected to fulfill four scientific goals, one of which was to probe mineral elements on the moon, especially those not existent on Earth. It's said that the lunar regolith is abundant in helium-3, a clean fuel that may support the Earth's energy demands for more than a century. Nearly 3 years later, Oct. 1, 2010 witnessed the blasting off of Chang'e 2, China's 2nd unmanned lunar probe, marking another step forward in moon exploration. This time the aim is to test the key techniques of Chang'e 3 and Chang'e 4, as a preparation for a soft lunar landing in the future. With great expectations, people all over the world are looking forward to China's greater space achievements. We can infer from the text that _ .
|
[
"China's road to outer space has not been very smooth for a long time",
"the lunar regolith is believed to be rich in a clean fuel called helium-3",
"China's lunar exploration project was started in 2004 and completed in 2007",
"China's scientists are researching into techniques for soft lunar landing"
] | 3D
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
More and more mainland high school graduates are considering attending universities in Hong Kong. They feel that attractive scholarships, the high quality of education and a chance to experience a different culture present a good opportunity. At Fudan University's prefix = st1 /Handancampus, nearly 800 local high school graduates have attended an admission interview for Hong Kong University (HKU). The candidates have already passed the national college entrance exam and an HKU written test. HKU applicants in the mainland are 10,000 students this year, more than doubling last year's applicants. "Most of the applicants are excellent high school graduates with outstanding performance in the national college entrance exam," Cui Jijia, an official with HKU's Shanghaioffice, said. Excellent freshmen from the mainland will be awarded a scholarship ranging from HK$30,000 (US$3,862) to HK$100,000 this year, as HKU has set aside a total scholarship budget of HK$55 million for first-year students. One HKU applicant says that entering a university in Hong Kong provides access to jobs in Hong Kong in the future. "I'll choose HKU if I receive an offer from both a local school and HKU," he says. Besides HKU, some other universities from Hong Kong also hold admission interviews for students from mainland high schools. They expect to enroll more than 1,300 mainland students. The main idea of this passage is _ .
|
[
"the scholarship of the universities in Hong Kong is very high",
"the competition of entering a Hong Kong university is very tough",
"excellent students in the mainland now have a new choice for higher education",
"to study in a university in Hong Kong is better than to study in the mainland"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Scientists discovered 163 new species in Southeast Asia's Greater Mekong region last year,but all are at risk of extinction due to climate change,the WWF said in a report released Friday. The newly discovered creatures include a birdeating frog with fangs ,a bird that would rather walk than fly and a gecko whose alien appearance inspired the report's title of "Close Encounters",the conservation group said. The report was released ahead of major UN talks on climate change in Bangkok next week,which are being held before a makeorbreak summit in Copenhagen this December. "Some species will be able to adapt to climate change,and many will not,potentially resulting in massive extinction," Stuart Chapman,director of the WWF Greater Mekong program,said in the report."Rare and endangered species like those newly discovered are especially vulnerable because climate change will further shrink their already restricted habitats," he said. "The new discoveries in 2010 include 100 plants,28 fish,18 reptiles,14 amphibians,2 mammals and a bird,"the WWF report said.The area spans Cambodia,Laos,Myanmar,Thailand,Vietnam and China's Yunnan Province. "Among the new species is the birdeating fanged frog,which remains hidden in a protected area of Thailand despite the fact that scientists are studying there for 40 years," the report said. The tigerstriped pit viper was discovered accidentally on an island off the coast of Vietnam when a scientist was looking for a lizard and his son pointed out that his hand was on a rock right next to the snake's fangs."We caught the snake and the gecko and they both proved to be new species," researcher Lee Grismer of La Sierra University in California was quoted as saying in the report.The leopard gecko,found on another Vietnamese island,has the coloring of a leopard and bizarre orange,catlike eyes and thin legs. The Greater Mekong region has proved a rich area for scientists.The WWF said in December 2010 that it had found 1,068 new species there between 1997 and 2009. What does the passage mainly tell us?
|
[
"The Greater Mekong region is a rich area for scientists.",
"Many rare species remain to be discovered in the Mekong region.",
"Scientists have discovered many new species in the Mekong region.",
"Climate change threatens Mekong new species."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A creature's habitat, if it has flippers and carries a home with it, is likely
|
[
"mountainous",
"arid",
"salty",
"dry"
] | 2C
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
MSF stands for Medicines Sans Frontiers. It's also known as Doctors Without Borders . Medicines Sans Frontiers is French. This organization was set up by some French doctors in 1971. Since then, MSF has sent trained doctors all over the world to help people who have suffered from disasters, such as wars and illness. Now, about 3,000 doctors and nurses work for MSF. And over 27,000 doctors have volunteered for MSF so far. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and, of course, they should face difficulties. Most of MSF's work is in Africa. When MSF chooses doctors for a task, they have to go for at least six months. When doctors have completed a few tasks and become experienced, they might be sent on an emergency task following a disaster, such as an earthquake. But why would doctors leave a comfortable life and a good pay to join MSF? Some of them say the experience they have is a great help in their life. And they say that it's great to give others a helping hand. MSF needs support. They get donations from the government and businesses. But 80% of its donations come from doctors themselves. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
|
[
"Some MSF doctors received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999",
"MSF has a history of over 40 years.",
"About 3,000 doctors and nurses work for MSF.",
"An MSF doctor usually goes for a task for at least half a year.."
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Coffee has been a part of people's lives for thousands of years, and today it is still one of the favorite drinks in the world. Many people in the world begin their busy day by drinking a cup of or several cups of coffee. They have always said that a cup of coffee in the morning helps them begin their day in the right way. So they say a cup of coffee is necessary for them in the morning. Do you know what in the coffee makes our bodies and brains active? It is caffeine . Caffeine may increase a person's mental and physical abilities . For example, two cups of coffee will make you breathe faster and _ body heat. All this makes you heart beat faster, and doctors warn that this may be a little dangerous. Caffeine is found in tea, coffee, chocolate and some other foods. A little caffeine is probably not harmful. But much caffeine can make people nervous and sleepless. A good title for this passage is _ .
|
[
"Coffee Is Harmful",
"Coffee and Tea",
"Caffeine and Health",
"Caffeine Is Useful"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A boy smacks another child in the face. The child cries because
|
[
"it was harmed",
"it was sitting",
"it was happy",
"it was lonely"
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the plant.
|
[
"Orange trees can grow fruit.",
"Orcas swim in the ocean."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Magnifying makes it easier to see a
|
[
"whale",
"tree",
"bear",
"shrimp"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
People faint when the normal blood supply to the brain is suddenly cut down. This can happen if they are surprised or shocked by sudden news or by something they see suddenly. Some people faint if they see others hurt .Some people faint in crowds. Others faint if they are in a room that is hot and stuffy. If a person faints while standing, lay him down. If his face is pale, lift his feet .If he is sitting down when he faints, place his head between his knees, loosen any tight clothing that might keep him from breathing easily .If possible, place a wet cloth on his forehead. In this passage, the writer explains _ .
|
[
"why people faint and how we help them",
"when people faint and when we help them",
"why people faint and where we help them",
"how people faint and why we help them"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of the following is an observation about grasshoppers that a science class could have made on their nature walk?
|
[
"The grasshoppers will live longest in a container filled with plants.",
"The grasshoppers are green with long back legs and antennae.",
"The grasshoppers will probably eat more grass than tree leaves.",
"The grasshoppers all hatched from eggs laid the year before."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
It is a tall tale that terrifies most young children. Swallow a piece of chewing gum and it will remain in your body for seven years before it is digested. An even worse tale is that swallowed gum can wrap itself around your heart. But what does happen if you should accidentally eat a stick of gum? Chewing gum is made out of gum base, sweeteners, coloring and flavoring. The gum base is pretty indigestibleit is a mixture of different ingredients that our body can't absorb. Most of the time, your stomach really cannot break down the gum the way it would break down other foods. However, your digestive system has another way to deal with things you swallow. After all, we eat lots of things that we are unable to fully digest. They keep moving along until they make it all the way through the gut and come out at the other end one or two days later. The saliva in our mouths will make an attempt at digesting chewing gum as soon as we put it in our mouths. It might get through the shell but many of gum's base ingredients are indigestible. It's then down to our stomach muscleswhich contract and relax, much like the way an earthworm moves to slowly force the things that we swallow through our systems. Swallowing a huge piece of gum or swallowing many small pieces of gum in a short time can cause a blockage within the digestive system, most often in children, who have a thinner digestive tube than adults but this is extremely rare. Children might feel terrified after swallowing chewing gum mainly because _ .
|
[
"they believe the tall tales about chewing gum",
"chewing gum will stay in their body for years",
"their heart will be wrapped by chewing gum",
"chewing gum is indigestible for children"
] | 0A
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Complete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.
The gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Susan rode down the hill.
|
[
"stayed the same",
"increased",
"decreased"
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Working Americans expect to retire at age 66, up from 63 in 2002, according to a recent Gallup poll .But most retirees don't stay on the job nearly that long. The average retirement age among retirees is 62, Gallup found.And even retirement at age 62 is a recent development.The average retirement age has been around 60 for most of the past decade. "Americans have two reasons for which they may project a later retirement year.One is financial, and they simply think they will need to work longer because there are fewer pensions, and now people may have a more psychologically positive view of work," says Frank Newport, editor-in-chief of Gallup poll.But a plan to work longer isn't the same as keeping a job into your mid- or late 60s. Other surveys have similarly found a significant gap between the age workers expect to retire and when they actually leave their jobs.A 2014 Employee Benefit Research Institute survey found that 33 percent of workers expect to retire after age 65, but only 16 percent of retirees report staying on the job that long.Just 9 percent of workers say they are planning to retire before age 60, but 35 percent of retirees say they retired that early.The average retirement age in the survey was 62. Many of these early retirements are unexpected and due to unforeseen circumstances.About half (49 percent) of retirees say they left the workforce earlier than planned, often as a result of a health problem or disability (61 percent) or to care for a family member (18 percent), EBRI found.Other retirees are forced out of their jobs due to changes at their company, such as a downsizing or closing (18 percent), changes in the skills required for their job (7 percent) or other work-related reasons (22 percent). "The difference is between what you know you want to do and what factors outside your control ultimately require you to do," says Dallas Salisbury, president of EBRI. In Dallas Salisbury's view, what mainly affect the retirement age?
|
[
"Your health condition.",
"Your enthusiasm in work.",
"Factors you can't predict.",
"Personal preferences and unforeseen circumstances."
] | 3D
|
human_aging
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the living thing.
|
[
"the Statue of Liberty",
"hair dryer",
"viper",
"piano"
] | 2C
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
In the past ten years, many scientists have studied the differences between men and women. And they all got the same answer: The sexes are different, because their brains are different. And this, the scientists say, makes men and women see the world in different ways. Boys, for example, generally are better than girls at mathematical ideas. Boys also generally are better than girls at the kind of hand and eye movements necessary for ball sports. Girls, on the other hand generally start speaking earlier than boys. And they generally see better in the dark than boys and are better at learning foreign languages. What makes men and women better at one thing or another? The answer is the brain. The brain has two sides connected by nerve tracks. The left side generally is used for mathematics, speech and writing. The right side is used for artistic creation and the expression for emotions . In men and women, different areas in each side of the brain develop differently. In boys, for example, it's the area used for mathematics. In girls, it is the area used for language skills. Another interesting difference is that the two sides of a man's brain are connected by a smaller number of nerves than the two sides of a woman's brain are. Which of the following is the best title of the article?
|
[
"Research on the Brain",
"Men and Women are Different in Brain",
"People's Different Brains",
"Who Are Better, Boys or Girls"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Have you ever been ill? When you are ill,you must be unhappy because your body becomes hot,and there are pains all over your body. You don't want to work,you stay in bed,feeling very sad. What makes us ill? It is germs . Germs are everywhere. They are very small and you can't find them with your eyes,but you can see them with a microscope. They are very small and there could be hundreds of them on a very small thing. Germs are always found in dirty water. When we look at dirty water under the microscope,we shall see them in it. So your father and mother will not let you drink dirty water. Germs aren't found only in water. They are found in air and dust. If you cut your finger,if some of the dust from the floor goes into the cut ,some of the germs would go into your finger. Your finger would become big and red,and you will have much pain in it. Sometimes the germs would go into all of your body,and you would have pain everywhere. Which of the following is NOT true?
|
[
"Germs can be found both in water and in the air.",
"Germs can go into your finger if it is cut.",
"If your temperature is not OK,there must be germs in your body.",
"If your finger isn't cut,there aren't any germs on it."
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Body language has always been a hot topic of interesting dinner conversations. It is perhaps one of the most powerful forms of human expression or human communication! Body language is a very important part of communication which can constitute 50% or more of what we are communicating to other persons. If you wish to communicate effectively, besides the words, you can use your body to say what you mean. Body language can be used to discover all sorts of things such as, knowing when someone is attracted to you, finding truth or lies, showing confidence, winning respect in any situation, and you can use body language to make people less nervous, make friends quickly, persuade and influence. So what is body language? Body language is a term used to describe the method of communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or besides, spoken language or other communication. Body language also includes many movements that most people are not aware of, such as winking and slight movements of the eyebrows and other facial expressions. Body language is one of the easiest ways for you to tell what's really going on in a conversation with another person. The body language that you observe from other people will tell you whether or not those people are telling you the truth, or whether there is something more that's not being said. Watch, look and observe. Sometimes you can tell more by a person's body language than the words he speaks. We are advised to observe the body language of other people to_.
|
[
"to remember everything they say",
"understand the hidden meaning",
"draw their attention to them",
"show respect for them"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
We humans love to scare ourselves. Newspapers and TV news are full of shock-horror stories about the killer flu virus but are there things we can do to cut our risk of catching it? Every year, people in Britain catch the flu virus and some of those who are already ill, or are very young, may die. It is very sad, but modern treatment means that many deaths can be avoided. Experts tell us that the world is another flu epidemic and that the latest bird-flu virus would be the most likely cause. Humans can catch the disease only after closely contacting with a sick bird. However, if someone who had normal flu was to come into contact with bird flu, this could be very dangerous. The bird flu virus could attach itself to the human flu virus, _ and then start to spread from person to person. Coughs and sneezes always have spread diseases, especially colds and flu, and they still do. If bird flu does begin to infect humans, it will spread through coughs and sneezes. If you want to stay free of flu and someone coughs or sneezes at you, what should you do? First, keep your hands away from your face and wash them and your face as soon as you can. If a cough or a sneeze spray misses your face and you accidentally touch a droplet with your hands and then touch your face, the flu or cold bug could creep into your system. The chances of most people catching bird flu are very small because _ .
|
[
"they are strong enough to resist the infection",
"only after closely contacting a sick bird can they be infected",
"bird flu does not happen very often in the world",
"only those who are ill can be infected"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Using only these supplies, which question can Allie investigate with an experiment?
|
[
"Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?",
"Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?",
"Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
While it is impossible to live completely free of stress, it is possible to prevent stress as well as reduce its effect when it can't be avoided. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress. Try physical activity When you are nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try. Physical exercise will relieve your anxiety and worry and help you to relax. Your body and your mind will work together to ease the stress in your life. Share your stress It helps to talk to someone about your anxieties and worries. Perhaps a friend, family member, teacher or even your leader can help you a better view of what's troubling you. If you feel your problem is serious, you might seek professional help from a psychologist or a doctor. Knowing when to ask for help is an important step in avoiding serious problems later. Take care of yourself You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest. If you easily get angry and cannot sleep well enough, or if you're not eating properly, it will be more likely that you will fall into stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult a doctor. Make time for yourself. Make a list of the things you need to do Stress can result from disorganization and a feeling that "there's so much to do, and not enough time". _ . Instead, make a list of everything you have to do, then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Set out to do the most important tasks first. Go ahead and cry A good cry can be a healthy way to bring relief to your anxiety. It might even help you avoid a headache or other physical effect of anxiety and stress. Physical activity can help people release stress because _ .
|
[
"only your body movement can help you relax",
"your mind can work better to free you of anxiety",
"your body and mind can cooperate in releasing stress",
"physical activity doesn't play an important part in reducing nervousness"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Compare the motion of two bowhead whales. Which bowhead whale was moving at a higher speed?
|
[
"a bowhead whale that moved 45kilometers in 10hours",
"a bowhead whale that moved 80kilometers in 10hours"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Scientists are collecting samples from sediment deposits in Biscayne Bay. Test results show that salinity in the bay is increasing. Which human influence might have led to this environmental change?
|
[
"establishing the bay as a national park in 1980",
"finding sunken ships resting on the floor of the bay",
"collecting marine animals from the bottom of the bay",
"developing power plants along the shoreline of the bay"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Select the one substance that is not a mineral.
|
[
"Molasses is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.",
"Pyrite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.",
"Sphalerite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Kate Green is a girl. She is my good friend . She is English. Kate is her first name.Green is her family name. Mr Green is her father .His first name is John. Mrs Green is her mother . Her first name is Helen. Kate is eleven years old. Her home telephone number is 865---64108. (10) Kate is _ good friend.
|
[
"his",
"your",
"my",
"her"
] | 2C
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Can you resist cream cakes? I miss my sugar! I've decided to lose weight and I had to give up cakes. It's difficult because I have a sweet tooth and I love cream cakes. Not having treats can be good for your health. I've heard that the Burts, a family of five in South East England, lived sugar free for a whole year after they found out their daughter had diabetes . It wasn't easy. To avoid temptation, I don't go to any bakeries, but this family actually owns one, which makes up to 3,000 cakes a week. And how does it feel to live without sugar for a while? Jason Burt said that for a month they felt weak. But later on it all changed. He says he feels "more awake" and full of energy. And what about the Burt family business? It had to keep using half a ton of sugar a week and any cook worth his salt knows that you have to taste a recipe to know if it's right. No problem there, says Jason Burt's wife, Clare. She points out that she's got lots of people offering to taste the cakes for them. The family is also thinking about selling more delicious products. I wonder what makes us have a strong desire for sweet food. Anyway, I've decided to forget about the sweet taste of sugar for a while. As British model Kate Moss says: "Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels." From the passage we can learn it is necessary for a cook _ .
|
[
"to make up to 3,000 cakes a week.",
"to get lots of people offering to taste the cakes",
"to sell more delicious products",
"to taste a recipe to know if it's right"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the animal that has a backbone.
|
[
"bess beetle",
"bald eagle"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Select the one substance that is not a mineral.
|
[
"Graphite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.",
"A brick is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.",
"Quartz is formed in nature. It is a pure substance."
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Lily is a healthy girl. She likes to eat vegetables and fruits every day. She has eggs, milk, bananas and bread for breakfast. For lunch, she likes sandwiches, carrots and apples. And she eats chicken, tomatoes, broccoli and fruit salad for supper. Sometimes she has ice cream or apple pies for dessert. She has a good friend, Henry. He is very fat, because he likes to eat much junk food, such as ice cream, chocolate, French fries, coke, popcorn and so on. He gets much fat from the unhealthy food. She likes to eat _ and bread in the morning.
|
[
"eggs, chicken, milk",
"eggs, milk, apples",
"eggs, milk, bananas",
"milk, pizza"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Do you know how to study better? Let me give you some advice about studying. First, don't put off studying. Many students do that. Then they have to cram the night before the exam. In fact you need good study habits and study a little every day. This way, you will prepare better for the exams. Second, plan _ into your study time. For example, if you read 20 pages of the book, you can play one computer game. But only one. Third, stay in a quiet place and turn off your mobile phone. Then you can put your heart into your study. Last, believe it or not, sleeping is part of studying. It can help you learn better. Try to sleep more than eight hours a night. Take the advice, and you will study better. What does " _ " mean in the passage?
|
[
"Exercise after studying.",
"Do something you like.",
"Cram the night before exam.",
"Turn off your phone."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
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