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planning to absorb. They also make already easy boss fights easier. Since we're on the subject, the game reuses bosses too often. (You'll be seeing Mr. Frosty more than once.) One more negative is the length. Kirby games are not typically that long, but one expects more from a $60 game. The story mode in Star Allies is about five hours, which is not terrible, but still on the shorter side. You can go back and collect the Picture Pieces and find the Big Switches, but since these are incredibly easy to find (players hoping for a challenging scavenger hunt will be disappointed), chances are you'll find most of them on your first playthrough without losing much time. The game does feature some bonus sub-game modes, with perhaps the most notable being a boss rush called 'The Ultimate Choice.' So, there is some after-game content, but the main story mode needed to be a little longer. Kirby Star Allies is not the revolutionary Kirby game as Mario Odyssey was to the Mario series. But, Star Allies is still a lot of fun. The levels are nicely designed, and accompanied by a stellar soundtrack. The power to combine abilities makes a triumphant return, which enhances the already solid gameplay experience. While the main story mode is almost always not that difficult (you'll probably never see the game over screen, and have collected over 100 lives by the end), there is some challenge to be found in the climax. Plus, game difficulty is not the sole indicator of quality. Epic Yarn was even easier, and that game is a masterpiece. What Star Allies unfortunately lacks is innovation. There are some great, innovative aspects, but the game needed more. Also, one can beat the story relatively quickly, making the $60 price questionable. (Breath of the Wild and Odyssey are at least double the length.) But overall, I had a good time playing Star Allies. It goes down as one of the more memorable Kirby experiences in recent years. November 12, 2017 November 12, 2017 4 Comments Sonic the Hedgehog is one of the biggest names in the video game industry. Back in the 90s when SEGA still made consoles, the Blue Blur was a rival to Super Mario. It's unfortunate that quite a few of his later games were mediocre. Secret Rings, Unleashed, and more recently Boom, all helped to sour the name of Sonic when it came to quality platforming. This year looked to reverse the trend. Sonic Mania, a throwback to classic Sonic side-scrolling, released to positive reviews. Of course, the time was right for a new 3D installment as well. Sonic Forces released this past week and is the first "big" game in awhile. It brought back familiar faces and was to feature a grand storyline. Combine that with fast-paced 3D and 2D gameplay, and we have what should be a platformer resurgence for the franchise. Sadly, the concept of Forces is better than the actual product. It's a fun game, but lacks in some key areas. The story begins when Sonic is called in to stop Dr. Eggman once again. The hero races through Green Hill and arrives in the city. Unfortunately, Eggman seems to have recruited Chaos, Zavok, Metal Sonic and Shadow. There's also a new villain called Infinite working alongside the doctor. Sonic is defeated, and fast forward 6 months, Dr. Eggman has taken over the world. The resistance, led by Knuckles, has to somehow win the day. Though with Sonic seemingly gone, this could get hard. Let's discuss the story, arguably one of the game's primary selling points. The concept of Dr. Eggman finally winning and taking over sounds awesome. The opening scene is filled with tension as Sonic is struck by his old enemies, and also a new powerful villain that Tails says is even faster. After this, the screen goes black with the text, "With Sonic defeated, Eggman's army quickly took over. Within months, all but a few isolated areas in the world were under their control." …What? Instead of telling me that happened, show me. The game is incredibly short, only a little over three hours long. This is due in part to the story taking shortcuts. 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for months. Once again, don't tell me, show me. Later in the game, Infinite traps Sonic and the Avatar in "Null Space." Some time should have been spent in there, but the two heroes escape a few seconds later! As one can see, the story seems to rush itself for no reason. Back in the early 2000s, the Sonic games had excellent, well-paced stories. Adventure 2 still stands above the rest when it comes to quality storytelling with actual emotion. Forces often lacks that emotional punch (Sonic was tortured for months, but when we find him, he has no bruises and gives no indication that he endured hardship) and has rushed pacing. Also, Sonic's old enemies returning ended up being a massive disappointment – almost false advertising even. The story is still fun, but it's a shame to think about what could have been. Infinite gets quality dialogue and is an interesting character. His last scene was anti-climatic sadly; he should have come back and be the true final boss. The gameplay is another primary reason why one would pick up this game. The main Sonic gameplay uses a refined engine from Sonic Unleashed. This is sometimes a good thing, and a bad thing. It's fun to blast through levels, but I can't say there's quality level design at work here when it comes to the main Sonic's gameplay. The problem isn't really in the levels themselves: the problem is the length. Just about every level you can beat in under two minutes. So, it's hard to enjoy a level because it's over incredibly quick. Ironically, the boost mechanic ends up almost being a negative, because it speeds up already short levels. (You can almost blast through Mystic Jungle completely with boost.) Why were the levels so short? It's baffling. Classic Sonic returns for retro gameplay. Again, the levels are too short. It's a shame, because there is some quality design here. Iron Fortress late in the game was genuinely challenging, and even featured a nice auto-scrolling section. Just when I'm really enjoying the platforming, the level ends. This could have been better if each level had a second act, but that isn't the case. There is a third type of gameplay, and that's the "Avatar's." For some reason, Sonic Team thought fans would want to create their own character. To be fair, the Avatar's gameplay isn't bad. Personally, I would have rather been playing as Sonic but the Avatar's levels were solid. (They are also sadly short as well.) The ability to customize Avatar's weapon is a nice feature. Sonic Adventure 2 still features the best platforming of all the 3D Sonic games, and that came out over 15 years ago. The gameplay was fast, but not too fast where you're zooming through the entire stage. The stages were of great length and memorable. (We all still remember City Escape and Metal Harbor.) You won't be remembering many, if any, stages in Forces because they're over before they get really good. Also, the gameplay mechanics didn't seem very tight at times. Classic Sonic and Avatar in his/her 2D sections seemed loose, thus making some simple jumps seem almost risky. One consistently strong aspect of the game is the soundtrack. From the heroic 'Fist Bump' to the villainous theme of Infinite, the music is one of the best in the franchise. That's another reason why it's too bad the levels are short: the music ends along with them. I wanted to keep listening to the amazing 'Guardian Rock' and 'Aqua Road' songs. The boss battles are solid. The Death Crab battle is well done and intense. It was lazy, however, for the big Infinite battle to be a re-skin of the earlier fight with Metal Sonic. Overall, Sonic Forces is a missed opportunity for something truly great. I had fun playing through it – the gameplay and music is a pleasure. Some of the levels have thematic quality (the Death Egg robots in the background of Ghost Town is one such example) and surprisingly the Avatar's gameplay is interesting. Sadly, the levels are too short to enjoy. 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criminally short. Even the story is disappointing. There's some great cutscenes, but too much untapped potential and often lack of emotion to be invested if you don't care about the characters. One can mock Sonic 06's romance, but the plot there was engaging and well paced. Forces comes off as a rushed gameplay experience. Super Mario Odyssey Review October 31, 2017 October 31, 2017 2 Comments Super Mario. Those two words mean a lot of things for many people. For some, it references the nostalgic days of playing Super Mario Bros. on the NES in the 80s. For others, it's about modern installments such as going through the new arrivals list in Super Mario Maker. And then for the rest, it's a constant reminder of what quality platforming looks like. Super Mario Bros. was not the first video game, but it set the standard of what a quality platforming adventure is all about. In fact, Mario has been in the business of setting standards in the video game industry. First with Super Mario Bros., then with Super Mario 64 which defined 3D platforming going forward. This year marks a special time for Nintendo. The company released its latest console, the Switch, in March. Just as with any Nintendo home console, a new main Mario game was announced. That game was Super Mario Odyssey. When Mario was jumping over barrels in 8-bit form while Mayor Pauline sang the now iconic 'Jump Up, Superstar!' at New Donk City, it was at that moment I knew that Super Mario Odyssey was a revolution. Not only was it a revolution, it was a celebration of what has made Super Mario the face of video gaming as a whole. It takes the concept of previous platformers, specifically Super Mario Sunshine and Super Mario 64, and delivers an exciting experience for the current generation. As you walk up the stairs of the dark Ruined Kingdom, and later rush into the wedding hall for the final showdown, you know that Odyssey will go down as a legend. "In the skies above Peach's castle…" the text says as you start a new game. We're then shown as exciting sequence of Mario doing battle with Bowser atop the latter's airship as Princess Peach hangs in the balance. Bowser in his new wedding tuxedo manages to hit Mario with his top hat, and the hero falls a great distance. Mario's hat is shredded by the airship's propeller, and soon we meet Cappy. The opening isn't quite as thematic as the intro to the first Super Mario Galaxy, but it still nicely sets up the story. So, Mario meets a little ghost whom can transform into different hats and "possess" other characters. It turns out that Bowser also kidnapped Cappy's sister, so he and Mario have a common goal: stop Bowser's wedding with Peach. Cap Kingdom serves as a great tutorial area as the player gets to know Mario's controls (anyone who has played Super Mario 64 will feel right at home) and how Cappy works. Let's discuss Cappy for a bit. Some part of me was worried that the game would rely too much on Cappy's "capture" ability. This ability was heavily featured in marketing. It looked fun, but at the same time, if the game relied too much on the gimmick, some of the quality platforming could be lost. This is not the case. Cappy is used to enhance the experience and provide unique ways to go through the levels. From Mario becoming a frog in Cap Kingdom, to becoming a Banzai Bill to break through stone blocks, Cappy is smartly utilized. I haven't mentioned how thrilling it is to become a Tyrannosaurus Rex or to swim through the water as a Cheep Cheep. Cappy is also utilized greatly in the boss fights, such as possessing a Gushen to blast water at Mollusque-Lanceur, and having Madame Broode's golden Chain Chomp ram into her. Also, there's almost nothing as satisfying as reigning down blows on Bowser with the Koopa King's own hat. The boss battles are well designed and a lot of fun. Who can forget taking control of Knucklotec's fist and then ramming it into his face? 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chaWiggler that's wreaking havoc in the Metro Kingdom? I'll never forget those, but perhaps the most epic was the fight against the Lord of Lightning atop the Ruined Kingdom. This was an example of showing how realistic graphics can exist in a Mario game. The Broodal fights are simplistic, but fun. Typically, the boss battles aren't too difficult. This is understandable because the Mario series has been known for being accessible for all ages. Whereas a game like The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild might attract older players, the Mario series attracts audiences of all ages. The boss fights, while not too difficult, are unique and provide a memorable experience. The final Bowser battle provides some good challenge and patterns to memorize. As with previous Mario games, the worlds in Super Mario Odyessey are incredible. Whereas Sunshine and Galaxy are limited by theme, Odyssey holds no limitations. We have the standard grassland in the form of Cascade Kingdom, the frosty Snow Kingdom, the food-themed Luncheon Kingdom, the New York City-inspired Metro Kingdom, among other fantastic worlds. These worlds are a nice size. They are not too big where players feel like they'll never get all the moons. (None of the worlds are as annoyingly daunting as Hazy Maze Cave from Super Mario 64.) A fantastic soundtrack accompanies the kingdoms. From the soft Lake Kingdom theme to the intense Lost Kingdom theme, the music is a treat. And of course, 'Jump Up, Superstar!' is an absolute masterpiece. As a whole, the soundtrack might not be as strong as the Mario Galaxies', but it's still fantastic. Finally, Odyssey is full of special surprises. I had a blast going through the short 8-bit sequences, which are an incredible throwback to Super Mario Bros., reminding the player when Super Mario began. I already mentioned the incredible sequence with 8-bit Mario jumping over barrels and eventually defeating DK as a homage to Mario's first ever appearance in the arcade game, Donkey Kong. There is also this atmosphere of grand gameplay never before seen in the franchise. No one will forget when Mario turned into Lord of the Rings as the player faced a dragon at the Ruined Kingdom. Maybe even more epic was the Moon Kingdom, doing an even better job at putting Mario in space than the Galaxies. (The ominous wedding bells were excellent.) It's here in the Moon Kingdom when the game features a Metroid-like escape climax. As the characters break through blocks to escape as the beautiful song 'Honeylune Ridge: Escape' plays, it's at this moment when the player realizes this might not just be the greatest Mario game, it might be the greatest game ever made. That's why the final scene is a letdown. To really finalize the epic experience, the game should have had Mario tie the knot with Peach. The game plays around with that idea, but then it doesn't happen. It's a shame and insulting to over 30 years of the characters' relationship. After such an epic climax, it's too bad the game ended on a comedic note. Overall, Super Mario Odyssey should be remembered as one of the greatest games of this generation. The kingdom designs are diverse and engaging. You will not want to put down the controller. Cappy is the new F.L.U.D.D., and he's just as smartly utilized as the water hose. There's so much else to love about this game. It's inviting and enthralling, not to mention epic. The callbacks to older games is an awesome touch for players who have grown up with the series. Aspects, like the hats/outfits and 8-bit sequences, enhance the experience. The soundtrack is a treat, and features two well done lyrical songs. Replay value is high, because there are over 800 Power Moons to collect. The game ended on a disappointing note, but the worlds, level design and just about everything works together so perfectly that I can't hold back the perfect score. Super Mario Odyssey joins The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild as one of the finest games Nintendo has ever made. Mario + Rabbids: Kingdom Battle Review The Mario franchise is no stranger to different genres. 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known for, but there have been many different types of games. There have been sports, RPGs, and even a dancing game on one occasion. Despite all this however, I don't think many expected Mario to feature in an XCOM-style adventure. That's the case with Mario + Rabbids: Kingdom Battle. This game was a surprise when it was first announced. Not only is it the hero's first foray with this kind of battle style, it's also Mario's first new game on Nintendo's latest console, the Switch. Kingdom Battle delivers something special. It's a unique, fun and sometimes quite challenging game that brings the heavily strategy-based XCOM gameplay into the colorful worlds of Mario and the Rabbids. The story begins with the Rabbids warping into a human girl's home. It's a shame the story never went back there because she being a Mario fan was quite meta. Anyways, the Rabbids eventually warp to the Mushroom Kingdom. Because of one Rabbid's fiddling of a helmet capable of merging, the Kingdom is now out of whack. Now Mario, the Rabbids and a few other Mushroom heroes go through four worlds to fix the Kingdom. The story is fun and engages the viewer from the start. Of course, part of that enjoyment is going to hinge on the Rabbids. Kids will probably like them, but for older players they can become jarring. Thankfully, the Rabbids never become overbearing. (I'm still wondering why we didn't get Mario + Rayman instead.) As fun as the story is, the gameplay is the primary winner here. Chances are if you've never played XCOM before, Kingdom Battle might look complex. Kingdom Battle's gameplay however is quickly understood. By the end of World 1, the player is confident to press on. What makes this style of gameplay truly great is the amount of strategy it requires of the player. Players must make decisions on which weapons to use, which special abilities to implement, (should I heal my guys or make their weapons stronger?) which skills to upgrade, and how to use the environment to their advantage. One example is a battle that featured a Chain Chomp stage hazard. Eventually I figured out that I should use the Chain Chomp to my advantage. Another example of careful strategic planning is a battle that features an environment that circles around. The enemies featured here are mostly powerful Smashers, which do a large amount of damage. They however do not move very far; so players have to carefully maneuver and then attack them. As one can see, there's quality strategic play at work in this game. Sadly, quite a few battles are on the easier side. It's understandable that Kingdom Battle works as an accessible point into the XCOM world, but more battles could have been given a slightly harder push. With that said, the game does feature quite a few genuine challenges that forces players to carefully evaluate their losses and come up with new strategies. When it's hard, Kingdom Battle is a masterpiece when it comes to strategic play. The final boss heals himself twice, and makes the player ask the questions, "Should I concentrate on the minions and then focus on the boss, or focus all firepower on the boss? Can I do both?" The boss battles are diverse, from Rabbid Kong's shockwaves to having to turn off the spotlight on Phantom of the Bwahpera. To switch things up, the gameplay sometimes features "get to the goal" battles. Instead of fighting enemies, the objective is to get to the appointed yellow area. These were a nice change of pace. It especially gets interesting when you have to escort a non-fighter, such as Toad, to the goal without that character being depleted of his/her health. While battles are the primary part of the game, you will spend a good amount of time exploring the maps. Here Mario and friends go from level to level often looking for secret areas that can yield artwork, new weapons, and other nifty things. You will also solve puzzles of varying difficulty. They are not a bad way to keep that strategic thinking going between battles. The soundtrack is wonderfully orchestrated. From the tension-filled 'Into the Pit' to the epic 'Bowser Returns,' the music in this game is well done. 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wouldn't be 100% focused on delivering Mario-specific themes. There are four worlds to trek through. That sounds like a small number, but each world has nine main sections, and they usually are not short. There are many collectibles to find for completionists. As for multiplayer, there are co-op challenges. That's fine, but it's shocking that there isn't a versus mode. How fun would it be to challenge a sibling or friend whom has come over for some strategic play? Ubisoft made a mistake not implementing a competitive mode. Overall, Mario + Rabbids is an unexpectedly great crossover. The amount of depth to the gameplay is amazing. Many battles you'll think up different strategies as you see how far an enemy can move. You'll use the environment to your advantage (while the computers do the same). The characters have diverse weapons and abilities. I personally liked Rabbid Peach's heal ability and had her on my team. Maybe you will like Rabbid Yoshi's Gatling gun-type weapon. There are other things to consider, such as skill points, further adding to the depth. More battles with higher difficultly would have been welcome however, and a lack of competitive multiplayer is almost a crime. Despite those things, Kingdom Battle is definitely worth a look, whether or not you're familiar with XCOM. If you're not familiar, this game will give you an appreciation for it. In recent years, Sonic as a franchise has been out of its prime. The last main game was Sonic Lost World, which wasn't that great. To makes things worse, SEGA then released a new version of the series called Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric, which was critically panned. Things started to look up last year in July when two new Sonic titles were announced. One of those titles was Sonic Mania. Similar to the underrated Sonic the Hedgehog 4, Mania was going to bring Sonic back to his Genesis roots. Mania took it one step further than Sonic 4, using the retro art style and sprites. The game saw release this year, and it ended up being a nice nostalgic trip reminding players why they fell in love with the franchise in the first place. Mania has an impressive 13 zones. Eight of those are remastered while five are new. First, it was an interesting idea to remake old zones and even remix the themes. It's nice to hop right back into Green Hill Zone and Flying Battery Zone. Stardust Speedway is iconic, but like in Sonic CD, it's still a little uneven. Oil Ocean was intense, as it forces Sonic to watch out for the smoggy atmosphere that takes over the screen. So, it's fun seeing some of the old zones back. At the same time however, it would have been great to see more original zones. In a new game, there should have been more original zones. Generations already had the idea of bringing back older zones. But, this isn't a make it or break it deal as the old zones are still fun to play through, and the new ones are well made. Mirage Saloon Zone is a highlight. Like the Genesis games, Mania puts an emphasis on speed. The player will be blasting through at many parts, but there's also careful platforming. Getting squished is easy if one isn't careful. The last zone, (not counting the secret final zone) Titanic Monarch, has plenty of platforming, forcing the player to slow down and carefully navigate the area. It's a tough balance the Sonic games have to maintain, because on one hand the player wants to zoom through as the fastest video game character alive. On the other hand, just blasting through would make the game easy and quick. Mania nicely balances sonic-speed gameplay and platforming. Boss battles in the Sonic series have been more on the challenging side. (Who could forget the Death Egg Robot at the end of Sonic the Hedgehog 2?) It's the same with Mania; each boss is well designed and provides a quality challenge. One highlight is the encounter with Metal Sonic at the end of Stardust Speedway. It's fast paced and intense, especially if you're not able to hold on to your rings. 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ark. Oh, one can't forget playing a round of Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine against Eggman himself at the end of Chemical Plant Zone. Multiplayer is a nice feature, and Mania also has a competition mode, which is always welcome. The soundtrack is fantastic, from the remastered themes to the original ones. Overall, Sonic Mania does a stellar job bringing back the original Sonic style of gameplay. It looks and plays like a Genesis title. It's evident from the start that the developers care a great deal about the franchise. Though there's too many old zones in comparison to new ones, they are almost all a blast to run through. Acquiring the Chaos Emeralds is a hard endeavor, so those wanting to get the true ending are in for a genuine challenge. If you've been absent from the series for awhile or just want some classic Sonic, Mania is worth the purchase. Sonic is finally back with a title worthy of his 25th anniversary, which looks to continue later this year with Sonic Forces. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Review August 27, 2017 February 28, 2018 1 Comment When one hears the name "Zelda," one thinks of a princess, adventure, and dungeons. There's also another word, and that's "quality." Since its inception in 1986, The Legend of Zelda has cemented itself as one of the greatest in the adventure platformer genre. Every main 3D console game has received critical acclaim, from Ocarina of Time to Skyward Sword. The small console ones have too been well liked. The latest game, Breath of the Wild, had been highly anticipated since its unveiling. It looked to be the first game in a long time to shake up the core gameplay. Sure, every game has its unique gimmick, but Breath of the Wild looked to overhaul a lot of key things. It's one of the most ambitious games Nintendo has ever produced, and one of the company's finest. When talking about some of the core concepts about Breath of the Wild, Director Eiji Aonuma in an interview with The Verge, stated that "…from the very start of Breath of the Wild, we wanted to, and set out to, create a world that wasn't only vast, but where everything was connected. So you really could freely explore the world, without these barriers or gaps imposed." These comments sum up what makes Breath of the Wild unique among Zelda titles: the vast open world. It takes Termina Field from Majora's Mask to another level. It is such a great concept: if you see something in the distance, you can actually run to it and climb it; it's not just decoration for the background. One can spend hours running around the map. In fact, it's possible to not even explore the whole thing if the player is just set on following the core narrative. Nintendo succeeded in delivering a world that encourages players to check every inch of. The Zelda series is known for its epic storylines, and Breath of the Wild continues in like manner. Hyrule was ravaged by "Calamity Ganon" 100 years ago, and Link has finally awakened from his slumber. Now Link has to take back the four Divine Beasts, eventually battling Ganon and freeing Princess Zelda from her burden of sealing the villain at Hyrule Castle. It's a similar storyline, but also different and engages the player from beginning to end. It really feels like you're part of something big as you hear the backstory from Impa early in the game. After talking to Impa, the core part of the game begins: going to different areas and freeing the Divine Beasts from Ganon's control. It's smart how Nintendo did this; each area is placed far away from each other on the map. This forces the player to explore Hyrule. So, if players for some reason had no intention of exploring, they would still get much sightseeing. As for knowing where to go, there are yellow indicators pointing Link to his destination. This was welcome, because sometimes in Zelda it can get a bit confusing where to go next. Breath of the Wild is more straightforward than Ocarina of Time. However, it's not linear like a Crash Bandicoot level. Instead, Breath of the Wild almost perfectly balances having the player figure	1.205745	0.715067	0.747298	-0.315681	[ 0.7592306891257988, 1.6522590688329906 ]	[ 0.08208010089136035, 1.3480545078773314 ]	[ -0.06683545356663348, 1.5614312847300673 ]	[ -0.7813264609248054, 0.1499640951097272 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 935, 29889, 6439, 29892, 697, 508, 29915, 29873, 9566, 8743, 263, 4513, 310, 4942, 29889, 6417, 327, 5585, 29915, 29879, 16316, 1522, 273, 6189, 2750, 382, 1505, 1171, 3654, 472, 278, 1095, 310, 12677, 936, 18058, 24385, 29889, 14974, 9106, 338, 263, 7575, 4682, 29892, 322, 2315, 423, 884, 756, 263, 13888, 4464, 29892, 607, 338, 2337, 12853, 29889, 450, 6047, 11294, 338, 13568, 6288, 29892, 515, 278, 1083, 1901, 287, 963, 267, 304, 278, 2441, 6743, 29889, 13, 3563, 497, 29892, 5791, 293, 2315, 423, 947, 263, 14781, 279, 4982, 20794, 1250, 278, 2441, 5791, 293, 3114, 310, 3748, 1456, 29889, 739, 3430, 322, 13582, 763, 263, 5739, 6656, 3611, 29889, 739, 29915, 29879, 13602, 515, 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out what to do and being straightforward. Yes, there is an indicator on the map of where to go. But it's up to the player to maneuver around obstacles and plan how to traverse tall mountains. The only part I was confused about was getting to Goron City. Link would soon heat up upon entry without the right clothes. I would be burning up looking for the shop at the city, where I would purchase the right attire to actually be able to live in the area. That worked, but it didn't feel like that's what the game wanted the player to do. Or maybe it was. Either way, getting to the different areas tested the player's ability to plan on the go. The dungeons are of shorter length than the average Zelda dungeon. This is a good thing, because it can take awhile, almost 40 minutes even, to get to the next area. If the dungeons were super long as well, that would have been too much. The dungeons instead are just the perfect length. The length also doesn't affect the level of brainstorming players must do in order to complete the dungeons. Zelda games are known for its dungeons and forcing players to consider how to use the tools at their disposal. Each dungeon in Breath of the Wild makes the player think, and every time a breakthrough would occur, it was a truly happy moment. There's a boss at the end of every main dungeon. Breath of the Wild isn't the easiest game out there, and the bosses are evident of that. They are genuinely challenging. (One won't forget facing Waterblight Ganon.) Arrows are a key aspect in facing these bosses, and that's another thing making this Zelda game unique among other entries. Link can find arrows out in the open (of course, he can also purchase them) and also weapons. These weapons, from a woodcutter's axe to tree branch, eventually break. It would be a shame to have everything break or run out in the middle of a boss battle; that's why players want to stock up and carefully use different weapons throughout the game. This adds another layer of strategy as players trek through the 30 hour story. As for Link himself, he plays similarly to previous incarnations. The biggest difference is that he can now jump. It's a little strange to see him jump after all these years. (Then again, he's always been able to jump in Super Smash Bros.) Another change is that Link has unlimited access to bombs, and can even stop some things from moving. These are nicely implemented for puzzles and boss fights. On the giant map there are many mini-dungeons called Shrines, which also serve as checkpoints Link can warp to. These are great because running back and fourth across the map would grow tiresome. Entering and completing these mini-dungeons are optional, but doing so will eventually give Link more stamina and hearts. Those things are important, so they're a good incentive for players to complete the Shrines. Another new feature is cooking food. There's a lot of food in the open to replenish hearts, and cooking adds special benefits. It's an interesting feature that, once again, adds a layer of strategy. The final boss battle is epic and provides a satisfying finale. The award to greatest Ganon boss fight still belongs to Twilight Princess, but Breath of the Wild's was well done as well. (The final Light Arrow shot won't soon be forgotten.) Actually getting to Ganon is one of the most well done parts of the game. Getting to the top of a ravaged Hyrule Castle with some of the classic Zelda theme playing was intense. Unfortunately, acquiring the Master Sword is optional. Characters make mention of it, but it's a side quest. It should have been a main quest because completing the game without it just doesn't feel right. Overall, Breath of the Wild lives up to its grand presentation. The open world is one of the best, encouraging players to run around and see what they can find. The story is enthralling and full of memorable characters. The soundtrack is also great. There are many variations on the Zelda formula, but they never feel out of place or different just to be different. That's because there's a level of quality and class to the gameplay and story, as one would expect from a Zelda title. Link's mission to take back Hyrule from Ganon is epic. 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Studying a Masters Degree of Agricultural Science at The University of Western Australia, Calum Watt is breeding a better barley for your beer. Growing up on hobby farms he soon realised his agricultural interests lay in plants, especially crops, rather than animals and meeting friends at university he soon developed "broadacre" envy. "Understanding that the nature of farming is changing for good or worse made me want to integrate genetics and crops so that I could become a crop breeder," Sam says. Geoff's dream of becoming a farmer was realised at 9 years old, when his family moved from the city to a cattle property near Tamworth. His family operate a cattle stud, a commercial beef cattle herd, and grow seasonal fodder crops. Now a chartered accountant in Brisbane by day, Geoff's love for agriculture still consumes his weekends. His career highlight to date came when his stud bull Avignon Absolute was crowned 2011 Grand Champion of Sydney Royal Easter Show. In far western NSW, near Broken Hill, Anika's family run Dorper sheep for the prime lamb market. After high school Anika jillarooed on large scale beef properties across Queensland, before completing a Bachelor of Science (Agribusiness) at Charles Sturt University, followed by her Masters in Sustainable Agriculture. Now an agribusiness banker with Suncorp Bank in the Riverina region of Griffith, Anika loves being able to work across a wide range of farming industries, though her heart lies with lamb. Joe Banks from Dirranbandi in Queensland remembers his early years dominated by drought as he and his family moved their sheep along stock routes in a bid for survival. In fact the vagaries of weather and a changing climate were to be catalysts for his career in agriculture. Joe has since expanded his agricultural knowledge, education and experience: working on remote northern Australian cattle stations and live cattle export ships, and studying a Bachelor of Agribusiness at Marcus Oldham College; all experiences that have contributed to his current role as Commercial Analyst for NAPCO. From the bush to the bread on your dining table, 2015 GRDC Grains Young Farming Champion Emma Ayliffe lives to grow the fibre-packed grains that help Aussies stay strong and healthy. After growing up on a station two hours from Coober Pedy, South Australia, studying agricultural science at the University of Adelaide was natural progression for Emma. Work lead her to a role in broadacre agronomy in the Clare Valley before taking on an agronomy role at the unique lake-bed cropping operation of Lake Tandou, part of the Menindee Lakes system, in far-western NSW. Sixth generation farmer and third year veterinary student Dione Howard is a 2015 Australian Wool Innovation Young Farming Champion. Born into a farming family in the NSW Riverina, Dione inherited her father and grandfather's enthusiasm for sheep and wool through the family's 80 year old merino stud. Loving a challenge, Dione pursued a veterinary degree at Charles Sturt University and aspires to work toward the best possible sustainable, social and economical methods of animal production. She has worked with companies such as pork producers Rivalea, poultry producers Baiada and beef cattle genetics producers Rennylea Angus, participated in the Intercollegiate Meat Judging Competition and the National Merino Challenge, and is currently completing her wool classing certificate. During university holidays Dione has worked for Agfarm grain brokers, giving her a special insight into the supply chain of grain from farmers' paddocks to its destinations across Australia and the world. 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Political battle escalates over whistleblower complaint about Trump World » World. Main A political battle over a classified whistleblower complaint about U.S. President Donald Trump escalated on Friday, with Democrats warning of a national security threat and Republicans turning it into an attack on Joe Biden, one of Trump's chief political rivals. Trump dismissed the complaint from a whistleblower within the intelligence community - reported by several U.S. news organizations to involve the Republican president's communications with a foreign leader - as a partisan hit against him. The Sept. 12 complaint centered on Ukraine, the Washington Post reported. Reuters has not confirmed details of the whistleblower's complaint. But a source familiar with the matter said it alleged"multiple acts" by Trump, not just a phone call with a foreign leader. The source requested anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue. Trump had spoken with Ukraine's recently elected president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, less than three weeks before the complaint was filed. Trump is due to meet Zelenskiy during a United Nations gathering in New York. The July 25 call between the leaders is under investigation by three Democratic-led House committees, who want to know if Trump and his personal lawyer, Rudolph Giuliani, tried to pressure the Ukrainian government into aiding Trump's re-election campaign. The Wall Street Journal reported on Friday that Trump urged Zelenskiy about eight times during the call to work with Giuliani to investigate Biden's son. Giuliani said on CNN on Thursday he had asked the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of former Vice President Biden, who is a frontrunner in the field of Democrats seeking to challenge Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Giuliani alleged that as vice president, Biden sought the firing of a Ukrainian prosecutor who was investigating his son's business dealings. Biden and his son have denied the charge. "Not one single credible outlet has given any credibility to his (Trump's) assertion - not one single one. And so I have no comment except for the president to start to be president," Biden told reporters in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The former prosecutor, Viktor Shokin, had been criticized by the U.S. government and the European Union for larger issues, including blocking reforms to Ukraine's legal system. Ukraine's parliament approved his dismissal in March 2016. On Friday, Giuliani was seen by Reuters reporters at the Trump International Hotel, a few blocks away from the White House, sitting next to Lev Parnas, a Ukrainian businessman with whom he has recently been working. Giuliani declined comment. In a Sept. 9 letter to White House Counsel Pat Cipollone requesting documents, the chairmen of the House foreign affairs, intelligence and oversight committees said the Ukrainian government's readout of Trump's call appeared to show that he encouraged Zelenskiy to pursue the Biden investigation. The chairmen noted the State Department had acknowledged that Kurt Volker, the U.S. special representative to Ukraine, subsequently arranged for Giuliani to meet an aide to Zelenskiy in Spain. The letter also cited news media reports that Trump threatened to withhold more than $250 million in security assistance approved by Congress for Kiev to aid its fight against Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine. Trump did not mention a provision of foreign aid to Ukraine on the July 25 phone call with Zelenskiy, the Wall Street Journal reported, citing an unnamed source. Trump said he did not know the identity of the whistleblower or the precise accusations but that all of his conversations with foreign leaders had been appropriate. "It doesn't matter what I discussed but I will say this: somebody ought to look into Joe Biden's statement because it was disgraceful, where he talked about millions of dollars that he is not giving to a certain country unless a certain prosecutor is taken off the case. Somebody ought to look into that," Trump said. STONEWALLING The dispute is the latest chapter of a power struggle in which the Trump administration has been resisting efforts by Democratic lawmakers investigating the president's business dealings and actions to obtain documents, records and testimony from White House and senior agency officials. 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earthquake vallejo twitter Teapot Coloring Page, Solubility Order Of Alkali Metal Bicarbonates, Mozart Symphony 40 Cello, Lg Sl5y Review, Pioneer Gm-a5702 Specs, Scythe Combos Brawlhalla 2020, Kessler Low C Bass Clarinet, Number Of Electrons In Nitrogen, Good Morning Images With Photo And Name, A street sign dangles over a busy street after an earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014. A pair of earthquakes, measuring 2.5 and 4.5 magnitude respectively, struck just south of Pleasant Hill on Monday evening, rocking the East Bay, authorities said. "Yep, definitely an earthquake. March 29, 2019: Magnitude 2.9 weak earthquake has been recorded in California with epicenter located 5km far from Vallejo, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported. A powerful magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck a remote part of the Amazon jungle in Peru early Sunday, collapsing buildings and knocking out power to some areas but causing only one reported death. Most of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were sealed off. She is a graduate of the University of Southern California with additional education. non-profit organizations and leaders in business and industry. The Vallejo Police Department said they responded to a shots fired report around 1:15 a.m. at … 2014-08-24 10:20:44 (UTC) \| 38.215°N 122.312°W \| 11.1 km depth VALLEJO, Calif. (KRON) — An Oakland man died in a shooting on Wednesday. 8/24/14. 08-28-2014 - Press Release - Status Update 4 City of Vallejo Earthquake Aftermath and Assessment: 5:02 p.m. 08-2 8-2014 - Press Release - Media Inquiry Regarding City of Vallejo Water Reservoir: 4:49 p.m. 08-27-2014 - Press Release - Status Update 3 City of Vallejo Earthquake Aftermath and … Please try again later. Between broken water mains and structural damage, the city late Sunday estimated that the quake caused … Brown declared a state of emergency, up to 100 homes deemed not habitable, and all Napa Unified School District schools will … Injuries, Damage After 6.0 Quake Rocks Napa Gov. A magnitude-4.5 earthquake was felt in the San Francisco Bay Area at 10:33 p.m. Monday, with an epicenter in the Walnut Creek and Pleasant Hill area. An earthquake damaged home sits on officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Vallejo, Calif. The earthquake did not spur the threat of a tsunami. A 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the San Jose, California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Updated at 1:20 p.m. At least 87 people were injured early Sunday morning after the largest earthquake to hit California's Napa Valley in 25 years struck near the Bay Area. #NapaEarthquake: Earthquake hits Napa Valley, Calif.; Damage, fires reported [on-scene photos] Posted at 9:45 am on August 24, 2014 by Lori Z. The U.S. Geological Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay area city. the Southern California Earthquake Center, the Earthquake Country Alliance, the American Red Cross, numerous CERT groups, and to a wide variety of public, private, and. Open Vallejo discovered the practice of deleting comments and blocking users during an investigation of the social media practices of council members, other city officials, and the City of Vallejo itself. The earthquake occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km. 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City's End, "two contradictory phrases were spoken over and over again…. The e-mail, from the Vallejo Police Officers' Association, was sent to Otis Taylor Jr., a columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, who is moving to Atlanta to take a new job. VALLEJO — A Bay Area man is facing federal gun possession charges after authorities intercepted a package addressed to him at an Antioch home that … VALLEJO -- A 2.6-magnitude earthquake shook the city of Vallejo and the surrounding area early Monday morning, according to the United States Geological Survey. EFF sided with members of the public blocked by President Trump on Twitter who sued him and members of his communications team in July 2017. More than 2,000 residents quickly reported their experience to the USGS, with a map showing people felt something as far north as San Francisco and Vallejo, as … Vallejo citizens and Mare Island sailors and Marines stepped up in a big way 114 years ago when San Francisco was hit by a massive 7.9 magnitude earthquake … Previously; 8:15 p.m. A magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes for several seconds. Quick jolt followed by a little roll," Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply. FAIRFIELD — Vallejo bore the brunt of the damage in Solano County associated with Sunday's 6.0-magnitude earthquake just a few miles away in Napa County. This feature is not available right now. (08-26) 08:04 PDT VALLEJO-- Blue-collar Vallejo may not get as much love as swanky, wine-sniffing Napa, but Sunday's magnitude 6.0 earthquake played no favorites, shaking at … A store employee inspects the damage at 3J's Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014. For several seconds after a large earthquake in Vallejo, Calif to the U.S. Geological Survey a! University of Southern California with additional education employee inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental after! Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight rattling!, 2014, in Vallejo, Calif store employee inspects the damage 3J. Occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km a graduate of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and sealed... California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey Aug.,. The earthquake occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km 26, 2014, in Vallejo,.. 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Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes for several.!, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 employee inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental Market after large... Is a graduate of the University of Southern California with additional education, 2014, Vallejo. 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Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, in Vallejo, Calif previously ; 8:15 p.m. magnitude-5.6... 8.5 km earthquake in Vallejo earthquake vallejo twitter Calif California with additional education p.m. a magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the of... Bay area city in reply a graduate of the University of Southern California additional... Murphy tweeted in reply, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, Vallejo! 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several seconds California, area at about 2:15 a.m.,... A tsunami and were sealed off County tonight, rattling homes for several seconds, Vallejo... Not spur the threat of a tsunami in reply struck near this San Francisco Bay area city a...., 2014, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, Vallejo!, California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey says earthquake vallejo twitter... University of Southern California with additional education Sunday Aug. 24, 2014 University of Southern California additional..., " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the Jose! A graduate of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were off! California with additional education had fallen chimneys and were sealed off a little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted reply. A graduate of the University of Southern California with additional education Mare Island Tuesday! In Vallejo, Calif on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 in! 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February 2019 snapshots: Chain drive inspection, machine learning cars, automated grocery checkout, drone wind turbine inspections, wheelchairs driven by face recognition, new thermal imaging capability added to line of drones In the February 2019 snapshots, learn about a machine vision inspection system for a critical component in automobile manufacturing, a machine learning development kit with its own racing league, an Israeli competitor for Amazon Go, drones that can program their own flight paths and inspection routines for giant wind turbines, a motorized wheelchair that users can drive via facial expressions, and how the addition of thermal imaging can greatly enhance drone utility. Feb 21st, 2019 Take your autonomous driving test with new DeepRacer from AWS Thanks to Amazon Web Services (Seattle, WA, USA; https://aws.amazon.com/) you can design your own machine learning environment and test it with a grey robot car that looks like something out of a Pixar (Emeryville, CA, USA; https://www.pixar.com/) movie. The AWS DeepRacer is a 1/18th scale, radio-controlled, 4WD car with an onboard Intel (Santa Clara, CA, USA; https://www.intel.com) Atom processor running Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, the Robot Operating System (ROS), and the Intel OpenVino computer vision toolkit; a 4 MPixel 1080p camera; 802.11ac WiFi; multiple USB ports; and two hours' worth of battery power. AWS DeepRacer is also a machine learning tool that works off the principles of reinforcement learning. Where supervised learning is a technique involving facts and inferences, reinforcement learning allows an agent to learn in an interactive environment via trial-and-error. The agent processes feedback from actions and learns how to achieve a predetermined goal. In this case, the AWS DeepRacer is the agent and the feedback involves crashing into things. Developers who work with the DeepRacer can take advantage of virtual training courses, however, before sending their cars careening into the real-life test environment. AWS DeepRacer comes equipped with a fully-configured cloud environment that uses the reinforcement learning feature in Amazon SageMaker and a 3D simulation environment run in AWS RoboMaker. Developers can run an autonomous driving model through simulated race tracks for virtual evaluation or download the race tracks to the AWS DeepRacer and try running the real-life version. Attendees at re:Invent (https://reinvent.awsevents.com/) 2018 were invited by Amazon Web Services to attend a reinforcement learning workshop and learn how to use the AWS DeepRacer car. Developers who want to take advantage of this autonomous driving development kit at home can order the DeepRacer online. All users of this new machine learning tool can enter the AWS DeepRacer league, compete in live racing events at AWS global summits, and participate in virtual events and tournaments. Top competitors will be invited to the AWS DeepRacer 2019 Championship Cup at the next re:Invent conference, in 2019. Artificial intelligence and 3D camera enable facial expression-controlled wheelchair Developed by Brazilian company HOOBOX Robotics (São Paulo, Brazil; www.hoo-box.com), the Wheelie motorized wheelchair kit uses artificial intelligence and a 3D camera to enable users to move the wheelchair using simple facial expressions. According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, it is estimated that there are approximately 288,000 people in the United States living with spinal cord injuries, and about 17,700 new cases each year. Additionally, a 2018 study (http://bit.ly/VSD-SPSTUDY) showed that physical mobility has the largest impact on the quality of life for people with spinal cord injuries. For people dealing with such injuries, mobility is often enabled through caregivers or through a motorized wheelchair with sensors placed on the body that require special education to operate, according to Intel (Santa Clara, CA, USA; www.intel.com), with whom HOOBOX Robotics has partnered. 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Pinheiro first developed the idea for the Wheelie a few years back when he noticed a girl in an airport who could neither move her hands nor legs and was entirely dependent on someone else to move her wheelchair. At one point, according to a press release, the girl in the wheelchair had a big smile on her face and Pinheiro was inspired to consider the idea of developing a wheelchair that lets people use facial expressions to move the wheelchair. HOOBOX Robotics' Wheelie 7 kit allows users to pick from 10 facial expressions to control their motorized wheelchair moving forward, turning and stopping. At the Consumer Electronics Show 2019, HOOBOX Robotics and Intel showcased the wheelchair kit, which detects 11 different facial expressions—including smiles, frowns, kisses—and translates them into motorized wheelchair controls. Used to detect facial expressions is an SR300 Intel RealSense 3D depth camera. The SR300 camera features a 640 x 480 monochrome infrared camera, a 1920 x 1080 color camera, and a class 1 laser-compliant, coded-light infrared projector system. To generate a depth frame, the infrared projector illuminates a scene with a set of predefined, increasing spatial frequency coded infrared vertical bar patterns. These patterns are warped by the scene, reflected back, and captured by the infrared camera. The infrared camera pixel values are then processed by the imaging ASIC to generate a depth frame, and subsequent depth frames create a video stream that is transmitted to a client system, according to Intel. Facial expressions are captured with the camera and interpreted by AI algorithms run on an Intel NUC Mini PC mounted to the chair. Interpretation of the facial expressions is done in real time using the Intel Distribution of OpenVINO toolkit and Intel processors, and is reportedly fast enough to execute a responsive motion change for both a comfortable experience and user safety. Also included in the kit is "The Gimme" gripper, a navigation sensor, Wheelie software, electrical accessories, and a camera gooseneck. "The Wheelie 7 is the first product to use facial expressions to control a wheelchair. This requires incredible precision and accuracy, and it would not be possible without Intel technology," said Pinheiro. "We are helping people regain their autonomy." Wheelie 7 reportedly takes only seven minutes to install in any motorized wheelchair available on the market. Machine vision system detects stretched chain links on moving conveyor drives The Cognex (Natick, MA; http://www.cognex.com/) In-Sight 2000 vision sensor is the heart of a new system that could automate inspection of one of the automobile manufacturing industry's most important industrial automation elements. The chain links of a conveyor belt system inevitably stretch, warp, or break after extended use and require replacement during maintenance cycles. Chain links that break prior to scheduled maintenance cycles require immediate replacement, effectively shutting down the related conveyor system until the replacement is completed. Identifying problematic chain links is historically a manual process of visual inspection and marking for replacement. By automating the process with In-Sight 2000 vision sensors, General Motors of Canada (Oshawa, ON, Canada; https://www.gm.ca/en/home.html) must no longer slow or stop production to measure chain link stretching. A red LED illuminator backlights the chain, and a proximity sensor triggers the camera as each link passes into the camera's field of view. Image processing software identifies the edges of the link and measures the distance between them. If the variation between nominal chain link length and the length of the link being scanned is 4% or more the link is identified as problematic by the vision system. An optional Cognex I/O module also counts how many chain links fall within each category and the number of rotations for a 1,680-foot chain. The In-Sight 2000 vision sensor from Cognex features a 1/3" CMOS image sensor available in color or monochrome versions that captures 640 x 480 images at speeds of up to 75 fps. 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Sight Explorer EasyBuilder software interface, which enables the setup of the application, and can also be configured for in-line and right-angleinstallation. In the future, the PLC will direct a downstream paint sprayer to mark problematic chain links for replacement during the next maintenance cycle, thus fully-replacing manual inspection methods. Latest DJI drone incorporates thermal imaging from FLIR DJI's (Shenzhen, China; www.dji.com) Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual Drone will feature FLIR (Wilsonville, OR, USA; www.flir.com) cameras that will bring thermal imaging, as well as visible imagery, to users such as first responders, industrial operators, and law enforcement personnel. Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual—which was on display at the Consumer Electronics Show 2019 in Las Vegas—pairs a FLIR thermal camera with a visible camera, along with FLIR's patented MSX Technology, or multispectral dynamic imaging, which the company says, "embosses high-fidelity, visible-light details onto the thermal imagery to enhance image quality and perspective." The drone is a compact, foldable quadcopter that measures, unfolded, 214 x 91 x 84 mm and weighs just 899 g. Add-on options for the drone include a spotlight, speaker, and beacon. For thermal imaging capabilities, the drone uses FLIR's Lepton camera core, which features a 160 x 120 uncooled VOx microbolometer array and is sensitive in the longwave infrared range from 8 to 14 µm. For its visual camera, the Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual features a 1/2.3", 12 MPixel CMOS image sensor that captures image sizes of up to 4056 x 3040 as well as dynamic zoom (2x optical and 2x digital zoom capability). "With the Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual, we can offer more commercial drone pilots the additional value of side-by-side thermal and visible imagery in a highly portable drone, enabling more commercial drone operations from utility inspections to emergency response," said Roger Luo, President at DJI. The Thermal by FLIR program was created to support OEMs and users interested in deploying FLIR thermal sensors and ensures that they can carry the Thermal by FLIR brand and receive additional product development and marketing support. Additional Thermal by FLIR partners include Cat Phones, Casio, and Panasonic. In addition to the examples above, FLIR notes that the drone can be used in applications such as firefighting, search and rescue, and the inspection of power lines, bridges, and cell towers. Vision-guided drones inspect wind turbines Industrial wind turbine towers can reach over 400 ft. high, making inspection of turbine blades hazardous for human operators. Thanks to machine vision and the utility of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), these risks can be eliminated completely. SkySpecs (Ann Arbor, MI, USA and Amsterdam, Netherlands; https://skyspecs.com/skyspecs-solution/) offers fully-automated drone inspections of wind turbines. According to SkySpecs, one of its drones, based on the Freefly Systems (Woodinville, WA, USA; https://freeflysystems.com/) Alta drone, can complete an inspection in 15 minutes or less, detecting the location of cracks or erosion on individual blades by scanning each blade from meters above its surface. Once activated, the drone takes off, locates the wind turbine, flies to the top of the tower, and identifies the blade locations. The drone then plans the most efficient route to complete its inspection using a combination of sensors, including LiDAR. These are not pre-programmed routines based on turbine make and model, according to SkySpecs. The company does not provide camera specs for its drones but says that a 2 mm-wide crack would be detected during the inspection. 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This article appears in the October 5, 2012 issue of Executive Intelligence Review. INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL MONITORING AEROSPACE SYSTEMS Toward Collaboration in the Defense of Mankind by Benjamin Deniston, Pavel Penev, and Jason Ross Sept. 14—Currently, mankind lives on only one planet. We are all subject to similar threats: threats that do not distinguish among nations, religions, political parties, or social classes. Irregular solar activity, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, asteroid and comet impacts—these events don't contemplate national boundaries before they strike. So why should we, when defending ourselves from them? This was the issue underlying a scientific conference, "Space and Global Security of Humanity," held in Yevpatoria, Ukraine, Sept. 3-6, 2012, bringing together scientists from mainly Russia and Ukraine, with attendees from Kazakstan, Belarus, Germany, and Canada. The only U.S. participation came from two representatives of the LaRouche Policy Institute, Benjamin Deniston and Jason Ross, who presented the leading political, economic and scientific work of Lyndon LaRouche's movement in the United States. The conference was sponsored by a number of large Russian, Ukrainian, and international organizations,[1] but centered around the activity of the International Global Monitoring Aerospace Systems organization, IGMASS. Although the IGMASS proposal has existed for a few years, this particular conference came in the context of Russia's Strategic Defense of Earth (SDE) offer from Fall 2011, a proposal for collaboration between the United States and Russia on both missile defense systems and defending the entire Earth from the threats posed by future asteroid and comet impacts.[2] Seeing this particular SDE proposal as an upgraded re-offer of his original 1983 program which became the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Lyndon LaRouche and his associates have very publicly and forcefully supported it, most recently in the 68-page LaRouche PAC report The Strategic Defense of Earth.[3] IGMASS is a proposed "system of systems," an organization that would integrate various existing, and potentially new, satellite, air, and ground-based monitoring systems from nations all around the world, to provide a unified real-time capability to monitor the planet and the surrounding regions of space for a broad range of potential threats to life on Earth. The idea of integrating and sharing the information from satellite and other observational systems is not new, with various somewhat parallel ideas moving forward at the United Nations and other associations. While IGMASS will tap into these other systems, creating a centralized system of systems, it also sets itself apart from most others by focusing on the signals appearing prior to a disaster, the precursors of both man-made and natural disasters, and using these precursors for the purpose of forecasting disasters before they strike. This crucial distinction is perhaps most evident in the forecasting of seismic events (earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity). While reductionists, fearful of the rigid structure of what is and is not accepted in academia, waste their breath (and our time) by blindly insisting that forecasting of seismic events is simply impossible, a series of presentations at this conference made clear that the science of forecasting seismic events, while not yet perfect, is moving forward, and successful forecasts have been made through a pilot project of the IGMASS system conducted by Russia over the past year. While this itself will be a revolution in the defense of mankind, IGMASS as a whole is a much broader proposal. The forecasting possibilities discussed extend from the potential damage resulting from forest fires and floods (as well as man-made industrial disasters); to the threats of incoming asteroids, meteorites, and comets; to how the Sun influences seismic activity on Earth, human health, and space weather (the radiation, electrical, and magnetic fluctuations we experience on and around the Earth caused by solar and galactic activity). In order to be successful in understanding, responding to, and forecasting these terrestrial and cosmic conditions, the idea of expanding an integrated Earth and space monitoring system becomes crucial. 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in prelude that these considerations already take us to some very profound considerations. As LaRouche discussed in his recent publication, "Next, Beyond Mars,"[4] the power of mankind to advance is directly related to recognizing the failure of our sense perceptions, and understanding the qualitatively distinct power of the human mind. An integrated system of systems, monitoring the otherwise invisible processes that influence and control the conditions on our planet, becomes a synthetic sensorium which changes the human species as a whole. The advancement of mankind is directly tied to the unique power of the human mind to create new synthetic sensory systems, expanding its domain of action. IGMASS expresses a potential to consciously integrate and expand the powers of the human mind to a degree never before realized. As the global nature of these threats illustrates—it would only take one large long-period comet to wipe out human civilization with a single impact—the continued existence of the human species depends upon casting aside our reliance upon our simply biological sense perceptions, and moving into a science-driven program to expand the power of the mind to sense and to act, all around the Earth and throughout the Solar System. As will become clear below, this means understanding the Earth as an integrated part of the Solar System, not one floating in empty space, but intimately connected through various processes which we can now come to understand for the purposes of forecasting extreme events, and, even if in a limited degree at first, begin to control. Such international collaboration in the defense of all mankind is not just a "nice" policy, but is of profound significance for the advancement of humanity as a whole. Seen from a historical vantage point, this becomes a potential coming-of-age test for humanity: Can nations come together to overcome the existential challenges posed to all mankind? At the IGMASS conference, the political and economic crises currently facing the world were not overlooked by the participants. While some aspects were touched upon anecdotally in a few presentations, Jason Ross of the LaRouche Policy Institute was the most clear in addressing this reality. Citing the immediate danger of President Obama and his backers in the British Empire taking the world to the brink of thermonuclear war, Ross made clear that this is not the desire of the majority of Americans, and that there is extremely significant opposition, led by LaRouche and top levels of the U.S. military institutions, to Obama's British policy of conflict with Russia and China in particular. The current conflict around NATO's missile defense systems in Eastern Europe, and the closely related issue of trans-Atlantic economic disintegration, can both be overcome with the types of scientific programs exemplified by IGMASS and the SDE, Ross stressed. After setting the stage, Ross followed up with a presentation of the fundamental principles of scientific progress and economic growth. As was demonstrated with the Apollo program, true science-driver programs not only generate a net profit, but produce a type of economic growth that is fundamentally transcendental in nature: growth whose value is incommensurate with the cost to achieve such growth. The new scientific and technological capabilities developed in a true science-driver program generate wealth by creating completely new capabilities within the economy, ones which simply didn't exist before. Such new platforms for the economy as a whole cannot be understood on the basis of local profit. Current arguments that these programs "cost too much money" and "cannot be afforded" are simply absurd; quite the contrary, we cannot afford not to pursue them. This view of IGMASS and planetary defense from the perspective of a science of physical economics was well received by the audience, and was followed up by the second LaRouche Policy Institute representative, Benjamin Deniston, who elaborated on what types of science-driver programs will provide the greatest benefits in both improving mankind's defense against potentially hazardous asteroids and comets, and generating economic growth. Focusing on LaRouche's concept of energy-flux density, Deniston showed that the next revolution in our ability to act in deep space will necessarily come with the developments associated with nuclear fission and fusion propulsion systems. These do not simply provide a power source, but express an entirely new stage of the economic power of mankind, a new economic platform, which will upshift the entire physical-economic capability of the human species, including the crucial issue of an expanded capability to defend against the threats of asteroids and comets. Stimulating a fair amount of side discussion about these political and economic considerations, this pair of	1.112607	0.800122	0.73208	1.601529	[ 1.181090721257417, 1.044123178357541 ]	[ 0.3166524450429335, 1.2835918789501815 ]	[ 0.5215724643225169, 0.9425884745363057 ]	[ 1.4922711535282154, 1.7107862560614577 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 297, 758, 29880, 1151, 393, 1438, 2050, 800, 2307, 2125, 502, 304, 777, 1407, 2600, 618, 2050, 800, 29889, 1094, 997, 29934, 283, 1173, 15648, 297, 670, 7786, 17745, 29892, 376, 9190, 29892, 18502, 898, 16852, 1699, 29961, 29946, 29962, 278, 3081, 310, 767, 14380, 304, 6564, 338, 4153, 4475, 304, 5936, 5281, 278, 10672, 310, 1749, 4060, 639, 1441, 29879, 29892, 322, 8004, 278, 4021, 277, 6703, 8359, 3081, 310, 278, 5199, 3458, 29889, 530, 23387, 1788, 310, 6757, 29892, 29652, 278, 6467, 27597, 10174, 393, 9949, 322, 2761, 278, 5855, 373, 1749, 15754, 29892, 7415, 263, 14710, 7492, 23530, 1974, 607, 3620, 278, 5199, 6606, 408, 263, 3353, 29889, 450, 3061, 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presentations provided an important contribution from the United States, in the midst of what was already a very high-level and provocative conference. About 35 scientists made presentations on various aspects of the IGMASS program and related activity over the three-day event. The keynote was delivered by Prof. Anatoly Perminov, former head of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), and current chairman of the International Committee on the IGMASS Project Implementation.[5] What Is IGMASS? Perminov clarified the objectives of the IGMASS program, with a strong emphasis on moving towards a global forecasting capability to provide early warning of threats. The full range of disasters monitored as part of IGMASS includes: industrial accidents, disasters, and catastrophes anomalous solar activity, space debris, asteroid and comet dangers earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activity natural fires landslides, mud flows, avalanches * floods and droughts To monitor these events themselves, and various forms of early signals which may precede some of them (precursors), many different parameters are to be continuously observed and measured (ionospheric disturbances, space debris in low-Earth orbit, vibrations in the Earth's crust, shifts of the Earth's surface, precipitation, water levels, general atmospheric conditions, cloud cover, etc.). For this purpose, numerous land-, air-, and satellite-based systems from various nations will provide the measurements of these parameters, feeding all the information into centralized data centers where it can be integrated, cross-compared, and analyzed. From there, forecasts, warnings, and response assistance can be issued to the relevant governments and institutions. Perminov went on to say that for monitoring purposes, key projects that either already exist, or are in the process of being developed, could all feed into the IGMASS system of systems. These include international, regional, and other programs consisting of satellite constellations, information-sharing centers, and other observing systems. While the full realization of an IGMASS system has yet to be achieved, Russia has pursued the concept since 2007, and in 2012 started designing and even operating limited aspects of a pilot version. The history and status of this program, as well as some initial results of the pilot project, were presented by Prof. Valery Menshikov, the chief designer of IGMASS, and vice chairman of the International Committee for the Realization of the IGMASS Project. Menshikov highlighted September 2010, when the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, the Foreign Ministry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Energy Ministry, the Economic Development Ministry, and the Finance Ministry, were all requested to "review the question of implementing the proposal to create an International Aerospace System for Global Monitoring [IGMASS], including resource procurement for the job." All ministries and institutions (with the sole exception of the Finance Ministry) gave a positive evaluation. The Russian Federal Space Agency also sent a "Plan of Top-Priority Measures in 2010-2011 for Implementation of the Proposal to Create IGMASS" to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Foreign Ministry, the Ministry of Emergencies, the Economic Development Ministry, the Ministry of Regional Development, and the Finance Ministry. Progress in Seismic Forecasting Perhaps the clearest examples of the forecasting potential of IGMASS is the ongoing study of the precursor activity that occurs before an earthquake, tsunami, or volcanic eruption. It is hoped that many lives can be saved in the future by monitoring for these precursor signals in order to give early warnings of when and where a seismic event may occur, and how large it may be. This was emphasized by Perminov in his keynote[6] and in other overview reports, and then elaborated in greater detail in four other presentations. Two of the presentations were by representatives of the Research Center for Earth Monitoring (http://eng.ntsomz.ru/), which directly receives and analyzes data from satellites which continuously monitor the Earth; it is run by the company Russian Space Systems[7] for Roscosmos. Included in its broad array of operations, the Research Center for Earth Monitoring watches for forest fire dangers, potentially dangerous asteroids and comets, and has	0.923592	2.486894	1.875925	1.174904	[ 1.1536972126774419, 0.6934862685338584 ]	[ 2.6516321150708064, 2.322156456109818 ]	[ 2.149839202619218, 1.6020111411362157 ]	[ 1.2529450888489502, 1.096862872753777 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2198, 800, 4944, 385, 4100, 11896, 515, 278, 3303, 3900, 29892, 297, 278, 29214, 310, 825, 471, 2307, 263, 1407, 1880, 29899, 5563, 322, 25725, 1230, 21362, 29889, 13, 28173, 29871, 29941, 29945, 9638, 2879, 1754, 2198, 800, 373, 5164, 21420, 310, 278, 306, 29954, 1529, 1799, 1824, 322, 4475, 6354, 975, 278, 2211, 29899, 3250, 1741, 29889, 450, 1589, 948, 866, 471, 20115, 491, 6175, 29889, 530, 14947, 29891, 20894, 262, 586, 29892, 4642, 2343, 310, 278, 10637, 14879, 14121, 29353, 313, 29934, 359, 3944, 7681, 511, 322, 1857, 28942, 310, 278, 4623, 12930, 373, 278, 306, 29954, 1529, 1799, 8010, 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started a new program to seek out seismic precursors, in an attempt to forecast earthquakes and volcanic activity. Earlier this year, an experimental program was initiated at the center, Project ES SFM (http://eng.ntsomz.ru/projects/earthquake), aiming to test real-time seismic forecasting capabilities, and attempting to achieve a targeted objective posed by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Ministry of Emergencies. Focusing on earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 or greater in the Pacific region of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kurile Islands, Sakhalin Island, and Japan, the center made three successful forecasts between May and September 2012.[8] Although it is a still-improving practice, this initial progress was highlighted by N.N. Novikova of the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring, in her presentation about Project ES SFM. Novikova discussed the three successful forecasts issued to the Council of Experts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and described the nature of Project ES SFM. This was followed by a presentation by L.N. Doda, another representative of the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring and a participant in Project ES SFM. He included an overview of the methodology used for their earthquake forecasting. What he referred to as the "seismo-tectogenic conception" utilized by the center, is based upon the interaction of a number of factors: gravitational anomalies from shifting mass, local indications from a special analysis of cloud cover, the motion of gases throughout the structure of the Earth, the interaction of the solar/interplanetary magnetic field with the Earth's magnetic field, instabilities in the Earth's rotation, the association of magnetic meridians with tectonic processes, and the effects of solar activity on the Earth ("geoeffective" phenomena) in triggering earthquakes. A number of satellite- and ground-based systems that monitor these processes are utilized by the center to produce composite maps of key conditions. Then specific criteria are used to identify what types of activity constitute a serious warning of a potential seismic event, where it may be, and how large. Doda discussed several examples of the work done at the center, focusing on specific seismic events and the analysis of the conditions leading up to these events, from the standpoint of the seismo-tectogenic conception. When they have credible indications of an oncoming seismic event, they send a letter to the Council of Experts. In addition to the practical progress in the science of earthquake forecasting, what also stood out to the authors of this article is both the recognition of solar effects on the Earth's seismic processes, and of the necessity to incorporate these effects for accurate forecasting. The Sun's activity can fluctuate wildly, at times bombarding the Earth and its magnetic field with intense bursts of material thrown off from the Sun's atmosphere and surface. Geomagnetic storms, extreme weather, and even certain human health conditions are all either known or suspected to be linked to these solar events. The implications of studies conducted at the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring over the past year provide strong evidence for linking certain earthquakes to the Sun's activity as well (this is by no means the first time this hypothesis has been introduced or tested).[9] In the seismo-tectogenic conception, the solar-earthquake relationship is mediated through the Earth's magnetic field. On the one side, recent studies at the center claim to show strong evidence that seismic activity can be triggered by geomagnetic activity[10] (which they take into account in their forecasting); while on the other side, it has been long known that solar activity can cause large-scale fluctuations in the geomagnetic field (geomagnetic storms). As discussed above, this is not the only factor to consider, but the practical necessity to include it is highly significant for understanding the integrated connection among the Earth, the Solar System, and our galaxy. Prof. Sergey Pulinets of Russian Space Systems then presented his work on the theoretical structure underlying the processes that generate earthquake precursors. Identifying this as the "Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Model" (LAIC), Pulinets detailed the relationships and mechanisms behind the various phenomena that can precede and even give forewarning of an upcoming seismic event (precursors). 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going longwave radiation, OLR), earthquake clouds, and variations in the ionosphere, all of which, Pulinets argues, can result from the emissions of radioactive radon gas from an active fault preparing to give way. The ionizing effects of this lithospheric radon emission on the atmosphere, and the subsequent interaction of the atmosphere with the ionosphere, generates this detectable array of precursor signals, which can be used to forecast a seismic event. These three presentations, along with two earlier ones on satellite- and ground-based methods for monitoring the conditions of the ionosphere linked with seismic activity, rounded off the discussion of seismic forecasting. The objective discussed by Perminov and others, is to develop this capability and incorporate it as a key component of IGMASS, creating a new line of defense from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Planetary Defense Another major component of planetary defense discussed at the conference was the early detection and defense against potentially hazardous asteroids and comets. Impacts have occurred throughout the history of the Earth, and the inevitability of future asteroid or comet impacts with the Earth has become an area of growing concern within scientific and defense circles internationally. An impact will happen at some point in the future (we just don't yet know when), and we do have the technology to defend the entire Earth from this threat—but only if we take the appropriate measures to, first, discover and track all the objects that could pose a threat, and, second, have a defense plan ready in the event we need to deflect one of these objects. Russia's own experience of the 1908 Tunguska event has instilled a keen interest in this subject within the country's scientific community. This subject was taken up on the second day of the conference by Sabit S. Saitgarayev, a representative of one of Russia's key missile and rocket centers, the Academician V.P. Makeyev State Rocket Center. Saitgarayev's presentation, "Proximity Echelon for Protection of the Earth Against Hazardous Space Objects as the First Stage of the System Development," opened with a summary of key background information on the range of asteroid and comet sizes, and how frequent and energetic impacts are for differently sized objects (impacts from larger objects are less frequent, but more damaging, while smaller objects hit the Earth more often, but are also less energetic). He then discussed early detection, saying that we must focus on the entire region between the orbit of Venus and the orbit of Mars, in attempting to identify the objects long before they may hit the Earth. Saitgarayev concluded with a review of various methods that can be used to ensure that an incoming object does not impact the Earth, noting that his Center could produce the rocket system needed for such a mission. While Saitgarayev's discussion remained within the realm of chemical rockets, another presenter provided a more forward-reaching option: the development of nuclear rockets. Anatoly S. Koroteyev of the Keldysh Research Center (a major unit of Roscosmos)[11] focused on "problems of space propulsion," emphasizing the need to develop nuclear systems in space. Summarizing the history of nuclear rockets, Koroteyev included a note about their possible applications for defense against asteroids and comets. The power density available with nuclear power allows for propulsion systems that can provide significantly more in-flight acceleration/deceleration (whereas chemical propulsion systems are limited to ballistic trajectories), improving the capability to alter the orbits of dangerous objects which may be on a collision course with Earth. Koroteyev noted that even the basic electricity requirements of satellite systems have been increasing logarithmically throughout the space age, and the limit of what chemical and solar power can provide is being reached, further making the case for nuclear. He ended with a brief overview the Russian government's perspective to develop new nuclear power systems in space, in which they plan on completing a new nuclear rocket by 2017. With these presentations focusing on the power and propulsion side, other presentations looked at examining man's observational capability in space. Specific proposals to expand our observational capability came from M.S. Chubey of the Pulkovo Observatory, near St. Petersburg. 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copes in orbit around the Sun, one that is always trailing behind the Earth, and another that is always ahead (these are referred to as the Lagrange points 4 and 5, or "L4" and "L5"). The significant distance between L4 and L5 would provide a stereoscopic view of our Solar System and beyond, increasing our ability to judge distances (among other benefits), and improving our capability to see asteroids and comets, calculate their distance, and determine whether they are going to hit the Earth. The distances to nearby stars could also be directly calculated by measuring the parallax between the two different observatories. Toward a Global Revolution The IGMASS conference demonstrated that there is progress being made in programs that can transform mankind's ability to defend itself from a wide array of threats. While some of this work is truly revolutionary, there are certain global realities that must be introduced here. What became clear throughout the conference is not only the importance of a framework like IGMASS to forecast and respond to potential catastrophes on an international basis, but also the need for a larger political shift in order to achieve its full realization. Two points stood out: First, underlying the three-day event was the reality of the collapsing global economic system, and the lack of financial, physical, and human resources required to actually achieve these absolutely necessary programs. Second, the success of a system like IGMASS will only be fully realized through the integration of the scientific capabilities of all leading nations, something that will require the involvement of the United States. The capabilities of NASA, NOAA, and the U.S. military provide an in-depth capacity that could be integrated with Russia, China, and other nations to provide all mankind with the greatest possible defense from the threats discussed here. However, the current orientation of the United States toward Russia and China is a dangerously adversarial one. For both these reasons, the political-strategic framework initially proposed by LaRouche as the SDI of the 1980s—and the recent re-offer by Russia in the form of the SDE—becomes crucial. Without the global economic reforms being proposed by LaRouche,[12] and the strategic shift to top-down, science-driven cooperation among the United States, Russia, and China, the aims underlying the intention of IGMASS could never be fully realized. To properly understand this challenge, we are forced to take a larger historical view of mankind's existence on Earth, and within the Solar System. What was referred to in the opening as a necessary coming-of-age of mankind, is the fundamental imperative underlying the scientific/technological challenges, but also the political, social, and cultural challenges now faced. Can nations with different histories, different cultures, and different political structures unite in advanced scientific collaboration to overcome the challenges that face all mankind? Can leading nations overthrow the still-existing reigns of a millennia-old oligarchical system, currently centered in the global British Empire? There is a basis for conquering these challenges, but it is only found in a scientific conception of the power that mankind actually expresses in the universe, as a uniquely creative species, and the future that mankind must act to create to ensure progress, defense, and development. That is true planetary defense. The issue becomes nothing less than man's self-realization of his role in the universe. As LaRouche continues to develop in his writings, the fundamental block that still holds people back from achieving this, is their false belief in their own sense perceptions. Human biology does not provide an "honest" representation of mankind's interaction with the universe. Sense perceptions are merely shadows. It is only through the higher capability of the human mind—something strictly not biological—that man can fulfill his active role of always continuing to create completely new and higher forms of action within the universe. This is illustrated clearly by the concept of the IGMASS system, with the integration and expansion of multiple arrays of artificial sensory systems. Created by the unique powers of the human mind, these systems become integrated into the noetically extended artificial sensorium of man, increasing the power of the human species to understand and change the universe—an imperative for mankind at the present time of crisis. [1] The State Space Agency of Ukraine, the Space Research Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and National Space Agency of Ukraine, the International Academy of Astronautics, the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics, the International Znanie (Know	1.276968	1.269267	1.343315	1.435041	[ 1.3564091761692583, 1.1975268264054022 ]	[ 1.7061802241392752, 0.8323534764601325 ]	[ 1.6730258898469752, 1.013603223247065 ]	[ 1.481865672455204, 1.3882163427981 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 9708, 267, 297, 16980, 2820, 278, 8991, 29892, 697, 393, 338, 2337, 25053, 5742, 278, 11563, 29892, 322, 1790, 393, 338, 2337, 14432, 313, 386, 968, 526, 12992, 304, 408, 278, 16952, 3881, 3291, 29871, 29946, 322, 29871, 29945, 29892, 470, 376, 29931, 29946, 29908, 322, 376, 29931, 29945, 2564, 13, 1576, 7282, 5418, 1546, 365, 29946, 322, 365, 29945, 723, 3867, 263, 269, 12358, 359, 9708, 293, 1776, 310, 1749, 4956, 279, 2184, 322, 8724, 29892, 10231, 1749, 11509, 304, 16833, 24610, 313, 314, 549, 916, 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Vulture Conservation Foundation LIFE Projects European Vulture Conference Der Falke The VCF at the CoP13 of the Convention for Migratory Species Vultures, vultures, vultures! The 2,500 participants in the biggest ever Conference of the Parties of the CMS (held in Gandhinagar, India, between the 15 and the 22 February) have certainly heard about vultures. Vultures were the focus of at least 4 side events and were talked about by the representatives from 82 governments (signatories to the Convention), 50 representatives from United Nations Agency, 70 other representatives of international NGOs and over 100 members of both national and international media. The VCF and Vulture MsAP at CMS COP13 The Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF) was invited to take part in the CoP13 as one of the key players in the development, coordination and implementation of the Vulture Multi-species Action Plan, the global blueprint for Old World vulture conservation, that had precisely been endorsed by the CMS at the previous CoP (in October 2017). Two and a half years into the process, we helped launch the implementation plan for this document, that assesses progress so far, and kept engaging with all the stakeholders to keep vultures high in the agenda. Key vulture related messages from the side events and the floor The Vulture MsAP is being successfully implemented and is producing good results – vultures in Europe are increasing and improving their status, and in Africa and Asia, where actions have been implemented, we are starting to see some positive outcomes. Poison is the biggest threat to vultures and scavengers worldwide – usually driven by human-wildlife conflict associated with hunting or livestock breeders. In Africa, there is also the sentinel poisoning (where poachers kill vultures to prevent them from working as sentinels for enforcement agencies) and some direct poisoning of vultures for belief-based uses. Poisoning of vultures and other wildlife is an environmental crime and should be treated as such – thus engagement of the governmental authorities is a must. In Europe and elsewhere, where authorities are engaging, you can make good progress in terms of identification, forensic investigation, and even prosecution of these crimes. Illegal poisoning does not affect only vultures – as it was evident in the CoP, cranes, bustards, Anatidae, etc. are often poisoned, purposely or accidentally, often using the same substances. Horizontal working with these groups and also with carnivore conservation stakeholders is a must. Experience in the reduction of mortality of vultures in Europe following ingestion of poison baits used to kill predators was recognised as a valuable model for application to migratory birds in Asia. Overall, the next steps highlighted were what the VCF uses and promotes in all our projects: monitoring and research to identify high risk areas, document mortality and establish a shared database; identify commonly-used poisons; collaborate with toxicologists; work with decision makers on policy and enforcement; train first responders to collect and handle samples, volunteers to rescue birds, local enforcement officers to identify species, and laboratories to test samples; assess motivations and socio-economic aspects of poisoning; and highlight human health aspects to government agencies and other stakeholders. In South Asia, the veterinary drug diclofenac, that has wiped out populations there, continues to be a threat, and the CMS has urged parties to conduct safety testing of existing veterinary NSAID molecules and withdraw licensing of vulture-toxic NSAIDs (including diclofenac) for veterinary use or implement adequate risk assessment with particular reference to known threats to vultures and Aquila eagles, as well as to ensure safety testing of new veterinary NSAIDs on these groups of birds as part of protocol before they are licensed, and to contribute to identification and promotion of safe alternative drugs. A new task force on lead poisoning - highly relevant for the vultures and the VCF work, has been created, and will hopefully help progress and push forward the gradual elimination of lead from hunting ammunition. 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What is the "Confessions of a Dying Mind" all about? ''Confessions of A Dying Mind' is the title of my novel. It is arguably the first philosophical novel to be written on the subject of God. I am hoping that more and more people will be exposed to it, even those who don't have the philosophical background. The book deals with the most pressing modern-day questions, centered on this: whether modern science has done away with God. There are various themes. The major plotline being followed is that whether one decides to believe in God or not, the evidence is not in favor of either. It all boils down to faith. I am trying to show, therefore, that just as religion is based on faith, so is atheism too. And that atheism has nothing to do with evidence or science. What stories does 'Confessions' tell? Confessions presents arguments against atheism that are found nowhere else, and it does this by using the theories and findings of atheists themselves. Case in point, the philosophy of the acclaimed philosopher WV Quine. All these are dealt in the near-death experience of the protagonist, Albert Dyers. As for the experience itself, are Dyers' experiences with the angel, real? Or are they delusions caused by his accident? Can reality as it is, be really known to us? Is modern science against religion and faith? Is atheism based on evidence? I have explored these all-important questions by telling various stories woven into the plotline of the novel itself. In doing so, the exploration delves into the nature of science, religion, evidence, even love – including visits to other worlds, to past events, to surreal places, and so on. And it accomplishes all these without using complex or unnecessary jargon, so that the educated lay reader without philosophy background will be able to understand them. What is closer to your heartPhilosophy or Bureaucracy? Entering the IAS was never my dream, but that I became one due to my father's pressuring. It was always my dream to be a philosopher, due to an inborn talent at philosophic speculation that was richly cultivated during my college years in St. Stephen's. But I never looked back, and never regret becoming an IAS officer. I often recall how my knowledge of the Indian Administrative Service was most limited and misleading; but that when I actually work as an IAS officer, in learning that the amount of good an officer can do can be quite critical, I realize how great the service is. Philosophy has a lot of abstract applications. It helps you to look at things in a more holistic way, which is essential even for the IAS. You start to look at things from different angles. You have served as the executive magistrate of Mount Abu, the municipal commissioner of Ajmer City, the OSD to the State Finance Commission, Rajasthan, and currently the Secretary of Jaipur Development Authority, So how do you find the time to write all these? Like everyone else, every IAS officer develops hobbies, to alleviate the tensions of work and pressures of life. Some choose to play golf or badminton, others learn music or swimming, and still others entertain themselves in various other ways. My hobby is to read and write. I may state further that philosophy comes naturally to me. I am involved with it right from class XI. I took the subject in my college as a result. After coming to service, it is easy to philosophise about anything including infrastructure, government, religion or anything. So in a sense, it has become my second nature. Writing it down, therefore, is only natural. Have you inculcated any special practices to improve your writing? I read a lot about philosophy. The format of the novel is inspired by Jostein Gaarder book called Sophie's World: A Novel about the History of Philosophy (1991). This book is about philosophy, but written as a novel. My other inspiration is German philosopher Immanuel Kant, from whom I derive much of the book's thesis; and other is Karl Popper, who is a great philosopher of science again. I must mention at this point that I was an atheist for a couple of years during my college years, but after reading Immanuel Kant, I returned to have belief in God. How do you use this inspiration in your administrative work? Philosophy has a lot of abstract applications. 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AsiaChevron SingaporeChevron Best Bars in Singapore Right Now Our top picks for your Singapore fling. By Naren Young Courtesy Atlas I first came to Singapore about a decade ago when there was no "cocktail scene" to speak of. There was the iconic yet rather sad Long Bar at the Raffles Hotel, where peanut shells were strewn across the floor. A relentless wave of tourists willingly parted with obscene sums of cash for the bar's signature cocktail, the Singapore Sling, which was at the time poured directly from a soda gun. Times have changed and while the hotel is currently undergoing a huge refurbishment that should be completed by August 2018, there's no shortage of world-class bars in Singapore now that are making some serious noise globally. Singapore currently has three bars on the annual World's 50 Best Bars list compiled by Drinks International, considered by many to be the most coveted bar awards in the world. As someone who travels most of the year solely to drink in bars, I can vouch for the fact that this city-state is now being closely watched by the world's cocktail elite. Here, a guide to the best bars in Singapore right now—and what to order when you're there. I'm not even sure where to begin with Atlas. Occupying the ground floor of Art Deco-stunner Parkview Square, this grandiose and opulent room boasts a 25-foot-high back bar that houses the world's largest collection of gin, numbering just over 1,000 at last count and growing. Sitting idle for the last decade, the owner, local business tycoon Vicky Hwang, brought in the white-hot beverage consultants Proof & Co (also responsible for Manhattan Bar and 28 Hong Kong Street) to turn it into a serious bar that could hold its own with any of the major cocktail scenes found in cities like London or New York. They've done a remarkable job (you can do that when money is essentially no object), focusing on classic gin and juniper-based cocktails. Try one of their vintage Martini offerings, such as a Plymouth gin from the 1910s stirred with a measure of dusty Noilly Prat from a bygone era. That exercise, however, will cost you almost $200. Or start with a flute of France's finest, of which they can boast one of the best by-the-glass selections I've seen in a while. Either way, you won't be leaving here in a hurry. Insider tip: Ask for their Imperial Fizz Nouveau, made in a hand-cranked Imperial Shaker machine, recreated from a 19th-century design. Tippling Club Back on that first visit in 2008, the Tippling Club (in its original location) was the one and only bar when it came to making serious cocktails. While there's more competition today, British bar manager Joe Schofield's high-concept drinks keep up with chef/owner Ryan Clift's avant-garde, molecular menu. Schofield's latest drink lineup focuses on aroma and is presented on a series of perfume strips, highlighting the nuances in, say, forest, rain, or campfire in liquid form. Start with his thought-provoking, multi-sensory Martini where four different aroma "paints" are carefully applied around the lip of the glass, highlighting olive, lemon, grapefruit, and orange. Or order the highly Instagrammable "sonic" Negroni, made in a scientific contraption that uses sonic waves to age the cocktail nearly instantly. It is then garnished with an orange wedge filled with Negroni jello. Insider tip: They have one of the best value lunch deals in town. For about $40 you get three courses plus snacks, pre-desserts, and petit fours. Clear your schedule and settle in for an afternoon. The Tippling Club's campfire cocktail, with marshmallow milk, burnt syrup, ash, and gin. 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28 Hong Kong Street. And with good reason. Now seven years in, the bar is still rocking. Behind an unmarked door, this joint is hardly a secret anymore. Inside, the vibe is upbeat and lively, thanks to a young and mostly local generation of barkeeps who bring a contagious energy to the room and keep the crowd of affluent clientele entertained and satiated in a timely manner. You'll probably nod along approvingly to the Crooklyn Clan or Grand Puba as you sip a pitch-perfect Sherry Cobbler or Vieux Carré cocktail. It's certainly a far cry from the hushed tones of most modern faux-speakeasies and should be high on your 'must-do' list in Singapore, drinks or otherwise. Insider tip: 28 Hong Kong Street has killer bar snacks, what it calls "gussied up American comfort food." Get the truffled mac & cheese. You're welcome. Of all the recognizable five-star hotel brands, I've stumbled into some very good bars housed inside Four Seasons hotels. At the very pinnacle of all of these, arguably worldwide, is the Manhattan Bar, on the second floor of the Regent Singapore and recently crowned the best bar in Asia by Drinks International. With their acute attention to detail, like hand-stamped clear ice cubes in their house Old Fashioned, it flies in the face of what we've come to expect in many homogenized hotel bars: stuffy, boring, and with below average, clichéd drinks. German bar manager Philip Bischoff, on the other hand, has trained and mentored a crack team of young bartenders who put out perfect drinks from a long and diverse list of cocktails, whose inspirations go as far back as the 16th century. Ask for a tour of the barrel room where they age a small country's GDP-worth of classic cocktails and where you'll find something like a La Louisiane or El Presidente mellowing out over time. Welcome to a new age of hotel bars. Insider tip: Come for their adults-only Sunday brunch and experience the tableside Bloody Mary trolley. The Roelofs, topped with a stick of granola, apricot, smoked almond, mandarin, yogurt whey, and pistachio, at Operation Dagger Operation Dagger Behind an unmarked door (sound familiar?) just off busy Ann Siang Road, the simplicity of this room, finished in grey polished concrete with rounded edges, belies the complexity of what's in each glass. Taking a seat at the minimalist bar, you're presented with a small amuse bouche to begin your omakase-style cocktail experience. On my visit, it was a cup of intriguing and refreshing cucumber skin genmaicha tea that set the mood nicely. It's a relaxing way to start, at least until the hip hop tunes kick in. Australian owner Luke Whearty, known endearingly as "the Wookie," has concocted a small, beautifully curated menu that might include something like "Avo + Toast," no doubt inspired by that most antipodean of breakfast dishes or the "Corn + Oil," his own loose interpretation (at least in name) of the rarely seen Bajan classic to which he adds chili, smoked agave, hazelnut, lime oil, and charred corn. Everyone is left guessing as to what any of the base spirits are in each drink as they're not listed, but he makes many of his own anyway and it doesn't take away from the experience. Which, by the way, is stellar. Insider tip: They serve light food here but you can also fill up beforehand on many of the delights at the nearby Maxwell Food Centre, home to dozens of diverse (and cheap) hawker stands. D. Bespoke Through a shop frontage of, you guessed it, bespoke shoes and other leather goods, this speakeasy is all about hushed reverence and perfectly curated cocktails. 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J.R.R. TOLKIEN & HIS WORKS COLLECTING TOLKIEN BOOKS TOLKIEN BOOK SHOP Complete list of works by J.R.R. Tolkien Books written by J.R.R. Tolkien Books edited, translated, or with contributions by J.R.R. Tolkien Books with Published Letters by J.R.R. Tolkien Books with Tolkien Art and Tolkien inspired art Miscellanea, Tolkien Calendars, Games, Puzzles, Prints, ... Books about J.R.R. Tolkien Translations of Tolkien's work A middle English Vocabulary Beowulf: The Monsters and The Critics Farmer Giles of Ham The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Tree and Leaf The Tolkien Reader Smith of Wootton Major Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham Bilbo's Last Song Farmer Giles of Ham [and] The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major [and] The Homecoming of Beornoth Beorthhelm's Son The Father Christmas Letters Unfinished Tales Mr.Bliss The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays Smith of Wootton Major and Leaf by Niggle The History of Middle-Earth Roverandom Oliphaunt Books by J.R.R.Tolkien - The Tolkien Reader An invitation to Tolkien's world. This rich treasury includes Tolkien's most beloved short fiction plus his essay on fantasy. Farmer Giles of Ham: An imaginative history of the distant and marvelous past that introduces the rather unheroic Farmer Giles, whose efforts to capture a somewhat untrustworthy dragon will delight readers everywhere. THE ADVENTURES OF TOM BOMBADIL: A collection of verse in praise of Tom Bombadil, that staunch friend of the Hobbits in The Lord of the Rings. ON FAIRY-STORIES: Professor Tolkien's now-famous essy on the form of the fairy story and the treatment of fantasy.'. Originally published by George Allen and Unwin in 1964. It was published on the same day as the Unwin Books paperback edition. Later that year reprinted, but this reprint is not recorded in later impressions. A third impression was again called second impression in 1966 and the true 2nd impression issued in 1964 had been omitted. There were in total 7 more impressions in this format, namely a 3th impression in 1968, a 4th impression in 1970, a 5th impression in 1971, a 6th impression in 1972, a 7th impression in 1972, an 8th impression in 1973 and a 9th impression in 1974. In 1975 the first edition ended with a reset 10th impression in 1975 changing the appearance of the book. This state was reprinted twice. The Unwin Books paperback edition also saw some reprints, a 2nd impression in 1966, a 3th impression in1968 and a 4th impression in 1970. After change of cover there followed a 5th impression in 1971, a 6th impression in 1972, a 7th impression in 1972, an 8th impression in 1973, a 9th impression in 1974 and a 10th impression in 1975. The 2nd Edition (including the poem Mythopoeia) was printed in 1988 as a hardback by Unwin Hyman and as a paperback by Unwin Paperbacks. Another similar paperback similar to this one was release by Grafton Paperbacks in 1992. Being reprinted at least one time by them. Then it took until 2001 for another paperback edition, this time by Haper Collins paperbacks. 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Schedules & Programs RMPBS Podcasts Downloadable Schedule (e-promo) In Short: Student Films 24/7 PBS KIDS Live Stream Membership/Support RMPBS Passport Underwriting and Sponsorship Stocks & Securities Memorial & Tribute Gifts About Rocky Mountain PBS About RMPBS News About KUVO/KVJZ Program Submissions CPB & FCC Compliance Losing Ground: the Cliff Effect Race in Colorado Rocky Mountain PBS News Great story begins for female football player at Adams State Last Updated by Lori Jane Gliha on Becca Longo, 18, plans to bring beach sand with her to Adams State University this summer, when she starts practicing with the men's football team. The newly recruited kicker, believed to be the first woman to accept an NCAA scholarship and sign a National Letter of Intent for football, grew up under the sun in California and Arizona and isn't looking forward to the frigid temperatures that settle in the San Luis Valley during football season. "It's cooold!" she laughed. Despite the chilly fall climate, Longo said she is excited about her future and hopeful she'll win the role of starting kicker when she competes against other recruits. "If there is any pressure, I love it," she said. "I love pressure. I thrive in it. I'm that person that if we're on fourth down and coach is thinking about going for it, I'm jumping on the sidelines hoping he's putting me in." Longo first learned girls could play football on a boys' team when she was a child. She admired another girl on her brother's high school team, Heidi Garrett, who once kicked a 48-yard field goal during a game. According to the most recent statistics collected by the National Federation of State High School Associations, 1,964 girls participated in 11-player high school football during the 2015-2016 school year. In the late 1990s, Colorado's Katie Hnida played high school football and became a walk-on kicker at the University of Colorado at Boulder. She later was the first woman to score points in a Division I football game at the University of New Mexico. There have been several other women who played football in college, according to the NCAA. Since 2011, there has been one female student-athlete at a Division I school and eight at Division III schools, according to Meghan Durham, a spokeswoman. The data may not be perfect, according to Durham, who said there were no females reported at Division II schools in that span. Since learning she may be the first woman in history to win a football scholarship at a Division II school, Longo has fielded dozens of phone calls from media outlets from around the country. She has appeared on CNN, Good Morning America, and ESPN. "To be getting this kind of attention, I feel like I am having my story heard. I'm letting people know that you can do anything that you put your mind to," said Longo, who also received a basketball scholarship to play on the women's team at Adams State. University officials who are familiar with Adams State's slogan, Great Stories Begin Here, are relishing the attention too. "There's an opportunity for her to have a great story," said Larry Mortensen, the school's athletic director. "It's already happened!" Mortensen, who said he never realized adding Longo to the football roster would be groundbreaking, described the newfound media interest as overwhelming but positive. "It'll probably put a few more butts in the seats when it comes to football, which is good," he said. Timm Rosenbach, the Adams State head football coach, said Longo first caught his eye when she followed him on Twitter. Eventually, he scanned through a series of kicking videos she posted of herself online. She scored thirty-six points during her senior year at Basha High School in Chandler, Ariz. "She put herself out there," he said. "You know if somebody does that, that's kind of saying something about them as a person – if they're determined to do something." Rosenbach, a former NFL quarterback who has two young daughters, said he did not consider Longo's gender and	0.118223	0.671197	0.650921	-0.832704	[ -0.3967753729491549, 0.633220549657913 ]	[ -0.012823213918054736, 1.3552170222025703 ]	[ 0.39983289510407205, 0.9020086181301573 ]	[ -1.280789552429359, -0.3846174950162405 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1102, 287, 2540, 669, 7835, 29879, 13, 29934, 3580, 9851, 8594, 4384, 29879, 13, 22954, 519, 1102, 11272, 313, 29872, 29899, 14032, 29877, 29897, 13, 797, 13899, 29901, 15740, 21470, 13, 29906, 29946, 29914, 29955, 349, 9851, 476, 1367, 29903, 10782, 13763, 13, 29924, 1590, 10475, 29914, 14039, 13, 29934, 3580, 9851, 6978, 637, 13, 29177, 16554, 322, 1706, 787, 272, 3527, 13, 20754, 4684, 669, 5356, 332, 1907, 13, 11442, 9020, 669, 323, 2666, 402, 17741, 13, 28173, 8027, 29891, 18204, 349, 9851, 13, 28173, 390, 3580, 9851, 10130, 13, 28173, 476, 29965, 24898, 29914, 29968, 29963, 29967, 29999, 13, 9283, 3323, 29885, 6847, 13, 6271, 29933, 669, 383, 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A Full Circle Moment (Part Deux) Last month I had the opportunity to sit down, surrounded by some magical women who I am lucky enough to work with, and across from a senior White House official and senior White House advisor, to talk about the issues that motivated me to start All Places in the first place: capital equity, women fund managers, and female entrepreneurship. Here's what happened. In the early evening of July 20, I walked into Kimika restaurant in Nolita, where we'd chosen to host the dinner. Trying to find a restaurant with a beautiful and available private room with less than a week's notice had been a challenge, but with the help of some amazing White House staff (thank you, Hazel and Dhruv) and a bit of luck, this is where we landed. As it turned out, it was perfect. After taking a look around and talking to the woman who was going to be taking care of us that night, I settled into one of the wicker chairs in the corner of the room. I'm sure I looked crazy, fully decked out in an ALC jumpsuit I'd bought a year before but hadn't yet had the opportunity to wear, sitting there just staring at the table. But I'd arrived early because I needed at least a few minutes to soak it all in. It's easy to launch into an evening like this and get so caught up in everything that you're never fully there to experience any of it. So here I was, in it. I ordered some icy cold Pellegrino (it's been a hot summer here in NYC!) and a bottle of sparkling rosé, poured myself a glass, and sipped it slowly as I walked around the room. Soon people started to arrive. Our clients came first. When I'd agreed to host the dinner in NYC and was invited to bring a small group of women, I had no idea what kind of attendee list I could cobble together on such short notice. As it turns out (and, in retrospect, not surprisingly), this was a pretty hot ticket. Then came the "advance" team, checking in to make sure everything was in order, and Carrie Lee, senior advisor to the Department of Commerce. Then, finally (but remarkably on time), came Don Graves, the Deputy Secretary of Commerce for the United States. Chills. He was accompanied by Lauren Kerner, his "body" person. My mind immediately went to Veep's Gary Walsh, but there was no Leviathan and I didn't at any point in the evening hear her ask the Deputy Secretary if he needed a nice almond croissant. What followed was magical. It's one thing to get asked to spend the evening with someone from the White House to talk about a topic near and dear. That is one thing and that thing is amazing. As it turns out, it's a whole other thing when that person from the White House is in fact deeply committed to, and educated on, that topic. This dinner was not a casual gab session, or capital equity "lite," or a roundtable of moaning. It was a genuine discussion about the importance of capital equality for all Americans, where we are, why we are where we are, and what the federal government can do to affect the status quo. This was a conversation amongst people who were already experts. I was blown away but not at all surprised by the level of discourse. Each woman at that dinner brought very specific and succinct suggestions about what needed to change. And they weren't blah blah talking point suggestions, they were concrete recommendations. They were concrete because they were each speaking from their own experience as business owners. At the same time, it was clear from the knowing looks exchanged between Ms. Lee and the Deputy Secretary that they were not considering these topics for the first time. This wasn't a first draft meeting. This was a "we already have a very detailed and well-researched outline and we just want to fully level up before we make anything final" meeting. They weren't looking for us to do the work for them (how refreshing to those of us who have been responsible for managing corporate diversity efforts and employee resource groups for free)--they had already done the work. They just wanted to make sure they weren't missing anything. We were also educated by them on some of the resources the Department of Commerce already has on offer. Seriously, check out their website. 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Welcome to the best bitcoin trading guide on the internet. We have a complete table of contents below that you can use to navigate the rich content available to help you learn the ins and outs of trading bitcoin futures. Note that sites sometimes use slightly different systems, and where it is relevant it will be noted in this guide. If you are looking for specific exchange walkthroughs, see the menu on the left to for BitMEX, CryptoFacilities, Bitfinex, and WhaleClub. There you can find full screenshot and step by step explanations of the key features specific to each place. Here you will learn more broad concepts regarding daytrading bitcoin and futures in general. Even if you are not an active trader, there's a lot to learn about markets and how they're structured in this guide. Some of the early sections may be a little too easy for those of you who already are traders, so just navigate through to the part that is most relevant to you if you want to hit a more advanced topic in the guide. Note: This guide will NOT teach you strategies for how to analyze price to figure out how to profit. It is a technical guide of how to trade bitcoin futures and understand what you are trading. You can't profit until you know how to actually execute and make the money! The most important feature of futures is that you never have to sell bitcoin ever again. Seriously. Why would you sell into fiat when you are concerned about a possible price drop? If you want to short bitcoin, then with futures you can simply "sell" or "short" the derivatives contracts and earn more bitcoin when the price drops -- so that your fiat value is the same or more if you use leverage. Of course you can also buy the contracts and multiply your bitcoin when the bitcoin price goes up! But think for a moment how important this tool is: earn more bitcoin when the bitcoin price drops, and you effectively do NOT have to sell to fiat anymore. And with the power of margin leverage, you don't have to risk too much Bitcoin to take meaningful directional positions. If the price drops to $500, you earn 11.73 BTC on the position and have 20.06 BTC left, which at $500 per BTC is worth $10,000! This is a simple example just to show you, even if you're a small bitcoin holder, bitcoin futures are a valuable risk management tool. You could have performed this "hedge" at 50x leverage by putting down just 8.33/50= 0.17 BTC worth of margin! First you need to learn what futures are and the absolute basics. Futures in general are counterparty contracts. This means that the contract value comes into existence when two people agreeing to enter into it. The exchange is not your counterparty, the contracts are created when new limit orders in the orderbook are filled. Futures contracts derive their value from an asset and more or less follow the movements of the underlying commodity, in our case: bitcoin. They ultimately settle at price of the commodity in the future on a particular exchange, or an index that represents a basket of prices at different exchanges. So if you have a weekly future's contract and you don't want to sell out of it on the market, then it will expire at the price at a specific time when Friday comes and if you want to maintain your position you must re-open on the new contract period. In the weekly example, if a contract is issued at April 14, 2017, it dies on April 21, 2017. If you buy the contract at a price of $1,100 and you don't sell it for the whole week, and the price ends on April 21 at $1,200, then you profit. When you hear "margin", you may be thinking that you are borrowing money to trade bitcoin futures. This is not quite true. A key feature of these futures contracts is that the leverage comes from counterparties providing it to one another, not from the exchange lending funds and not from any bitcoin being lent from third parties. The contracts are simply like stocks with a market price, which represents the agreements between traders to take the opposing sides of where price of bitcoin will go, so no actual bitcoins are being exchanged per se	0.081327	0.449159	0.645848	0.371081	[ 0.2716262364022402, -0.10897232343079037 ]	[ 0.36679004531960563, 0.5315278748000998 ]	[ 0.9831683309424539, 0.30852821819023835 ]	[ 0.2123969815477964, 0.5297641542746483 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 21829, 304, 278, 1900, 2586, 1111, 262, 3534, 292, 10754, 373, 278, 8986, 29889, 1334, 505, 263, 4866, 1591, 310, 8118, 2400, 393, 366, 508, 671, 304, 23624, 278, 8261, 2793, 3625, 304, 1371, 366, 5110, 278, 1663, 322, 714, 29879, 310, 3534, 292, 2586, 1111, 262, 3105, 1973, 29889, 3940, 393, 11840, 6041, 671, 10029, 1422, 6757, 29892, 322, 988, 372, 338, 8018, 372, 674, 367, 11682, 297, 445, 10754, 29889, 13, 3644, 366, 526, 3063, 363, 2702, 14523, 6686, 20678, 29879, 29892, 1074, 278, 6143, 373, 278, 2175, 304, 363, 18531, 2303, 29990, 29892, 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, however the profit and loss between counterparties is very real! Exchanges simply take a fee to facilitate the orderbook where its clients (the counterparties) create and trade futures contract with each other. They also have to manage the system's risk so that traders don't get overleveraged or manipulate the market. Since counterparties are only putting margin down that is a % of the contract value, the exchange also has to handle liquidation procedures in case the value of the margin is exceeded by the loss on the notional market value of the contract. For instance, BitMEX offers 100x leverage, so if you want to enter a $10,000 position you need to put down $100 worth of bitcoin. If the price moves just 0.5% against your favor, BitMEX will take over your position and execute it into the market, so that the person on the other side of the contract can have someone else who pays for the profit. In the event that the liquidation doesn't get passed off to another trader, an Auto-Deleveraging/Termination can occur, or Socialize Loss in the contract builds (we will discuss these issues in more detail later). Here's some key terms to highlight the anatomy of a futures contract in bitcoin, using slight differences between BitMEX's and CryptoFacilities' systems. Remember that each futures exchange is different and make sure to visit the Exchange Walkthroughs to understand the exact nuances of how the contracts are priced. Expiration - what Date and Time does the contract expire and settle on the Index price? Index Price - upon contract expiration, the value it settles on is this index, which is a weighted representation of the bitcoin spot price. Mark Price - this is the price that profit and loss of positions is marked to, and is used to trigger liquidations and margin calls. Notional Value - this is the BTC value of the contract. Most bitcoin futures are inverse and denominated in USD. This means a contract whose value is $100 has a different BTC value depending on the current price in the market. If the spot price of bitcoin is $1,200 then a $100 contract has a notional value of 0.0833 BTC. Initial Margin - the amount of bitcoin you have to put down in order to trade a certain amount. This determines your leverage. So if it's 20%, then you put 0.2 BTC down to trade 1BTC worth of contracts, this is 5x leverage. Liquidation Margin - this is the % of the position value you must stay above to avoid total liquidation. This is how CryptoFacilities and many other traditional exchanges divide up their risk management. This will always be a lower % than Maintenance Margin. Termination Margin - this is the % of the position value you must stay above to avoid total liquidation It will always be less than the liquidation margin %. This is greater than zero in order to compensate the contract holder who is forced out of position due to illiquidity. Margin Call - when you run out of bitcoin on your account to cover the contract positions you have taken (your account value doesn't cover the Maintance Margin) you are officially rekt. Some exchanges like CryptoFacilities will merely notify you that you have to deposit more or reduce your positions to increase your margin. Others like BitMEX will liquidate you at this level where the exchange takes over your position to liquidate it into the market to prevent system loss. If this sounds confusing to you, then don't worry. In practice, these futures contracts are just like buying and selling spot market value. Just focus on the price of the contract and whether you are LONG or SHORT. If you're long and the futures price goes up, the BTC value of the contract goes up and you have bought an asset that is increasing in value. Example: If the futures contract price is $400, then you can buy 0.5btc worth of this and if the price of bitcoin goes up to $450 the futures contract price will go up, and the value increases from 0.5 BTC and you can just sell for a profit. Trading a synthetic derivative rather than spot bitcoin allows you to use margin leverage to more easily buy and sell -- the contracts are just a facilitation of the value. Trading these futures instead of actual bitcoins	0.030906	0.96486	0.491138	0.821118	[ 0.29628039412421786, -0.23446883461280177 ]	[ 1.0543914205425375, 0.8753285624115656 ]	[ 0.7346167104547956, 0.24765843358101589 ]	[ 0.940780656658604, 0.7014545919793387 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29892, 3138, 278, 21665, 322, 6410, 1546, 6795, 1595, 583, 338, 1407, 1855, 29991, 13, 1252, 25990, 3763, 2125, 263, 27684, 304, 16089, 10388, 278, 1797, 2909, 988, 967, 13154, 313, 1552, 6795, 1595, 583, 29897, 1653, 322, 11302, 3105, 1973, 8078, 411, 1269, 916, 29889, 2688, 884, 505, 304, 10933, 278, 1788, 29915, 29879, 12045, 577, 393, 3534, 414, 1016, 29915, 29873, 679, 975, 280, 369, 4063, 470, 26749, 278, 9999, 29889, 4001, 6795, 1595, 583, 526, 871, 10594, 5906, 1623, 393, 338, 263, 1273, 310, 278, 8078, 995, 29892, 278, 14523, 884, 756, 304, 4386, 23904, 362, 28648, 297, 1206, 278, 995, 310, 278, 5906, 338, 13461, 287, 491, 278, 6410, 373, 278, 451, 1848, 9999, 995, 310, 278, 8078, 29889, 1152, 2777, 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is smart because you are able to access higher leverage by entering contracts with counterparties, while keeping your coins safe in cold storage or elsewhere. Additionally, unlike trading margin on Kraken or Bitfinex, you do NOT have to pay interest on the leverage you have! This is the result of the counterparty structure of futures. High leverage trading, low-fees, and high profit potential. Can I sell a futures contract without actually owning it? How Does That work? Yes you can. Note that every futures contract has a LONG leg and a SHORT leg which balance each other out. Every bitcoin futures contract has two counterparties which each take one leg of the trade. This means by definition there are as many longs as shorts in the bitcoin futures markets. Even though you don't actually own the contract you can "sell" it or take the "short" side of the contract just by setting the margin down in bitcoin and completing the order. This does NOT mean that you receive instant money for selling the contract. Quite the opposite, it costs you the initial margin required in order to enter the contract. Assume there is 0 contracts open and 2 traders, and a new futures contract expiring in 7 days opens. You can "create" a contract by putting a limit sell order in the orderbook at a given price. If someone market buys that limit order, an open contract is created between you and the other trader. This is how you can go from a position of 0 to a negative exposure just by selling a contract. You may wonder: where do these contracts come from? We know on the spot market that bitcoins are being bought and sold for fiat, but how the heck are bitcoins being used to trade bitcoin futures contracts? Let's walk through a really simple example showing how an exchange functions when there's just a simple two traders who want to go long and short. Assume it is January 3, 2015. Bob and Ann both want to trade at Bitcoin Futures Exchange (BFE). BFE offers 3 different contracts: one expiring and settling on Friday January 9 ('weekly'), another expiring Friday January 16th ('biweekly'), and finally one expiring in March 27 ('quarterly'). Each contract is worth 1 bitcoin notionally. BFE has a policy that traders have to put 20% of margin down to enter a trade, so Bob and Ann deposit 0.2btc to their BFE accounts as they only want to trade 1 contract. Bob's transaction confirms first so he goes on BFE and looks at the contract selections. He wants to trade on the January 9 expiration contract. The orderbook is empty and Bob wants to go long (profit off an increase in bitcoin). Since there are no offers available, he places a limit order in the orderbook for a bid at 400 of 1 contract, using his 0.2btc as collateral for the position. Ann then goes on BFE and she wants to short on bitcoin at market price. She sees that only the January 9 contract has any orders. She could put a limit order in the orderbook if she wanted. However, she sees Bob's bid in the orderbook and decides to fill it, and uses her 0.2btc as margin to collateralize this position. She has just opened a position worth 1 bitcoin that has 5x leverage, and so has Bob. Now there is an open interest in the futures contract created. The simple act of two traders with no open interest, one making a limit order which then gets filled by the other, is what creates this position. The exchange then holds the 0.2 BTC margin of each party and the Profit and Loss (PNL) of the contract seesaws between counterparties based on market movements. If the exchange is liquid and rational, then the market price of the contract will change as the spot market moves. So if bitcoin price starts going up, futures traders will bid the price up. Traders do NOT need to wait until settlement in order to get out of position and profit from the trade. Bob or Ann can pass off their side of the future contract to someone else. So Bob, who is long, can sell the contract at a different price to Sally, who wants to hold the long side of the contract where Ann is short. 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10, then Bob can sell his contract to Sally, earning a nice 2.5% return nominally, or 12.5% (5x) return on the 0.2 BTC initial margin used. In this sense, the contracts are just like trading spot! Now let's say that both traders simply hold the January 9 contract to expiration. If price settles at 440, 10% higher, then Bob will get a 50% return on his initial margin (+0.1btc, 5x leverage enhances his 10% gain on the notional 1 bitcoin of the contract) and Ann will lose 50%. (-0.1btc). This is one of the most powerful parts of futures: higher leverage means higher returns on your trades. The leverage feature is essential for hedgers and speculators trying to get the most out of their capital when managing risk. And better yet: you don't pay daily interest or any margin fees on this leverage with bitcoin futures! You will then be able to trade futures contracts just like they are bitcoin spot. If price goes up on spot, a good futures exchange will have its contracts also going up in price, and then you can sell and get out. However, the price of the futures contract is dependent on others trading it. So if nobody else is trading it and bringing the market price of the contract along with changes in the underlying asset, then it's useless and you are forced to hold it until settlement to realize any of the profit/loss from the position. That's why liquidity and volume are essential to a quality exchange. If you enter that contract at $400 and you see bitcoin spot price jumping to $500 but nobody is trading futures so you can't sell it to them, you get screwed. Luckily at this point in 2016 there are numerous options for trading futures that are liquid and settle on short time horizons. So you can typically trade contracts and get in and out of them with decent spreads and reasonable fees. Speculating and hedging bitcoin with futures has never been easier. Spot has lower leverage which means you have to risk more of your capital with exchanges. Margin fees are very expensive on Bitfinex and Kraken when you are borrowing funds and paying up to 0.1% per day to be in a position. Futures contracts on the other hand have no holding fees associated. You pay a fee to enter the contract, and you pay a fee to exit the contract. Your profit or loss comes from the change in the price you pay. So really futures are no different than buying anything else at price X and selling it for X+1 or shorting at X and covering at X-1. If you don't want to get caught up in the technical side of how the contracts work, you can just simplify it by thinking about it as buying and selling anything else. The contracts do expire and guarantee that they close at a future price, and this characteristic makes for the useful risk management tools available. Futures price is not always equal to spot price. Most exchanges use multiple spot exchanges in an "index". Since there is a period of time between now (t=0) and when a given futures contract expires (for example t=7 days), then there's always uncertainty between the current price and what it will be 7 days from now. In pure financial theory, the value of a futures contract is based on a "no arbitrage condition" from the interest rates in each asset. We have Bitcoin and US Dollar. Bitcoin interest rates tend to be less than US Dollar interest rates, so when you want to replicate the future value of bitcoin in US dollars, you have to borrow USD at, say, 5%, and invest in Bitcoin at 1% return. This requires a premium on the futures exchange to be able to hedge that trade. You can use our Futures and Forward Fair Value calculator to compute a reasonable market value for a contract given a USD rate and BTC interest rate. However, it is important to note, that Bitcoin Futures often trade in high premium, or a discount, which reflects the market sentiment of what the future price will be. In the end, it's always the market that decides the price and value of these financial assets. 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bitcoin on spot markets, which can vary based on sentiment. But in the end, at expiration of the contract, the contract MUST settle at the price of spot. So you need to watch the main spot market price movements because the futures contracts will track the movements underlying (sometimes leading, sometimes lagging, sometimes simultaneously). There are three Chinese exchanges worth following: OKCoin, Houbi, and BTCC; there are two Western exchanges worth following: Bitfinex and Bitstamp. Other exchanges that are currently less important but still worth keeping an eye on are: ItBit, Coinbase, OKCoin USD, BTC-e, and Kraken (which has the largest BTC/EUR orderbook as of December 2015). You can use other charting sites too, to get a feel for what tools and resources are available that Bitcon traders use. Easy overview of the key features of different exchanges. Be Long & Short Same Time on Same Contract? The key to great profit is leverage. This means simply that you put down 1 bitcoin and you can trade 20 on OKCoin, or 100 bitcoin on BitMEX. The multiple refers to the initial margin you need to open the nominal position value. You simply set the margin aside as collateral, and if the position goes against you, the collateral will be used to exit your position into a liquidation, or margin call. It bears repeating -- when trading futures on leverage, you are not "borrowing" the money, so you don't have to pay a financing rate on your positions. Even though you are 100x exposed, you don't have to pay 100x financing (unless you're trading the perpetual swap, which is not a futures contract, but has similar characteristics). Since bitcoin futures do tend to trade at a premium, you are in a way paying an implied interest rate in the contract, because if you want to go long, you have to pay above spot, so you pay the interest up front in the contract, in a way. Margin-trading is what provides the real reward and potential in daytrading bitcoin. You will be able to access the leverage to profit well from relatively small moves in BTC/USD price. High risk, high reward, high potential for loss. However, you need not use Futures only to speculate, hedging on lower leverage is also a great use case for Bitcoin derivatives if you just want to defend your coins. Futures are traded between customers using the orderbook, the exchanges are merely facilitating the trades, not taking the other sides of positions. To learn the difference between orderbook exchanges and CFDs or "bucket shops", read this post. Basically, if you trade margin spot on a site like Kraken or Bitfinex, you will pay financing fees while you hold the position open. The same goes for CFD sites like WhaleClub or 1Broker. With bitcoin futures, you are able to trade margin without expending interest, because counterparties to the contract pay a fee to open and close the contract, and the exchange just manages the risk, so no money is really being lent! Should I trade with fixed margin or cross margin? Fixed margin will isolate your margin to the individual position you have made in an instrument. So if you have 1 bitcoin in your account and you put 0.2btc margin for a Weeklies Futures long position, and it gets margin-called, you still have the 0.8btc left. However, if you're on cross-margin, also known as portfolio value margin, then your whole balance on the site is going to be used to back all your positions, and if you get margincalled, it's because you have run out of money on your whole account. If you are new use Fixed Margin. Cross Margin can be very beneficial for swing traders who need to ride out turbulent, choppy price action, but new traders should NOT risk their whole account. So on BitMEX you want to isolate margin, and on OKCoin you want to use fixed margin, not cross-margin. To experienced traders: do your thing. Cross-margin will keep you from getting chopped out on moves and there are many legitimate benefits. Start small. Get familiar with the platform you're using before you make any significant trades. BitMEX offers a sandbox using Testnet coins.	-0.07075	0.431253	0.202006	0.667637	[ -0.12823338415108546, -0.013266252829501992 ]	[ 0.8251909621348936, 0.037314386358617384 ]	[ 0.125918864362571, 0.27809332588562713 ]	[ 0.7742929594904194, 0.5609805974936829 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2586, 1111, 262, 373, 9758, 2791, 1691, 29892, 607, 508, 13100, 2729, 373, 19688, 29889, 1205, 297, 278, 1095, 29892, 472, 1518, 12232, 310, 278, 8078, 29892, 278, 8078, 341, 17321, 3604, 280, 472, 278, 8666, 310, 9758, 29889, 1105, 366, 817, 304, 6505, 278, 1667, 9758, 9999, 8666, 24147, 1363, 278, 3105, 1973, 8078, 29879, 674, 5702, 278, 24147, 14407, 313, 29879, 14618, 8236, 29892, 6041, 11755, 3460, 29892, 6041, 21699, 467, 1670, 526, 2211, 10013, 429, 25990, 7088, 1494, 29901, 9280, 7967, 262, 29892, 18832, 5365, 29892, 322, 350, 29911, 4174, 29936, 727, 526, 1023, 10504, 429, 25990, 7088, 1494, 29901, 18531, 29888, 457, 29916, 322, 18531, 303, 1160, 29889, 5901, 429, 25990, 393, 526, 5279, 3109, 4100, 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OKCoin and BitVC do not offer a demo version, but you can start small with 1 contract and test how Open Long, Open Short, Close Long, Close Short and different order types work. If you contact CryptoFacilities you can also get access to a demo platform to use. When you are getting started making actual trades, in general you should focus on making LIMIT ORDERS which will get FILLED by other traders. Not only will you pay lower fees this way, but you will also be making more composed trading setups because you aren't impatiently just market-buying or market-selling into the spread. So a general principle you should follow is to AVOID MARKET ORDERS WHEN YOU CAN! You will pay higher "taker" fees and you will be at the mercy of the spread which is a hidden fee. With BitVC and OKCoin you can hold simultaneous long and short positions on the same contract. In BitMEX you can not. Technically it makes no sense to hold opposite simultaneous positions because it just cancels each other out. You may as well just close the position instead. There are some who still prefer, for psychological reasons, to use this and wrongly call it a "hedge", but really you're better off saving the trading fees and just getting out of a position if your outlook on a trade has changed. At the expiration of the contract you are trading, all positions get closed out and settled. Different exchanges use different anchors to settle against. To avoid manipulation, most of them use an index. OKCoin uses a custom 6-exchange index (3 chinese, 3 Western), while BitMEX, Deribit, Coinpit, and CryptoFacilities use a multi-spot-exchange Index to settle all of its contracts at expiration. This minimizes the risk of any manipulation if contracts settled on a single exchange's price, but it also makes it more difficult to manage your hedges since there's no way to "buy" or "sell" an index. No system is perfect, and each one offers different unique pro's and con's, just like your selection of contract type and length. So depending on your case you may want something different than someone else. Don't worry, your profits are not stuck until the contract expires, every exchange has a settlement procedure that makes your profits available for withdrawal either daily or weekly. CryptoFacilities, Coinpit, and BitMEX has a realtime profit realisation, while OKCoin and Deribit has weekly rebalancing scheduled for all contract lengths. It's important to note that on all of these exchanges, all the futures and forwards are non-deliverable and have expiration at various times. Despite this, OKCoin uses "delivery" as their term for expiration settlement of a contract, and "settlement" for the weekly rebalancing of the Pnl for higher length contracts. Since we are stuck with this unprofessional Chinese exchange being the dominant market player in futures, we have to focus on their use of the terminology, but BitMEX and CryptoFacilities have very impressive and professional setups that use well documented procedures. Always read the documentation of any exchange you're using and the contract specifications of the individual product you're using. So their weekly contract is settled every Friday, at which point the BiWeeklies and Quarterlies are rebalanced to allow any profit to be withdrawn even though the expiration settlement is a week or many weeks later. As an example: if you have Quarterlies contracts that you made profits on over the weekend, then this profit needs to be withheld because of the risk of socialised losses. By Friday, however, this profit is available to be withdrawn and the positions are all rebalanced. Technically this is not a "settlement", because if you are holding an open Quarterlies contract when the weekly settlement occurs, your position will remain open, it will just experience a step-up in cost-basis and the unrealised Pnl is applied, so that socialised losses can be handled. BitMEX also has a weekly rebalancing for all their contracts, but currently their most popular product is the Daily 100x maximum leverage contract. This settles daily, but otherwise the rest of the contracts are handled on Friday, a little bit after OKCoin's 8:00AM UTC. See this website to get a countdown to the settlements on the different exchanges. The policies of ex	-0.103665	0.518098	0.227369	0.610407	[ -0.2584381546202801, 0.051108492333439746 ]	[ 0.14654272981851021, 0.8896535910620434 ]	[ 0.18678864897179345, 0.26794836178409004 ]	[ 0.39449290032549833, 0.8263203648554771 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 9280, 7967, 262, 322, 18531, 8257, 437, 451, 5957, 263, 13455, 1873, 29892, 541, 366, 508, 1369, 2319, 411, 29871, 29896, 8078, 322, 1243, 920, 4673, 6242, 29892, 4673, 13899, 29892, 23186, 6242, 29892, 23186, 13899, 322, 1422, 1797, 4072, 664, 29889, 960, 366, 6958, 315, 17929, 29943, 562, 9770, 366, 508, 884, 679, 2130, 304, 263, 13455, 7481, 304, 671, 29889, 13, 10401, 366, 526, 2805, 4687, 3907, 3935, 534, 3076, 29892, 297, 2498, 366, 881, 8569, 373, 3907, 27848, 15606, 29903, 607, 674, 679, 383, 6227, 20566, 491, 916, 3534, 414, 29889, 2216, 871, 674, 366, 5146, 5224, 1238, 267, 445, 982, 29892, 541, 366, 674, 884, 367, 3907, 901, 13725, 3534, 292, 731, 14340, 1363, 366, 9455, 29915, 29873, 2411, 271, 993, 368, 925, 9999, 29899, 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changes are changing often so this information may be outdated by the time you read it (though we will try to keep it as up to date as possible). Dailies, Weeklies, BiWeeklies, Quarterlies -- What Should You Trade? Lots of different contracts to choose from. It can often be confusing to traders who are using multiple futures exchanges with different contract types -- inverse and qunato, dailies or quarterlies, 5x or 100x -- so people wonder: what should I trade? Well, it depends on what your goals are. If you are trying to do a little hedge for a medium term, you would want to use a quarterlies expiration contract instead, because otherwise you'd have to reopen shorter-term contracts after they expire and settle. If you want to do scalping, then shorter-term expiree contracts that settle really soon would be fine. Keep in mind, the normal state of futures markets is "contango", which means that longer dated contracts will have a premium to the current spot rate, to reflect the interest rate differential and time preference. This means you will see Weeklies maybe with a $1-2 preium and Quarterlies (assuming they expire months from now) with a $5-8 premium. As an example we have Quarterlies contracts right now at OKCoin that settle on December 25. So we're just starting December now, that means that even though these are "Quarterlies" contracts by classification, they are expiring not 3 months from now, but 1 month from now. Don't mix up the settlement expiration date with the naming convention. BitMEX and CryptoFacilities have a more professional and properly set up exchange that has a naming convention that makes sense and matches their settlement, while using weekly rebalancing to allow for profit takeouts of customers. So be aware of the premium or discount that is on longer dated contracts, this can allow you some arbitrage opportunities if you are patient and have the coins to apply to it. In general, we recommend that you trade any contract that has good liquidity and high volume. This is the most important characteristic of ANY product for a trader. If you can't get in and out reliably, and have a price that reasonably follows the spot market behavior, then it's not worth trading. They're the dark side of counterparty leverage in Bitcoin Futures trading. Socialised losses are the way that some bitcoin futures exchanges (BitMEX used to have this and called them "Dynamic Profit Equalisation" or DPE) and OKCoin/Deribit handle unfilled margin call liquidations. Note: BitMEX as of late 2016 now uses Auto Deleveraging (ADL) system. Coinpit and CryptoFacilities use a termination system too, which makes funds available right away so you don't have to wait for a contract period to clear. Because traders are using 20x, or up to 100x margin, sometimes the market moves so fast in one direction that they get margin-called and the system that sells their position is unable to get filled. This leads to a loss for the system, which is distributed to all the profitable traders at settlement/expiration of the specific contract. To illustrate the point, recall that futures markets are just counterparty contracts. Let's say I want to SHORT the market and profit off a decline in BTC/USD. If I put an order to sell Weekly futures contract at $400, and someone buys that offer, then we have created a futures contract. If it goes down, I profit and he loses, if it goes up, he profits and I lose. However, what if price goes down really fast, and my counterparty only had a little margin backing his position? Well, he gets margin-called when it goes down enough, and the system takes his contract and forces it to be sold to a different counterparty that wants to take the LONG side of my contract. Now, if that margin-call does not get filled and the price continues to fall, then I'm making profits on my contract but nobody is paying for it since the counterparty who got margin-called didn't get the liquidation order filled. So what happens is that at settlement time of the contract, that unfilled liquidation loss to the system will be deducted from the profits of ALL traders before they are distributed. This may sound like an unfair system to those who	-0.148522	0.495715	0.067585	0.365878	[ -0.09304984656867979, -0.20399355631757937 ]	[ 0.173402158538156, 0.8180284478096547 ]	[ 0.1817161669210249, -0.046545525363559326 ]	[ -0.13618663439809006, 0.8679422891475232 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 25990, 526, 6480, 4049, 577, 445, 2472, 1122, 367, 714, 9715, 491, 278, 931, 366, 1303, 372, 313, 3592, 591, 674, 1018, 304, 3013, 372, 408, 701, 304, 2635, 408, 1950, 467, 13, 29928, 737, 583, 29892, 15511, 3687, 29892, 3457, 22606, 3687, 29892, 751, 4254, 3687, 1192, 1724, 10575, 887, 27226, 29973, 13, 29931, 1862, 310, 1422, 8078, 29879, 304, 6755, 515, 29889, 13, 3112, 508, 4049, 367, 16051, 304, 3534, 414, 1058, 526, 773, 2999, 3105, 1973, 429, 25990, 411, 1422, 8078, 4072, 1192, 16402, 322, 439, 29876, 1219, 29892, 270, 737, 583, 470, 12616, 3687, 29892, 29871, 29945, 29916, 470, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29916, 1192, 577, 2305, 4997, 29901, 825, 881, 306, 11302, 29973, 5674, 29892, 372, 7111, 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Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Mousepad. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Mousepad will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over now to see the big selection of Portuguese Water Dog gifts we offer. Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Necklace. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Necklace will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. 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Q: Display message with while loop if a variable goes lower than zero in Javascript I'm sorry if I'm being stupid. I am just starting to learn Javascript and am messing around with loops. I'm currently messing about with this code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <button onclick="myFunction()">---</button> <p id="hpcount"></p> <p id="demo2"></p> <script> var health = 30; document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; while (health < 0){ health = 0; document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = "Game over"; break; } function myFunction() { if (health>0){ health -= Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)+1; document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; } } </script> </body> </html> The idea is that the button subtracts a random integer 1-10 from the variable "health" as long as health is larger than 0. Then if it goes lower than that, display the "game over" message and reset health to 0. However, while the button stops working once health>0, the message just wont appear, and I just can't figure out why no matter how many times I look over the syntax and structure... Am I being stupid and missing something obvious? A: Change this: while (health < 0){ health = 0; document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = "Game over"; break; } function myFunction() { if (health>0){ health -= Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)+1; document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; } } To this: function myFunction() { // if health is above 0, game is still active if (health>0){ // generate a new health value health -= Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)+1; // check if the game should end if (health <= 0) { health = 0; document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = "Game over"; } else { document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; } } } While you are learning Javascript, consider getting familiar with jQuery, which simplifies the use of javascript and dealing with cross-browser/device compatibility issues. A: It looks like you actually want to write a loop using a named function and setTimeout var health = 30, // initial health logbox = document.getElementById("demo2"); function checkHealth() { if (health <= 0) { // dead logbox.innerHTML = "Game over"; } else { // alive logbox.innerHTML = ""; } if (true) // set some condition so this doesn't go on forever? window.setTimeout(checkHealth, 500); // repeat every 500ms } checkHealth(); // start it running Now when you have some change happen to health, it will be "monitored", but if lots of changes happen under (in this case) 500 ms, the code will only react to how it has ended up after the time has passed An alternative way is to invoke a callback whenever a function modifies health, which does this check. This means you only check as it's needed, but if you have lots of changes happen in under 1 ms (think thousands or more for a PC) you may end up freezing up the browser until it's completed the functions. You also need to make sure you don't set up an infinite loop. In this style, you would not modify health directly, but write some API, e.g. var health = 30, // initial health logbox = document.getElementById("demo2"); function checkHealth() { // take real care if you want to call `setHealth` or `addHealth` here // otherwise you may end up with an infinite loop if (health <= 0) { // dead logbox.innerHTML = "Game over"; } else { // alive logbox.innerHTML = ""; } }	-1.38842	-1.420257	0.402369	-0.699119	[ -1.4979944178641584, -1.2788463492243567 ]	[ -1.4954636792425018, -1.3450508784124853 ]	[ 0.5063550181702113, 0.29838325408870126 ]	[ -0.7787250906565525, -0.6195131009573877 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 660, 29901, 17440, 2643, 411, 1550, 2425, 565, 263, 2286, 5771, 5224, 1135, 5225, 297, 12728, 306, 29915, 29885, 7423, 565, 306, 29915, 29885, 1641, 20239, 29889, 306, 626, 925, 6257, 304, 5110, 12728, 322, 626, 4473, 292, 2820, 411, 12104, 29889, 13, 29902, 29915, 29885, 5279, 4473, 292, 1048, 411, 445, 775, 29901, 13, 1678, 18252, 21300, 3472, 29958, 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Stephpar's Song A Day – An individual pick of a song for each day. Gail Attard is a young singer from Malta. She started singing at the age of 10 years and has taken part in many festivals and singing competitions, where she has always finished within the top few places if she hasn't won the competition. Goodbye, My Love is the new, original song from Gail. It is about the breakup of a relationship where the singer was left at the alter because her fiance was cheating on her, and he wants to come back but she ends the relationship. It is a beautiful, moving song that Gail sings expertly, perfectly expressing the pain and sadness of the song, making you feel that she is really experiencing the emotions that she is singing about. You can follow Gail on Facebook, and on her YouTube channel. Thomas Zwijsen is a Dutch classical guitarist who has made his name for his unusual repertoire. His first album, Nylon Maiden, consisted of 11 arrangements of Iron Maiden songs for classical guitar. His second album, Nylonized, contained a collection of songs from different artists (such as The Who, Deep Purple, Adele and several others) and a few original works. Since then he has released several albums of similar cover versions and original pieces. Chop Suey! was originally released by System Of A Down on their 2001 album Toxicity and as a single. This is another incredible arrangement for solo classical guitar from Thomas that produces the full sound of a metal band on a single nylon stringed acoustic guitar. As is usual with Thomas's video he manages to record his videos with stunning scenery in the background. You can follow Thomas on his Website, on Facebook, of Twitter and on his YouTube channel. You can buy his music on iTunes. You can learn to play the guitar with lessons from Thomas, and play a song after the first lesson, at king of the Strings. Live Acoustic Cover Series is a series of covers of some of Breeze's favourite songs that were recorded live to camera at St John the Baptist Church in Harleston, Norfolk and at Poplar Farm. Each video is recorded using multiple cameras so that a single performance can be viewed from multiple angles. All of the songs are performed with Breeze's own unique style giving each one a different feel than the originals. The series has a theme of pain from relationships with each song covering a different aspect, pain from the death of a loved one, from someone close losing their way, or from relationships that are seriously troubled. Supermarket Flowers was originally released by Ed Sheeran on his 2017 album ÷. It is about packing things away and clearing up after a loved one has died in hospital, and about the thoughts about them. Breeze gives a moving, personal version of this song with light accompaniment that really brings out the sorrow of someone who has lost a parent that they were close to. Youngblood was originally released by 5 Seconds Of Summer on their 2018 album Youngblood and as a single. It is about the break up of a relationship where the singer is being strung on by someone who is no longer interested but can't end the relationship because there just might be something in it. Breeze really brings out the anguish of this song, mixing it with resignation to the fact that things aren't likely to change leaving you with the distinct impression of someone who wants the pain to end but still wants the relationship and can't see anyway to have both. Mercy was originally released by Shawn Mendes on his 2016 album Illuminate and as a single. It is about the singer begging for mercy and to be let free from a relationship that brings them nothing but pain even though there is no malice in the one they love. Breeze understates this song, being almost deadpan during the verses which gives a greater power to the chorus where she pleads for mercy without having to go overboard. This gives the song a feeling of seeing the solution but being unable to do anything with be released. Leave A Light On was originally released by Tom Walker on his 2017 album What A Time To Be Alive and as a single. It is about a friends who is addicted to drugs, and saying that you'll leave a light on for them so that they will always have a safe place to come. 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the compassion of letting them know that you will always be there when they need you. Hot n Cold was originally released by Katy Perry on her 2008 album One Of The Boys and as a single. It is about a relationship that has problems because one of the partners has severe mood swings. Breeze has a little fun with this song going more with the lightness of the melody rather than the darkness of the lyrics but still manages to give as amazing a performance as she does for the other songs in this series. This series of videos were released as a part of the build up to the release of Breeze's new EP that will be released on 26 April, with a single, Under Your Skin being released on Good Friday, 19 April. Daneliya Tuleshova is a young Kazakhstani singer and dancer. She has entered many competitions in Kazakhstan and abroad, most notably winning the Ayalagan Astana 2015 in Kazakhstan, she represented Kazakhstan at the 2015 New Wave Junior competition in Russia where she won the People's Choice Award, and she represented Kazakhstan at the 2018 Junior Eurovision Song Contest (JESC) with her song Ózińe Sen [Seize The Time] making her the first person to represent Kazakhstan at any Eurovision contest. Colorblind was originally released by Amber Riley on the 2014 EP Glee: The Music, Bash – EP. It is about when someone you love leaves and you lose all colour in your life. Despite the lyrics being based on a misconception about colour vision deficiencies this is an incredible version where Daneliya imbibes the song with an emotional intensity, that builds as the song progresses, of the loss of joy and hope when a loved one leaves. You can follow Daneliya on Facebook, on her vKontakte page, on her vKontakte Community, on Instagram, and on her YouTube channel. You can buy her music on iTunes as Daneliya Tuleshova and as Данэлия Тулешова. Conkarah is a singer, songwriter and musician from Jamaica. He released his first music video in 2009 to instant acclaim from the Reggae community and further releases have only served to increase the respect he received from critics and fans. Rosie Delmah is a young singer from the Solomon Islands. She first came to public attention when she won the 2014 Solo Icon singing competition in the Solomon Islands, she then concentrated on her education and became in Internet sensation in 2016 when she recorded her first single and video clip of a reggae version of Adele's Hello duetting with Conkarah. Since then her popularity has grown with each new video she has recorded and she represented the Solomon Islands at the 2016 Festival of Pacific Arts in Guam. Shallow was originally released by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper as a part of the soundtrack of the 2018 movie A Star Is Born and as a single. It is about wanting more from life and being far from shallow. It is a great reggae cover of this song from Conkarah and Rosie that adds a lot of body that is missing from the original. Both singers give incredible performances, not only delivering the melodies perfectly but also expressing emotions with great subtlety. As both artists live on incredibly beautiful islands they are able to make the video with spectacular scenery as a backdrop. You can buy Shallow on iTunes. You can follow Conkarah on Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, on Soundcloud, and on his YouTube channel. You can buy his music on iTunes. You can follow Rosie on Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, and on her YouTube channel. You can buy her music on iTunes. Sucker was originally released by Jonas Brothers as a single in 2019. The original is a love song where the singer is so in love that they are a sucker for them and will do anything. This is another in the Google Translates series, and it is well towards the weirder end of the series. It seems to have something to do with breastfeeding, or that is the way that Malinda interprets the translated lyrics, and is generally great fun. Dragón Rojo (Spanish for Red Dragon) is a Colombian Reggae singer. 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In this document, Natural Resources Wales ('NRW') means the Natural Resources Body for Wales ('the Body') established by Article 3 of the Natural Resources Body for Wales (Establishment) Order 2012. Please note that on 01 April 2013, the functions previously conducted by the Countryside Council for Wales ('CCW'), Forestry Commission Wales ('FCW'), and the functions of the Environment Agency within Wales ('EA/EAW'), (CCW,FCW and EA/EAW together 'the Legacy Bodies') were transferred to NRW. In determining this application, NRW has exercised its duties and powers under the Water Resources Act 1991 (as amended) and the Environment Act 1995 and has taken account of guidance issued by the Legacy Bodies where relevant. NRW have decided to refuse the licence applications. Summary of the proposal: The applicant has applied to install and operate a new hydropower scheme on the Afon Clywedog at Brithdir, Dolgellau, Gwynedd. The scheme will consist of a new concrete intake structure (at the abstraction point), a gravity feed pipe, a power house (not considered for the abstraction and impounding licences, but required as part of the scheme to operate), tailrace and outfall structure. The applicant originally applied for 100 percent abstraction above a Q85 residual flow up to a maximum instantaneous rate of 630 litres per second (l/s). During the determination of the application the applicant revised this to a 40% abstraction above a Q95 residual flow up to a maximum instantaneous rate of 630 l/s. All proposed abstracted water would be returned to the Afon Clywedog at National Grid Reference (NGR) SH 74929 18816, approximately 1.9 kilometers downstream of the abstraction point. Source of Supply: Inland water (river) known as Afon Clywedog at Brithdir, Dolgellau, Gwynedd. Points of abstraction and quantities: At National Grid Reference SH 76163 17800. At an instantaneous rate not exceeding 630 litres per second. Means of abstraction: Intake works and a gravity feed pipe. Purpose of abstraction: Power production. Application received and accepted as valid but supporting information requested. Supporting information for Habitats assessments received. Application allocated to Permitting Officer. Internal and external consultation sent out. Representations received and copies subsequently requested by the applicant. Copies released following notice period where representors could object to their representation being released. Appendix 4 and Appendix 11 sent for consultation. Appendix 23 sent to local authority to request details for the in-combination assessment. Responses received on 20/01/2015. NRW provided the applicant full details of our concerns regarding the proposal. NRW provided the applicant a full response detailing processes and outstanding concerns. The applicant was given until 15/06/2015 to provide any additional information they wished to be considered in the Appropriate Assessment. The applicant provided a revised intake design and confirmed they would accept an abstraction regime of 40 percent abstraction above a Q95 residual flow up to the maximum instantaneous rate. The email also challenged NRW's interpretation of legislative requirements regarding the Habitats Regulations Assessment, the interpretation of 'likely' and 'significant' and the need for an Appropriate Assessment. Completion of Appropriate Assessment and relevant decision documents. Justification of quantities: The turbine design flow of 630 litres/second represents ~58 percent of the average daily flow (Qmean) estimate (1082 litres/second) and is therefore in accordance with the Environment Agency's Hydropower Good Practice Guidelines ([GPG] policy relevant during determination of this application) which recommends that maximum abstraction should not exceed Qmean. The Q95 residual flow from the revised proposal is 144 l/s. The proposed annual quantity is equivalent to 365 times the maximum daily quantity proposed which is not in accordance with the GPG which recommends a maximum of 220 days per year. However, in line with new guidance, 365 days would be acceptable. 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ant has been unable to confirm the net head for the proposed scheme as an intake arrangement has not been agreed. However, the applicant has advised that they estimate the proposed scheme to be 500 kW project, or a little under. Given that the head difference is unknown, NRW are not able to estimate the efficiency and power output of the scheme. The proposal is non-consumptive, therefore no impacts towards the overall CAMS resources status are anticipated as a result of this proposal. Impact assessment of proposal: NRW objected to the abstraction regime originally proposed which was a 100 percent abstraction above a Q85 residual flow up to the maximum instantaneous rate. Even with the increased residual flow of Q85, a 100% abstraction is not acceptable as it would result in significant flat lining of the flow in the depleted reach. The depleted reach has good runs of migratory salmon and sea trout within it up to NGR SH 75390 18704 for salmon and NGR SH 75670 18508 for sea trout. Given this, the applicant was advised that, purely from a fisheries perspective and in line with the guidance relevant to the determination of this application, the maximum abstraction that would be considered acceptable is a 40% abstraction above a Q95 residual flow up to the maximum instantaneous rate. The applicant advised that they accepted this abstraction regime on 15/06/2015. Migratory salmon and sea trout can access the depleted reach up to the NGRs specified above. There are impassable falls located at NGR SH 76118 17880 so migratory fish are unable to access the depleted reach above this point. However, there are resident brown trout located above the impassable falls, therefore NRW would require a suitable fish pass to be constructed if any abstraction was approved at this location, to allow resident brown trout to migrate past the intake structure and ensure connectivity is maintained within the river above the impassable falls. Any design would need to be approved by NRW prior to construction. However, significant concerns were raised regarding impacts on the ecology within the depleted reach and therefore an Appropriate Assessment was undertaken regarding impacts on the Special Area of Conservation (SAC) features. See Conservation section below. Concerns relating to construction, the pipeline route and turbine house are considered issues relating to the planning permission. Concerns relating to designated sites have been address, see Conservation section below. External Representations: The proposal was advertised in the Cambrian News on 20 August 2014. 4 responses of representation were received with regard to the application. The following concerns were raised. 1) Impacts on Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (including the bryophytes in humid areas) and Mawddach Woodlands Reserve. During determination of the applications, NRW has completed assessments regarding the potential impact on the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC and Coedydd Dyffryn Wnion SSSI. As a result of the assessment of impact on the SAC (which include the features of the SSSI) NRW has been unable to conclude that the proposal will not adversely affect the integrity of the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC (and SSSI) and therefore we are not able to issue the licences applied for. As such, the applications are being refused. 2) A Habitats Regulation Assessment (HRA) needs to be completed. Where a HRA is required, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) also needs to be completed. As stated above, NRW has assessed the proposal under the Habitats Regulations which has resulted in the applications being refused. In accordance with the legislation, if a scheme requires planning permission, EIA will be a planning matter rather than a permitting matter. In this case, planning permission will be required for the proposed development therefore the requirement for an EIA falls under the planning permission (dealt with by the Local Planning Authority) and is not required by NRW to determine these applications. 3) Impact on amenity value of the waterfalls at Torrent Walk. 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the visual impact on flows at Torrent Walk as a result of the proposal and agree suitable mitigation if required. However, during determination of the application it became apparent that the concerns relating to impacts on the SAC, see point 1) above, were likely to override this concern and NRW advised the applicant to await the outcome of the Habitats Regulations Appropriate Assessment before proceeding with the Flow Survey. Given the outcome of the Habitats Regulation Appropriate Assessment, the applications are being refused by NRW therefore there is no requirement for a Flow Survey to be completed. 4) Visual impacts on surrounding area due to pipeline and generating equipment. The visual impacts of the pipeline, turbine and associated infrastructure are considered a matter for the Planning Authority to consider. 5) Impacts on tourism and local business. No specific details were provided for NRW to consider impacts on businesses or tourism in the area. However,the applications are being refused, so this matter has not been pursued. 6) In combination impacts on species eg Dormice and Bats following work to widen the A470 near Birthdir. NRW considers impacts on Dormice and Bats are more likely to be as a result of construction of any scheme and these are therefore consider an issue for the Planning Authority. However, due to concerns regarding impacts on the SAC, see point 1) above, no abstraction or impoundment licences will be issued as a result of this application. Protected Rights: No protected rights or lawful users have been identified as being at risk of derogation as a result of this proposal. Conservation Issues: An assessment under the CRoW Act has been completed for the Coedydd Dyffryn Wnion Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The SSSI comprises of multiple features including mosses, liverworts and slime moulds that require high humidity and our found within the proposed depleted reach. The assessment was sent for consultation on 02/12/2014 and the Designated Conservation Officer (DCO) responded on 19/12/2014 confirming their agreement with the outcomes of the assessment and advised that the proposal should not go ahead. An Appendix 11 assessment under the Habitats Regulations was completed for the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC and sent for consultation. As a result of consultation with the DCO, it has been confirmed that the proposal is likely to have a significant effect upon the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC. An Appropriate Assessment has therefore been completed by Natural Resources Wales as the relevant competent authority. The SAC feature of concern is the Dry Woodland and scrub (Old oak woods with llex and Blechnum in the British Isles, Tilo-Acerion ravine woodlands (Priority Feature)). These habitats are a primary reason for the selection of the Meironnydd Oakwoods and Bats Sites SAC which is a very large example of old sessile oak woods in north Wales, with an outstanding Atlantic flora of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts). The Appropriate Assessment has been carried out taking into account the above conservation objectives. Of particular concern are the common and localised moss and liverwort species and uncommon and localised moss and liverwort species with a distribution along the north western side of the British Isles, known as oceanic species. These oceanic species require an oceanic climate (one with warm, but not hot summers and cool, but not cold winters and with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and high rainfall). A number of the oceanic species found in Torrent Walk, located within the depleted reach, are desiccation-sensitive and require high levels of humidity or they cannot survive. When considering the potential impacts on the SAC as a result of the proposal and having had regard to the mitigation measures proposed by the applicant, NRW cannot conclude that no adverse effect will be caused by the scheme. The information submitted does not show sufficient evidence or understanding to conclude that reduced river levels (as a result of the proposed HEP scheme) would not reduce relative humidity in the gorge to an extent that would have a detrimental effect on the bryophytes that play a key role in identifying the Old Sessile Oakwood habitat for which the SAC has been	0.153834	0.980976	0.967951	1.154093	[ -0.33650965407320943, 0.644177953089903 ]	[ 0.3273962165307918, 1.6345550808868863 ]	[ 0.4759201258656001, 1.4599816437146966 ]	[ 0.9095642134395694, 1.3986218238711117 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 278, 7604, 10879, 373, 24536, 472, 4794, 7771, 12878, 408, 263, 1121, 310, 278, 24963, 322, 8661, 13907, 1380, 335, 362, 565, 3734, 29889, 2398, 29892, 2645, 3683, 3381, 310, 278, 2280, 372, 3897, 20295, 393, 278, 21838, 1104, 1218, 304, 10879, 29879, 373, 278, 317, 2477, 29892, 1074, 1298, 29871, 29896, 29897, 2038, 29892, 892, 5517, 304, 5712, 445, 5932, 322, 27759, 29956, 594, 11292, 278, 15576, 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Blues Blast Magazine Home of Blues News, Reviews, and More. Options And Rates Back Issues Prior To 2014 Blues Society News CDs & More Submit Your Album For Review Blues Radio Blues Societies Blues Blast Awards Nominees – 12th Annual Blues Blast Music Awards 2018 Blues Blast Music Award Winners 2018 Lifetime Achievement Awards 2018 Blues Blast Music Awards Nominees 2017 Blues Blast Music Awards About The Blues Blast Music Awards Lifetime Achievement Awards The Official BBMAs Website Posted on April 2, 2014 April 17, 2014 by John Mitchell Sean Chambers – The Rock House Sessions \|Album Review Sean Chambers – The Rock House Sessions Blue Beat Records 2013 www.seanchambers.com 11 tracks; 48 minutes Sean Chambers first came to prominence beyond his Florida base when he played second guitar for Hubert Sumlin in the 90's. Since then he has produced a regular flow of CDs, the last of which, "Live From The Long Island Warehouse" (2011) was well received. For his latest CD Sean travelled to Nashville to record at Kevin McKendree's Rock House studios though Kevin does not appear on the album where all keyboards are handled by Reese Wynans who also produced. In a way this album could be dubbed 'a tale of three producers' as the current 'producer of the moment', Tom Hambridge, plays drums on the session. Randy McDonald on bass is the other member of the core band with an array of additional musicians appearing on individual tracks: Rob McNelley and Bob Britt add rhythm guitar to four tracks each, Etta Britt sings on three and a horn section of Jim Hoke (sax) and Steve Herman (trumpet) play on three; harmonica player TJ Klay contributes to five. The material is a mix of originals and covers. Songs covered include tunes by Rick Vito, Gary Moore and Alvin Lee and the oft-covered "Come To Poppa" (Mitchell/Randle). Sean wrote three tracks, two in collaboration with Reese Wynans; Tom Hambridge contributes two songs written in collaboration with Richard Fleming, Russel Smith and Gary Nicholson who also gets a credit for the reprise of "Healing Ground", first done by Jimmy Thackery on his album of the same title in 2005 which is an interesting place to start. Sean's gruff voice fits "Healing Ground" well, being close to Thackery's on this song. Indeed, the core riff of the song is present and correct, Rob McNelly playing in tandem with Sean. Sean's guitar style is definitely at the louder end of the rock blues spectrum and the significant difference between this and Thackery's versions is some sonic coloring from Sean which fits with TJ Klay's keening harp fills but adds little to the song. A better fit is Alvin Lee's "Choo Choo Mama" which closes the album on a rocking note though the raucous harmonica was not to my personal taste. Sean's own songs are the hard-riffing "Your Love Is My Disease", the horn-driven "It Hurts To See You Go" and the gentle "Meant To Be". The last two are both excellent and show a rather different side to Sean's playing. "Meant To Be" has a country edge and Sean's playing is more restrained with Reese's organ providing a warm blanket beneath Sean's vocal and guitar. "It Hurts To See You Go" is one of the strongest tracks as the ghost of Albert King hovers over the playing and the horns play a significant role in that achievement. Gary Moore's "Holding On" is another ballad with horns but finds Sean's voice struggling a little. The cover of "Come To Poppa" has lots of wah-wah and did not work very well compared with many other versions of this classic song. Most of the remaining tracks are relentlessly upbeat blues-rock. 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When Will Gyms Open in New York? 1 month ago Stephen Barnes There are numerous questions that you may have on your mind regarding the opening of a gym in New York. Some of these include whether or not they will be approved, how much will it cost to open a gym, and how can they ensure that it is safe. To help answer do thorough personal trainer of these questions, this article will provide you with some information. Gyms and fitness centers in New York are required to meet strict health and safety regulations before they can open. build an crossfit strategy are outlined by the New York State Department of Health. They include requirements for exercise machines, filtration systems, and staff. The state also requires that facilities stock up on cleaning supplies. The equipment must be disinfected each time they are used. They must maintain a record of sign-ins for at least 28 days. They are not allowed to have communal showers or indoor group fitness classes. The New York City Department of Health has been conducting virtual inspections of gyms. These inspections will be conducted via video calls between a fitness center operator and a Health Department worker. This is to free up inspectors for other facilities, such as schools. In addition to submitting online forms, gyms must complete a reopening safety plan. They will also need to submit a copy of their HVAC system's certification. This is to verify that it meets the state's MERV-13 filtration standards. COVID-19 safety guidelines If you're planning to exercise in a New York City gym, you should be aware of COVID-19 safety guidelines. These guidelines, which apply to fitness facilities throughout the state, were released by the Governor's office in May and are intended to help keep the community safe. A variety of fitness centers are involved in the guidelines, including boxing/kickboxing and yoga/Pilates studios. Some of these facilities may already have reached out to their customers about the new guidelines. However, most are eager to receive feedback about their operations, so if you want to make sure you're going to a gym that will keep you safe, call or message them first. The COVID-19 virus is spread by respiratory droplets that contact the nose and mouth of people. In some cases, the droplets can also be transferred through hands. In order to reduce this risk, wear a mask while exercising. Aside from wearing a mask, you should also wash your hands after exercise. To prevent cross-contamination, be certain to use a towel. Some facilities will provide you with one, but it's a good idea to have your own. Class-based gyms aren't allowed to operate at all In a state whose plethora of gyms is almost as long as the subway, some aren't allowed to open. Getting a special permit can be a daunting task. In fact, the process can add up to $50K in startup costs. It's no wonder the industry is looking for a legislative fix. A proposed "Health and Fitness Text Amendment" from the New York Department of City Planning should make the process easier. It's a big deal because it could give health and fitness resources a shot in the arm, especially in commercial areas that have seen a surge in activity. The biggest hurdle is COVID-19, a respiratory illness that is easy to contract in confined spaces. To that end, the government is promoting a number of safety measures including installing hand washing stations, testing the air quality of rooms, and restricting social distancing from a minimum of six feet. Some gyms have been a little more creative, using physical barriers between exercise equipment or keeping group classes outdoors. However, that does not necessarily translate to a safer gym. Cost of reopening a gym Gyms in New York City have been shut down since June 26. On August 24, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the gyms in the state could be reopened, but that they would operate at a capacity of 33 percent. Those who own and operate a fitness center are eager to reopen. But overcoming some hurdles can be costly. The New York state health department has released its Interim Guidelines for Reopening Gyms/Fitness Centers. These guidelines are a set of safety measures that all fitness centers must follow. 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It's no big surprise that falls are the leading cause of death in the construction industry. Almost 40% of deaths in this industry are due to falls. It's also one of the biggest things companies get cited for… every single year. You don't get a second chance in safety, so make sure you provide your crew with the right protection the first time. So, how do you choose the right fall protection systems for the job, when the job is always changing? Well, for starters, you better make sure you do a thorough job hazard analysis. Every time! Buy equipment that will do the job. Anything else is a waste of your time and money. What should be included in your Fall Hazard Assessment? Can you eliminate the hazard? Sometimes we can avoid the hazard to begin with, either by changing the process, location, or schedule of a job. Can a machine do the task, saving a worker from having to be exposed to hazard? Eliminating a hazard will always be the best bet, so make sure this is your first step. Location of work to be performed: Where is the location of the work to be performed (roof work, marine, walking-working surfaces, leading or sharp edges)? Remember that leading edges require special fall protection; choosing protection meant for standard applications could be deadly. Identify trip hazards: These can be anything that can potentially trip a worker and cause a fall; air hoses, extension cords, machinery, tools, debris, spills, obstructed view, clutter or uneven walking surfaces. Make sure your site is free of any unnecessary hazards. Make accommodations for objects at height, dropped tools can kill! Is work area considered to be a confined space? Confined spaces are an entire beast of their own and require specific fall protection and gas detection devices. Don't overlook this critical piece of info. Oily or slick surfaces: Will the worker also have to deal with undesirable conditions while working at height? Water, oil and dust are just a few of the added dangers workers may have to contend with. Lighting/visibility issues: Is there adequate light? Is there a potential for smoke or dust to cut down a worker's ability to see fall hazards? Rescue/descent plan: Have you taken the time to come up with a "what if" plan of action for an emergency? How is the worker going to get back to safe ground after a fall? Is worker wearing PPE that will increase chance of survival and decrease injury if involved in a fall? Inspection of equipment: In the case of self-retracting lifelines (SLR's), the user must do an inspection before each use to ensure good working condition. A competent person must inspect the equipment at least annually if there is infrequent use. And the user must inspect daily! The more the equipment is used and the worse conditions they are used in, inspections can occur as much as quarterly. Record of training: Keep employee fall protection training documented so you always know the competencies of a worker. Even when they have worked for you for a long time, if they show signs of not using fall protection correctly… pull them and train them again. Re-inspection: Work areas change and in the construction industry fall protection needs change daily. Stop. Look. Think. Work Safe. Ok, so now what equipment do I need for leading edge? MillerTurbolite™ EXTREME: Galvanized cable lifeline designed for use in sharp edge applications with radius = 0.005" (0.13 mm). Daytona Big Block Self-Retracting Lifeline: Constructed with ergonomic handle, coated and heat treated brake pawl bolts this grade 8/ impervious to salt water contamination assembly is available in 50' or 65' models. 3M™ DBI-SALA® Nano-Lok™ Edge Self-Retracting Lifeline: Designed for foot-level tie off and ergonomically designed for comfort. Requires fall clearances as low as 16' and limits average arresting forces to 900 lbs. or less. Comes with integrated, backpack style energy absorber that works with connector to limit forces to protect against sharp edges. Fall protection is not one size fits all. Not for the job, not for the person. And if you get stuck buying equipment for the sole reason of meeting some minimum requirements, you are going to get burned. 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Bleached or Lime washed wood flooring is arguably the most beautiful, understated flooring choice available. The added brightness they give a home, their versatility and ability to complement nearly every interior style. While such a glamorous look, they don't take over a room. Yes!, the usual conjecture is, they don't stay light for long, or they are hard to keep clean and our wood is not suitable for this treatment. All very logical assumptions based on so much misinformation. The finished product of coarse is relative to what you have to work with from the start. Wood that is lighter, to begin with, is easier to achieve the desired results, like Oak (Euro & AWO), Tas Oak, Maple & Ash. A lot of the Australian hardwoods and some imported species like Merbau, are darker (reds & browns), harder and more dense. Some, like Qld Spotted Gum & Tallow Wood have their own natural oils & waxes. These details need to be factored into the equation when planning the project and meeting expectations. Don't be perturbed. We shall reveal the secrets. The Wood Must Be Bleached! The natural colour of the wood must be removed first. This can only be achieved by bleaching. Unless you intend to just paint the floor white and don't care if the grain is visible or not. The reason being, the tannin is activated by water. Whenever a liming solution or watered down white paint version is used, the tannin will mix with these and stain them. So if you have any red in the wood and most do in varying degrees, you will get pink! If you have ever coated timber in a water-based product, you would notice the coating on your roller has been tinted by the tannin. Bleaching the wood also evens out the canvas so to speak. Even a single species of wood can have quite a range of tones. What bleach to use on wood? Contrary to popular belief, Oxalic acid does not bleach wood. Oxalic acid is great for removing tannin stains from surfaces and most deck reviving/cleaning products contain about 10% Oxalic acid. Household bleaches generally are chlorine. Either a solution of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite used in bleaching powders. Neither of these products are suitable for bleaching floors. 2 part bleaching systems, such as LiteniT based on Hydrogen Peroxide and an activator is the only way to go. This is how wood pulp is bleached to make paper white. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This will change the molecule into a different material that contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible light, or does not contain a chromophore. This is the means of bleaches based on peroxide. To start with, the flooring must be sanded and prepared to the point where it would normally be ready for coating. LiteniT part A. is easily applied with a brush to cut in around the perimeter. then the body of the flooring areas applied with a mop and bucket and allowed to dry. LiteniT part B. is applied the same way taking some safety precautions such as non natural rubber gloves, eye protection and closed foot covering. Like all bleach products, it will react with any organic material such as your flesh. As many doors and windows as possible should be open during application. Bleaching should never be done in a confined space and the air circulation helps the drying process which should be left overnight. The next day the flooring needs to be cleaned to remove the residue from the bleaching process. Otherwise no coatings or further treatments will bond or cure. Water, small amount of detergent, mop& bucket is all that's required. Let the floor dry completely. This does not take long. Now the floor is ready for coating. Now this is the next phase where people go wrong. Removing the tannin and natural colour from the wood is only half of the equation. Different types of coatings can yellow or brown off with age and UV exposure. Just like your skin. So important to make the correct decision here. All the trouble you have gone through to bleach your floors can be brought undone by an incorrect choice in coatings. 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WHAT IS DDOS ATTACK? \| A Complete Guide A DDOS attack with respect to the cyber-attack of its malicious attack on the server. A word DDOS attack implies appropriated denial of service which implies it endeavors to upset typical traffic of a focused on server, administration or system by overpowering the objective or its encompassing foundation with a surge of web traffic. Denial of service is normally cultivated by flooding the focused on machine or asset with pointless demands trying to over-burden frameworks and avert a few or every single genuine solicitation from being satisfied. Abused machines can incorporate PCs and other organized assets, for example, IoT gadgets. WHAT IS IOT DEVICES? IoT DEVICES (Internet of Things gadgets) Internet of Things is a catchall expression for all the different Internet-connected gadgets that are not conventional PCs. This incorporates everything from wellness trackers and smartwatches to keen fridges, earphones, cameras, clothes washers, vehicles, traffic lights, plane motors, and home security frameworks. In the event that we are discussing its history from where it comes and how it began? at that point, there is a major history behind that Panix is the third-most seasoned ISP(Internet service protocol) on the world, which was the objective of what is believed to be the principal DoS attack. On September 6, 1996, Panix was dependent upon an SYN flood assault that cut down its administrations for a few days while hardware sellers, outstandingly Cisco, made sense of a legitimate barrier. Another early show of the DoS attack was made by Khan C. Smith in 1997 during a DEFCON occasion, disturbing Internet access to the las vegas strip for over 60 minutes. The arrival of test code during the occasion prompted the online attack of soul, Earth interface, E-exchange, and other significant partnerships in the year to pursue. On March 5, 2018, an anonymous client of the US-based specialist organization Arbor Networks succumbed to the biggest DDoS ever, arriving at a pinnacle of about 1.7 terabits every second. The past record was set a couple of days sooner, on March 1, 2018, GitHub was hit by an assault of 1.35 terabits every second. Now we should see on which layer it works? On an application-layer DDoS, attack (now and again alluded to as layer 7 DDoS attack) is work. It kinda types of DDoS attack where assailants target application-layer forms. The attack over-practices explicit capacities or highlights of a site with the goal to cripple those capacities or highlights. This application-layer attack is unique in relation to a whole system attack and is frequently utilized against monetary establishments to occupy IT and security workforce from security ruptures. In 2013, application-layer DDoS attack spoke to 20% of all DDoS attack. As per look into by Akamai Technology, there have been "51 percent more application layer assaults" from Q4 2013 to Q4 2014 and "16 percent more" from Q3 2014 over Q4 2014. In November 2017; Junade Ali, a Computer Scientist at Cloudflare noticed that while arrange level attack keep on being of high limit, they are happening less every now and again. Ali further notes that in spite of the fact that system-level assaults are getting less regular, information from Cloudflare exhibits that application-layer attack are as yet giving no indication of backing off. WHAT IS APPLICATION LAYER? The OSI model(ISO/IEC 7498-1) is a reasonable model that describes and institutionalizes the inside elements of a correspondence framework by parceling it into the deliberation layer. The model is a result of the Open Systems Interconnection venture at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The model gatherings comparative correspondence capacities into one of seven legitimate layers. A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer underneath it. For instance, a layer that gives mistake-free correspondences over a system gives the interchanges way required by applications above it, while it calls the following lower layer to send and get parcels that cross that way	-0.778915	1.065135	0.382079	0.368479	[ -0.8843798256727137, -0.6734498096069045 ]	[ 1.0400663918920598, 1.0902039921687319 ]	[ 0.3136007002410069, 0.45055771561175745 ]	[ 0.21759972208430217, 0.5193586732016368 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 12317, 1299, 8519, 360, 29928, 3267, 15531, 8687, 29968, 29973, 891, 319, 25034, 16886, 13, 29909, 360, 29928, 3267, 5337, 411, 3390, 304, 278, 5094, 495, 29899, 1131, 547, 310, 967, 4439, 14803, 5337, 373, 278, 1923, 29889, 319, 1734, 360, 29928, 3267, 5337, 10469, 7128, 630, 972, 616, 310, 2669, 607, 10469, 372, 26009, 943, 304, 24081, 300, 15662, 12469, 310, 263, 21309, 373, 1923, 29892, 17517, 470, 1788, 491, 975, 13519, 292, 278, 12091, 470, 967, 427, 2388, 465, 292, 22778, 411, 263, 1190, 479, 310, 1856, 12469, 29889, 3384, 616, 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. In the OSI model, the meaning of its application layer is smaller in scope than is frequently actualized. The OSI model characterizes the application layer just like the UI. The OSI application layer is answerable for showing information and pictures to the client in a human-conspicuous configuration and to interface with the introduction layer beneath it. In usage, the application and introduction layers are every now and again joined. WHAT KIND OF ATTACKS ARE THERE? Presently as we recognize what is DDoS attack and on which layer it works gives now a chance to realize what sort of attack is there. The DDoS attacks, for the most part, comprise of attacks that fall into at least one classifications, with some increasingly refined attacks consolidating attacks on various vectors. These are the classifications: Volume Based Attacks: These send gigantic measures of traffic to overpower a system's data transmission. Convention Attacks: These are progressively engaged and misuse vulnerabilities in a server's assets. Application Attacks: are the most refined type of DDoS assaults, concentrating on specific web applications. Here's a more intensive take a gander at various kinds of DDoS attacks. TCP Connection Attacks TCP Connection Attacks or SYN Floods abuse a weakness in the TCP association arrangement regularly alluded to as the three-way handshake association with the host and the server. Here's the secret. The focused on the server gets a solicitation to start the handshake. In an SYN Flood, the handshake is rarely finished. That leaves the associated port as involved and inaccessible to process further asks for. In the meantime, the cybercriminal keeps on sending an ever-increasing number of solicitations overpowering every single open port and closing down the server. Application Attacks Application layer attacks — some of the time alluded to as Layer 7 attacks — target utilizations of the casualty of the attack in a more slow manner. That way, they may at first show up as genuine solicitations from clients, until it is past the point of no return, and the injured individual is overpowered and incapable to react. These attacks are gone for the layer where a server creates website pages and reacts to Http demands. Frequently, Application-level attacks are joined with different sorts of DDoS attacks focusing on applications, yet in addition the system and data transmission. Application layer attacks are especially undermining. Why? They're reasonable to work and more hard for organizations to identify than attacks concentrated on the system layer. Discontinuity Attacks Discontinuity Attacks are another normal type of DDoS attack. The cybercriminal abuses vulnerabilities in the datagram fracture process, in which IP datagrams are partitioned into littler parcels, moved over a system and afterward reassembled. In Fragmentation assaults, counterfeit information parcels unfit to be reassembled, overpower the server. In another type of Fragmentation assault called a Teardrop attack, the malware sent keeps the parcels from being reassembled. The weakness abused in Teardrop attacks has been fixed in the more current forms of Windows, however clients of obsolete renditions would even now be helpless. Volumetric Attacks Volumetric Attacks are the most widely recognized type of DDoS attack. They utilize a botnet to flood the system or server with traffic that seems real, however, overpowers the system's or server's abilities to handle the traffic. HOW DDoS ATTACKS ARE TO BE DONE? System associations on the Internet comprise of various layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OS) model. Various sorts of DDoS attacks center around specific layers. A couple of models: Layer 3, the Network layer. Assaults are known as Smurf Attacks, ICMP Floods, and IP/ICMP Fragmentation. Layer 4, the Transport layer. Assaults incorporate SYN Floods, UDP Floods, and TCP Connection Exhaustion. Layer 7, the Application layer. Mostly, HTTP-scrambled assaults. The essential way a DDoS is cultivated is through a system of remotely controlled, hacked PCs or bots. These are frequently alluded to as "zombie PCs." They structure what is known as a "botnet" or system of bots. 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Otto Charles Harmson b. 6 March 1876, d. 29 April 1911 Father: John Harmson b. circa 14 February 1832, d. 22 March 1882 Mother: Philippina Dexheimer b. 31 August 1841, d. 2 August 1890 Otto Charles Harmson was born on 6 March 1876 in Sacramento, California. The following appeared on 13 March 1876 in the Sacramento Daily Union: Born] (Sacramento, March 6) Wife of John Harmson, a son. John Harmson and Philippina Dexheimer appeared in the US federal census of 1 June 1880 in Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, at 1117 Fifteenth Street and one boarder.. Other members of the household included Otto Charles Harmson, Lillie M. Harmson and John William Harmson. The following appeared on 14 December 1890 in The Sunday Union: H. J. Goethe, through his attorney, Isaac Joseph, has filed in the County Clerk's office the will of the late William Schmidt. The deceased bequeaths to Mrs. Lena Harms, his sister-in-law, the sum of $500, to Charles Schmitt, editor of the Nord California Herold, $100; to Lillie Harmson; John Harmson and Otto Harmson, his step-children, the balance of his estate. The petition for the probate of the will states that the estate consists mainly of houses and lots in this city of the value of avour $16,500. The hearing of the petition has been set for Friday, December 26th. The following appeared on 11 May 1894 in the Sacramento Daily Record-Union: Lillie Harmson, guardian of John and Otto Charles Harmson, minors, has petitioned the Superior Court for an order to mortgage certain real estate for the purpose of paying a debt of $1,303.34. Otto Charles Harmson and Lillie M. Harmson appeared in the 1895 Sacramento, California, City Directory at 1233 H Street and their brother John is listed at the same address. The following appeared on 23 June 1897 in the Sacramento Daily Record-Union: [Died] In this city, June 21st. Lillie M. Harmson, sister of John and Otto Harmson, a native of Sacramento City. Cal., aged 25 years, 10 months and 19 days. Friends and acquaintances are respectfully invited to attend the funeral to-day, Wednesday, at 2 p. m., from her late residence, 1233 H street. Otto Charles Harmson appeared in the 1899 Sacramento, California, City Directory at 716 Thirteenth Street lemployed by Burnett & Son.. He served in the US Marine Corps from July 1900 to July 1905, in California, Guam, and aboard the USS Solace. He married Lenora M. Gilmore, daughter of Robert M. Gilmore and Alice Getchell, circa 1907. Otto Charles Harmson and Lenora M. Gilmore appeared in the US federal census of 15 April 1910 in Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, at 809 I Street. His name was recorded as Arnold Harmson. He was employed as a tinsmith, according to the 1910 census. Otto Charles Harmson died on 29 April 1911 at age 35 in Sacramento, Sacramento County, California. Lenora M. Gilmore became a widow at his death. He was interred at Sacramento City Cemetery, Sacramento, Sacramento County, California. The following appeared on 30 April 1911 in The San Francisco Call: (Sacramento) Otto Harmson, a general helper, was blown to pieces and J. Butcher and Andrew Johnson were seriously injured in an explosion of an acetylene gas tank in shop No. 5 of the Southern Pacific Company here Sunday. 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The Most Romantic Cities in the World: Readers' Choice Awards 2014 We asked Condé Nast Traveler readers for their top recommendations for romantic cities to visit around the world. Needless to say, you'll find Paris, as well as four Italian classics, but there are some pleasant sleeper hits too—from Spain's San Sebastián (for foodies) to Telluride, Colorado (for snow bunnies). By CNT Editors and David Jefferys Courtesy balloonrides.com WHAT'S TO LOVE? Balloon rides at dawn, wine tastings in local vineyards, and fabulous meals in town when the sun goes down. It's the perfect recipe for romance, and only an hour-and-a-half away from San Francisco. TOP TIP: Ditch the car. Combine an aerial view of the region with a picnic lunch and leisurely cycling circuit of local wineries, with guides from knowledgeable Napa Valley Bike Tours. WHAT'S TO LOVE? It's hard to find a prettier, more unspoiled spot along the Southern Californian coast than Laguna Beach (the well primped cast of The Real Housewives of Orange County live nearby as well). TOP TIP: Spend an afternoon browsing the varied stalls of the Laguna Craft Guild, along the cobblestoned streets of Main Beach twice a month, for unusual art, pottery, glass, textiles, and jewelry keepsakes. WHAT'S TO LOVE? Bursting at the seams with romantic places to stay, this Victorian resort town, easily reached from Philadelphia, Newark, and New York airports, is a beach-lovers haven in any season. Readers' favorite places to stay include The Virginia Hotel and Congress Hall. TOP TIP: Sunset Beach is one of very few on the East Coast where you can watch the sun set in the west below the waters of Delaware Bay. WHAT'S TO LOVE? It's all about the Jane Austen- and Emily Brontë-vibe here (with a smidgen of Beatrix Potter added to the mix), albeit not on the correct side of the Atlantic. If it's a cup of tea needed, no problem. Bracing sea spray on wild beaches? Done. TOP TIP: Pack a picnic and find a spot under one of the area's many Monterey cypress or pine trees to spot gray whales in winter and blue in summer. WHAT'S TO LOVE? Across the border, Victoria—a 90-minute ferry or 30-minute seaplane from Vancouver—does an equally brilliant job of imitating England. TOP TIP: High tea in winter, afternoon tea in summer at The Dining Room in beautiful Butchart Gardens. Think: cornish pasties, sausage rolls, scones with Devon-style cream, and Battenberg cake. WHAT'S TO LOVE? Go on! In addition to the swaying palms and beachside sunsets, how about sharing a bowl or cone of Hawaiian shaved ice? Two spoons are better than one. Unusual toppings include sweetened condensed milk, azuki bean paste, and a myriad of tropical fruit syrups. TOP TIP: Book the Vera Wang Suite at the acclaimed Halekulani hotel for private, butler-served cocktails (try the Kiss of Venus, Aphrodite's Poison, or Cupid's Arrow), and unbeatable views of moon rises over Diamond Head. WHAT'S TO LOVE? It's cheesy, we know, but a gondola ride in Venice—from San Marco to the Bridge of Sighs, and beyond—remains one of the world's most romantic experiences (the indoor version at The Venetian in Las Vegas isn't half-bad, without passports at hand). TOP TIP: Get lost! Turn the opposite direction of any signs pointing to major tourist sights and you'll find yourself down quiet(er) streets surrounded by real Venetians, living real lives, in this unspeakably beautiful city (sans pigeons). The Gritti Palace (Luxury Collection) even has a secret side-door entrance for guests. 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y of La Perla WHAT'S TO LOVE? For gourmands and oenophiles, nothing beats San Sebastián. It holds an astonishing 16 Michelin stars (three restos have three of them). You'll find everything from hearty pintxos (Basque tapas) to haute-cuisine grilled calf's trotter and jaw ravioli. TOP TIP: Don't miss a meal at the La Perla Thalassotherapy spa, overlooking Playa de la Concha (pictured). The menu highlights some of the area's most tasty seafood—squid croquettes, cod confit, and hake and clams in a green sauce. Moviestore collection Ltd / Alamy WHAT'S TO LOVE? The city's 'Locks of Love' bridge may have been disassembled recently (in fear of the entire span collapsing), but Paris isn't without a multitude of other romantic spots for PDAs. TOP TIP: Do as Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy did in Before Sunset (pictured), and wander the banks of the Seine, or take to the Promenade Plantée (much akin to New York's High Line). Quebec City PQ, Canada WHAT'S TO LOVE? During winter months, Quebec City's lovely Victorian promenade, Terrasse Dufferin overlooking the St. Lawrence, erects an old-fashioned toboggan run from the Plains of Abraham to the entrance of the much-loved Fairmont Le Château Frontenac hotel. It's a thrill-and-a-half to ride, at any age. TOP TIP: Les cabanes à sucre (Sugar Shacks) are a staple in rural Quebec, but you'll find one or two here, too. Simply pour hot maple syrup in a thin line along a trough of fresh snow, and roll with a stick for the world's best ever lollipop. WHAT'S TO LOVE? We know you're out there, romantics who believe in love eternal. What better place than the evocative cemeteries—like the 150-year-old, 160-acre Bonaventure—for late-night haunts, hand in hand? And then there's always midnight beneath the Spanish moss, in the garden of good and evil... TOP TIP: Top the evening off with sinful bites at Lulu's Chocolate Bar (open until 1 a.m. weeknights, 2 a.m. on weekends). WHAT'S TO LOVE? Get hearts pumping, hard, by attending Siena's magnificent Palio horse races (held over two weekends every summer). Pick a contrada (local neighborhood team), buy its flag to wave, and brave the crush of crowds on Piazza del Campo on July 2 and August 16, 2015. TOP TIP: Book an apartment with vrbo.com or airbnb.com for one of few with balconies overlooking the action. Note: With no cars in the city, brace for lugging luggage from parking lot to nest. (Pack light—way more romantic.) Courtesy of Fairmont San Francisco WHAT'S TO LOVE? Sure, a blanket of romantic fog can descend on the city in the blink of an eye (leading to Mark Twain's famous quote: "The coldest winter I ever saw was the summer I spent in San Francisco"). That said, the city sparkles on clear days and nights from bay to ocean. No other American city commands such a dramatic setting. TOP TIP: Take a stroll along Baker Beach in the Sea Cliff neighborhood between the Presidio and Legion of Honor—views of the Golden Gate Bridge and Marin County are superb. Franco Origlia/Getty Images WHAT'S TO LOVE? Frank Sinatra sang Three Coins in the Fountain to accompany Jean Negulesco's 1954 film of the same name, and Federico Fellini directed Anita Ekberg (plus kitten) in La Dolce Vita in 1960, securing Rome's Trevi Fountain as one of the world's most romantic venues. 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Go to www.verrill-law.com Banking Law Update Benefits Law Update Environmental and Energy Law Update Lawyers on Tap Taking Care of HR Business You Might Be a Winner Publications & Podcasts Life at Verrill Total Quality A blog from the attorneys of Verrill SubscribeTwitterRSS Feed Benefit Plans of Exempt Organizations Deferred Compensation/Executive Compensation Fringe Benefit and Similar Programs Health and Welfare Plans Plan Administration Proposed Regulations on 401(k) Hardship Withdrawals by Lisa S. Boehm on December 11, 2018 Last month, the Treasury Department issued highly anticipated proposed regulations governing hardship withdrawals from 401(k) plans. The proposed regulations address recent statutory changes made to the hardship withdrawal rules under Code Section 401(k), including: permitting the withdrawal of earnings on elective deferrals in the event of a hardship; permitting the withdrawal of QNECs, QMACs, and earnings on such contributions in the event of a hardship; and providing that a distribution will not be treated as failing to be made upon a participant's hardship solely because the participant does not take any available loan under the plan. In addition, the proposed regulations eliminate the requirement under the existing regulatory safe harbor to suspend the participant's elective deferrals or employee contributions for a period of six months following receipt of a hardship withdrawal. The proposed regulations also update the list of deemed "immediate and heavy financial needs" by: (1) adding a participant's "primary beneficiary" as an individual for whom qualifying medical, educational, and funeral expenses may be incurred; (2) removing an unintended restriction on qualifying expenses for the repair of damage to a participant's principal residence; and (3) adding a new expense to the list – expenses and losses (including loss of income) incurred by a participant as a result of a federally declared disaster, provided the participant's principal residence or principal place of employment was located in an area designated by FEMA for individual assistance with respect to the disaster. The proposed regulations modify the rules for determining whether a distribution is necessary to satisfy an immediate and heavy financial need by eliminating the existing regulatory safe harbor and providing one general standard for determining whether the distribution is necessary. The new general standard has three components. First, a hardship withdrawal may not exceed the amount of the participant's need (including any amounts necessary to pay any federal, state, or local income taxes or penalties reasonably anticipated to result from the distribution). Second, the participant must have obtained all other currently available distributions (including distributions of ESOP dividends) under the plan and all other plans of deferred compensation, whether qualified or nonqualified, maintained by the employer. Third, the participant must represent that he or she has insufficient cash or other liquid assets to satisfy the financial need. A plan administrator may rely on the participant's representation unless the plan administrator has actual knowledge to the contrary. Given the timing of the publication of the proposed regulations, the requirement to obtain this representation would apply only for distributions made on or after January 1, 2020. The proposed regulations provide that a plan generally may provide for additional conditions to demonstrate that a withdrawal is necessary to satisfy an immediate and heavy financial need. For example, a plan may require a participant to first obtain all nontaxable loans available under the plan before a hardship withdrawal may be made. However, the proposed regulations no longer permit a plan to provide for a suspension of elective deferrals or employee contributions as a condition of obtaining a hardship withdrawal. In light of the timing of the publication of the proposed regulations, this prohibition would apply only for hardship withdrawals made on or after January 1, 2020 (but, as explained below, plan sponsors may choose an earlier implementation date). Effective/Applicability Date The proposed regulations generally would apply to hardship withdrawals made in plan years beginning after December 31, 2018. 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December 31, 2018, even if the distribution was made in the prior plan year. Accordingly, a calendar year plan providing for hardship withdrawals under the pre-2019 safe harbor standards either (1) may be amended to provide that a participant who receives a hardship withdrawal in the second half of 2018 will be suspended from making contributions only until January 1, 2019, or (2) may continue to provide that contributions will be suspended for the originally scheduled six months. In addition, the revision to qualifying expenses for the repair of damage to a participant's principal residence may be applied to withdrawals made on or after a date that is as early as January 1, 2018. Plan Amendments and Next Steps The Treasury Department and IRS expect that plan sponsors will need to amend the hardship withdrawal provisions in their 401(k) plans if the regulations are finalized as they have been proposed. As a rule, individually designed plans would have until the end of the second calendar year that begins after the IRS issues a "Required Amendments List" that includes the change to be amended for such change, and pre-approved plans (e.g., volume submitter and prototype plans) may need to adopt interim amendments in 2019. In the meantime, 401(k) plan sponsors should contact their plan recordkeeper/third-party administrator as soon as possible to confirm (1) the changes the plan sponsor intends to implement with respect to the hardship withdrawal rules, including when they will take effect, and (2) that the recordkeeper's/third-party administrator's systems will be timely updated to administer the changes the plan sponsor desires to implement. Note for 403(b) Plan Sponsors The proposed new rules relating to hardship withdrawals of elective deferrals from a 401(k) plan generally apply to 403(b) plans. However, earnings attributable to Section 403(b) elective deferrals remain ineligible for distribution on account of hardship, and QNECs and QMACs in a Section 403(b) plan that are in a custodial account continue to be ineligible for hardship withdrawals. QNECs and QMACs in a Section 403(b) plan that are not in a custodial account may be withdrawn in the event of hardship. Topics: Plan Administration, Retirement Plans Lisa S. Boehm Contact Verrill at (855) 307 0700 © 2022 Verrill Dana LLP. ATTORNEY ADVERTISING. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. 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Cardozo School of Law Boston University Paralegal Program Boston	-0.972039	-1.037958	-0.181283	0.232232	[ -0.5501790209970161, -1.3938990852602526 ]	[ -0.666402646096102, -1.4095135073396352 ]	[ 0.2831658079363957, -0.6457324676105929 ]	[ 0.9719970998776386, -0.5075322401911893 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 5846, 29871, 29941, 29896, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 29892, 1584, 565, 278, 4978, 471, 1754, 297, 278, 7536, 3814, 1629, 29889, 7579, 368, 29892, 263, 17684, 1629, 3814, 13138, 363, 2898, 3527, 28679, 1338, 1090, 278, 758, 29899, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29929, 9109, 4023, 4089, 20801, 2845, 313, 29896, 29897, 1122, 367, 626, 2760, 304, 3867, 393, 263, 5221, 424, 1058, 20586, 263, 2898, 3527, 28679, 284, 297, 278, 1473, 4203, 310, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 674, 367, 8872, 2760, 515, 3907, 20706, 871, 2745, 5490, 29871, 29896, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29929, 29892, 470, 313, 29906, 29897, 1122, 6773, 304, 3867, 393, 20706, 674, 367, 8872, 2760, 363, 278, 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\section{Introduction} LINERs (low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions; Heckman 1980) are found in a significant fraction of bright galaxies (Ho, Filippenko, \& Sargent 1997a). The ionizing source of LINERs is still under debate (see Filippenko 1996 for a review), with candidate ionization mechanisms being photoionization by low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs), photoionization by very hot stars, and collisional ionization by fast shocks. Recent observations have shown that at least some LINERs are low-luminosity AGNs (hereafter LLAGNs); see Ho (1999a and references therein) for a review. According to the extensive spectroscopic survey of Ho et al. (1997b), which includes all bright ($B_T$ {\lower.5ex\hbox{\ltsima}} 12.5 mag) galaxies with declinations greater than 0$^{\circ}$, about 20\% of LINERs exhibit a broad H$\alpha$ emission line in their optical spectra. Hard X-ray observations provide a powerful means for searching for evidence of an AGN by detecting a pointlike hard X-ray source at the nucleus. Compact hard X-ray sources have been detected in LINERs that show broad H$\alpha$ emission (hereafter LINER 1s; Iyomoto et al. 1996, 1998; Ptak et al. 1998; Terashima et al. 1998a; Guainazzi \& Antonelli 1999; Weaver et al. 1999). The X-ray spectra of these objects are well represented by a two-component model: a power-law component plus soft thermal emission. The X-ray spectra of the hard component are quite similar to those of Seyfert galaxies, and typical X-ray luminosities are $10^{40-41}$~{ergs s$^{-1}$}. The H$\alpha$ luminosities of LINER 1s are positively correlated with the X-ray luminosities in the 2--10 keV band (Terashima 1999; Terashima et al. 1999). These observations strongly support the idea that most LINER 1s are LLAGNs. LINERs constitute the majority of the objects that show spectroscopic evidence for nuclear activity, and most LINERs ($\sim80$\%; Ho et al. 1997a, b) show no detectable broad H$\alpha$ emission and are classified as ``LINER 2s''. Therefore, LINER 2s are the most abundant form of low-level activity in nearby galaxies. It is not clear whether the origin of LINER 2s is similar to that of LINER 1s. If LINER 2s are also genuine AGNs, then the emission from their nuclei may be obscured, by analogy with the popular obscuration model for Seyfert 2 galaxies (Lawrence \& Elvis 1982; Antonucci \& Miller 1985). If this is the case, then the X-ray spectra of LINER 2s should show evidence for heavy absorption ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} $>10^{23}$~{cm$^{-2}$}) and strong fluorescent iron K emission lines. For example, NGC 1052, a LINER 1.9 (Ho et al. 1997a) from which polarized broad H$\alpha$ line has been detected (Barth et al. 1999), shows an X-ray spectrum absorbed by a column density of {{$N_{\rm H}$}} $\approx\,3\times10^{23}$~{cm$^{-2}$} and a fluorescent iron~K emission line with an equivalent width of $\sim$300 eV (Weaver et al. 1999). These X-ray characteristics are quite similar to those of luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies (Awaki et al.	0.571585	1.595161	0.780269	1.726394	[ 0.6058270410779377, 0.5373432696279997 ]	[ 1.541442394658781, 1.6488801095373642 ]	[ 0.8309938694193978, 0.729544228404027 ]	[ 1.6899752939154347, 1.7628136614265153 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 320, 2042, 29912, 25898, 29913, 13, 13, 23714, 1001, 29879, 313, 677, 29899, 291, 2133, 20346, 25477, 29899, 1220, 12786, 29936, 940, 384, 1171, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29900, 29897, 13, 598, 1476, 297, 263, 7282, 15958, 310, 11785, 25494, 313, 29950, 29877, 29892, 13, 29943, 2638, 7785, 2901, 29892, 320, 29987, 317, 23641, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 467, 450, 16346, 5281, 2752, 310, 21724, 1001, 29879, 338, 1603, 13, 5062, 27836, 313, 4149, 2514, 29875, 7785, 2901, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 363, 263, 9076, 511, 411, 14020, 13, 291, 2133, 7208, 12903, 1641, 15373, 291, 2133, 491, 4482, 29899, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 6136, 13, 23014, 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1991a; Smith \& Done 1994; Turner et al. 1997a). Thus, this is an example of an active nucleus which is a low-ionization analog of Seyfert 2 galaxies such as NGC 1068. Alternatively, the optical emission lines in LINER 2s may be ionized by sources other than an AGN. Collisional ionization from fast-moving shocks (e.g., Koski \& Osterbrock 1976; Fosbury et al. 1978; Dopita \& Sutherland 1995) and photoionization by a cluster of hot, young stars (Terlevich \& Melnick 1985; Filippenko \& Terlevich 1992; Shields 1992) have also been proposed as possible excitation mechanisms to power the narrow-line emission in LINERs. Ultraviolet (UV) spectra of several LINER 2s are available from the {\it Hubble Space Telescope} ({{\it HST}}), and these indicate the presence of massive stars in some LINER 2s (Maoz et al. 1998). Maoz et al. (1998) find that in NGC 404, NGC 4569, and NGC 5055 hot stars play a significant role as an ionizing source for the optical emission lines. In order to explain the observed H$\alpha$ luminosities by stellar photoionization, however, very massive stars ($M\,\approx\, 100$ $M_\odot$) are required to be still present (see Fig. 5 in Maoz et al. 1998). Although UV spectroscopy can probe the presence of massive stars, only UV bright objects ($\sim$20\%--30\% of LINERs; Maoz et al. 1995; Barth et al. 1998; Ho, Filippenko, \& Sargent 1999) can be studied. Moreover, Maoz et al. (1998) have argued that even in objects such as M81, NGC 4579 or NGC 4594, where an LLAGN is known to be present based on other evidence, the observed UV continuum power is insufficient to account for the observed line emission, and the nonstellar component most likely becomes more prominent at higher energies. Searching for the ionizing source in the X-rays is necessary to test this hypothesis. Only a limited number of X-ray observations of LINER 2s have been performed so far. Previous X-ray observations with {{\it Einstein}} and {{\it ROSAT}} were limited to soft energies, where heavily obscured AGNs are difficult to detect. Furthermore, the limited spectral resolution and bandpass of these observations cannot distinguish the thermal emission of the host galaxy from the emission from the AGN. We observed a small sample of three LINER 2 nuclei (NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457) with the {{\it ASCA}} satellite to search for a hidden ionizing source; the sample also included NGC 4192 and NGC 4569, which are classified as ``transition objects,'' emission-line nuclei whose optical spectra suggest a composite source of ionization, possibly due to a genuine LINER nucleus mixed in with signal from circumnuclear \ion{H}{2}\ regions. The imaging capability of {{\it ASCA}} (Tanaka, Inoue, \& Holt 1994), which extends up to 10 keV, and its moderate spectral resolution enable it to identify thermal emission from the host galaxy. We also analyze the X-ray properties of NGC 4117, a low-luminosity Seyfert 2 galaxy serendipitously observed in the field of NGC 4111. This paper is organized as follows. In $\S2$ we summarize the {\it ASCA} observations and data reduction. Image and spectral analysis are reported in $\S3$ and $\S4	0.501732	1.416098	0.727008	1.684773	[ 0.1456160969343542, 0.8578473200137096 ]	[ 1.2262917643482705, 1.605905023585931 ]	[ 0.40997785920560914, 1.0440381155516765 ]	[ 1.5963259642583307, 1.773219142499527 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29896, 29929, 29929, 29896, 29874, 29936, 7075, 320, 29987, 25679, 13, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 29936, 24215, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 467, 6549, 29892, 445, 338, 385, 1342, 310, 385, 6136, 13, 29876, 1682, 280, 375, 607, 338, 263, 4482, 29899, 291, 2133, 15690, 310, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 25494, 1316, 408, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29953, 29947, 29889, 13, 13, 2499, 725, 6703, 29892, 278, 27070, 25477, 3454, 297, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 1122, 367, 16346, 1891, 13, 1609, 8974, 916, 1135, 385, 16369, 29940, 29889, 13435, 275, 1848, 16346, 2133, 515, 5172, 29899, 13529, 292, 13, 845, 1698, 29879, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 17457, 1984, 320, 29987, 438, 2475, 6729, 384, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29953, 29936, 383, 359, 11059, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29947, 29936, 360, 459, 2028, 320, 29987, 13, 29903, 14107, 1049, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29945, 29897, 322, 15373, 291, 2133, 491, 263, 9867, 310, 7375, 29892, 4123, 10819, 13, 29898, 29911, 261, 2608, 436, 320, 29987, 341, 3478, 860, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29945, 29936, 2514, 29875, 7785, 2901, 320, 29987, 5061, 2608, 436, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 29936, 1383, 969, 29879, 13, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 29897, 505, 884, 1063, 7972, 408, 1950, 5566, 7018, 7208, 12903, 304, 13, 13519, 278, 12474, 29899, 1220, 25477, 297, 21724, 1001, 29879, 29889, 29871, 18514, 5705, 601, 1026, 313, 29965, 29963, 29897, 6683, 336, 310, 13, 344, 369, 284, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 526, 3625, 515, 278, 2802, 277, 14533, 569, 14121, 323, 5830, 4338, 29913, 13, 3319, 741, 277, 379, 1254, 930, 511, 322, 1438, 12266, 278, 10122, 310, 20364, 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304, 2740, 363, 263, 7934, 13, 291, 5281, 2752, 29936, 278, 4559, 884, 5134, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29892, 607, 13, 598, 770, 2164, 408, 4954, 20543, 3618, 29892, 4907, 25477, 29899, 1220, 11205, 16301, 5069, 13, 3670, 936, 6683, 336, 4368, 263, 20842, 2752, 310, 16346, 2133, 29892, 10075, 2861, 13, 517, 263, 29120, 457, 21724, 1001, 22699, 375, 12849, 297, 411, 7182, 515, 3449, 1227, 1682, 1945, 13, 29905, 291, 29912, 29950, 1157, 29906, 1012, 12786, 29889, 29871, 450, 6382, 292, 2117, 3097, 310, 426, 741, 277, 3339, 5454, 930, 313, 29911, 273, 8245, 29892, 512, 283, 29872, 29892, 320, 29987, 13, 29950, 14339, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 511, 607, 4988, 701, 304, 29871, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 29892, 322, 967, 17768, 403, 23161, 13, 9778, 918, 9025, 372, 304, 12439, 26963, 25477, 515, 278, 3495, 13, 23014, 26825, 29889, 29871, 1334, 884, 27599, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 4426, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29892, 263, 13, 677, 29899, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 15400, 29891, 724, 355, 666, 277, 5794, 8900, 297, 278, 1746, 13, 974, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29889, 13, 13, 4013, 5650, 338, 19098, 408, 4477, 29889, 512, 779, 29903, 29906, 29938, 591, 19138, 675, 278, 2802, 277, 13, 3289, 5454, 29913, 13917, 322, 848, 20376, 29889, 7084, 322, 23161, 7418, 526, 13, 12276, 287, 297, 779, 29903, 29941, 29938, 322, 779, 29903, 29946 ]	3,326	1,024	ArXiv	-1	-1
$, respectively. We discuss the origin of X-ray emission and the ionizing source in type 2 LINERs in $\S5$. A summary of our findings is presented in $\S6$. \section{Observations} We observed the three LINER 2s and two transition objects shown in Table 1. These objects are selected from the Palomar survey of nearby galaxies conducted by Ho et al. (1995, 1997a), for which Ho et al. (1997b) determined that broad H$\alpha$ emission is not present. We selected objects that are bright in the narrow H$\alpha$ emission line, since a large X-ray flux is expected if the ionization source is due to an AGN (Halpern, \& Steiner 1983; Elvis, Soltan, \& Keel 1984; Ward et al. 1988; Koratkar et al. 1995; Terashima 1999; Terashima et al. 1999). We also gave preference to objects that have previously been studied in the UV using the {{\it HST}}. Both NGC 404 and NGC 4569 are UV bright and have been studied spectroscopically in the UV by Maoz et al. (1998), while NGC 4111 and NGC 4192 were imaged in the UV but were not detected (Maoz et al. 1996; Barth et al. 1998). \placetable{tbl-1} The log of the {{\it ASCA}} observations is shown in Table 2. Detailed descriptions of the {{\it ASCA}} instruments can be found in Serlemitsos et al. (1995), Ohashi et al. (1996), Makishima et al. (1996), Burke et al. (1994), and Yamashita et al. (1997). The observation mode of the Solid-state Imaging Spectrometers (SIS) is summarized in Table 2; the Gas Imaging Spectrometers (GIS) were operated in the nominal pulse-height mode. We screened the data using standard criteria. We excluded data taken when (1) the elevation angle from the earth's limb was less than 5$^{\circ}$\ , (2) the cut-off rigidity was less than 6 GeV c$^{-1}$, (3) the satellite was passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly, and (4) the elevation angle from the day earth's limb was less than 25$^{\circ}$\ (only for the SIS). The observed count rates, after background subtraction, and the net exposure times, after data screening, are also tabulated in Table 2. Although we observed NGC 404, 4111, 4192 and 4569 on two occasions in order to search for variability, no significant variability was found. The typical upper limit on variability is 50\%. We therefore use images and spectra combined from the two observations in the following analysis. In this paper, the quoted errors are at the 90\% confidence level for one parameter of interest, unless otherwise noted. \placetable{tbl-2} \section{X-ray images} We detected X-ray emission from all objects except for NGC 404. In this section, we show X-ray images and estimate the spatial extension of the X-ray emission. \subsection{NGC 404} The nucleus of NGC 404 was not detected in either the SIS or in the GIS images. One serendipitous source was detected in the SIS image in the 0.5--2 keV band of the second observation. The SIS image in the 0.5--2 keV band is shown in Figure 1{\it a}. The peak position of this source is ($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($1^{h}\,9^{m}\,28^{s}$, 35$^{\circ}$\ 38{$^{\prime}$}\ 59{$^{\prime	-0.305136	0.50825	0.176644	0.987605	[ -0.16007833787530662, -0.4501927146801066 ]	[ 0.542271646287958, 0.47422776019818874 ]	[ 0.33896311049484956, 0.014324259245663136 ]	[ 1.0656464295347425, 0.9095642134395694 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1628, 8307, 29889, 1334, 5353, 278, 3978, 310, 13, 29990, 29899, 764, 25477, 322, 278, 16346, 5281, 2752, 297, 1134, 29871, 29906, 21724, 1001, 29879, 297, 779, 29903, 29945, 1504, 319, 13, 7727, 310, 1749, 1284, 886, 338, 9132, 297, 779, 29903, 29953, 1504, 13, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 2042, 29912, 6039, 2140, 800, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 8900, 278, 2211, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 322, 1023, 9558, 3618, 4318, 297, 13, 3562, 29871, 29896, 29889, 4525, 3618, 526, 4629, 515, 278, 3793, 290, 279, 18994, 310, 20810, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 18043, 491, 8335, 634, 394, 29889, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29945, 29892, 29871, 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297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 13, 446, 29963, 3719, 338, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 263, 1836, 450, 19224, 2602, 310, 445, 2752, 338, 13, 1566, 29905, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 435, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 1042, 353, 3255, 29896, 998, 29882, 15379, 29929, 998, 29885, 15379, 29906, 29947, 998, 29879, 4429, 29871, 29941, 29945, 29938, 3311, 6034, 1042, 29905, 29871, 29941, 29947, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 1012, 29871, 13, 29945, 29929, 8290, 3311, 10080 ]	3,326	2,048	ArXiv	-1	-1
\prime}$}), and the error radius is about 1$^{\prime}$. This source is not clearly seen in the GIS image or in the SIS image above 2 keV. We calculated an upper limit for the X-ray flux seen toward the nucleus of NGC 404 using the following procedure. We made a one-dimensional projection of width 2\farcm5 along the nucleus and the serendipitous source and then fitted the profile with a model consisting of two point-spread functions (PSFs) at the positions of the two objects plus a constant background. The model PSFs were obtained using a ray-tracing code, and they were projected using the same method applied to the data. The free parameters are the normalizations of the two PSFs and the background level. We fitted the projected SIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--10 keV bands and obtained a 3$\sigma$ upper limit of $1.1\times10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $6.6 \times10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, respectively, assuming a power-law spectrum with a photon index of $\Gamma$ = 2. For an assumed distance of 2.4 Mpc (Tully 1988), these upper limits for the X-ray flux correspond to luminosities of $7.6\times10^{36}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ in the 0.5--2 keV band and $4.6\times10^{37}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ in the 2--10 keV band. \subsection{NGC 4111} Figures 1{\it c} and 1{\it d} show the GIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands, respectively. At least three X-ray sources were detected in the GIS field of view, and the positions and tentative identifications of these are summarized in Table 3. One of these sources, at ($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^{h}\,7^{m}\,47^{s}$, 43$^{\circ}$\ 6{$^{\prime}$}\ 53{$^{\prime\prime}$}) is brighter in the $>$2 keV image than in the $<$2 keV image. This hard source is positionally coincident, within the astrometric uncertainty of {\it ASCA}, with NGC 4117, a $B\,\approx$ 14.0 mag Seyfert 2 galaxy first recognized by Huchra, Wyatt, \& Davis (1982). The other two sources are brighter in the soft-band image. One of the soft sources coincides with the nucleus of NGC 4111, while the other has no counterpart in the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED). NGC 4111 is detected also in the SIS image, but the other sources are out of the field of view of the detector. In order to estimate the spatial extent of the X-ray emission, we made azimuthally averaged radial profiles of surface brightness using the SIS images and compared them with those of the PSF. We used the SIS images to examine the spatial extent of the emission, since the spatial resolution of the SIS is better than that of the GIS. We tried to fit the radial profiles in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands with a PSF plus constant background model. The free parameters are the normalization of the PSF and the background level. The fits were unacceptable: $\chi^2$ = 20.9 and 30.4 for 11 degrees of freedom, in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands, respectively. In order to parameterize the spatial extent, we fitted the radial profiles with a constant background plus a two-dimensional Gaussian convolved through the PSF. The free parameters in this fit are the dispersion and normalization of the Gaussian and the background level. This model gave a significantly better fit	-0.005048	0.631803	0.099288	1.237337	[ -0.08859840142443381, 0.07850200091341496 ]	[ 0.5888279894020108, 0.6747781613048772 ]	[ 0.09294773103257548, 0.10562893615949683 ]	[ 1.096862872753777, 1.3778108617250886 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29905, 10080, 1042, 9594, 322, 278, 1059, 11855, 338, 1048, 29871, 29896, 29938, 3311, 10080, 4311, 29871, 910, 2752, 338, 451, 29871, 13, 8551, 368, 3595, 297, 278, 402, 3235, 1967, 470, 297, 278, 317, 3235, 1967, 2038, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 29889, 13, 13, 4806, 12833, 385, 7568, 4046, 363, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 3595, 11183, 278, 13, 29876, 1682, 280, 375, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 773, 278, 1494, 8792, 29889, 1334, 1754, 263, 13, 650, 29899, 12531, 18246, 310, 2920, 29871, 29906, 29905, 15641, 4912, 29945, 3412, 278, 22699, 375, 322, 278, 13, 643, 355, 666, 277, 681, 2752, 322, 769, 25890, 278, 8722, 411, 263, 1904, 13, 3200, 15423, 310, 1023, 1298, 29899, 1028, 949, 3168, 313, 7024, 29943, 29879, 29897, 472, 278, 11909, 310, 13, 1552, 1023, 3618, 2298, 263, 4868, 3239, 29889, 450, 1904, 11323, 29943, 29879, 892, 13, 711, 2408, 287, 773, 263, 15570, 29899, 29873, 945, 292, 775, 29892, 322, 896, 892, 2060, 287, 773, 278, 13, 17642, 1158, 7436, 304, 278, 848, 29889, 450, 3889, 4128, 526, 278, 13, 8945, 17063, 310, 278, 1023, 11323, 29943, 29879, 322, 278, 3239, 3233, 29889, 1334, 25890, 278, 13, 4836, 287, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 22706, 322, 13, 711, 2408, 287, 263, 29871, 29941, 4535, 3754, 29938, 7568, 4046, 310, 395, 29896, 29889, 29896, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 13, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 322, 395, 29953, 29889, 29953, 320, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 7477, 29938, 3426, 29906, 4429, 13, 690, 1103, 3598, 29892, 10241, 263, 3081, 29899, 10653, 18272, 411, 263, 6731, 265, 2380, 310, 13, 4535, 6642, 29938, 353, 29871, 29906, 29889, 29871, 1152, 385, 12023, 5418, 310, 29871, 29906, 29889, 29946, 341, 6739, 313, 29911, 352, 368, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29947, 511, 1438, 13, 21064, 13071, 363, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 3928, 304, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 13, 29938, 29955, 29889, 29953, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29953, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 3719, 322, 13, 29938, 29946, 29889, 29953, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29955, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 3719, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29913, 13, 13, 13080, 1973, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 274, 29913, 322, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 270, 29913, 1510, 278, 402, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 13, 392, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 29892, 8307, 29889, 2180, 3203, 2211, 1060, 29899, 764, 8974, 892, 13, 4801, 26458, 297, 278, 402, 3235, 1746, 310, 1776, 29892, 322, 278, 11909, 322, 12033, 1230, 13, 1693, 8232, 310, 1438, 526, 19138, 1891, 297, 6137, 29871, 29941, 29889, 3118, 310, 1438, 13, 29879, 2863, 29892, 472, 20430, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 435, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 1042, 353, 13, 1566, 29896, 29906, 998, 29882, 15379, 29955, 998, 29885, 15379, 29946, 29955, 998, 29879, 4429, 29871, 29946, 29941, 29938, 3311, 6034, 1042, 29905, 29871, 29953, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 1012, 29871, 29945, 29941, 8290, 3311, 10080, 29905, 10080, 1042, 1800, 338, 1506, 14643, 297, 278, 13, 29938, 29958, 29938, 29906, 1589, 29963, 1967, 1135, 297, 278, 395, 29966, 29938, 29906, 1589, 29963, 1967, 29889, 29871, 910, 2898, 2752, 338, 13, 3283, 635, 22819, 1693, 29892, 2629, 278, 8717, 456, 300, 2200, 25812, 310, 2802, 277, 3339, 5454, 1118, 13, 2541, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29892, 263, 395, 29933, 15013, 14850, 29938, 29871, 29896, 29946, 29889, 29900, 2320, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 15400, 29891, 937, 13, 29423, 1891, 491, 379, 987, 336, 29892, 10167, 1131, 29892, 320, 29987, 15225, 313, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29906, 467, 29871, 450, 916, 1023, 8974, 13, 598, 1506, 14643, 297, 278, 4964, 29899, 4980, 1967, 29889, 3118, 310, 278, 4964, 8974, 22819, 2247, 13, 2541, 278, 22699, 375, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 1550, 278, 916, 756, 694, 6795, 1595, 297, 13, 1552, 24206, 7338, 1431, 284, 17911, 5470, 313, 29940, 3352, 467, 13, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 338, 17809, 884, 297, 278, 317, 3235, 1967, 29892, 541, 278, 916, 8974, 526, 13, 449, 310, 278, 1746, 310, 1776, 310, 278, 1439, 3019, 29889, 512, 1797, 304, 12678, 278, 13, 1028, 15238, 15834, 310, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 29892, 591, 1754, 2698, 326, 2806, 635, 4759, 4063, 13, 3665, 616, 28723, 310, 7101, 11785, 2264, 773, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 322, 13, 2388, 1965, 963, 411, 1906, 310, 278, 11323, 29943, 29889, 1334, 1304, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 304, 25917, 13, 1552, 18652, 15834, 310, 278, 25477, 29892, 1951, 278, 18652, 10104, 310, 13, 1552, 317, 3235, 338, 2253, 1135, 393, 310, 278, 402, 3235, 29889, 29871, 1334, 1898, 304, 6216, 278, 28373, 13, 771, 5325, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 411, 263, 11323, 29943, 2298, 4868, 13, 7042, 1904, 29889, 450, 3889, 4128, 526, 278, 4226, 2133, 310, 278, 11323, 29943, 13, 392, 278, 3239, 3233, 29889, 29871, 450, 23994, 892, 443, 16044, 519, 29901, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 353, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29889, 29929, 13, 392, 29871, 29941, 29900, 29889, 29946, 363, 29871, 29896, 29896, 14496, 310, 16082, 29892, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 13, 29890, 4167, 29892, 8307, 29889, 512, 1797, 304, 3443, 675, 278, 18652, 15834, 29892, 591, 13, 29888, 4430, 278, 28373, 28723, 411, 263, 4868, 3239, 2298, 263, 13, 10184, 29899, 12531, 22477, 378, 1555, 1490, 1549, 278, 11323, 29943, 29889, 450, 3889, 13, 16744, 297, 445, 6216, 526, 278, 12272, 4455, 322, 4226, 2133, 310, 278, 13, 29954, 17019, 322, 278, 3239, 3233, 29889, 910, 1904, 4846, 263, 16951, 13, 6878, 357, 6216 ]	3,326	3,072	ArXiv	-1	-1
with $\Delta \chi^2$=14 and 21, respectively, for one additional parameter. These are significant at more than 99\% confidence. The best-fit values of $\sigma$ are summarized in Table 4. The Gaussian model provides a reasonably good representation of the observed profile. These results indicate that the X-ray images are extended on kpc scales in both the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands. The difference in spatial extent between the two energy bands is not significant. The best-fit profile is shown in Figure 2. \subsection{NGC 4192} NGC 4192 and a few serendipitous sources were detected in the field. The contour maps of the SIS images in the 0.5--7 keV band are shown in Figure 1{\it b}. The positions of the detected sources are summarized in Table 3. An archival {{\it ROSAT}} PSPC image shows two sources, which combine to yield an elongated morphology, centered on the galaxy. The position angle of the elongation is $\sim72$ deg and these sources are aligned roughly along the direction of the minor axis of the galaxy. In the {{\it ASCA}} image, this elongation is not clearly seen because of limited photon statistics and spatial resolution. Since NGC 4192 is very dim and its exposure time was shorter than those of other objects, we fitted the one-dimensional projection of the SIS images, as in the case of NGC 404, to measure the X-ray fluxes; the projection was made with a width of 3\farcm2 along the nucleus and the serendipitous source (source 3 in Table 3). We fitted the resulting profile with a constant background plus two PSFs centered at the position of the galaxy nucleus and source 3. The free parameters in the fit are the normalization of each PSF and the background level. The fit of the projected profiles in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--10 keV bands yielded X-ray fluxes of $5.7\times10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $1.1 \times10^{-13}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, respectively, for an assumed power-law spectrum with $\Gamma$ = 1.7 (see \S\ 4). At an adopted distance of 16.8 Mpc (Tully 1988), these fluxes correspond to the luminosities of $L$(0.5--2 keV) = $1.9\times10^{39}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ and $L$(2--10 keV) = $3.8\times10^{39}$ ergs s$^{-1}$. The significance of the detection is 9.6$\sigma$ and 6.7$\sigma$ in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--10 keV bands, respectively. \subsection{NGC 4457} NGC 4457 was detected in both the SIS and GIS images. Contour maps of GIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands are shown in Figure 1{\it e} and 1{\it f}. Serendipitous sources are also detected in the GIS field of view, and their positions are summarized in Table 3. The brightest one, located at ($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,29^m\, 47^s$, 3$^{\circ}$\ 35{$^{\prime}$}\ 32{$^{\prime\prime}$}), is plausibly identified with the Virgo cluster galaxy VCC 1208 [($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,29^m\,39.2^s$, 3$^{\circ}$\ 36{$^{\prime}$}\ 43{$^{\prime\prime}$})]. We fitted the radial profiles of the SIS images in the 0.5	0.151437	1.083041	0.341499	1.164498	[ 0.3291526044201881, -0.026278169404990216 ]	[ 0.796540904833938, 1.369542050853048 ]	[ 0.5266449463732855, 0.1563537566671822 ]	[ 1.211323164556904, 1.1176738348998 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 411, 779, 5268, 320, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 29922, 29896, 29946, 322, 29871, 29906, 29896, 29892, 8307, 29892, 363, 697, 13, 1202, 3245, 3443, 29889, 4525, 526, 7282, 472, 901, 1135, 29871, 29929, 29929, 8958, 13, 5527, 5084, 29889, 450, 1900, 29899, 9202, 1819, 310, 779, 3754, 29938, 526, 19138, 1891, 297, 6137, 29871, 29946, 29889, 13, 1576, 22477, 1904, 8128, 263, 2769, 2197, 1781, 8954, 310, 278, 13, 711, 643, 1490, 8722, 29889, 4525, 2582, 12266, 393, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 4558, 526, 13, 1062, 2760, 373, 413, 6739, 23431, 297, 1716, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 29889, 450, 13, 29881, 17678, 297, 18652, 15834, 1546, 278, 1023, 5864, 22706, 338, 451, 13, 4530, 928, 424, 29889, 450, 1900, 29899, 9202, 8722, 338, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29906, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 29913, 13, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 322, 263, 2846, 724, 355, 666, 277, 681, 8974, 892, 17809, 297, 278, 1746, 29889, 13, 1576, 640, 473, 11053, 310, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 3719, 526, 4318, 297, 13, 13080, 545, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 289, 1836, 450, 11909, 310, 278, 17809, 8974, 526, 19138, 1891, 13, 262, 6137, 29871, 29941, 29889, 530, 3190, 2561, 426, 741, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 930, 349, 5550, 29907, 1967, 3697, 1023, 8974, 29892, 607, 13, 17743, 457, 304, 7709, 385, 560, 549, 630, 18131, 3002, 29892, 24764, 373, 278, 15400, 29891, 29889, 450, 13, 3283, 10696, 310, 278, 560, 549, 362, 338, 779, 3601, 29955, 29906, 29938, 3587, 322, 1438, 8974, 526, 13, 13671, 20928, 3412, 278, 5305, 310, 278, 9461, 9685, 310, 278, 13, 23014, 26825, 29889, 512, 278, 426, 741, 277, 3339, 5454, 930, 1967, 29892, 445, 560, 549, 362, 338, 451, 9436, 3595, 13, 18103, 310, 9078, 6731, 265, 13964, 322, 18652, 10104, 29889, 13, 13, 23036, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 338, 1407, 3964, 322, 967, 14060, 545, 931, 471, 20511, 1135, 13, 386, 852, 310, 916, 3618, 29892, 591, 25890, 278, 697, 29899, 12531, 18246, 310, 13, 1552, 317, 3235, 4558, 29892, 408, 297, 278, 1206, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 29892, 304, 5645, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 1579, 1314, 267, 29936, 278, 18246, 471, 1754, 411, 263, 2920, 310, 29871, 29941, 29905, 15641, 4912, 29906, 3412, 278, 13, 29876, 1682, 280, 375, 322, 278, 724, 355, 666, 277, 681, 2752, 313, 4993, 29871, 29941, 297, 6137, 29871, 29941, 467, 1334, 25890, 13, 1552, 9819, 8722, 411, 263, 4868, 3239, 2298, 1023, 11323, 29943, 29879, 13, 5064, 287, 472, 278, 2602, 310, 278, 15400, 29891, 22699, 375, 322, 2752, 29871, 29941, 29889, 29871, 450, 3889, 13, 16744, 297, 278, 6216, 526, 278, 4226, 2133, 310, 1269, 11323, 29943, 322, 278, 13, 7042, 3233, 29889, 29871, 450, 6216, 310, 278, 2060, 287, 28723, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 13, 392, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 22706, 7709, 287, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 267, 310, 395, 29945, 29889, 29955, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 1042, 604, 3174, 13, 29879, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 7477, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 322, 395, 29896, 29889, 29896, 320, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29941, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 7477, 29938, 3426, 29906, 4429, 13, 690, 1103, 3598, 29892, 363, 385, 12023, 3081, 29899, 10653, 18272, 411, 779, 6642, 29938, 353, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29955, 13, 29898, 4149, 320, 29903, 29905, 29871, 29946, 467, 2180, 385, 16356, 5418, 310, 29871, 29896, 29953, 29889, 29947, 341, 6739, 313, 29911, 352, 368, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29947, 511, 1438, 13, 1579, 1314, 267, 3928, 304, 278, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 395, 29931, 12330, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 29897, 353, 13, 29938, 29896, 29889, 29929, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 322, 395, 29931, 12330, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 29897, 353, 13, 29938, 29941, 29889, 29947, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 4311, 29871, 450, 26002, 310, 278, 15326, 13, 275, 29871, 29929, 29889, 29953, 4535, 3754, 29938, 322, 29871, 29953, 29889, 29955, 4535, 3754, 29938, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 22706, 29892, 13, 690, 1103, 3598, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29913, 13, 13, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 471, 17809, 297, 1716, 278, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 4558, 29889, 2866, 473, 11053, 310, 13, 29954, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 526, 4318, 297, 11479, 13, 29896, 741, 277, 321, 29913, 322, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 285, 1836, 1816, 355, 666, 277, 681, 8974, 526, 884, 17809, 297, 278, 13, 29954, 3235, 1746, 310, 1776, 29892, 322, 1009, 11909, 526, 19138, 1891, 297, 6137, 29871, 29941, 29889, 450, 13, 1182, 523, 342, 697, 29892, 5982, 472, 20430, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 435, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 1042, 353, 13, 1566, 29896, 29906, 29985, 29882, 5940, 29906, 29929, 29985, 29885, 5940, 29871, 29946, 29955, 29985, 29879, 1628, 29871, 29941, 29938, 3311, 6034, 1042, 29905, 29871, 29941, 29945, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 1012, 29871, 29941, 29906, 8290, 3311, 10080, 29905, 10080, 1042, 9594, 338, 2174, 375, 14981, 13, 1693, 2164, 411, 278, 6749, 1484, 9867, 15400, 29891, 478, 4174, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29900, 29947, 13, 29961, 1566, 29905, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 435, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 1042, 353, 3255, 29896, 29906, 29985, 29882, 5940, 29906, 29929, 29985, 29885, 5940, 29941, 29929, 29889, 29906, 29985, 29879, 1628, 29871, 29941, 29938, 3311, 6034, 1042, 29905, 13, 29941, 29953, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 1012, 29871, 29946, 29941, 8290, 3311, 10080, 29905, 10080, 1042, 1800, 1822, 13, 13, 4806, 25890, 278, 28373, 28723, 310, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945 ]	3,326	4,096	ArXiv	-1	-1
--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands using the same procedure as in NGC 4111. The PSF fits gave $\chi^2$ values of 26.9 and 15.3, respectively, for 11 degrees of freedom. The results of the Gaussian fits are shown in Table 4. The image in the hard band is consistent with being pointlike, but the upper limit on $\sigma$ is large ($\sigma<1.8$ arcmin). Although the lower boundary of the Gaussian $\sigma$ for the soft-band image fit is greater than zero, this result cannot rule out the possibility that the soft X-ray source is pointlike, since it is possible that Gaussian fits to a point source results in nonzero $\sigma$ ($\; \buildrel < \over \sim \;$ 0\farcm2) (Ptak 1997). The best-fit profile is shown in Figure 2. \subsection{NGC 4569} NGC 4569 was detected in both the SIS and GIS images, and a few serendipitous sources were found in the GIS field of view. The GIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands are shown in Figures 1{\it g} and 1{\it h}. The position of the brightest source [($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,37^m\,34^s$, 13$^{\circ}$\ 18{$^{\prime}$}\ 47{$^{\prime\prime}$})] coincides closely with that of the QSO Q1235+1335 [($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,37^m\,33.6^s$, 13$^{\circ}$\ 19{$^{\prime}$}\ 6\farcs6); $z$=0.15]. Diffuse emission from the hot gas in the Virgo cluster is also seen in the soft-band image. NGC 4569 is separated from M87 by 2.1 degrees, and the cluster emission at this angular distance has been detected in a {\it ROSAT} PSPC image by B\"ohringer et al. (1994). We compared the radial profiles of the SIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands with those of the PSF and found that the SIS images are clearly extended in both energy bands. The PSF fits yielded $\chi^2$ = 37.2 and 30.7 for 11 degrees of freedom, respectively. The best-fit $\sigma$ for the Gaussian model is shown in Table 4, and the profiles are shown in Figure 2. The $\chi^2$ improved significantly in this model for one additional parameter ($\Delta \chi^2$ = 22 and 24 for the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV images, respectively). The profile in the 2--7 keV band is well fitted by a Gaussian with $\sigma$ = 1\farcm6. On the other hand, the residuals of the fit in the 0.5--2 keV band suggest the presence of a compact source at the center in addition to the emission extended over arcminute scales. These two components can be identified with the unresolved emission seen in a {{\it ROSAT}} HRI image (Colbert \& Mushotzky 1999) and the extended emission detected in a {{\it ROSAT}} PSPC image (Junkes \& Hensler 1996). \placefigure{fig1} \placetable{tbl-3} \placefigure{fig2} \placetable{tbl-4} \section{X-ray spectra} We fitted the X-ray spectra of NGC 4111, 4117, 4457, and 4569. The spectra were extracted using a circular region centered on the nucleus with a radius of 3{$^{\prime}$}--4{$^{\prime}$} which is consistent with the sizes of objects. There were no confusing sources within the extra	0.365449	1.007835	0.465775	1.258148	[ 0.18533668437531828, 0.5455613222019923 ]	[ 1.0615539348677765, 0.9541162199891933 ]	[ 0.40997785920560914, 0.5215724643225169 ]	[ 1.1801067213378693, 1.3361889374330425 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 13, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 773, 278, 1021, 8792, 408, 297, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29889, 450, 11323, 29943, 23994, 13, 29887, 1351, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 1819, 310, 29871, 29906, 29953, 29889, 29929, 322, 29871, 29896, 29945, 29889, 29941, 29892, 8307, 29892, 363, 29871, 29896, 29896, 14496, 310, 13, 10745, 11607, 29889, 450, 2582, 310, 278, 22477, 23994, 526, 4318, 297, 6137, 29871, 29946, 29889, 450, 13, 3027, 297, 278, 2898, 3719, 338, 13747, 411, 1641, 1298, 4561, 29892, 541, 278, 13, 21064, 4046, 373, 779, 3754, 29938, 338, 2919, 20430, 3754, 29966, 29896, 29889, 29947, 29938, 15232, 1195, 467, 8512, 278, 13, 13609, 10452, 310, 278, 22477, 779, 3754, 29938, 363, 278, 4964, 29899, 4980, 1967, 6216, 338, 13, 7979, 1008, 1135, 5225, 29892, 445, 1121, 2609, 5751, 714, 278, 13331, 393, 13, 1552, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 2752, 338, 1298, 4561, 29892, 1951, 372, 338, 1950, 393, 22477, 13, 29888, 1169, 304, 263, 1298, 2752, 2582, 297, 1661, 9171, 779, 3754, 29938, 20430, 29936, 320, 4282, 2674, 529, 320, 957, 320, 3601, 18175, 29938, 29871, 29900, 29905, 15641, 4912, 29906, 29897, 13, 29898, 29925, 29873, 557, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 467, 450, 1900, 29899, 9202, 8722, 338, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29906, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29913, 13, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 471, 17809, 297, 1716, 278, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 4558, 29892, 322, 263, 2846, 13, 643, 355, 666, 277, 681, 8974, 892, 1476, 297, 278, 402, 3235, 1746, 310, 1776, 29889, 450, 402, 3235, 13, 8346, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 526, 4318, 297, 5104, 1973, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 13, 29887, 29913, 322, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 298, 1836, 450, 2602, 310, 278, 11785, 342, 2752, 13, 29961, 1566, 29905, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 435, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 1042, 353, 3255, 29896, 29906, 29985, 29882, 5940, 29941, 29955, 29985, 29885, 5940, 29941, 29946, 29985, 29879, 1628, 29871, 29896, 29941, 29938, 3311, 6034, 1042, 29905, 13, 29896, 29947, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 1012, 29871, 29946, 29955, 8290, 3311, 10080, 29905, 10080, 1042, 1800, 29962, 22819, 2247, 16467, 411, 393, 310, 278, 660, 6156, 660, 29896, 29906, 29941, 29945, 29974, 29896, 29941, 29941, 29945, 13, 29961, 1566, 29905, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 435, 29906, 29900, 29900, 29900, 1042, 353, 3255, 29896, 29906, 29985, 29882, 5940, 29941, 29955, 29985, 29885, 5940, 29941, 29941, 29889, 29953, 29985, 29879, 1628, 29871, 29896, 29941, 29938, 3311, 6034, 1042, 29905, 13, 29896, 29929, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 1012, 29871, 29953, 29905, 15641, 2395, 29953, 416, 395, 29920, 29938, 29922, 29900, 29889, 29896, 29945, 1822, 29871, 360, 2593, 1509, 25477, 515, 278, 7375, 10489, 297, 13, 1552, 6749, 1484, 9867, 338, 884, 3595, 297, 278, 4964, 29899, 4980, 1967, 29889, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 338, 13, 25048, 630, 515, 341, 29947, 29955, 491, 29871, 29906, 29889, 29896, 14496, 29892, 322, 278, 9867, 25477, 472, 445, 13, 6825, 5418, 756, 1063, 17809, 297, 263, 2802, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 29913, 349, 5550, 29907, 1967, 491, 13, 29933, 5931, 29877, 1092, 5621, 634, 394, 29889, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 467, 13, 13, 4806, 9401, 278, 28373, 28723, 310, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 13, 392, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 411, 1906, 310, 278, 11323, 29943, 322, 1476, 393, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 13, 598, 9436, 10410, 297, 1716, 5864, 22706, 29889, 450, 11323, 29943, 23994, 7709, 287, 13, 4535, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 353, 29871, 29941, 29955, 29889, 29906, 322, 29871, 29941, 29900, 29889, 29955, 363, 29871, 29896, 29896, 14496, 310, 16082, 29892, 8307, 29889, 450, 13, 13318, 29899, 9202, 779, 3754, 29938, 363, 278, 22477, 1904, 338, 4318, 297, 6137, 29871, 29946, 29892, 322, 278, 13, 771, 5325, 526, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29906, 29889, 450, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 16710, 16951, 297, 13, 1366, 1904, 363, 697, 5684, 3443, 20430, 5268, 320, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 353, 29871, 29906, 29906, 322, 29871, 29906, 29946, 13, 1454, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 4558, 29892, 8307, 467, 450, 8722, 297, 13, 1552, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 3719, 338, 1532, 25890, 491, 263, 22477, 411, 779, 3754, 29938, 353, 13, 29896, 29905, 15641, 4912, 29953, 29889, 29871, 1551, 278, 916, 1361, 29892, 278, 10995, 27101, 310, 278, 6216, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 13, 446, 29963, 3719, 4368, 278, 10122, 310, 263, 11071, 2752, 472, 278, 4818, 297, 13, 1202, 654, 304, 278, 25477, 10410, 975, 15232, 1195, 1082, 23431, 29889, 4525, 1023, 13, 14036, 508, 367, 15659, 411, 278, 443, 9778, 1490, 25477, 3595, 297, 263, 13, 16195, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 930, 379, 3960, 1967, 313, 1625, 2151, 320, 29987, 341, 1878, 327, 29920, 3459, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29897, 322, 278, 10410, 13, 331, 2333, 17809, 297, 263, 426, 741, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 930, 349, 5550, 29907, 1967, 313, 29967, 2960, 267, 320, 29987, 379, 575, 1358, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 467, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 6689, 4532, 29912, 1003, 29896, 29913, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29941, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 6689, 4532, 29912, 1003, 29906, 29913, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29946, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 2042, 29912, 29990, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 25890, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29892, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29892, 322, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29889, 450, 13, 21494, 336, 892, 23892, 773, 263, 19308, 5120, 24764, 373, 278, 22699, 375, 13, 2541, 263, 11855, 310, 29871, 29941, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 29913, 489, 29946, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 29913, 607, 338, 13747, 411, 278, 15786, 310, 13, 12650, 29889, 1670, 892, 694, 16051, 8974, 2629, 278, 4805 ]	3,326	5,120	ArXiv	-1	-1
ction radius. Background spectra were extracted from a source-free region in the same field. The spectra from the two SIS detectors (SIS0 and SIS1) were combined, as were those from the two GIS detectors (GIS2 and GIS3). Then we fitted the SIS and GIS spectra simultaneously. The Galactic hydrogen column densities used in the spectral fits are derived from the \ion{H}{1} observations by Dickey \& Lockman (1990). Since NGC 4192 is too faint for a detailed spectral analysis, we estimated its spectral shape using the hardness ratio, defined to be the photon flux ratio between the 2--10 keV and 0.5--2 keV bands. \subsection{NGC 4111, NGC 4457, and NGC 4569} The X-ray spectra of NGC 4111, NGC 4457 and NGC 4569 cannot be fitted with a single-component model. We tried a power-law model and a thermal bremsstrahlung model. The absorption column density of the matter along the line of sight was treated as a free parameter. We obtained unacceptable fits (Table 5). Since the value of the obtained reduced $\chi^2$ is large ($>2$), errors are not shown for spectral parameters in Table 5. A bump is seen around 0.8--0.9 keV in all the spectra, which can be identified with the Fe~L line complex. This feature suggests the presence of a thermal plasma with a temperature of $\sim 0.7$ keV. A Raymond-Smith (hereafter RS; Raymond \& Smith 1977) thermal plasma model also failed to give an adequate fit, and significant positive residuals were seen above $\sim1.5$ keV. This indicates the presence of a hard component in addition to the soft thermal emission. Accordingly, we fitted the spectra with a two-component model which consists of a soft thermal component and a hard component. We used the RS plasma to represent the soft thermal component and a power-law or thermal bremsstrahlung contribution as the hard component. We assumed a Galactic value for the absorption column density of the RS component. The abundances were fixed at 0.1 of the solar value since it would otherwise not be well constrained from the data; adopting other values (0.3 and 0.5 solar) gave similar results within the errors. The absorption column density for the hard component is treated as free parameter. Table 5 summarizes the results of the fitting. The two-component model reproduces well the observed spectra, and both a power law and a thermal bremsstrahlung model yield similarly good fits. The observed spectra and the best-fit RS plus power-law models are shown in Figure 3, and Table 7 lists the derived X-ray luminosities. The RS plus thermal bremsstrahlung model gives very similar luminosities. It is worth noting that the temperatures of the thermal bremsstrahlung component in NGC 4111 and NGC 4457 are not well constrained, and only lower limits of the temperature are obtained. Additionally, if the abundance of the RS component were allowed to vary, only NGC 4111 gives a constrained value (0.006--1.0 solar). We could set only a lower limit of the abundance for NGC 4457 ($>$0.001 solar) and NGC 4569 ($>$0.05 solar). The X-ray fluxes obtained from SIS and GIS are consistent with each other, within the errors, for NGC 4111 and NGC 4457. In the case of NGC 4569, the SIS and GIS fluxes differ at the level of 20\%--50\%; the SIS gives $\sim$ 20\% smaller flux in the soft band below 2 keV, while its flux in hard band above 2 keV is $\sim$ 50\% larger. This discrepancy is possibly due to the diffuse emission in the NGC 4569 field and to the different	0.163764	0.53869	0.349108	1.492271	[ 0.012072742606975075, 0.31545585013020055 ]	[ 0.43483393140937493, 0.6425468468413023 ]	[ 0.29331077203793277, 0.4049053771548406 ]	[ 1.4922711535282154, 1.4922711535282154 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 428, 13, 13471, 29889, 16585, 6683, 336, 892, 23892, 515, 263, 2752, 29899, 9021, 5120, 297, 13, 1552, 1021, 1746, 29889, 450, 6683, 336, 515, 278, 1023, 317, 3235, 6459, 943, 313, 29903, 3235, 29900, 322, 317, 3235, 29896, 29897, 13, 29893, 406, 12420, 29892, 408, 892, 1906, 515, 278, 1023, 402, 3235, 6459, 943, 313, 29954, 3235, 29906, 322, 13, 29954, 3235, 29941, 467, 29871, 1987, 591, 25890, 278, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 6683, 336, 21699, 29889, 450, 13, 29954, 284, 17911, 17546, 1885, 1897, 6245, 1907, 1304, 297, 278, 23161, 23994, 526, 13, 672, 2347, 515, 278, 320, 291, 29912, 29950, 1157, 29896, 29913, 13917, 491, 28550, 1989, 320, 29987, 18199, 1171, 13, 29898, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 467, 4001, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 338, 2086, 24732, 363, 263, 13173, 23161, 7418, 29892, 13, 705, 15899, 967, 23161, 8267, 773, 278, 2898, 2264, 11959, 29892, 3342, 304, 13, 915, 278, 6731, 265, 19389, 11959, 1546, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 22706, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29892, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29913, 13, 13, 1576, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 2609, 367, 25890, 13, 2541, 263, 2323, 29899, 9700, 1904, 29889, 1334, 1898, 263, 3081, 29899, 10653, 1904, 322, 263, 13, 721, 5156, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 1904, 29889, 450, 17977, 683, 1897, 9027, 310, 278, 13, 29885, 2620, 3412, 278, 1196, 310, 11126, 471, 14914, 408, 263, 3889, 3443, 29889, 29871, 1334, 13, 711, 2408, 287, 443, 16044, 519, 23994, 313, 3562, 29871, 29945, 467, 4001, 278, 995, 310, 278, 7625, 13, 9313, 1133, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 338, 2919, 3255, 29958, 29906, 25942, 4436, 526, 451, 4318, 363, 23161, 13, 16744, 297, 6137, 29871, 29945, 29889, 319, 289, 3427, 338, 3595, 2820, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29947, 489, 29900, 29889, 29929, 1589, 29963, 297, 599, 278, 13, 21494, 336, 29892, 607, 508, 367, 15659, 411, 278, 5169, 30022, 29931, 1196, 4280, 29889, 29871, 910, 13, 14394, 14661, 278, 10122, 310, 263, 26963, 715, 25392, 411, 263, 10430, 13, 974, 779, 3601, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29955, 29938, 1589, 29963, 29889, 319, 21380, 29899, 29209, 313, 4150, 7045, 390, 29903, 29936, 21380, 320, 29987, 7075, 13, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29955, 29897, 26963, 715, 25392, 1904, 884, 5229, 304, 2367, 385, 19967, 339, 403, 6216, 29892, 322, 13, 4530, 928, 424, 6374, 10995, 27101, 892, 3595, 2038, 779, 3601, 29896, 29889, 29945, 29938, 1589, 29963, 29889, 910, 13, 513, 293, 1078, 278, 10122, 310, 263, 2898, 4163, 297, 6124, 304, 278, 4964, 13, 721, 5156, 25477, 29889, 29871, 7579, 368, 29892, 591, 25890, 278, 6683, 336, 411, 263, 13, 10184, 29899, 9700, 1904, 607, 11624, 310, 263, 4964, 26963, 4163, 322, 263, 13, 6800, 4163, 29889, 1334, 1304, 278, 390, 29903, 715, 25392, 304, 2755, 278, 4964, 26963, 13, 9700, 322, 263, 3081, 29899, 10653, 470, 26963, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 11896, 408, 13, 1552, 2898, 4163, 29889, 1334, 12023, 263, 5208, 17911, 995, 363, 278, 17977, 683, 13, 4914, 9027, 310, 278, 390, 29903, 4163, 29889, 29871, 450, 18666, 2925, 892, 4343, 472, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29896, 13, 974, 278, 21635, 995, 1951, 372, 723, 6467, 451, 367, 1532, 1040, 22042, 13, 3166, 278, 848, 29936, 9332, 292, 916, 1819, 313, 29900, 29889, 29941, 322, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 21635, 29897, 4846, 2788, 13, 9902, 2629, 278, 4436, 29889, 450, 17977, 683, 1897, 9027, 363, 278, 2898, 13, 9700, 338, 14914, 408, 3889, 3443, 29889, 6137, 29871, 29945, 19138, 7093, 278, 2582, 13, 974, 278, 28221, 29889, 29871, 450, 1023, 29899, 9700, 1904, 9483, 778, 1532, 278, 8900, 13, 21494, 336, 29892, 322, 1716, 263, 3081, 4307, 322, 263, 26963, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 1904, 7709, 13, 29764, 368, 1781, 23994, 29889, 450, 8900, 6683, 336, 322, 278, 1900, 29899, 9202, 390, 29903, 2298, 13, 13519, 29899, 10653, 4733, 526, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29941, 29892, 322, 6137, 29871, 29955, 8857, 278, 10723, 13, 29990, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 29889, 450, 390, 29903, 2298, 26963, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 1904, 4076, 13, 1201, 2788, 19703, 8226, 1907, 29889, 13, 13, 3112, 338, 7088, 451, 292, 393, 278, 6238, 3698, 310, 278, 26963, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 13, 9700, 297, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 526, 451, 1532, 1040, 22042, 29892, 322, 871, 13, 13609, 13071, 310, 278, 10430, 526, 7625, 29889, 29871, 19814, 29892, 565, 278, 13, 370, 870, 749, 310, 278, 390, 29903, 4163, 892, 6068, 304, 13100, 29892, 871, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 13, 29887, 3145, 263, 1040, 22042, 995, 313, 29900, 29889, 29900, 29900, 29953, 489, 29896, 29889, 29900, 21635, 467, 1334, 1033, 731, 871, 263, 13, 13609, 4046, 310, 278, 18666, 749, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 3255, 29958, 29938, 29900, 29889, 29900, 29900, 29896, 21635, 29897, 322, 13928, 13, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 3255, 29958, 29938, 29900, 29889, 29900, 29945, 21635, 467, 13, 13, 1576, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 267, 7625, 515, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 526, 13747, 411, 1269, 13, 1228, 29892, 2629, 278, 4436, 29892, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29889, 29871, 512, 278, 1206, 310, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29892, 278, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 19389, 267, 1163, 472, 278, 3233, 310, 29871, 29906, 29900, 8958, 489, 29945, 29900, 29905, 8874, 13, 1552, 317, 3235, 4076, 779, 3601, 29938, 29871, 29906, 29900, 8958, 7968, 19389, 297, 278, 4964, 3719, 2400, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 29892, 13, 8000, 967, 19389, 297, 2898, 3719, 2038, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 338, 779, 3601, 29938, 29871, 29945, 29900, 8958, 7200, 29889, 29871, 910, 13, 2218, 1037, 29886, 6906, 338, 10075, 2861, 304, 278, 2923, 1509, 25477, 297, 278, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 13, 2671, 322, 304, 278, 1422 ]	3,326	6,144	ArXiv	-1	-1
background extract regions. In the spectra of NGC 4569, negative residuals are seen around 1.2 keV. This may be also due to imperfect subtraction of surrounding diffuse emission, since the temperature of the Virgo intracluster gas in this region is $\sim$ 2.5 keV, and both the Fe~L line complex and the He-like Mg line are expected around an energy of 1.1--1.3 keV (B\"ohringer et al. 1994; Matsumoto 1998). Because the SIS and GIS each has a different spatial resolution and field of view, we cannot perfectly match the source-free region used for background subtraction. Therefore, we regard this discrepancy (up to 50\%) as a systematic error inherent in the derive X-ray fluxes and luminosities of NGC 4569. The typical errors for the fluxes and luminosities of NGC 4111 and NGC 4457 are $\sim$25\% (this value does not include the calibration uncertainty of $\sim$10\%). \subsection{NGC 4192} Since NGC 4192 is very faint, we estimated its spectral slope using a hardness ratio, $f$(2--10 keV)/$f$(0.5--2 keV). The photon flux in each energy band was calculated from the fits of the projected image described in \S\ 3.3. We obtained a hardness ratio of $0.48\pm0.09$ (1$\sigma$ errors). If we assume a spectral shape of a power law absorbed by the Galactic hydrogen column density in the direction of this galaxy ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $2.7\times10^{20}$ {cm$^{-2}$}), this hardness ratio corresponds to $\Gamma = 1.70^{+0.19}_{-0.16}$ (1$\sigma$ errors). \subsection{NGC 4117} For completeness, we mention the results of the spectral analysis for NGC 4117, a low-luminosity Seyfert 2 galaxy serendipitously observed in the GIS field of NGC 4111. It is of great interest to compare the spectral properties of LINER 2s with low-luminosity Seyfert 2s. The GIS spectrum of NGC 4117 is shown in Figure 4. It is clear that the soft X-rays are significantly absorbed by a large column density. We fitted the spectrum with an absorbed power-law model. The best-fit parameters are: $\Gamma = 0.92^{+1.16}_{-0.81}$ and {{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $2.8^{+1.6}_{-1.0}\times10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$}. Since small positive residuals are seen below 2 keV, we also tried to add a power-law component with little absorption. We assumed that the photon indices of both power laws are the same (equivalent to a partially covered power-law model) and that the absorption column for the less absorbed power-law component is equal to the Galactic value ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $1.4\times10^{20}$ {cm$^{-2}$}). In this model, $\chi^2$ improved by only $\Delta \chi^2 = -2.5$, and the resulting best-fit model parameters, as summarized in Table 6, are $\Gamma = 1.11^{+0.97}_{-1.01}$ and {{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $3.0^{+0.9}_{-1.1}\times10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$}. The X-ray luminosities for this model are shown in Table 7, where we adopt a distance of 17 Mpc (Tully 1988). The intrinsic X-ray luminosity of $1.3\times10^{41}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$} is one of the lowest values ever observed for Seyfert 2 galaxies in the hard X	0.281214	0.893235	0.336427	1.518285	[ 0.29080169240822284, 0.2716262364022402 ]	[ 0.6389655896786829, 1.1475041067706429 ]	[ 0.23244098742871028, 0.44041275151022036 ]	[ 1.3569998995790655, 1.679569812842423 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 3239, 6597, 12786, 29889, 512, 278, 6683, 336, 13, 974, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29892, 8178, 10995, 27101, 526, 3595, 2820, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29906, 1589, 29963, 29889, 910, 1122, 367, 13, 15189, 2861, 304, 10112, 3647, 1014, 3018, 428, 310, 18830, 2923, 1509, 25477, 29892, 13, 16076, 278, 10430, 310, 278, 6749, 1484, 938, 336, 19594, 10489, 297, 445, 5120, 338, 13, 4535, 3601, 29938, 29871, 29906, 29889, 29945, 1589, 29963, 29892, 322, 1716, 278, 5169, 30022, 29931, 1196, 4280, 322, 278, 940, 29899, 4561, 341, 29887, 1196, 13, 598, 3806, 2820, 385, 5864, 310, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29896, 489, 29896, 29889, 29941, 1589, 29963, 313, 29933, 5931, 29877, 1092, 5621, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 29936, 341, 1446, 398, 3747, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 7311, 278, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 1269, 756, 263, 13, 29881, 15622, 18652, 10104, 322, 1746, 310, 1776, 29892, 591, 2609, 7970, 13, 4352, 278, 2752, 29899, 9021, 5120, 1304, 363, 3239, 1014, 3018, 428, 29889, 13, 8439, 1079, 29892, 591, 4880, 445, 766, 1037, 29886, 6906, 313, 786, 304, 29871, 29945, 29900, 8958, 29897, 408, 263, 1788, 2454, 13, 2704, 7846, 296, 297, 278, 21340, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 267, 322, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29889, 29871, 13, 1576, 15662, 4436, 363, 278, 19389, 267, 322, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 322, 13928, 13, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 526, 779, 3601, 29938, 29906, 29945, 8958, 313, 1366, 995, 947, 451, 3160, 278, 1208, 26218, 13, 4661, 13946, 1017, 310, 779, 3601, 29938, 29896, 29900, 8958, 467, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 29913, 13, 13, 23036, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 338, 1407, 24732, 29892, 591, 15899, 967, 23161, 24968, 773, 263, 13, 6800, 2264, 11959, 29892, 395, 29888, 12330, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 6802, 29938, 29888, 12330, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 467, 450, 6731, 265, 19389, 297, 13, 4204, 5864, 3719, 471, 12833, 515, 278, 23994, 310, 278, 2060, 287, 1967, 13, 2783, 23059, 297, 320, 29903, 29905, 29871, 29941, 29889, 29941, 29889, 1334, 7625, 263, 2898, 2264, 11959, 310, 395, 29900, 29889, 29946, 29947, 29905, 3358, 29900, 29889, 29900, 29929, 29938, 13, 29898, 29896, 4535, 3754, 29938, 4436, 467, 960, 591, 5251, 263, 23161, 8267, 310, 263, 3081, 4307, 13, 6897, 272, 2580, 491, 278, 5208, 17911, 17546, 1885, 1897, 9027, 297, 278, 5305, 310, 13, 1366, 15400, 29891, 313, 6224, 29938, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 353, 395, 29906, 29889, 29955, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29900, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 9594, 445, 2898, 2264, 11959, 13, 2616, 3636, 29879, 304, 779, 6642, 353, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29955, 29900, 27587, 29900, 29889, 29896, 29929, 3227, 29899, 29900, 29889, 29896, 29953, 1042, 313, 29896, 4535, 3754, 29938, 4436, 467, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29913, 13, 13, 2831, 1614, 841, 404, 29892, 591, 3585, 278, 2582, 310, 278, 23161, 7418, 363, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29892, 263, 4482, 29899, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 15400, 29891, 724, 355, 666, 277, 5794, 8900, 13, 262, 278, 402, 3235, 1746, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29889, 739, 338, 310, 2107, 4066, 304, 7252, 278, 13, 21494, 1705, 4426, 310, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 411, 4482, 29899, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 29879, 29889, 29871, 450, 13, 29954, 3235, 18272, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 338, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29946, 29889, 739, 338, 2821, 393, 278, 13, 2695, 1060, 29899, 764, 29879, 526, 16951, 17977, 2580, 491, 263, 2919, 1897, 9027, 29889, 29871, 1334, 13, 29888, 4430, 278, 18272, 411, 385, 17977, 2580, 3081, 29899, 10653, 1904, 29889, 450, 1900, 29899, 9202, 13, 16744, 526, 29901, 779, 6642, 353, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29929, 29906, 27587, 29896, 29889, 29896, 29953, 3227, 29899, 29900, 29889, 29947, 29896, 1042, 322, 426, 8290, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 353, 13, 29938, 29906, 29889, 29947, 27587, 29896, 29889, 29953, 3227, 29899, 29896, 29889, 29900, 1012, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29941, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 1836, 4001, 2319, 6374, 13, 690, 333, 27101, 526, 3595, 2400, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 29892, 591, 884, 1898, 304, 788, 263, 3081, 29899, 10653, 13, 9700, 411, 2217, 17977, 683, 29889, 1334, 12023, 393, 278, 6731, 265, 16285, 13, 974, 1716, 3081, 14243, 526, 278, 1021, 313, 1686, 27445, 304, 263, 22039, 10664, 13, 13519, 29899, 10653, 1904, 29897, 322, 393, 278, 17977, 683, 1897, 363, 278, 3109, 17977, 2580, 13, 13519, 29899, 10653, 4163, 338, 5186, 304, 278, 5208, 17911, 995, 313, 6224, 29938, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 353, 13, 29938, 29896, 29889, 29946, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29900, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 7690, 512, 445, 1904, 29892, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 16710, 491, 871, 13, 4535, 5268, 320, 4161, 29985, 29906, 353, 448, 29906, 29889, 29945, 1628, 322, 278, 9819, 1900, 29899, 9202, 1904, 4128, 29892, 13, 294, 19138, 1891, 297, 6137, 29871, 29953, 29892, 526, 779, 6642, 353, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29896, 29896, 27587, 29900, 29889, 29929, 29955, 3227, 29899, 29896, 29889, 29900, 29896, 1042, 322, 13, 6224, 29938, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 353, 395, 29941, 29889, 29900, 27587, 29900, 29889, 29929, 3227, 29899, 29896, 29889, 29896, 1012, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29941, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 1836, 450, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 13, 1454, 445, 1904, 526, 4318, 297, 6137, 29871, 29955, 29892, 988, 591, 9332, 263, 5418, 310, 29871, 29896, 29955, 13, 29924, 6739, 313, 29911, 352, 368, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29947, 467, 450, 11158, 28594, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 537, 310, 395, 29896, 29889, 29941, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29946, 29896, 1042, 13, 29912, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 29913, 338, 697, 310, 278, 19604, 1819, 3926, 8900, 363, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 297, 278, 2898, 1060 ]	3,326	7,168	ArXiv	-1	-1
-ray band. We added a narrow Gaussian to the above models to constrain the Fe~K fluorescent line. No significant improvement of $\chi^2$ was obtained. The upper limits of the equivalent width are 150 and 125 eV for the single power-law model and the partially covered power-law model, respectively. The observed X-ray spectrum obscured by large column density ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} $>10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$}) is quite similar to more luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies. The obtained best-fit photon index is flat (0.9--1.1), although the error is large. It is flatter than the canonical value in Seyfert 1 galaxies (e.g. Nandra et al. 1997) and such an apparently flat spectral slope is often observed in Seyfert 2 galaxies (Awaki et al. 1991a; Smith \& Done 1996; Turner et al. 1997a). Seyfert 2 galaxies usually show fluorescent Fe~K emission line. Although the upper limit on the equivalent width is slightly smaller than that expected from cold matter of {{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $3\times10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$} along the line of sight (150--200 eV; Awaki et al. 1991a; Leahy \& Creighton 1993; Ghisellini, Haardt, \& Matt 1994), it is consistent with Seyfert 2 galaxies within the scatter in the plot of equivalent width versus absorption column density (Fig 1 in Turner et al. 1997b). Therefore, we found no clear difference between luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies and the low luminosity Seyfert 2 NGC 4117. \placefigure{fig3} \placetable{tbl-5} \placefigure{fig4} \placetable{tbl-6} \placetable{tbl-7} \section{Discussion} \subsection{Hard Component} We have detected hard X-ray emission from all the objects except for NGC 404. The hard X-ray (2--7 keV) images of NGC 4111 and NGC 4569 are clearly extended on scales of several kpc, an indication that a nonstellar, active nucleus is not the primary source of the hard X-ray emission. This is also consistent with the lack of time variability. Other lines of evidence suggest that at least some of these galaxies have experienced recent star formation. The UV spectra of NGC 404 and NGC 4569, for example, show unambiguous stellar absorption lines arising from young, massive stars (Maoz et al. 1998). Starburst galaxies are also a source of hard X-rays, and their X-ray spectra can be modeled as thermal bremsstrahlung emission with a temperature of several keV (e.g., Moran \& Lehnert 1997; Ptak et al. 1997; Persic et al. 1998). However, the morphologies of the hard X-ray emission in starburst galaxies tend to be either pointlike or only slightly extended (Tsuru et al. 1997; Cappi et al. 1999), significantly more compact than observed in our sample. It appears, therefore, that hard X-ray emission associated with starburst activity does not significantly contribute to the emission observed in the objects in our sample, although this conclusion remains at the moment tentative because only a small number of starburst galaxies have been studied in the hard X-rays. Note that the extended hard X-ray emission in the starburst galaxy M83 is interpreted as due to a collection of X-ray binaries in its bulge (Okada, Mitsuda, \& Dotani 1997). In normal spiral galaxies, X-ray emission comes mainly from discrete sources such as low-mass X-ray binaries (Fabbiano 1	0.17164	0.318443	0.062513	1.081255	[ 0.1497251232213505, 0.19355473694931086 ]	[ 0.16623964421291712, 0.47064650303556926 ]	[ -0.19364750483584695, 0.31867318229177544 ]	[ 1.0864573916807656, 1.076051910607754 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29899, 764, 3719, 29889, 13, 13, 4806, 2715, 263, 12474, 22477, 304, 278, 2038, 4733, 304, 1040, 6038, 278, 5169, 30022, 29968, 13, 25044, 2361, 1760, 1196, 29889, 1939, 7282, 20414, 310, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 471, 13, 711, 2408, 287, 29889, 450, 7568, 13071, 310, 278, 7126, 2920, 526, 29871, 29896, 29945, 29900, 322, 29871, 29896, 29906, 29945, 321, 29963, 13, 1454, 278, 2323, 3081, 29899, 10653, 1904, 322, 278, 22039, 10664, 3081, 29899, 10653, 13, 4299, 29892, 8307, 29889, 13, 13, 1576, 8900, 1060, 29899, 764, 18272, 19726, 2955, 491, 2919, 1897, 9027, 313, 6224, 29938, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 13, 29938, 29958, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29941, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 1800, 338, 3755, 2788, 304, 901, 301, 9735, 681, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 29889, 450, 7625, 1900, 29899, 9202, 6731, 265, 2380, 338, 12151, 313, 29900, 29889, 29929, 489, 29896, 29889, 29896, 511, 13, 26492, 278, 1059, 338, 2919, 29889, 739, 338, 1652, 2620, 1135, 278, 24420, 995, 297, 13, 29903, 1032, 19175, 29871, 29896, 25494, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 29889, 405, 10738, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29897, 322, 1316, 385, 13229, 13, 20620, 23161, 24968, 338, 4049, 8900, 297, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 25494, 313, 29909, 29893, 9940, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29896, 29874, 29936, 7075, 320, 29987, 25679, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 29936, 24215, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 467, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 5491, 1510, 20501, 2361, 1760, 5169, 30022, 29968, 25477, 1196, 29889, 8512, 278, 13, 21064, 4046, 373, 278, 7126, 2920, 338, 10029, 7968, 1135, 393, 13, 9684, 515, 11220, 4383, 310, 426, 8290, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 353, 395, 29941, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29941, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 29913, 3412, 278, 13, 1220, 310, 11126, 313, 29896, 29945, 29900, 489, 29906, 29900, 29900, 321, 29963, 29936, 22886, 9940, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29896, 29874, 29936, 951, 801, 29891, 320, 29987, 6760, 523, 265, 13, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29941, 29936, 13491, 275, 514, 2172, 29892, 5952, 538, 29873, 29892, 320, 29987, 9811, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 511, 372, 338, 13747, 411, 922, 29891, 19175, 13, 29906, 25494, 2629, 278, 14801, 297, 278, 6492, 310, 7126, 2920, 23797, 13, 6897, 272, 683, 1897, 9027, 313, 13080, 29871, 29896, 297, 24215, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29890, 467, 7857, 29892, 591, 13, 11940, 694, 2821, 4328, 1546, 301, 9735, 681, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 25494, 322, 278, 13, 677, 19703, 8226, 537, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29955, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 6689, 4532, 29912, 1003, 29941, 29913, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29945, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 6689, 4532, 29912, 1003, 29946, 29913, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29953, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29955, 29913, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 2042, 29912, 4205, 17348, 29913, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29950, 538, 15924, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 505, 17809, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 515, 599, 278, 3618, 5174, 363, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 29889, 29871, 450, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 313, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 29897, 4558, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 13, 598, 9436, 10410, 373, 23431, 310, 3196, 413, 6739, 29892, 385, 4221, 362, 393, 263, 13, 5464, 6236, 279, 29892, 6136, 22699, 375, 338, 451, 278, 7601, 2752, 310, 278, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 331, 2333, 29889, 910, 338, 884, 13747, 411, 278, 10225, 310, 931, 1197, 3097, 29889, 13, 13, 16107, 3454, 310, 10757, 4368, 393, 472, 3203, 777, 310, 1438, 25494, 13, 17532, 18860, 7786, 5810, 12409, 29889, 29871, 450, 501, 29963, 6683, 336, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 322, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29892, 363, 1342, 29892, 1510, 443, 14727, 681, 14781, 279, 17977, 683, 3454, 13, 279, 5921, 515, 4123, 29892, 20364, 10819, 313, 21870, 2112, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 13, 16213, 8399, 303, 25494, 526, 884, 263, 2752, 310, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 29879, 29892, 322, 1009, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 21494, 336, 508, 367, 4464, 839, 408, 26963, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 25477, 411, 263, 13, 12863, 1535, 310, 3196, 1589, 29963, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 3879, 273, 320, 29987, 951, 3123, 814, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29936, 349, 29873, 557, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29936, 9034, 293, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 2398, 29892, 278, 18131, 11763, 310, 278, 2898, 13, 29990, 29899, 764, 25477, 297, 5810, 8399, 303, 25494, 10331, 304, 367, 2845, 1298, 4561, 470, 13, 6194, 10029, 10410, 313, 29911, 7610, 29884, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29936, 315, 932, 29875, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 511, 13, 4530, 928, 10835, 901, 11071, 1135, 8900, 297, 1749, 4559, 29889, 29871, 739, 5692, 29892, 13, 12711, 1079, 29892, 393, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 6942, 411, 5810, 8399, 303, 6354, 13, 13221, 451, 16951, 29126, 304, 278, 25477, 8900, 297, 278, 13, 12650, 297, 1749, 4559, 29892, 5998, 445, 15997, 9242, 472, 278, 3256, 13, 29873, 296, 1230, 1363, 871, 263, 2319, 1353, 310, 5810, 8399, 303, 25494, 505, 1063, 13, 18082, 1000, 297, 278, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 29879, 29889, 29871, 3940, 393, 278, 10410, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 331, 2333, 297, 278, 5810, 8399, 303, 15400, 29891, 341, 29947, 29941, 338, 21551, 408, 2861, 304, 263, 13, 10855, 310, 1060, 29899, 764, 9016, 4314, 297, 967, 8227, 479, 313, 20434, 1114, 29892, 341, 1169, 6191, 29892, 320, 29987, 360, 327, 3270, 13, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 467, 13, 13, 797, 4226, 6337, 284, 25494, 29892, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 5304, 14364, 515, 19554, 13, 29879, 2863, 1316, 408, 4482, 29899, 25379, 1060, 29899, 764, 9016, 4314, 313, 29943, 8846, 3328, 29871, 29896 ]	3,326	8,192	ArXiv	-1	-1
989; Makishima et al. 1989). The X-ray size of NGC 4111 and NGC 4569 in the hard band is similar to the optical size. The upper limit on the X-ray size of NGC 4457 is also consistent with its optical size. The extended hard-band images of the above objects are consistent with a discrete source origin. Their X-ray spectra, approximated by a thermal bremsstrahlung model with a temperature of several keV, are as expected from a collection of low-mass X-ray binaries (Makishima et al. 1989). The X-ray luminosities of normal spiral galaxies are roughly proportional to the their optical ($B$ band) light (Fabbiano 1989). Table 8 gives the {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_B$}} values for the galaxies in our sample; taking into consideration the scatter in the {{$L_{\rm X}$}}--{{$L_B$}} relation, these values agree with those seen in normal galaxies. We conclude that the origin of the extended hard X-ray emission in our sample probably arises from a collection of discrete X-ray sources in the host galaxy, and we find no clear evidence for the presence of an AGN. \placetable{tbl-8} Note, however, that our data do not rule out the presence of an AGN. If present, the nonstellar X-ray luminosity in the 2--10 keV band must be significantly smaller than few $\times$ $10^{39}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. In the case that an AGN core is heavily obscured by a large column density of {{$N_{\rm H}$}} $>\, 10^{24}$ {cm$^{-2}$}, then we expect only to see X-ray emission scattered by a warm and/or cold reflector. If the scattering fraction is $\sim$3\% (Turner et al. 1997b; Awaki, Ueno, \& Taniguchi 1999), an upper limit on the intrinsic luminosity is estimated to be $\sim10^{41}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. Recent {\it BeppoSAX} observations have shown that several X-ray weak Seyfert 2s are highly obscured by Compton-thick matter (Maiolino et al. 1998). Such a situation could also occur in LINER 2s. If a heavily obscured AGN is present, a strong Fe~K emission line at 6.4 keV is expected with an equivalent width larger than 1 keV (e.g., Terashima et al. 1998b). Unfortunately, this hypothesis cannot be tested with our data because the limited photon statistics do not permit us to set stringent upper limits on the equivalent width of the Fe~K line (typical upper limits of the equivalent widths are $\sim$ 2 keV). We will be able to address this issue with future high-energy observations on missions that have larger effective areas, such as {\it XMM} and {\it ASTRO-E}, and that have much finer spatial resolution, such as {\it Chandra}. Recent work on massive black holes in (nearly) normal galaxies have shown that the mass of the central black hole is about 1/100 to 1/1000 of the mass of the bulge (e.g., Magorrian et al. 1998). Using this black hole mass - bulge mass correlation and our upper limits on X-ray luminosities of AGN, we can estimate upper limits of the Eddington ratio of the accretion onto massive black holes in the galaxies in our sample. We calculated the black hole mass using the relations $M_{\rm BH}$ = 0.005$M_{\rm bulge}$ and $M_{\rm bulge}$ = $5\times10^9 M_{\odot}(L_{\rm bulge}/10^9L_{\odot})^{1.2}$ (Richstone et al. 1998 and references therein). We used the upper limits on the X-ray luminosities in the 2--1	0.270257	1.168992	0.238782	1.617137	[ -0.04339911226747472, 0.5839122342139575 ]	[ 0.7678908475329825, 1.5700924519597366 ]	[ -0.09980658689662897, 0.5773697668809709 ]	[ 1.3569998995790655, 1.8772739532296423 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29929, 29947, 29929, 29936, 17232, 728, 2946, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 467, 450, 1060, 29899, 764, 2159, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 297, 278, 2898, 3719, 338, 13, 29764, 304, 278, 27070, 2159, 29889, 450, 7568, 4046, 373, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 2159, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 13, 275, 884, 13747, 411, 967, 27070, 2159, 29889, 450, 10410, 2898, 29899, 4980, 13, 8346, 310, 278, 2038, 3618, 526, 13747, 411, 263, 19554, 2752, 13, 12574, 29889, 11275, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 29892, 6881, 630, 491, 263, 26963, 2078, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 13, 4299, 411, 263, 10430, 310, 3196, 1589, 29963, 29892, 526, 408, 3806, 515, 263, 13, 10855, 310, 4482, 29899, 25379, 1060, 29899, 764, 9016, 4314, 313, 29924, 557, 728, 2946, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 467, 450, 13, 29990, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 4226, 6337, 284, 25494, 526, 20928, 29839, 13, 517, 278, 1009, 27070, 3255, 29933, 29938, 3719, 29897, 3578, 313, 29943, 8846, 3328, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 467, 29871, 6137, 29871, 29947, 4076, 13, 1552, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 6224, 29938, 29931, 29918, 29933, 29938, 930, 1819, 363, 278, 25494, 297, 1749, 4559, 29936, 5622, 964, 13, 3200, 1241, 362, 278, 14801, 297, 278, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 489, 6224, 29938, 29931, 29918, 29933, 29938, 930, 8220, 29892, 1438, 1819, 13, 351, 929, 411, 1906, 3595, 297, 4226, 25494, 29889, 29871, 1334, 17668, 393, 278, 3978, 13, 974, 278, 10410, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 297, 1749, 4559, 3117, 564, 4637, 515, 13, 29874, 4333, 310, 19554, 1060, 29899, 764, 8974, 297, 278, 3495, 15400, 29891, 29892, 322, 591, 1284, 13, 1217, 2821, 10757, 363, 278, 10122, 310, 385, 16369, 29940, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29947, 29913, 13, 13, 9842, 29892, 3138, 29892, 393, 1749, 848, 437, 451, 5751, 714, 278, 10122, 310, 385, 13, 10051, 29940, 29889, 960, 2198, 29892, 278, 1661, 6236, 279, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 537, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 3719, 13, 21969, 367, 16951, 7968, 1135, 2846, 779, 3706, 29938, 395, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 426, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 1836, 29871, 512, 13, 1552, 1206, 393, 385, 16369, 29940, 7136, 338, 20365, 19726, 2955, 491, 263, 2919, 1897, 13, 21518, 537, 310, 426, 8290, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 395, 29958, 5940, 29871, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29946, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 1118, 769, 591, 2149, 871, 304, 1074, 13, 29990, 29899, 764, 25477, 29574, 491, 263, 14294, 322, 29914, 272, 11220, 9432, 272, 29889, 29871, 960, 278, 13, 1557, 2620, 292, 15958, 338, 779, 3601, 29938, 29941, 8958, 313, 27407, 261, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29890, 29936, 22886, 9940, 29892, 501, 8154, 29892, 320, 29987, 13, 29911, 273, 335, 987, 29875, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 511, 385, 7568, 4046, 373, 278, 11158, 28594, 19703, 8226, 537, 338, 13, 342, 326, 630, 304, 367, 779, 3601, 29896, 29900, 998, 29946, 29896, 1042, 426, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 1836, 3599, 296, 2802, 277, 1522, 9759, 29903, 6604, 29913, 13, 26739, 800, 505, 4318, 393, 3196, 1060, 29899, 764, 8062, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 29879, 526, 10712, 13, 711, 1557, 2955, 491, 422, 12533, 29899, 27996, 4383, 313, 29924, 1794, 324, 1789, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 10506, 263, 13, 29879, 1981, 362, 1033, 884, 6403, 297, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 29889, 960, 263, 20365, 19726, 2955, 16369, 29940, 338, 13, 6338, 29892, 263, 4549, 5169, 30022, 29968, 25477, 1196, 472, 29871, 29953, 29889, 29946, 1589, 29963, 338, 3806, 411, 385, 13, 1686, 27445, 2920, 7200, 1135, 29871, 29896, 1589, 29963, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 5061, 1161, 2946, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 29890, 467, 11511, 29892, 445, 20051, 2609, 367, 9528, 411, 1749, 13, 1272, 1363, 278, 9078, 6731, 265, 13964, 437, 451, 14257, 502, 304, 731, 13, 1807, 296, 7568, 13071, 373, 278, 7126, 2920, 310, 278, 5169, 30022, 29968, 1196, 13, 29898, 22449, 936, 7568, 13071, 310, 278, 7126, 2920, 29879, 526, 779, 3601, 29938, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 467, 1334, 13, 14043, 367, 2221, 304, 3211, 445, 2228, 411, 5434, 1880, 29899, 27548, 13, 26739, 800, 373, 3052, 1080, 393, 505, 7200, 11828, 10161, 29892, 1316, 408, 13, 741, 277, 1060, 7428, 29913, 322, 2802, 277, 319, 1254, 1672, 29899, 29923, 1118, 322, 393, 505, 1568, 1436, 261, 18652, 13, 9778, 918, 29892, 1316, 408, 2802, 277, 678, 10738, 1836, 13, 13, 4789, 296, 664, 373, 20364, 4628, 26532, 297, 313, 28502, 368, 29897, 4226, 25494, 505, 13, 845, 776, 393, 278, 4158, 310, 278, 6555, 4628, 16188, 338, 1048, 29871, 29896, 29914, 29896, 29900, 29900, 304, 29871, 29896, 29914, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29900, 310, 13, 1552, 4158, 310, 278, 8227, 479, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 3561, 272, 6392, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 5293, 445, 4628, 13, 29716, 4158, 448, 8227, 479, 4158, 19869, 322, 1749, 7568, 13071, 373, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 1907, 310, 16369, 29940, 29892, 591, 508, 12678, 7568, 13071, 310, 278, 20861, 4885, 13, 3605, 601, 310, 278, 1035, 2267, 291, 11480, 20364, 4628, 26532, 297, 278, 25494, 297, 1749, 13, 11249, 29889, 1334, 12833, 278, 4628, 16188, 4158, 773, 278, 5302, 395, 29924, 1665, 1758, 13, 29933, 29950, 1042, 353, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29900, 29900, 29945, 29938, 29924, 1665, 1758, 8227, 479, 1042, 322, 395, 29924, 1665, 1758, 8227, 479, 1042, 353, 395, 29945, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29929, 13, 29924, 1665, 25475, 2119, 29931, 1665, 1758, 8227, 479, 6822, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29929, 29931, 1665, 25475, 1800, 998, 29896, 29889, 29906, 1042, 313, 25627, 12734, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 13, 392, 9282, 727, 262, 467, 29871, 13, 13, 4806, 1304, 278, 7568, 13071, 373, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896 ]	3,326	9,216	ArXiv	-1	-1
0 keV band, of $1.5\times10^{39}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for NGC 404 and $1\times10^{41}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for the others, and assumed a bolometric correction of a factor of 10 and a scattering fraction of $\sim3 \%$. The bulge luminosities are calculated by using the data in Table 11 in Ho et al. 1997a. We obtained upper limits on the Eddington ratios in the range of $(1-5)\times10^{-5}$. Thus we found that mass accretion is taking place with very low accretion rate or at very low efficiency if super massive black holes are present in these galaxies, as is in most galaxies. \subsection{Soft Component} In NGC 4111, NGC 4457, and NGC 4569 we detected soft X-ray emission that can be represented by a Raymond-Smith thermal plasma with $kT\approx0.65$ keV. Extended hot gas with a temperature $kT<1$ keV is generally observed in starburst galaxies, and it is interpreted as due to gas shock heated by the collective action of supernovae (e.g., Dahlem, Weaver, \& Heckman 1998). The X-ray luminosity of the hot gas component is roughly proportional to the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity: $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} $\approx$ --4 (Heckman, Armus, \& Milley 1990; David, Forman, \& Jones 1992). We calculated the {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} ratios for the galaxies in our sample in order to test the starburst origin of the soft thermal component. We use the X-ray luminosities of the RS component corrected for absorption in the 0.5--4 keV band, and {{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} is calculated from the flux $1.26\times10^{-14}(2.58S_{60}+S_{100})$ W m$^{-2}$, where $S_{60}$ and $S_{100}$ are the flux densities at 60 $\mu$m and 100 $\mu$m, respectively, in units of janskys (Table 1; see Ho et al. 1997a for details). We used observed total luminosities in the 0.5--2 keV band for NGC 404 and NGC 4192, since we cannot separate the thermal component from the total emission. Relations between soft X-ray luminosities and far infrared luminosities are plotted in Figure 5, where Soft X-ray luminosities are only for a Raymond-Smith plasma component except for NGC 404 and NGC 4192. We compiled X-ray luminosities of the soft thermal component in X-ray bright starburst galaxies in {\it ASCA} archives (for detailed results, see Okada et al. 1996; Ptak et al. 1997; Dahlem, Weaver, \& Heckman 1998; Ptak et al. 1999; Della Ceca et al. 1999; Zenzas et al. 1999; Heckman et al. 1999; Moran, Lehnert, \& Helfand 1999). We fitted their {\it ASCA} spectra with a model consisting of a RS plasma plus a thermal bremsstrahlung and measured intrinsic (absorption corrected) X-ray luminosities of the RS component. These points are also shown in Figure 5. The $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} values (Table 8 and Figure 5) distribute around a value of $\sim$--3.5 -- --4, which is consistent, within the scatter, with what is seen in starburst galaxies. With {\it ASCA}	-0.202624	0.676569	0.047295	1.41423	[ -0.10092548028542266, -0.30432228149173857 ]	[ 0.8968161053872823, 0.4563214743850915 ]	[ 0.08787524898180694, 0.00671553616951033 ]	[ 1.4402437481631578, 1.3882163427981 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29900, 1589, 29963, 13, 4980, 29892, 310, 395, 29896, 29889, 29945, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 322, 13, 29938, 29896, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29946, 29896, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 363, 278, 4045, 29892, 322, 12023, 263, 13, 2095, 14066, 26385, 310, 263, 7329, 310, 29871, 29896, 29900, 322, 263, 14801, 292, 15958, 310, 13, 4535, 3601, 29941, 320, 29995, 1504, 450, 8227, 479, 19703, 8226, 1907, 526, 12833, 491, 773, 278, 848, 297, 13, 3562, 29871, 29896, 29896, 297, 8335, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 29889, 1334, 7625, 7568, 13071, 373, 278, 20861, 4885, 13, 29878, 2219, 359, 297, 278, 3464, 310, 2427, 29896, 29899, 29945, 2144, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29945, 4311, 6549, 591, 1476, 393, 4158, 13, 562, 4838, 291, 338, 5622, 2058, 411, 1407, 4482, 1035, 2267, 291, 6554, 470, 472, 1407, 4482, 13, 29872, 2416, 13396, 565, 2428, 20364, 4628, 26532, 526, 2198, 297, 1438, 25494, 29892, 13, 294, 338, 297, 1556, 25494, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 6295, 615, 15924, 29913, 13, 13, 797, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29892, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 591, 17809, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 13, 5747, 508, 367, 9875, 491, 263, 21380, 29899, 29209, 26963, 715, 25392, 411, 13, 29938, 29895, 29911, 29905, 14850, 29900, 29889, 29953, 29945, 29938, 1589, 29963, 29889, 29871, 7338, 2760, 7375, 10489, 411, 263, 10430, 395, 29895, 29911, 29966, 29896, 29938, 1589, 29963, 13, 275, 6892, 8900, 297, 5810, 8399, 303, 25494, 29892, 322, 372, 338, 21551, 408, 13, 29123, 304, 10489, 19253, 540, 630, 491, 278, 6314, 573, 3158, 310, 2428, 13715, 3660, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 13, 29928, 801, 2409, 29892, 1334, 12483, 29892, 320, 29987, 940, 384, 1171, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 450, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 537, 310, 278, 7375, 10489, 13, 9700, 338, 20928, 29839, 304, 278, 2215, 29899, 7192, 336, 1127, 313, 3738, 29934, 29897, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 29901, 779, 1188, 29938, 30022, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 383, 8193, 1042, 930, 779, 14850, 29938, 1192, 29946, 313, 3868, 384, 1171, 29892, 826, 8366, 29892, 320, 29987, 13, 29924, 1924, 29891, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29900, 29936, 4699, 29892, 3812, 273, 29892, 320, 29987, 10920, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 467, 1334, 12833, 278, 13, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 383, 8193, 1042, 930, 364, 2219, 359, 363, 278, 25494, 297, 1749, 4559, 297, 1797, 304, 1243, 13, 1552, 5810, 8399, 303, 3978, 310, 278, 4964, 26963, 4163, 29889, 1334, 671, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 1907, 310, 278, 390, 29903, 4163, 24114, 363, 17977, 683, 297, 278, 13, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29946, 1589, 29963, 3719, 29892, 322, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 383, 8193, 1042, 930, 338, 12833, 515, 278, 19389, 13, 29938, 29896, 29889, 29906, 29953, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 2119, 29906, 29889, 29945, 29947, 29903, 648, 29953, 29900, 7517, 29903, 648, 29896, 29900, 29900, 8435, 399, 286, 29938, 3426, 29906, 4429, 988, 395, 29903, 648, 29953, 29900, 1042, 13, 392, 395, 29903, 648, 29896, 29900, 29900, 1042, 526, 278, 19389, 6245, 1907, 472, 29871, 29953, 29900, 779, 2589, 29938, 29885, 322, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29900, 779, 2589, 29938, 29885, 29892, 13, 690, 1103, 3598, 29892, 297, 10340, 310, 432, 12190, 952, 313, 3562, 29871, 29896, 29936, 1074, 8335, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 363, 13, 14144, 467, 29871, 1334, 1304, 8900, 3001, 19703, 8226, 1907, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 3719, 13, 1454, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 29892, 1951, 591, 2609, 5004, 278, 26963, 13, 9700, 515, 278, 3001, 25477, 29889, 6376, 800, 1546, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 1907, 322, 2215, 3041, 336, 1127, 19703, 8226, 1907, 526, 715, 15048, 297, 11479, 29871, 29945, 29892, 13, 3062, 1105, 615, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 526, 871, 363, 263, 21380, 29899, 29209, 715, 25392, 13, 9700, 5174, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 29889, 1334, 13126, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 1907, 310, 278, 4964, 26963, 4163, 297, 1060, 29899, 764, 11785, 5810, 8399, 303, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 297, 2802, 277, 3339, 5454, 29913, 3190, 3145, 313, 1454, 13173, 2582, 29892, 1074, 3674, 1114, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 29936, 349, 29873, 557, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29936, 360, 801, 2409, 29892, 1334, 12483, 29892, 320, 29987, 940, 384, 1171, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 29936, 349, 29873, 557, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29936, 360, 3547, 315, 13273, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29936, 796, 4666, 294, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29936, 940, 384, 1171, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29936, 3879, 273, 29892, 951, 3123, 814, 29892, 320, 29987, 379, 761, 392, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 467, 1334, 25890, 1009, 2802, 277, 3339, 5454, 29913, 13, 21494, 336, 411, 263, 1904, 19849, 310, 263, 390, 29903, 715, 25392, 2298, 263, 26963, 13, 1030, 1516, 4151, 4415, 686, 322, 17005, 11158, 28594, 313, 6897, 272, 683, 24114, 29897, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 1907, 310, 278, 390, 29903, 4163, 29889, 4525, 3291, 526, 884, 4318, 297, 13, 13080, 545, 29871, 29945, 29889, 450, 779, 1188, 29938, 30022, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 383, 8193, 1042, 930, 1819, 313, 3562, 29871, 29947, 322, 11479, 29871, 29945, 29897, 13, 5721, 2666, 2820, 263, 995, 310, 779, 3601, 29938, 489, 29941, 29889, 29945, 1192, 1192, 29946, 29892, 607, 338, 13747, 29892, 2629, 13, 1552, 14801, 29892, 411, 825, 338, 3595, 297, 5810, 8399, 303, 25494, 29889, 2973, 2802, 277, 3339, 5454, 29913, 13 ]	3,326	10,240	ArXiv	-1	-1
spatial resolution we can only say that the X-ray size is roughly the same as the optical size, consistent with that indicated by higher resolution {\it ROSAT} data for starburst galaxies. The radial profile of the soft X-ray image of NGC 4569 indicates the presence of a compact nuclear component in addition to the extended component ($\sigma>1${$^{\prime}$}). A comparison between the radial profiles in the soft and hard bands suggests that the compact component has a soft spectrum which could be identified with an unresolved source seen in the {{\it ROSAT}} HRI image of Colbert \& Mushotzky (1999). A compact but resolved nuclear source is detected in a UV image of NGC 4569 taken with {{\it HST}} (Barth et al. 1998), and absorption features in its UV spectrum indicate that the UV source is a cluster of hot stars (Maoz et al. 1998). The X-ray spectra of O-type stars can be modeled by a thermal plasma with a temperature of $kT\sim$ 1 keV (e.g., Corcoran et al. 1994; Kitamoto \& Mukai 1996). Since individual O stars have X-ray luminosities of $10^{32}-10^{33}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$} (e.g., Rosner, Golub, \& Vaiana 1985), about $10^7$ O stars would be required to explain the X-ray source at the nucleus detected in the {{\it ROSAT}} HRI image and in the {{\it ASCA}} soft-band image. This number, however, is too large compared to the number of O stars needed to explain the observed H$\alpha$ luminosity and the strength of the UV continuum ($<$1000; Maoz 1999). Moreover, we can rule out the possibility of such a giant cluster of O stars from dynamical constraints. A cluster of $10^7$ O5 stars, each $\sim$40 $M_\odot$, would amount to a total mass of $4\times 10^8$ $M_\odot$. Even under the unreasonable assumption that stars of lower masses are absent, this mass strongly violates the dynamical mass limit of the nucleus, which has been estimated to be $< 10^6 - 10^7$ $M_\odot$\ by Keel (1996). Therefore, we conclude that the hot star contribution to the observed soft X-ray luminosity is minor. This argument also applies to all the objects in our sample, except for NGC 404, for which only an upper limit of X-ray luminosity is available. \placefigure{fig5} Finally, we note that scattered light from a hidden AGN is unlikely to be the source of the soft X-ray emission. If AGN emission is blocked by a large column density along the line of sight, only emission scattered by cold and/or warm material would be observed. If we fit the X-ray spectra below 2 keV with a simple power-law model, the photon indices become steeper than 3 for NGC 4111, NGC 4457, and NGC 4569. This spectral slope is significantly steeper than normally seen in Seyfert 2s, where scattering by warm material is thought to prevail. Cold reflection produces an X-ray spectrum that is flatter than the intrinsic spectrum. Additionally, the extended morphologies of the soft X-ray emission makes it unlikely that the photoionized medium can be maintained at a highly ionized state. Thus the soft component probably does not originate from scattered AGN emission. Instead, the most likely origin for the soft thermal component is supernovae-heated hot gas. \subsection{Ionization Photon Budget} We have found no clear evidence for the presence of an AGN in the galaxies in our sample. In order to compare the ionization source in LINER 2s and transition objects with those of LINER 1s and low-luminosity Seyfert galaxies, we calculated {{$L_{\rm X	0.504471	0.785797	0.354181	1.533893	[ 0.6551353565218931, 0.35380676214216583 ]	[ 0.861003533761088, 0.7105907329310716 ]	[ 0.3541805566471552, 0.3541805566471552 ]	[ 1.6067314453313424, 1.4610547103091809 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1028, 15238, 10104, 591, 508, 871, 1827, 393, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 2159, 338, 20928, 278, 13, 17642, 408, 278, 27070, 2159, 29892, 13747, 411, 393, 18694, 491, 6133, 13, 9778, 918, 2802, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 29913, 848, 363, 5810, 8399, 303, 25494, 29889, 29871, 13, 13, 13, 1576, 28373, 8722, 310, 278, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 1967, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 14088, 278, 13, 4569, 663, 310, 263, 11071, 20346, 4163, 297, 6124, 304, 278, 10410, 13, 9700, 20430, 3754, 29958, 29896, 5303, 29938, 3311, 10080, 1042, 7690, 29871, 319, 10230, 1546, 278, 28373, 28723, 13, 262, 278, 4964, 322, 2898, 22706, 14661, 393, 278, 11071, 4163, 756, 263, 13, 2695, 18272, 607, 1033, 367, 15659, 411, 385, 443, 9778, 1490, 2752, 3595, 13, 262, 278, 426, 741, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 930, 379, 3960, 1967, 310, 1530, 2151, 320, 29987, 341, 1878, 327, 29920, 3459, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 467, 319, 11071, 13, 4187, 11527, 20346, 2752, 338, 17809, 297, 263, 501, 29963, 1967, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 13, 29873, 9424, 411, 426, 741, 277, 379, 1254, 930, 313, 4297, 386, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 511, 322, 17977, 683, 5680, 297, 967, 13, 29965, 29963, 18272, 12266, 393, 278, 501, 29963, 2752, 338, 263, 9867, 310, 7375, 10819, 13, 29898, 21870, 2112, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 29871, 450, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 310, 438, 29899, 1853, 10819, 508, 367, 4464, 839, 13, 1609, 263, 26963, 715, 25392, 411, 263, 10430, 310, 395, 29895, 29911, 29905, 3601, 29938, 29871, 29896, 1589, 29963, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 13, 12521, 2616, 273, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 29936, 26240, 314, 3747, 320, 29987, 8229, 1335, 29875, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 467, 4001, 5375, 438, 13, 303, 1503, 505, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 395, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29906, 7402, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29941, 1042, 426, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 29913, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 13, 29934, 359, 1089, 29892, 20268, 431, 29892, 320, 29987, 12549, 3857, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29945, 511, 1048, 395, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29955, 29938, 438, 10819, 723, 367, 3734, 13, 517, 5649, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 2752, 472, 278, 22699, 375, 17809, 297, 278, 426, 741, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 930, 13, 29950, 3960, 1967, 322, 297, 278, 426, 741, 277, 3339, 5454, 930, 4964, 29899, 4980, 1967, 29889, 910, 1353, 29892, 3138, 29892, 338, 13, 517, 29877, 2919, 9401, 304, 278, 1353, 310, 438, 10819, 4312, 304, 5649, 278, 13, 711, 643, 1490, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 19703, 8226, 537, 322, 278, 9324, 310, 278, 501, 29963, 3133, 398, 13, 1566, 29966, 29938, 29896, 29900, 29900, 29900, 29936, 3219, 2112, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 467, 12808, 29892, 591, 508, 5751, 714, 278, 13331, 310, 13, 14565, 263, 28396, 9867, 310, 438, 10819, 515, 4292, 936, 11938, 29889, 29871, 319, 9867, 13, 974, 395, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29955, 29938, 438, 29945, 10819, 29892, 1269, 779, 3601, 29938, 29946, 29900, 395, 29924, 3187, 25475, 1628, 723, 5253, 304, 263, 3001, 13, 25379, 310, 395, 29946, 29905, 3706, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29947, 29938, 395, 29924, 3187, 25475, 1504, 29871, 7753, 1090, 278, 443, 23147, 519, 13, 465, 28069, 393, 10819, 310, 5224, 23063, 526, 29207, 29892, 445, 4158, 13818, 13, 1403, 324, 1078, 278, 4292, 936, 4158, 4046, 310, 278, 22699, 375, 29892, 607, 756, 1063, 13, 342, 326, 630, 304, 367, 395, 29966, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29953, 448, 29871, 29896, 29900, 29985, 29955, 29938, 395, 29924, 3187, 25475, 4535, 491, 4813, 295, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 467, 29871, 7857, 29892, 13, 705, 17668, 393, 278, 7375, 5810, 11896, 304, 278, 8900, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 338, 9461, 29889, 910, 2980, 884, 16058, 304, 599, 278, 3618, 297, 13, 473, 4559, 29892, 5174, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 29892, 363, 607, 871, 385, 7568, 4046, 310, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 338, 3625, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 6689, 4532, 29912, 1003, 29945, 29913, 13, 13, 12881, 635, 29892, 591, 4443, 393, 29574, 3578, 515, 263, 7934, 16369, 29940, 338, 25057, 304, 13, 915, 278, 2752, 310, 278, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 29889, 960, 16369, 29940, 25477, 338, 24370, 13, 1609, 263, 2919, 1897, 9027, 3412, 278, 1196, 310, 11126, 29892, 871, 25477, 13, 1557, 2620, 287, 491, 11220, 322, 29914, 272, 14294, 5518, 723, 367, 8900, 29889, 960, 591, 6216, 13, 1552, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 2400, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 411, 263, 2560, 3081, 29899, 10653, 1904, 29892, 278, 13, 561, 327, 265, 16285, 4953, 1886, 11356, 1135, 29871, 29941, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29892, 322, 13928, 13, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29889, 910, 23161, 24968, 338, 16951, 1886, 11356, 1135, 12891, 3595, 13, 262, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 29879, 29892, 988, 14801, 292, 491, 14294, 5518, 338, 2714, 304, 13, 16304, 737, 29889, 26731, 17842, 13880, 385, 1060, 29899, 764, 18272, 393, 338, 1652, 2620, 13, 27603, 278, 11158, 28594, 18272, 29889, 29871, 19814, 29892, 278, 10410, 18131, 11763, 13, 974, 278, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 3732, 372, 25057, 393, 278, 15373, 291, 1891, 13, 27891, 508, 367, 19949, 472, 263, 10712, 16346, 1891, 2106, 29889, 6549, 278, 4964, 13, 9700, 3117, 947, 451, 3978, 403, 515, 29574, 16369, 29940, 25477, 29889, 13, 3379, 1479, 29892, 278, 1556, 5517, 3978, 363, 278, 4964, 26963, 4163, 338, 13, 9136, 13715, 3660, 29899, 354, 630, 7375, 10489, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29902, 265, 2133, 19040, 265, 7038, 657, 29913, 13, 13, 4806, 505, 1476, 694, 2821, 10757, 363, 278, 10122, 310, 385, 16369, 29940, 297, 278, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 297, 1749, 4559, 29889, 512, 1797, 304, 7252, 278, 16346, 2133, 2752, 297, 13, 23714, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 322, 9558, 3618, 411, 1906, 310, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29896, 29879, 322, 13, 677, 29899, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 922, 29891, 19175, 25494, 29892, 591, 12833, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060 ]	3,326	11,264	ArXiv	-1	-1
}$}}(2--10 keV)/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} ratios (Table 8), where we used the luminosities of the narrow component of the H$\alpha$ emission. The {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} values of the galaxies in our sample are systematically lower, by more than one order of magnitude, compared to LINER 1s and low-luminosity Seyferts (Terashima 1999; Terashima et al. 1999), objects where LLAGNs are almost certainly present. The mean $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} is 1.6 for LLAGNs, while the $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} values for our sample are smaller than 0.61. We estimate the number of ionizing photons needed to account for the observed H$\alpha$ luminosities, assuming a spectral energy distribution of $f_{\nu} \propto \nu^{-1}$, which is the typical spectral shape between the UV and X-rays observed in LLAGNs (Ho 1999b), Case B recombination (Osterbrock 1989), and a covering factor of unity for the ionized gas. A value of $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} = 1.4 is sufficient to explain the H$\alpha$ luminosity by photoionization by an AGN. The observed $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} values, on the other hand, are significantly lower than this. If the AGN is not significantly obscured, its luminosity in the 2--10 keV band is estimated to be less than a few $\times$ $10^{39}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. In this case, photons from an AGN account for only a very small fraction ($\sim$5\%) of the observed H$\alpha$ luminosity. If H$\alpha$ is due to ionization by an AGN, one would then have to postulate that the AGN is heavily obscured with a column density greater than $\sim 10^{24}$ {cm$^{-2}$} and that only scattered radiation is observable. Alternatively, an ionizing source other than an AGN is required. As discussed in the next subsection, galaxies in our sample have lower [OI]$\lambda6300$/H$\alpha$ values than LINERs that are most likely to be AGN. If the low [\ion{O}{1}]/H$\alpha$ ratio is due to dilution by \ion{H}{2} regions, which produce strong Balmer lines and very weak [OI], the difference in {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} between the two classes is reduced. Since the median of the [OI]/H$\alpha$ ratio for the LINER 2s is about a factor of 3 smaller than that for the LINER 1s with LLAGNs, the H$\alpha$ emission tracing the AGN would be 1/3 of the total measured value. Even in this case, however, the observed hard X-ray luminosities are not enough to drive the H$\alpha$ luminosities. \subsection{Optical Emission Line Ratios and Ionizing Source} Our sample includes three LINERs (NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457) and two transition objects (NGC 4192 and NGC 4569). By the definition of Ho et al. (1993, 1997a), transition objects have a smaller [O~I] $\lambda$6300/H$\alpha$ ratio than LINERs (Table 8; data from Ho et al. 1997a). This class of emission-line nuclei has been postulated to be composite systems where a LINER nucleus is spatially contaminated by circumnuclear star-forming regions (Ho et al	0.071226	0.655081	0.43534	1.56511	[ -0.1839620531684725, 0.3264132535621906 ]	[ 0.4992965603365248, 0.8108659334844158 ]	[ 0.07012156180411706, 0.8005589771147866 ]	[ 1.4506492292361692, 1.679569812842423 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1042, 12156, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 6802, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 13, 29878, 2219, 359, 313, 3562, 29871, 29947, 511, 988, 591, 1304, 278, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 278, 12474, 13, 9700, 310, 278, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 25477, 29889, 29871, 450, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 1819, 310, 278, 13, 23014, 1165, 583, 297, 1749, 4559, 526, 1788, 19574, 5224, 29892, 491, 901, 1135, 697, 13, 2098, 310, 18497, 29892, 9401, 304, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29896, 29879, 322, 4482, 29899, 29880, 398, 8226, 537, 922, 29891, 571, 1372, 13, 29898, 29911, 261, 1161, 2946, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29936, 5061, 1161, 2946, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 511, 3618, 988, 365, 4375, 20728, 29879, 526, 13, 284, 3242, 8959, 2198, 29889, 29871, 450, 2099, 779, 1188, 29938, 30022, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 338, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29953, 363, 13, 2208, 10051, 29940, 29879, 29892, 1550, 278, 779, 1188, 29938, 30022, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 1819, 363, 1749, 4559, 526, 13, 9278, 261, 1135, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29953, 29896, 29889, 13, 13, 4806, 12678, 278, 1353, 310, 16346, 5281, 6731, 787, 4312, 304, 3633, 363, 278, 13, 711, 643, 1490, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 19703, 8226, 1907, 29892, 10241, 263, 23161, 5864, 13, 27691, 310, 395, 29888, 1665, 3433, 29913, 320, 771, 24070, 320, 3433, 3426, 29896, 4429, 607, 338, 278, 15662, 13, 21494, 1705, 8267, 1546, 278, 501, 29963, 322, 1060, 29899, 764, 29879, 8900, 297, 365, 4375, 20728, 29879, 313, 29950, 29877, 13, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29929, 29890, 511, 11733, 350, 27878, 2109, 362, 313, 29949, 2475, 6729, 384, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 511, 322, 263, 21653, 7329, 13, 974, 20107, 363, 278, 16346, 1891, 10489, 29889, 319, 995, 310, 779, 1188, 29938, 30022, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 353, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29946, 338, 13, 2146, 4543, 304, 5649, 278, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 19703, 8226, 537, 491, 15373, 291, 2133, 491, 13, 273, 16369, 29940, 29889, 29871, 450, 8900, 779, 1188, 29938, 30022, 6224, 29938, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 1819, 29892, 373, 278, 916, 1361, 29892, 13, 598, 16951, 5224, 1135, 445, 29889, 960, 278, 16369, 29940, 338, 451, 16951, 13, 711, 1557, 2955, 29892, 967, 19703, 8226, 537, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 3719, 338, 15899, 304, 367, 3109, 13, 27603, 263, 2846, 779, 3706, 29938, 395, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 426, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 1836, 512, 445, 1206, 29892, 6731, 787, 515, 385, 13, 10051, 29940, 3633, 363, 871, 263, 1407, 2319, 15958, 20430, 3601, 29938, 29945, 8958, 29897, 310, 278, 8900, 13, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 19703, 8226, 537, 29889, 960, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 338, 2861, 304, 16346, 2133, 491, 385, 16369, 29940, 29892, 697, 13, 29893, 483, 769, 505, 304, 1400, 5987, 393, 278, 16369, 29940, 338, 20365, 19726, 2955, 411, 263, 13, 4914, 9027, 7621, 1135, 779, 3601, 29871, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29946, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 29913, 322, 393, 871, 13, 1557, 2620, 287, 27310, 338, 25209, 29889, 29871, 20360, 29892, 385, 16346, 5281, 2752, 13, 1228, 1135, 385, 16369, 29940, 338, 3734, 29889, 13, 13, 2887, 15648, 297, 278, 2446, 1014, 2042, 29892, 25494, 297, 1749, 4559, 505, 5224, 13, 29961, 29949, 29902, 29962, 4535, 2892, 29953, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29938, 29914, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 1819, 1135, 21724, 1001, 29879, 393, 526, 1556, 5517, 304, 13, 915, 16369, 29940, 29889, 29871, 960, 278, 4482, 12452, 291, 29912, 29949, 1157, 29896, 6525, 29914, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 11959, 338, 2861, 304, 21749, 918, 491, 13, 29905, 291, 29912, 29950, 1157, 29906, 29913, 12786, 29892, 607, 7738, 4549, 7392, 1050, 3454, 322, 1407, 8062, 13, 29961, 29949, 29902, 1402, 278, 4328, 297, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 8290, 29931, 24033, 1758, 379, 29913, 320, 2312, 1042, 29913, 1546, 278, 1023, 4413, 338, 13, 9313, 1133, 29889, 4001, 278, 19194, 310, 278, 518, 29949, 29902, 16261, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 11959, 363, 278, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29906, 29879, 13, 275, 1048, 263, 7329, 310, 29871, 29941, 7968, 1135, 393, 363, 278, 21724, 1001, 29871, 29896, 29879, 411, 365, 4375, 20728, 29879, 29892, 13, 1552, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 25477, 16703, 292, 278, 16369, 29940, 723, 367, 29871, 29896, 29914, 29941, 310, 278, 3001, 13, 1004, 294, 2955, 995, 29889, 7753, 297, 445, 1206, 29892, 3138, 29892, 278, 8900, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 13, 29880, 398, 8226, 1907, 526, 451, 3307, 304, 7899, 278, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 19703, 8226, 1907, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 20624, 936, 2812, 2333, 7407, 390, 2219, 359, 322, 306, 265, 5281, 7562, 29913, 13, 462, 632, 13, 29949, 332, 4559, 7805, 2211, 21724, 1001, 29879, 313, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29900, 29946, 29892, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29897, 322, 13, 10184, 9558, 3618, 313, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 322, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 467, 2648, 278, 5023, 310, 13, 29950, 29877, 634, 394, 29889, 313, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29941, 29892, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 511, 9558, 3618, 505, 263, 7968, 518, 29949, 30022, 29902, 29962, 13, 4535, 2892, 29938, 29953, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29914, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 11959, 1135, 21724, 1001, 29879, 313, 3562, 29871, 29947, 29936, 848, 515, 8335, 634, 13, 284, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29874, 467, 910, 770, 310, 25477, 29899, 1220, 11205, 16301, 756, 1063, 1400, 7964, 304, 13, 915, 20842, 6757, 988, 263, 21724, 1001, 22699, 375, 338, 18652, 368, 640, 9103, 630, 13, 1609, 3449, 1227, 1682, 1945, 5810, 29899, 689, 292, 12786, 313, 29950, 29877, 634, 394 ]	3,326	12,288	ArXiv	-1	-1
. 1993; Ho 1996). On the other hand, photoionization by hot stars in environments with ionization parameters characteristically lower than in ``normal'' giant extragalactic \ion{H}{2}\ regions also generates the spectral properties of transition objects (Filippenko, \& Terlevich 1992; Shields 1992). The presence of hot stars is seen directly in the UV spectrum of NGC 4569 (Maoz et al. 1998); these stars can provide the power to explain the observed emission-line luminosities if very massive stars are still present. The low X-ray output of these systems, as found in this study, lends further support for this conclusion. Thus, at least some transition objects are likely to be powered by hot stars. The nucleus of NGC 4192, however, is not detected in the UV band, possibly because of the large extinction due to the high inclination of the galaxy (83$^{\circ}$; Barth et al. 1998). The X-ray properties and optical emission-line ratios of NGC 4192 are similar to those of NGC 4569, and it, too, might be primarily powered by hot stars. We compared the [O~I]/H$\alpha$ ratios of the LINERs in our sample with those of LINERs from which AGN-like X-ray emission has been detected. The [O~I]/H$\alpha$ ratios for NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457 (Table 8) are lower than in LINERs that are strong LLAGN candidates, and they are located at the lowest end of the distribution of [O~I]/H$\alpha$ in LINERs (Fig. 7 in Ho et al. 1997a). For comparison, the [O~I]/H$\alpha$ values for the few LINERs where compact hard X-ray emission has been detected are 0.71 (NGC 1052), 0.53 (NGC 3998), 1.22 (NGC 4203), 0.48 (NGC 4579), 0.18 (NGC 4594), and 0.24 (NGC 4736).\footnote{The X-ray results for these objects are published in Weaver et al. (1999), Guainazzi, \& Antonelli (1999), Awaki et al. (1991b), Iyomoto et al. (1998), Terashima et al. (1998a), Nicholson et al. (1998), and Roberts et al. (1999).} It is intriguing that the {\it HST} UV spectrum of NGC 404 also shows strong evidence for the presence of energetically significant hot stars (Maoz et al. 1998); no UV spectral information is available for NGC 4111 and NGC 4457. It is conceivable that the subset of LINERs with exceptionally weak [O~I] emission owe their primary excitation mechanism to stellar photoionization. Obviously more observations are necessary to settle this issue. A statistical study using a large sample of objects will be presented elsewhere. \section{Summary} We presented {\it ASCA}\ results for a small sample of LINERs (NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457) and transition objects (NGC 4192 and NGC 4569). X-ray emission was detected in all objects except NGC 404. The X-ray luminosities in the 2--10 keV band range from $4\times10^{39}$ to $1\times10^{40}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. The images of NGC 4111 and NGC 4569 are extended on scales of several kpc in both the soft ($<$2 keV) and hard ($>$2 keV) energy bands. The X	0.119935	1.02216	-0.052886	1.237337	[ 0.31545585013020055, -0.07558648484894559 ]	[ 0.8323534764601325, 1.2119667356977928 ]	[ 0.14620879256564515, -0.2519810484196851 ]	[ 1.4298382670901462, 1.0448354673887195 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29941, 29936, 8335, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 467, 1551, 13, 1552, 916, 1361, 29892, 15373, 291, 2133, 491, 7375, 10819, 297, 23136, 411, 13, 291, 2133, 4128, 2931, 391, 1711, 5224, 1135, 297, 4954, 8945, 4907, 13, 3146, 424, 1294, 1431, 284, 17911, 320, 291, 29912, 29950, 1157, 29906, 1012, 12786, 884, 16785, 278, 23161, 13, 11330, 310, 9558, 3618, 313, 29943, 2638, 7785, 2901, 29892, 320, 29987, 5061, 2608, 436, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 29936, 13, 2713, 969, 29879, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29906, 467, 450, 10122, 310, 7375, 10819, 338, 3595, 4153, 297, 278, 501, 29963, 13, 21494, 5848, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 313, 21870, 2112, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 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I've been in higher education just long enough to warrant a sense of déjà vu. My lips and tongue stretch in a pattern too familiar for comfort. My ears know the buzz of silence that follows the words now oft spoken. Despite the lack of novelty, every time I'm shook; the surprise never fails—the call, the response-- they stir every time. It goes down like this. I'm sitting with a colleague or a student. Sometimes I'm on a panel or giving a workshop. Maybe I'm standing before a mirror. Whoever is across from me begins to tell me about some crisis happening at their institution and how much it is weighing on them and those they care about and how they're trying to find the solution. And then I say the thing that catches them off guard. It's the same thing that catches me off guard, even though it shouldn't. Then there's the silence, the loud, unmistakable silence when thought gives way to understanding. In my contributions to this series on "Teaching and Traumatic Events," I've tried to offer preparatory resources for those educators seeking to rise to the occasion. What needs to be said though is that it's not always your job to do anything. You don't have to unfurl a rapid response protocol, roll out a diversity initiative, lead the revolution, or assert what no one else has confessed. I don't know your situation. But, teacher-to-teacher, I'm pretty sure that "fixing" isn't in your job description. This line of thinking betrays a Horatio Alger/bootstraps myth to hardship. Because an event or circumstance impacts you, your efforts to rectify the situation can lead to glory. What doesn't get mentioned is that those efforts can make you more vulnerable to the pain and suffering that will keep you from doing your actual job. In my opinion, you've just been given an opportunity to inquire what the institution is going to do to equip you to do your job effectively given the trauma's impact on employees. This isn't selfish. This is contractual. I think this line, perhaps more than any other, is a disenfranchising play, especially for those in religious studies and theological education. It assumes that some subject domains, by nature, lend themselves to relevance. Were this the case, then why not send a link or bibliography to those in need and check on them in the morning? Our expertise is in the connections we make between critical observations, creative analysis, and methodical application. None of that work is natural. No one comes to that without practice, training, and focus. And even if you find that you have the first two, your job description likely doesn't afford the third one—especially if you're teaching. If anything, your expert opinion may lead you to recommend that the concerned locate someone who can do the requested task better than you. Reluctance on their part to do so speaks volumes about their take on you and the trauma at hand. This may be true, but take some time to ask why. Early in my teaching career, a friend shared some great advice. She said that you can't develop a good teaching strategy without understanding how your students see you. Often students fall back on socialized models to inform their interaction with professors (for better, and too frequently, for worse). Even when encountering the same instructional situation, we each might choose different teaching tactics because she, as a petite, African American woman, would be read differently than I would as a large, African American man. Amado Padilla put such readings in institutional terms when discussing the "cultural taxation" carried by faculty of color paid in undue burdens of service—especially on issues of diversity and inclusion. Some people benignly and naively will use any resemblance you bear to a stamp-worthy activist to make the devastating assumption that you should take up a similar mantle. That choice is on you. The institutional responsibility for that burden is not. Just because you are good at a task doesn't mean other people shouldn't be, nor does it mean you should do the task. You have a job to do and if that task is not part of it, that task can keep you from it. We never occupy one role or responsibility, but when I come across students inclined to activism, I remind them that ultimately their job in higher education is to graduate. As faculty, I wonder whether we remind each other about what we are here to do. 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Arthur Sinodinos Senator The Honourable Sinodinos in June 2016 Helen Coonan Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science 24 January 2017 – 20 December 2017 Greg Hunt Karen Andrews (2018) 21 September 2015 – 24 January 2017 Alan Griffin David Bradbury Josh Frydenberg Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Liberal Party of Australia Elizabeth Tserdanis University of Newcastle Economist; Investment banker; Arthur Sinodinos AO (born 25 February 1957) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for New South Wales since 2011, representing the Liberal Party. He served as a minister in the Abbott and Turnbull Governments. Sinodinos was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, and attended the University of Newcastle. He subsequently worked as a public servant and political adviser, most notably as chief of staff to Prime Minister John Howard between 1997 and 2006. Before being elected to the Senate at the 2010 federal election, Sinodinos spent periods working for Goldman Sachs and the National Australia Bank. He was appointed Assistant Treasurer in the Abbott Government in 2013,[2] but stepped aside from his ministerial duties in March 2014 during an investigation by the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC);[3] he still formally held the position until resigning in December 2014.[4] In September 2015, Sinodinos returned to the ministry as Cabinet Secretary in the Turnbull Government. He was made Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science in January 2017.[5] He took a leave of absence from parliament in October 2017 due to ill health, and left the ministry in December 2017. In May 2019, it was announced that Sinodinos would be appointed the next Australian Ambassador to the United States.[6] 1 Background and early career 2 Corporate career 5 Personal Background and early career[edit] Sinodinos was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, to Greek immigrant parents.[7] His father was a member of the left-aligned Seaman's Union that, during Sinodinos' early years, was campaigning against the United States intervention in Vietnam. His mother recalled stories of the Greek Civil War of the 1940s where Communist insurgents would knock on the door of their family home at night. Sinodinos has said that this helped him form his early political views.[1] Sinodinos graduated from the University of Newcastle in 1979 with a Bachelor of Commerce with Honours. He then entered the Australian Public Service as a graduate recruit, working within the Department of Finance, before working in the Department of the Treasury between 1980 and 1987 and again between 1989 and 1995.[7] He was the Chief of Staff to the then Prime Minister of Australia John Howard from 1997 to 2006, after serving with him previously from 1987 to 1989 when he was Opposition Leader and rejoining him in 1995.[8] As a close confidant of the Prime Minister, he was regarded as one of the most powerful people in the country.[9] Corporate career[edit] Sinodinos left his position as prime ministerial chief of staff to become a director with the investment bank Goldman Sachs JBWere,[10] and a regional general manager at the National Australia Bank; he reportedly declined an offer to become Australian Ambassador to the United States.[4] In 2008, he was part of a panel that mediated public input into the Defence White Paper.[11] In March 2009, he was appointed a managing director at the National Australia Bank.[12] Sinodinos became a director of Australian Water Holdings Pty Ltd (AWH) in 2008 and chairman in 2010. He resigned from these positions on becoming a senator.[13][14] Political career[edit] See also: Abbott Government and Turnbull Government Sinodinos	-0.081065	0.812657	0.046978	-0.045139	[ -0.46388946897009414, 0.30175909584021293 ]	[ 0.3846963311327028, 1.2406167929987484 ]	[ -0.44283318557985135, 0.5367899104748226 ]	[ -0.4379455855154246, 0.34766823549694637 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 11498, 8882, 397, 8226, 13, 29903, 264, 1061, 450, 7906, 283, 18104, 13, 29903, 262, 397, 8226, 297, 5306, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29953, 13, 29950, 4498, 3189, 265, 273, 13, 8140, 1531, 363, 12157, 719, 29892, 512, 13715, 362, 322, 9327, 13, 29906, 29946, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29955, 785, 29871, 29906, 29900, 5846, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29955, 13, 29954, 1727, 379, 1657, 13, 29968, 8326, 11571, 29879, 313, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 29897, 13, 29906, 29896, 3839, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29945, 785, 29871, 29906, 29946, 5490, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29955, 13, 2499, 273, 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served as honorary Finance Director (2009 to 2011) and President (2011-2012) for the NSW branch of the Liberal Party. Initially touted as a candidate for the lower house seat of Bradfield,[15] on 2 November 2011 Sinodinos was appointed to the Australian Senate representing New South Wales, replacing the resigned Liberal Senator Helen Coonan for the remainder of her term, which was due to expire on 30 June 2014.[7][16] At the 2013 election he was elected to a further six-year term from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2020. Howard was present in Parliament when Sinodinos delivered his maiden speech.[17] Sinodinos is a member of the board of Global Panel Foundation - Australasia, a non-governmental organisation.[18] During 2012 Sinodinos was a regular columnist, writing in The Australian.[19] On 19 March 2014, Sinodinos stood aside from his role as Assistant Treasurer prior to giving evidence as a witness before New South Wales's Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). During the enquiry Sinodinos advised he was unaware of a $74,000 donation made to the Liberal Party by Australian Water Holdings, despite being Deputy Chairman on a $200,000 salary. At the time of the payment Sinodinos was also Treasurer of the Liberal Party.[20] He formally resigned on 19 December 2014 as Assistant Treasurer and was succeeded as Assistant Treasurer by Josh Frydenberg.[21][22] Sussan Ley temporarily stood aside as the Minister for Health and Aged Care and Minister for Sport and then subsequently resigned from the ministry in January 2017. Sinodinos briefly acted in her portfolios until a subsequent rearrangement of the Turnbull ministry where Sinodinos was appointed as the Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science.[5] The portfolio of Cabinet Secretary was abolished.[citation needed] In October 2017, Sinodinos took leave from parliament and the ministry to aid his recovery from an unnamed type of cancer. He "believes the prognosis is very positive and that the cancer is eminently treatable".[23] This was later revealed to be was stage four lymphoma, in which Sinodinos required a bone marrow transplant.[24] He was voluntarily removed from cabinet in the December 2017 rearrangement.[25] On 24 August 2018, Sinodinos returned to Canberra and attended the Liberal Party meeting where Malcolm Turnbull was replaced by Scott Morrison as Leader.[26][failed verification] In TV coverage, he could be seen being greeted by Whip, Nola Marino, and various others after the meeting.[citation needed] Sinodinos was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2008 for service to politics through the executive function of government, to the development of economic policy and reform, and to the Greek community.[27][28] Personal[edit] Sinodinos lives in New South Wales with his wife, whom he met at a Greek Orthodox Church, and their children.[1] He has been a director of the Mary MacKillop Foundation.[29] ^ a b c Sinodinos, Arthur (28 November 2011). "Senator Arthur Sinodinos interview". Sunday Profile (transcript and streaming audio). Interviewed by Julia Baird. Australia: ABC Local Radio. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ "Tony Abbott's cabinet and outer ministry". The Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ "Arthur Sinodinos quits frontbench, but ICAC scrutiny set to continue". The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ a b Wright, Tony (19 December 2014). "Arthur Sinodinos resigns as Assistant Treasurer: tragedy wrapped in mystery". 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ald. Retrieved 19 December 2014. ^ a b "New federal ministers officially sworn in". Sky News. Australia. AAP. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017. ^ Knott, Bevan Shields, Matthew (26 May 2019). "Arthur Sinodinos to be appointed US ambassador". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ a b c "Biography for SINODINOS, Arthur". Parliament of Australia. 2011. ^ "PM'S chief of staff resigns". news.com.au. 8 December 2006. ^ Kirk, Alexandra (2 October 2003). "Backroom politics with the PM's Chief of Staff". PM (ABC Radio). Australia. ^ Meterell, Mark (8 December 2006). "PM's top gun quits for bank". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Top Howard aide signs with Labor". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 March 2008. ^ "Profile of Arthur Sinodinos". Celebrity Speakers. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. ^ "Australian Water Holdings: what you need to know". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ McClymont, Kate; Swan, Jonathan; Whitbourn, Michaela (22 March 2014). "Arthur Sinodinos: The man least likely". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 December 2014. ^ Priestley, Andrew (16 June 2009). "Bradfield-ing the question: will Arthur Sinodinos be the next MP for Bradfield?". North Shore times. Retrieved 13 March 2012. ^ "Howard adviser to claim Coonan's seat in Senate". The Age. Australia. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011. ^ "Howard flinches during Sinodinos maiden speech". ABC News. Australia. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2012. ^ "Board of Directors—Global Panel". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "Opinion: Arthur Sinodinos". The Australian. 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ Jabour, Bridie. "Arthur Sinodinos denies knowledge of $74,000 AWH donation to NSW Libs". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2015. ^ "Tony Abbott's revamped Ministry sworn in at Government House". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ Coch, Lukas (23 December 2014). "Sussan Ley sworn in". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ "Cabinet minister Arthur Sinodinos reveals private fight with cancer". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 October 2017. ^ "Senator Arthur Sinodinos is back after battle with cancer". Neos Kosmos. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ Turnbull, Malcolm (19 December 2017). "Ministerial Arrangements" (Press release). Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018. Senator Arthur Sinodinos wrote to me this week to tell me his medical treatment is taking longer than anticipated and he is unlikely to be able to return from leave until the middle of next year. In those circumstances, he has asked that he not be included in this new ministry. Senator Sinodinos is one of this generation's most accomplished and experienced public servants and his contributions to the Cabinet have been sorely missed since his illness was first diagnosed. 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government role in the future. ^ Peter Dutton hands spill petition to Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, ABC News Online, 2018-08-24 ^ "Search Australian Honours: SINODINOS, Arthur". It's an honour. Commonwealth of Australia. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ Coorey, Phillip (10 June 2008). "High honours for Howard and his right-hand man". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Board of Directors: Arthur Sinodinos AO". Mary MacKillop Foundation. 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Arthur Sinodinos on TheyVoteForYou.org.au Parliament of Australia Helen Coonan Senator for New South Wales 2011–present Incumbent Political offices Greg Hunt Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science Michaelia Cash as Minister for Jobs and Innovation Alan Griffin Cabinet Secretary David Bradbury Assistant Treasurer Members of the Australian Senate Coalition (35) (Liberal, National) Andrew Bragg Perin Davey Concetta Fierravanti-Wells Hollie Hughes Marise Payne Mitch Fifield Jane Hume Bridget McKenzie David Van Matt Canavan Susan McDonald James McGrath Gerard Rennick Paul Scarr Amanda Stoker Slade Brockman Mathias Cormann Matt O'Sullivan Linda Reynolds Alex Antic David Fawcett Anne Ruston Eric Abetz Wendy Askew Claire Chandler Richard Colbeck Jonathon Duniam Zed Seselja Sam McMahon Jenny McAllister Tim Ayres Kristina Keneally Deborah O'Neill Tony Sheldon Kim Carr Raff Ciccone Kimberley Kitching Jess Walsh Anthony Chisholm Nita Green Murray Watt Pat Dodson Sue Lines Louise Pratt Glenn Sterle Don Farrell Alex Gallacher Marielle Smith Penny Wong Catryna Bilyk Helen Polley Anne Urquhart Katy Gallagher Malarndirri McCarthy One Nation (2) Centre Alliance (2) Stirling Griff Rex Patrick Lambie (1) Jacqui Lambie Cory Bernardi Member total is 76, requiring support of at least 39 to pass house divisions (Rudd 2←) Abbott Ministry (→ Turnbull 1) Prime Minister: Tony Abbott Kevin Andrews Bruce Billson Julie Bishop George Brandis Peter Dutton Joe Hockey Ian Macfarlane Scott Morrison Andrew Robb Nigel Scullion Warren Truss Outer Ministry Jamie Briggs Luke Hartsuyker Michael Keenan Fiona Nash Stuart Robert Michael Ronaldson Karen Andrews Bob Baldwin Darren Chester Steven Ciobo Michael McCormack Kelly O'Dwyer Christian Porter Alan Tudge Dismissed/resigned Brett Mason (Abbott ←) First Turnbull Ministry (→ Turnbull 2) Prime Minister: Malcolm Turnbull Dan Tehan Assistant Ministers Alex Hawke Peter Hendy Craig Laundy Jane Prentice Angus Taylor Ken Wyatt Dismissed/resigned/lost seat Mal Brough Wyatt Roy (Turnbull 1←) Second Turnbull Ministry (→ Morrison 1) Michael McCormack (Deputy) David Littleproud John McVeigh Mark Coulton David Gillespie Melissa Price Damian Drum Michael Sukkar Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sinod	-1.284325	0.158629	-0.991929	-0.656136	[ -1.1035278943125153, -1.465122207568188 ]	[ 0.6174780467029662, -0.30021910121826456 ]	[ -0.7757148201615367, -1.2081439149895545 ]	[ -0.5504548496173619, -0.7618161839129087 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 5874, 6297, 297, 278, 5434, 29889, 13, 29985, 5310, 360, 1851, 6567, 805, 453, 5697, 654, 304, 15512, 7668, 3792, 1054, 29885, 9603, 29890, 913, 29892, 16417, 10130, 13542, 29892, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29896, 29947, 29899, 29900, 29947, 29899, 29906, 29946, 13, 29985, 376, 7974, 9870, 7906, 2470, 29901, 317, 1177, 13668, 1177, 3267, 29892, 11498, 1642, 739, 29915, 29879, 385, 19107, 29889, 27094, 310, 8314, 29889, 29871, 29929, 5306, 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I paused. I had been on my way out the door of the examining room, having completed the visit. I turned around again. "Yes." I said. Maybe I had turned around too soon after having asked if she had any more questions. The patient list had simply listed her as having an abnormal mammogram. That's probably the most common complaint of breast patients that come in to see me. They have their regular mammogram and are told by their primary care physician that it is abnormal. The next thing they know, they're sitting in one of my examining rooms. However, the patient list is quite brief. It's just meant to be a quick capsule of what patient has what basic complaint. Nothing on the list prepared me for the woman I greeted when I walked in the examination room. This patient was enormous, and I do mean enormous. Morbidly obese, she told me she wasn't sure how much she weighed, but that it was at least 450 lbs. Sitting in a wheelchair massive enough to support her, rolls of fat hung over the armrests, and her breath wheezed like a mortally wounded Darth Vader near the end of Return of the Jedi, right before he took his helmet off and revealed Anakin Skywalker beneath the mask. Indeed, on the same theme, I could not help but be reminded of Jabba the Hutt. Yes, I know that physicians aren't supposed to think that way about their patients, and, honestly, I tried not to. However, we're human, just like everyone else, and even our years of professional training can't entirely suppress our baser thoughts. At least I managed to keep enough self-control to restrain myself from voicing such thoughts to my nurse or any of the clinic staff. Not all clinicians exercise such self-restraint, and, I'm embarrassed to say, there have been times in the past when I didn't either. Normally, dealing with a patient with suspicious microcalcifications on her mammogram is fairly simple. A biopsy is indicated, and there are basically two techniques to choose from. You can do a mammotome or stereotactic biopsy, which is in essence a mammogram-guided core needle biopsy, or you can do an old-fashioned wire localization (or needle localization) breast biopsy. Given that even the surgical option is usually a same day surgery using local anaesthesia and sedation, even that isn't so hard. The surgery can sometimes be a little trickier than one might think, but even then it's not all that hard. Oh, sometimes you get patients with multiple abnormalities, and you have to decide if you want to go after them all or if you want to perform a triage and decide that some of them need to be biopsied and some of them don't, all the while realizing that if you miss a cancer it can be a major disaster for the patient. Of course, a 450+ lb. patient adds a new level of challenge. For one thing, she was way too heavy for the table; so stereotactic biopsy wasn't even an option. Not surprisingly, her health was horrible. She was a smoker, and had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea, plus hypertension, type II diabetes, and a history of congestive heart failure. Her medication list read like the Physicians' Desk Reference. I needed to examine her. However, I had a very real fear that, even if we could manage to get her up on the examination table (which, so sturdy before, now looked pathetically inadequate for the task of supporting this woman), she would have a high chance of damaging it. So I made do and did my best to examine her while she was sitting in her wheelchair. It was a suboptimal examination, but, given the size of the room, it was all I could manage. Morbidly obese patients, because of their size, frequently make it very difficult to provide optimal care to them. By the time I was done, I felt profoundly sorry for this woman. How on earth does such a person live, given her physical and medical problems? Despite my sympathy, I maintained the professional bedside manner that we're all trained to keep up and explained what was abnormal about her mammogram, that she would need a biopsy, and how the biopsy would be done. 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explained the risks (which, for her, were much higher than the minuscule risks most patients undergoing this procedure face), and arranged for her to be seen by her pulmonologist and cardiologist in case something more than local anaesthesia were needed. When finished, I asked if there were any more questions, gave her my card, and made my way past the family members to the door. Although it was near the end of the day, there were still a couple of more patients to see. I was still standing there, hesitating. To be honest, my first thought was: Why on earth should it matter whether I believe in God or not? Belief in God has nothing whatsoever to do with whether I'm a competent surgeon or not. Personally, if I needed surgery I'd prefer a surgeon who is a flame-throwing militant atheist like PZ or Richard Dawkins, as long as he or she is highly competent and has a bedside manner that doesn't bother me (and, of course, doesn't push his or her beliefs on me), over a believer who is not as competent. In the same vein, it wouldn't matter to me if the surgeon is a Bible thumper, again as long as he or she is highly competent, easy for me to get along with, and doesn't push fundamentalist beliefs on me. To me, the question of belief in God is utterly irrelevant to the question of whether a surgeon is skilled or not, but apparently not everyone sees it this way. Thinking back on this incident, I can't help but remember an interview I had heard with Eddie Tabash, an atheist attorney who mentioned during the interview that he sometimes defended prostitutes. During the interview, he went on to mention that it was not infrequent for prostitutes to become very uneasy about having him as their attorney when they found out about his militant atheism. I had never encountered this phenomenon among my patients, however. My second thought was: Why on earth would this woman still believe that there was a benevolent God looking down on her? She was a mess. She couldn't walk more than a few feet without assistance; she could hardly breathe; and she was on enough medications to stock a Walgreens. Her health was so bad that even a minor surgical procedure such as a breast biopsy could put her life at risk. Worse, the question brought into sharp focus a question that I myself have been wrestling with myself for the last three years or so, a question whose answer seems to be yes one day and no on others. There's nothing like being trapped in a small examination room with a 450 lb. woman and three members of her family, with nowhere to run and no way to dodge the question. I was trapped. A believer might have said that the woman's question was God's way of making me face my fluctuation between belief and disbelief; an atheist might say that such an assertion is wishful thinking. Whichever was the truth, that didn't prevent the formation of a little bead of sweat that was rapidly enlarging on my brow. I suspect the question would have still been uncomfortable for me to answer even if I were as religious as I was when I was younger, as even then I tend to view religion as a private matter, one I didn't usually talk about much. What if I were to tell her that was an atheist, that I didn't believe in God? Would she have sought out another surgeon? For a fleeting moment, I was sorely tempted to say just that. It might have been an out, a way of not having to do the case. On the other hand, this woman had no insurance and had to rely on charity care/Medicaid, which meant that she probably didn't have the option of going to a different surgeon. (Working for a state institution, I take care of quite a few Medicaid patients.) If that were the case and I said I was an atheist, she would then be going into surgery with no confidence in her surgeon, clearly an undesirable situation. Besides, saying that I was an atheist wouldn't really be the truth; so I couldn't say that anyway. So what did I finally say? I punted. "I'm Catholic," I said. A pause. "But, to be honest, I don't go to Mass much anymore." This answer was perfectly true. 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didn't. Not really. The truth is much more complicated, but she didn't need to know that. Fortunately, because the patient was Catholic herself, my answer seemed to satisfy her. "God will guide your hand," she said. "I hope so," I replied. Bullet dodged successfully. I walked out of the examination room not looking forward to the day when this patient and I would meet again in the operating room--or to contemplating her question seriously when the day was done. I think your masterful ability to do no harm was more important here than your personal ethical necessity for complete honesty. By considering the whole patient, your treatment was commendable. Punting is what you do if you are not an "evangelical" atheist. I was once a Catholic myself, and did the classic "other religions--then agnostic--now atheist" transformation. However, most of my relatives, coworkers, and neighbors are still believers in one religion or another. Few of us have interest in becoming a pariah, as once that occurs you lose any influence you had to help people see the world from a skeptical viewpoint. So far, no one has pressed further. I'm confident somebody will in the future...but I'm in no rush to hurry it. Like rgmb said--you did fine. There would be nothing to gain from detailing your true viewpoint...and much to lose. If you don't want your tables, chairs etc damaged, it is time to invest in some sturdier office equipment. I don't see Americans getting any smaller. I'm also a general surgeon. I've been asked the same question several times. Usually, more specifically, "Are you a Christian?" My reaction has been the same as yours; not wanting to adversely affect my relationship, not wanting to lie, and feeling mildly to moderately angry that it should matter. I'm Jewish the way you, apparently, are Catholic. I figure even evangelicals think Jews are fine doctors and accountants, so I tell them. I don't mention that I'm an atheist. When they say such things as "I believe God brought you to me" I usually try to get to saying that I believe that faith is a strong element of recovery and move on... The subject of a patient's faith or lack thereof has always interested me. I think that having faith seems to help most people when they face critical illness (in terms of coping, not in terms of increasing cure); although one of my most overtly religious patients quite decompensated when she developed breast cancer with 28 positive nodes, wondering how God could have done this to her. Interestingly, she underwent monster chemo/radiation and bone-marrow transplant and is alive 15 years later. It's hard to be a believer patient when your beliefs are part of the way you manage your health and the doctor treats you like you are an idiot for having your beliefs. The doctor has the power, especially if you are on medicaid and don't have the choice of going to a different doctor. Fortunately, most doctors have not treated me like I'm an idiot (maybe 5% have) for my beliefs, or maybe because they just didn't like me. Most doctors understand that people have a fundamental right to believe and that abusing patients doesn't make for good healing. Still, even when the doctor is polite, it's odd to have that chasm of different approaches to life standing between you and your doctor. I always hope that doctors realize that I don't want my beliefs to cause them problems and that I respect their expertise. Anyway, thanks for this essay, it brings up some rarely examined issues. The last time I performed surgery on a mammal was almost 20 years ago, and it involved planting an electrode array in its brain for a series of tests that would later involve slicing up that brain into thin sheets. If you want to get better, I don't recommend coming to me for your surgery. I'm a PK (pastor's kid) who is a christian in the same way you are, and I take the same approach as you do. But I wonder if it is sufficient in this god-drenched world. It's not that I'm hiding my atheism, it's just that being an atheist isn't a big part of my identity. Being a rationalist or a humanist, yes. 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atheists get a bad rap partly because we don't stand up and declare our beliefs, but who am I to say that if I'm not willing to stand up. I guess I should close by saying that such discussions have no place in professional relationships, and that you did the absolute right thing. I'm more or less an atheist in "real life" (though I do acknowledge that my belief system, ultimately, is based on faith as well: the faith that observation is reliable). However, with patients I tend to favor Karl Marx's view of religion as an opiate. However, unlike Marx and Nancy Reagan, I see opiates as useful in certain settings. Such as when one is faced with intolerable pain. All of which is to say that I think your answer was a good one for the situation. If your patient's belief helps her get through what is almost certainly going to be a difficult time, who's to say that she is wrong? My neurologist, who is otherwise a reasonable-seeming person, and someone I trust with my care, once asked if I believed in God and suggested I should pray about getting into medical school. (My chances weren't that bad, as here I am, doing quite alright in my first year). As a stated atheist/agnostic (which label depends on mood and what the distinction means to the person I'm talking with), it made me extremely uncomfortable. I've also used the "raised Catholic, but not really practicing" as a vaguely true but non controversial answer. What would you do if a patient asked you to say a prayer for her after you left her? I had that experience as an EMT; having said that I would, I felt obligated to run through the words in my head, even though I didn't believe them. "Why on earth would this woman still believe that there was a benevolent God looking down on her?" Perhaps because she might be finding out about an afterlife rather soon! I've had reflective listening training at a crisis centre, and one thing they emphasize is that people often ask questions which do not require an answer. It is enough to acknowledge their feelings and offer emotional support. I think you handled it well; I don't think she wanted to have a theological debate. This is a really terrific site. Keep it up! I will be reading regularly from now on, for sure. Keep up the great work. Cheers mate! I think it's important not to take these questions too "seriously." Now, what I mean by that is that the patient is not expecting a discussion worthy of a philosophy of religion couse or even Sunday school. I usually get the "Are you a Christian?" also, and I've heard this same question asked to my partners who are Jewish. I say, "Yes, I'm a Christian," they say, "No, I'm not, I'm Jewish." If one pays attention to what happens afterward, and I think your story is a good example, you find that the doctor's response doesn't matter, since what the patient was really looking for was an opportunity to express their own faith, and make sure you knew this. The somewhat curt summary might be phrased, "this isn't about you, it's about them." Eddie Tabash also commented, perhaps in that same interview, that the militant atheist might have legitimate reason to worry should he/she be in the hands of a believing surgeon. I must say, that gave me pause to think. I'm a closet atheist in person (with co-workers, etc.) until I've actually gotten to know someone, but I'm more outspoken on the internet. Should I ever become a more public personality like Tabash, Dawkins, Sagan, etc, I think I'd be a somewhat worried if my life depended upon the actions of a surgeon with fundamentalist Christian beliefs. Do such people even exist? Does the amount of science and critical thinking applied to their educations filter out such magical thinking? If not, then perhaps Tabash was correct. His logic was that the fundamentalist surgeon would know that on his operating table sat a person who spent decades of convincing others to turn away from religion or not seek it to begin with by speaking at universities and the like. If he were to let Tabash die on the table, the surgeon might save hundreds, even thousands of souls. 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\section{Introduction} There has been a renewed intense interest in the quantum mechanical measurement problem recently\cite{rev}. The reason for this is a growing dissatisfaction with the orthodox\cite{copen} and statistical \cite{stat} interpretations which do not allow to derive the properties of the classical reality from the Schr\"odinger equation even in principle. A further problem is that both interpretations use concepts (``reduction of the state vector'' in the former and ``conceptual ensemble of similarly prepared systems'' in the latter) that are described only by words and not mathematically, so their meaning remains vague. Moreover in the orthodox interpretation the human consciousness has to play a special role in physics (in the words of Bohr the purpose of physics is ``... not to disclose the real essence of phenomena but only to track down ... relations between the manifold aspects of experience'' \cite{bohr34}), a notion that does not go easy with the majority of physicists. \\ For simplicity I will consider in this paper only the simple case of measurements with two discrete results. A generalization to the case of more than two outcomes is straightforward. According to the classical book on quantum measurements in the orthodox interpretation by von Neumann\cite{neumann}, a quantum mechanical measurement consists of a ``process 1'' or ``collapse of the wavefunction'': a coherent wave function $\psi$ (which contains a complete description of the quantum mechanical system and of the measurement apparatus), is suddenly converted to a statistical mixture of $\psi_1$ which describes one possible outcome of the measurement, and $\psi_2$ which describes the other outcome. This state reduction is not derived from the Schr\"odinger equation (called ``process 2'' by von Neumann) but introduced ad hoc to explain the observed facts. \\ An important progress during the last decade was the realization that ``decoherence'' plays a decisive role in a quantum mechanical measurement\cite{deco1}. Decoherence explains ``process 1'' as a loss of phase relations in the wavefunction $\psi$ of the measuring apparatus while it interacts with the quantum system. This loss is a continuous process and can be quantitatively calculated in a variety of situations\cite{deco1} without going beyond the Schr\"odinger equation. Process 1 needs a finite amount of time in this view because of its continuous nature, the so called ``decoherence time'' $\Delta$t$_{dec}$, which is very short in most ``usual'' measurement situations (i.e. the measurement apparatus is macroscopic and interacts strongly with the quantum system). The sudden reduction envisioned by von Neumann is a very good approximation which suffices for a description of practical situations up to now. A complete statistical mixture is never reached, but if one takes into account that macroscopical measurement apparati always interact with a large environment, the assumption of a statistical mixture becomes extremely good and can explain all observational facts. \\ There remains one question (quoted here directly from Omn\`es\cite{omnes90}): after decoherence has taken place...``why or how does it happen that an apparatus shows up unique and precise data (in our case: either $\psi_1$ or $\psi_2$ is actually observed) whereas the theory seems only to envision all possibilities on the same footing?''. This necessity of some mechanism in addition to ``process 1'' (sometimes called ``objectification''or ``actualization'') was already recognized by von Neumann; he calls the measurement apparatus ``II'' and the apparatus ``with the actual observer'' ``III''. He only states that the interaction between ``II'' and ``III'' ``remains outside the calculation''\cite{neumann}(chapt.VI.1). Proposals to answer Omn\`es question can be grouped in three categories: \\ $\bullet$ there are so called ``hidden variables'', arising from some extension to the Schr\"odinger equation which causes actualization (not necessarily in a deterministic way)\cite{hv}. A violation of the Bell inequalities in EPR type experiments has been shown with great precision in a	0.816757	0.175193	1.35346	2.054167	[ 1.0769953886535113, 0.5565187256339824 ]	[ 0.16982090137553657, 0.18056467286339486 ]	[ 1.5614312847300673, 1.1454877565670472 ]	[ 2.0749780936168616, 2.0333561693248154 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 320, 2042, 29912, 25898, 29913, 13, 8439, 756, 1063, 263, 23011, 287, 13, 524, 1947, 4066, 297, 278, 12101, 28310, 20039, 13, 17199, 10325, 29905, 2036, 29912, 13478, 1836, 13, 1576, 2769, 363, 445, 338, 263, 15678, 16317, 27685, 2467, 13, 2541, 278, 14219, 17324, 29905, 2036, 29912, 29883, 3150, 29913, 322, 24148, 13, 29905, 2036, 29912, 6112, 29913, 6613, 800, 607, 437, 13, 1333, 2758, 304, 21340, 278, 4426, 310, 278, 14499, 16832, 515, 13, 1552, 1102, 29878, 5931, 3689, 261, 6306, 1584, 297, 12502, 29889, 13, 29909, 4340, 1108, 338, 393, 1716, 6613, 800, 13, 1509, 22001, 6695, 29952, 9313, 428, 310, 278, 2106, 4608, 4907, 297, 278, 4642, 13, 392, 4954, 535, 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variety of set ups recently\cite{eprexp}. If one does not want to take recourse to contrived conspiracies (see Ref.\cite{eprrec} how to exclude even these), any hidden variable theory has to introduce non-local interactions as a consequence; this would require a revision of many physical concepts. \\ $\bullet$ the question is declared ``meaningless''; ``actualization'' occurs without any {\it mechanism}. e.g. Hartle states \cite{hartledis} ``We do not see it (i.e. actualization) as a ``problem'' for quantum mechanics.'' This standpoint is logically consistent and leads to the so called ``logical'' \cite{rev} and ``many histories'' \cite{gellman} interpretation of quantum mechanics. These (quite similar) interpretations include decoherence in their description of nature and thus go far beyond the orthodox interpretation. Actualization is obviously crucial for our perception of nature, but it is not considered to be a part of physics in this view. Therefore these interpretations (like the orthodox interpretation) have to renounce the existence of an ``independent reality'', a physical universe which exists independent of our consciousness, Omn\`es states: ``physics is not a complete explanation of reality...theory ceases to be identical with reality at their ultimate encounter...''\cite{rev}. \\ $\bullet$ a very radical and elegant answer was given by Everett\cite{everett}: after decoherence has taken place, the orthogonal states $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$ (each also describing an independent ``split'' observer) continue to evolve according to the Schr\"odinger equation and have ``equal rights''. In this view ``actualization'' is explained as an illusion in the brain of a human observer: after a few decoherence times, his weak senses and crude measuring devices are unable to detect the increasingly weak influences of the other ``outcome''. He therefore calls the one outcome he can see ``the world''. The same happens with the other outcome. For this reason DeWitt termed the name ``many-worlds interpretation''(MWI) for this view of nature \cite{dewitt}. I will use the word ``universe'' to indicate space time together with all ``worlds'' existing in it. I call the two outcomes of a measurement ``parallel worlds'' below, because they exist in the same Minkowskian space time. The worlds which form as a result of a measurement with a finite number of discrete outcomes are usually called ``branches''. In Hilbert space the parallel worlds are orthogonal of course. Together with decoherence (a concept still unknown when Everett wrote his thesis) this idea leads to a deterministic view of the universe in which the human mind plays no special role outside physics\cite{mwi2}. \\ Section 2 contains a general discussion of the method for an experiment to test Everett's interpretation. Sections 3 provides a detailed analysis of a decoherence process which is of critical importance for the experiment. A reader mainly interested in the practical realization of the experiment can skip this somewhat technical part and proceed directly to section 4. Here a concrete example for a possible technical setup is given. In the conclusion (section 5) the predictions of the various interpretations of quantum mechanics for the outcome of the proposed experiment are compared, and the potential practical importance of a result confirming the MWI is stressed. \section{Proposal of an experiment to test the many-worlds interpretation} The MWI together with decoherence corresponds to the conceptually very simple view that nonrelativistic quantum mechanics can be understood by assuming only the existence of objectively real wavefunctions whose evolution is governed by the usual Schr\"odinger equation, together with the second quantization conditions of the underlying wave field, without any subjective or non-local elements. It is therefore important to find experimental tests for this interpretation. 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question of the interpretation of quantum mechanics, because in the MWI the predictions for any conceivable experiment are free from philosophical subtelties (which can be a problem in the orthodox interpretation) or free parameters (which often occur in one of the many proposed hidden variable models). \\ I already mentioned that decoherence only leads to approximate mixtures (though the approximation is extremely good in most situations)\cite{dewitt}. The separation of worlds in the MWI is never quite complete therefore, and there should be small influences from a parallel world even after decoherence, {\it which must be measurable in principle}. This has been most clearly pointed out by Zeh\cite{zeh72,zeh93}. In Ref.\cite{zeh72} he discusses the possibility to observe ``probability resonances'' (later further discussed by Albrecht\cite{albrecht92}), which occur at a singular point when the amplitudes of $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$ have exactly the same magnitude. An experiment to test the MWI against the orthodox interpretation along similar lines was proposed by Deutsch \cite{deutsch85}. Unfortunately it is still far from practical realization, as it requires a computer which remains in a quantum mechanically coherent state during its operations and in addition possesses artificial intelligence comparable to that of humans. \\ I will describe an experiment for testing the MWI with state of the art technology. Imagine a human called Silvia which is programmed to perform different actions in dependence on the outcome of a quantum mechanical measurement. For our purposes Silvia might just as well be imagined e.g. as a suitably programmed commercially available computer connected to the experimental equipment via a CAMAC crate instead of as a human. As an example Silvia sends a linearly polarized photon through a linear polarization filter. Let the photon be in a state $\|P\rangle$, such that the filter axis of complete transmission is at 45$^o$ to the linear polarization plane of the photon. She is programmed (decides) to switch on a microwave emitter if she will measure that the photon passed through the linear-polarization filter into photomultiplier tube and to refrain from doing so if she will find that the photon was absorbed by the filter. If one assumes detectors with 100 $\%$ efficiency for simplicity, the probablity for either outcome is 50 $\%$. In the MWI there are two independent humans after the measurement was performed and decoherence took place: one which detected a photon and switched on the emitter (called ``Silvia1'' below) and the other that didn't (``Silvia2''). Could these humans (Silvia1 and 2) communicate with each other? The standard answer in the MWI is no, because decoherence is so complete after very short time scales that no one of them can influence the world of the other, which is of course necessary for communication. \\ One could isolate a small part of the original apparatus (before the measurement takes place) so perfectly that it does not immediately participate in the decoherence. It is now possible in principle to change the state of this isolated part {\it before} it is completely decohered by means of an influence from only one of the two worlds. In this way it could act as a ``gateway state'' between the parallel worlds. Because it is only partially decohered, it can still be influenced by both worlds (and in turn can influence both worlds), thus making possible communication. For humans an isolation on a time scale of at least seconds would be necessary for real communication. For the current electronic computers a time scale of $\mu$secs and for simple macroscopic logic electronic (e.g. in the commercial NIM standard) nsecs would be enough to verify the existence of the parallel world. \\ This proposition is not realistic if the ``gateway state'' is macroscopic, because the required isolation would be difficult to achieve technically (see however recent experiments with macroscopic quantum systems e.g. Ref.\	0.418182	0.224435	0.952733	1.674367	[ 0.7099223736818434, 0.12644064092837157 ]	[ 0.11431141535493529, 0.33455873085603066 ]	[ 1.0338931514501393, 0.8715737258255462 ]	[ 1.814841066791573, 1.5338930778202615 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 1139, 13, 974, 278, 19854, 310, 12101, 7208, 1199, 29892, 1363, 13, 262, 278, 341, 22119, 278, 27303, 363, 738, 10628, 440, 519, 7639, 13, 598, 3889, 515, 11847, 936, 12059, 2152, 583, 13, 29898, 4716, 508, 367, 263, 1108, 297, 278, 14219, 17324, 19854, 29897, 470, 13, 9021, 4128, 313, 4716, 4049, 6403, 13, 262, 697, 310, 278, 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cite{maqa}). Since the late 1970s it has become possible to perform precision experiments on single ions stored for long times in electromagnetic traps\cite{traps}. I will show in section 4 that these single ions are isolated from the environment to such a degree that the decoherence timescale is on the order of seconds or longer with existing technical ion-trap equipment. Moreover it is possible to excite these atoms before they are correlated with the environment to such a degree that complete decoherence took place. In our example above Silvia1 switches on the microwave emitter long enough to excite an ion in a trap with a large probability. After that, Silvia2 measures the state of the ion and finds that it is excited with some finite probability, though Silvia verified it was in the ground state before the branching took place. {}From that Silvia2 infers the existence of Silvia1. In an obvious way Silvia1 and 2 can exchange informations (bit strings of arbitrary length), e.g. by preparing more than one isolated ion. Single ions in traps can act as ``gateway states'' and communication between parallel worlds is possible. \\ Let us write down the evolution of the wave function describing the proposed experiment explicitly in several time steps. We write the initial wave function $\|{\Psi}_{t0}\rangle$ of our system (the laboratory with all its contents shortly before the experiment begins at time t$_0$) as a direct product of several ``subsystems'' (in the sense of Zurek \cite{deco1}). The chosen factoring is somewhat arbitrary, the final results are independent of the choice to a good approximation, however. \begin{equation} \|{\Psi}_{t_0}\rangle = \|P\rangle \otimes \|\phi_{filter}\rangle \otimes \|\phi\rangle \otimes \|A\rangle \label{t0} \end{equation} Here $\|P\rangle$ stands for the initial state of the photon which can be represented by the coherent superposition $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$($\|P_1\rangle$+$\|P_2\rangle$) of the two polarization states of the photon (the subindex 1 indicates a polarization plane parallel to the transmission direction of the filter, and 2 at a 90 $^o$ angle to this direction). $\|\phi_{filter}\rangle$ describes the polarization filter, $\|\phi\rangle$ describes the laboratory including all further experimental equipment, possibly produced microwave fields and Silvia. The isolated ion in its trap is symbolized by $\|A\rangle$. A commerical linear polarization filter is macroscopic and its Poincar\'e recurrence time is much larger than any other time scale in the experiment. Therefore it qualifies as ``environment'' \cite{deco1} and some time after the photon $\|P\rangle$ has interacted with the filter (at time t$_1$) the two components of $\|P\rangle$ have decohered and we obtain to very good precision two distinct decohered subsystems (``worlds''). Let us call this time, when $\|\phi_{filter}\rangle$ has already decohered but the other subsystems $\|\phi\rangle$ and $\|A\rangle$ did not yet interact with $\|P\rangle$ ``t$_1$'' (such a time can surely be found, even if it would be only because of the finite c). At this time the state of the subsystem ``photon and filter'' no longer corresponds to any one ray in Hilbert space (it is described by a mixture). Rather the decoherence process has selected two special states. While the exact nature of these states is not yet entirely clear, current research suggest that they are characterized by maximal thermodynamical stability, i.e. they are states with minimal increase in entropy\cite{Habib}. Let us symbolized these two orthogonal vectors in Hilbert space in the following way: \begin{eqnarray} \|W_1\rangle = \|P_1 \phi_{filter1}\rangle \\ \|W_2\rangle = \|P_2 \phi_{filter2}\rangle \end{eqnarray} I left out the direct product symbol $\	0.023201	-0.141748	0.544399	1.627542	[ 0.27436558726023774, -0.22796287632505766 ]	[ 0.3524650166691279, -0.6359619602138368 ]	[ 0.9121535822316944, 0.17664368487025636 ]	[ 1.5963259642583307, 1.6587588506964 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 2036, 29912, 655, 25621, 7690, 13, 23036, 278, 5683, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29955, 29900, 29879, 372, 756, 4953, 1950, 304, 2189, 13, 17990, 2459, 15729, 373, 2323, 29871, 1080, 6087, 363, 1472, 3064, 13, 262, 3546, 26097, 293, 1020, 567, 29905, 2036, 29912, 3018, 567, 1836, 13, 29902, 674, 1510, 297, 4004, 29871, 29946, 393, 1438, 2323, 29871, 1080, 526, 23968, 13, 3166, 278, 5177, 304, 1316, 263, 7426, 393, 13, 1552, 316, 1111, 2276, 663, 3064, 29883, 744, 338, 373, 278, 1797, 310, 13, 23128, 470, 5520, 411, 5923, 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28143, 12047, 297, 12338, 2151, 2913, 13, 262, 278, 1494, 982, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 9441, 29913, 13, 29989, 29956, 29918, 29896, 29905, 5854, 353, 891, 29925, 29918, 29896, 320, 2876, 648, 4572, 29896, 1012, 5854, 13, 1966, 13, 29989, 29956, 29918, 29906, 29905, 5854, 353, 891, 29925, 29918, 29906, 320, 2876, 648, 4572, 29906, 1012, 5854, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 9441, 29913, 13, 29902, 2175, 714, 278, 1513, 3234, 5829, 779 ]	3,341	3,072	ArXiv	-1	-1
otimes$ between the symbols to indicate that they are in an entangled state.These functions are very nearly orthogonal to each other and will stay like that forever. However one should not conclude that the process of decoherence is already finished. It is finished only later when all subsystems are decohered. The rest of the laboratory and the ion can still be described by pure states as can the state of the total system at time t$_1$: \begin{equation} \|{\Psi}_{t_1}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (\|W_1\rangle + \|W_2\rangle) \otimes \|\phi\rangle \otimes \|A\rangle \end{equation} Just like the polarizer ``measured'' the two states of the photon $\|P\rangle$ via decoherence, the subsystem ${\|{\phi}\rangle}$ (including Silvia) ``measures'' the state of the polarizer. The resulting decoherence leads to two distinct subsystems: ${\|W_1\rangle}$=$\|P_1 \phi_{filter1} \phi_1\rangle$ (`photon detected world') and $\|W_2\rangle$= $\|P_2 \phi_{filter2} \phi_2\rangle$ (``no photon detected world''). The final state at a time t$_2$ can be written as: \begin{equation} \|{\Psi}_{t_2}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (\|P_1 \phi_{filter1} \phi_1\rangle + \|P_2 \phi_{filter2} \phi_2\rangle) \otimes \|A\rangle \label{t2} \end{equation} The ``branches'' ${\|W_1\rangle}$ and ${\|W_2\rangle}$ are orthogonal to a very high precision, this also guarantees the stability of the records whether the polarized photon was detected in the further evolution of the system. To reach a final state at time t$_3$ in which also $\|A\rangle$ is decohered into two components (see below and section 3 for a more detailed discussion of this decoherence process), the ion has to interact with the rest of our system. It is possible to excite the ion during the decoherence process, i.e. the interaction during the time interval $\Delta$t$_{dec}$=t$_3$-t$_2$ can excite A. When I fine tune the technical set up I can make sure that the time interval $\Delta$t$_{exc}$ necessary to excite $\|A\rangle$ to $\|A^{\ast}\rangle$ is much smaller than $\Delta$ t$_{dec}$. These two time scales have no direct relation to each other. In this case we have for the final state: \begin{equation} {\|{\Psi}_{t3}\rangle= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (\|P_1 \phi_{filter1} \phi_1 A_1^{\ast}\rangle + \|P_2 \phi_{filter2} \phi_2 A_2^{\ast}\rangle}) \label{t3} \end{equation} It is of course also possible not to excite $\|A\rangle$ in the course of decoherence. The possibility of this choice allows for communication. The excitation of an internal degree of freedom of a subsystem does not necessarily lead to decoherence as the reader might think at first. A counter example are {\it Welcher Weg} detectors\cite{scully0}, in which atoms can be excited in micromasers without momentum transfer and necessary loss of quantum coherence. \\ Let us discuss in more detail what happens when $\|A\rangle$ is excited from only one world. Immediately after the excitation, at time t$_2$+$\Delta$t$_{exc}$ ($\Delta$t$_{exc}$ $\ll$ $\Delta$t$_{dec}$), only a part of the phase space in which the ion resides is excited. It is the part corresponding to the one macroscopic world $\|W_1\rangle$ exciting the ion (macroscopic states are very well localized in phase space\cite{tegmark1	0.000773	-0.58851	0.47592	1.445446	[ 0.10726518492238893, -0.10571934428691832 ]	[ -0.6681932746774117, -0.5088273309408468 ]	[ 0.3947604130533035, 0.5570798386778968 ]	[ 1.3986218238711117, 1.4922711535282154 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 9356, 29938, 1546, 278, 13, 18098, 29879, 304, 12266, 393, 896, 526, 297, 385, 875, 574, 839, 13, 3859, 29889, 1349, 968, 3168, 526, 1407, 8886, 28143, 13, 517, 1269, 916, 322, 674, 7952, 13, 4561, 393, 22296, 29889, 13, 17245, 697, 881, 451, 17668, 13, 5747, 278, 1889, 310, 316, 1111, 2276, 663, 338, 2307, 7743, 29889, 13, 3112, 338, 7743, 871, 2678, 746, 599, 1014, 5205, 29879, 13, 598, 316, 1111, 2276, 287, 29889, 13, 1576, 1791, 310, 278, 10212, 7606, 322, 13, 1552, 16346, 508, 1603, 367, 5439, 491, 8296, 5922, 408, 508, 13, 1552, 2106, 310, 278, 3001, 1788, 472, 931, 260, 14630, 29896, 21063, 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}). After unitary evolution of $\|A\rangle$ for a short time interval of the order of $\Delta$t$_{mix}$ = d$_{coh}$m/$\Delta$p $\simeq$ d$_{coh}${d}m/h, the excited part of phase space begins to overlap with the unexcited one and it is no longer possible to treat their temporal evolution independently. Here d$_{coh}$ is the coherence length of the system in the branch exciting the ion, which is extremely small for macroscopic objects\cite{tegmark1}, m is the mass of the ion and $\Delta$p is the momentum uncertainty of a region in phase space with extension d$_{coh}$. The momentum uncertainty $\Delta$p is approximately given as h/{d} where d is the spatial extension of the trap. A time scale analogous to $\Delta$t$_{mix}$ (``duration of reduction'') in a somewhat different situation was introduced by Dicke\cite{dicke}. $\Delta$t$_{mix}$ can be shown to be negligibly small for all experimental purposes (very roughly O(10$^{-15}$ sec) for typical trap sizes ($\mu$m) and decoherence lengths as quoted by Tegmark\cite{tegmark1}). Because of the mentioned overlap a measurement of the excitation of $\|A\rangle$ from the other world $\|W_2\rangle$, which measures another part of phase space than a measurement from $\|W_1\rangle$, also finds the ion in an excited state. Only after complete decoherence of $\|A\rangle$ the parts of phase space seen by $\|W_1\rangle$ and $\|W_2\rangle$ have an independent temporal evolution. \section{Determination of the decoherence timescale of the single ion} I now quantitatively calculate the time scale $\Delta$t$_{dec}$ if the decoherence of the ion wavefunction $\|A\rangle$ into $\|A_{1,2}\rangle$ as defined in the previous section. For this I will analyze the transition from eq.(\ref{t2}) to eq.(\ref{t3}) in greater detail than before. This analysis is independent of whether the ion is excited between t$_2$ and t$_3$ or not. I will use the ``dilute gas'' approximation developed by Harris and Stodolsky \cite{stodo82,stodo89}. The interaction of systems is treated in terms of a series of distinct collisions between the ion in the trap and particles from the rest of the system. The correctness of this simplification in the case of weak coupling has been verified with a full second quantized calculation by Raffelt, Sigl and Stodolsky\cite{raffelt}. The chirality states $\|\pm\rangle$ of Harris and Stodolsky\cite{stodo82} are analogous to our macroscopic states $\|W_{1,2}\rangle$ of the previous paragraph, and their ``medium'' is the ion in the trap in our case. Parallels between the chirality and macroscopic states were already pointed out by Joos and Zeh\cite{joos85}. It seems strange at first sight that a single ion in a given ``simple'' state plays the role of the ``medium''. With ``simple'' I mean that the state of the ion in its trap has only few degrees of freedom which are completely determined e.g. by a harmonic oscillator wavefunctions, whereas a ``medium'' typically has a very large number of degrees of freedom and is thus able to exert random influences on a system. Take into account however that in quantum field theory the wave field always has an infinite number of degrees of freedom\cite{schiff}. In the MWI it is this field which represents all systems and the ``simplicity'' of the state $\|A\rangle$ of the ion before decoherence at time t$_{0}$ exists {\sl only relative} to the subsystem S$_1$=$(\|P_1\rangle+\|P_2\rangle) \otimes \|\phi_{filter}\rangle \otimes \|\phi\rangle$ in eq.(\ref{t0}) (Everett called the MWI ``relative-state	0.231906	-0.156074	0.610341	1.970923	[ 0.14013739521835916, 0.3236739027041931 ]	[ -0.13995784319104476, -0.1721891576546197 ]	[ 0.6230221053378877, 0.597659695084045 ]	[ 1.9501123207407232, 1.9917342450327693 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 7690, 13, 13555, 13, 5441, 653, 14675, 310, 11892, 29909, 29905, 5854, 29938, 363, 263, 3273, 931, 7292, 310, 278, 1797, 310, 13, 4535, 5268, 29938, 29873, 29938, 648, 28084, 1042, 353, 270, 29938, 648, 1111, 29882, 1042, 29885, 29914, 4535, 5268, 29938, 29886, 779, 27798, 29938, 270, 29938, 648, 1111, 29882, 1042, 29912, 29881, 29913, 29885, 29914, 29882, 29892, 13, 1552, 24173, 760, 310, 8576, 2913, 16410, 13, 517, 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interpretation'' \cite{everett}). If this subsystem decohered into two orthogonal states $\|W_{1,2}\rangle$ at time t$_2$ the ion $\|A\rangle$ can no longer be in a ``simple'' state relative to both of them, and additional degrees of freedom of the wave function $\|A\rangle$ become dynamically important. After interaction of $\|A\rangle$ with the environment, at time t$_3$ there will be two orthogonal components $\|A_{1,2}\rangle$. Each one has an overall centre of mass wavefunction described e.g. by a ``simple'' harmonic oscillator state relative to one of the worlds $\|W_{1,2}\rangle$. It is wrong to conclude from that that they are identical, however: $\|A_{1}\rangle$ and $\|A_{2}\rangle$ are different for the same reason that the ``copies'' produced by branching from a given macroscopic object are not identical: their ``fine structure'' in phase space is different. \\ It is clear that our treatment is a gross simplification of the real world. An exact treatment has been possible only for idealized models of the environment, e.g.: toy systems with few particles \cite{albrecht92}, ensembles of noninteracting harmonic oscillators\cite{legget} and scalar fields\cite{scalar}. For the gravitational field an exact treatment is not possible even in principle at the moment, because we lack a quantum theory of gravity. It has been shown experimentally though that gravitational fields decohere if the MWI is correct\cite{page80}. The purpose of this paper is not to improve on the treatment of the very difficult theoretical problem of decoherence, but to suggest a new experimental approach on the quantum mechanical measurement problem. Our treatment gives roughly the correct order of magnitude for the decoherence time scale. \\ Let us now define the relative states in the sense of Everett\cite{everett} of $\|A\rangle$ with respect to $\|W_1\rangle$ and $\|W_2\rangle$ at time t$_2$ as $\|A_1\rangle$=$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\|A\rangle$ and $\|A_2\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\|A\rangle$, respectively. At time t$_2$ $\|A_1\rangle$ and $\|A_2\rangle$ are still the same or ``parallel'' in Hilbert space\cite{stodo89}. We also have $\|A\rangle$ = $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\|A_1\rangle$ + $\|A_2\rangle$) a decomposition which is always possible for a pure state according to the superposition principle. The total wavefunction at time t$_2$ can then be written as: \begin{equation} \|\Psi_{t_2}\rangle=\|A_1\rangle \|W_1\rangle+\|A_2\rangle \|W_2\rangle \end{equation} This equation is analogous to equation (3) in Ref.\cite{stodo89}. Further following Harris and Stodolsky\cite{stodo82} we now write this wavefunction in the form of a density matrix in a basis of the Hilbert space spanned by $\|W_{1,2}\rangle$ to represent the role of the phases in a better way: \begin{equation} \rho(\Psi_{t_2}) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} \langle A_1 \| A_1 \rangle & \langle A_1 \| A_2 \rangle \\ \langle A_2 \| A_1 \rangle & \langle A_2 \| A_2 \rangle \end{array} \right) \label{denst2} \end{equation} In the initial state $\Psi_{t2}$ the ion and its environment are uncorrelated and all elements of this matrix have the value 1/2 in our case. In our approximation decoherence now leads to an exponential damping of the off-diagonal elements of this density matrix, while the diagonal elements remain unaffected. At time t$_3$ the matrix is given to a very good approximation by 1/2 the	0.208964	-0.185619	0.922299	1.996937	[ 0.4085937793021162, 0.009333391748977553 ]	[ 0.003292443313732732, -0.3745301873426179 ]	[ 1.013603223247065, 0.8309938694193978 ]	[ 2.1374109800549306, 1.8564629910836192 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 19854, 4907, 320, 2036, 29912, 1310, 1803, 7690, 13, 3644, 445, 1014, 5205, 316, 1111, 2276, 287, 964, 1023, 28143, 5922, 13, 29938, 29989, 29956, 648, 29896, 29892, 29906, 1012, 5854, 29938, 13, 271, 931, 260, 14630, 29906, 29938, 13, 1552, 16346, 11892, 29909, 29905, 5854, 29938, 508, 694, 5520, 367, 297, 263, 4954, 12857, 4907, 2106, 13, 22925, 304, 1716, 310, 963, 29892, 322, 5684, 14496, 310, 16082, 310, 278, 13, 27766, 740, 11892, 29909, 29905, 5854, 29938, 4953, 11200, 4100, 29889, 13, 13555, 14881, 310, 11892, 29909, 29905, 5854, 29938, 411, 278, 5177, 29892, 13, 271, 931, 260, 14630, 29941, 29938, 727, 674, 13, 915, 1023, 28143, 7117, 11892, 29909, 648, 29896, 29892, 29906, 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6757, 411, 2846, 17105, 13, 29905, 2036, 29912, 284, 1030, 2570, 29929, 29906, 1118, 5662, 1590, 793, 310, 1661, 1639, 627, 292, 13, 23024, 8927, 21519, 4097, 29905, 2036, 29912, 1397, 657, 29913, 322, 17336, 4235, 29905, 2036, 29912, 19529, 279, 1836, 13, 2831, 278, 26618, 1288, 1746, 13, 273, 2684, 14502, 338, 451, 1950, 1584, 297, 12502, 13, 271, 278, 3256, 29892, 1363, 591, 10225, 263, 12101, 6368, 310, 20953, 29889, 13, 3112, 756, 1063, 4318, 7639, 635, 2466, 393, 26618, 1288, 4235, 13, 311, 1111, 4150, 565, 278, 341, 22119, 338, 1959, 29905, 2036, 29912, 3488, 29947, 29900, 1836, 13, 1576, 6437, 310, 445, 5650, 338, 451, 304, 11157, 373, 278, 14502, 13, 974, 278, 13, 1201, 5189, 23399, 1108, 310, 316, 1111, 2276, 663, 29892, 541, 304, 13, 29879, 688, 7118, 263, 716, 17986, 2948, 373, 278, 13, 12150, 398, 28310, 20039, 1108, 29889, 13, 29949, 332, 14502, 13, 29887, 3145, 20928, 278, 1959, 1797, 310, 18497, 363, 278, 13, 311, 1111, 2276, 663, 931, 6287, 29889, 13, 1966, 13, 12024, 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identity matrix. The decoherence time scale in the transition from $\Psi_{t2}$ to $\Psi_{t3}$ is then given as the inverse of the exponential damping time constant. If there was no internal excitation during the process of decoherence, $\|A_1\rangle$ and $\|A_2\rangle$ are identical yet distinguishable in the classical sense (i.e. by way of their structure in phase space) at time t$_3$. \\ I approximate the temporal evolution of the off-diagonal elements of $\rho$ as an effect of repeated scatterings of particles from ${\|{W_1}\rangle}$ and ${\|{W_2}\rangle}$\cite{stodo82}. If the particles in ${\|{W_{1,2}}\rangle}$ are atoms (e.g. rest-gas atoms, see below section 4) their de Broglie wavelength ($<$ 0.1 $\AA$ at room temperature) is much smaller than the typical spatial extension of the wavefunction ${\|{A}\rangle}$ of the ion in the trap (typically 0.1-1 $\mu$m in current technical setups\cite{itano93}). It is then a good approximation for the treatment of the scattering to assume that the initial state of the ion is approximated by a plane wave front, and that the elastically scattered wave of the trapped ion is approximated by a radially outgoing wave front. I will always use this approximation in the following even in cases where it is less well justified because the wavelength of the scattering particles in ${\|{W_{1,2}}\rangle}$ is equal to or larger than the spatial extension of ${\|{A}\rangle}$(e.g. for microwave photons scattering on the ion). In this case the decoherence time scale will be {\it larger} than my estimate (the scattering is less ``effective''). To demonstrate that the decoherence timescale can be large enough to allow interworld communication, my approach is sufficient. Also we will see below in section 4 that in our situation the most effective mechanism for decoherence is elastic scattering with rest gas atoms, for which my assumption holds well. \\ The diagonal element $\langle A_1{\|}A_2 \rangle$ has to be multiplied by a damping factor D for each scattering of the ion with a particle of ${\|{W_{1,2}}\rangle}$ as a target. If $\|A^{S}\rangle$ is the wavefunction of the ion after scattering one can write: \begin{equation} \langle{A_1^{S}}{\|}{A_2^{S}}\rangle = D \langle{A_1}{\|}{A_2}\rangle \label{damp} \end{equation} The damping factor after n collisions is given as: \begin{equation} D_n=D^n. \label{dampn} \end{equation} In the special case of elastic and isotropic scattering and integrating over time one has for the final state after one scattering: \begin{eqnarray} A_1{^S} = o( e^{ikz} + f\cdot e^{ikr}/r) \label{in0} \\ A_2{^S} = o( e^{ikz} + f\cdot e^{(ikr+{{\Delta}{\varphi}})}/r) \label{in} \end{eqnarray} where $k$ is the wave number and $z$ the direction of relative motion between the particle and the trapped ion. $f$ is the scattering amplitude and $r$ the radial distance from the ion. $\Delta \varphi$ is a relative phase angle which takes random values over repeated scatterings because ${\|{W_{1}}\rangle}$ and ${\|{W_{1}}\rangle}$ are not in phase. The normalization factor $o$ is given by: \begin{equation} o = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+f^2/r^2}} \label{norm} \end{equation} Inserting eqs.(\ref{in0},\ref{in},\ref{norm}) into eq.(\ref{damp}) and integrating over the spatial volume one obtain	0.323674	-0.170175	0.706718	1.976126	[ 0.2880623415502253, 0.35928546385816085 ]	[ -0.3687106444533613, 0.028361243452068793 ]	[ 0.4607026797132945, 0.9527334386378428 ]	[ 1.9188958775216884, 2.0333561693248154 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 10110, 4636, 29889, 13, 1576, 316, 1111, 2276, 663, 931, 6287, 297, 278, 9558, 13, 3166, 779, 14118, 648, 29873, 29906, 1042, 304, 29871, 779, 14118, 648, 29873, 29941, 1042, 13, 275, 769, 2183, 408, 278, 16402, 310, 278, 25658, 13, 29881, 1160, 292, 931, 4868, 29889, 13, 3644, 727, 471, 694, 7463, 5566, 7018, 2645, 278, 1889, 13, 974, 316, 1111, 2276, 663, 29892, 11892, 29909, 29918, 29896, 29905, 5854, 29938, 322, 11892, 29909, 29918, 29906, 29905, 5854, 29938, 13, 598, 13557, 3447, 20820, 519, 297, 278, 14499, 4060, 13, 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s: \begin{equation} D = o^2 = {{1}\over{{1+f^2/r^2}}} \simeq 1 - {f^2/r^2} \end{equation} The neglect of higher order terms is justified in the dilute gas approximation. For n consecutive scatterings ones gets: \begin{equation} D_n \simeq (1 - {f^2/(r^2)})^n \simeq exp(-{{f^2}n/(r^2)}) \end{equation} Let us set f$^2$=$\sigma$/(4$\pi$), where $\sigma$ is the total elastic cross section, and n=4{$\pi$}{r$^2$}{$\phi$}t, where $\phi$ is number of particles per unit area and time on which the ion scatters and t the time span over which interactions between $\|A\rangle$ and $\|W_{1,2}\rangle$ takes place. The time evolution of the diagonal elements of the ion-environment density function is then obtained as: \begin{equation} D_t \simeq exp(-{\sigma}{\phi}t) \label{dect} \end{equation} The decoherence time is then defined as: \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} = 1/({\sigma}{\phi}) \label{dec} \end{equation} This result for the decoherence time agrees with a different and more general calculation by Tegmark\cite{tegmark1} for the special case of a system that is spatially much larger than the effective wavelength of the scattering particles. It was exactly this case that I assumed above. Note that Tegmark calls ``coherence time'' what I call ``decoherence time''. \section{Practical realization of communication between parallel-worlds} I will show that it is technically possible to realize a system which approximates the situation outlined in section 2. and which has macroscopic decoherence timescales. For my discussion I will assume the setup which Itano et al.\cite{itano93} used for a measurement of quantum projection noise. This is not in order to suggest that this is an optimal setup for inter-world communication; I only wanted to show that the technical capabilities to test the MWI exist in one concrete case. \\ Itano et al.\cite{itano93} trap single ions in radio frequency and Penning traps. The ion (I consider $^{199}$Hg$^+$) can be stored for hours in a vacuum of about 10$^{-9}$ atmospheres. They observe transitions between the 6s$^2$S$_{1/2}$ F=0 and F=1 hyperfine structure levels by applying rf fields of well-controlled frequency, amplitude and duration. The transition is in the microwave region (40.5 GHz). UV Lasers operated at 194 nm are used to cool the ion, prepare its state and to measure whether the ion is in F=0 or F=1 state after an application of microwaves. \\ In our example Silvia traps an ion and prepares it in the ground state. If Silvia1 now detects a photon after the polarization filter she applies the rf field resonant with the F=0 $\rightarrow$ F=1 transition, for a time long enough to excite the ion completely from the ground state to the F=1 state according to the Rabi flopping formula\cite{scully}. According to the orthodox interpretation she has to apply a so called ``$\pi$ pulse'' pulse of length t$_p$ and field strength E$_{\pi}$ so that \begin{equation} E_{\pi}=(\pi{\hbar})/(t_p{\wp}) \label{pi} \end{equation} $\wp$ is the magnetic dipole transition element between the F=0 and F=1 states (the transition is forbidden for electric dipole radiation) which is given in good aproximation by the Bohr magneton because the wavefunctions of the two states are quite similar. Let us assume that Silvia1 applies a pulse which is a factor	0.201088	0.245027	0.706718	1.7368	[ 0.3455887095681733, 0.05658719404943479 ]	[ 0.062383186496953444, 0.42767141708413603 ]	[ 0.9020086181301573, 0.5114275002209799 ]	[ 1.9605178018137346, 1.5130821156742384 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 29879, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29928, 353, 288, 29985, 29906, 353, 8620, 29896, 1012, 957, 6224, 29896, 29974, 29888, 29985, 29906, 29914, 29878, 29985, 29906, 12499, 320, 27798, 13, 29896, 448, 426, 29888, 29985, 29906, 29914, 29878, 29985, 29906, 29913, 13, 29905, 355, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 1576, 22851, 310, 6133, 1797, 4958, 13, 275, 925, 2164, 297, 278, 21749, 1082, 10489, 16845, 29889, 13, 2831, 302, 18942, 14801, 886, 6743, 4947, 29901, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29928, 29918, 29876, 320, 27798, 29871, 313, 29896, 448, 426, 29888, 29985, 29906, 14571, 29878, 29985, 29906, 26972, 29985, 29876, 29871, 320, 27798, 1518, 6278, 6224, 29888, 29985, 29906, 29913, 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$\sqrt{2}$ longer to compensate for the fact that Silvia2 does not apply any pulse (``MWI $\pi$ pulse''). \\ This whole action will take something like a second at least (for a mechanical ``Silvia'' it could be performed faster, certainly within a $\mu$sec). Silvia2 waits for a certain time to allow Silvia1 to apply the microwave field. After this she applies a Laser field to determine the state of the ion. If the MWI interpretation is correct, Silvia2 will find it in a fraction p of the experiments in the F=1 case prepared by Silvia1. If the inelastic microwave excitation is the only interaction of ion with the environment (i.e. the ion is completely isolated) we get for the damping factor due to excitation according to eq.(\ref{dect}): \begin{equation} D_t \simeq exp(-{\sigma_{exc}}{\phi}t) \label{indec} \end{equation} here ${\sigma_{exc}}$ is the cross section of the ion for excitation from the F=0 to the F=1 level with resonant microwave radiation. t is the time period for which the rf field was applied, and $\phi$ is the flux of the exciting radiation. The excitation probability is given as: \begin{equation} p=sin^2({\nu}t) \end{equation} where $\nu$=$\wp$E$_{\pi}$/($\hbar$2$\sqrt{2}$). For a ``MWI $\pi$ pulse'' p is 1 and D$_t$ can be easily evaluated as 1/e. Intuitively one can say, that in this situation only one full interaction took place (the absorption of one microwave photon). Complete decoherence needs more than one interaction so D$_n$ is much larger than zero. Normally Silvia2 will completely decohere the ion when determining its state with the method decribed by Itano et al.\cite{itano93}, because the detection of the fluorescence radiation is very inefficient, and many inelastic collisions of 194 nm photons take place for a state determination. \\ This calculation is only correct in the \mbox{``one-and-only-one interaction''} approximation of Stodolsky\cite{stodo89} in which the different collisions of the ion on other particles are treated as completely independent. It is unavoidable in our situation that there is ``feedback'', i.e. a given collision acts on a wavefunction of the ion which is already decohered to some degree by the previous collisions. As a result the excitation of $\|A_2\rangle$ will be less effective and p will be somewhat smaller than 1. Its exact value depends on the detailed geometry of the experimental setup but is clearly never much smaller than 1, because in the absence of other mechanisms the correlation has its origin in the inelastic scattering of the ion. I find with a numerical calculation that e.g. a ``MWI $\pi$ pulse'' applied in world 1 would lead to p=0.163 in the ``feedback'' case, versus p=1.0 in the ``one-and-only-one interaction'' approximation. In this calculation I made the simplifying assumption that D develops strictly according to eq.(\ref{dect}). Itano et al.\cite{itano93} repeated the cycle ``preparation-rf field application-measurement'' for hundreds of times in their experiment so also values of p much smaller than 1 would be measurable. \\ We have to check if decoherence by other sources can be avoided for at least a few seconds so that the assumption of complete isolation of the ion made in the previous paragraph is justified. These sources are: \\ a. scattering of remnant gas atoms in the trap on the ions \\ b. elastic scattering of the microwave field on the ion \\ c. interaction with the constraining fields holding the ion \\ Note that only b. is in principle unavoidable, the others could be avoided with a more advanced technology.	-0.1986	0.108044	0.222296	1.653556	[ -0.223169012323562, -0.1740319063082315 ]	[ -0.02177635682460333, 0.23786478746530587 ]	[ 0.17157120281948782, 0.2730208438348586 ]	[ 1.481865672455204, 1.8252465478645845 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 779, 3676, 29912, 29906, 1042, 5520, 304, 22874, 403, 363, 13, 1552, 2114, 393, 5664, 6071, 29906, 947, 451, 3394, 738, 9505, 344, 13, 29898, 16159, 29924, 22119, 779, 1631, 29938, 9505, 344, 29915, 2824, 13, 1966, 13, 4013, 3353, 3158, 13, 14043, 2125, 1554, 763, 263, 1473, 472, 3203, 313, 1454, 13, 29874, 28310, 4954, 26729, 6071, 4907, 372, 1033, 367, 8560, 8473, 29892, 13, 14082, 368, 2629, 263, 779, 2589, 29938, 3471, 467, 13, 26729, 6071, 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For contribution a. I get, inserting typical operating parameters of the set up used by Itano et al.\cite{itano93} into eq.(\ref{dec}): \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} = 8 \left({{2.4{\cdot}10{^{-18}m^2}\over{\sigma_c}}}\right) \left({{T}\over{300K^o}}\right) \left({{nbar}\over{p}}\right) sec \end{equation} here $\sigma_c$ is the elastic cross section; its size (for room temperature) has been taken for H$_2$-Hg collisions (at room temperature) from the calculation of Bernstein \cite{bernstein}. T is the temperature, its dependence here does not take into account the change of $\sigma_c$ with energy (which is however very small around room temperature). p is the rest-gas pressure. It is possible to achieve vacua much better than a nbar in ion traps (see e.g.Ref. \cite{diedrich}). \\ For b. one gets in the same way the decoherence time scale of elastic scattering of a microwave field with a frequency $\omega$ and an intensity that effects a $\pi$ pulse in t$_p$ seconds. For the flux $\phi$ in eq.(\ref{dec}) I set: \begin{equation} \phi = {{{\epsilon_0} c E_{\pi}^2}\over{\hbar {\omega}}} \end{equation} where E$_{\pi}$ is the electric field strength of a MWI-$\pi$ pulse(eq.(\ref{pi}). Inserting this relation gives: \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} \simeq 2.8 \cdot 10^{22} \left({{\wp}\over{{\mu_B}/c}}\right) \left({{t_p}\over{sec}}\right) \left({{5.2{\cdot}10^{-40}m^2} \over{\sigma}}\right) \left({{\omega}\over{40.5 Ghz}}\right) sec \label{muw} \end{equation} The cross section is the Thompson cross section which I averaged over scattering angle. The Rayleigh cross section is negligible in our situation. \\ Case c. is treated in a similar way because it is well known that only time dependent fields can cause decoherence \cite{deco1}. Even for Penning traps with static fields it is impossible to prevent residual time variability with a fraction f$_v$ of the total field strength. Without load (as in our case) f$_v$ $\simeq$ 10$^{-10}$ is achievable for static confining fields E$_c$ with a strength of about 1000 V/m typical for the traps used by Itano et al. (their ion-trap setup is described in Gilbert et al.\cite{itano88}). The ``worst'' case (leading to the shortest decoherence time) is a variability $\omega$ on a time scale similar to the duration of the experiment. For this case one then obtains: \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} \simeq 76 \left({{5.2{\cdot}10^{-40}m^2} \over{\sigma}}\right) \left({{\omega}\over{1 Hz}}\right) \left({{1000 V/m}\over{E_c}}\right)^2 f_v^{-2} sec \label{field} \end{equation} Though it is not of critical importance for our problem, it is easy to show that the decoherence time scale induced by UV Lasers used by Itano et al.\cite{itano93} via Rayleigh scattering is on a time scale of many years. This surprising ineffectiveness of light to decohere wave functions was already noticed by Joos and Zeh in the connection with chiral eigenstates of molecules \cite{joos85}. As pointed out in the previous paragraph eqs.(\ref{muw},\ref{field}) are expected to underestimate the true decoherence time, because I assumed in	-0.489913	-0.467195	-0.297633	1.419433	[ -0.6898859147548896, -0.2899406894872516 ]	[ -0.4345162448164935, -0.4998741880342982 ]	[ -0.36611189456197724, -0.2291548791912267 ]	[ 1.3882163427981, 1.4506492292361692 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 13, 2831, 11896, 263, 29889, 306, 679, 29892, 23800, 15662, 13598, 13, 16744, 310, 278, 731, 701, 1304, 491, 13, 3112, 1562, 634, 394, 7790, 2036, 29912, 277, 1562, 29929, 29941, 29913, 964, 11594, 29889, 1194, 999, 29912, 7099, 29913, 1125, 13, 29905, 463, 29912, 2573, 29913, 13, 29905, 5268, 260, 648, 7099, 29913, 353, 29871, 29947, 320, 1563, 3319, 29912, 29906, 29889, 29946, 741, 3822, 29913, 29896, 29900, 29912, 3426, 29896, 29947, 29913, 29885, 29985, 29906, 1012, 957, 741, 3754, 29918, 29883, 20388, 1266, 29897, 13, 29905, 1563, 3319, 29912, 29911, 1012, 957, 29912, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29968, 29985, 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their derivation that the wavelength of the particles on which the ion scatters is much smaller than the spatial extension of the ion wavefunction, which does not hold in typical setups. \\ The reader might object that something has to be wrong with my proposal because it violates energy conservation in a given world (Silvia2 could receive energy from a parallel world). Fundamental principles (like invariance to time translations \cite{noether}) require energy conservation only for the whole universe however, and not for single branches which are very special entities singled out by individual humans. Because the energy Silvia2 receives is always lost by Silvia1 there is no violation of energy conservation in the universe. Dicke found some time ago that energy conservation is violated in certain quantum mechanical measurement setups for arbitrarily long times\cite{dicke}. He holds that this poses no serious problem because the expectation value for the amount of energy violation turns out to be zero (i.e. repeating the measurement many times, energy is lost as often as it is gained). In the conventional interpretation of quantum mechanics there seems to be a problem however, because Dicke's result means that e.g. the fundamental principle of time tanslation invariance would be violated on macroscopic time scales. In the MWI Dicke's situation corresponds to worlds which have a different energy expectation value of the system immediately after they were created due to branching (one is higher and the other lower than the one before branching\cite{dicke}). The average of their energy expectation values is the energy expectation value before the branching, and energy conservation holds at all times. This ``restoration of conservation laws'' in the MWI, which arises when all branches of the quantum state are considered together was already pointed out by Elitzur and Vaidman\cite{eli}. \section{Conclusion} The prediction of the orthodox interpretation \cite{neumann} is that the ion in our example experiment is never observed in an excited state by Silvia2: the measurement is surely finished after the photon from the polarization filter has not been detected by Silvia2 and thereafter only Silvia2 exists. The ``logical'' and ``many histories'' interpretations \cite{gellman} probably lead to a similar expectation, though it is not completely clear to me what their quantitative prediction would be. Hidden variable models are devised in order to ``destroy'' Silvia1; their predicition is therefore the same as in the orthodox interpretation by definition. For the MWI it has been shown in the previous sections that inter-world communication on a time scale of minutes should be possible with state of the art quantum-optical equipment. The experimental verification of this possibility would thus rule out the above mentioned alternatives to the MWI. \\ The limiting factor in extending $\Delta$ t$_{dec}$ even further (i.e. in ``keeping the communication channel open for longer'') seems to be the rest gas in the vacuum of the ion trap at the moment. The fascinating problem of how to optimize the communication in order to transfer large amounts of data (e.g. TV pictures) would be beyond the scope of this paper. \\ The detection of parallel worlds would finally clarify the fundamentals of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics: nature would have an objective deterministic reality completely independent of human consciousness and fully described by the Schr\"odinger equation together with the second quantization conditions for the wave field. To communicate with parallel worlds goes of course completely against ``common sense'', but it does not lead to any inconsistencies or violations of known physical principles. A similar opinion was voiced by Polchinski\cite{polchinski} who showed that interworld communication is possible within Weinberg's nonlinear quantum mechanics. The recent speculation of Gell-Mann and Hartle\cite{goblin} about a possible communication with ``goblin worlds'' has also certain parallels with the proposal of this paper. \\ The applications of this effect in physics would be manifold e.g. in the investigation of Chaos or for improving statistics in the study of rare processes. 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(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to transact business in this state as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or agent, except in certain transactions exempt under section 8-1111, unless he or she is registered under the Securities Act of Nebraska. It shall be unlawful for any broker-dealer to employ an agent for purposes of effecting or attempting to effect transactions in this state unless the agent is registered. It shall be unlawful for an issuer to employ an agent unless the issuer is registered as an issuer-dealer and unless the agent is registered. The registration of an agent shall not be effective unless the agent is employed by a broker-dealer or issuer-dealer registered under the act. When the agent begins or terminates employment with a registered broker-dealer or issuer-dealer, the broker-dealer or issuer-dealer shall promptly notify the director. 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Registration of a broker-dealer or issuer-dealer shall automatically constitute registration of all partners, limited liability company members, officers, or directors of such broker-dealer or issuer-dealer as agents, except any partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director whose registration as an agent is denied, suspended, or revoked under subsection (9) of this section, without the filing of applications for registration as agents or the payment of fees for registration as agents. The application shall contain whatever information the director requires concerning such matters as: (a) The applicant's form and place of organization; (b) The applicant's proposed method of doing business; (c) The qualifications and business history of the applicant and, in the case of a broker-dealer or investment adviser, the qualifications and business history of any partner, limited liability company member, officer, director, person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions of a partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director, or person directly or indirectly controlling the broker-dealer or investment adviser; (d) Any injunction or administrative order or conviction of a misdemeanor involving a security or any aspect of the securities business and any conviction of a felony; (e) The applicant's financial condition and history; and (f) Information to be furnished or disseminated to any client or prospective client 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the applicant is an investment adviser. (4)(a) If no denial order is in effect and no proceeding is pending under subsection (9) of this section, registration shall become effective at noon of the thirtieth day after an application is filed, complete with all amendments. The director may specify an earlier effective date. (b) The director shall require as conditions of registration: (i) That the applicant, except for renewal, and, in the case of a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company, the officers, directors, partners, or limited liability company members pass such examination or examinations as the director may prescribe as evidence of knowledge of the securities business; (ii) That an issuer-dealer and its agents pass an examination prescribed and administered by the department. Such examination shall be administered upon request and upon payment of an examination fee of five dollars. Any applicant for issuer-dealer registration who has satisfactorily passed any other examination approved by the director shall be exempted from this requirement upon furnishing evidence of satisfactory completion of such examination to the director; (iii) That an issuer-dealer have a minimum net capital of twenty-five thousand dollars. In lieu of a minimum net capital requirement of twenty-five thousand dollars, the director may require an issuer-dealer to post a corporate surety bond with a surety company licensed to do business in Nebraska in an amount equal to such capital requirements. When the director finds that a surety bond with a surety company would cause an undue burden on an issuer-dealer, the director may require the issuer-dealer to post a signature bond. Every such surety or signature bond shall run in favor of Nebraska, shall provide for an action thereon by any person who has a cause of action under section 8-1118, and shall provide that no action may be maintained to enforce any liability on the bond unless brought within the time periods specified by section 8-1118; (iv) That a broker-dealer have such minimum net capital as the director may by rule and regulation or order require, subject to the limitations provided in section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In lieu of any such minimum net capital requirement, the director may by rule and regulation or order require a broker-dealer to post a corporate surety bond with a surety company licensed to do business in Nebraska in an amount equal to such capital requirement, subject to the limitations of section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Every such surety bond shall run in favor of Nebraska, shall provide for an action thereon by any person who has a cause of action under section 8-1118, and shall provide that no action may be maintained to enforce any liability on the bond unless brought within the time periods specified by section 8-1118; and (v) That an investment adviser have such minimum net capital as the director may by rule and regulation or order require, subject to the limitations of section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, which may include different requirements for those investment advisers who maintain custody of clients' funds or securities or who have discretionary authority over such funds or securities and those investment advisers who do not. In lieu of any such minimum net capital requirement, the director may require by rule and regulation or order an investment adviser to post a corporate surety bond with a surety company licensed to do business in Nebraska in an amount equal to such capital requirement, subject to the limitations of section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Every such surety bond shall run in favor of Nebraska, shall provide for an action thereon by any person who has a cause of action under section 8-1118, and shall provide that no action may be maintained to enforce any liability on the bond unless brought within the time periods specified by section 8-1118. (c) The director may waive the requirement of an examination for any applicant who by reason of prior experience can demonstrate his or her knowledge of the securities business. Registration of a broker-dealer, agent, investment adviser, and investment adviser representative shall be effective for a period of not more than one year and shall expire on December 31 unless renewed. Registration of an issuer-	-1.185708	-0.623428	-0.201256	0.909564	[ -1.2185806303484112, -1.1528362097564708 ]	[ -0.5786618456119258, -0.6681932746774117 ]	[ 0.09802021308334402, -0.5005326689073435 ]	[ 0.8263203648554771, 0.9928080620236617 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 278, 15576, 424, 338, 385, 13258, 358, 25228, 261, 29889, 13, 29898, 29946, 5033, 29874, 29897, 960, 694, 972, 616, 1797, 338, 297, 2779, 322, 694, 8469, 292, 338, 28235, 1090, 1014, 2042, 313, 29929, 29897, 310, 445, 4004, 29892, 22583, 4091, 4953, 11828, 472, 694, 265, 310, 278, 266, 381, 2034, 621, 2462, 1156, 385, 2280, 338, 934, 29881, 29892, 4866, 411, 599, 626, 355, 1860, 29889, 450, 8881, 1122, 6084, 385, 8859, 11828, 2635, 29889, 13, 29898, 29890, 29897, 450, 8881, 4091, 1996, 408, 5855, 310, 22583, 29901, 13, 29898, 29875, 29897, 2193, 278, 15576, 424, 29892, 5174, 363, 23011, 284, 29892, 322, 29892, 297, 278, 1206, 310, 263, 17266, 362, 29892, 22056, 4034, 29892, 470, 9078, 619, 3097, 5001, 29892, 278, 13049, 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dealer shall be effective for a period of not more than one year and may be renewed as provided in this section. Notice filings by a federal covered adviser shall be effective for a period of not more than one year and shall expire on December 31 unless renewed. (d) The director may restrict or limit an applicant as to any function or activity in this state for which registration is required under the Securities Act of Nebraska. (5) Registration of a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative may be renewed by filing with the director or with a registration depository designated by the director prior to the expiration date such information as the director by rule and regulation or order may require to indicate any material change in the information contained in the original application or any renewal application for registration as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative previously filed with the director by the applicant, and payment of the prescribed fee. A federal covered adviser may renew its notice filing by filing with the director prior to the expiration thereof the documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as the director by rule and regulation or order may require, a consent to service of process, and the prescribed fee. (6) The fee for initial or renewal registration shall be two hundred fifty dollars for a broker-dealer, two hundred dollars for an investment adviser, one hundred dollars for an issuer-dealer, forty dollars for an agent, and forty dollars for an investment adviser representative. The fee for initial or renewal filings for a federal covered adviser shall be two hundred dollars. When an application is denied or withdrawn, the director shall retain all of the fee. (7)(a) Every registered broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, and investment adviser shall make and keep such accounts, correspondence, memoranda, papers, books, and other records as the director may prescribe by rule and regulation or order, except as provided by section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in connection with broker-dealers, and section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, in connection with investment advisers. All records so required shall be preserved for such period as the director may prescribe by rule and regulation or order. (b) All the records of a registered broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser shall be subject at any time or from time to time to such reasonable periodic, special, or other examinations by representatives of the director, within or without this state, as the director deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors and advisory clients. For the purpose of avoiding unnecessary duplication of examinations, the director, insofar as he or she deems it practicable in administering this subsection, may cooperate with the securities administrators of other states, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and any national securities exchange or national securities association registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Costs of such examinations shall be borne by the registrant. (c) Every registered broker-dealer, except as provided in section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and investment adviser, except as provided by section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, shall file such financial reports as the director may prescribe by rule and regulation or order. (d) If any information contained in any document filed with the director is or becomes inaccurate or incomplete in any material respect, a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative shall promptly file a correcting amendment or a federal covered adviser shall file a correcting amendment when such amendment is required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. (8) With respect to investment advisers, the director may require that certain information be furnished or disseminated to clients as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors and advisory clients. To the extent determined by the director in his or her discretion, information furnished to clients of an investment adviser that would be in compliance with the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and the rules and	-1.317197	-0.610893	-0.434273	0.69365	[ -1.448686102420203, -1.185708420052441 ]	[ -0.7792122467186143, -0.4425740734323872 ]	[ -0.6152975753059817, -0.25324916893237726 ]	[ 0.5193586732016368, 0.8679422891475232 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 311, 18362, 4091, 367, 11828, 363, 263, 3785, 310, 451, 901, 1135, 697, 1629, 322, 1122, 367, 23011, 287, 408, 4944, 297, 445, 4004, 29889, 16393, 977, 886, 491, 263, 17097, 10664, 25228, 261, 4091, 367, 11828, 363, 263, 3785, 310, 451, 901, 1135, 697, 1629, 322, 4091, 1518, 533, 373, 5846, 29871, 29941, 29896, 6521, 23011, 287, 29889, 13, 29898, 29881, 29897, 450, 8881, 1122, 9250, 470, 4046, 385, 15576, 424, 408, 304, 738, 740, 470, 6354, 297, 445, 2106, 363, 607, 22583, 338, 3734, 1090, 278, 5356, 332, 1907, 3185, 310, 19288, 29878, 16191, 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regulations under such act may be used in whole or in part to satisfy the information requirement prescribed in this subsection. (9)(a) The director may by order deny, suspend, or revoke registration of any broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative or bar, censure, or impose a fine pursuant to subsection (4) of section 8-1108.01 on any registrant or any partner, limited liability company member, officer, director, or person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions of a partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director for a registrant from employment with any broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser if he or she finds that the order is in the public interest and that the applicant or registrant or, in the case of a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser, any partner, limited liability company member, officer, director, person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions of a partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director, or person directly or indirectly controlling the broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser: (i) Has filed an application for registration under this section which, as of any date after filing in the case of an order denying effectiveness, was incomplete in any material respect or contained any statement which was, in the light of the circumstances under which it was made, false or misleading with respect to any material fact; (ii) Has willfully violated or willfully failed to comply with any provision of the Securities Act of Nebraska or any rule and regulation or order under the act; (iii) Has been convicted, within the past ten years, of any misdemeanor involving a security or commodity or any aspect of the securities or commodities business or any felony; (iv) Is permanently or temporarily enjoined by any court of competent jurisdiction from engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice involving any aspect of the securities or commodities business; (v) Is the subject of an order of the director denying, suspending, or revoking registration as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative; (vi) Is the subject of an adjudication or determination, after notice and opportunity for hearing, within the past ten years by a securities or commodities agency or administrator of another state or a court of competent jurisdiction that the person has willfully violated the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Commodity Exchange Act, or the securities or commodities law of any other state; (vii) Has engaged in dishonest or unethical practices in the securities or commodities business; (viii) Is insolvent, either in the sense that his or her liabilities exceed his or her assets or in the sense that he or she cannot meet his or her obligations as they mature, but the director may not enter an order against a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser under this subdivision without a finding of insolvency as to the broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser; (ix) Has not complied with a condition imposed by the director under subsection (4) of this section or is not qualified on the basis of such factors as training, experience, or knowledge of the securities business; (x) Has failed to pay the proper filing fee, but the director may enter only a denial order under this subdivision, and he or she shall vacate any such order when the deficiency has been corrected; (xi) Has failed to reasonably supervise his or her agents or employees, if he or she is a broker-dealer or issuer-dealer, or his or her investment adviser representatives or employees, if he or she is an investment adviser, to assure their compliance with the Securities Act of Nebraska; (xii) Has been denied the right to do business in the securities industry, or the person's respective authority to do business in an investment-related industry has been 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oked by any other state, federal, or foreign governmental agency or self-regulatory organization for cause, or the person has been the subject of a final order in a criminal, civil, injunctive, or administrative action for securities, commodities, or fraud-related violations of the law of any state, federal, or foreign governmental unit; or (xiii) Has refused to allow or otherwise impedes the department from conducting an examination under subsection (7) of this section or has refused the department access to a registrant's office to conduct an examination under subsection (7) of this section. (b) The director may by order bar any person from engaging in the securities business in this state if the director finds that the order is in the public interest and that the person has: (i) Willfully violated or willfully failed to comply with any provision of the Securities Act of Nebraska or any rule and regulation or order under the act; or (ii) Engaged in dishonest or unethical practices in the securities business, which activity at the time was subject to regulation by the Securities Act of Nebraska. (c)(i) For purposes of subdivisions (9)(a)(vii) and (9)(b)(ii) of this section, the director may, by rule and regulation or order, determine that a violation of any provision of the fair practice or ethical rules or standards promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or a self-regulatory organization approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission, in effect on January 1, 2017, constitutes a dishonest or unethical practice in the securities or commodities business. (ii) The director may not institute a proceeding under this section on the basis of a final judicial or administrative order made known to him or her by the applicant prior to the effective date of the registration unless the proceeding is instituted within the next ninety days following registration. For purposes of this subdivision, a final judicial or administrative order does not include an order that is stayed or subject to further review or appeal. This subdivision shall not apply to renewed registrations. (iii) The director may by order summarily postpone or suspend registration pending final determination of any proceeding under this subsection. Upon the entry of the order, the director shall promptly notify the applicant or registrant, as well as the employer or prospective employer if the applicant or registrant is an agent or investment adviser representative, that it has been entered and of the reasons therefor and that within fifteen business days after the receipt of a written request the matter will be set down for hearing. If no hearing is requested within fifteen business days of the issuance of the order and none is ordered by the director, the order shall automatically become a final order and shall remain in effect until it is modified or vacated by the director. If a hearing is requested or ordered, the director, after notice of and opportunity for hearing, shall enter his or her written findings of fact and conclusions of law and may affirm, modify, or vacate the order. No order may be entered under this section denying or revoking registration without appropriate prior notice to the applicant or registrant, as well as the employer or prospective employer if the applicant or registrant is an agent or investment adviser representative, and opportunity for hearing. (10)(a) If the director finds that any registrant or applicant for registration is no longer in existence or has ceased to do business as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative, is subject to an adjudication of mental incompetence or to the control of a committee, conservator, or guardian, or cannot be located after reasonable search, the director may by order cancel the registration or application. (b) If an applicant for registration does not complete the registration application and fails to respond to a notice or notices from the department to correct the deficiency or deficiencies for a period of one hundred twenty days or more after the date the department sends the initial notice to correct the deficiency, the department may deem the registration application as abandoned and may issue a notice of abandonment of the registration application to the applicant in lieu of proceedings to deny the application. 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Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd. announced the European Commission's (EC) marketing authorization of Ontruzant, a biosimilar referencing Herceptin (trastuzumab), for the treatment of early breast cancer, metastatic breast cancer and metastatic gastric cancer. Ontruzant is the first trastuzumab biosimilar to receive regulatory approval in Europe. The EC approval of Ontruzant applies to all 28 European Union (EU) member states and the European Economic Area (EEA) member states of Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Ontruzant will be commercialized by MSD, which is known as Merck in the United States and Canada. Ontruzant is the fourth biosimilar developed by Samsung Bioepis to receive EC marketing authorization. Samsung Bioepis has also received marketing authorizations for Benepali (etanercept), Flixabi (infliximab) and Imraldi (adalimumab). Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd. last week announced the European Commission's (EC) approval of Imraldi, a biosimilar referencing Humira (adalimumab). Imraldi is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, pediatric plaque psoriasis, adult and adolescent hidradenitis suppurativa, Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and uveitis. With the EC's marketing authorization of Imraldi, Samsung Bioepis becomes the industry's first to European approvals for biosimilars referencing all three anti-TNF-alfa blockbusters. Benepali (etanercept) and Flixabi (infliximab) received EC marketing authorization in January 2016 and May 2016, respectively. The EC approval of Imraldi applies to all 28 European Union (EU) member states as well as the European Economic Area (EEA) member states of Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Biogen will commercialize Imraldi in the EU and EEA member states. The EC approval of Imraldi follows a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) in June 2017. For more information visit expopharm exhibitor directory. Coherus BioSciences, Inc., announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a complete response letter (CRL) for its biologics license application for CHS-1701, a pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) biosimilar candidate, under the 351(k) pathway. Coherus states that, the company will work with the FDA to address the information requests. "While we are disappointed in the delay that this additional request has caused, we remain confident in our ability to address the FDA's requests for the purpose of obtaining approval for CHS-1701," said Denny Lanfear, President and CEO of Coherus BioSciences. Sandoz, a Novartis division, and the pioneer and global leader in biosimilars, announced that the European Commission (EC) has approved Rixathon (biosimilar rituximab) for use in Europe. Rixathon is approved for use in all indications of the reference medicine, MabThera. Rixathon is approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as well as immunological diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and microscopic polyangiitis. The EC approval was based on a comprehensive development program generating analytical, preclinical, and clinical – including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) – data. The program demonstrated Rixathon matches its reference medicine in terms of safety, efficacy, and quality. Cinfa Biotech S.L., the biosimilars company of Cinfa Group,	-0.057096	1.401773	-0.042741	0.493345	[ 0.31545585013020055, -0.42964758324512514 ]	[ 1.7634803387411861, 1.0400663918920598 ]	[ 0.1664987207687193, -0.2519810484196851 ]	[ 0.6546299271507867, 0.33206001388742906 ]	1,024	[ 512, 512 ]	[ 317, 28935, 21184, 1022, 275, 3189, 1696, 19806, 29889, 9326, 278, 7824, 11444, 29915, 29879, 313, 11206, 29897, 9999, 292, 28733, 310, 1551, 509, 3365, 424, 29892, 263, 289, 2363, 326, 2327, 29371, 2439, 1547, 262, 313, 509, 579, 3365, 398, 370, 511, 363, 278, 14502, 310, 4688, 24207, 23900, 29892, 1539, 579, 2454, 24207, 23900, 322, 1539, 579, 2454, 330, 7614, 293, 23900, 29889, 13, 2951, 509, 3365, 424, 338, 278, 937, 534, 579, 3365, 398, 370, 289, 2363, 326, 2327, 304, 7150, 24378, 7606, 2134, 791, 297, 4092, 29889, 13, 1576, 17522, 2134, 791, 310, 1551, 509, 3365, 424, 16058, 304, 599, 29871, 29906, 29947, 7824, 7761, 313, 29923, 29965, 29897, 4509, 5922, 322, 278, 7824, 12884, 293, 18320, 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today announced positive top-line data from the second clinical trial with its lead development candidate B12019, a biosimilar version of Neulasta (pegfilgrastim) to treat chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The trial demonstrated comparability of B12019 and its reference product Neulasta with regards to pharmacodynamics (PD) and immunogenicity. All primary and secondary study endpoints were met. The multiple-dose, randomised, double-blind, three-period cross-over study enrolled 96 healthy volunteers in Germany. The study design was based on scientific advice from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and was tailored to the specific properties of pegfilgrastim. The study met its primary endpoints: area under the effect curve (AUEC0-last) for PD and anti-drug antibody rate (ADA) for immunogenicity, confirming comparability to Neulasta. Likewise, all secondary endpoints were achieved. The safety of B12019 was also comparable to Neulasta. Further data from the trial will be presented at upcoming scientific conferences. Pegfilgrastim is indicated for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor agonist is used to stimulate bone marrow to produce more neutrophils to decrease the incidence of infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Sandoz, announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) has adopted positive opinions, separately recommending the approval of both Sandoz' biosimilar rituximab and biosimilar etanercept in Europe. The products are recommended to treat the same indications as their respective reference medicines. "We are proud to help patients in Europe with blood cancers and immunological diseases by improving their access to effective treatments through the potential approval of not just one, but two new Sandoz biosimilar medicines," said Mark Levick, MD PhD, Global Head of Development, Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz. "Today's recommendations from the CHMP will not only benefit patients, but they demonstrate our leadership in biosimilars and the strength of the Sandoz and Novartis immunology and oncology portfolios". The CHMP recommendations were based on two comprehensive development programs in which analytical, preclinical and clinical – including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic – data were generated. The programs demonstrated biosimilarity of biosimilar rituximab and etanercept to their respective reference medicines. Sandoz has a leading biosimilar pipeline and, in addition to biosimilar rituximab and etanercept (Erelzi approved in 2016 by the FDA), plans to launch three more biosimilars of major oncology and immunology biologics across key geographies by 2020. We are looking forward to welcoming you at our booth at ARAB HEALTH – Stand No. Z3.E39 in the "German Hall". 30th January to 2nd February 2017. For more information visit ARAB HEALTH exhibitor directory. Mylan N.V. and Biocon Ltd. last week announced submission of Mylan's biologics license application (BLA) for MYL-1401O, a proposed biosimilar trastuzumab, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the 351(K) pathway. This product is a proposed biosimilar to branded trastuzumab, which is indicated to treat certain HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers. Mylan and Biocon believe that this has the potential to be the first submission of a proposed biosimilar trastuzumab in the U.S. The submitted BLA includes a comprehensive package of analytical similarity, nonclinical and clinical data. The clinical data consists of two pharmacokinetic studies and the HERITAGE confirmatory efficacy and safety trial. 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White Light, Black Rain: powerful HBO film about atomic bombing of Japanese cities By C.W. Rogers White Light, Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,written and directed by Steven Okazaki In August 1945, in an act that will forever haunt the memory of humankind, the United States government under President Harry Truman ordered the dropping of two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, incinerating some 120,000 people instantly and leading to the slow and painful deaths of hundreds of thousands more in the weeks, months and years to follow. The recent HBO documentary White Light, Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki examines the events surrounding the dropping of the bomb and provides rare and powerful first-hand accounts from a group of Japanese survivors. On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 a.m. on a clear and sunny morning, the US B-29 bomber the Enola Gay dropped a 15-kiloton atomic bomb, codenamed "Little Boy," over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. An estimated 140,000 people, out of a population of nearly 300,000, were killed immediately or shortly afterward. Everything at or near the hypocenter of the bomb was instantly vaporized. It was the world's very first encounter with nuclear weapons. Three days later on August 9, US bombers dropped a second, 21-kiloton atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man," onto the city of Nagasaki. An estimated 70,000 people, nearly all civilians, were killed within a short period of time, many of them also instantly vaporized. The new HBO film, made by veteran documentarian Steven Okazaki, allows 14 survivors of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to speak about their memories of that day and those that followed the bombing. Their accounts reveal, in the most personal and shocking manner, the horror that resulted from these barbaric crimes. These voices and their descriptions shed light on one of the darkest chapters in the history of world imperialism, and serve as a reminder of the dangers that exist at present as the American ruling elite threatens to plunge the world into new conflagrations. Okazaki, who won an Oscar in 1991 for his documentary Days of Waiting about a Caucasian artist interned with Japanese-Americans in the US during World War II, has created in White Light, Black Rain a worthy and deeply moving film. In the opening sequence, the filmmaker asks teenagers on the streets of modern-day Hiroshima if they know which event occurred on August 6, 1945. None of them know the proper answer. "I don't know," answers one. "An earthquake?," replies another. "I'm bad at history," states a third. This inability to identify such a momentous event, particularly by the younger generation in Japan, troubles Okazaki. But this disturbing phenomenon of historical amnesia is hardly unique to that country. How much is known or discussed in America or anywhere else about the US government's decision to unleash the most lethal and destructive weapon in history? Contrary to the rationale offered by the US government and military that the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945 was necessary to save American lives and end the war without an invasion of Japan, the historical facts argue otherwise. While Tokyo had already made gestures toward suing for peace, the Truman administration was determined to use the bomb. On the one hand, the US ruling elite was set on ending the war before Soviet forces could advance into China or Korea, or for that matter Japan itself. On the other, there was the desire to show off the bomb to demonstrate the overwhelming and unchallengeable power of the American military. The war was to end on US terms. There would be no brokering of peace with the involvement of the Soviet Union or anyone else (see "Sixty Years since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings"). The accounts from the American pilots, scientific observers and navigators who carried out the bombing missions begin in the chapter of the film entitled "The Survivors." 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inclusion in a chapter that introduces the victims of the bombings seems misplaced. Of the fourteen atomic bomb survivors interviewed in White Light, Black Rain, most are speaking publicly about their recollections for the first time. Many were left severely disfigured. The filmmaker, in a very effective approach, introduces the survivors holding photographs of themselves before the bombing. The pictures, mainly portraits of beautiful and innocent children alone or with family members, or class pictures with young classmates, seem to transcend national and ethnic identity. A text notes that Kiyoko Imori, one of the survivors, was three blocks from ground zero at the time of the bombing and lost her entire family. Another text explains that the 11-year-old was the only child to survive from her school—all 620 of her classmates perished. Sumiteru Taniguchi, a 16-year-old letter carrier at the time, holds up a photograph of himself as a bright and happy teenager. In the bombing he suffered massive burns to his face, arms and back, some of which never healed, and to this day he lives in constant pain. Many of the survivors describe where they were and what they were doing just before the bomb struck—children were getting ready or arriving for school, attending a church mass, helping their mothers around the house. And then the bomb explodes in a giant white flash. People are thrown through the air and from their houses. Children burn alive under piles of rubble. Parents and siblings are turned into ash. People with burning flesh run toward the river. The water and its banks are full of corpses. To depict the moments that immediately followed the bombings, Okazaki makes use of drawings and paintings made by other survivors that portray the unimaginable suffering and carnage. A slideshow of the images can be viewed at: http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/whitelightblackrain/slideshow.html). Sakue Shimorhira was ten years old and lost both her mother and a brother in the Nagasaki bombing. She lived for years in a shack amongst ruins of the city, surviving by eating grass and garbage. Her sister would later step in front of a train, taking her own life. "I woke up and looked around. I saw an incredible sight. People with their eyes hanging out," Shimorhira described. "Their skin was shredded and hanging off their bodies. 'Please help me, Please help me!' they cried out. One woman was carrying a baby. The baby had no head. I was so scared." Shimorhira recalls yelling at her unconscious sister until she came to. "She started crying for our mother, 'Mommy, help us! Mommy, help us!' I saw two burnt bodies. I saw that one of the bodies had holes where the eyes should be and one gold tooth. My mother had one gold tooth, so I knew it was her. We reached out and said, 'Mommy!' Before our eyes it crumbled into ashes." Thirteen-year-old Katsuji Yoshido of Nagasaki recalls being thrown 100 feet through the air from the blast and landing in a rice field. "People with no arms, no legs, their intestines spilling out, brains spilling out of their crushed skulls," he explains. "And near ground zero, there were black, carbonized bodies burnt beyond recognition. People in unimaginable states." After the bomb detonated over the center of Hiroshima, winds from the explosion reached 1000 mph and temperatures on the ground reached 9000 degrees Fahrenheit. Senji Yamaguchi, 14, was living in Nagasaki. He survived the blast and spent over a year in a hospital. "The children were crying," he remembers. "Even though their parents were dead, they still cried for their mothers, 'Mama, please give me water!' Then they'd fall over and suddenly they were silent." The 16-year-old letter carrier, Sumiteru Taniguchi, was on his bicycle in Hiroshima delivering letters when the blast hit. 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back were gone. With all my might I tried to get up, but I couldn't stand much less walk. Someone carried me on his back and laid me down under a tree. All around me, people were dying." Several weeks after the bombings, Japanese film crews began to arrive from Tokyo capturing footage of the aftermath. American troops arrived shortly after and confiscated all the footage and then put the crews to work under their direction. At this point the crews began using color film stock. The footage was taken back to Washington and locked away for nearly 30 years. Some of this footage, including photographs, is shown in the final and unquestionably most disturbing and powerful part of the documentary entitled, "The Aftermath." Black and white photographs and film footage document two cities that no longer existed. The charred remains of babies and children emerge from the debris and devastation. Makeshift hospitals were set up in the ruins of the two cities and were littered with mangled and scorched bodies of all ages. Doctors roamed about looking for people who might still be breathing. Amazingly, Okazaki managed to match up two of his survivors with color film footage shot in the aftermath of the bombings. Senji Yamaguchi is shown in a Nagasaki hospital six months after the bomb. The 14-year-old boy's flesh over half his body melted and is raw and infected. Half of his face has been burned away. The color footage of patients in this Nagasaki hospital is almost impossible to watch. Yamaguchi recalls, "Both the adults and the children would hear the nurses coming down the hall and as they approached everyone would beg to be killed." Sumiteru Taniguchi, at one point removes his shirt for the camera to show what his body looks like at present day. It is devastating. We then see him as a 16-year-old boy lying on a hospital bed filmed in color by a US Army film crew. The boy's entire back, from his neck down, has been burned to a bloody pulp. "They ripped the gauze off my back," Taniguchi describes, "I tried to bear the pain but at that moment I started yelling at them to kill me." On August 6, 1945, US President Harry Truman issued a self-serving and vindictive statement in which he justified the horrible bombing. He claimed that the Japanese had begun "the war from the air at Pearl Harbor" and they had now "been repaid many-fold." Truman neglected to mention that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were home to hundreds of thousands of civilians. He went on to warn about the US development of atomic weapons, noting ominously that "even more powerful arms are in development." The warning was clear. American imperialism, under a Democratic president was baring its fangs and threatening the world, especially the Soviet Union whose forces were now on the verge of advancing into Manchuria, with its ability to incinerate entire peoples. Soon after the bombing surviving residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki began getting sick with "atomic bomb disease." Those that should have been getting better began displaying strange symptoms, including hair loss, bleeding and purple spots, the film explains. "Tens of thousands got sick, and they were dying left and right." Radiation disease struck the two cities not nearly as abruptly as the bombs, but with just as much devastation. "Pika don" became the Japanese word for radiation, though people knew little or nothing about it. It began as a dirty word for the bomb, and it actually grew into a stigma for those afflicted. "And the 'pika don' people became the untouchables," explains a survivor. Survivors suffering the effects of radiation faced a lifetime of sickness and isolation. Many were left to fend for themselves in the months and years following the US bombings, scavenging the ruins of the city for food. 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planning to absorb. They also make already easy boss fights easier. Since we're on the subject, the game reuses bosses too often. (You'll be seeing Mr. Frosty more than once.) One more negative is the length. Kirby games are not typically that long, but one expects more from a $60 game. The story mode in Star Allies is about five hours, which is not terrible, but still on the shorter side. You can go back and collect the Picture Pieces and find the Big Switches, but since these are incredibly easy to find (players hoping for a challenging scavenger hunt will be disappointed), chances are you'll find most of them on your first playthrough without losing much time. The game does feature some bonus sub-game modes, with perhaps the most notable being a boss rush called 'The Ultimate Choice.' So, there is some after-game content, but the main story mode needed to be a little longer. Kirby Star Allies is not the revolutionary Kirby game as Mario Odyssey was to the Mario series. But, Star Allies is still a lot of fun. The levels are nicely designed, and accompanied by a stellar soundtrack. The power to combine abilities makes a triumphant return, which enhances the already solid gameplay experience. While the main story mode is almost always not that difficult (you'll probably never see the game over screen, and have collected over 100 lives by the end), there is some challenge to be found in the climax. Plus, game difficulty is not the sole indicator of quality. Epic Yarn was even easier, and that game is a masterpiece. What Star Allies unfortunately lacks is innovation. There are some great, innovative aspects, but the game needed more. Also, one can beat the story relatively quickly, making the $60 price questionable. (Breath of the Wild and Odyssey are at least double the length.) But overall, I had a good time playing Star Allies. It goes down as one of the more memorable Kirby experiences in recent years. November 12, 2017 November 12, 2017 4 Comments Sonic the Hedgehog is one of the biggest names in the video game industry. Back in the 90s when SEGA still made consoles, the Blue Blur was a rival to Super Mario. It's unfortunate that quite a few of his later games were mediocre. Secret Rings, Unleashed, and more recently Boom, all helped to sour the name of Sonic when it came to quality platforming. This year looked to reverse the trend. Sonic Mania, a throwback to classic Sonic side-scrolling, released to positive reviews. Of course, the time was right for a new 3D installment as well. Sonic Forces released this past week and is the first "big" game in awhile. It brought back familiar faces and was to feature a grand storyline. Combine that with fast-paced 3D and 2D gameplay, and we have what should be a platformer resurgence for the franchise. Sadly, the concept of Forces is better than the actual product. It's a fun game, but lacks in some key areas. The story begins when Sonic is called in to stop Dr. Eggman once again. The hero races through Green Hill and arrives in the city. Unfortunately, Eggman seems to have recruited Chaos, Zavok, Metal Sonic and Shadow. There's also a new villain called Infinite working alongside the doctor. Sonic is defeated, and fast forward 6 months, Dr. Eggman has taken over the world. The resistance, led by Knuckles, has to somehow win the day. Though with Sonic seemingly gone, this could get hard. Let's discuss the story, arguably one of the game's primary selling points. The concept of Dr. Eggman finally winning and taking over sounds awesome. The opening scene is filled with tension as Sonic is struck by his old enemies, and also a new powerful villain that Tails says is even faster. After this, the screen goes black with the text, "With Sonic defeated, Eggman's army quickly took over. Within months, all but a few isolated areas in the world were under their control." …What? Instead of telling me that happened, show me. The game is incredibly short, only a little over three hours long. This is due in part to the story taking shortcuts. According to the dialogue, Sonic was captured and tortured

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for months. Once again, don't tell me, show me. Later in the game, Infinite traps Sonic and the Avatar in "Null Space." Some time should have been spent in there, but the two heroes escape a few seconds later! As one can see, the story seems to rush itself for no reason. Back in the early 2000s, the Sonic games had excellent, well-paced stories. Adventure 2 still stands above the rest when it comes to quality storytelling with actual emotion. Forces often lacks that emotional punch (Sonic was tortured for months, but when we find him, he has no bruises and gives no indication that he endured hardship) and has rushed pacing. Also, Sonic's old enemies returning ended up being a massive disappointment – almost false advertising even. The story is still fun, but it's a shame to think about what could have been. Infinite gets quality dialogue and is an interesting character. His last scene was anti-climatic sadly; he should have come back and be the true final boss. The gameplay is another primary reason why one would pick up this game. The main Sonic gameplay uses a refined engine from Sonic Unleashed. This is sometimes a good thing, and a bad thing. It's fun to blast through levels, but I can't say there's quality level design at work here when it comes to the main Sonic's gameplay. The problem isn't really in the levels themselves: the problem is the length. Just about every level you can beat in under two minutes. So, it's hard to enjoy a level because it's over incredibly quick. Ironically, the boost mechanic ends up almost being a negative, because it speeds up already short levels. (You can almost blast through Mystic Jungle completely with boost.) Why were the levels so short? It's baffling. Classic Sonic returns for retro gameplay. Again, the levels are too short. It's a shame, because there is some quality design here. Iron Fortress late in the game was genuinely challenging, and even featured a nice auto-scrolling section. Just when I'm really enjoying the platforming, the level ends. This could have been better if each level had a second act, but that isn't the case. There is a third type of gameplay, and that's the "Avatar's." For some reason, Sonic Team thought fans would want to create their own character. To be fair, the Avatar's gameplay isn't bad. Personally, I would have rather been playing as Sonic but the Avatar's levels were solid. (They are also sadly short as well.) The ability to customize Avatar's weapon is a nice feature. Sonic Adventure 2 still features the best platforming of all the 3D Sonic games, and that came out over 15 years ago. The gameplay was fast, but not too fast where you're zooming through the entire stage. The stages were of great length and memorable. (We all still remember City Escape and Metal Harbor.) You won't be remembering many, if any, stages in Forces because they're over before they get really good. Also, the gameplay mechanics didn't seem very tight at times. Classic Sonic and Avatar in his/her 2D sections seemed loose, thus making some simple jumps seem almost risky. One consistently strong aspect of the game is the soundtrack. From the heroic 'Fist Bump' to the villainous theme of Infinite, the music is one of the best in the franchise. That's another reason why it's too bad the levels are short: the music ends along with them. I wanted to keep listening to the amazing 'Guardian Rock' and 'Aqua Road' songs. The boss battles are solid. The Death Crab battle is well done and intense. It was lazy, however, for the big Infinite battle to be a re-skin of the earlier fight with Metal Sonic. Overall, Sonic Forces is a missed opportunity for something truly great. I had fun playing through it – the gameplay and music is a pleasure. Some of the levels have thematic quality (the Death Egg robots in the background of Ghost Town is one such example) and surprisingly the Avatar's gameplay is interesting. Sadly, the levels are too short to enjoy. The game is probably the shortest Sonic 3D game, clocking in at a little over 3 hours, which is

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criminally short. Even the story is disappointing. There's some great cutscenes, but too much untapped potential and often lack of emotion to be invested if you don't care about the characters. One can mock Sonic 06's romance, but the plot there was engaging and well paced. Forces comes off as a rushed gameplay experience. Super Mario Odyssey Review October 31, 2017 October 31, 2017 2 Comments Super Mario. Those two words mean a lot of things for many people. For some, it references the nostalgic days of playing Super Mario Bros. on the NES in the 80s. For others, it's about modern installments such as going through the new arrivals list in Super Mario Maker. And then for the rest, it's a constant reminder of what quality platforming looks like. Super Mario Bros. was not the first video game, but it set the standard of what a quality platforming adventure is all about. In fact, Mario has been in the business of setting standards in the video game industry. First with Super Mario Bros., then with Super Mario 64 which defined 3D platforming going forward. This year marks a special time for Nintendo. The company released its latest console, the Switch, in March. Just as with any Nintendo home console, a new main Mario game was announced. That game was Super Mario Odyssey. When Mario was jumping over barrels in 8-bit form while Mayor Pauline sang the now iconic 'Jump Up, Superstar!' at New Donk City, it was at that moment I knew that Super Mario Odyssey was a revolution. Not only was it a revolution, it was a celebration of what has made Super Mario the face of video gaming as a whole. It takes the concept of previous platformers, specifically Super Mario Sunshine and Super Mario 64, and delivers an exciting experience for the current generation. As you walk up the stairs of the dark Ruined Kingdom, and later rush into the wedding hall for the final showdown, you know that Odyssey will go down as a legend. "In the skies above Peach's castle…" the text says as you start a new game. We're then shown as exciting sequence of Mario doing battle with Bowser atop the latter's airship as Princess Peach hangs in the balance. Bowser in his new wedding tuxedo manages to hit Mario with his top hat, and the hero falls a great distance. Mario's hat is shredded by the airship's propeller, and soon we meet Cappy. The opening isn't quite as thematic as the intro to the first Super Mario Galaxy, but it still nicely sets up the story. So, Mario meets a little ghost whom can transform into different hats and "possess" other characters. It turns out that Bowser also kidnapped Cappy's sister, so he and Mario have a common goal: stop Bowser's wedding with Peach. Cap Kingdom serves as a great tutorial area as the player gets to know Mario's controls (anyone who has played Super Mario 64 will feel right at home) and how Cappy works. Let's discuss Cappy for a bit. Some part of me was worried that the game would rely too much on Cappy's "capture" ability. This ability was heavily featured in marketing. It looked fun, but at the same time, if the game relied too much on the gimmick, some of the quality platforming could be lost. This is not the case. Cappy is used to enhance the experience and provide unique ways to go through the levels. From Mario becoming a frog in Cap Kingdom, to becoming a Banzai Bill to break through stone blocks, Cappy is smartly utilized. I haven't mentioned how thrilling it is to become a Tyrannosaurus Rex or to swim through the water as a Cheep Cheep. Cappy is also utilized greatly in the boss fights, such as possessing a Gushen to blast water at Mollusque-Lanceur, and having Madame Broode's golden Chain Chomp ram into her. Also, there's almost nothing as satisfying as reigning down blows on Bowser with the Koopa King's own hat. The boss battles are well designed and a lot of fun. Who can forget taking control of Knucklotec's fist and then ramming it into his face? How about using a tank to blast away the Me

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chaWiggler that's wreaking havoc in the Metro Kingdom? I'll never forget those, but perhaps the most epic was the fight against the Lord of Lightning atop the Ruined Kingdom. This was an example of showing how realistic graphics can exist in a Mario game. The Broodal fights are simplistic, but fun. Typically, the boss battles aren't too difficult. This is understandable because the Mario series has been known for being accessible for all ages. Whereas a game like The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild might attract older players, the Mario series attracts audiences of all ages. The boss fights, while not too difficult, are unique and provide a memorable experience. The final Bowser battle provides some good challenge and patterns to memorize. As with previous Mario games, the worlds in Super Mario Odyessey are incredible. Whereas Sunshine and Galaxy are limited by theme, Odyssey holds no limitations. We have the standard grassland in the form of Cascade Kingdom, the frosty Snow Kingdom, the food-themed Luncheon Kingdom, the New York City-inspired Metro Kingdom, among other fantastic worlds. These worlds are a nice size. They are not too big where players feel like they'll never get all the moons. (None of the worlds are as annoyingly daunting as Hazy Maze Cave from Super Mario 64.) A fantastic soundtrack accompanies the kingdoms. From the soft Lake Kingdom theme to the intense Lost Kingdom theme, the music is a treat. And of course, 'Jump Up, Superstar!' is an absolute masterpiece. As a whole, the soundtrack might not be as strong as the Mario Galaxies', but it's still fantastic. Finally, Odyssey is full of special surprises. I had a blast going through the short 8-bit sequences, which are an incredible throwback to Super Mario Bros., reminding the player when Super Mario began. I already mentioned the incredible sequence with 8-bit Mario jumping over barrels and eventually defeating DK as a homage to Mario's first ever appearance in the arcade game, Donkey Kong. There is also this atmosphere of grand gameplay never before seen in the franchise. No one will forget when Mario turned into Lord of the Rings as the player faced a dragon at the Ruined Kingdom. Maybe even more epic was the Moon Kingdom, doing an even better job at putting Mario in space than the Galaxies. (The ominous wedding bells were excellent.) It's here in the Moon Kingdom when the game features a Metroid-like escape climax. As the characters break through blocks to escape as the beautiful song 'Honeylune Ridge: Escape' plays, it's at this moment when the player realizes this might not just be the greatest Mario game, it might be the greatest game ever made. That's why the final scene is a letdown. To really finalize the epic experience, the game should have had Mario tie the knot with Peach. The game plays around with that idea, but then it doesn't happen. It's a shame and insulting to over 30 years of the characters' relationship. After such an epic climax, it's too bad the game ended on a comedic note. Overall, Super Mario Odyssey should be remembered as one of the greatest games of this generation. The kingdom designs are diverse and engaging. You will not want to put down the controller. Cappy is the new F.L.U.D.D., and he's just as smartly utilized as the water hose. There's so much else to love about this game. It's inviting and enthralling, not to mention epic. The callbacks to older games is an awesome touch for players who have grown up with the series. Aspects, like the hats/outfits and 8-bit sequences, enhance the experience. The soundtrack is a treat, and features two well done lyrical songs. Replay value is high, because there are over 800 Power Moons to collect. The game ended on a disappointing note, but the worlds, level design and just about everything works together so perfectly that I can't hold back the perfect score. Super Mario Odyssey joins The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild as one of the finest games Nintendo has ever made. Mario + Rabbids: Kingdom Battle Review The Mario franchise is no stranger to different genres. Platforming is what the series is

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known for, but there have been many different types of games. There have been sports, RPGs, and even a dancing game on one occasion. Despite all this however, I don't think many expected Mario to feature in an XCOM-style adventure. That's the case with Mario + Rabbids: Kingdom Battle. This game was a surprise when it was first announced. Not only is it the hero's first foray with this kind of battle style, it's also Mario's first new game on Nintendo's latest console, the Switch. Kingdom Battle delivers something special. It's a unique, fun and sometimes quite challenging game that brings the heavily strategy-based XCOM gameplay into the colorful worlds of Mario and the Rabbids. The story begins with the Rabbids warping into a human girl's home. It's a shame the story never went back there because she being a Mario fan was quite meta. Anyways, the Rabbids eventually warp to the Mushroom Kingdom. Because of one Rabbid's fiddling of a helmet capable of merging, the Kingdom is now out of whack. Now Mario, the Rabbids and a few other Mushroom heroes go through four worlds to fix the Kingdom. The story is fun and engages the viewer from the start. Of course, part of that enjoyment is going to hinge on the Rabbids. Kids will probably like them, but for older players they can become jarring. Thankfully, the Rabbids never become overbearing. (I'm still wondering why we didn't get Mario + Rayman instead.) As fun as the story is, the gameplay is the primary winner here. Chances are if you've never played XCOM before, Kingdom Battle might look complex. Kingdom Battle's gameplay however is quickly understood. By the end of World 1, the player is confident to press on. What makes this style of gameplay truly great is the amount of strategy it requires of the player. Players must make decisions on which weapons to use, which special abilities to implement, (should I heal my guys or make their weapons stronger?) which skills to upgrade, and how to use the environment to their advantage. One example is a battle that featured a Chain Chomp stage hazard. Eventually I figured out that I should use the Chain Chomp to my advantage. Another example of careful strategic planning is a battle that features an environment that circles around. The enemies featured here are mostly powerful Smashers, which do a large amount of damage. They however do not move very far; so players have to carefully maneuver and then attack them. As one can see, there's quality strategic play at work in this game. Sadly, quite a few battles are on the easier side. It's understandable that Kingdom Battle works as an accessible point into the XCOM world, but more battles could have been given a slightly harder push. With that said, the game does feature quite a few genuine challenges that forces players to carefully evaluate their losses and come up with new strategies. When it's hard, Kingdom Battle is a masterpiece when it comes to strategic play. The final boss heals himself twice, and makes the player ask the questions, "Should I concentrate on the minions and then focus on the boss, or focus all firepower on the boss? Can I do both?" The boss battles are diverse, from Rabbid Kong's shockwaves to having to turn off the spotlight on Phantom of the Bwahpera. To switch things up, the gameplay sometimes features "get to the goal" battles. Instead of fighting enemies, the objective is to get to the appointed yellow area. These were a nice change of pace. It especially gets interesting when you have to escort a non-fighter, such as Toad, to the goal without that character being depleted of his/her health. While battles are the primary part of the game, you will spend a good amount of time exploring the maps. Here Mario and friends go from level to level often looking for secret areas that can yield artwork, new weapons, and other nifty things. You will also solve puzzles of varying difficulty. They are not a bad way to keep that strategic thinking going between battles. The soundtrack is wonderfully orchestrated. From the tension-filled 'Into the Pit' to the epic 'Bowser Returns,' the music in this game is well done. It's a shame there weren't many Mario remixes, but since this is a crossover game, it makes sense the soundtrack

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wouldn't be 100% focused on delivering Mario-specific themes. There are four worlds to trek through. That sounds like a small number, but each world has nine main sections, and they usually are not short. There are many collectibles to find for completionists. As for multiplayer, there are co-op challenges. That's fine, but it's shocking that there isn't a versus mode. How fun would it be to challenge a sibling or friend whom has come over for some strategic play? Ubisoft made a mistake not implementing a competitive mode. Overall, Mario + Rabbids is an unexpectedly great crossover. The amount of depth to the gameplay is amazing. Many battles you'll think up different strategies as you see how far an enemy can move. You'll use the environment to your advantage (while the computers do the same). The characters have diverse weapons and abilities. I personally liked Rabbid Peach's heal ability and had her on my team. Maybe you will like Rabbid Yoshi's Gatling gun-type weapon. There are other things to consider, such as skill points, further adding to the depth. More battles with higher difficultly would have been welcome however, and a lack of competitive multiplayer is almost a crime. Despite those things, Kingdom Battle is definitely worth a look, whether or not you're familiar with XCOM. If you're not familiar, this game will give you an appreciation for it. In recent years, Sonic as a franchise has been out of its prime. The last main game was Sonic Lost World, which wasn't that great. To makes things worse, SEGA then released a new version of the series called Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric, which was critically panned. Things started to look up last year in July when two new Sonic titles were announced. One of those titles was Sonic Mania. Similar to the underrated Sonic the Hedgehog 4, Mania was going to bring Sonic back to his Genesis roots. Mania took it one step further than Sonic 4, using the retro art style and sprites. The game saw release this year, and it ended up being a nice nostalgic trip reminding players why they fell in love with the franchise in the first place. Mania has an impressive 13 zones. Eight of those are remastered while five are new. First, it was an interesting idea to remake old zones and even remix the themes. It's nice to hop right back into Green Hill Zone and Flying Battery Zone. Stardust Speedway is iconic, but like in Sonic CD, it's still a little uneven. Oil Ocean was intense, as it forces Sonic to watch out for the smoggy atmosphere that takes over the screen. So, it's fun seeing some of the old zones back. At the same time however, it would have been great to see more original zones. In a new game, there should have been more original zones. Generations already had the idea of bringing back older zones. But, this isn't a make it or break it deal as the old zones are still fun to play through, and the new ones are well made. Mirage Saloon Zone is a highlight. Like the Genesis games, Mania puts an emphasis on speed. The player will be blasting through at many parts, but there's also careful platforming. Getting squished is easy if one isn't careful. The last zone, (not counting the secret final zone) Titanic Monarch, has plenty of platforming, forcing the player to slow down and carefully navigate the area. It's a tough balance the Sonic games have to maintain, because on one hand the player wants to zoom through as the fastest video game character alive. On the other hand, just blasting through would make the game easy and quick. Mania nicely balances sonic-speed gameplay and platforming. Boss battles in the Sonic series have been more on the challenging side. (Who could forget the Death Egg Robot at the end of Sonic the Hedgehog 2?) It's the same with Mania; each boss is well designed and provides a quality challenge. One highlight is the encounter with Metal Sonic at the end of Stardust Speedway. It's fast paced and intense, especially if you're not able to hold on to your rings. Another highlight is Heavy Magician at the end of Mirage Saloon, where it impersonates classic Sonic characters Fang, Bean, and B

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ark. Oh, one can't forget playing a round of Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine against Eggman himself at the end of Chemical Plant Zone. Multiplayer is a nice feature, and Mania also has a competition mode, which is always welcome. The soundtrack is fantastic, from the remastered themes to the original ones. Overall, Sonic Mania does a stellar job bringing back the original Sonic style of gameplay. It looks and plays like a Genesis title. It's evident from the start that the developers care a great deal about the franchise. Though there's too many old zones in comparison to new ones, they are almost all a blast to run through. Acquiring the Chaos Emeralds is a hard endeavor, so those wanting to get the true ending are in for a genuine challenge. If you've been absent from the series for awhile or just want some classic Sonic, Mania is worth the purchase. Sonic is finally back with a title worthy of his 25th anniversary, which looks to continue later this year with Sonic Forces. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild Review August 27, 2017 February 28, 2018 1 Comment When one hears the name "Zelda," one thinks of a princess, adventure, and dungeons. There's also another word, and that's "quality." Since its inception in 1986, The Legend of Zelda has cemented itself as one of the greatest in the adventure platformer genre. Every main 3D console game has received critical acclaim, from Ocarina of Time to Skyward Sword. The small console ones have too been well liked. The latest game, Breath of the Wild, had been highly anticipated since its unveiling. It looked to be the first game in a long time to shake up the core gameplay. Sure, every game has its unique gimmick, but Breath of the Wild looked to overhaul a lot of key things. It's one of the most ambitious games Nintendo has ever produced, and one of the company's finest. When talking about some of the core concepts about Breath of the Wild, Director Eiji Aonuma in an interview with The Verge, stated that "…from the very start of Breath of the Wild, we wanted to, and set out to, create a world that wasn't only vast, but where everything was connected. So you really could freely explore the world, without these barriers or gaps imposed." These comments sum up what makes Breath of the Wild unique among Zelda titles: the vast open world. It takes Termina Field from Majora's Mask to another level. It is such a great concept: if you see something in the distance, you can actually run to it and climb it; it's not just decoration for the background. One can spend hours running around the map. In fact, it's possible to not even explore the whole thing if the player is just set on following the core narrative. Nintendo succeeded in delivering a world that encourages players to check every inch of. The Zelda series is known for its epic storylines, and Breath of the Wild continues in like manner. Hyrule was ravaged by "Calamity Ganon" 100 years ago, and Link has finally awakened from his slumber. Now Link has to take back the four Divine Beasts, eventually battling Ganon and freeing Princess Zelda from her burden of sealing the villain at Hyrule Castle. It's a similar storyline, but also different and engages the player from beginning to end. It really feels like you're part of something big as you hear the backstory from Impa early in the game. After talking to Impa, the core part of the game begins: going to different areas and freeing the Divine Beasts from Ganon's control. It's smart how Nintendo did this; each area is placed far away from each other on the map. This forces the player to explore Hyrule. So, if players for some reason had no intention of exploring, they would still get much sightseeing. As for knowing where to go, there are yellow indicators pointing Link to his destination. This was welcome, because sometimes in Zelda it can get a bit confusing where to go next. Breath of the Wild is more straightforward than Ocarina of Time. However, it's not linear like a Crash Bandicoot level. Instead, Breath of the Wild almost perfectly balances having the player figure

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out what to do and being straightforward. Yes, there is an indicator on the map of where to go. But it's up to the player to maneuver around obstacles and plan how to traverse tall mountains. The only part I was confused about was getting to Goron City. Link would soon heat up upon entry without the right clothes. I would be burning up looking for the shop at the city, where I would purchase the right attire to actually be able to live in the area. That worked, but it didn't feel like that's what the game wanted the player to do. Or maybe it was. Either way, getting to the different areas tested the player's ability to plan on the go. The dungeons are of shorter length than the average Zelda dungeon. This is a good thing, because it can take awhile, almost 40 minutes even, to get to the next area. If the dungeons were super long as well, that would have been too much. The dungeons instead are just the perfect length. The length also doesn't affect the level of brainstorming players must do in order to complete the dungeons. Zelda games are known for its dungeons and forcing players to consider how to use the tools at their disposal. Each dungeon in Breath of the Wild makes the player think, and every time a breakthrough would occur, it was a truly happy moment. There's a boss at the end of every main dungeon. Breath of the Wild isn't the easiest game out there, and the bosses are evident of that. They are genuinely challenging. (One won't forget facing Waterblight Ganon.) Arrows are a key aspect in facing these bosses, and that's another thing making this Zelda game unique among other entries. Link can find arrows out in the open (of course, he can also purchase them) and also weapons. These weapons, from a woodcutter's axe to tree branch, eventually break. It would be a shame to have everything break or run out in the middle of a boss battle; that's why players want to stock up and carefully use different weapons throughout the game. This adds another layer of strategy as players trek through the 30 hour story. As for Link himself, he plays similarly to previous incarnations. The biggest difference is that he can now jump. It's a little strange to see him jump after all these years. (Then again, he's always been able to jump in Super Smash Bros.) Another change is that Link has unlimited access to bombs, and can even stop some things from moving. These are nicely implemented for puzzles and boss fights. On the giant map there are many mini-dungeons called Shrines, which also serve as checkpoints Link can warp to. These are great because running back and fourth across the map would grow tiresome. Entering and completing these mini-dungeons are optional, but doing so will eventually give Link more stamina and hearts. Those things are important, so they're a good incentive for players to complete the Shrines. Another new feature is cooking food. There's a lot of food in the open to replenish hearts, and cooking adds special benefits. It's an interesting feature that, once again, adds a layer of strategy. The final boss battle is epic and provides a satisfying finale. The award to greatest Ganon boss fight still belongs to Twilight Princess, but Breath of the Wild's was well done as well. (The final Light Arrow shot won't soon be forgotten.) Actually getting to Ganon is one of the most well done parts of the game. Getting to the top of a ravaged Hyrule Castle with some of the classic Zelda theme playing was intense. Unfortunately, acquiring the Master Sword is optional. Characters make mention of it, but it's a side quest. It should have been a main quest because completing the game without it just doesn't feel right. Overall, Breath of the Wild lives up to its grand presentation. The open world is one of the best, encouraging players to run around and see what they can find. The story is enthralling and full of memorable characters. The soundtrack is also great. There are many variations on the Zelda formula, but they never feel out of place or different just to be different. That's because there's a level of quality and class to the gameplay and story, as one would expect from a Zelda title. Link's mission to take back Hyrule from Ganon is epic. Breath of the Wild makes the case for game of the year.

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Studying a Masters Degree of Agricultural Science at The University of Western Australia, Calum Watt is breeding a better barley for your beer. Growing up on hobby farms he soon realised his agricultural interests lay in plants, especially crops, rather than animals and meeting friends at university he soon developed "broadacre" envy. "Understanding that the nature of farming is changing for good or worse made me want to integrate genetics and crops so that I could become a crop breeder," Sam says. Geoff's dream of becoming a farmer was realised at 9 years old, when his family moved from the city to a cattle property near Tamworth. His family operate a cattle stud, a commercial beef cattle herd, and grow seasonal fodder crops. Now a chartered accountant in Brisbane by day, Geoff's love for agriculture still consumes his weekends. His career highlight to date came when his stud bull Avignon Absolute was crowned 2011 Grand Champion of Sydney Royal Easter Show. In far western NSW, near Broken Hill, Anika's family run Dorper sheep for the prime lamb market. After high school Anika jillarooed on large scale beef properties across Queensland, before completing a Bachelor of Science (Agribusiness) at Charles Sturt University, followed by her Masters in Sustainable Agriculture. Now an agribusiness banker with Suncorp Bank in the Riverina region of Griffith, Anika loves being able to work across a wide range of farming industries, though her heart lies with lamb. Joe Banks from Dirranbandi in Queensland remembers his early years dominated by drought as he and his family moved their sheep along stock routes in a bid for survival. In fact the vagaries of weather and a changing climate were to be catalysts for his career in agriculture. Joe has since expanded his agricultural knowledge, education and experience: working on remote northern Australian cattle stations and live cattle export ships, and studying a Bachelor of Agribusiness at Marcus Oldham College; all experiences that have contributed to his current role as Commercial Analyst for NAPCO. From the bush to the bread on your dining table, 2015 GRDC Grains Young Farming Champion Emma Ayliffe lives to grow the fibre-packed grains that help Aussies stay strong and healthy. After growing up on a station two hours from Coober Pedy, South Australia, studying agricultural science at the University of Adelaide was natural progression for Emma. Work lead her to a role in broadacre agronomy in the Clare Valley before taking on an agronomy role at the unique lake-bed cropping operation of Lake Tandou, part of the Menindee Lakes system, in far-western NSW. Sixth generation farmer and third year veterinary student Dione Howard is a 2015 Australian Wool Innovation Young Farming Champion. Born into a farming family in the NSW Riverina, Dione inherited her father and grandfather's enthusiasm for sheep and wool through the family's 80 year old merino stud. Loving a challenge, Dione pursued a veterinary degree at Charles Sturt University and aspires to work toward the best possible sustainable, social and economical methods of animal production. She has worked with companies such as pork producers Rivalea, poultry producers Baiada and beef cattle genetics producers Rennylea Angus, participated in the Intercollegiate Meat Judging Competition and the National Merino Challenge, and is currently completing her wool classing certificate. During university holidays Dione has worked for Agfarm grain brokers, giving her a special insight into the supply chain of grain from farmers' paddocks to its destinations across Australia and the world. Peta Bradley was drawn to the excitement of stock work on her family's sheep and cereal cropping property near Armatree, Central West NSW, from a young age. During high school she became involved in sheep showing and judging, successfully competing in the biggest sheep shows across Australia. Last year she became the youngest member appointed to the Australian Stud Sheep Breeder's Association NSW judging panels. Peta is currently in her first year of a Bachelor of Animal Science in Armidale. A thirst for learning and a passion for sheep took city-girl Jo Newton to Armidale in NSW to study agriculture and a PhD expl

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Political battle escalates over whistleblower complaint about Trump World » World. Main A political battle over a classified whistleblower complaint about U.S. President Donald Trump escalated on Friday, with Democrats warning of a national security threat and Republicans turning it into an attack on Joe Biden, one of Trump's chief political rivals. Trump dismissed the complaint from a whistleblower within the intelligence community - reported by several U.S. news organizations to involve the Republican president's communications with a foreign leader - as a partisan hit against him. The Sept. 12 complaint centered on Ukraine, the Washington Post reported. Reuters has not confirmed details of the whistleblower's complaint. But a source familiar with the matter said it alleged"multiple acts" by Trump, not just a phone call with a foreign leader. The source requested anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue. Trump had spoken with Ukraine's recently elected president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, less than three weeks before the complaint was filed. Trump is due to meet Zelenskiy during a United Nations gathering in New York. The July 25 call between the leaders is under investigation by three Democratic-led House committees, who want to know if Trump and his personal lawyer, Rudolph Giuliani, tried to pressure the Ukrainian government into aiding Trump's re-election campaign. The Wall Street Journal reported on Friday that Trump urged Zelenskiy about eight times during the call to work with Giuliani to investigate Biden's son. Giuliani said on CNN on Thursday he had asked the Ukrainian government to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of former Vice President Biden, who is a frontrunner in the field of Democrats seeking to challenge Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Giuliani alleged that as vice president, Biden sought the firing of a Ukrainian prosecutor who was investigating his son's business dealings. Biden and his son have denied the charge. "Not one single credible outlet has given any credibility to his (Trump's) assertion - not one single one. And so I have no comment except for the president to start to be president," Biden told reporters in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The former prosecutor, Viktor Shokin, had been criticized by the U.S. government and the European Union for larger issues, including blocking reforms to Ukraine's legal system. Ukraine's parliament approved his dismissal in March 2016. On Friday, Giuliani was seen by Reuters reporters at the Trump International Hotel, a few blocks away from the White House, sitting next to Lev Parnas, a Ukrainian businessman with whom he has recently been working. Giuliani declined comment. In a Sept. 9 letter to White House Counsel Pat Cipollone requesting documents, the chairmen of the House foreign affairs, intelligence and oversight committees said the Ukrainian government's readout of Trump's call appeared to show that he encouraged Zelenskiy to pursue the Biden investigation. The chairmen noted the State Department had acknowledged that Kurt Volker, the U.S. special representative to Ukraine, subsequently arranged for Giuliani to meet an aide to Zelenskiy in Spain. The letter also cited news media reports that Trump threatened to withhold more than $250 million in security assistance approved by Congress for Kiev to aid its fight against Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine. Trump did not mention a provision of foreign aid to Ukraine on the July 25 phone call with Zelenskiy, the Wall Street Journal reported, citing an unnamed source. Trump said he did not know the identity of the whistleblower or the precise accusations but that all of his conversations with foreign leaders had been appropriate. "It doesn't matter what I discussed but I will say this: somebody ought to look into Joe Biden's statement because it was disgraceful, where he talked about millions of dollars that he is not giving to a certain country unless a certain prosecutor is taken off the case. Somebody ought to look into that," Trump said. STONEWALLING The dispute is the latest chapter of a power struggle in which the Trump administration has been resisting efforts by Democratic lawmakers investigating the president's business dealings and actions to obtain documents, records and testimony from White House and senior agency officials. An intelligence community watchdog determined that the whistleblower compla

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earthquake vallejo twitter Teapot Coloring Page, Solubility Order Of Alkali Metal Bicarbonates, Mozart Symphony 40 Cello, Lg Sl5y Review, Pioneer Gm-a5702 Specs, Scythe Combos Brawlhalla 2020, Kessler Low C Bass Clarinet, Number Of Electrons In Nitrogen, Good Morning Images With Photo And Name, A street sign dangles over a busy street after an earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014. A pair of earthquakes, measuring 2.5 and 4.5 magnitude respectively, struck just south of Pleasant Hill on Monday evening, rocking the East Bay, authorities said. "Yep, definitely an earthquake. March 29, 2019: Magnitude 2.9 weak earthquake has been recorded in California with epicenter located 5km far from Vallejo, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported. A powerful magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck a remote part of the Amazon jungle in Peru early Sunday, collapsing buildings and knocking out power to some areas but causing only one reported death. Most of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were sealed off. She is a graduate of the University of Southern California with additional education. non-profit organizations and leaders in business and industry. The Vallejo Police Department said they responded to a shots fired report around 1:15 a.m. at … 2014-08-24 10:20:44 (UTC) | 38.215°N 122.312°W | 11.1 km depth VALLEJO, Calif. (KRON) — An Oakland man died in a shooting on Wednesday. 8/24/14. 08-28-2014 - Press Release - Status Update 4 City of Vallejo Earthquake Aftermath and Assessment: 5:02 p.m. 08-2 8-2014 - Press Release - Media Inquiry Regarding City of Vallejo Water Reservoir: 4:49 p.m. 08-27-2014 - Press Release - Status Update 3 City of Vallejo Earthquake Aftermath and … Please try again later. Between broken water mains and structural damage, the city late Sunday estimated that the quake caused … Brown declared a state of emergency, up to 100 homes deemed not habitable, and all Napa Unified School District schools will … Injuries, Damage After 6.0 Quake Rocks Napa Gov. A magnitude-4.5 earthquake was felt in the San Francisco Bay Area at 10:33 p.m. Monday, with an epicenter in the Walnut Creek and Pleasant Hill area. An earthquake damaged home sits on officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Vallejo, Calif. The earthquake did not spur the threat of a tsunami. A 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the San Jose, California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Updated at 1:20 p.m. At least 87 people were injured early Sunday morning after the largest earthquake to hit California's Napa Valley in 25 years struck near the Bay Area. #NapaEarthquake: Earthquake hits Napa Valley, Calif.; Damage, fires reported [on-scene photos] Posted at 9:45 am on August 24, 2014 by Lori Z. The U.S. Geological Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay area city. the Southern California Earthquake Center, the Earthquake Country Alliance, the American Red Cross, numerous CERT groups, and to a wide variety of public, private, and. Open Vallejo discovered the practice of deleting comments and blocking users during an investigation of the social media practices of council members, other city officials, and the City of Vallejo itself. The earthquake occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km. "During the weeks and months following" the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center, Max Page writes in The

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City's End, "two contradictory phrases were spoken over and over again…. The e-mail, from the Vallejo Police Officers' Association, was sent to Otis Taylor Jr., a columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, who is moving to Atlanta to take a new job. VALLEJO — A Bay Area man is facing federal gun possession charges after authorities intercepted a package addressed to him at an Antioch home that … VALLEJO -- A 2.6-magnitude earthquake shook the city of Vallejo and the surrounding area early Monday morning, according to the United States Geological Survey. EFF sided with members of the public blocked by President Trump on Twitter who sued him and members of his communications team in July 2017. More than 2,000 residents quickly reported their experience to the USGS, with a map showing people felt something as far north as San Francisco and Vallejo, as … Vallejo citizens and Mare Island sailors and Marines stepped up in a big way 114 years ago when San Francisco was hit by a massive 7.9 magnitude earthquake … Previously; 8:15 p.m. A magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes for several seconds. Quick jolt followed by a little roll," Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply. FAIRFIELD — Vallejo bore the brunt of the damage in Solano County associated with Sunday's 6.0-magnitude earthquake just a few miles away in Napa County. This feature is not available right now. (08-26) 08:04 PDT VALLEJO-- Blue-collar Vallejo may not get as much love as swanky, wine-sniffing Napa, but Sunday's magnitude 6.0 earthquake played no favorites, shaking at … A store employee inspects the damage at 3J's Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014. For several seconds after a large earthquake in Vallejo, Calif to the U.S. Geological Survey a! University of Southern California with additional education employee inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental after! Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight rattling!, 2014, in Vallejo, Calif store employee inspects the damage 3J. Occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km a graduate of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and sealed... California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey Aug.,. The earthquake occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km 26, 2014, in Vallejo,.. Earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay area city chimneys and were sealed off 26,.. 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes for seconds! Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply ; 8:15 p.m. a magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt tonight. And were sealed off area city Oriental Market after a large earthquake in,. Not spur the threat of a tsunami previously ; 8:15 p.m. a magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the of... Sits on officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Vallejo,.... Chimneys and were sealed off damage at 3J 's Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo,.! Bay area city struck near this San Francisco Bay area city Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24 2014..., area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey says a 3.3... Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes for several.!, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 employee inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental Market after large... Is a graduate of the University of Southern California with additional education, 2014, Vallejo. U.S. Geological Survey threat of a tsunami " Leslie Murphy tweeted

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in reply spur the threat of a.. Aug. 24, 2014 threat of a tsunami County tonight, rattling homes for several seconds 2:15 Wednesday! 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake off. Sits on officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26,.. Little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply 26, 2014 coast of Humboldt County tonight, homes! On officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 at s shallow depth of 8.5.! Coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes for several seconds the occurred. Not spur the threat of a tsunami Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of County... A store employee inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo, Calif followed... 'S Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday 24. Little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply 2014, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday 24! Roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply tweeted in.... Row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Calif.. A tsunami Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014 did spur! Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Vallejo,.... Not spur the threat of a tsunami damaged home sits on officers row on Island. The damage at 3J 's Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Aug.! Of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were sealed off magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck the. To the U.S. Geological Survey says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay city! Says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay area city struck off the of. Inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental Market after a large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug.,! Historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were sealed off a 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the San Jose,,! S shallow depth of 8.5 km by a little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply large. Tweeted in reply she is a graduate of the University of Southern California additional. A magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight rattling. Spur the threat of a tsunami a tsunami Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, Vallejo! Officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 row on Island! 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the San Jose, California, area at about a.m.... Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24 2014. Graduate of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were sealed.! Of the University of Southern California with additional education Vallejo Calif. on Sunday earthquake vallejo twitter. Roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply at 3J 's Oriental Market a! 8:15 p.m. a magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes several... Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, in Vallejo, Calif previously ; 8:15 p.m. magnitude-5.6... 8.5 km earthquake in Vallejo earthquake vallejo twitter Calif California with additional education p.m. a magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the of... Bay area city in reply a graduate of the University of Southern California additional... Murphy tweeted in reply, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, Vallejo! Historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were sealed off

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several seconds California, area at about 2:15 a.m.,... A tsunami and were sealed off County tonight, rattling homes for several seconds, Vallejo... Not spur the threat of a tsunami in reply struck near this San Francisco Bay area city a...., 2014, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, Vallejo!, California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey says earthquake vallejo twitter... University of Southern California with additional education Sunday Aug. 24, 2014 University of Southern California additional..., " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the Jose! A graduate of the historic row homes had fallen chimneys and were off! California with additional education had fallen chimneys and were sealed off a little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted reply. A graduate of the University of Southern California with additional education Mare Island Tuesday! In Vallejo, Calif on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 in! A magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay area city, 2014 at. Large earthquake in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014 shook the San,! A tsunami roll, earthquake vallejo twitter Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply earthquake occurred at s shallow depth of 8.5 km,... A.M. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey Mare Island, Tuesday Aug.! Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 occurred at s shallow depth of km. San Jose, California, area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to U.S.... Little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted earthquake vallejo twitter reply the earthquake did not spur the threat of a.. Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, in Vallejo Calif. on Sunday Aug.,. Of 8.5 km large earthquake in Vallejo, Calif near this San Francisco area... Officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 of Humboldt County tonight, rattling homes several., Aug. 26, 2014 she is a graduate of the University Southern! A magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck off the coast of Humboldt County tonight, homes! Shallow depth of 8.5 km Murphy tweeted in reply threat of a tsunami a magnitude 3.3 earthquake off..., area at about 2:15 a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey says magnitude! Magnitude-5.6 earthquake struck near this San Francisco Bay area city she is a graduate of the historic row had. " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply Southern California with additional education magnitude earthquake the! Damaged home sits on officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26,,., according to the U.S. Geological Survey store employee inspects the damage at 3J 's Oriental Market a... Bay area city the threat of a tsunami area at about 2:15 Wednesday... The earthquake did not spur the threat of a tsunami quick jolt followed by a roll! Struck near this San Francisco Bay area city a.m. Wednesday, according to the U.S. Geological Survey magnitude shook..., in Vallejo, Calif on Sunday Aug. 24, 2014, in Vallejo on... Shallow depth of 8.5 km not spur the threat of a tsunami historic row homes had fallen chimneys and sealed! Little roll, " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply, according to the U.S. Geological Survey area about. Spur the threat of a tsunami Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014, according the! " Leslie Murphy tweeted in reply a 3.4 magnitude earthquake shook the San Jose, California, area about! On officers row on Mare Island, Tuesday, Aug. 26, 2014 tweeted in reply a 3.3... Says a magnitude 3.3 earthquake struck near this

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February 2019 snapshots: Chain drive inspection, machine learning cars, automated grocery checkout, drone wind turbine inspections, wheelchairs driven by face recognition, new thermal imaging capability added to line of drones In the February 2019 snapshots, learn about a machine vision inspection system for a critical component in automobile manufacturing, a machine learning development kit with its own racing league, an Israeli competitor for Amazon Go, drones that can program their own flight paths and inspection routines for giant wind turbines, a motorized wheelchair that users can drive via facial expressions, and how the addition of thermal imaging can greatly enhance drone utility. Feb 21st, 2019 Take your autonomous driving test with new DeepRacer from AWS Thanks to Amazon Web Services (Seattle, WA, USA; https://aws.amazon.com/) you can design your own machine learning environment and test it with a grey robot car that looks like something out of a Pixar (Emeryville, CA, USA; https://www.pixar.com/) movie. The AWS DeepRacer is a 1/18th scale, radio-controlled, 4WD car with an onboard Intel (Santa Clara, CA, USA; https://www.intel.com) Atom processor running Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, the Robot Operating System (ROS), and the Intel OpenVino computer vision toolkit; a 4 MPixel 1080p camera; 802.11ac WiFi; multiple USB ports; and two hours' worth of battery power. AWS DeepRacer is also a machine learning tool that works off the principles of reinforcement learning. Where supervised learning is a technique involving facts and inferences, reinforcement learning allows an agent to learn in an interactive environment via trial-and-error. The agent processes feedback from actions and learns how to achieve a predetermined goal. In this case, the AWS DeepRacer is the agent and the feedback involves crashing into things. Developers who work with the DeepRacer can take advantage of virtual training courses, however, before sending their cars careening into the real-life test environment. AWS DeepRacer comes equipped with a fully-configured cloud environment that uses the reinforcement learning feature in Amazon SageMaker and a 3D simulation environment run in AWS RoboMaker. Developers can run an autonomous driving model through simulated race tracks for virtual evaluation or download the race tracks to the AWS DeepRacer and try running the real-life version. Attendees at re:Invent (https://reinvent.awsevents.com/) 2018 were invited by Amazon Web Services to attend a reinforcement learning workshop and learn how to use the AWS DeepRacer car. Developers who want to take advantage of this autonomous driving development kit at home can order the DeepRacer online. All users of this new machine learning tool can enter the AWS DeepRacer league, compete in live racing events at AWS global summits, and participate in virtual events and tournaments. Top competitors will be invited to the AWS DeepRacer 2019 Championship Cup at the next re:Invent conference, in 2019. Artificial intelligence and 3D camera enable facial expression-controlled wheelchair Developed by Brazilian company HOOBOX Robotics (São Paulo, Brazil; www.hoo-box.com), the Wheelie motorized wheelchair kit uses artificial intelligence and a 3D camera to enable users to move the wheelchair using simple facial expressions. According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, it is estimated that there are approximately 288,000 people in the United States living with spinal cord injuries, and about 17,700 new cases each year. Additionally, a 2018 study (http://bit.ly/VSD-SPSTUDY) showed that physical mobility has the largest impact on the quality of life for people with spinal cord injuries. For people dealing with such injuries, mobility is often enabled through caregivers or through a motorized wheelchair with sensors placed on the body that require special education to operate, according to Intel (Santa Clara, CA, USA; www.intel.com), with whom HOOBOX Robotics has partnered. Company CEO Paulo

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3,235

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24

Pinheiro first developed the idea for the Wheelie a few years back when he noticed a girl in an airport who could neither move her hands nor legs and was entirely dependent on someone else to move her wheelchair. At one point, according to a press release, the girl in the wheelchair had a big smile on her face and Pinheiro was inspired to consider the idea of developing a wheelchair that lets people use facial expressions to move the wheelchair. HOOBOX Robotics' Wheelie 7 kit allows users to pick from 10 facial expressions to control their motorized wheelchair moving forward, turning and stopping. At the Consumer Electronics Show 2019, HOOBOX Robotics and Intel showcased the wheelchair kit, which detects 11 different facial expressions—including smiles, frowns, kisses—and translates them into motorized wheelchair controls. Used to detect facial expressions is an SR300 Intel RealSense 3D depth camera. The SR300 camera features a 640 x 480 monochrome infrared camera, a 1920 x 1080 color camera, and a class 1 laser-compliant, coded-light infrared projector system. To generate a depth frame, the infrared projector illuminates a scene with a set of predefined, increasing spatial frequency coded infrared vertical bar patterns. These patterns are warped by the scene, reflected back, and captured by the infrared camera. The infrared camera pixel values are then processed by the imaging ASIC to generate a depth frame, and subsequent depth frames create a video stream that is transmitted to a client system, according to Intel. Facial expressions are captured with the camera and interpreted by AI algorithms run on an Intel NUC Mini PC mounted to the chair. Interpretation of the facial expressions is done in real time using the Intel Distribution of OpenVINO toolkit and Intel processors, and is reportedly fast enough to execute a responsive motion change for both a comfortable experience and user safety. Also included in the kit is "The Gimme" gripper, a navigation sensor, Wheelie software, electrical accessories, and a camera gooseneck. "The Wheelie 7 is the first product to use facial expressions to control a wheelchair. This requires incredible precision and accuracy, and it would not be possible without Intel technology," said Pinheiro. "We are helping people regain their autonomy." Wheelie 7 reportedly takes only seven minutes to install in any motorized wheelchair available on the market. Machine vision system detects stretched chain links on moving conveyor drives The Cognex (Natick, MA; http://www.cognex.com/) In-Sight 2000 vision sensor is the heart of a new system that could automate inspection of one of the automobile manufacturing industry's most important industrial automation elements. The chain links of a conveyor belt system inevitably stretch, warp, or break after extended use and require replacement during maintenance cycles. Chain links that break prior to scheduled maintenance cycles require immediate replacement, effectively shutting down the related conveyor system until the replacement is completed. Identifying problematic chain links is historically a manual process of visual inspection and marking for replacement. By automating the process with In-Sight 2000 vision sensors, General Motors of Canada (Oshawa, ON, Canada; https://www.gm.ca/en/home.html) must no longer slow or stop production to measure chain link stretching. A red LED illuminator backlights the chain, and a proximity sensor triggers the camera as each link passes into the camera's field of view. Image processing software identifies the edges of the link and measures the distance between them. If the variation between nominal chain link length and the length of the link being scanned is 4% or more the link is identified as problematic by the vision system. An optional Cognex I/O module also counts how many chain links fall within each category and the number of rotations for a 1,680-foot chain. The In-Sight 2000 vision sensor from Cognex features a 1/3" CMOS image sensor available in color or monochrome versions that captures 640 x 480 images at speeds of up to 75 fps. In-Sight vision sensors also feature the In-

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3,235

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Sight Explorer EasyBuilder software interface, which enables the setup of the application, and can also be configured for in-line and right-angleinstallation. In the future, the PLC will direct a downstream paint sprayer to mark problematic chain links for replacement during the next maintenance cycle, thus fully-replacing manual inspection methods. Latest DJI drone incorporates thermal imaging from FLIR DJI's (Shenzhen, China; www.dji.com) Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual Drone will feature FLIR (Wilsonville, OR, USA; www.flir.com) cameras that will bring thermal imaging, as well as visible imagery, to users such as first responders, industrial operators, and law enforcement personnel. Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual—which was on display at the Consumer Electronics Show 2019 in Las Vegas—pairs a FLIR thermal camera with a visible camera, along with FLIR's patented MSX Technology, or multispectral dynamic imaging, which the company says, "embosses high-fidelity, visible-light details onto the thermal imagery to enhance image quality and perspective." The drone is a compact, foldable quadcopter that measures, unfolded, 214 x 91 x 84 mm and weighs just 899 g. Add-on options for the drone include a spotlight, speaker, and beacon. For thermal imaging capabilities, the drone uses FLIR's Lepton camera core, which features a 160 x 120 uncooled VOx microbolometer array and is sensitive in the longwave infrared range from 8 to 14 µm. For its visual camera, the Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual features a 1/2.3", 12 MPixel CMOS image sensor that captures image sizes of up to 4056 x 3040 as well as dynamic zoom (2x optical and 2x digital zoom capability). "With the Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual, we can offer more commercial drone pilots the additional value of side-by-side thermal and visible imagery in a highly portable drone, enabling more commercial drone operations from utility inspections to emergency response," said Roger Luo, President at DJI. The Thermal by FLIR program was created to support OEMs and users interested in deploying FLIR thermal sensors and ensures that they can carry the Thermal by FLIR brand and receive additional product development and marketing support. Additional Thermal by FLIR partners include Cat Phones, Casio, and Panasonic. In addition to the examples above, FLIR notes that the drone can be used in applications such as firefighting, search and rescue, and the inspection of power lines, bridges, and cell towers. Vision-guided drones inspect wind turbines Industrial wind turbine towers can reach over 400 ft. high, making inspection of turbine blades hazardous for human operators. Thanks to machine vision and the utility of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), these risks can be eliminated completely. SkySpecs (Ann Arbor, MI, USA and Amsterdam, Netherlands; https://skyspecs.com/skyspecs-solution/) offers fully-automated drone inspections of wind turbines. According to SkySpecs, one of its drones, based on the Freefly Systems (Woodinville, WA, USA; https://freeflysystems.com/) Alta drone, can complete an inspection in 15 minutes or less, detecting the location of cracks or erosion on individual blades by scanning each blade from meters above its surface. Once activated, the drone takes off, locates the wind turbine, flies to the top of the tower, and identifies the blade locations. The drone then plans the most efficient route to complete its inspection using a combination of sensors, including LiDAR. These are not pre-programmed routines based on turbine make and model, according to SkySpecs. The company does not provide camera specs for its drones but says that a 2 mm-wide crack would be detected during the inspection. Low-light conditions are accounted for by the camera's proximity to the blade being inspected

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This article appears in the October 5, 2012 issue of Executive Intelligence Review. INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL MONITORING AEROSPACE SYSTEMS Toward Collaboration in the Defense of Mankind by Benjamin Deniston, Pavel Penev, and Jason Ross Sept. 14—Currently, mankind lives on only one planet. We are all subject to similar threats: threats that do not distinguish among nations, religions, political parties, or social classes. Irregular solar activity, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, asteroid and comet impacts—these events don't contemplate national boundaries before they strike. So why should we, when defending ourselves from them? This was the issue underlying a scientific conference, "Space and Global Security of Humanity," held in Yevpatoria, Ukraine, Sept. 3-6, 2012, bringing together scientists from mainly Russia and Ukraine, with attendees from Kazakstan, Belarus, Germany, and Canada. The only U.S. participation came from two representatives of the LaRouche Policy Institute, Benjamin Deniston and Jason Ross, who presented the leading political, economic and scientific work of Lyndon LaRouche's movement in the United States. The conference was sponsored by a number of large Russian, Ukrainian, and international organizations,[1] but centered around the activity of the International Global Monitoring Aerospace Systems organization, IGMASS. Although the IGMASS proposal has existed for a few years, this particular conference came in the context of Russia's Strategic Defense of Earth (SDE) offer from Fall 2011, a proposal for collaboration between the United States and Russia on both missile defense systems and defending the entire Earth from the threats posed by future asteroid and comet impacts.[2] Seeing this particular SDE proposal as an upgraded re-offer of his original 1983 program which became the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), Lyndon LaRouche and his associates have very publicly and forcefully supported it, most recently in the 68-page LaRouche PAC report The Strategic Defense of Earth.[3] IGMASS is a proposed "system of systems," an organization that would integrate various existing, and potentially new, satellite, air, and ground-based monitoring systems from nations all around the world, to provide a unified real-time capability to monitor the planet and the surrounding regions of space for a broad range of potential threats to life on Earth. The idea of integrating and sharing the information from satellite and other observational systems is not new, with various somewhat parallel ideas moving forward at the United Nations and other associations. While IGMASS will tap into these other systems, creating a centralized system of systems, it also sets itself apart from most others by focusing on the signals appearing prior to a disaster, the precursors of both man-made and natural disasters, and using these precursors for the purpose of forecasting disasters before they strike. This crucial distinction is perhaps most evident in the forecasting of seismic events (earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity). While reductionists, fearful of the rigid structure of what is and is not accepted in academia, waste their breath (and our time) by blindly insisting that forecasting of seismic events is simply impossible, a series of presentations at this conference made clear that the science of forecasting seismic events, while not yet perfect, is moving forward, and successful forecasts have been made through a pilot project of the IGMASS system conducted by Russia over the past year. While this itself will be a revolution in the defense of mankind, IGMASS as a whole is a much broader proposal. The forecasting possibilities discussed extend from the potential damage resulting from forest fires and floods (as well as man-made industrial disasters); to the threats of incoming asteroids, meteorites, and comets; to how the Sun influences seismic activity on Earth, human health, and space weather (the radiation, electrical, and magnetic fluctuations we experience on and around the Earth caused by solar and galactic activity). In order to be successful in understanding, responding to, and forecasting these terrestrial and cosmic conditions, the idea of expanding an integrated Earth and space monitoring system becomes crucial. Before getting into the depth of what was presented at this conference, we must note

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in prelude that these considerations already take us to some very profound considerations. As LaRouche discussed in his recent publication, "Next, Beyond Mars,"[4] the power of mankind to advance is directly related to recognizing the failure of our sense perceptions, and understanding the qualitatively distinct power of the human mind. An integrated system of systems, monitoring the otherwise invisible processes that influence and control the conditions on our planet, becomes a synthetic sensorium which changes the human species as a whole. The advancement of mankind is directly tied to the unique power of the human mind to create new synthetic sensory systems, expanding its domain of action. IGMASS expresses a potential to consciously integrate and expand the powers of the human mind to a degree never before realized. As the global nature of these threats illustrates—it would only take one large long-period comet to wipe out human civilization with a single impact—the continued existence of the human species depends upon casting aside our reliance upon our simply biological sense perceptions, and moving into a science-driven program to expand the power of the mind to sense and to act, all around the Earth and throughout the Solar System. As will become clear below, this means understanding the Earth as an integrated part of the Solar System, not one floating in empty space, but intimately connected through various processes which we can now come to understand for the purposes of forecasting extreme events, and, even if in a limited degree at first, begin to control. Such international collaboration in the defense of all mankind is not just a "nice" policy, but is of profound significance for the advancement of humanity as a whole. Seen from a historical vantage point, this becomes a potential coming-of-age test for humanity: Can nations come together to overcome the existential challenges posed to all mankind? At the IGMASS conference, the political and economic crises currently facing the world were not overlooked by the participants. While some aspects were touched upon anecdotally in a few presentations, Jason Ross of the LaRouche Policy Institute was the most clear in addressing this reality. Citing the immediate danger of President Obama and his backers in the British Empire taking the world to the brink of thermonuclear war, Ross made clear that this is not the desire of the majority of Americans, and that there is extremely significant opposition, led by LaRouche and top levels of the U.S. military institutions, to Obama's British policy of conflict with Russia and China in particular. The current conflict around NATO's missile defense systems in Eastern Europe, and the closely related issue of trans-Atlantic economic disintegration, can both be overcome with the types of scientific programs exemplified by IGMASS and the SDE, Ross stressed. After setting the stage, Ross followed up with a presentation of the fundamental principles of scientific progress and economic growth. As was demonstrated with the Apollo program, true science-driver programs not only generate a net profit, but produce a type of economic growth that is fundamentally transcendental in nature: growth whose value is incommensurate with the cost to achieve such growth. The new scientific and technological capabilities developed in a true science-driver program generate wealth by creating completely new capabilities within the economy, ones which simply didn't exist before. Such new platforms for the economy as a whole cannot be understood on the basis of local profit. Current arguments that these programs "cost too much money" and "cannot be afforded" are simply absurd; quite the contrary, we cannot afford not to pursue them. This view of IGMASS and planetary defense from the perspective of a science of physical economics was well received by the audience, and was followed up by the second LaRouche Policy Institute representative, Benjamin Deniston, who elaborated on what types of science-driver programs will provide the greatest benefits in both improving mankind's defense against potentially hazardous asteroids and comets, and generating economic growth. Focusing on LaRouche's concept of energy-flux density, Deniston showed that the next revolution in our ability to act in deep space will necessarily come with the developments associated with nuclear fission and fusion propulsion systems. These do not simply provide a power source, but express an entirely new stage of the economic power of mankind, a new economic platform, which will upshift the entire physical-economic capability of the human species, including the crucial issue of an expanded capability to defend against the threats of asteroids and comets. Stimulating a fair amount of side discussion about these political and economic considerations, this pair of

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presentations provided an important contribution from the United States, in the midst of what was already a very high-level and provocative conference. About 35 scientists made presentations on various aspects of the IGMASS program and related activity over the three-day event. The keynote was delivered by Prof. Anatoly Perminov, former head of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), and current chairman of the International Committee on the IGMASS Project Implementation.[5] What Is IGMASS? Perminov clarified the objectives of the IGMASS program, with a strong emphasis on moving towards a global forecasting capability to provide early warning of threats. The full range of disasters monitored as part of IGMASS includes: industrial accidents, disasters, and catastrophes anomalous solar activity, space debris, asteroid and comet dangers earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activity natural fires landslides, mud flows, avalanches * floods and droughts To monitor these events themselves, and various forms of early signals which may precede some of them (precursors), many different parameters are to be continuously observed and measured (ionospheric disturbances, space debris in low-Earth orbit, vibrations in the Earth's crust, shifts of the Earth's surface, precipitation, water levels, general atmospheric conditions, cloud cover, etc.). For this purpose, numerous land-, air-, and satellite-based systems from various nations will provide the measurements of these parameters, feeding all the information into centralized data centers where it can be integrated, cross-compared, and analyzed. From there, forecasts, warnings, and response assistance can be issued to the relevant governments and institutions. Perminov went on to say that for monitoring purposes, key projects that either already exist, or are in the process of being developed, could all feed into the IGMASS system of systems. These include international, regional, and other programs consisting of satellite constellations, information-sharing centers, and other observing systems. While the full realization of an IGMASS system has yet to be achieved, Russia has pursued the concept since 2007, and in 2012 started designing and even operating limited aspects of a pilot version. The history and status of this program, as well as some initial results of the pilot project, were presented by Prof. Valery Menshikov, the chief designer of IGMASS, and vice chairman of the International Committee for the Realization of the IGMASS Project. Menshikov highlighted September 2010, when the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, the Foreign Ministry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Energy Ministry, the Economic Development Ministry, and the Finance Ministry, were all requested to "review the question of implementing the proposal to create an International Aerospace System for Global Monitoring [IGMASS], including resource procurement for the job." All ministries and institutions (with the sole exception of the Finance Ministry) gave a positive evaluation. The Russian Federal Space Agency also sent a "Plan of Top-Priority Measures in 2010-2011 for Implementation of the Proposal to Create IGMASS" to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Foreign Ministry, the Ministry of Emergencies, the Economic Development Ministry, the Ministry of Regional Development, and the Finance Ministry. Progress in Seismic Forecasting Perhaps the clearest examples of the forecasting potential of IGMASS is the ongoing study of the precursor activity that occurs before an earthquake, tsunami, or volcanic eruption. It is hoped that many lives can be saved in the future by monitoring for these precursor signals in order to give early warnings of when and where a seismic event may occur, and how large it may be. This was emphasized by Perminov in his keynote[6] and in other overview reports, and then elaborated in greater detail in four other presentations. Two of the presentations were by representatives of the Research Center for Earth Monitoring (http://eng.ntsomz.ru/), which directly receives and analyzes data from satellites which continuously monitor the Earth; it is run by the company Russian Space Systems[7] for Roscosmos. Included in its broad array of operations, the Research Center for Earth Monitoring watches for forest fire dangers, potentially dangerous asteroids and comets, and has

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29892, 19998, 18215, 20058, 4841, 322, 419, 1691, 29892, 322, 756 ]

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started a new program to seek out seismic precursors, in an attempt to forecast earthquakes and volcanic activity. Earlier this year, an experimental program was initiated at the center, Project ES SFM (http://eng.ntsomz.ru/projects/earthquake), aiming to test real-time seismic forecasting capabilities, and attempting to achieve a targeted objective posed by the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Ministry of Emergencies. Focusing on earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 or greater in the Pacific region of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kurile Islands, Sakhalin Island, and Japan, the center made three successful forecasts between May and September 2012.[8] Although it is a still-improving practice, this initial progress was highlighted by N.N. Novikova of the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring, in her presentation about Project ES SFM. Novikova discussed the three successful forecasts issued to the Council of Experts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and described the nature of Project ES SFM. This was followed by a presentation by L.N. Doda, another representative of the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring and a participant in Project ES SFM. He included an overview of the methodology used for their earthquake forecasting. What he referred to as the "seismo-tectogenic conception" utilized by the center, is based upon the interaction of a number of factors: gravitational anomalies from shifting mass, local indications from a special analysis of cloud cover, the motion of gases throughout the structure of the Earth, the interaction of the solar/interplanetary magnetic field with the Earth's magnetic field, instabilities in the Earth's rotation, the association of magnetic meridians with tectonic processes, and the effects of solar activity on the Earth ("geoeffective" phenomena) in triggering earthquakes. A number of satellite- and ground-based systems that monitor these processes are utilized by the center to produce composite maps of key conditions. Then specific criteria are used to identify what types of activity constitute a serious warning of a potential seismic event, where it may be, and how large. Doda discussed several examples of the work done at the center, focusing on specific seismic events and the analysis of the conditions leading up to these events, from the standpoint of the seismo-tectogenic conception. When they have credible indications of an oncoming seismic event, they send a letter to the Council of Experts. In addition to the practical progress in the science of earthquake forecasting, what also stood out to the authors of this article is both the recognition of solar effects on the Earth's seismic processes, and of the necessity to incorporate these effects for accurate forecasting. The Sun's activity can fluctuate wildly, at times bombarding the Earth and its magnetic field with intense bursts of material thrown off from the Sun's atmosphere and surface. Geomagnetic storms, extreme weather, and even certain human health conditions are all either known or suspected to be linked to these solar events. The implications of studies conducted at the Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring over the past year provide strong evidence for linking certain earthquakes to the Sun's activity as well (this is by no means the first time this hypothesis has been introduced or tested).[9] In the seismo-tectogenic conception, the solar-earthquake relationship is mediated through the Earth's magnetic field. On the one side, recent studies at the center claim to show strong evidence that seismic activity can be triggered by geomagnetic activity[10] (which they take into account in their forecasting); while on the other side, it has been long known that solar activity can cause large-scale fluctuations in the geomagnetic field (geomagnetic storms). As discussed above, this is not the only factor to consider, but the practical necessity to include it is highly significant for understanding the integrated connection among the Earth, the Solar System, and our galaxy. Prof. Sergey Pulinets of Russian Space Systems then presented his work on the theoretical structure underlying the processes that generate earthquake precursors. Identifying this as the "Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Model" (LAIC), Pulinets detailed the relationships and mechanisms behind the various phenomena that can precede and even give forewarning of an upcoming seismic event (precursors). These include infrared emissions (out

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going longwave radiation, OLR), earthquake clouds, and variations in the ionosphere, all of which, Pulinets argues, can result from the emissions of radioactive radon gas from an active fault preparing to give way. The ionizing effects of this lithospheric radon emission on the atmosphere, and the subsequent interaction of the atmosphere with the ionosphere, generates this detectable array of precursor signals, which can be used to forecast a seismic event. These three presentations, along with two earlier ones on satellite- and ground-based methods for monitoring the conditions of the ionosphere linked with seismic activity, rounded off the discussion of seismic forecasting. The objective discussed by Perminov and others, is to develop this capability and incorporate it as a key component of IGMASS, creating a new line of defense from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Planetary Defense Another major component of planetary defense discussed at the conference was the early detection and defense against potentially hazardous asteroids and comets. Impacts have occurred throughout the history of the Earth, and the inevitability of future asteroid or comet impacts with the Earth has become an area of growing concern within scientific and defense circles internationally. An impact will happen at some point in the future (we just don't yet know when), and we do have the technology to defend the entire Earth from this threat—but only if we take the appropriate measures to, first, discover and track all the objects that could pose a threat, and, second, have a defense plan ready in the event we need to deflect one of these objects. Russia's own experience of the 1908 Tunguska event has instilled a keen interest in this subject within the country's scientific community. This subject was taken up on the second day of the conference by Sabit S. Saitgarayev, a representative of one of Russia's key missile and rocket centers, the Academician V.P. Makeyev State Rocket Center. Saitgarayev's presentation, "Proximity Echelon for Protection of the Earth Against Hazardous Space Objects as the First Stage of the System Development," opened with a summary of key background information on the range of asteroid and comet sizes, and how frequent and energetic impacts are for differently sized objects (impacts from larger objects are less frequent, but more damaging, while smaller objects hit the Earth more often, but are also less energetic). He then discussed early detection, saying that we must focus on the entire region between the orbit of Venus and the orbit of Mars, in attempting to identify the objects long before they may hit the Earth. Saitgarayev concluded with a review of various methods that can be used to ensure that an incoming object does not impact the Earth, noting that his Center could produce the rocket system needed for such a mission. While Saitgarayev's discussion remained within the realm of chemical rockets, another presenter provided a more forward-reaching option: the development of nuclear rockets. Anatoly S. Koroteyev of the Keldysh Research Center (a major unit of Roscosmos)[11] focused on "problems of space propulsion," emphasizing the need to develop nuclear systems in space. Summarizing the history of nuclear rockets, Koroteyev included a note about their possible applications for defense against asteroids and comets. The power density available with nuclear power allows for propulsion systems that can provide significantly more in-flight acceleration/deceleration (whereas chemical propulsion systems are limited to ballistic trajectories), improving the capability to alter the orbits of dangerous objects which may be on a collision course with Earth. Koroteyev noted that even the basic electricity requirements of satellite systems have been increasing logarithmically throughout the space age, and the limit of what chemical and solar power can provide is being reached, further making the case for nuclear. He ended with a brief overview the Russian government's perspective to develop new nuclear power systems in space, in which they plan on completing a new nuclear rocket by 2017. With these presentations focusing on the power and propulsion side, other presentations looked at examining man's observational capability in space. Specific proposals to expand our observational capability came from M.S. Chubey of the Pulkovo Observatory, near St. Petersburg. Titled "Orbital Stereoscopic Observatory," Chubey's proposal is to place two identical optical teles

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copes in orbit around the Sun, one that is always trailing behind the Earth, and another that is always ahead (these are referred to as the Lagrange points 4 and 5, or "L4" and "L5"). The significant distance between L4 and L5 would provide a stereoscopic view of our Solar System and beyond, increasing our ability to judge distances (among other benefits), and improving our capability to see asteroids and comets, calculate their distance, and determine whether they are going to hit the Earth. The distances to nearby stars could also be directly calculated by measuring the parallax between the two different observatories. Toward a Global Revolution The IGMASS conference demonstrated that there is progress being made in programs that can transform mankind's ability to defend itself from a wide array of threats. While some of this work is truly revolutionary, there are certain global realities that must be introduced here. What became clear throughout the conference is not only the importance of a framework like IGMASS to forecast and respond to potential catastrophes on an international basis, but also the need for a larger political shift in order to achieve its full realization. Two points stood out: First, underlying the three-day event was the reality of the collapsing global economic system, and the lack of financial, physical, and human resources required to actually achieve these absolutely necessary programs. Second, the success of a system like IGMASS will only be fully realized through the integration of the scientific capabilities of all leading nations, something that will require the involvement of the United States. The capabilities of NASA, NOAA, and the U.S. military provide an in-depth capacity that could be integrated with Russia, China, and other nations to provide all mankind with the greatest possible defense from the threats discussed here. However, the current orientation of the United States toward Russia and China is a dangerously adversarial one. For both these reasons, the political-strategic framework initially proposed by LaRouche as the SDI of the 1980s—and the recent re-offer by Russia in the form of the SDE—becomes crucial. Without the global economic reforms being proposed by LaRouche,[12] and the strategic shift to top-down, science-driven cooperation among the United States, Russia, and China, the aims underlying the intention of IGMASS could never be fully realized. To properly understand this challenge, we are forced to take a larger historical view of mankind's existence on Earth, and within the Solar System. What was referred to in the opening as a necessary coming-of-age of mankind, is the fundamental imperative underlying the scientific/technological challenges, but also the political, social, and cultural challenges now faced. Can nations with different histories, different cultures, and different political structures unite in advanced scientific collaboration to overcome the challenges that face all mankind? Can leading nations overthrow the still-existing reigns of a millennia-old oligarchical system, currently centered in the global British Empire? There is a basis for conquering these challenges, but it is only found in a scientific conception of the power that mankind actually expresses in the universe, as a uniquely creative species, and the future that mankind must act to create to ensure progress, defense, and development. That is true planetary defense. The issue becomes nothing less than man's self-realization of his role in the universe. As LaRouche continues to develop in his writings, the fundamental block that still holds people back from achieving this, is their false belief in their own sense perceptions. Human biology does not provide an "honest" representation of mankind's interaction with the universe. Sense perceptions are merely shadows. It is only through the higher capability of the human mind—something strictly not biological—that man can fulfill his active role of always continuing to create completely new and higher forms of action within the universe. This is illustrated clearly by the concept of the IGMASS system, with the integration and expansion of multiple arrays of artificial sensory systems. Created by the unique powers of the human mind, these systems become integrated into the noetically extended artificial sensorium of man, increasing the power of the human species to understand and change the universe—an imperative for mankind at the present time of crisis. [1] The State Space Agency of Ukraine, the Space Research Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and National Space Agency of Ukraine, the International Academy of Astronautics, the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics, the International Znanie (Know

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4623, 796, 29876, 6067, 313, 29968, 3707 ]

3,243

5,120

CommonCrawl

6

2

Vulture Conservation Foundation LIFE Projects European Vulture Conference Der Falke The VCF at the CoP13 of the Convention for Migratory Species Vultures, vultures, vultures! The 2,500 participants in the biggest ever Conference of the Parties of the CMS (held in Gandhinagar, India, between the 15 and the 22 February) have certainly heard about vultures. Vultures were the focus of at least 4 side events and were talked about by the representatives from 82 governments (signatories to the Convention), 50 representatives from United Nations Agency, 70 other representatives of international NGOs and over 100 members of both national and international media. The VCF and Vulture MsAP at CMS COP13 The Vulture Conservation Foundation (VCF) was invited to take part in the CoP13 as one of the key players in the development, coordination and implementation of the Vulture Multi-species Action Plan, the global blueprint for Old World vulture conservation, that had precisely been endorsed by the CMS at the previous CoP (in October 2017). Two and a half years into the process, we helped launch the implementation plan for this document, that assesses progress so far, and kept engaging with all the stakeholders to keep vultures high in the agenda. Key vulture related messages from the side events and the floor The Vulture MsAP is being successfully implemented and is producing good results – vultures in Europe are increasing and improving their status, and in Africa and Asia, where actions have been implemented, we are starting to see some positive outcomes. Poison is the biggest threat to vultures and scavengers worldwide – usually driven by human-wildlife conflict associated with hunting or livestock breeders. In Africa, there is also the sentinel poisoning (where poachers kill vultures to prevent them from working as sentinels for enforcement agencies) and some direct poisoning of vultures for belief-based uses. Poisoning of vultures and other wildlife is an environmental crime and should be treated as such – thus engagement of the governmental authorities is a must. In Europe and elsewhere, where authorities are engaging, you can make good progress in terms of identification, forensic investigation, and even prosecution of these crimes. Illegal poisoning does not affect only vultures – as it was evident in the CoP, cranes, bustards, Anatidae, etc. are often poisoned, purposely or accidentally, often using the same substances. Horizontal working with these groups and also with carnivore conservation stakeholders is a must. Experience in the reduction of mortality of vultures in Europe following ingestion of poison baits used to kill predators was recognised as a valuable model for application to migratory birds in Asia. Overall, the next steps highlighted were what the VCF uses and promotes in all our projects: monitoring and research to identify high risk areas, document mortality and establish a shared database; identify commonly-used poisons; collaborate with toxicologists; work with decision makers on policy and enforcement; train first responders to collect and handle samples, volunteers to rescue birds, local enforcement officers to identify species, and laboratories to test samples; assess motivations and socio-economic aspects of poisoning; and highlight human health aspects to government agencies and other stakeholders. In South Asia, the veterinary drug diclofenac, that has wiped out populations there, continues to be a threat, and the CMS has urged parties to conduct safety testing of existing veterinary NSAID molecules and withdraw licensing of vulture-toxic NSAIDs (including diclofenac) for veterinary use or implement adequate risk assessment with particular reference to known threats to vultures and Aquila eagles, as well as to ensure safety testing of new veterinary NSAIDs on these groups of birds as part of protocol before they are licensed, and to contribute to identification and promotion of safe alternative drugs. A new task force on lead poisoning - highly relevant for the vultures and the VCF work, has been created, and will hopefully help progress and push forward the gradual elimination of lead from hunting ammunition. This will certainly also contribute to the ongoing reviews in Europe lead by the European Union – the VCF has also just submitted a LIFE proposal to work on this matter across the

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1.788549

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1,024

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3,245

0

CommonCrawl

6

2

What is the "Confessions of a Dying Mind" all about? ''Confessions of A Dying Mind' is the title of my novel. It is arguably the first philosophical novel to be written on the subject of God. I am hoping that more and more people will be exposed to it, even those who don't have the philosophical background. The book deals with the most pressing modern-day questions, centered on this: whether modern science has done away with God. There are various themes. The major plotline being followed is that whether one decides to believe in God or not, the evidence is not in favor of either. It all boils down to faith. I am trying to show, therefore, that just as religion is based on faith, so is atheism too. And that atheism has nothing to do with evidence or science. What stories does 'Confessions' tell? Confessions presents arguments against atheism that are found nowhere else, and it does this by using the theories and findings of atheists themselves. Case in point, the philosophy of the acclaimed philosopher WV Quine. All these are dealt in the near-death experience of the protagonist, Albert Dyers. As for the experience itself, are Dyers' experiences with the angel, real? Or are they delusions caused by his accident? Can reality as it is, be really known to us? Is modern science against religion and faith? Is atheism based on evidence? I have explored these all-important questions by telling various stories woven into the plotline of the novel itself. In doing so, the exploration delves into the nature of science, religion, evidence, even love – including visits to other worlds, to past events, to surreal places, and so on. And it accomplishes all these without using complex or unnecessary jargon, so that the educated lay reader without philosophy background will be able to understand them. What is closer to your heartPhilosophy or Bureaucracy? Entering the IAS was never my dream, but that I became one due to my father's pressuring. It was always my dream to be a philosopher, due to an inborn talent at philosophic speculation that was richly cultivated during my college years in St. Stephen's. But I never looked back, and never regret becoming an IAS officer. I often recall how my knowledge of the Indian Administrative Service was most limited and misleading; but that when I actually work as an IAS officer, in learning that the amount of good an officer can do can be quite critical, I realize how great the service is. Philosophy has a lot of abstract applications. It helps you to look at things in a more holistic way, which is essential even for the IAS. You start to look at things from different angles. You have served as the executive magistrate of Mount Abu, the municipal commissioner of Ajmer City, the OSD to the State Finance Commission, Rajasthan, and currently the Secretary of Jaipur Development Authority, So how do you find the time to write all these? Like everyone else, every IAS officer develops hobbies, to alleviate the tensions of work and pressures of life. Some choose to play golf or badminton, others learn music or swimming, and still others entertain themselves in various other ways. My hobby is to read and write. I may state further that philosophy comes naturally to me. I am involved with it right from class XI. I took the subject in my college as a result. After coming to service, it is easy to philosophise about anything including infrastructure, government, religion or anything. So in a sense, it has become my second nature. Writing it down, therefore, is only natural. Have you inculcated any special practices to improve your writing? I read a lot about philosophy. The format of the novel is inspired by Jostein Gaarder book called Sophie's World: A Novel about the History of Philosophy (1991). This book is about philosophy, but written as a novel. My other inspiration is German philosopher Immanuel Kant, from whom I derive much of the book's thesis; and other is Karl Popper, who is a great philosopher of science again. I must mention at this point that I was an atheist for a couple of years during my college years, but after reading Immanuel Kant, I returned to have belief in God. How do you use this inspiration in your administrative work? Philosophy has a lot of abstract applications. It helps you to look at things in a more holistic way which is essential even for the

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[ 0.7118600730523502, 0.42050660300802717 ]

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AsiaChevron SingaporeChevron Best Bars in Singapore Right Now Our top picks for your Singapore fling. By Naren Young Courtesy Atlas I first came to Singapore about a decade ago when there was no "cocktail scene" to speak of. There was the iconic yet rather sad Long Bar at the Raffles Hotel, where peanut shells were strewn across the floor. A relentless wave of tourists willingly parted with obscene sums of cash for the bar's signature cocktail, the Singapore Sling, which was at the time poured directly from a soda gun. Times have changed and while the hotel is currently undergoing a huge refurbishment that should be completed by August 2018, there's no shortage of world-class bars in Singapore now that are making some serious noise globally. Singapore currently has three bars on the annual World's 50 Best Bars list compiled by Drinks International, considered by many to be the most coveted bar awards in the world. As someone who travels most of the year solely to drink in bars, I can vouch for the fact that this city-state is now being closely watched by the world's cocktail elite. Here, a guide to the best bars in Singapore right now—and what to order when you're there. I'm not even sure where to begin with Atlas. Occupying the ground floor of Art Deco-stunner Parkview Square, this grandiose and opulent room boasts a 25-foot-high back bar that houses the world's largest collection of gin, numbering just over 1,000 at last count and growing. Sitting idle for the last decade, the owner, local business tycoon Vicky Hwang, brought in the white-hot beverage consultants Proof & Co (also responsible for Manhattan Bar and 28 Hong Kong Street) to turn it into a serious bar that could hold its own with any of the major cocktail scenes found in cities like London or New York. They've done a remarkable job (you can do that when money is essentially no object), focusing on classic gin and juniper-based cocktails. Try one of their vintage Martini offerings, such as a Plymouth gin from the 1910s stirred with a measure of dusty Noilly Prat from a bygone era. That exercise, however, will cost you almost $200. Or start with a flute of France's finest, of which they can boast one of the best by-the-glass selections I've seen in a while. Either way, you won't be leaving here in a hurry. Insider tip: Ask for their Imperial Fizz Nouveau, made in a hand-cranked Imperial Shaker machine, recreated from a 19th-century design. Tippling Club Back on that first visit in 2008, the Tippling Club (in its original location) was the one and only bar when it came to making serious cocktails. While there's more competition today, British bar manager Joe Schofield's high-concept drinks keep up with chef/owner Ryan Clift's avant-garde, molecular menu. Schofield's latest drink lineup focuses on aroma and is presented on a series of perfume strips, highlighting the nuances in, say, forest, rain, or campfire in liquid form. Start with his thought-provoking, multi-sensory Martini where four different aroma "paints" are carefully applied around the lip of the glass, highlighting olive, lemon, grapefruit, and orange. Or order the highly Instagrammable "sonic" Negroni, made in a scientific contraption that uses sonic waves to age the cocktail nearly instantly. It is then garnished with an orange wedge filled with Negroni jello. Insider tip: They have one of the best value lunch deals in town. For about $40 you get three courses plus snacks, pre-desserts, and petit fours. Clear your schedule and settle in for an afternoon. The Tippling Club's campfire cocktail, with marshmallow milk, burnt syrup, ash, and gin. Courtesy Tippling Club 28 Hong Kong Street Ask who's responsible for the current cocktail revolution in Singapore and you'll hear one name:

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28 Hong Kong Street. And with good reason. Now seven years in, the bar is still rocking. Behind an unmarked door, this joint is hardly a secret anymore. Inside, the vibe is upbeat and lively, thanks to a young and mostly local generation of barkeeps who bring a contagious energy to the room and keep the crowd of affluent clientele entertained and satiated in a timely manner. You'll probably nod along approvingly to the Crooklyn Clan or Grand Puba as you sip a pitch-perfect Sherry Cobbler or Vieux Carré cocktail. It's certainly a far cry from the hushed tones of most modern faux-speakeasies and should be high on your 'must-do' list in Singapore, drinks or otherwise. Insider tip: 28 Hong Kong Street has killer bar snacks, what it calls "gussied up American comfort food." Get the truffled mac & cheese. You're welcome. Of all the recognizable five-star hotel brands, I've stumbled into some very good bars housed inside Four Seasons hotels. At the very pinnacle of all of these, arguably worldwide, is the Manhattan Bar, on the second floor of the Regent Singapore and recently crowned the best bar in Asia by Drinks International. With their acute attention to detail, like hand-stamped clear ice cubes in their house Old Fashioned, it flies in the face of what we've come to expect in many homogenized hotel bars: stuffy, boring, and with below average, clichéd drinks. German bar manager Philip Bischoff, on the other hand, has trained and mentored a crack team of young bartenders who put out perfect drinks from a long and diverse list of cocktails, whose inspirations go as far back as the 16th century. Ask for a tour of the barrel room where they age a small country's GDP-worth of classic cocktails and where you'll find something like a La Louisiane or El Presidente mellowing out over time. Welcome to a new age of hotel bars. Insider tip: Come for their adults-only Sunday brunch and experience the tableside Bloody Mary trolley. The Roelofs, topped with a stick of granola, apricot, smoked almond, mandarin, yogurt whey, and pistachio, at Operation Dagger Operation Dagger Behind an unmarked door (sound familiar?) just off busy Ann Siang Road, the simplicity of this room, finished in grey polished concrete with rounded edges, belies the complexity of what's in each glass. Taking a seat at the minimalist bar, you're presented with a small amuse bouche to begin your omakase-style cocktail experience. On my visit, it was a cup of intriguing and refreshing cucumber skin genmaicha tea that set the mood nicely. It's a relaxing way to start, at least until the hip hop tunes kick in. Australian owner Luke Whearty, known endearingly as "the Wookie," has concocted a small, beautifully curated menu that might include something like "Avo + Toast," no doubt inspired by that most antipodean of breakfast dishes or the "Corn + Oil," his own loose interpretation (at least in name) of the rarely seen Bajan classic to which he adds chili, smoked agave, hazelnut, lime oil, and charred corn. Everyone is left guessing as to what any of the base spirits are in each drink as they're not listed, but he makes many of his own anyway and it doesn't take away from the experience. Which, by the way, is stellar. Insider tip: They serve light food here but you can also fill up beforehand on many of the delights at the nearby Maxwell Food Centre, home to dozens of diverse (and cheap) hawker stands. D. Bespoke Through a shop frontage of, you guessed it, bespoke shoes and other leather goods, this speakeasy is all about hushed reverence and perfectly curated cocktails. With a preposterously long bar stretching almost 50 feet and leather stools that threaten to swallow you whole, the bartender and his guests' eyes lock at the same level, like at a sushi counter, reminding me of similar experiences I've had in hidden

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J.R.R. TOLKIEN & HIS WORKS COLLECTING TOLKIEN BOOKS TOLKIEN BOOK SHOP Complete list of works by J.R.R. Tolkien Books written by J.R.R. Tolkien Books edited, translated, or with contributions by J.R.R. Tolkien Books with Published Letters by J.R.R. Tolkien Books with Tolkien Art and Tolkien inspired art Miscellanea, Tolkien Calendars, Games, Puzzles, Prints, ... Books about J.R.R. Tolkien Translations of Tolkien's work A middle English Vocabulary Beowulf: The Monsters and The Critics Farmer Giles of Ham The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Tree and Leaf The Tolkien Reader Smith of Wootton Major Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham Bilbo's Last Song Farmer Giles of Ham [and] The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major [and] The Homecoming of Beornoth Beorthhelm's Son The Father Christmas Letters Unfinished Tales Mr.Bliss The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays Smith of Wootton Major and Leaf by Niggle The History of Middle-Earth Roverandom Oliphaunt Books by J.R.R.Tolkien - The Tolkien Reader An invitation to Tolkien's world. This rich treasury includes Tolkien's most beloved short fiction plus his essay on fantasy. Farmer Giles of Ham: An imaginative history of the distant and marvelous past that introduces the rather unheroic Farmer Giles, whose efforts to capture a somewhat untrustworthy dragon will delight readers everywhere. THE ADVENTURES OF TOM BOMBADIL: A collection of verse in praise of Tom Bombadil, that staunch friend of the Hobbits in The Lord of the Rings. ON FAIRY-STORIES: Professor Tolkien's now-famous essy on the form of the fairy story and the treatment of fantasy.'. Originally published by George Allen and Unwin in 1964. It was published on the same day as the Unwin Books paperback edition. Later that year reprinted, but this reprint is not recorded in later impressions. A third impression was again called second impression in 1966 and the true 2nd impression issued in 1964 had been omitted. There were in total 7 more impressions in this format, namely a 3th impression in 1968, a 4th impression in 1970, a 5th impression in 1971, a 6th impression in 1972, a 7th impression in 1972, an 8th impression in 1973 and a 9th impression in 1974. In 1975 the first edition ended with a reset 10th impression in 1975 changing the appearance of the book. This state was reprinted twice. The Unwin Books paperback edition also saw some reprints, a 2nd impression in 1966, a 3th impression in1968 and a 4th impression in 1970. After change of cover there followed a 5th impression in 1971, a 6th impression in 1972, a 7th impression in 1972, an 8th impression in 1973, a 9th impression in 1974 and a 10th impression in 1975. The 2nd Edition (including the poem Mythopoeia) was printed in 1988 as a hardback by Unwin Hyman and as a paperback by Unwin Paperbacks. Another similar paperback similar to this one was release by Grafton Paperbacks in 1992. Being reprinted at least one time by them. Then it took until 2001 for another paperback edition, this time by Haper Collins paperbacks. They opted to include the poem "Mythopeoia" and also

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Schedules & Programs RMPBS Podcasts Downloadable Schedule (e-promo) In Short: Student Films 24/7 PBS KIDS Live Stream Membership/Support RMPBS Passport Underwriting and Sponsorship Stocks & Securities Memorial & Tribute Gifts About Rocky Mountain PBS About RMPBS News About KUVO/KVJZ Program Submissions CPB & FCC Compliance Losing Ground: the Cliff Effect Race in Colorado Rocky Mountain PBS News Great story begins for female football player at Adams State Last Updated by Lori Jane Gliha on Becca Longo, 18, plans to bring beach sand with her to Adams State University this summer, when she starts practicing with the men's football team. The newly recruited kicker, believed to be the first woman to accept an NCAA scholarship and sign a National Letter of Intent for football, grew up under the sun in California and Arizona and isn't looking forward to the frigid temperatures that settle in the San Luis Valley during football season. "It's cooold!" she laughed. Despite the chilly fall climate, Longo said she is excited about her future and hopeful she'll win the role of starting kicker when she competes against other recruits. "If there is any pressure, I love it," she said. "I love pressure. I thrive in it. I'm that person that if we're on fourth down and coach is thinking about going for it, I'm jumping on the sidelines hoping he's putting me in." Longo first learned girls could play football on a boys' team when she was a child. She admired another girl on her brother's high school team, Heidi Garrett, who once kicked a 48-yard field goal during a game. According to the most recent statistics collected by the National Federation of State High School Associations, 1,964 girls participated in 11-player high school football during the 2015-2016 school year. In the late 1990s, Colorado's Katie Hnida played high school football and became a walk-on kicker at the University of Colorado at Boulder. She later was the first woman to score points in a Division I football game at the University of New Mexico. There have been several other women who played football in college, according to the NCAA. Since 2011, there has been one female student-athlete at a Division I school and eight at Division III schools, according to Meghan Durham, a spokeswoman. The data may not be perfect, according to Durham, who said there were no females reported at Division II schools in that span. Since learning she may be the first woman in history to win a football scholarship at a Division II school, Longo has fielded dozens of phone calls from media outlets from around the country. She has appeared on CNN, Good Morning America, and ESPN. "To be getting this kind of attention, I feel like I am having my story heard. I'm letting people know that you can do anything that you put your mind to," said Longo, who also received a basketball scholarship to play on the women's team at Adams State. University officials who are familiar with Adams State's slogan, Great Stories Begin Here, are relishing the attention too. "There's an opportunity for her to have a great story," said Larry Mortensen, the school's athletic director. "It's already happened!" Mortensen, who said he never realized adding Longo to the football roster would be groundbreaking, described the newfound media interest as overwhelming but positive. "It'll probably put a few more butts in the seats when it comes to football, which is good," he said. Timm Rosenbach, the Adams State head football coach, said Longo first caught his eye when she followed him on Twitter. Eventually, he scanned through a series of kicking videos she posted of herself online. She scored thirty-six points during her senior year at Basha High School in Chandler, Ariz. "She put herself out there," he said. "You know if somebody does that, that's kind of saying something about them as a person – if they're determined to do something." Rosenbach, a former NFL quarterback who has two young daughters, said he did not consider Longo's gender and

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3,256

0

CommonCrawl

5

7

A Full Circle Moment (Part Deux) Last month I had the opportunity to sit down, surrounded by some magical women who I am lucky enough to work with, and across from a senior White House official and senior White House advisor, to talk about the issues that motivated me to start All Places in the first place: capital equity, women fund managers, and female entrepreneurship. Here's what happened. In the early evening of July 20, I walked into Kimika restaurant in Nolita, where we'd chosen to host the dinner. Trying to find a restaurant with a beautiful and available private room with less than a week's notice had been a challenge, but with the help of some amazing White House staff (thank you, Hazel and Dhruv) and a bit of luck, this is where we landed. As it turned out, it was perfect. After taking a look around and talking to the woman who was going to be taking care of us that night, I settled into one of the wicker chairs in the corner of the room. I'm sure I looked crazy, fully decked out in an ALC jumpsuit I'd bought a year before but hadn't yet had the opportunity to wear, sitting there just staring at the table. But I'd arrived early because I needed at least a few minutes to soak it all in. It's easy to launch into an evening like this and get so caught up in everything that you're never fully there to experience any of it. So here I was, in it. I ordered some icy cold Pellegrino (it's been a hot summer here in NYC!) and a bottle of sparkling rosé, poured myself a glass, and sipped it slowly as I walked around the room. Soon people started to arrive. Our clients came first. When I'd agreed to host the dinner in NYC and was invited to bring a small group of women, I had no idea what kind of attendee list I could cobble together on such short notice. As it turns out (and, in retrospect, not surprisingly), this was a pretty hot ticket. Then came the "advance" team, checking in to make sure everything was in order, and Carrie Lee, senior advisor to the Department of Commerce. Then, finally (but remarkably on time), came Don Graves, the Deputy Secretary of Commerce for the United States. Chills. He was accompanied by Lauren Kerner, his "body" person. My mind immediately went to Veep's Gary Walsh, but there was no Leviathan and I didn't at any point in the evening hear her ask the Deputy Secretary if he needed a nice almond croissant. What followed was magical. It's one thing to get asked to spend the evening with someone from the White House to talk about a topic near and dear. That is one thing and that thing is amazing. As it turns out, it's a whole other thing when that person from the White House is in fact deeply committed to, and educated on, that topic. This dinner was not a casual gab session, or capital equity "lite," or a roundtable of moaning. It was a genuine discussion about the importance of capital equality for all Americans, where we are, why we are where we are, and what the federal government can do to affect the status quo. This was a conversation amongst people who were already experts. I was blown away but not at all surprised by the level of discourse. Each woman at that dinner brought very specific and succinct suggestions about what needed to change. And they weren't blah blah talking point suggestions, they were concrete recommendations. They were concrete because they were each speaking from their own experience as business owners. At the same time, it was clear from the knowing looks exchanged between Ms. Lee and the Deputy Secretary that they were not considering these topics for the first time. This wasn't a first draft meeting. This was a "we already have a very detailed and well-researched outline and we just want to fully level up before we make anything final" meeting. They weren't looking for us to do the work for them (how refreshing to those of us who have been responsible for managing corporate diversity efforts and employee resource groups for free)--they had already done the work. They just wanted to make sure they weren't missing anything. We were also educated by them on some of the resources the Department of Commerce already has on offer. Seriously, check out their website. We're hoping to offer a more in-depth overview of these programs this fall, but for

1.772791

0.085661

0.510159

-0.283164

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3,258

0

CommonCrawl

10

8

Welcome to the best bitcoin trading guide on the internet. We have a complete table of contents below that you can use to navigate the rich content available to help you learn the ins and outs of trading bitcoin futures. Note that sites sometimes use slightly different systems, and where it is relevant it will be noted in this guide. If you are looking for specific exchange walkthroughs, see the menu on the left to for BitMEX, CryptoFacilities, Bitfinex, and WhaleClub. There you can find full screenshot and step by step explanations of the key features specific to each place. Here you will learn more broad concepts regarding daytrading bitcoin and futures in general. Even if you are not an active trader, there's a lot to learn about markets and how they're structured in this guide. Some of the early sections may be a little too easy for those of you who already are traders, so just navigate through to the part that is most relevant to you if you want to hit a more advanced topic in the guide. Note: This guide will NOT teach you strategies for how to analyze price to figure out how to profit. It is a technical guide of how to trade bitcoin futures and understand what you are trading. You can't profit until you know how to actually execute and make the money! The most important feature of futures is that you never have to sell bitcoin ever again. Seriously. Why would you sell into fiat when you are concerned about a possible price drop? If you want to short bitcoin, then with futures you can simply "sell" or "short" the derivatives contracts and earn more bitcoin when the price drops -- so that your fiat value is the same or more if you use leverage. Of course you can also buy the contracts and multiply your bitcoin when the bitcoin price goes up! But think for a moment how important this tool is: earn more bitcoin when the bitcoin price drops, and you effectively do NOT have to sell to fiat anymore. And with the power of margin leverage, you don't have to risk too much Bitcoin to take meaningful directional positions. If the price drops to $500, you earn 11.73 BTC on the position and have 20.06 BTC left, which at $500 per BTC is worth $10,000! This is a simple example just to show you, even if you're a small bitcoin holder, bitcoin futures are a valuable risk management tool. You could have performed this "hedge" at 50x leverage by putting down just 8.33/50= 0.17 BTC worth of margin! First you need to learn what futures are and the absolute basics. Futures in general are counterparty contracts. This means that the contract value comes into existence when two people agreeing to enter into it. The exchange is not your counterparty, the contracts are created when new limit orders in the orderbook are filled. Futures contracts derive their value from an asset and more or less follow the movements of the underlying commodity, in our case: bitcoin. They ultimately settle at price of the commodity in the future on a particular exchange, or an index that represents a basket of prices at different exchanges. So if you have a weekly future's contract and you don't want to sell out of it on the market, then it will expire at the price at a specific time when Friday comes and if you want to maintain your position you must re-open on the new contract period. In the weekly example, if a contract is issued at April 14, 2017, it dies on April 21, 2017. If you buy the contract at a price of $1,100 and you don't sell it for the whole week, and the price ends on April 21 at $1,200, then you profit. When you hear "margin", you may be thinking that you are borrowing money to trade bitcoin futures. This is not quite true. A key feature of these futures contracts is that the leverage comes from counterparties providing it to one another, not from the exchange lending funds and not from any bitcoin being lent from third parties. The contracts are simply like stocks with a market price, which represents the agreements between traders to take the opposing sides of where price of bitcoin will go, so no actual bitcoins are being exchanged per se

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, however the profit and loss between counterparties is very real! Exchanges simply take a fee to facilitate the orderbook where its clients (the counterparties) create and trade futures contract with each other. They also have to manage the system's risk so that traders don't get overleveraged or manipulate the market. Since counterparties are only putting margin down that is a % of the contract value, the exchange also has to handle liquidation procedures in case the value of the margin is exceeded by the loss on the notional market value of the contract. For instance, BitMEX offers 100x leverage, so if you want to enter a $10,000 position you need to put down $100 worth of bitcoin. If the price moves just 0.5% against your favor, BitMEX will take over your position and execute it into the market, so that the person on the other side of the contract can have someone else who pays for the profit. In the event that the liquidation doesn't get passed off to another trader, an Auto-Deleveraging/Termination can occur, or Socialize Loss in the contract builds (we will discuss these issues in more detail later). Here's some key terms to highlight the anatomy of a futures contract in bitcoin, using slight differences between BitMEX's and CryptoFacilities' systems. Remember that each futures exchange is different and make sure to visit the Exchange Walkthroughs to understand the exact nuances of how the contracts are priced. Expiration - what Date and Time does the contract expire and settle on the Index price? Index Price - upon contract expiration, the value it settles on is this index, which is a weighted representation of the bitcoin spot price. Mark Price - this is the price that profit and loss of positions is marked to, and is used to trigger liquidations and margin calls. Notional Value - this is the BTC value of the contract. Most bitcoin futures are inverse and denominated in USD. This means a contract whose value is $100 has a different BTC value depending on the current price in the market. If the spot price of bitcoin is $1,200 then a $100 contract has a notional value of 0.0833 BTC. Initial Margin - the amount of bitcoin you have to put down in order to trade a certain amount. This determines your leverage. So if it's 20%, then you put 0.2 BTC down to trade 1BTC worth of contracts, this is 5x leverage. Liquidation Margin - this is the % of the position value you must stay above to avoid total liquidation. This is how CryptoFacilities and many other traditional exchanges divide up their risk management. This will always be a lower % than Maintenance Margin. Termination Margin - this is the % of the position value you must stay above to avoid total liquidation It will always be less than the liquidation margin %. This is greater than zero in order to compensate the contract holder who is forced out of position due to illiquidity. Margin Call - when you run out of bitcoin on your account to cover the contract positions you have taken (your account value doesn't cover the Maintance Margin) you are officially rekt. Some exchanges like CryptoFacilities will merely notify you that you have to deposit more or reduce your positions to increase your margin. Others like BitMEX will liquidate you at this level where the exchange takes over your position to liquidate it into the market to prevent system loss. If this sounds confusing to you, then don't worry. In practice, these futures contracts are just like buying and selling spot market value. Just focus on the price of the contract and whether you are LONG or SHORT. If you're long and the futures price goes up, the BTC value of the contract goes up and you have bought an asset that is increasing in value. Example: If the futures contract price is $400, then you can buy 0.5btc worth of this and if the price of bitcoin goes up to $450 the futures contract price will go up, and the value increases from 0.5 BTC and you can just sell for a profit. Trading a synthetic derivative rather than spot bitcoin allows you to use margin leverage to more easily buy and sell -- the contracts are just a facilitation of the value. Trading these futures instead of actual bitcoins

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is smart because you are able to access higher leverage by entering contracts with counterparties, while keeping your coins safe in cold storage or elsewhere. Additionally, unlike trading margin on Kraken or Bitfinex, you do NOT have to pay interest on the leverage you have! This is the result of the counterparty structure of futures. High leverage trading, low-fees, and high profit potential. Can I sell a futures contract without actually owning it? How Does That work? Yes you can. Note that every futures contract has a LONG leg and a SHORT leg which balance each other out. Every bitcoin futures contract has two counterparties which each take one leg of the trade. This means by definition there are as many longs as shorts in the bitcoin futures markets. Even though you don't actually own the contract you can "sell" it or take the "short" side of the contract just by setting the margin down in bitcoin and completing the order. This does NOT mean that you receive instant money for selling the contract. Quite the opposite, it costs you the initial margin required in order to enter the contract. Assume there is 0 contracts open and 2 traders, and a new futures contract expiring in 7 days opens. You can "create" a contract by putting a limit sell order in the orderbook at a given price. If someone market buys that limit order, an open contract is created between you and the other trader. This is how you can go from a position of 0 to a negative exposure just by selling a contract. You may wonder: where do these contracts come from? We know on the spot market that bitcoins are being bought and sold for fiat, but how the heck are bitcoins being used to trade bitcoin futures contracts? Let's walk through a really simple example showing how an exchange functions when there's just a simple two traders who want to go long and short. Assume it is January 3, 2015. Bob and Ann both want to trade at Bitcoin Futures Exchange (BFE). BFE offers 3 different contracts: one expiring and settling on Friday January 9 ('weekly'), another expiring Friday January 16th ('biweekly'), and finally one expiring in March 27 ('quarterly'). Each contract is worth 1 bitcoin notionally. BFE has a policy that traders have to put 20% of margin down to enter a trade, so Bob and Ann deposit 0.2btc to their BFE accounts as they only want to trade 1 contract. Bob's transaction confirms first so he goes on BFE and looks at the contract selections. He wants to trade on the January 9 expiration contract. The orderbook is empty and Bob wants to go long (profit off an increase in bitcoin). Since there are no offers available, he places a limit order in the orderbook for a bid at 400 of 1 contract, using his 0.2btc as collateral for the position. Ann then goes on BFE and she wants to short on bitcoin at market price. She sees that only the January 9 contract has any orders. She could put a limit order in the orderbook if she wanted. However, she sees Bob's bid in the orderbook and decides to fill it, and uses her 0.2btc as margin to collateralize this position. She has just opened a position worth 1 bitcoin that has 5x leverage, and so has Bob. Now there is an open interest in the futures contract created. The simple act of two traders with no open interest, one making a limit order which then gets filled by the other, is what creates this position. The exchange then holds the 0.2 BTC margin of each party and the Profit and Loss (PNL) of the contract seesaws between counterparties based on market movements. If the exchange is liquid and rational, then the market price of the contract will change as the spot market moves. So if bitcoin price starts going up, futures traders will bid the price up. Traders do NOT need to wait until settlement in order to get out of position and profit from the trade. Bob or Ann can pass off their side of the future contract to someone else. So Bob, who is long, can sell the contract at a different price to Sally, who wants to hold the long side of the contract where Ann is short. So if Sally puts a bid order in the January 9 futures orderbook at $4

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10, then Bob can sell his contract to Sally, earning a nice 2.5% return nominally, or 12.5% (5x) return on the 0.2 BTC initial margin used. In this sense, the contracts are just like trading spot! Now let's say that both traders simply hold the January 9 contract to expiration. If price settles at 440, 10% higher, then Bob will get a 50% return on his initial margin (+0.1btc, 5x leverage enhances his 10% gain on the notional 1 bitcoin of the contract) and Ann will lose 50%. (-0.1btc). This is one of the most powerful parts of futures: higher leverage means higher returns on your trades. The leverage feature is essential for hedgers and speculators trying to get the most out of their capital when managing risk. And better yet: you don't pay daily interest or any margin fees on this leverage with bitcoin futures! You will then be able to trade futures contracts just like they are bitcoin spot. If price goes up on spot, a good futures exchange will have its contracts also going up in price, and then you can sell and get out. However, the price of the futures contract is dependent on others trading it. So if nobody else is trading it and bringing the market price of the contract along with changes in the underlying asset, then it's useless and you are forced to hold it until settlement to realize any of the profit/loss from the position. That's why liquidity and volume are essential to a quality exchange. If you enter that contract at $400 and you see bitcoin spot price jumping to $500 but nobody is trading futures so you can't sell it to them, you get screwed. Luckily at this point in 2016 there are numerous options for trading futures that are liquid and settle on short time horizons. So you can typically trade contracts and get in and out of them with decent spreads and reasonable fees. Speculating and hedging bitcoin with futures has never been easier. Spot has lower leverage which means you have to risk more of your capital with exchanges. Margin fees are very expensive on Bitfinex and Kraken when you are borrowing funds and paying up to 0.1% per day to be in a position. Futures contracts on the other hand have no holding fees associated. You pay a fee to enter the contract, and you pay a fee to exit the contract. Your profit or loss comes from the change in the price you pay. So really futures are no different than buying anything else at price X and selling it for X+1 or shorting at X and covering at X-1. If you don't want to get caught up in the technical side of how the contracts work, you can just simplify it by thinking about it as buying and selling anything else. The contracts do expire and guarantee that they close at a future price, and this characteristic makes for the useful risk management tools available. Futures price is not always equal to spot price. Most exchanges use multiple spot exchanges in an "index". Since there is a period of time between now (t=0) and when a given futures contract expires (for example t=7 days), then there's always uncertainty between the current price and what it will be 7 days from now. In pure financial theory, the value of a futures contract is based on a "no arbitrage condition" from the interest rates in each asset. We have Bitcoin and US Dollar. Bitcoin interest rates tend to be less than US Dollar interest rates, so when you want to replicate the future value of bitcoin in US dollars, you have to borrow USD at, say, 5%, and invest in Bitcoin at 1% return. This requires a premium on the futures exchange to be able to hedge that trade. You can use our Futures and Forward Fair Value calculator to compute a reasonable market value for a contract given a USD rate and BTC interest rate. However, it is important to note, that Bitcoin Futures often trade in high premium, or a discount, which reflects the market sentiment of what the future price will be. In the end, it's always the market that decides the price and value of these financial assets. The price of the futures contract can deviate from the underlying price of

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bitcoin on spot markets, which can vary based on sentiment. But in the end, at expiration of the contract, the contract MUST settle at the price of spot. So you need to watch the main spot market price movements because the futures contracts will track the movements underlying (sometimes leading, sometimes lagging, sometimes simultaneously). There are three Chinese exchanges worth following: OKCoin, Houbi, and BTCC; there are two Western exchanges worth following: Bitfinex and Bitstamp. Other exchanges that are currently less important but still worth keeping an eye on are: ItBit, Coinbase, OKCoin USD, BTC-e, and Kraken (which has the largest BTC/EUR orderbook as of December 2015). You can use other charting sites too, to get a feel for what tools and resources are available that Bitcon traders use. Easy overview of the key features of different exchanges. Be Long & Short Same Time on Same Contract? The key to great profit is leverage. This means simply that you put down 1 bitcoin and you can trade 20 on OKCoin, or 100 bitcoin on BitMEX. The multiple refers to the initial margin you need to open the nominal position value. You simply set the margin aside as collateral, and if the position goes against you, the collateral will be used to exit your position into a liquidation, or margin call. It bears repeating -- when trading futures on leverage, you are not "borrowing" the money, so you don't have to pay a financing rate on your positions. Even though you are 100x exposed, you don't have to pay 100x financing (unless you're trading the perpetual swap, which is not a futures contract, but has similar characteristics). Since bitcoin futures do tend to trade at a premium, you are in a way paying an implied interest rate in the contract, because if you want to go long, you have to pay above spot, so you pay the interest up front in the contract, in a way. Margin-trading is what provides the real reward and potential in daytrading bitcoin. You will be able to access the leverage to profit well from relatively small moves in BTC/USD price. High risk, high reward, high potential for loss. However, you need not use Futures only to speculate, hedging on lower leverage is also a great use case for Bitcoin derivatives if you just want to defend your coins. Futures are traded between customers using the orderbook, the exchanges are merely facilitating the trades, not taking the other sides of positions. To learn the difference between orderbook exchanges and CFDs or "bucket shops", read this post. Basically, if you trade margin spot on a site like Kraken or Bitfinex, you will pay financing fees while you hold the position open. The same goes for CFD sites like WhaleClub or 1Broker. With bitcoin futures, you are able to trade margin without expending interest, because counterparties to the contract pay a fee to open and close the contract, and the exchange just manages the risk, so no money is really being lent! Should I trade with fixed margin or cross margin? Fixed margin will isolate your margin to the individual position you have made in an instrument. So if you have 1 bitcoin in your account and you put 0.2btc margin for a Weeklies Futures long position, and it gets margin-called, you still have the 0.8btc left. However, if you're on cross-margin, also known as portfolio value margin, then your whole balance on the site is going to be used to back all your positions, and if you get margincalled, it's because you have run out of money on your whole account. If you are new use Fixed Margin. Cross Margin can be very beneficial for swing traders who need to ride out turbulent, choppy price action, but new traders should NOT risk their whole account. So on BitMEX you want to isolate margin, and on OKCoin you want to use fixed margin, not cross-margin. To experienced traders: do your thing. Cross-margin will keep you from getting chopped out on moves and there are many legitimate benefits. Start small. Get familiar with the platform you're using before you make any significant trades. BitMEX offers a sandbox using Testnet coins.

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OKCoin and BitVC do not offer a demo version, but you can start small with 1 contract and test how Open Long, Open Short, Close Long, Close Short and different order types work. If you contact CryptoFacilities you can also get access to a demo platform to use. When you are getting started making actual trades, in general you should focus on making LIMIT ORDERS which will get FILLED by other traders. Not only will you pay lower fees this way, but you will also be making more composed trading setups because you aren't impatiently just market-buying or market-selling into the spread. So a general principle you should follow is to AVOID MARKET ORDERS WHEN YOU CAN! You will pay higher "taker" fees and you will be at the mercy of the spread which is a hidden fee. With BitVC and OKCoin you can hold simultaneous long and short positions on the same contract. In BitMEX you can not. Technically it makes no sense to hold opposite simultaneous positions because it just cancels each other out. You may as well just close the position instead. There are some who still prefer, for psychological reasons, to use this and wrongly call it a "hedge", but really you're better off saving the trading fees and just getting out of a position if your outlook on a trade has changed. At the expiration of the contract you are trading, all positions get closed out and settled. Different exchanges use different anchors to settle against. To avoid manipulation, most of them use an index. OKCoin uses a custom 6-exchange index (3 chinese, 3 Western), while BitMEX, Deribit, Coinpit, and CryptoFacilities use a multi-spot-exchange Index to settle all of its contracts at expiration. This minimizes the risk of any manipulation if contracts settled on a single exchange's price, but it also makes it more difficult to manage your hedges since there's no way to "buy" or "sell" an index. No system is perfect, and each one offers different unique pro's and con's, just like your selection of contract type and length. So depending on your case you may want something different than someone else. Don't worry, your profits are not stuck until the contract expires, every exchange has a settlement procedure that makes your profits available for withdrawal either daily or weekly. CryptoFacilities, Coinpit, and BitMEX has a realtime profit realisation, while OKCoin and Deribit has weekly rebalancing scheduled for all contract lengths. It's important to note that on all of these exchanges, all the futures and forwards are non-deliverable and have expiration at various times. Despite this, OKCoin uses "delivery" as their term for expiration settlement of a contract, and "settlement" for the weekly rebalancing of the Pnl for higher length contracts. Since we are stuck with this unprofessional Chinese exchange being the dominant market player in futures, we have to focus on their use of the terminology, but BitMEX and CryptoFacilities have very impressive and professional setups that use well documented procedures. Always read the documentation of any exchange you're using and the contract specifications of the individual product you're using. So their weekly contract is settled every Friday, at which point the BiWeeklies and Quarterlies are rebalanced to allow any profit to be withdrawn even though the expiration settlement is a week or many weeks later. As an example: if you have Quarterlies contracts that you made profits on over the weekend, then this profit needs to be withheld because of the risk of socialised losses. By Friday, however, this profit is available to be withdrawn and the positions are all rebalanced. Technically this is not a "settlement", because if you are holding an open Quarterlies contract when the weekly settlement occurs, your position will remain open, it will just experience a step-up in cost-basis and the unrealised Pnl is applied, so that socialised losses can be handled. BitMEX also has a weekly rebalancing for all their contracts, but currently their most popular product is the Daily 100x maximum leverage contract. This settles daily, but otherwise the rest of the contracts are handled on Friday, a little bit after OKCoin's 8:00AM UTC. See this website to get a countdown to the settlements on the different exchanges. The policies of ex

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changes are changing often so this information may be outdated by the time you read it (though we will try to keep it as up to date as possible). Dailies, Weeklies, BiWeeklies, Quarterlies -- What Should You Trade? Lots of different contracts to choose from. It can often be confusing to traders who are using multiple futures exchanges with different contract types -- inverse and qunato, dailies or quarterlies, 5x or 100x -- so people wonder: what should I trade? Well, it depends on what your goals are. If you are trying to do a little hedge for a medium term, you would want to use a quarterlies expiration contract instead, because otherwise you'd have to reopen shorter-term contracts after they expire and settle. If you want to do scalping, then shorter-term expiree contracts that settle really soon would be fine. Keep in mind, the normal state of futures markets is "contango", which means that longer dated contracts will have a premium to the current spot rate, to reflect the interest rate differential and time preference. This means you will see Weeklies maybe with a $1-2 preium and Quarterlies (assuming they expire months from now) with a $5-8 premium. As an example we have Quarterlies contracts right now at OKCoin that settle on December 25. So we're just starting December now, that means that even though these are "Quarterlies" contracts by classification, they are expiring not 3 months from now, but 1 month from now. Don't mix up the settlement expiration date with the naming convention. BitMEX and CryptoFacilities have a more professional and properly set up exchange that has a naming convention that makes sense and matches their settlement, while using weekly rebalancing to allow for profit takeouts of customers. So be aware of the premium or discount that is on longer dated contracts, this can allow you some arbitrage opportunities if you are patient and have the coins to apply to it. In general, we recommend that you trade any contract that has good liquidity and high volume. This is the most important characteristic of ANY product for a trader. If you can't get in and out reliably, and have a price that reasonably follows the spot market behavior, then it's not worth trading. They're the dark side of counterparty leverage in Bitcoin Futures trading. Socialised losses are the way that some bitcoin futures exchanges (BitMEX used to have this and called them "Dynamic Profit Equalisation" or DPE) and OKCoin/Deribit handle unfilled margin call liquidations. Note: BitMEX as of late 2016 now uses Auto Deleveraging (ADL) system. Coinpit and CryptoFacilities use a termination system too, which makes funds available right away so you don't have to wait for a contract period to clear. Because traders are using 20x, or up to 100x margin, sometimes the market moves so fast in one direction that they get margin-called and the system that sells their position is unable to get filled. This leads to a loss for the system, which is distributed to all the profitable traders at settlement/expiration of the specific contract. To illustrate the point, recall that futures markets are just counterparty contracts. Let's say I want to SHORT the market and profit off a decline in BTC/USD. If I put an order to sell Weekly futures contract at $400, and someone buys that offer, then we have created a futures contract. If it goes down, I profit and he loses, if it goes up, he profits and I lose. However, what if price goes down really fast, and my counterparty only had a little margin backing his position? Well, he gets margin-called when it goes down enough, and the system takes his contract and forces it to be sold to a different counterparty that wants to take the LONG side of my contract. Now, if that margin-call does not get filled and the price continues to fall, then I'm making profits on my contract but nobody is paying for it since the counterparty who got margin-called didn't get the liquidation order filled. So what happens is that at settlement time of the contract, that unfilled liquidation loss to the system will be deducted from the profits of ALL traders before they are distributed. This may sound like an unfair system to those who

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Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Mousepad. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Mousepad will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over now to see the big selection of Portuguese Water Dog gifts we offer. Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Necklace. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Necklace will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over now to see the big selection of Portuguese Water Dog gifts we offer. This magnificent Portuguese Water Dog Note Holder will make sure that you never forget that important meeting. At approximately 6 x 2.5 inches our friendly Memo Holder will always stand out on your kitchen counter, desk or anywhere else you decide to place it. Or as a gift for a friend or loved one, this delightful Note Holder will always bring a smile. Perfectly divine, this darling dog will capture every heart in the room on this delightful Portuguese Water Dog Paw Wipe Towel. Your beautiful hairy companion will astound on this 13 x 18.5 inch machine washable towel finely made from White Terry Cotton. It also comes with a Hook & Grommet for hanging anywhere in your home, car, boat or any place that you bring your best friend. Our Portuguese Water Dog Paw Wipe Towel is an adorable gift idea that friends will be excited to use for several years. This spectacular Portuguese Water Dog?áPen Holder will spruce up any desk or work station. With a beautiful wood plaque mount, an intricately designed figurine and a handsome gold tone pen, your new desk accessory is sure to bring up lots of conversation about your favorite friend. The Portuguese Water Dog Pen Holder is always a fantastic gift. Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Pin. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Pin will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over now to see the big selection of Portuguese Water Dog gifts we offer. Show your admiration for all Portuguese Water Dog's by displaying our wonderful Portuguese Water Dog Plant Stake. The dimension of the plant stake are approximately 13" x 5.5". Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Plush Stuffed Animal "Moxie" 8". Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Plush will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over now to see the big selection of Portuguese Water Dog gifts we offer. Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Sign. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Sign will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over now to see the big selection of Portuguese Water Dog gifts we offer. Nothing beats the exceptional look and quality of our Portuguese Water Dog Socks. Among the finest made, you will be provided with great satisfaction and long lasting enjoyment. Why not pamper yourself or give a loved one a Portuguese Water Dog gift to show them how much you care. The Portuguese Water Dog Socks will make the perfect gift for any Portuguese Water Dog lover. Shop with confidence, because all products come with a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee. Click over

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Q: Display message with while loop if a variable goes lower than zero in Javascript I'm sorry if I'm being stupid. I am just starting to learn Javascript and am messing around with loops. I'm currently messing about with this code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <button onclick="myFunction()">---</button> <p id="hpcount"></p> <p id="demo2"></p> <script> var health = 30; document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; while (health < 0){ health = 0; document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = "Game over"; break; } function myFunction() { if (health>0){ health -= Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)+1; document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; } } </script> </body> </html> The idea is that the button subtracts a random integer 1-10 from the variable "health" as long as health is larger than 0. Then if it goes lower than that, display the "game over" message and reset health to 0. However, while the button stops working once health>0, the message just wont appear, and I just can't figure out why no matter how many times I look over the syntax and structure... Am I being stupid and missing something obvious? A: Change this: while (health < 0){ health = 0; document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = "Game over"; break; } function myFunction() { if (health>0){ health -= Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)+1; document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; } } To this: function myFunction() { // if health is above 0, game is still active if (health>0){ // generate a new health value health -= Math.floor(Math.random() * 10)+1; // check if the game should end if (health <= 0) { health = 0; document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = "Game over"; } else { document.getElementById("hpcount").innerHTML = health; } } } While you are learning Javascript, consider getting familiar with jQuery, which simplifies the use of javascript and dealing with cross-browser/device compatibility issues. A: It looks like you actually want to write a loop using a named function and setTimeout var health = 30, // initial health logbox = document.getElementById("demo2"); function checkHealth() { if (health <= 0) { // dead logbox.innerHTML = "Game over"; } else { // alive logbox.innerHTML = ""; } if (true) // set some condition so this doesn't go on forever? window.setTimeout(checkHealth, 500); // repeat every 500ms } checkHealth(); // start it running Now when you have some change happen to health, it will be "monitored", but if lots of changes happen under (in this case) 500 ms, the code will only react to how it has ended up after the time has passed An alternative way is to invoke a callback whenever a function modifies health, which does this check. This means you only check as it's needed, but if you have lots of changes happen in under 1 ms (think thousands or more for a PC) you may end up freezing up the browser until it's completed the functions. You also need to make sure you don't set up an infinite loop. In this style, you would not modify health directly, but write some API, e.g. var health = 30, // initial health logbox = document.getElementById("demo2"); function checkHealth() { // take real care if you want to call `setHealth` or `addHealth` here // otherwise you may end up with an infinite loop if (health <= 0) { // dead logbox.innerHTML = "Game over"; } else { // alive logbox.innerHTML = ""; } }

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Stephpar's Song A Day – An individual pick of a song for each day. Gail Attard is a young singer from Malta. She started singing at the age of 10 years and has taken part in many festivals and singing competitions, where she has always finished within the top few places if she hasn't won the competition. Goodbye, My Love is the new, original song from Gail. It is about the breakup of a relationship where the singer was left at the alter because her fiance was cheating on her, and he wants to come back but she ends the relationship. It is a beautiful, moving song that Gail sings expertly, perfectly expressing the pain and sadness of the song, making you feel that she is really experiencing the emotions that she is singing about. You can follow Gail on Facebook, and on her YouTube channel. Thomas Zwijsen is a Dutch classical guitarist who has made his name for his unusual repertoire. His first album, Nylon Maiden, consisted of 11 arrangements of Iron Maiden songs for classical guitar. His second album, Nylonized, contained a collection of songs from different artists (such as The Who, Deep Purple, Adele and several others) and a few original works. Since then he has released several albums of similar cover versions and original pieces. Chop Suey! was originally released by System Of A Down on their 2001 album Toxicity and as a single. This is another incredible arrangement for solo classical guitar from Thomas that produces the full sound of a metal band on a single nylon stringed acoustic guitar. As is usual with Thomas's video he manages to record his videos with stunning scenery in the background. You can follow Thomas on his Website, on Facebook, of Twitter and on his YouTube channel. You can buy his music on iTunes. You can learn to play the guitar with lessons from Thomas, and play a song after the first lesson, at king of the Strings. Live Acoustic Cover Series is a series of covers of some of Breeze's favourite songs that were recorded live to camera at St John the Baptist Church in Harleston, Norfolk and at Poplar Farm. Each video is recorded using multiple cameras so that a single performance can be viewed from multiple angles. All of the songs are performed with Breeze's own unique style giving each one a different feel than the originals. The series has a theme of pain from relationships with each song covering a different aspect, pain from the death of a loved one, from someone close losing their way, or from relationships that are seriously troubled. Supermarket Flowers was originally released by Ed Sheeran on his 2017 album ÷. It is about packing things away and clearing up after a loved one has died in hospital, and about the thoughts about them. Breeze gives a moving, personal version of this song with light accompaniment that really brings out the sorrow of someone who has lost a parent that they were close to. Youngblood was originally released by 5 Seconds Of Summer on their 2018 album Youngblood and as a single. It is about the break up of a relationship where the singer is being strung on by someone who is no longer interested but can't end the relationship because there just might be something in it. Breeze really brings out the anguish of this song, mixing it with resignation to the fact that things aren't likely to change leaving you with the distinct impression of someone who wants the pain to end but still wants the relationship and can't see anyway to have both. Mercy was originally released by Shawn Mendes on his 2016 album Illuminate and as a single. It is about the singer begging for mercy and to be let free from a relationship that brings them nothing but pain even though there is no malice in the one they love. Breeze understates this song, being almost deadpan during the verses which gives a greater power to the chorus where she pleads for mercy without having to go overboard. This gives the song a feeling of seeing the solution but being unable to do anything with be released. Leave A Light On was originally released by Tom Walker on his 2017 album What A Time To Be Alive and as a single. It is about a friends who is addicted to drugs, and saying that you'll leave a light on for them so that they will always have a safe place to come. In this song Breeze conveys the frustration of watching a friend self-destruct knowing that there is nothing you can do until the want help, and combines this with

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the compassion of letting them know that you will always be there when they need you. Hot n Cold was originally released by Katy Perry on her 2008 album One Of The Boys and as a single. It is about a relationship that has problems because one of the partners has severe mood swings. Breeze has a little fun with this song going more with the lightness of the melody rather than the darkness of the lyrics but still manages to give as amazing a performance as she does for the other songs in this series. This series of videos were released as a part of the build up to the release of Breeze's new EP that will be released on 26 April, with a single, Under Your Skin being released on Good Friday, 19 April. Daneliya Tuleshova is a young Kazakhstani singer and dancer. She has entered many competitions in Kazakhstan and abroad, most notably winning the Ayalagan Astana 2015 in Kazakhstan, she represented Kazakhstan at the 2015 New Wave Junior competition in Russia where she won the People's Choice Award, and she represented Kazakhstan at the 2018 Junior Eurovision Song Contest (JESC) with her song Ózińe Sen [Seize The Time] making her the first person to represent Kazakhstan at any Eurovision contest. Colorblind was originally released by Amber Riley on the 2014 EP Glee: The Music, Bash – EP. It is about when someone you love leaves and you lose all colour in your life. Despite the lyrics being based on a misconception about colour vision deficiencies this is an incredible version where Daneliya imbibes the song with an emotional intensity, that builds as the song progresses, of the loss of joy and hope when a loved one leaves. You can follow Daneliya on Facebook, on her vKontakte page, on her vKontakte Community, on Instagram, and on her YouTube channel. You can buy her music on iTunes as Daneliya Tuleshova and as Данэлия Тулешова. Conkarah is a singer, songwriter and musician from Jamaica. He released his first music video in 2009 to instant acclaim from the Reggae community and further releases have only served to increase the respect he received from critics and fans. Rosie Delmah is a young singer from the Solomon Islands. She first came to public attention when she won the 2014 Solo Icon singing competition in the Solomon Islands, she then concentrated on her education and became in Internet sensation in 2016 when she recorded her first single and video clip of a reggae version of Adele's Hello duetting with Conkarah. Since then her popularity has grown with each new video she has recorded and she represented the Solomon Islands at the 2016 Festival of Pacific Arts in Guam. Shallow was originally released by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper as a part of the soundtrack of the 2018 movie A Star Is Born and as a single. It is about wanting more from life and being far from shallow. It is a great reggae cover of this song from Conkarah and Rosie that adds a lot of body that is missing from the original. Both singers give incredible performances, not only delivering the melodies perfectly but also expressing emotions with great subtlety. As both artists live on incredibly beautiful islands they are able to make the video with spectacular scenery as a backdrop. You can buy Shallow on iTunes. You can follow Conkarah on Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, on Soundcloud, and on his YouTube channel. You can buy his music on iTunes. You can follow Rosie on Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, and on her YouTube channel. You can buy her music on iTunes. Sucker was originally released by Jonas Brothers as a single in 2019. The original is a love song where the singer is so in love that they are a sucker for them and will do anything. This is another in the Google Translates series, and it is well towards the weirder end of the series. It seems to have something to do with breastfeeding, or that is the way that Malinda interprets the translated lyrics, and is generally great fun. Dragón Rojo (Spanish for Red Dragon) is a Colombian Reggae singer. He likes to send positive messages in his music and his philosophy is

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In this document, Natural Resources Wales ('NRW') means the Natural Resources Body for Wales ('the Body') established by Article 3 of the Natural Resources Body for Wales (Establishment) Order 2012. Please note that on 01 April 2013, the functions previously conducted by the Countryside Council for Wales ('CCW'), Forestry Commission Wales ('FCW'), and the functions of the Environment Agency within Wales ('EA/EAW'), (CCW,FCW and EA/EAW together 'the Legacy Bodies') were transferred to NRW. In determining this application, NRW has exercised its duties and powers under the Water Resources Act 1991 (as amended) and the Environment Act 1995 and has taken account of guidance issued by the Legacy Bodies where relevant. NRW have decided to refuse the licence applications. Summary of the proposal: The applicant has applied to install and operate a new hydropower scheme on the Afon Clywedog at Brithdir, Dolgellau, Gwynedd. The scheme will consist of a new concrete intake structure (at the abstraction point), a gravity feed pipe, a power house (not considered for the abstraction and impounding licences, but required as part of the scheme to operate), tailrace and outfall structure. The applicant originally applied for 100 percent abstraction above a Q85 residual flow up to a maximum instantaneous rate of 630 litres per second (l/s). During the determination of the application the applicant revised this to a 40% abstraction above a Q95 residual flow up to a maximum instantaneous rate of 630 l/s. All proposed abstracted water would be returned to the Afon Clywedog at National Grid Reference (NGR) SH 74929 18816, approximately 1.9 kilometers downstream of the abstraction point. Source of Supply: Inland water (river) known as Afon Clywedog at Brithdir, Dolgellau, Gwynedd. Points of abstraction and quantities: At National Grid Reference SH 76163 17800. At an instantaneous rate not exceeding 630 litres per second. Means of abstraction: Intake works and a gravity feed pipe. Purpose of abstraction: Power production. Application received and accepted as valid but supporting information requested. Supporting information for Habitats assessments received. Application allocated to Permitting Officer. Internal and external consultation sent out. Representations received and copies subsequently requested by the applicant. Copies released following notice period where representors could object to their representation being released. Appendix 4 and Appendix 11 sent for consultation. Appendix 23 sent to local authority to request details for the in-combination assessment. Responses received on 20/01/2015. NRW provided the applicant full details of our concerns regarding the proposal. NRW provided the applicant a full response detailing processes and outstanding concerns. The applicant was given until 15/06/2015 to provide any additional information they wished to be considered in the Appropriate Assessment. The applicant provided a revised intake design and confirmed they would accept an abstraction regime of 40 percent abstraction above a Q95 residual flow up to the maximum instantaneous rate. The email also challenged NRW's interpretation of legislative requirements regarding the Habitats Regulations Assessment, the interpretation of 'likely' and 'significant' and the need for an Appropriate Assessment. Completion of Appropriate Assessment and relevant decision documents. Justification of quantities: The turbine design flow of 630 litres/second represents ~58 percent of the average daily flow (Qmean) estimate (1082 litres/second) and is therefore in accordance with the Environment Agency's Hydropower Good Practice Guidelines ([GPG] policy relevant during determination of this application) which recommends that maximum abstraction should not exceed Qmean. The Q95 residual flow from the revised proposal is 144 l/s. The proposed annual quantity is equivalent to 365 times the maximum daily quantity proposed which is not in accordance with the GPG which recommends a maximum of 220 days per year. However, in line with new guidance, 365 days would be acceptable. The applic

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ant has been unable to confirm the net head for the proposed scheme as an intake arrangement has not been agreed. However, the applicant has advised that they estimate the proposed scheme to be 500 kW project, or a little under. Given that the head difference is unknown, NRW are not able to estimate the efficiency and power output of the scheme. The proposal is non-consumptive, therefore no impacts towards the overall CAMS resources status are anticipated as a result of this proposal. Impact assessment of proposal: NRW objected to the abstraction regime originally proposed which was a 100 percent abstraction above a Q85 residual flow up to the maximum instantaneous rate. Even with the increased residual flow of Q85, a 100% abstraction is not acceptable as it would result in significant flat lining of the flow in the depleted reach. The depleted reach has good runs of migratory salmon and sea trout within it up to NGR SH 75390 18704 for salmon and NGR SH 75670 18508 for sea trout. Given this, the applicant was advised that, purely from a fisheries perspective and in line with the guidance relevant to the determination of this application, the maximum abstraction that would be considered acceptable is a 40% abstraction above a Q95 residual flow up to the maximum instantaneous rate. The applicant advised that they accepted this abstraction regime on 15/06/2015. Migratory salmon and sea trout can access the depleted reach up to the NGRs specified above. There are impassable falls located at NGR SH 76118 17880 so migratory fish are unable to access the depleted reach above this point. However, there are resident brown trout located above the impassable falls, therefore NRW would require a suitable fish pass to be constructed if any abstraction was approved at this location, to allow resident brown trout to migrate past the intake structure and ensure connectivity is maintained within the river above the impassable falls. Any design would need to be approved by NRW prior to construction. However, significant concerns were raised regarding impacts on the ecology within the depleted reach and therefore an Appropriate Assessment was undertaken regarding impacts on the Special Area of Conservation (SAC) features. See Conservation section below. Concerns relating to construction, the pipeline route and turbine house are considered issues relating to the planning permission. Concerns relating to designated sites have been address, see Conservation section below. External Representations: The proposal was advertised in the Cambrian News on 20 August 2014. 4 responses of representation were received with regard to the application. The following concerns were raised. 1) Impacts on Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (including the bryophytes in humid areas) and Mawddach Woodlands Reserve. During determination of the applications, NRW has completed assessments regarding the potential impact on the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC and Coedydd Dyffryn Wnion SSSI. As a result of the assessment of impact on the SAC (which include the features of the SSSI) NRW has been unable to conclude that the proposal will not adversely affect the integrity of the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC (and SSSI) and therefore we are not able to issue the licences applied for. As such, the applications are being refused. 2) A Habitats Regulation Assessment (HRA) needs to be completed. Where a HRA is required, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) also needs to be completed. As stated above, NRW has assessed the proposal under the Habitats Regulations which has resulted in the applications being refused. In accordance with the legislation, if a scheme requires planning permission, EIA will be a planning matter rather than a permitting matter. In this case, planning permission will be required for the proposed development therefore the requirement for an EIA falls under the planning permission (dealt with by the Local Planning Authority) and is not required by NRW to determine these applications. 3) Impact on amenity value of the waterfalls at Torrent Walk. During determination of the application NRW advised the applicant that a Flow Survey would be required to enable us and the Planning Authority to assess

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the visual impact on flows at Torrent Walk as a result of the proposal and agree suitable mitigation if required. However, during determination of the application it became apparent that the concerns relating to impacts on the SAC, see point 1) above, were likely to override this concern and NRW advised the applicant to await the outcome of the Habitats Regulations Appropriate Assessment before proceeding with the Flow Survey. Given the outcome of the Habitats Regulation Appropriate Assessment, the applications are being refused by NRW therefore there is no requirement for a Flow Survey to be completed. 4) Visual impacts on surrounding area due to pipeline and generating equipment. The visual impacts of the pipeline, turbine and associated infrastructure are considered a matter for the Planning Authority to consider. 5) Impacts on tourism and local business. No specific details were provided for NRW to consider impacts on businesses or tourism in the area. However,the applications are being refused, so this matter has not been pursued. 6) In combination impacts on species eg Dormice and Bats following work to widen the A470 near Birthdir. NRW considers impacts on Dormice and Bats are more likely to be as a result of construction of any scheme and these are therefore consider an issue for the Planning Authority. However, due to concerns regarding impacts on the SAC, see point 1) above, no abstraction or impoundment licences will be issued as a result of this application. Protected Rights: No protected rights or lawful users have been identified as being at risk of derogation as a result of this proposal. Conservation Issues: An assessment under the CRoW Act has been completed for the Coedydd Dyffryn Wnion Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The SSSI comprises of multiple features including mosses, liverworts and slime moulds that require high humidity and our found within the proposed depleted reach. The assessment was sent for consultation on 02/12/2014 and the Designated Conservation Officer (DCO) responded on 19/12/2014 confirming their agreement with the outcomes of the assessment and advised that the proposal should not go ahead. An Appendix 11 assessment under the Habitats Regulations was completed for the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC and sent for consultation. As a result of consultation with the DCO, it has been confirmed that the proposal is likely to have a significant effect upon the Meirionnydd Oakwoods and Bat Sites SAC. An Appropriate Assessment has therefore been completed by Natural Resources Wales as the relevant competent authority. The SAC feature of concern is the Dry Woodland and scrub (Old oak woods with llex and Blechnum in the British Isles, Tilo-Acerion ravine woodlands (Priority Feature)). These habitats are a primary reason for the selection of the Meironnydd Oakwoods and Bats Sites SAC which is a very large example of old sessile oak woods in north Wales, with an outstanding Atlantic flora of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts). The Appropriate Assessment has been carried out taking into account the above conservation objectives. Of particular concern are the common and localised moss and liverwort species and uncommon and localised moss and liverwort species with a distribution along the north western side of the British Isles, known as oceanic species. These oceanic species require an oceanic climate (one with warm, but not hot summers and cool, but not cold winters and with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and high rainfall). A number of the oceanic species found in Torrent Walk, located within the depleted reach, are desiccation-sensitive and require high levels of humidity or they cannot survive. When considering the potential impacts on the SAC as a result of the proposal and having had regard to the mitigation measures proposed by the applicant, NRW cannot conclude that no adverse effect will be caused by the scheme. The information submitted does not show sufficient evidence or understanding to conclude that reduced river levels (as a result of the proposed HEP scheme) would not reduce relative humidity in the gorge to an extent that would have a detrimental effect on the bryophytes that play a key role in identifying the Old Sessile Oakwood habitat for which the SAC has been

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Blues Blast Magazine Home of Blues News, Reviews, and More. Options And Rates Back Issues Prior To 2014 Blues Society News CDs & More Submit Your Album For Review Blues Radio Blues Societies Blues Blast Awards Nominees – 12th Annual Blues Blast Music Awards 2018 Blues Blast Music Award Winners 2018 Lifetime Achievement Awards 2018 Blues Blast Music Awards Nominees 2017 Blues Blast Music Awards About The Blues Blast Music Awards Lifetime Achievement Awards The Official BBMAs Website Posted on April 2, 2014 April 17, 2014 by John Mitchell Sean Chambers – The Rock House Sessions |Album Review Sean Chambers – The Rock House Sessions Blue Beat Records 2013 www.seanchambers.com 11 tracks; 48 minutes Sean Chambers first came to prominence beyond his Florida base when he played second guitar for Hubert Sumlin in the 90's. Since then he has produced a regular flow of CDs, the last of which, "Live From The Long Island Warehouse" (2011) was well received. For his latest CD Sean travelled to Nashville to record at Kevin McKendree's Rock House studios though Kevin does not appear on the album where all keyboards are handled by Reese Wynans who also produced. In a way this album could be dubbed 'a tale of three producers' as the current 'producer of the moment', Tom Hambridge, plays drums on the session. Randy McDonald on bass is the other member of the core band with an array of additional musicians appearing on individual tracks: Rob McNelley and Bob Britt add rhythm guitar to four tracks each, Etta Britt sings on three and a horn section of Jim Hoke (sax) and Steve Herman (trumpet) play on three; harmonica player TJ Klay contributes to five. The material is a mix of originals and covers. Songs covered include tunes by Rick Vito, Gary Moore and Alvin Lee and the oft-covered "Come To Poppa" (Mitchell/Randle). Sean wrote three tracks, two in collaboration with Reese Wynans; Tom Hambridge contributes two songs written in collaboration with Richard Fleming, Russel Smith and Gary Nicholson who also gets a credit for the reprise of "Healing Ground", first done by Jimmy Thackery on his album of the same title in 2005 which is an interesting place to start. Sean's gruff voice fits "Healing Ground" well, being close to Thackery's on this song. Indeed, the core riff of the song is present and correct, Rob McNelly playing in tandem with Sean. Sean's guitar style is definitely at the louder end of the rock blues spectrum and the significant difference between this and Thackery's versions is some sonic coloring from Sean which fits with TJ Klay's keening harp fills but adds little to the song. A better fit is Alvin Lee's "Choo Choo Mama" which closes the album on a rocking note though the raucous harmonica was not to my personal taste. Sean's own songs are the hard-riffing "Your Love Is My Disease", the horn-driven "It Hurts To See You Go" and the gentle "Meant To Be". The last two are both excellent and show a rather different side to Sean's playing. "Meant To Be" has a country edge and Sean's playing is more restrained with Reese's organ providing a warm blanket beneath Sean's vocal and guitar. "It Hurts To See You Go" is one of the strongest tracks as the ghost of Albert King hovers over the playing and the horns play a significant role in that achievement. Gary Moore's "Holding On" is another ballad with horns but finds Sean's voice struggling a little. The cover of "Come To Poppa" has lots of wah-wah and did not work very well compared with many other versions of this classic song. Most of the remaining tracks are relentlessly upbeat blues-rock. Rick Vito's "World On Fire" opens the album with Sean supplying some meandering sonic screams and the harp

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When Will Gyms Open in New York? 1 month ago Stephen Barnes There are numerous questions that you may have on your mind regarding the opening of a gym in New York. Some of these include whether or not they will be approved, how much will it cost to open a gym, and how can they ensure that it is safe. To help answer do thorough personal trainer of these questions, this article will provide you with some information. Gyms and fitness centers in New York are required to meet strict health and safety regulations before they can open. build an crossfit strategy are outlined by the New York State Department of Health. They include requirements for exercise machines, filtration systems, and staff. The state also requires that facilities stock up on cleaning supplies. The equipment must be disinfected each time they are used. They must maintain a record of sign-ins for at least 28 days. They are not allowed to have communal showers or indoor group fitness classes. The New York City Department of Health has been conducting virtual inspections of gyms. These inspections will be conducted via video calls between a fitness center operator and a Health Department worker. This is to free up inspectors for other facilities, such as schools. In addition to submitting online forms, gyms must complete a reopening safety plan. They will also need to submit a copy of their HVAC system's certification. This is to verify that it meets the state's MERV-13 filtration standards. COVID-19 safety guidelines If you're planning to exercise in a New York City gym, you should be aware of COVID-19 safety guidelines. These guidelines, which apply to fitness facilities throughout the state, were released by the Governor's office in May and are intended to help keep the community safe. A variety of fitness centers are involved in the guidelines, including boxing/kickboxing and yoga/Pilates studios. Some of these facilities may already have reached out to their customers about the new guidelines. However, most are eager to receive feedback about their operations, so if you want to make sure you're going to a gym that will keep you safe, call or message them first. The COVID-19 virus is spread by respiratory droplets that contact the nose and mouth of people. In some cases, the droplets can also be transferred through hands. In order to reduce this risk, wear a mask while exercising. Aside from wearing a mask, you should also wash your hands after exercise. To prevent cross-contamination, be certain to use a towel. Some facilities will provide you with one, but it's a good idea to have your own. Class-based gyms aren't allowed to operate at all In a state whose plethora of gyms is almost as long as the subway, some aren't allowed to open. Getting a special permit can be a daunting task. In fact, the process can add up to $50K in startup costs. It's no wonder the industry is looking for a legislative fix. A proposed "Health and Fitness Text Amendment" from the New York Department of City Planning should make the process easier. It's a big deal because it could give health and fitness resources a shot in the arm, especially in commercial areas that have seen a surge in activity. The biggest hurdle is COVID-19, a respiratory illness that is easy to contract in confined spaces. To that end, the government is promoting a number of safety measures including installing hand washing stations, testing the air quality of rooms, and restricting social distancing from a minimum of six feet. Some gyms have been a little more creative, using physical barriers between exercise equipment or keeping group classes outdoors. However, that does not necessarily translate to a safer gym. Cost of reopening a gym Gyms in New York City have been shut down since June 26. On August 24, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the gyms in the state could be reopened, but that they would operate at a capacity of 33 percent. Those who own and operate a fitness center are eager to reopen. But overcoming some hurdles can be costly. The New York state health department has released its Interim Guidelines for Reopening Gyms/Fitness Centers. These guidelines are a set of safety measures that all fitness centers must follow. In addition to meeting

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It's no big surprise that falls are the leading cause of death in the construction industry. Almost 40% of deaths in this industry are due to falls. It's also one of the biggest things companies get cited for… every single year. You don't get a second chance in safety, so make sure you provide your crew with the right protection the first time. So, how do you choose the right fall protection systems for the job, when the job is always changing? Well, for starters, you better make sure you do a thorough job hazard analysis. Every time! Buy equipment that will do the job. Anything else is a waste of your time and money. What should be included in your Fall Hazard Assessment? Can you eliminate the hazard? Sometimes we can avoid the hazard to begin with, either by changing the process, location, or schedule of a job. Can a machine do the task, saving a worker from having to be exposed to hazard? Eliminating a hazard will always be the best bet, so make sure this is your first step. Location of work to be performed: Where is the location of the work to be performed (roof work, marine, walking-working surfaces, leading or sharp edges)? Remember that leading edges require special fall protection; choosing protection meant for standard applications could be deadly. Identify trip hazards: These can be anything that can potentially trip a worker and cause a fall; air hoses, extension cords, machinery, tools, debris, spills, obstructed view, clutter or uneven walking surfaces. Make sure your site is free of any unnecessary hazards. Make accommodations for objects at height, dropped tools can kill! Is work area considered to be a confined space? Confined spaces are an entire beast of their own and require specific fall protection and gas detection devices. Don't overlook this critical piece of info. Oily or slick surfaces: Will the worker also have to deal with undesirable conditions while working at height? Water, oil and dust are just a few of the added dangers workers may have to contend with. Lighting/visibility issues: Is there adequate light? Is there a potential for smoke or dust to cut down a worker's ability to see fall hazards? Rescue/descent plan: Have you taken the time to come up with a "what if" plan of action for an emergency? How is the worker going to get back to safe ground after a fall? Is worker wearing PPE that will increase chance of survival and decrease injury if involved in a fall? Inspection of equipment: In the case of self-retracting lifelines (SLR's), the user must do an inspection before each use to ensure good working condition. A competent person must inspect the equipment at least annually if there is infrequent use. And the user must inspect daily! The more the equipment is used and the worse conditions they are used in, inspections can occur as much as quarterly. Record of training: Keep employee fall protection training documented so you always know the competencies of a worker. Even when they have worked for you for a long time, if they show signs of not using fall protection correctly… pull them and train them again. Re-inspection: Work areas change and in the construction industry fall protection needs change daily. Stop. Look. Think. Work Safe. Ok, so now what equipment do I need for leading edge? MillerTurbolite™ EXTREME: Galvanized cable lifeline designed for use in sharp edge applications with radius = 0.005" (0.13 mm). Daytona Big Block Self-Retracting Lifeline: Constructed with ergonomic handle, coated and heat treated brake pawl bolts this grade 8/ impervious to salt water contamination assembly is available in 50' or 65' models. 3M™ DBI-SALA® Nano-Lok™ Edge Self-Retracting Lifeline: Designed for foot-level tie off and ergonomically designed for comfort. Requires fall clearances as low as 16' and limits average arresting forces to 900 lbs. or less. Comes with integrated, backpack style energy absorber that works with connector to limit forces to protect against sharp edges. Fall protection is not one size fits all. Not for the job, not for the person. And if you get stuck buying equipment for the sole reason of meeting some minimum requirements, you are going to get burned. Factor the cost of safety equipment into your

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Bleached or Lime washed wood flooring is arguably the most beautiful, understated flooring choice available. The added brightness they give a home, their versatility and ability to complement nearly every interior style. While such a glamorous look, they don't take over a room. Yes!, the usual conjecture is, they don't stay light for long, or they are hard to keep clean and our wood is not suitable for this treatment. All very logical assumptions based on so much misinformation. The finished product of coarse is relative to what you have to work with from the start. Wood that is lighter, to begin with, is easier to achieve the desired results, like Oak (Euro & AWO), Tas Oak, Maple & Ash. A lot of the Australian hardwoods and some imported species like Merbau, are darker (reds & browns), harder and more dense. Some, like Qld Spotted Gum & Tallow Wood have their own natural oils & waxes. These details need to be factored into the equation when planning the project and meeting expectations. Don't be perturbed. We shall reveal the secrets. The Wood Must Be Bleached! The natural colour of the wood must be removed first. This can only be achieved by bleaching. Unless you intend to just paint the floor white and don't care if the grain is visible or not. The reason being, the tannin is activated by water. Whenever a liming solution or watered down white paint version is used, the tannin will mix with these and stain them. So if you have any red in the wood and most do in varying degrees, you will get pink! If you have ever coated timber in a water-based product, you would notice the coating on your roller has been tinted by the tannin. Bleaching the wood also evens out the canvas so to speak. Even a single species of wood can have quite a range of tones. What bleach to use on wood? Contrary to popular belief, Oxalic acid does not bleach wood. Oxalic acid is great for removing tannin stains from surfaces and most deck reviving/cleaning products contain about 10% Oxalic acid. Household bleaches generally are chlorine. Either a solution of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite used in bleaching powders. Neither of these products are suitable for bleaching floors. 2 part bleaching systems, such as LiteniT based on Hydrogen Peroxide and an activator is the only way to go. This is how wood pulp is bleached to make paper white. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This will change the molecule into a different material that contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible light, or does not contain a chromophore. This is the means of bleaches based on peroxide. To start with, the flooring must be sanded and prepared to the point where it would normally be ready for coating. LiteniT part A. is easily applied with a brush to cut in around the perimeter. then the body of the flooring areas applied with a mop and bucket and allowed to dry. LiteniT part B. is applied the same way taking some safety precautions such as non natural rubber gloves, eye protection and closed foot covering. Like all bleach products, it will react with any organic material such as your flesh. As many doors and windows as possible should be open during application. Bleaching should never be done in a confined space and the air circulation helps the drying process which should be left overnight. The next day the flooring needs to be cleaned to remove the residue from the bleaching process. Otherwise no coatings or further treatments will bond or cure. Water, small amount of detergent, mop& bucket is all that's required. Let the floor dry completely. This does not take long. Now the floor is ready for coating. Now this is the next phase where people go wrong. Removing the tannin and natural colour from the wood is only half of the equation. Different types of coatings can yellow or brown off with age and UV exposure. Just like your skin. So important to make the correct decision here. All the trouble you have gone through to bleach your floors can be brought undone by an incorrect choice in coatings. If the bleaching has lightened you flooring sufficiently and you are happy with

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WHAT IS DDOS ATTACK? | A Complete Guide A DDOS attack with respect to the cyber-attack of its malicious attack on the server. A word DDOS attack implies appropriated denial of service which implies it endeavors to upset typical traffic of a focused on server, administration or system by overpowering the objective or its encompassing foundation with a surge of web traffic. Denial of service is normally cultivated by flooding the focused on machine or asset with pointless demands trying to over-burden frameworks and avert a few or every single genuine solicitation from being satisfied. Abused machines can incorporate PCs and other organized assets, for example, IoT gadgets. WHAT IS IOT DEVICES? IoT DEVICES (Internet of Things gadgets) Internet of Things is a catchall expression for all the different Internet-connected gadgets that are not conventional PCs. This incorporates everything from wellness trackers and smartwatches to keen fridges, earphones, cameras, clothes washers, vehicles, traffic lights, plane motors, and home security frameworks. In the event that we are discussing its history from where it comes and how it began? at that point, there is a major history behind that Panix is the third-most seasoned ISP(Internet service protocol) on the world, which was the objective of what is believed to be the principal DoS attack. On September 6, 1996, Panix was dependent upon an SYN flood assault that cut down its administrations for a few days while hardware sellers, outstandingly Cisco, made sense of a legitimate barrier. Another early show of the DoS attack was made by Khan C. Smith in 1997 during a DEFCON occasion, disturbing Internet access to the las vegas strip for over 60 minutes. The arrival of test code during the occasion prompted the online attack of soul, Earth interface, E-exchange, and other significant partnerships in the year to pursue. On March 5, 2018, an anonymous client of the US-based specialist organization Arbor Networks succumbed to the biggest DDoS ever, arriving at a pinnacle of about 1.7 terabits every second. The past record was set a couple of days sooner, on March 1, 2018, GitHub was hit by an assault of 1.35 terabits every second. Now we should see on which layer it works? On an application-layer DDoS, attack (now and again alluded to as layer 7 DDoS attack) is work. It kinda types of DDoS attack where assailants target application-layer forms. The attack over-practices explicit capacities or highlights of a site with the goal to cripple those capacities or highlights. This application-layer attack is unique in relation to a whole system attack and is frequently utilized against monetary establishments to occupy IT and security workforce from security ruptures. In 2013, application-layer DDoS attack spoke to 20% of all DDoS attack. As per look into by Akamai Technology, there have been "51 percent more application layer assaults" from Q4 2013 to Q4 2014 and "16 percent more" from Q3 2014 over Q4 2014. In November 2017; Junade Ali, a Computer Scientist at Cloudflare noticed that while arrange level attack keep on being of high limit, they are happening less every now and again. Ali further notes that in spite of the fact that system-level assaults are getting less regular, information from Cloudflare exhibits that application-layer attack are as yet giving no indication of backing off. WHAT IS APPLICATION LAYER? The OSI model(ISO/IEC 7498-1) is a reasonable model that describes and institutionalizes the inside elements of a correspondence framework by parceling it into the deliberation layer. The model is a result of the Open Systems Interconnection venture at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The model gatherings comparative correspondence capacities into one of seven legitimate layers. A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer underneath it. For instance, a layer that gives mistake-free correspondences over a system gives the interchanges way required by applications above it, while it calls the following lower layer to send and get parcels that cross that way

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3,305

0

CommonCrawl

12

5

. In the OSI model, the meaning of its application layer is smaller in scope than is frequently actualized. The OSI model characterizes the application layer just like the UI. The OSI application layer is answerable for showing information and pictures to the client in a human-conspicuous configuration and to interface with the introduction layer beneath it. In usage, the application and introduction layers are every now and again joined. WHAT KIND OF ATTACKS ARE THERE? Presently as we recognize what is DDoS attack and on which layer it works gives now a chance to realize what sort of attack is there. The DDoS attacks, for the most part, comprise of attacks that fall into at least one classifications, with some increasingly refined attacks consolidating attacks on various vectors. These are the classifications: Volume Based Attacks: These send gigantic measures of traffic to overpower a system's data transmission. Convention Attacks: These are progressively engaged and misuse vulnerabilities in a server's assets. Application Attacks: are the most refined type of DDoS assaults, concentrating on specific web applications. Here's a more intensive take a gander at various kinds of DDoS attacks. TCP Connection Attacks TCP Connection Attacks or SYN Floods abuse a weakness in the TCP association arrangement regularly alluded to as the three-way handshake association with the host and the server. Here's the secret. The focused on the server gets a solicitation to start the handshake. In an SYN Flood, the handshake is rarely finished. That leaves the associated port as involved and inaccessible to process further asks for. In the meantime, the cybercriminal keeps on sending an ever-increasing number of solicitations overpowering every single open port and closing down the server. Application Attacks Application layer attacks — some of the time alluded to as Layer 7 attacks — target utilizations of the casualty of the attack in a more slow manner. That way, they may at first show up as genuine solicitations from clients, until it is past the point of no return, and the injured individual is overpowered and incapable to react. These attacks are gone for the layer where a server creates website pages and reacts to Http demands. Frequently, Application-level attacks are joined with different sorts of DDoS attacks focusing on applications, yet in addition the system and data transmission. Application layer attacks are especially undermining. Why? They're reasonable to work and more hard for organizations to identify than attacks concentrated on the system layer. Discontinuity Attacks Discontinuity Attacks are another normal type of DDoS attack. The cybercriminal abuses vulnerabilities in the datagram fracture process, in which IP datagrams are partitioned into littler parcels, moved over a system and afterward reassembled. In Fragmentation assaults, counterfeit information parcels unfit to be reassembled, overpower the server. In another type of Fragmentation assault called a Teardrop attack, the malware sent keeps the parcels from being reassembled. The weakness abused in Teardrop attacks has been fixed in the more current forms of Windows, however clients of obsolete renditions would even now be helpless. Volumetric Attacks Volumetric Attacks are the most widely recognized type of DDoS attack. They utilize a botnet to flood the system or server with traffic that seems real, however, overpowers the system's or server's abilities to handle the traffic. HOW DDoS ATTACKS ARE TO BE DONE? System associations on the Internet comprise of various layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OS) model. Various sorts of DDoS attacks center around specific layers. A couple of models: Layer 3, the Network layer. Assaults are known as Smurf Attacks, ICMP Floods, and IP/ICMP Fragmentation. Layer 4, the Transport layer. Assaults incorporate SYN Floods, UDP Floods, and TCP Connection Exhaustion. Layer 7, the Application layer. Mostly, HTTP-scrambled assaults. The essential way a DDoS is cultivated is through a system of remotely controlled, hacked PCs or bots. These are frequently alluded to as "zombie PCs." They structure what is known as a "botnet" or system of bots. These are utilized to flood focused on sites, servers, and systems with

-0.769327

0.483181

0.465775

0.776894

[ -0.796720598216793, -0.7419335810568426 ]

[ 0.2772586162541197, 0.6891031899553549 ]

[ 0.597659695084045, 0.3338906284440811 ]

[ 0.6858463703698213, 0.8679422891475232 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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3,305

1,024

CommonCrawl

12

5

Otto Charles Harmson b. 6 March 1876, d. 29 April 1911 Father: John Harmson b. circa 14 February 1832, d. 22 March 1882 Mother: Philippina Dexheimer b. 31 August 1841, d. 2 August 1890 Otto Charles Harmson was born on 6 March 1876 in Sacramento, California. The following appeared on 13 March 1876 in the Sacramento Daily Union: Born] (Sacramento, March 6) Wife of John Harmson, a son. John Harmson and Philippina Dexheimer appeared in the US federal census of 1 June 1880 in Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, at 1117 Fifteenth Street and one boarder.. Other members of the household included Otto Charles Harmson, Lillie M. Harmson and John William Harmson. The following appeared on 14 December 1890 in The Sunday Union: H. J. Goethe, through his attorney, Isaac Joseph, has filed in the County Clerk's office the will of the late William Schmidt. The deceased bequeaths to Mrs. Lena Harms, his sister-in-law, the sum of $500, to Charles Schmitt, editor of the Nord California Herold, $100; to Lillie Harmson; John Harmson and Otto Harmson, his step-children, the balance of his estate. The petition for the probate of the will states that the estate consists mainly of houses and lots in this city of the value of avour $16,500. The hearing of the petition has been set for Friday, December 26th. The following appeared on 11 May 1894 in the Sacramento Daily Record-Union: Lillie Harmson, guardian of John and Otto Charles Harmson, minors, has petitioned the Superior Court for an order to mortgage certain real estate for the purpose of paying a debt of $1,303.34. Otto Charles Harmson and Lillie M. Harmson appeared in the 1895 Sacramento, California, City Directory at 1233 H Street and their brother John is listed at the same address. The following appeared on 23 June 1897 in the Sacramento Daily Record-Union: [Died] In this city, June 21st. Lillie M. Harmson, sister of John and Otto Harmson, a native of Sacramento City. Cal., aged 25 years, 10 months and 19 days. Friends and acquaintances are respectfully invited to attend the funeral to-day, Wednesday, at 2 p. m., from her late residence, 1233 H street. Otto Charles Harmson appeared in the 1899 Sacramento, California, City Directory at 716 Thirteenth Street lemployed by Burnett & Son.. He served in the US Marine Corps from July 1900 to July 1905, in California, Guam, and aboard the USS Solace. He married Lenora M. Gilmore, daughter of Robert M. Gilmore and Alice Getchell, circa 1907. Otto Charles Harmson and Lenora M. Gilmore appeared in the US federal census of 15 April 1910 in Sacramento, Sacramento County, California, at 809 I Street. His name was recorded as Arnold Harmson. He was employed as a tinsmith, according to the 1910 census. Otto Charles Harmson died on 29 April 1911 at age 35 in Sacramento, Sacramento County, California. Lenora M. Gilmore became a widow at his death. He was interred at Sacramento City Cemetery, Sacramento, Sacramento County, California. The following appeared on 30 April 1911 in The San Francisco Call: (Sacramento) Otto Harmson, a general helper, was blown to pieces and J. Butcher and Andrew Johnson were seriously injured in an explosion of an acetylene gas tank in shop No. 5 of the Southern Pacific Company here Sunday. A spark from a cigarette which Harmson is said to have been smoking caused the

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1.118854

-0.670857

-0.498478

[ -0.44608368839311024, -0.5940086347249764 ]

[ 0.8896535910620434, 1.3480545078773314 ]

[ -0.5736081134512278, -0.7681060970853839 ]

[ -0.6123390095144715, -0.3846174950162405 ]

1,024

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3,310

0

CommonCrawl

0

3

The Most Romantic Cities in the World: Readers' Choice Awards 2014 We asked Condé Nast Traveler readers for their top recommendations for romantic cities to visit around the world. Needless to say, you'll find Paris, as well as four Italian classics, but there are some pleasant sleeper hits too—from Spain's San Sebastián (for foodies) to Telluride, Colorado (for snow bunnies). By CNT Editors and David Jefferys Courtesy balloonrides.com WHAT'S TO LOVE? Balloon rides at dawn, wine tastings in local vineyards, and fabulous meals in town when the sun goes down. It's the perfect recipe for romance, and only an hour-and-a-half away from San Francisco. TOP TIP: Ditch the car. Combine an aerial view of the region with a picnic lunch and leisurely cycling circuit of local wineries, with guides from knowledgeable Napa Valley Bike Tours. WHAT'S TO LOVE? It's hard to find a prettier, more unspoiled spot along the Southern Californian coast than Laguna Beach (the well primped cast of The Real Housewives of Orange County live nearby as well). TOP TIP: Spend an afternoon browsing the varied stalls of the Laguna Craft Guild, along the cobblestoned streets of Main Beach twice a month, for unusual art, pottery, glass, textiles, and jewelry keepsakes. WHAT'S TO LOVE? Bursting at the seams with romantic places to stay, this Victorian resort town, easily reached from Philadelphia, Newark, and New York airports, is a beach-lovers haven in any season. Readers' favorite places to stay include The Virginia Hotel and Congress Hall. TOP TIP: Sunset Beach is one of very few on the East Coast where you can watch the sun set in the west below the waters of Delaware Bay. WHAT'S TO LOVE? It's all about the Jane Austen- and Emily Brontë-vibe here (with a smidgen of Beatrix Potter added to the mix), albeit not on the correct side of the Atlantic. If it's a cup of tea needed, no problem. Bracing sea spray on wild beaches? Done. TOP TIP: Pack a picnic and find a spot under one of the area's many Monterey cypress or pine trees to spot gray whales in winter and blue in summer. WHAT'S TO LOVE? Across the border, Victoria—a 90-minute ferry or 30-minute seaplane from Vancouver—does an equally brilliant job of imitating England. TOP TIP: High tea in winter, afternoon tea in summer at The Dining Room in beautiful Butchart Gardens. Think: cornish pasties, sausage rolls, scones with Devon-style cream, and Battenberg cake. WHAT'S TO LOVE? Go on! In addition to the swaying palms and beachside sunsets, how about sharing a bowl or cone of Hawaiian shaved ice? Two spoons are better than one. Unusual toppings include sweetened condensed milk, azuki bean paste, and a myriad of tropical fruit syrups. TOP TIP: Book the Vera Wang Suite at the acclaimed Halekulani hotel for private, butler-served cocktails (try the Kiss of Venus, Aphrodite's Poison, or Cupid's Arrow), and unbeatable views of moon rises over Diamond Head. WHAT'S TO LOVE? It's cheesy, we know, but a gondola ride in Venice—from San Marco to the Bridge of Sighs, and beyond—remains one of the world's most romantic experiences (the indoor version at The Venetian in Las Vegas isn't half-bad, without passports at hand). TOP TIP: Get lost! Turn the opposite direction of any signs pointing to major tourist sights and you'll find yourself down quiet(er) streets surrounded by real Venetians, living real lives, in this unspeakably beautiful city (sans pigeons). The Gritti Palace (Luxury Collection) even has a secret side-door entrance for guests. Courtes

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1,024

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3,316

0

CommonCrawl

1

6

y of La Perla WHAT'S TO LOVE? For gourmands and oenophiles, nothing beats San Sebastián. It holds an astonishing 16 Michelin stars (three restos have three of them). You'll find everything from hearty pintxos (Basque tapas) to haute-cuisine grilled calf's trotter and jaw ravioli. TOP TIP: Don't miss a meal at the La Perla Thalassotherapy spa, overlooking Playa de la Concha (pictured). The menu highlights some of the area's most tasty seafood—squid croquettes, cod confit, and hake and clams in a green sauce. Moviestore collection Ltd / Alamy WHAT'S TO LOVE? The city's 'Locks of Love' bridge may have been disassembled recently (in fear of the entire span collapsing), but Paris isn't without a multitude of other romantic spots for PDAs. TOP TIP: Do as Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy did in Before Sunset (pictured), and wander the banks of the Seine, or take to the Promenade Plantée (much akin to New York's High Line). Quebec City PQ, Canada WHAT'S TO LOVE? During winter months, Quebec City's lovely Victorian promenade, Terrasse Dufferin overlooking the St. Lawrence, erects an old-fashioned toboggan run from the Plains of Abraham to the entrance of the much-loved Fairmont Le Château Frontenac hotel. It's a thrill-and-a-half to ride, at any age. TOP TIP: Les cabanes à sucre (Sugar Shacks) are a staple in rural Quebec, but you'll find one or two here, too. Simply pour hot maple syrup in a thin line along a trough of fresh snow, and roll with a stick for the world's best ever lollipop. WHAT'S TO LOVE? We know you're out there, romantics who believe in love eternal. What better place than the evocative cemeteries—like the 150-year-old, 160-acre Bonaventure—for late-night haunts, hand in hand? And then there's always midnight beneath the Spanish moss, in the garden of good and evil... TOP TIP: Top the evening off with sinful bites at Lulu's Chocolate Bar (open until 1 a.m. weeknights, 2 a.m. on weekends). WHAT'S TO LOVE? Get hearts pumping, hard, by attending Siena's magnificent Palio horse races (held over two weekends every summer). Pick a contrada (local neighborhood team), buy its flag to wave, and brave the crush of crowds on Piazza del Campo on July 2 and August 16, 2015. TOP TIP: Book an apartment with vrbo.com or airbnb.com for one of few with balconies overlooking the action. Note: With no cars in the city, brace for lugging luggage from parking lot to nest. (Pack light—way more romantic.) Courtesy of Fairmont San Francisco WHAT'S TO LOVE? Sure, a blanket of romantic fog can descend on the city in the blink of an eye (leading to Mark Twain's famous quote: "The coldest winter I ever saw was the summer I spent in San Francisco"). That said, the city sparkles on clear days and nights from bay to ocean. No other American city commands such a dramatic setting. TOP TIP: Take a stroll along Baker Beach in the Sea Cliff neighborhood between the Presidio and Legion of Honor—views of the Golden Gate Bridge and Marin County are superb. Franco Origlia/Getty Images WHAT'S TO LOVE? Frank Sinatra sang Three Coins in the Fountain to accompany Jean Negulesco's 1954 film of the same name, and Federico Fellini directed Anita Ekberg (plus kitten) in La Dolce Vita in 1960, securing Rome's Trevi Fountain as one of the world's most romantic venues. TOP TIP:

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1,024

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Go to www.verrill-law.com Banking Law Update Benefits Law Update Environmental and Energy Law Update Lawyers on Tap Taking Care of HR Business You Might Be a Winner Publications & Podcasts Life at Verrill Total Quality A blog from the attorneys of Verrill SubscribeTwitterRSS Feed Benefit Plans of Exempt Organizations Deferred Compensation/Executive Compensation Fringe Benefit and Similar Programs Health and Welfare Plans Plan Administration Proposed Regulations on 401(k) Hardship Withdrawals by Lisa S. Boehm on December 11, 2018 Last month, the Treasury Department issued highly anticipated proposed regulations governing hardship withdrawals from 401(k) plans. The proposed regulations address recent statutory changes made to the hardship withdrawal rules under Code Section 401(k), including: permitting the withdrawal of earnings on elective deferrals in the event of a hardship; permitting the withdrawal of QNECs, QMACs, and earnings on such contributions in the event of a hardship; and providing that a distribution will not be treated as failing to be made upon a participant's hardship solely because the participant does not take any available loan under the plan. In addition, the proposed regulations eliminate the requirement under the existing regulatory safe harbor to suspend the participant's elective deferrals or employee contributions for a period of six months following receipt of a hardship withdrawal. The proposed regulations also update the list of deemed "immediate and heavy financial needs" by: (1) adding a participant's "primary beneficiary" as an individual for whom qualifying medical, educational, and funeral expenses may be incurred; (2) removing an unintended restriction on qualifying expenses for the repair of damage to a participant's principal residence; and (3) adding a new expense to the list – expenses and losses (including loss of income) incurred by a participant as a result of a federally declared disaster, provided the participant's principal residence or principal place of employment was located in an area designated by FEMA for individual assistance with respect to the disaster. The proposed regulations modify the rules for determining whether a distribution is necessary to satisfy an immediate and heavy financial need by eliminating the existing regulatory safe harbor and providing one general standard for determining whether the distribution is necessary. The new general standard has three components. First, a hardship withdrawal may not exceed the amount of the participant's need (including any amounts necessary to pay any federal, state, or local income taxes or penalties reasonably anticipated to result from the distribution). Second, the participant must have obtained all other currently available distributions (including distributions of ESOP dividends) under the plan and all other plans of deferred compensation, whether qualified or nonqualified, maintained by the employer. Third, the participant must represent that he or she has insufficient cash or other liquid assets to satisfy the financial need. A plan administrator may rely on the participant's representation unless the plan administrator has actual knowledge to the contrary. Given the timing of the publication of the proposed regulations, the requirement to obtain this representation would apply only for distributions made on or after January 1, 2020. The proposed regulations provide that a plan generally may provide for additional conditions to demonstrate that a withdrawal is necessary to satisfy an immediate and heavy financial need. For example, a plan may require a participant to first obtain all nontaxable loans available under the plan before a hardship withdrawal may be made. However, the proposed regulations no longer permit a plan to provide for a suspension of elective deferrals or employee contributions as a condition of obtaining a hardship withdrawal. In light of the timing of the publication of the proposed regulations, this prohibition would apply only for hardship withdrawals made on or after January 1, 2020 (but, as explained below, plan sponsors may choose an earlier implementation date). Effective/Applicability Date The proposed regulations generally would apply to hardship withdrawals made in plan years beginning after December 31, 2018. In particular, the proposed regulations provide that the prohibition on suspending elective deferrals and employee contributions may be applied as early as the first day of the first plan year beginning after

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December 31, 2018, even if the distribution was made in the prior plan year. Accordingly, a calendar year plan providing for hardship withdrawals under the pre-2019 safe harbor standards either (1) may be amended to provide that a participant who receives a hardship withdrawal in the second half of 2018 will be suspended from making contributions only until January 1, 2019, or (2) may continue to provide that contributions will be suspended for the originally scheduled six months. In addition, the revision to qualifying expenses for the repair of damage to a participant's principal residence may be applied to withdrawals made on or after a date that is as early as January 1, 2018. Plan Amendments and Next Steps The Treasury Department and IRS expect that plan sponsors will need to amend the hardship withdrawal provisions in their 401(k) plans if the regulations are finalized as they have been proposed. As a rule, individually designed plans would have until the end of the second calendar year that begins after the IRS issues a "Required Amendments List" that includes the change to be amended for such change, and pre-approved plans (e.g., volume submitter and prototype plans) may need to adopt interim amendments in 2019. In the meantime, 401(k) plan sponsors should contact their plan recordkeeper/third-party administrator as soon as possible to confirm (1) the changes the plan sponsor intends to implement with respect to the hardship withdrawal rules, including when they will take effect, and (2) that the recordkeeper's/third-party administrator's systems will be timely updated to administer the changes the plan sponsor desires to implement. Note for 403(b) Plan Sponsors The proposed new rules relating to hardship withdrawals of elective deferrals from a 401(k) plan generally apply to 403(b) plans. However, earnings attributable to Section 403(b) elective deferrals remain ineligible for distribution on account of hardship, and QNECs and QMACs in a Section 403(b) plan that are in a custodial account continue to be ineligible for hardship withdrawals. QNECs and QMACs in a Section 403(b) plan that are not in a custodial account may be withdrawn in the event of hardship. Topics: Plan Administration, Retirement Plans Lisa S. Boehm Contact Verrill at (855) 307 0700 © 2022 Verrill Dana LLP. ATTORNEY ADVERTISING. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome. Website by Great Jakes Type a name or keyword Select a service/industry Bankruptcy and Creditors' Rights Business Counseling Commercial Finance & Lending Corporate Governance & Board Advisory Emerging Companies Private Equity, Investment & Institutional Advisors Securities Offerings & Private Placements Tax & Nonprofit EBEC Electric Transmission & Distribution Judicial Appeals—Energy Mergers & Acquisitions—Energy Public & Government Relations —Energy Environmental & Land Use Coastal & Shoreland Manufacturing Food & Beverage Retail Food & Beverage Government & Public Relations Health Care & Life Sciences Asset Forfeiture, Restitution, & Financial Penalty Defense Biopharma & Medical Device Government Enforcement & Compliance Payments & Reimbursement Strategic Counseling & Transactions Private Clients & Fiduciary Services Litigation & Trial Business & Commercial Disputes Government Compliance & Internal Investigations Product Liability, Toxic Torts, & Personal Injury Defense Professional Liability & Licensure The Health Care Industry Trusts and Estates Professional Select an office Adelphi University Paralegal Program American Institute for Paralegal Studies American University Washington College of Law Andover College Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Boston University Paralegal Program Boston

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\section{Introduction} LINERs (low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions; Heckman 1980) are found in a significant fraction of bright galaxies (Ho, Filippenko, \& Sargent 1997a). The ionizing source of LINERs is still under debate (see Filippenko 1996 for a review), with candidate ionization mechanisms being photoionization by low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs), photoionization by very hot stars, and collisional ionization by fast shocks. Recent observations have shown that at least some LINERs are low-luminosity AGNs (hereafter LLAGNs); see Ho (1999a and references therein) for a review. According to the extensive spectroscopic survey of Ho et al. (1997b), which includes all bright ($B_T$ {\lower.5ex\hbox{\ltsima}} 12.5 mag) galaxies with declinations greater than 0$^{\circ}$, about 20\% of LINERs exhibit a broad H$\alpha$ emission line in their optical spectra. Hard X-ray observations provide a powerful means for searching for evidence of an AGN by detecting a pointlike hard X-ray source at the nucleus. Compact hard X-ray sources have been detected in LINERs that show broad H$\alpha$ emission (hereafter LINER 1s; Iyomoto et al. 1996, 1998; Ptak et al. 1998; Terashima et al. 1998a; Guainazzi \& Antonelli 1999; Weaver et al. 1999). The X-ray spectra of these objects are well represented by a two-component model: a power-law component plus soft thermal emission. The X-ray spectra of the hard component are quite similar to those of Seyfert galaxies, and typical X-ray luminosities are $10^{40-41}$~{ergs s$^{-1}$}. The H$\alpha$ luminosities of LINER 1s are positively correlated with the X-ray luminosities in the 2--10 keV band (Terashima 1999; Terashima et al. 1999). These observations strongly support the idea that most LINER 1s are LLAGNs. LINERs constitute the majority of the objects that show spectroscopic evidence for nuclear activity, and most LINERs ($\sim80$\%; Ho et al. 1997a, b) show no detectable broad H$\alpha$ emission and are classified as ``LINER 2s''. Therefore, LINER 2s are the most abundant form of low-level activity in nearby galaxies. It is not clear whether the origin of LINER 2s is similar to that of LINER 1s. If LINER 2s are also genuine AGNs, then the emission from their nuclei may be obscured, by analogy with the popular obscuration model for Seyfert 2 galaxies (Lawrence \& Elvis 1982; Antonucci \& Miller 1985). If this is the case, then the X-ray spectra of LINER 2s should show evidence for heavy absorption ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} $>10^{23}$~{cm$^{-2}$}) and strong fluorescent iron K emission lines. For example, NGC 1052, a LINER 1.9 (Ho et al. 1997a) from which polarized broad H$\alpha$ line has been detected (Barth et al. 1999), shows an X-ray spectrum absorbed by a column density of {{$N_{\rm H}$}} $\approx\,3\times10^{23}$~{cm$^{-2}$} and a fluorescent iron~K emission line with an equivalent width of $\sim$300 eV (Weaver et al. 1999). These X-ray characteristics are quite similar to those of luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies (Awaki et al.

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1991a; Smith \& Done 1994; Turner et al. 1997a). Thus, this is an example of an active nucleus which is a low-ionization analog of Seyfert 2 galaxies such as NGC 1068. Alternatively, the optical emission lines in LINER 2s may be ionized by sources other than an AGN. Collisional ionization from fast-moving shocks (e.g., Koski \& Osterbrock 1976; Fosbury et al. 1978; Dopita \& Sutherland 1995) and photoionization by a cluster of hot, young stars (Terlevich \& Melnick 1985; Filippenko \& Terlevich 1992; Shields 1992) have also been proposed as possible excitation mechanisms to power the narrow-line emission in LINERs. Ultraviolet (UV) spectra of several LINER 2s are available from the {\it Hubble Space Telescope} ({{\it HST}}), and these indicate the presence of massive stars in some LINER 2s (Maoz et al. 1998). Maoz et al. (1998) find that in NGC 404, NGC 4569, and NGC 5055 hot stars play a significant role as an ionizing source for the optical emission lines. In order to explain the observed H$\alpha$ luminosities by stellar photoionization, however, very massive stars ($M\,\approx\, 100$ $M_\odot$) are required to be still present (see Fig. 5 in Maoz et al. 1998). Although UV spectroscopy can probe the presence of massive stars, only UV bright objects ($\sim$20\%--30\% of LINERs; Maoz et al. 1995; Barth et al. 1998; Ho, Filippenko, \& Sargent 1999) can be studied. Moreover, Maoz et al. (1998) have argued that even in objects such as M81, NGC 4579 or NGC 4594, where an LLAGN is known to be present based on other evidence, the observed UV continuum power is insufficient to account for the observed line emission, and the nonstellar component most likely becomes more prominent at higher energies. Searching for the ionizing source in the X-rays is necessary to test this hypothesis. Only a limited number of X-ray observations of LINER 2s have been performed so far. Previous X-ray observations with {{\it Einstein}} and {{\it ROSAT}} were limited to soft energies, where heavily obscured AGNs are difficult to detect. Furthermore, the limited spectral resolution and bandpass of these observations cannot distinguish the thermal emission of the host galaxy from the emission from the AGN. We observed a small sample of three LINER 2 nuclei (NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457) with the {{\it ASCA}} satellite to search for a hidden ionizing source; the sample also included NGC 4192 and NGC 4569, which are classified as ``transition objects,'' emission-line nuclei whose optical spectra suggest a composite source of ionization, possibly due to a genuine LINER nucleus mixed in with signal from circumnuclear \ion{H}{2}\ regions. The imaging capability of {{\it ASCA}} (Tanaka, Inoue, \& Holt 1994), which extends up to 10 keV, and its moderate spectral resolution enable it to identify thermal emission from the host galaxy. We also analyze the X-ray properties of NGC 4117, a low-luminosity Seyfert 2 galaxy serendipitously observed in the field of NGC 4111. This paper is organized as follows. In $\S2$ we summarize the {\it ASCA} observations and data reduction. Image and spectral analysis are reported in $\S3$ and $\S4

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$, respectively. We discuss the origin of X-ray emission and the ionizing source in type 2 LINERs in $\S5$. A summary of our findings is presented in $\S6$. \section{Observations} We observed the three LINER 2s and two transition objects shown in Table 1. These objects are selected from the Palomar survey of nearby galaxies conducted by Ho et al. (1995, 1997a), for which Ho et al. (1997b) determined that broad H$\alpha$ emission is not present. We selected objects that are bright in the narrow H$\alpha$ emission line, since a large X-ray flux is expected if the ionization source is due to an AGN (Halpern, \& Steiner 1983; Elvis, Soltan, \& Keel 1984; Ward et al. 1988; Koratkar et al. 1995; Terashima 1999; Terashima et al. 1999). We also gave preference to objects that have previously been studied in the UV using the {{\it HST}}. Both NGC 404 and NGC 4569 are UV bright and have been studied spectroscopically in the UV by Maoz et al. (1998), while NGC 4111 and NGC 4192 were imaged in the UV but were not detected (Maoz et al. 1996; Barth et al. 1998). \placetable{tbl-1} The log of the {{\it ASCA}} observations is shown in Table 2. Detailed descriptions of the {{\it ASCA}} instruments can be found in Serlemitsos et al. (1995), Ohashi et al. (1996), Makishima et al. (1996), Burke et al. (1994), and Yamashita et al. (1997). The observation mode of the Solid-state Imaging Spectrometers (SIS) is summarized in Table 2; the Gas Imaging Spectrometers (GIS) were operated in the nominal pulse-height mode. We screened the data using standard criteria. We excluded data taken when (1) the elevation angle from the earth's limb was less than 5$^{\circ}$\ , (2) the cut-off rigidity was less than 6 GeV c$^{-1}$, (3) the satellite was passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly, and (4) the elevation angle from the day earth's limb was less than 25$^{\circ}$\ (only for the SIS). The observed count rates, after background subtraction, and the net exposure times, after data screening, are also tabulated in Table 2. Although we observed NGC 404, 4111, 4192 and 4569 on two occasions in order to search for variability, no significant variability was found. The typical upper limit on variability is 50\%. We therefore use images and spectra combined from the two observations in the following analysis. In this paper, the quoted errors are at the 90\% confidence level for one parameter of interest, unless otherwise noted. \placetable{tbl-2} \section{X-ray images} We detected X-ray emission from all objects except for NGC 404. In this section, we show X-ray images and estimate the spatial extension of the X-ray emission. \subsection{NGC 404} The nucleus of NGC 404 was not detected in either the SIS or in the GIS images. One serendipitous source was detected in the SIS image in the 0.5--2 keV band of the second observation. The SIS image in the 0.5--2 keV band is shown in Figure 1{\it a}. The peak position of this source is ($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($1^{h}\,9^{m}\,28^{s}$, 35$^{\circ}$\ 38{$^{\prime}$}\ 59{$^{\prime

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\prime}$}), and the error radius is about 1$^{\prime}$. This source is not clearly seen in the GIS image or in the SIS image above 2 keV. We calculated an upper limit for the X-ray flux seen toward the nucleus of NGC 404 using the following procedure. We made a one-dimensional projection of width 2\farcm5 along the nucleus and the serendipitous source and then fitted the profile with a model consisting of two point-spread functions (PSFs) at the positions of the two objects plus a constant background. The model PSFs were obtained using a ray-tracing code, and they were projected using the same method applied to the data. The free parameters are the normalizations of the two PSFs and the background level. We fitted the projected SIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--10 keV bands and obtained a 3$\sigma$ upper limit of $1.1\times10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $6.6 \times10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, respectively, assuming a power-law spectrum with a photon index of $\Gamma$ = 2. For an assumed distance of 2.4 Mpc (Tully 1988), these upper limits for the X-ray flux correspond to luminosities of $7.6\times10^{36}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ in the 0.5--2 keV band and $4.6\times10^{37}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ in the 2--10 keV band. \subsection{NGC 4111} Figures 1{\it c} and 1{\it d} show the GIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands, respectively. At least three X-ray sources were detected in the GIS field of view, and the positions and tentative identifications of these are summarized in Table 3. One of these sources, at ($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^{h}\,7^{m}\,47^{s}$, 43$^{\circ}$\ 6{$^{\prime}$}\ 53{$^{\prime\prime}$}) is brighter in the $>$2 keV image than in the $<$2 keV image. This hard source is positionally coincident, within the astrometric uncertainty of {\it ASCA}, with NGC 4117, a $B\,\approx$ 14.0 mag Seyfert 2 galaxy first recognized by Huchra, Wyatt, \& Davis (1982). The other two sources are brighter in the soft-band image. One of the soft sources coincides with the nucleus of NGC 4111, while the other has no counterpart in the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED). NGC 4111 is detected also in the SIS image, but the other sources are out of the field of view of the detector. In order to estimate the spatial extent of the X-ray emission, we made azimuthally averaged radial profiles of surface brightness using the SIS images and compared them with those of the PSF. We used the SIS images to examine the spatial extent of the emission, since the spatial resolution of the SIS is better than that of the GIS. We tried to fit the radial profiles in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands with a PSF plus constant background model. The free parameters are the normalization of the PSF and the background level. The fits were unacceptable: $\chi^2$ = 20.9 and 30.4 for 11 degrees of freedom, in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands, respectively. In order to parameterize the spatial extent, we fitted the radial profiles with a constant background plus a two-dimensional Gaussian convolved through the PSF. The free parameters in this fit are the dispersion and normalization of the Gaussian and the background level. This model gave a significantly better fit

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848, 29889, 450, 3889, 4128, 526, 278, 13, 8945, 17063, 310, 278, 1023, 11323, 29943, 29879, 322, 278, 3239, 3233, 29889, 1334, 25890, 278, 13, 4836, 287, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 22706, 322, 13, 711, 2408, 287, 263, 29871, 29941, 4535, 3754, 29938, 7568, 4046, 310, 395, 29896, 29889, 29896, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 13, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 322, 395, 29953, 29889, 29953, 320, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 7477, 29938, 3426, 29906, 4429, 13, 690, 1103, 3598, 29892, 10241, 263, 3081, 29899, 10653, 18272, 411, 263, 6731, 265, 2380, 310, 13, 4535, 6642, 29938, 353, 29871, 29906, 29889, 29871, 1152, 385, 12023, 5418, 310, 29871, 29906, 29889, 29946, 341, 6739, 313, 29911, 352, 368, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29947, 511, 1438, 13, 21064, 13071, 363, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 3928, 304, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 13, 29938, 29955, 29889, 29953, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29953, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 3719, 322, 13, 29938, 29946, 29889, 29953, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29955, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 3719, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29913, 13, 13, 13080, 1973, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 274, 29913, 322, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 270, 29913, 1510, 278, 402, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 13, 392, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 29892, 8307, 29889, 2180, 3203, 2211, 1060, 29899, 764, 8974, 892, 13, 4801, 26458, 297, 278, 402, 3235, 1746, 310, 1776, 29892, 322, 278, 11909, 322, 12033, 1230, 13, 1693, 8232, 310, 1438, 526, 19138, 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15225, 313, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29906, 467, 29871, 450, 916, 1023, 8974, 13, 598, 1506, 14643, 297, 278, 4964, 29899, 4980, 1967, 29889, 3118, 310, 278, 4964, 8974, 22819, 2247, 13, 2541, 278, 22699, 375, 310, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 1550, 278, 916, 756, 694, 6795, 1595, 297, 13, 1552, 24206, 7338, 1431, 284, 17911, 5470, 313, 29940, 3352, 467, 13, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 338, 17809, 884, 297, 278, 317, 3235, 1967, 29892, 541, 278, 916, 8974, 526, 13, 449, 310, 278, 1746, 310, 1776, 310, 278, 1439, 3019, 29889, 512, 1797, 304, 12678, 278, 13, 1028, 15238, 15834, 310, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 29892, 591, 1754, 2698, 326, 2806, 635, 4759, 4063, 13, 3665, 616, 28723, 310, 7101, 11785, 2264, 773, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 322, 13, 2388, 1965, 963, 411, 1906, 310, 278, 11323, 29943, 29889, 1334, 1304, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 304, 25917, 13, 1552, 18652, 15834, 310, 278, 25477, 29892, 1951, 278, 18652, 10104, 310, 13, 1552, 317, 3235, 338, 2253, 1135, 393, 310, 278, 402, 3235, 29889, 29871, 1334, 1898, 304, 6216, 278, 28373, 13, 771, 5325, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 411, 263, 11323, 29943, 2298, 4868, 13, 7042, 1904, 29889, 450, 3889, 4128, 526, 278, 4226, 2133, 310, 278, 11323, 29943, 13, 392, 278, 3239, 3233, 29889, 29871, 450, 23994, 892, 443, 16044, 519, 29901, 779, 4161, 29985, 29906, 29938, 353, 29871, 29906, 29900, 29889, 29929, 13, 392, 29871, 29941, 29900, 29889, 29946, 363, 29871, 29896, 29896, 14496, 310, 16082, 29892, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 13, 29890, 4167, 29892, 8307, 29889, 512, 1797, 304, 3443, 675, 278, 18652, 15834, 29892, 591, 13, 29888, 4430, 278, 28373, 28723, 411, 263, 4868, 3239, 2298, 263, 13, 10184, 29899, 12531, 22477, 378, 1555, 1490, 1549, 278, 11323, 29943, 29889, 450, 3889, 13, 16744, 297, 445, 6216, 526, 278, 12272, 4455, 322, 4226, 2133, 310, 278, 13, 29954, 17019, 322, 278, 3239, 3233, 29889, 910, 1904, 4846, 263, 16951, 13, 6878, 357, 6216 ]

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with $\Delta \chi^2$=14 and 21, respectively, for one additional parameter. These are significant at more than 99\% confidence. The best-fit values of $\sigma$ are summarized in Table 4. The Gaussian model provides a reasonably good representation of the observed profile. These results indicate that the X-ray images are extended on kpc scales in both the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands. The difference in spatial extent between the two energy bands is not significant. The best-fit profile is shown in Figure 2. \subsection{NGC 4192} NGC 4192 and a few serendipitous sources were detected in the field. The contour maps of the SIS images in the 0.5--7 keV band are shown in Figure 1{\it b}. The positions of the detected sources are summarized in Table 3. An archival {{\it ROSAT}} PSPC image shows two sources, which combine to yield an elongated morphology, centered on the galaxy. The position angle of the elongation is $\sim72$ deg and these sources are aligned roughly along the direction of the minor axis of the galaxy. In the {{\it ASCA}} image, this elongation is not clearly seen because of limited photon statistics and spatial resolution. Since NGC 4192 is very dim and its exposure time was shorter than those of other objects, we fitted the one-dimensional projection of the SIS images, as in the case of NGC 404, to measure the X-ray fluxes; the projection was made with a width of 3\farcm2 along the nucleus and the serendipitous source (source 3 in Table 3). We fitted the resulting profile with a constant background plus two PSFs centered at the position of the galaxy nucleus and source 3. The free parameters in the fit are the normalization of each PSF and the background level. The fit of the projected profiles in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--10 keV bands yielded X-ray fluxes of $5.7\times10^{-14}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $1.1 \times10^{-13}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, respectively, for an assumed power-law spectrum with $\Gamma$ = 1.7 (see \S\ 4). At an adopted distance of 16.8 Mpc (Tully 1988), these fluxes correspond to the luminosities of $L$(0.5--2 keV) = $1.9\times10^{39}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ and $L$(2--10 keV) = $3.8\times10^{39}$ ergs s$^{-1}$. The significance of the detection is 9.6$\sigma$ and 6.7$\sigma$ in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--10 keV bands, respectively. \subsection{NGC 4457} NGC 4457 was detected in both the SIS and GIS images. Contour maps of GIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands are shown in Figure 1{\it e} and 1{\it f}. Serendipitous sources are also detected in the GIS field of view, and their positions are summarized in Table 3. The brightest one, located at ($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,29^m\, 47^s$, 3$^{\circ}$\ 35{$^{\prime}$}\ 32{$^{\prime\prime}$}), is plausibly identified with the Virgo cluster galaxy VCC 1208 [($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,29^m\,39.2^s$, 3$^{\circ}$\ 36{$^{\prime}$}\ 43{$^{\prime\prime}$})]. We fitted the radial profiles of the SIS images in the 0.5

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1,024

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263, 2846, 724, 355, 666, 277, 681, 8974, 892, 17809, 297, 278, 1746, 29889, 13, 1576, 640, 473, 11053, 310, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 3719, 526, 4318, 297, 13, 13080, 545, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 289, 1836, 450, 11909, 310, 278, 17809, 8974, 526, 19138, 1891, 13, 262, 6137, 29871, 29941, 29889, 530, 3190, 2561, 426, 741, 277, 390, 3267, 1299, 930, 349, 5550, 29907, 1967, 3697, 1023, 8974, 29892, 607, 13, 17743, 457, 304, 7709, 385, 560, 549, 630, 18131, 3002, 29892, 24764, 373, 278, 15400, 29891, 29889, 450, 13, 3283, 10696, 310, 278, 560, 549, 362, 338, 779, 3601, 29955, 29906, 29938, 3587, 322, 1438, 8974, 526, 13, 13671, 20928, 3412, 278, 5305, 310, 278, 9461, 9685, 310, 278, 13, 23014, 26825, 29889, 512, 278, 426, 741, 277, 3339, 5454, 930, 1967, 29892, 445, 560, 549, 362, 338, 451, 9436, 3595, 13, 18103, 310, 9078, 6731, 265, 13964, 322, 18652, 10104, 29889, 13, 13, 23036, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29929, 29906, 338, 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29963, 22706, 7709, 287, 1060, 29899, 764, 19389, 267, 310, 395, 29945, 29889, 29955, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29946, 1042, 604, 3174, 13, 29879, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 7477, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 322, 395, 29896, 29889, 29896, 320, 3706, 29896, 29900, 3426, 29896, 29941, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 7477, 29938, 3426, 29906, 4429, 13, 690, 1103, 3598, 29892, 363, 385, 12023, 3081, 29899, 10653, 18272, 411, 779, 6642, 29938, 353, 29871, 29896, 29889, 29955, 13, 29898, 4149, 320, 29903, 29905, 29871, 29946, 467, 2180, 385, 16356, 5418, 310, 29871, 29896, 29953, 29889, 29947, 341, 6739, 313, 29911, 352, 368, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29947, 511, 1438, 13, 1579, 1314, 267, 3928, 304, 278, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 395, 29931, 12330, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 29897, 353, 13, 29938, 29896, 29889, 29929, 29905, 3706, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 604, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 322, 395, 29931, 12330, 29906, 489, 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29871, 29946, 29941, 8290, 3311, 10080, 29905, 10080, 1042, 1800, 1822, 13, 13, 4806, 25890, 278, 28373, 28723, 310, 278, 317, 3235, 4558, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945 ]

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--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands using the same procedure as in NGC 4111. The PSF fits gave $\chi^2$ values of 26.9 and 15.3, respectively, for 11 degrees of freedom. The results of the Gaussian fits are shown in Table 4. The image in the hard band is consistent with being pointlike, but the upper limit on $\sigma$ is large ($\sigma<1.8$ arcmin). Although the lower boundary of the Gaussian $\sigma$ for the soft-band image fit is greater than zero, this result cannot rule out the possibility that the soft X-ray source is pointlike, since it is possible that Gaussian fits to a point source results in nonzero $\sigma$ ($\; \buildrel < \over \sim \;$ 0\farcm2) (Ptak 1997). The best-fit profile is shown in Figure 2. \subsection{NGC 4569} NGC 4569 was detected in both the SIS and GIS images, and a few serendipitous sources were found in the GIS field of view. The GIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands are shown in Figures 1{\it g} and 1{\it h}. The position of the brightest source [($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,37^m\,34^s$, 13$^{\circ}$\ 18{$^{\prime}$}\ 47{$^{\prime\prime}$})] coincides closely with that of the QSO Q1235+1335 [($\alpha$,~$\delta$)$_{\rm J2000}$ = ($12^h\,37^m\,33.6^s$, 13$^{\circ}$\ 19{$^{\prime}$}\ 6\farcs6); $z$=0.15]. Diffuse emission from the hot gas in the Virgo cluster is also seen in the soft-band image. NGC 4569 is separated from M87 by 2.1 degrees, and the cluster emission at this angular distance has been detected in a {\it ROSAT} PSPC image by B\"ohringer et al. (1994). We compared the radial profiles of the SIS images in the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV bands with those of the PSF and found that the SIS images are clearly extended in both energy bands. The PSF fits yielded $\chi^2$ = 37.2 and 30.7 for 11 degrees of freedom, respectively. The best-fit $\sigma$ for the Gaussian model is shown in Table 4, and the profiles are shown in Figure 2. The $\chi^2$ improved significantly in this model for one additional parameter ($\Delta \chi^2$ = 22 and 24 for the 0.5--2 keV and 2--7 keV images, respectively). The profile in the 2--7 keV band is well fitted by a Gaussian with $\sigma$ = 1\farcm6. On the other hand, the residuals of the fit in the 0.5--2 keV band suggest the presence of a compact source at the center in addition to the emission extended over arcminute scales. These two components can be identified with the unresolved emission seen in a {{\it ROSAT}} HRI image (Colbert \& Mushotzky 1999) and the extended emission detected in a {{\it ROSAT}} PSPC image (Junkes \& Hensler 1996). \placefigure{fig1} \placetable{tbl-3} \placefigure{fig2} \placetable{tbl-4} \section{X-ray spectra} We fitted the X-ray spectra of NGC 4111, 4117, 4457, and 4569. The spectra were extracted using a circular region centered on the nucleus with a radius of 3{$^{\prime}$}--4{$^{\prime}$} which is consistent with the sizes of objects. There were no confusing sources within the extra

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1,024

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1298, 2752, 2582, 297, 1661, 9171, 779, 3754, 29938, 20430, 29936, 320, 4282, 2674, 529, 320, 957, 320, 3601, 18175, 29938, 29871, 29900, 29905, 15641, 4912, 29906, 29897, 13, 29898, 29925, 29873, 557, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 467, 450, 1900, 29899, 9202, 8722, 338, 4318, 297, 11479, 29871, 29906, 29889, 13, 13, 13, 29905, 7235, 29912, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29913, 13, 13, 29940, 8766, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 471, 17809, 297, 1716, 278, 317, 3235, 322, 402, 3235, 4558, 29892, 322, 263, 2846, 13, 643, 355, 666, 277, 681, 8974, 892, 1476, 297, 278, 402, 3235, 1746, 310, 1776, 29889, 450, 402, 3235, 13, 8346, 297, 278, 29871, 29900, 29889, 29945, 489, 29906, 1589, 29963, 322, 29871, 29906, 489, 29955, 1589, 29963, 22706, 526, 4318, 297, 5104, 1973, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 13, 29887, 29913, 322, 29871, 29896, 741, 277, 298, 1836, 450, 2602, 310, 278, 11785, 342, 2752, 13, 29961, 1566, 29905, 2312, 1628, 28591, 4181, 29938, 1262, 1665, 1758, 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2541, 263, 11855, 310, 29871, 29941, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 29913, 489, 29946, 8290, 3311, 10080, 1042, 29913, 607, 338, 13747, 411, 278, 15786, 310, 13, 12650, 29889, 1670, 892, 694, 16051, 8974, 2629, 278, 4805 ]

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ction radius. Background spectra were extracted from a source-free region in the same field. The spectra from the two SIS detectors (SIS0 and SIS1) were combined, as were those from the two GIS detectors (GIS2 and GIS3). Then we fitted the SIS and GIS spectra simultaneously. The Galactic hydrogen column densities used in the spectral fits are derived from the \ion{H}{1} observations by Dickey \& Lockman (1990). Since NGC 4192 is too faint for a detailed spectral analysis, we estimated its spectral shape using the hardness ratio, defined to be the photon flux ratio between the 2--10 keV and 0.5--2 keV bands. \subsection{NGC 4111, NGC 4457, and NGC 4569} The X-ray spectra of NGC 4111, NGC 4457 and NGC 4569 cannot be fitted with a single-component model. We tried a power-law model and a thermal bremsstrahlung model. The absorption column density of the matter along the line of sight was treated as a free parameter. We obtained unacceptable fits (Table 5). Since the value of the obtained reduced $\chi^2$ is large ($>2$), errors are not shown for spectral parameters in Table 5. A bump is seen around 0.8--0.9 keV in all the spectra, which can be identified with the Fe~L line complex. This feature suggests the presence of a thermal plasma with a temperature of $\sim 0.7$ keV. A Raymond-Smith (hereafter RS; Raymond \& Smith 1977) thermal plasma model also failed to give an adequate fit, and significant positive residuals were seen above $\sim1.5$ keV. This indicates the presence of a hard component in addition to the soft thermal emission. Accordingly, we fitted the spectra with a two-component model which consists of a soft thermal component and a hard component. We used the RS plasma to represent the soft thermal component and a power-law or thermal bremsstrahlung contribution as the hard component. We assumed a Galactic value for the absorption column density of the RS component. The abundances were fixed at 0.1 of the solar value since it would otherwise not be well constrained from the data; adopting other values (0.3 and 0.5 solar) gave similar results within the errors. The absorption column density for the hard component is treated as free parameter. Table 5 summarizes the results of the fitting. The two-component model reproduces well the observed spectra, and both a power law and a thermal bremsstrahlung model yield similarly good fits. The observed spectra and the best-fit RS plus power-law models are shown in Figure 3, and Table 7 lists the derived X-ray luminosities. The RS plus thermal bremsstrahlung model gives very similar luminosities. It is worth noting that the temperatures of the thermal bremsstrahlung component in NGC 4111 and NGC 4457 are not well constrained, and only lower limits of the temperature are obtained. Additionally, if the abundance of the RS component were allowed to vary, only NGC 4111 gives a constrained value (0.006--1.0 solar). We could set only a lower limit of the abundance for NGC 4457 ($>$0.001 solar) and NGC 4569 ($>$0.05 solar). The X-ray fluxes obtained from SIS and GIS are consistent with each other, within the errors, for NGC 4111 and NGC 4457. In the case of NGC 4569, the SIS and GIS fluxes differ at the level of 20\%--50\%; the SIS gives $\sim$ 20\% smaller flux in the soft band below 2 keV, while its flux in hard band above 2 keV is $\sim$ 50\% larger. This discrepancy is possibly due to the diffuse emission in the NGC 4569 field and to the different

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background extract regions. In the spectra of NGC 4569, negative residuals are seen around 1.2 keV. This may be also due to imperfect subtraction of surrounding diffuse emission, since the temperature of the Virgo intracluster gas in this region is $\sim$ 2.5 keV, and both the Fe~L line complex and the He-like Mg line are expected around an energy of 1.1--1.3 keV (B\"ohringer et al. 1994; Matsumoto 1998). Because the SIS and GIS each has a different spatial resolution and field of view, we cannot perfectly match the source-free region used for background subtraction. Therefore, we regard this discrepancy (up to 50\%) as a systematic error inherent in the derive X-ray fluxes and luminosities of NGC 4569. The typical errors for the fluxes and luminosities of NGC 4111 and NGC 4457 are $\sim$25\% (this value does not include the calibration uncertainty of $\sim$10\%). \subsection{NGC 4192} Since NGC 4192 is very faint, we estimated its spectral slope using a hardness ratio, $f$(2--10 keV)/$f$(0.5--2 keV). The photon flux in each energy band was calculated from the fits of the projected image described in \S\ 3.3. We obtained a hardness ratio of $0.48\pm0.09$ (1$\sigma$ errors). If we assume a spectral shape of a power law absorbed by the Galactic hydrogen column density in the direction of this galaxy ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $2.7\times10^{20}$ {cm$^{-2}$}), this hardness ratio corresponds to $\Gamma = 1.70^{+0.19}_{-0.16}$ (1$\sigma$ errors). \subsection{NGC 4117} For completeness, we mention the results of the spectral analysis for NGC 4117, a low-luminosity Seyfert 2 galaxy serendipitously observed in the GIS field of NGC 4111. It is of great interest to compare the spectral properties of LINER 2s with low-luminosity Seyfert 2s. The GIS spectrum of NGC 4117 is shown in Figure 4. It is clear that the soft X-rays are significantly absorbed by a large column density. We fitted the spectrum with an absorbed power-law model. The best-fit parameters are: $\Gamma = 0.92^{+1.16}_{-0.81}$ and {{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $2.8^{+1.6}_{-1.0}\times10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$}. Since small positive residuals are seen below 2 keV, we also tried to add a power-law component with little absorption. We assumed that the photon indices of both power laws are the same (equivalent to a partially covered power-law model) and that the absorption column for the less absorbed power-law component is equal to the Galactic value ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $1.4\times10^{20}$ {cm$^{-2}$}). In this model, $\chi^2$ improved by only $\Delta \chi^2 = -2.5$, and the resulting best-fit model parameters, as summarized in Table 6, are $\Gamma = 1.11^{+0.97}_{-1.01}$ and {{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $3.0^{+0.9}_{-1.1}\times10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$}. The X-ray luminosities for this model are shown in Table 7, where we adopt a distance of 17 Mpc (Tully 1988). The intrinsic X-ray luminosity of $1.3\times10^{41}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$} is one of the lowest values ever observed for Seyfert 2 galaxies in the hard X

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-ray band. We added a narrow Gaussian to the above models to constrain the Fe~K fluorescent line. No significant improvement of $\chi^2$ was obtained. The upper limits of the equivalent width are 150 and 125 eV for the single power-law model and the partially covered power-law model, respectively. The observed X-ray spectrum obscured by large column density ({{$N_{\rm H}$}} $>10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$}) is quite similar to more luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies. The obtained best-fit photon index is flat (0.9--1.1), although the error is large. It is flatter than the canonical value in Seyfert 1 galaxies (e.g. Nandra et al. 1997) and such an apparently flat spectral slope is often observed in Seyfert 2 galaxies (Awaki et al. 1991a; Smith \& Done 1996; Turner et al. 1997a). Seyfert 2 galaxies usually show fluorescent Fe~K emission line. Although the upper limit on the equivalent width is slightly smaller than that expected from cold matter of {{$N_{\rm H}$}} = $3\times10^{23}$ {cm$^{-2}$} along the line of sight (150--200 eV; Awaki et al. 1991a; Leahy \& Creighton 1993; Ghisellini, Haardt, \& Matt 1994), it is consistent with Seyfert 2 galaxies within the scatter in the plot of equivalent width versus absorption column density (Fig 1 in Turner et al. 1997b). Therefore, we found no clear difference between luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies and the low luminosity Seyfert 2 NGC 4117. \placefigure{fig3} \placetable{tbl-5} \placefigure{fig4} \placetable{tbl-6} \placetable{tbl-7} \section{Discussion} \subsection{Hard Component} We have detected hard X-ray emission from all the objects except for NGC 404. The hard X-ray (2--7 keV) images of NGC 4111 and NGC 4569 are clearly extended on scales of several kpc, an indication that a nonstellar, active nucleus is not the primary source of the hard X-ray emission. This is also consistent with the lack of time variability. Other lines of evidence suggest that at least some of these galaxies have experienced recent star formation. The UV spectra of NGC 404 and NGC 4569, for example, show unambiguous stellar absorption lines arising from young, massive stars (Maoz et al. 1998). Starburst galaxies are also a source of hard X-rays, and their X-ray spectra can be modeled as thermal bremsstrahlung emission with a temperature of several keV (e.g., Moran \& Lehnert 1997; Ptak et al. 1997; Persic et al. 1998). However, the morphologies of the hard X-ray emission in starburst galaxies tend to be either pointlike or only slightly extended (Tsuru et al. 1997; Cappi et al. 1999), significantly more compact than observed in our sample. It appears, therefore, that hard X-ray emission associated with starburst activity does not significantly contribute to the emission observed in the objects in our sample, although this conclusion remains at the moment tentative because only a small number of starburst galaxies have been studied in the hard X-rays. Note that the extended hard X-ray emission in the starburst galaxy M83 is interpreted as due to a collection of X-ray binaries in its bulge (Okada, Mitsuda, \& Dotani 1997). In normal spiral galaxies, X-ray emission comes mainly from discrete sources such as low-mass X-ray binaries (Fabbiano 1

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989; Makishima et al. 1989). The X-ray size of NGC 4111 and NGC 4569 in the hard band is similar to the optical size. The upper limit on the X-ray size of NGC 4457 is also consistent with its optical size. The extended hard-band images of the above objects are consistent with a discrete source origin. Their X-ray spectra, approximated by a thermal bremsstrahlung model with a temperature of several keV, are as expected from a collection of low-mass X-ray binaries (Makishima et al. 1989). The X-ray luminosities of normal spiral galaxies are roughly proportional to the their optical ($B$ band) light (Fabbiano 1989). Table 8 gives the {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_B$}} values for the galaxies in our sample; taking into consideration the scatter in the {{$L_{\rm X}$}}--{{$L_B$}} relation, these values agree with those seen in normal galaxies. We conclude that the origin of the extended hard X-ray emission in our sample probably arises from a collection of discrete X-ray sources in the host galaxy, and we find no clear evidence for the presence of an AGN. \placetable{tbl-8} Note, however, that our data do not rule out the presence of an AGN. If present, the nonstellar X-ray luminosity in the 2--10 keV band must be significantly smaller than few $\times$ $10^{39}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. In the case that an AGN core is heavily obscured by a large column density of {{$N_{\rm H}$}} $>\, 10^{24}$ {cm$^{-2}$}, then we expect only to see X-ray emission scattered by a warm and/or cold reflector. If the scattering fraction is $\sim$3\% (Turner et al. 1997b; Awaki, Ueno, \& Taniguchi 1999), an upper limit on the intrinsic luminosity is estimated to be $\sim10^{41}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. Recent {\it BeppoSAX} observations have shown that several X-ray weak Seyfert 2s are highly obscured by Compton-thick matter (Maiolino et al. 1998). Such a situation could also occur in LINER 2s. If a heavily obscured AGN is present, a strong Fe~K emission line at 6.4 keV is expected with an equivalent width larger than 1 keV (e.g., Terashima et al. 1998b). Unfortunately, this hypothesis cannot be tested with our data because the limited photon statistics do not permit us to set stringent upper limits on the equivalent width of the Fe~K line (typical upper limits of the equivalent widths are $\sim$ 2 keV). We will be able to address this issue with future high-energy observations on missions that have larger effective areas, such as {\it XMM} and {\it ASTRO-E}, and that have much finer spatial resolution, such as {\it Chandra}. Recent work on massive black holes in (nearly) normal galaxies have shown that the mass of the central black hole is about 1/100 to 1/1000 of the mass of the bulge (e.g., Magorrian et al. 1998). Using this black hole mass - bulge mass correlation and our upper limits on X-ray luminosities of AGN, we can estimate upper limits of the Eddington ratio of the accretion onto massive black holes in the galaxies in our sample. We calculated the black hole mass using the relations $M_{\rm BH}$ = 0.005$M_{\rm bulge}$ and $M_{\rm bulge}$ = $5\times10^9 M_{\odot}(L_{\rm bulge}/10^9L_{\odot})^{1.2}$ (Richstone et al. 1998 and references therein). We used the upper limits on the X-ray luminosities in the 2--1

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517, 278, 1009, 27070, 3255, 29933, 29938, 3719, 29897, 3578, 313, 29943, 8846, 3328, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29947, 29929, 467, 29871, 6137, 29871, 29947, 4076, 13, 1552, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 29914, 6224, 29938, 29931, 29918, 29933, 29938, 930, 1819, 363, 278, 25494, 297, 1749, 4559, 29936, 5622, 964, 13, 3200, 1241, 362, 278, 14801, 297, 278, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060, 1042, 930, 489, 6224, 29938, 29931, 29918, 29933, 29938, 930, 8220, 29892, 1438, 1819, 13, 351, 929, 411, 1906, 3595, 297, 4226, 25494, 29889, 29871, 1334, 17668, 393, 278, 3978, 13, 974, 278, 10410, 2898, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 297, 1749, 4559, 3117, 564, 4637, 515, 13, 29874, 4333, 310, 19554, 1060, 29899, 764, 8974, 297, 278, 3495, 15400, 29891, 29892, 322, 591, 1284, 13, 1217, 2821, 10757, 363, 278, 10122, 310, 385, 16369, 29940, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 29886, 4620, 300, 519, 29912, 16400, 29899, 29947, 29913, 13, 13, 9842, 29892, 3138, 29892, 393, 1749, 848, 437, 451, 5751, 714, 278, 10122, 310, 385, 13, 10051, 29940, 29889, 960, 2198, 29892, 278, 1661, 6236, 279, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 537, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896, 29900, 1589, 29963, 3719, 13, 21969, 367, 16951, 7968, 1135, 2846, 779, 3706, 29938, 395, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29929, 1042, 426, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 1836, 29871, 512, 13, 1552, 1206, 393, 385, 16369, 29940, 7136, 338, 20365, 19726, 2955, 491, 263, 2919, 1897, 13, 21518, 537, 310, 426, 8290, 29940, 1665, 1758, 379, 1042, 930, 395, 29958, 5940, 29871, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29946, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 1118, 769, 591, 2149, 871, 304, 1074, 13, 29990, 29899, 764, 25477, 29574, 491, 263, 14294, 322, 29914, 272, 11220, 9432, 272, 29889, 29871, 960, 278, 13, 1557, 2620, 292, 15958, 338, 779, 3601, 29938, 29941, 8958, 313, 27407, 261, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29955, 29890, 29936, 22886, 9940, 29892, 501, 8154, 29892, 320, 29987, 13, 29911, 273, 335, 987, 29875, 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4806, 1304, 278, 7568, 13071, 373, 278, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 297, 278, 29871, 29906, 489, 29896 ]

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0 keV band, of $1.5\times10^{39}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for NGC 404 and $1\times10^{41}$ ergs s$^{-1}$ for the others, and assumed a bolometric correction of a factor of 10 and a scattering fraction of $\sim3 \%$. The bulge luminosities are calculated by using the data in Table 11 in Ho et al. 1997a. We obtained upper limits on the Eddington ratios in the range of $(1-5)\times10^{-5}$. Thus we found that mass accretion is taking place with very low accretion rate or at very low efficiency if super massive black holes are present in these galaxies, as is in most galaxies. \subsection{Soft Component} In NGC 4111, NGC 4457, and NGC 4569 we detected soft X-ray emission that can be represented by a Raymond-Smith thermal plasma with $kT\approx0.65$ keV. Extended hot gas with a temperature $kT<1$ keV is generally observed in starburst galaxies, and it is interpreted as due to gas shock heated by the collective action of supernovae (e.g., Dahlem, Weaver, \& Heckman 1998). The X-ray luminosity of the hot gas component is roughly proportional to the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity: $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} $\approx$ --4 (Heckman, Armus, \& Milley 1990; David, Forman, \& Jones 1992). We calculated the {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} ratios for the galaxies in our sample in order to test the starburst origin of the soft thermal component. We use the X-ray luminosities of the RS component corrected for absorption in the 0.5--4 keV band, and {{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} is calculated from the flux $1.26\times10^{-14}(2.58S_{60}+S_{100})$ W m$^{-2}$, where $S_{60}$ and $S_{100}$ are the flux densities at 60 $\mu$m and 100 $\mu$m, respectively, in units of janskys (Table 1; see Ho et al. 1997a for details). We used observed total luminosities in the 0.5--2 keV band for NGC 404 and NGC 4192, since we cannot separate the thermal component from the total emission. Relations between soft X-ray luminosities and far infrared luminosities are plotted in Figure 5, where Soft X-ray luminosities are only for a Raymond-Smith plasma component except for NGC 404 and NGC 4192. We compiled X-ray luminosities of the soft thermal component in X-ray bright starburst galaxies in {\it ASCA} archives (for detailed results, see Okada et al. 1996; Ptak et al. 1997; Dahlem, Weaver, \& Heckman 1998; Ptak et al. 1999; Della Ceca et al. 1999; Zenzas et al. 1999; Heckman et al. 1999; Moran, Lehnert, \& Helfand 1999). We fitted their {\it ASCA} spectra with a model consisting of a RS plasma plus a thermal bremsstrahlung and measured intrinsic (absorption corrected) X-ray luminosities of the RS component. These points are also shown in Figure 5. The $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{{$L_{\rm FIR}$}} values (Table 8 and Figure 5) distribute around a value of $\sim$--3.5 -- --4, which is consistent, within the scatter, with what is seen in starburst galaxies. With {\it ASCA}

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spatial resolution we can only say that the X-ray size is roughly the same as the optical size, consistent with that indicated by higher resolution {\it ROSAT} data for starburst galaxies. The radial profile of the soft X-ray image of NGC 4569 indicates the presence of a compact nuclear component in addition to the extended component ($\sigma>1${$^{\prime}$}). A comparison between the radial profiles in the soft and hard bands suggests that the compact component has a soft spectrum which could be identified with an unresolved source seen in the {{\it ROSAT}} HRI image of Colbert \& Mushotzky (1999). A compact but resolved nuclear source is detected in a UV image of NGC 4569 taken with {{\it HST}} (Barth et al. 1998), and absorption features in its UV spectrum indicate that the UV source is a cluster of hot stars (Maoz et al. 1998). The X-ray spectra of O-type stars can be modeled by a thermal plasma with a temperature of $kT\sim$ 1 keV (e.g., Corcoran et al. 1994; Kitamoto \& Mukai 1996). Since individual O stars have X-ray luminosities of $10^{32}-10^{33}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$} (e.g., Rosner, Golub, \& Vaiana 1985), about $10^7$ O stars would be required to explain the X-ray source at the nucleus detected in the {{\it ROSAT}} HRI image and in the {{\it ASCA}} soft-band image. This number, however, is too large compared to the number of O stars needed to explain the observed H$\alpha$ luminosity and the strength of the UV continuum ($<$1000; Maoz 1999). Moreover, we can rule out the possibility of such a giant cluster of O stars from dynamical constraints. A cluster of $10^7$ O5 stars, each $\sim$40 $M_\odot$, would amount to a total mass of $4\times 10^8$ $M_\odot$. Even under the unreasonable assumption that stars of lower masses are absent, this mass strongly violates the dynamical mass limit of the nucleus, which has been estimated to be $< 10^6 - 10^7$ $M_\odot$\ by Keel (1996). Therefore, we conclude that the hot star contribution to the observed soft X-ray luminosity is minor. This argument also applies to all the objects in our sample, except for NGC 404, for which only an upper limit of X-ray luminosity is available. \placefigure{fig5} Finally, we note that scattered light from a hidden AGN is unlikely to be the source of the soft X-ray emission. If AGN emission is blocked by a large column density along the line of sight, only emission scattered by cold and/or warm material would be observed. If we fit the X-ray spectra below 2 keV with a simple power-law model, the photon indices become steeper than 3 for NGC 4111, NGC 4457, and NGC 4569. This spectral slope is significantly steeper than normally seen in Seyfert 2s, where scattering by warm material is thought to prevail. Cold reflection produces an X-ray spectrum that is flatter than the intrinsic spectrum. Additionally, the extended morphologies of the soft X-ray emission makes it unlikely that the photoionized medium can be maintained at a highly ionized state. Thus the soft component probably does not originate from scattered AGN emission. Instead, the most likely origin for the soft thermal component is supernovae-heated hot gas. \subsection{Ionization Photon Budget} We have found no clear evidence for the presence of an AGN in the galaxies in our sample. In order to compare the ionization source in LINER 2s and transition objects with those of LINER 1s and low-luminosity Seyfert galaxies, we calculated {{$L_{\rm X

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13928, 29871, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 13, 29873, 9424, 411, 426, 741, 277, 379, 1254, 930, 313, 4297, 386, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 511, 322, 17977, 683, 5680, 297, 967, 13, 29965, 29963, 18272, 12266, 393, 278, 501, 29963, 2752, 338, 263, 9867, 310, 7375, 10819, 13, 29898, 21870, 2112, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29947, 467, 29871, 450, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 310, 438, 29899, 1853, 10819, 508, 367, 4464, 839, 13, 1609, 263, 26963, 715, 25392, 411, 263, 10430, 310, 395, 29895, 29911, 29905, 3601, 29938, 29871, 29896, 1589, 29963, 313, 29872, 29889, 29887, 1696, 13, 12521, 2616, 273, 634, 394, 29889, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29946, 29936, 26240, 314, 3747, 320, 29987, 8229, 1335, 29875, 29871, 29896, 29929, 29929, 29953, 467, 4001, 5375, 438, 13, 303, 1503, 505, 1060, 29899, 764, 19703, 8226, 1907, 310, 395, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29906, 7402, 29896, 29900, 998, 29941, 29941, 1042, 426, 261, 3174, 269, 29938, 3426, 29896, 1042, 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537, 338, 3625, 29889, 13, 13, 29905, 6689, 4532, 29912, 1003, 29945, 29913, 13, 13, 12881, 635, 29892, 591, 4443, 393, 29574, 3578, 515, 263, 7934, 16369, 29940, 338, 25057, 304, 13, 915, 278, 2752, 310, 278, 4964, 1060, 29899, 764, 25477, 29889, 960, 16369, 29940, 25477, 338, 24370, 13, 1609, 263, 2919, 1897, 9027, 3412, 278, 1196, 310, 11126, 29892, 871, 25477, 13, 1557, 2620, 287, 491, 11220, 322, 29914, 272, 14294, 5518, 723, 367, 8900, 29889, 960, 591, 6216, 13, 1552, 1060, 29899, 764, 6683, 336, 2400, 29871, 29906, 1589, 29963, 411, 263, 2560, 3081, 29899, 10653, 1904, 29892, 278, 13, 561, 327, 265, 16285, 4953, 1886, 11356, 1135, 29871, 29941, 363, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29896, 29896, 29896, 29892, 13928, 29871, 29946, 29946, 29945, 29955, 29892, 322, 13928, 13, 29946, 29945, 29953, 29929, 29889, 910, 23161, 24968, 338, 16951, 1886, 11356, 1135, 12891, 3595, 13, 262, 922, 29891, 19175, 29871, 29906, 29879, 29892, 988, 14801, 292, 491, 14294, 5518, 338, 2714, 304, 13, 16304, 737, 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19175, 25494, 29892, 591, 12833, 426, 8290, 29931, 1665, 1758, 1060 ]

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}$}}(2--10 keV)/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} ratios (Table 8), where we used the luminosities of the narrow component of the H$\alpha$ emission. The {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} values of the galaxies in our sample are systematically lower, by more than one order of magnitude, compared to LINER 1s and low-luminosity Seyferts (Terashima 1999; Terashima et al. 1999), objects where LLAGNs are almost certainly present. The mean $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} is 1.6 for LLAGNs, while the $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} values for our sample are smaller than 0.61. We estimate the number of ionizing photons needed to account for the observed H$\alpha$ luminosities, assuming a spectral energy distribution of $f_{\nu} \propto \nu^{-1}$, which is the typical spectral shape between the UV and X-rays observed in LLAGNs (Ho 1999b), Case B recombination (Osterbrock 1989), and a covering factor of unity for the ionized gas. A value of $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} = 1.4 is sufficient to explain the H$\alpha$ luminosity by photoionization by an AGN. The observed $\log$~{{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} values, on the other hand, are significantly lower than this. If the AGN is not significantly obscured, its luminosity in the 2--10 keV band is estimated to be less than a few $\times$ $10^{39}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. In this case, photons from an AGN account for only a very small fraction ($\sim$5\%) of the observed H$\alpha$ luminosity. If H$\alpha$ is due to ionization by an AGN, one would then have to postulate that the AGN is heavily obscured with a column density greater than $\sim 10^{24}$ {cm$^{-2}$} and that only scattered radiation is observable. Alternatively, an ionizing source other than an AGN is required. As discussed in the next subsection, galaxies in our sample have lower [OI]$\lambda6300$/H$\alpha$ values than LINERs that are most likely to be AGN. If the low [\ion{O}{1}]/H$\alpha$ ratio is due to dilution by \ion{H}{2} regions, which produce strong Balmer lines and very weak [OI], the difference in {{$L_{\rm X}$}}/{$L_{{\rm H} \alpha}$} between the two classes is reduced. Since the median of the [OI]/H$\alpha$ ratio for the LINER 2s is about a factor of 3 smaller than that for the LINER 1s with LLAGNs, the H$\alpha$ emission tracing the AGN would be 1/3 of the total measured value. Even in this case, however, the observed hard X-ray luminosities are not enough to drive the H$\alpha$ luminosities. \subsection{Optical Emission Line Ratios and Ionizing Source} Our sample includes three LINERs (NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457) and two transition objects (NGC 4192 and NGC 4569). By the definition of Ho et al. (1993, 1997a), transition objects have a smaller [O~I] $\lambda$6300/H$\alpha$ ratio than LINERs (Table 8; data from Ho et al. 1997a). This class of emission-line nuclei has been postulated to be composite systems where a LINER nucleus is spatially contaminated by circumnuclear star-forming regions (Ho et al

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2319, 15958, 20430, 3601, 29938, 29945, 8958, 29897, 310, 278, 8900, 13, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 19703, 8226, 537, 29889, 960, 379, 4535, 2312, 29938, 338, 2861, 304, 16346, 2133, 491, 385, 16369, 29940, 29892, 697, 13, 29893, 483, 769, 505, 304, 1400, 5987, 393, 278, 16369, 29940, 338, 20365, 19726, 2955, 411, 263, 13, 4914, 9027, 7621, 1135, 779, 3601, 29871, 29896, 29900, 998, 29906, 29946, 1042, 426, 4912, 29938, 3426, 29906, 1042, 29913, 322, 393, 871, 13, 1557, 2620, 287, 27310, 338, 25209, 29889, 29871, 20360, 29892, 385, 16346, 5281, 2752, 13, 1228, 1135, 385, 16369, 29940, 338, 3734, 29889, 13, 13, 2887, 15648, 297, 278, 2446, 1014, 2042, 29892, 25494, 297, 1749, 4559, 505, 5224, 13, 29961, 29949, 29902, 29962, 4535, 2892, 29953, 29941, 29900, 29900, 29938, 29914, 29950, 4535, 2312, 29938, 1819, 1135, 21724, 1001, 29879, 393, 526, 1556, 5517, 304, 13, 915, 16369, 29940, 29889, 29871, 960, 278, 4482, 12452, 291, 29912, 29949, 1157, 29896, 6525, 29914, 29950, 4535, 2312, 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. 1993; Ho 1996). On the other hand, photoionization by hot stars in environments with ionization parameters characteristically lower than in ``normal'' giant extragalactic \ion{H}{2}\ regions also generates the spectral properties of transition objects (Filippenko, \& Terlevich 1992; Shields 1992). The presence of hot stars is seen directly in the UV spectrum of NGC 4569 (Maoz et al. 1998); these stars can provide the power to explain the observed emission-line luminosities if very massive stars are still present. The low X-ray output of these systems, as found in this study, lends further support for this conclusion. Thus, at least some transition objects are likely to be powered by hot stars. The nucleus of NGC 4192, however, is not detected in the UV band, possibly because of the large extinction due to the high inclination of the galaxy (83$^{\circ}$; Barth et al. 1998). The X-ray properties and optical emission-line ratios of NGC 4192 are similar to those of NGC 4569, and it, too, might be primarily powered by hot stars. We compared the [O~I]/H$\alpha$ ratios of the LINERs in our sample with those of LINERs from which AGN-like X-ray emission has been detected. The [O~I]/H$\alpha$ ratios for NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457 (Table 8) are lower than in LINERs that are strong LLAGN candidates, and they are located at the lowest end of the distribution of [O~I]/H$\alpha$ in LINERs (Fig. 7 in Ho et al. 1997a). For comparison, the [O~I]/H$\alpha$ values for the few LINERs where compact hard X-ray emission has been detected are 0.71 (NGC 1052), 0.53 (NGC 3998), 1.22 (NGC 4203), 0.48 (NGC 4579), 0.18 (NGC 4594), and 0.24 (NGC 4736).\footnote{The X-ray results for these objects are published in Weaver et al. (1999), Guainazzi, \& Antonelli (1999), Awaki et al. (1991b), Iyomoto et al. (1998), Terashima et al. (1998a), Nicholson et al. (1998), and Roberts et al. (1999).} It is intriguing that the {\it HST} UV spectrum of NGC 404 also shows strong evidence for the presence of energetically significant hot stars (Maoz et al. 1998); no UV spectral information is available for NGC 4111 and NGC 4457. It is conceivable that the subset of LINERs with exceptionally weak [O~I] emission owe their primary excitation mechanism to stellar photoionization. Obviously more observations are necessary to settle this issue. A statistical study using a large sample of objects will be presented elsewhere. \section{Summary} We presented {\it ASCA}\ results for a small sample of LINERs (NGC 404, NGC 4111, and NGC 4457) and transition objects (NGC 4192 and NGC 4569). X-ray emission was detected in all objects except NGC 404. The X-ray luminosities in the 2--10 keV band range from $4\times10^{39}$ to $1\times10^{40}$ {ergs s$^{-1}$}. The images of NGC 4111 and NGC 4569 are extended on scales of several kpc in both the soft ($<$2 keV) and hard ($>$2 keV) energy bands. The X

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I've been in higher education just long enough to warrant a sense of déjà vu. My lips and tongue stretch in a pattern too familiar for comfort. My ears know the buzz of silence that follows the words now oft spoken. Despite the lack of novelty, every time I'm shook; the surprise never fails—the call, the response-- they stir every time. It goes down like this. I'm sitting with a colleague or a student. Sometimes I'm on a panel or giving a workshop. Maybe I'm standing before a mirror. Whoever is across from me begins to tell me about some crisis happening at their institution and how much it is weighing on them and those they care about and how they're trying to find the solution. And then I say the thing that catches them off guard. It's the same thing that catches me off guard, even though it shouldn't. Then there's the silence, the loud, unmistakable silence when thought gives way to understanding. In my contributions to this series on "Teaching and Traumatic Events," I've tried to offer preparatory resources for those educators seeking to rise to the occasion. What needs to be said though is that it's not always your job to do anything. You don't have to unfurl a rapid response protocol, roll out a diversity initiative, lead the revolution, or assert what no one else has confessed. I don't know your situation. But, teacher-to-teacher, I'm pretty sure that "fixing" isn't in your job description. This line of thinking betrays a Horatio Alger/bootstraps myth to hardship. Because an event or circumstance impacts you, your efforts to rectify the situation can lead to glory. What doesn't get mentioned is that those efforts can make you more vulnerable to the pain and suffering that will keep you from doing your actual job. In my opinion, you've just been given an opportunity to inquire what the institution is going to do to equip you to do your job effectively given the trauma's impact on employees. This isn't selfish. This is contractual. I think this line, perhaps more than any other, is a disenfranchising play, especially for those in religious studies and theological education. It assumes that some subject domains, by nature, lend themselves to relevance. Were this the case, then why not send a link or bibliography to those in need and check on them in the morning? Our expertise is in the connections we make between critical observations, creative analysis, and methodical application. None of that work is natural. No one comes to that without practice, training, and focus. And even if you find that you have the first two, your job description likely doesn't afford the third one—especially if you're teaching. If anything, your expert opinion may lead you to recommend that the concerned locate someone who can do the requested task better than you. Reluctance on their part to do so speaks volumes about their take on you and the trauma at hand. This may be true, but take some time to ask why. Early in my teaching career, a friend shared some great advice. She said that you can't develop a good teaching strategy without understanding how your students see you. Often students fall back on socialized models to inform their interaction with professors (for better, and too frequently, for worse). Even when encountering the same instructional situation, we each might choose different teaching tactics because she, as a petite, African American woman, would be read differently than I would as a large, African American man. Amado Padilla put such readings in institutional terms when discussing the "cultural taxation" carried by faculty of color paid in undue burdens of service—especially on issues of diversity and inclusion. Some people benignly and naively will use any resemblance you bear to a stamp-worthy activist to make the devastating assumption that you should take up a similar mantle. That choice is on you. The institutional responsibility for that burden is not. Just because you are good at a task doesn't mean other people shouldn't be, nor does it mean you should do the task. You have a job to do and if that task is not part of it, that task can keep you from it. We never occupy one role or responsibility, but when I come across students inclined to activism, I remind them that ultimately their job in higher education is to graduate. As faculty, I wonder whether we remind each other about what we are here to do. I'm not going to presume to know what that is for each of

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Arthur Sinodinos Senator The Honourable Sinodinos in June 2016 Helen Coonan Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science 24 January 2017 – 20 December 2017 Greg Hunt Karen Andrews (2018) 21 September 2015 – 24 January 2017 Alan Griffin David Bradbury Josh Frydenberg Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Liberal Party of Australia Elizabeth Tserdanis University of Newcastle Economist; Investment banker; Arthur Sinodinos AO (born 25 February 1957) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for New South Wales since 2011, representing the Liberal Party. He served as a minister in the Abbott and Turnbull Governments. Sinodinos was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, and attended the University of Newcastle. He subsequently worked as a public servant and political adviser, most notably as chief of staff to Prime Minister John Howard between 1997 and 2006. Before being elected to the Senate at the 2010 federal election, Sinodinos spent periods working for Goldman Sachs and the National Australia Bank. He was appointed Assistant Treasurer in the Abbott Government in 2013,[2] but stepped aside from his ministerial duties in March 2014 during an investigation by the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC);[3] he still formally held the position until resigning in December 2014.[4] In September 2015, Sinodinos returned to the ministry as Cabinet Secretary in the Turnbull Government. He was made Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science in January 2017.[5] He took a leave of absence from parliament in October 2017 due to ill health, and left the ministry in December 2017. In May 2019, it was announced that Sinodinos would be appointed the next Australian Ambassador to the United States.[6] 1 Background and early career 2 Corporate career 5 Personal Background and early career[edit] Sinodinos was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, to Greek immigrant parents.[7] His father was a member of the left-aligned Seaman's Union that, during Sinodinos' early years, was campaigning against the United States intervention in Vietnam. His mother recalled stories of the Greek Civil War of the 1940s where Communist insurgents would knock on the door of their family home at night. Sinodinos has said that this helped him form his early political views.[1] Sinodinos graduated from the University of Newcastle in 1979 with a Bachelor of Commerce with Honours. He then entered the Australian Public Service as a graduate recruit, working within the Department of Finance, before working in the Department of the Treasury between 1980 and 1987 and again between 1989 and 1995.[7] He was the Chief of Staff to the then Prime Minister of Australia John Howard from 1997 to 2006, after serving with him previously from 1987 to 1989 when he was Opposition Leader and rejoining him in 1995.[8] As a close confidant of the Prime Minister, he was regarded as one of the most powerful people in the country.[9] Corporate career[edit] Sinodinos left his position as prime ministerial chief of staff to become a director with the investment bank Goldman Sachs JBWere,[10] and a regional general manager at the National Australia Bank; he reportedly declined an offer to become Australian Ambassador to the United States.[4] In 2008, he was part of a panel that mediated public input into the Defence White Paper.[11] In March 2009, he was appointed a managing director at the National Australia Bank.[12] Sinodinos became a director of Australian Water Holdings Pty Ltd (AWH) in 2008 and chairman in 2010. He resigned from these positions on becoming a senator.[13][14] Political career[edit] See also: Abbott Government and Turnbull Government Sinodinos

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served as honorary Finance Director (2009 to 2011) and President (2011-2012) for the NSW branch of the Liberal Party. Initially touted as a candidate for the lower house seat of Bradfield,[15] on 2 November 2011 Sinodinos was appointed to the Australian Senate representing New South Wales, replacing the resigned Liberal Senator Helen Coonan for the remainder of her term, which was due to expire on 30 June 2014.[7][16] At the 2013 election he was elected to a further six-year term from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2020. Howard was present in Parliament when Sinodinos delivered his maiden speech.[17] Sinodinos is a member of the board of Global Panel Foundation - Australasia, a non-governmental organisation.[18] During 2012 Sinodinos was a regular columnist, writing in The Australian.[19] On 19 March 2014, Sinodinos stood aside from his role as Assistant Treasurer prior to giving evidence as a witness before New South Wales's Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). During the enquiry Sinodinos advised he was unaware of a $74,000 donation made to the Liberal Party by Australian Water Holdings, despite being Deputy Chairman on a $200,000 salary. At the time of the payment Sinodinos was also Treasurer of the Liberal Party.[20] He formally resigned on 19 December 2014 as Assistant Treasurer and was succeeded as Assistant Treasurer by Josh Frydenberg.[21][22] Sussan Ley temporarily stood aside as the Minister for Health and Aged Care and Minister for Sport and then subsequently resigned from the ministry in January 2017. Sinodinos briefly acted in her portfolios until a subsequent rearrangement of the Turnbull ministry where Sinodinos was appointed as the Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science.[5] The portfolio of Cabinet Secretary was abolished.[citation needed] In October 2017, Sinodinos took leave from parliament and the ministry to aid his recovery from an unnamed type of cancer. He "believes the prognosis is very positive and that the cancer is eminently treatable".[23] This was later revealed to be was stage four lymphoma, in which Sinodinos required a bone marrow transplant.[24] He was voluntarily removed from cabinet in the December 2017 rearrangement.[25] On 24 August 2018, Sinodinos returned to Canberra and attended the Liberal Party meeting where Malcolm Turnbull was replaced by Scott Morrison as Leader.[26][failed verification] In TV coverage, he could be seen being greeted by Whip, Nola Marino, and various others after the meeting.[citation needed] Sinodinos was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 2008 for service to politics through the executive function of government, to the development of economic policy and reform, and to the Greek community.[27][28] Personal[edit] Sinodinos lives in New South Wales with his wife, whom he met at a Greek Orthodox Church, and their children.[1] He has been a director of the Mary MacKillop Foundation.[29] ^ a b c Sinodinos, Arthur (28 November 2011). "Senator Arthur Sinodinos interview". Sunday Profile (transcript and streaming audio). Interviewed by Julia Baird. Australia: ABC Local Radio. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ "Tony Abbott's cabinet and outer ministry". The Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ "Arthur Sinodinos quits frontbench, but ICAC scrutiny set to continue". The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ a b Wright, Tony (19 December 2014). "Arthur Sinodinos resigns as Assistant Treasurer: tragedy wrapped in mystery". The Sydney Morning Her

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ald. Retrieved 19 December 2014. ^ a b "New federal ministers officially sworn in". Sky News. Australia. AAP. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017. ^ Knott, Bevan Shields, Matthew (26 May 2019). "Arthur Sinodinos to be appointed US ambassador". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ a b c "Biography for SINODINOS, Arthur". Parliament of Australia. 2011. ^ "PM'S chief of staff resigns". news.com.au. 8 December 2006. ^ Kirk, Alexandra (2 October 2003). "Backroom politics with the PM's Chief of Staff". PM (ABC Radio). Australia. ^ Meterell, Mark (8 December 2006). "PM's top gun quits for bank". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Top Howard aide signs with Labor". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 March 2008. ^ "Profile of Arthur Sinodinos". Celebrity Speakers. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. ^ "Australian Water Holdings: what you need to know". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014. ^ McClymont, Kate; Swan, Jonathan; Whitbourn, Michaela (22 March 2014). "Arthur Sinodinos: The man least likely". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 December 2014. ^ Priestley, Andrew (16 June 2009). "Bradfield-ing the question: will Arthur Sinodinos be the next MP for Bradfield?". North Shore times. Retrieved 13 March 2012. ^ "Howard adviser to claim Coonan's seat in Senate". The Age. Australia. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011. ^ "Howard flinches during Sinodinos maiden speech". ABC News. Australia. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2012. ^ "Board of Directors—Global Panel". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2016. ^ "Opinion: Arthur Sinodinos". The Australian. 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ Jabour, Bridie. "Arthur Sinodinos denies knowledge of $74,000 AWH donation to NSW Libs". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2015. ^ "Tony Abbott's revamped Ministry sworn in at Government House". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ Coch, Lukas (23 December 2014). "Sussan Ley sworn in". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 23 December 2014. ^ "Cabinet minister Arthur Sinodinos reveals private fight with cancer". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 October 2017. ^ "Senator Arthur Sinodinos is back after battle with cancer". Neos Kosmos. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ Turnbull, Malcolm (19 December 2017). "Ministerial Arrangements" (Press release). Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018. Senator Arthur Sinodinos wrote to me this week to tell me his medical treatment is taking longer than anticipated and he is unlikely to be able to return from leave until the middle of next year. In those circumstances, he has asked that he not be included in this new ministry. Senator Sinodinos is one of this generation's most accomplished and experienced public servants and his contributions to the Cabinet have been sorely missed since his illness was first diagnosed. Naturally, we wish him well in his recovery and I look forward to him regaining full health and returning to a senior Ministerial or other

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government role in the future. ^ Peter Dutton hands spill petition to Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, ABC News Online, 2018-08-24 ^ "Search Australian Honours: SINODINOS, Arthur". It's an honour. Commonwealth of Australia. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ Coorey, Phillip (10 June 2008). "High honours for Howard and his right-hand man". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Board of Directors: Arthur Sinodinos AO". Mary MacKillop Foundation. 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Arthur Sinodinos on TheyVoteForYou.org.au Parliament of Australia Helen Coonan Senator for New South Wales 2011–present Incumbent Political offices Greg Hunt Minister for Industry, Innovation and Science Michaelia Cash as Minister for Jobs and Innovation Alan Griffin Cabinet Secretary David Bradbury Assistant Treasurer Members of the Australian Senate Coalition (35) (Liberal, National) Andrew Bragg Perin Davey Concetta Fierravanti-Wells Hollie Hughes Marise Payne Mitch Fifield Jane Hume Bridget McKenzie David Van Matt Canavan Susan McDonald James McGrath Gerard Rennick Paul Scarr Amanda Stoker Slade Brockman Mathias Cormann Matt O'Sullivan Linda Reynolds Alex Antic David Fawcett Anne Ruston Eric Abetz Wendy Askew Claire Chandler Richard Colbeck Jonathon Duniam Zed Seselja Sam McMahon Jenny McAllister Tim Ayres Kristina Keneally Deborah O'Neill Tony Sheldon Kim Carr Raff Ciccone Kimberley Kitching Jess Walsh Anthony Chisholm Nita Green Murray Watt Pat Dodson Sue Lines Louise Pratt Glenn Sterle Don Farrell Alex Gallacher Marielle Smith Penny Wong Catryna Bilyk Helen Polley Anne Urquhart Katy Gallagher Malarndirri McCarthy One Nation (2) Centre Alliance (2) Stirling Griff Rex Patrick Lambie (1) Jacqui Lambie Cory Bernardi Member total is 76, requiring support of at least 39 to pass house divisions (Rudd 2←) Abbott Ministry (→ Turnbull 1) Prime Minister: Tony Abbott Kevin Andrews Bruce Billson Julie Bishop George Brandis Peter Dutton Joe Hockey Ian Macfarlane Scott Morrison Andrew Robb Nigel Scullion Warren Truss Outer Ministry Jamie Briggs Luke Hartsuyker Michael Keenan Fiona Nash Stuart Robert Michael Ronaldson Karen Andrews Bob Baldwin Darren Chester Steven Ciobo Michael McCormack Kelly O'Dwyer Christian Porter Alan Tudge Dismissed/resigned Brett Mason (Abbott ←) First Turnbull Ministry (→ Turnbull 2) Prime Minister: Malcolm Turnbull Dan Tehan Assistant Ministers Alex Hawke Peter Hendy Craig Laundy Jane Prentice Angus Taylor Ken Wyatt Dismissed/resigned/lost seat Mal Brough Wyatt Roy (Turnbull 1←) Second Turnbull Ministry (→ Morrison 1) Michael McCormack (Deputy) David Littleproud John McVeigh Mark Coulton David Gillespie Melissa Price Damian Drum Michael Sukkar Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sinod

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I paused. I had been on my way out the door of the examining room, having completed the visit. I turned around again. "Yes." I said. Maybe I had turned around too soon after having asked if she had any more questions. The patient list had simply listed her as having an abnormal mammogram. That's probably the most common complaint of breast patients that come in to see me. They have their regular mammogram and are told by their primary care physician that it is abnormal. The next thing they know, they're sitting in one of my examining rooms. However, the patient list is quite brief. It's just meant to be a quick capsule of what patient has what basic complaint. Nothing on the list prepared me for the woman I greeted when I walked in the examination room. This patient was enormous, and I do mean enormous. Morbidly obese, she told me she wasn't sure how much she weighed, but that it was at least 450 lbs. Sitting in a wheelchair massive enough to support her, rolls of fat hung over the armrests, and her breath wheezed like a mortally wounded Darth Vader near the end of Return of the Jedi, right before he took his helmet off and revealed Anakin Skywalker beneath the mask. Indeed, on the same theme, I could not help but be reminded of Jabba the Hutt. Yes, I know that physicians aren't supposed to think that way about their patients, and, honestly, I tried not to. However, we're human, just like everyone else, and even our years of professional training can't entirely suppress our baser thoughts. At least I managed to keep enough self-control to restrain myself from voicing such thoughts to my nurse or any of the clinic staff. Not all clinicians exercise such self-restraint, and, I'm embarrassed to say, there have been times in the past when I didn't either. Normally, dealing with a patient with suspicious microcalcifications on her mammogram is fairly simple. A biopsy is indicated, and there are basically two techniques to choose from. You can do a mammotome or stereotactic biopsy, which is in essence a mammogram-guided core needle biopsy, or you can do an old-fashioned wire localization (or needle localization) breast biopsy. Given that even the surgical option is usually a same day surgery using local anaesthesia and sedation, even that isn't so hard. The surgery can sometimes be a little trickier than one might think, but even then it's not all that hard. Oh, sometimes you get patients with multiple abnormalities, and you have to decide if you want to go after them all or if you want to perform a triage and decide that some of them need to be biopsied and some of them don't, all the while realizing that if you miss a cancer it can be a major disaster for the patient. Of course, a 450+ lb. patient adds a new level of challenge. For one thing, she was way too heavy for the table; so stereotactic biopsy wasn't even an option. Not surprisingly, her health was horrible. She was a smoker, and had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea, plus hypertension, type II diabetes, and a history of congestive heart failure. Her medication list read like the Physicians' Desk Reference. I needed to examine her. However, I had a very real fear that, even if we could manage to get her up on the examination table (which, so sturdy before, now looked pathetically inadequate for the task of supporting this woman), she would have a high chance of damaging it. So I made do and did my best to examine her while she was sitting in her wheelchair. It was a suboptimal examination, but, given the size of the room, it was all I could manage. Morbidly obese patients, because of their size, frequently make it very difficult to provide optimal care to them. By the time I was done, I felt profoundly sorry for this woman. How on earth does such a person live, given her physical and medical problems? Despite my sympathy, I maintained the professional bedside manner that we're all trained to keep up and explained what was abnormal about her mammogram, that she would need a biopsy, and how the biopsy would be done. I also

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explained the risks (which, for her, were much higher than the minuscule risks most patients undergoing this procedure face), and arranged for her to be seen by her pulmonologist and cardiologist in case something more than local anaesthesia were needed. When finished, I asked if there were any more questions, gave her my card, and made my way past the family members to the door. Although it was near the end of the day, there were still a couple of more patients to see. I was still standing there, hesitating. To be honest, my first thought was: Why on earth should it matter whether I believe in God or not? Belief in God has nothing whatsoever to do with whether I'm a competent surgeon or not. Personally, if I needed surgery I'd prefer a surgeon who is a flame-throwing militant atheist like PZ or Richard Dawkins, as long as he or she is highly competent and has a bedside manner that doesn't bother me (and, of course, doesn't push his or her beliefs on me), over a believer who is not as competent. In the same vein, it wouldn't matter to me if the surgeon is a Bible thumper, again as long as he or she is highly competent, easy for me to get along with, and doesn't push fundamentalist beliefs on me. To me, the question of belief in God is utterly irrelevant to the question of whether a surgeon is skilled or not, but apparently not everyone sees it this way. Thinking back on this incident, I can't help but remember an interview I had heard with Eddie Tabash, an atheist attorney who mentioned during the interview that he sometimes defended prostitutes. During the interview, he went on to mention that it was not infrequent for prostitutes to become very uneasy about having him as their attorney when they found out about his militant atheism. I had never encountered this phenomenon among my patients, however. My second thought was: Why on earth would this woman still believe that there was a benevolent God looking down on her? She was a mess. She couldn't walk more than a few feet without assistance; she could hardly breathe; and she was on enough medications to stock a Walgreens. Her health was so bad that even a minor surgical procedure such as a breast biopsy could put her life at risk. Worse, the question brought into sharp focus a question that I myself have been wrestling with myself for the last three years or so, a question whose answer seems to be yes one day and no on others. There's nothing like being trapped in a small examination room with a 450 lb. woman and three members of her family, with nowhere to run and no way to dodge the question. I was trapped. A believer might have said that the woman's question was God's way of making me face my fluctuation between belief and disbelief; an atheist might say that such an assertion is wishful thinking. Whichever was the truth, that didn't prevent the formation of a little bead of sweat that was rapidly enlarging on my brow. I suspect the question would have still been uncomfortable for me to answer even if I were as religious as I was when I was younger, as even then I tend to view religion as a private matter, one I didn't usually talk about much. What if I were to tell her that was an atheist, that I didn't believe in God? Would she have sought out another surgeon? For a fleeting moment, I was sorely tempted to say just that. It might have been an out, a way of not having to do the case. On the other hand, this woman had no insurance and had to rely on charity care/Medicaid, which meant that she probably didn't have the option of going to a different surgeon. (Working for a state institution, I take care of quite a few Medicaid patients.) If that were the case and I said I was an atheist, she would then be going into surgery with no confidence in her surgeon, clearly an undesirable situation. Besides, saying that I was an atheist wouldn't really be the truth; so I couldn't say that anyway. So what did I finally say? I punted. "I'm Catholic," I said. A pause. "But, to be honest, I don't go to Mass much anymore." This answer was perfectly true. It also seemed to answer her question, but in reality

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didn't. Not really. The truth is much more complicated, but she didn't need to know that. Fortunately, because the patient was Catholic herself, my answer seemed to satisfy her. "God will guide your hand," she said. "I hope so," I replied. Bullet dodged successfully. I walked out of the examination room not looking forward to the day when this patient and I would meet again in the operating room--or to contemplating her question seriously when the day was done. I think your masterful ability to do no harm was more important here than your personal ethical necessity for complete honesty. By considering the whole patient, your treatment was commendable. Punting is what you do if you are not an "evangelical" atheist. I was once a Catholic myself, and did the classic "other religions--then agnostic--now atheist" transformation. However, most of my relatives, coworkers, and neighbors are still believers in one religion or another. Few of us have interest in becoming a pariah, as once that occurs you lose any influence you had to help people see the world from a skeptical viewpoint. So far, no one has pressed further. I'm confident somebody will in the future...but I'm in no rush to hurry it. Like rgmb said--you did fine. There would be nothing to gain from detailing your true viewpoint...and much to lose. If you don't want your tables, chairs etc damaged, it is time to invest in some sturdier office equipment. I don't see Americans getting any smaller. I'm also a general surgeon. I've been asked the same question several times. Usually, more specifically, "Are you a Christian?" My reaction has been the same as yours; not wanting to adversely affect my relationship, not wanting to lie, and feeling mildly to moderately angry that it should matter. I'm Jewish the way you, apparently, are Catholic. I figure even evangelicals think Jews are fine doctors and accountants, so I tell them. I don't mention that I'm an atheist. When they say such things as "I believe God brought you to me" I usually try to get to saying that I believe that faith is a strong element of recovery and move on... The subject of a patient's faith or lack thereof has always interested me. I think that having faith seems to help most people when they face critical illness (in terms of coping, not in terms of increasing cure); although one of my most overtly religious patients quite decompensated when she developed breast cancer with 28 positive nodes, wondering how God could have done this to her. Interestingly, she underwent monster chemo/radiation and bone-marrow transplant and is alive 15 years later. It's hard to be a believer patient when your beliefs are part of the way you manage your health and the doctor treats you like you are an idiot for having your beliefs. The doctor has the power, especially if you are on medicaid and don't have the choice of going to a different doctor. Fortunately, most doctors have not treated me like I'm an idiot (maybe 5% have) for my beliefs, or maybe because they just didn't like me. Most doctors understand that people have a fundamental right to believe and that abusing patients doesn't make for good healing. Still, even when the doctor is polite, it's odd to have that chasm of different approaches to life standing between you and your doctor. I always hope that doctors realize that I don't want my beliefs to cause them problems and that I respect their expertise. Anyway, thanks for this essay, it brings up some rarely examined issues. The last time I performed surgery on a mammal was almost 20 years ago, and it involved planting an electrode array in its brain for a series of tests that would later involve slicing up that brain into thin sheets. If you want to get better, I don't recommend coming to me for your surgery. I'm a PK (pastor's kid) who is a christian in the same way you are, and I take the same approach as you do. But I wonder if it is sufficient in this god-drenched world. It's not that I'm hiding my atheism, it's just that being an atheist isn't a big part of my identity. Being a rationalist or a humanist, yes. I think that

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atheists get a bad rap partly because we don't stand up and declare our beliefs, but who am I to say that if I'm not willing to stand up. I guess I should close by saying that such discussions have no place in professional relationships, and that you did the absolute right thing. I'm more or less an atheist in "real life" (though I do acknowledge that my belief system, ultimately, is based on faith as well: the faith that observation is reliable). However, with patients I tend to favor Karl Marx's view of religion as an opiate. However, unlike Marx and Nancy Reagan, I see opiates as useful in certain settings. Such as when one is faced with intolerable pain. All of which is to say that I think your answer was a good one for the situation. If your patient's belief helps her get through what is almost certainly going to be a difficult time, who's to say that she is wrong? My neurologist, who is otherwise a reasonable-seeming person, and someone I trust with my care, once asked if I believed in God and suggested I should pray about getting into medical school. (My chances weren't that bad, as here I am, doing quite alright in my first year). As a stated atheist/agnostic (which label depends on mood and what the distinction means to the person I'm talking with), it made me extremely uncomfortable. I've also used the "raised Catholic, but not really practicing" as a vaguely true but non controversial answer. What would you do if a patient asked you to say a prayer for her after you left her? I had that experience as an EMT; having said that I would, I felt obligated to run through the words in my head, even though I didn't believe them. "Why on earth would this woman still believe that there was a benevolent God looking down on her?" Perhaps because she might be finding out about an afterlife rather soon! I've had reflective listening training at a crisis centre, and one thing they emphasize is that people often ask questions which do not require an answer. It is enough to acknowledge their feelings and offer emotional support. I think you handled it well; I don't think she wanted to have a theological debate. This is a really terrific site. Keep it up! I will be reading regularly from now on, for sure. Keep up the great work. Cheers mate! I think it's important not to take these questions too "seriously." Now, what I mean by that is that the patient is not expecting a discussion worthy of a philosophy of religion couse or even Sunday school. I usually get the "Are you a Christian?" also, and I've heard this same question asked to my partners who are Jewish. I say, "Yes, I'm a Christian," they say, "No, I'm not, I'm Jewish." If one pays attention to what happens afterward, and I think your story is a good example, you find that the doctor's response doesn't matter, since what the patient was really looking for was an opportunity to express their own faith, and make sure you knew this. The somewhat curt summary might be phrased, "this isn't about you, it's about them." Eddie Tabash also commented, perhaps in that same interview, that the militant atheist might have legitimate reason to worry should he/she be in the hands of a believing surgeon. I must say, that gave me pause to think. I'm a closet atheist in person (with co-workers, etc.) until I've actually gotten to know someone, but I'm more outspoken on the internet. Should I ever become a more public personality like Tabash, Dawkins, Sagan, etc, I think I'd be a somewhat worried if my life depended upon the actions of a surgeon with fundamentalist Christian beliefs. Do such people even exist? Does the amount of science and critical thinking applied to their educations filter out such magical thinking? If not, then perhaps Tabash was correct. His logic was that the fundamentalist surgeon would know that on his operating table sat a person who spent decades of convincing others to turn away from religion or not seek it to begin with by speaking at universities and the like. If he were to let Tabash die on the table, the surgeon might save hundreds, even thousands of souls. If he allowed him to live, Tabash might be able to go on converting theists to agnosticism/atheism

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\section{Introduction} There has been a renewed intense interest in the quantum mechanical measurement problem recently\cite{rev}. The reason for this is a growing dissatisfaction with the orthodox\cite{copen} and statistical \cite{stat} interpretations which do not allow to derive the properties of the classical reality from the Schr\"odinger equation even in principle. A further problem is that both interpretations use concepts (``reduction of the state vector'' in the former and ``conceptual ensemble of similarly prepared systems'' in the latter) that are described only by words and not mathematically, so their meaning remains vague. Moreover in the orthodox interpretation the human consciousness has to play a special role in physics (in the words of Bohr the purpose of physics is ``... not to disclose the real essence of phenomena but only to track down ... relations between the manifold aspects of experience'' \cite{bohr34}), a notion that does not go easy with the majority of physicists. \\ For simplicity I will consider in this paper only the simple case of measurements with two discrete results. A generalization to the case of more than two outcomes is straightforward. According to the classical book on quantum measurements in the orthodox interpretation by von Neumann\cite{neumann}, a quantum mechanical measurement consists of a ``process 1'' or ``collapse of the wavefunction'': a coherent wave function $\psi$ (which contains a complete description of the quantum mechanical system and of the measurement apparatus), is suddenly converted to a statistical mixture of $\psi_1$ which describes one possible outcome of the measurement, and $\psi_2$ which describes the other outcome. This state reduction is not derived from the Schr\"odinger equation (called ``process 2'' by von Neumann) but introduced ad hoc to explain the observed facts. \\ An important progress during the last decade was the realization that ``decoherence'' plays a decisive role in a quantum mechanical measurement\cite{deco1}. Decoherence explains ``process 1'' as a loss of phase relations in the wavefunction $\psi$ of the measuring apparatus while it interacts with the quantum system. This loss is a continuous process and can be quantitatively calculated in a variety of situations\cite{deco1} without going beyond the Schr\"odinger equation. Process 1 needs a finite amount of time in this view because of its continuous nature, the so called ``decoherence time'' $\Delta$t$_{dec}$, which is very short in most ``usual'' measurement situations (i.e. the measurement apparatus is macroscopic and interacts strongly with the quantum system). The sudden reduction envisioned by von Neumann is a very good approximation which suffices for a description of practical situations up to now. A complete statistical mixture is never reached, but if one takes into account that macroscopical measurement apparati always interact with a large environment, the assumption of a statistical mixture becomes extremely good and can explain all observational facts. \\ There remains one question (quoted here directly from Omn\`es\cite{omnes90}): after decoherence has taken place...``why or how does it happen that an apparatus shows up unique and precise data (in our case: either $\psi_1$ or $\psi_2$ is actually observed) whereas the theory seems only to envision all possibilities on the same footing?''. This necessity of some mechanism in addition to ``process 1'' (sometimes called ``objectification''or ``actualization'') was already recognized by von Neumann; he calls the measurement apparatus ``II'' and the apparatus ``with the actual observer'' ``III''. He only states that the interaction between ``II'' and ``III'' ``remains outside the calculation''\cite{neumann}(chapt.VI.1). Proposals to answer Omn\`es question can be grouped in three categories: \\ $\bullet$ there are so called ``hidden variables'', arising from some extension to the Schr\"odinger equation which causes actualization (not necessarily in a deterministic way)\cite{hv}. A violation of the Bell inequalities in EPR type experiments has been shown with great precision in a

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variety of set ups recently\cite{eprexp}. If one does not want to take recourse to contrived conspiracies (see Ref.\cite{eprrec} how to exclude even these), any hidden variable theory has to introduce non-local interactions as a consequence; this would require a revision of many physical concepts. \\ $\bullet$ the question is declared ``meaningless''; ``actualization'' occurs without any {\it mechanism}. e.g. Hartle states \cite{hartledis} ``We do not see it (i.e. actualization) as a ``problem'' for quantum mechanics.'' This standpoint is logically consistent and leads to the so called ``logical'' \cite{rev} and ``many histories'' \cite{gellman} interpretation of quantum mechanics. These (quite similar) interpretations include decoherence in their description of nature and thus go far beyond the orthodox interpretation. Actualization is obviously crucial for our perception of nature, but it is not considered to be a part of physics in this view. Therefore these interpretations (like the orthodox interpretation) have to renounce the existence of an ``independent reality'', a physical universe which exists independent of our consciousness, Omn\`es states: ``physics is not a complete explanation of reality...theory ceases to be identical with reality at their ultimate encounter...''\cite{rev}. \\ $\bullet$ a very radical and elegant answer was given by Everett\cite{everett}: after decoherence has taken place, the orthogonal states $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$ (each also describing an independent ``split'' observer) continue to evolve according to the Schr\"odinger equation and have ``equal rights''. In this view ``actualization'' is explained as an illusion in the brain of a human observer: after a few decoherence times, his weak senses and crude measuring devices are unable to detect the increasingly weak influences of the other ``outcome''. He therefore calls the one outcome he can see ``the world''. The same happens with the other outcome. For this reason DeWitt termed the name ``many-worlds interpretation''(MWI) for this view of nature \cite{dewitt}. I will use the word ``universe'' to indicate space time together with all ``worlds'' existing in it. I call the two outcomes of a measurement ``parallel worlds'' below, because they exist in the same Minkowskian space time. The worlds which form as a result of a measurement with a finite number of discrete outcomes are usually called ``branches''. In Hilbert space the parallel worlds are orthogonal of course. Together with decoherence (a concept still unknown when Everett wrote his thesis) this idea leads to a deterministic view of the universe in which the human mind plays no special role outside physics\cite{mwi2}. \\ Section 2 contains a general discussion of the method for an experiment to test Everett's interpretation. Sections 3 provides a detailed analysis of a decoherence process which is of critical importance for the experiment. A reader mainly interested in the practical realization of the experiment can skip this somewhat technical part and proceed directly to section 4. Here a concrete example for a possible technical setup is given. In the conclusion (section 5) the predictions of the various interpretations of quantum mechanics for the outcome of the proposed experiment are compared, and the potential practical importance of a result confirming the MWI is stressed. \section{Proposal of an experiment to test the many-worlds interpretation} The MWI together with decoherence corresponds to the conceptually very simple view that nonrelativistic quantum mechanics can be understood by assuming only the existence of objectively real wavefunctions whose evolution is governed by the usual Schr\"odinger equation, together with the second quantization conditions of the underlying wave field, without any subjective or non-local elements. It is therefore important to find experimental tests for this interpretation. Independent of what one thinks about the MWI a priori, this is also a very {\it systematic} way to make experimental progress in the

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question of the interpretation of quantum mechanics, because in the MWI the predictions for any conceivable experiment are free from philosophical subtelties (which can be a problem in the orthodox interpretation) or free parameters (which often occur in one of the many proposed hidden variable models). \\ I already mentioned that decoherence only leads to approximate mixtures (though the approximation is extremely good in most situations)\cite{dewitt}. The separation of worlds in the MWI is never quite complete therefore, and there should be small influences from a parallel world even after decoherence, {\it which must be measurable in principle}. This has been most clearly pointed out by Zeh\cite{zeh72,zeh93}. In Ref.\cite{zeh72} he discusses the possibility to observe ``probability resonances'' (later further discussed by Albrecht\cite{albrecht92}), which occur at a singular point when the amplitudes of $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$ have exactly the same magnitude. An experiment to test the MWI against the orthodox interpretation along similar lines was proposed by Deutsch \cite{deutsch85}. Unfortunately it is still far from practical realization, as it requires a computer which remains in a quantum mechanically coherent state during its operations and in addition possesses artificial intelligence comparable to that of humans. \\ I will describe an experiment for testing the MWI with state of the art technology. Imagine a human called Silvia which is programmed to perform different actions in dependence on the outcome of a quantum mechanical measurement. For our purposes Silvia might just as well be imagined e.g. as a suitably programmed commercially available computer connected to the experimental equipment via a CAMAC crate instead of as a human. As an example Silvia sends a linearly polarized photon through a linear polarization filter. Let the photon be in a state $|P\rangle$, such that the filter axis of complete transmission is at 45$^o$ to the linear polarization plane of the photon. She is programmed (decides) to switch on a microwave emitter if she will measure that the photon passed through the linear-polarization filter into photomultiplier tube and to refrain from doing so if she will find that the photon was absorbed by the filter. If one assumes detectors with 100 $\%$ efficiency for simplicity, the probablity for either outcome is 50 $\%$. In the MWI there are two independent humans after the measurement was performed and decoherence took place: one which detected a photon and switched on the emitter (called ``Silvia1'' below) and the other that didn't (``Silvia2''). Could these humans (Silvia1 and 2) communicate with each other? The standard answer in the MWI is no, because decoherence is so complete after very short time scales that no one of them can influence the world of the other, which is of course necessary for communication. \\ One could isolate a small part of the original apparatus (before the measurement takes place) so perfectly that it does not immediately participate in the decoherence. It is now possible in principle to change the state of this isolated part {\it before} it is completely decohered by means of an influence from only one of the two worlds. In this way it could act as a ``gateway state'' between the parallel worlds. Because it is only partially decohered, it can still be influenced by both worlds (and in turn can influence both worlds), thus making possible communication. For humans an isolation on a time scale of at least seconds would be necessary for real communication. For the current electronic computers a time scale of $\mu$secs and for simple macroscopic logic electronic (e.g. in the commercial NIM standard) nsecs would be enough to verify the existence of the parallel world. \\ This proposition is not realistic if the ``gateway state'' is macroscopic, because the required isolation would be difficult to achieve technically (see however recent experiments with macroscopic quantum systems e.g. Ref.\

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cite{maqa}). Since the late 1970s it has become possible to perform precision experiments on single ions stored for long times in electromagnetic traps\cite{traps}. I will show in section 4 that these single ions are isolated from the environment to such a degree that the decoherence timescale is on the order of seconds or longer with existing technical ion-trap equipment. Moreover it is possible to excite these atoms before they are correlated with the environment to such a degree that complete decoherence took place. In our example above Silvia1 switches on the microwave emitter long enough to excite an ion in a trap with a large probability. After that, Silvia2 measures the state of the ion and finds that it is excited with some finite probability, though Silvia verified it was in the ground state before the branching took place. {}From that Silvia2 infers the existence of Silvia1. In an obvious way Silvia1 and 2 can exchange informations (bit strings of arbitrary length), e.g. by preparing more than one isolated ion. Single ions in traps can act as ``gateway states'' and communication between parallel worlds is possible. \\ Let us write down the evolution of the wave function describing the proposed experiment explicitly in several time steps. We write the initial wave function $|{\Psi}_{t0}\rangle$ of our system (the laboratory with all its contents shortly before the experiment begins at time t$_0$) as a direct product of several ``subsystems'' (in the sense of Zurek \cite{deco1}). The chosen factoring is somewhat arbitrary, the final results are independent of the choice to a good approximation, however. \begin{equation} |{\Psi}_{t_0}\rangle = |P\rangle \otimes |\phi_{filter}\rangle \otimes |\phi\rangle \otimes |A\rangle \label{t0} \end{equation} Here $|P\rangle$ stands for the initial state of the photon which can be represented by the coherent superposition $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$($|P_1\rangle$+$|P_2\rangle$) of the two polarization states of the photon (the subindex 1 indicates a polarization plane parallel to the transmission direction of the filter, and 2 at a 90 $^o$ angle to this direction). $|\phi_{filter}\rangle$ describes the polarization filter, $|\phi\rangle$ describes the laboratory including all further experimental equipment, possibly produced microwave fields and Silvia. The isolated ion in its trap is symbolized by $|A\rangle$. A commerical linear polarization filter is macroscopic and its Poincar\'e recurrence time is much larger than any other time scale in the experiment. Therefore it qualifies as ``environment'' \cite{deco1} and some time after the photon $|P\rangle$ has interacted with the filter (at time t$_1$) the two components of $|P\rangle$ have decohered and we obtain to very good precision two distinct decohered subsystems (``worlds''). Let us call this time, when $|\phi_{filter}\rangle$ has already decohered but the other subsystems $|\phi\rangle$ and $|A\rangle$ did not yet interact with $|P\rangle$ ``t$_1$'' (such a time can surely be found, even if it would be only because of the finite c). At this time the state of the subsystem ``photon and filter'' no longer corresponds to any one ray in Hilbert space (it is described by a mixture). Rather the decoherence process has selected two special states. While the exact nature of these states is not yet entirely clear, current research suggest that they are characterized by maximal thermodynamical stability, i.e. they are states with minimal increase in entropy\cite{Habib}. Let us symbolized these two orthogonal vectors in Hilbert space in the following way: \begin{eqnarray} |W_1\rangle = |P_1 \phi_{filter1}\rangle \\ |W_2\rangle = |P_2 \phi_{filter2}\rangle \end{eqnarray} I left out the direct product symbol $\

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otimes$ between the symbols to indicate that they are in an entangled state.These functions are very nearly orthogonal to each other and will stay like that forever. However one should not conclude that the process of decoherence is already finished. It is finished only later when all subsystems are decohered. The rest of the laboratory and the ion can still be described by pure states as can the state of the total system at time t$_1$: \begin{equation} |{\Psi}_{t_1}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|W_1\rangle + |W_2\rangle) \otimes |\phi\rangle \otimes |A\rangle \end{equation} Just like the polarizer ``measured'' the two states of the photon $|P\rangle$ via decoherence, the subsystem ${|{\phi}\rangle}$ (including Silvia) ``measures'' the state of the polarizer. The resulting decoherence leads to two distinct subsystems: ${|W_1\rangle}$=$|P_1 \phi_{filter1} \phi_1\rangle$ (`photon detected world') and $|W_2\rangle$= $|P_2 \phi_{filter2} \phi_2\rangle$ (``no photon detected world''). The final state at a time t$_2$ can be written as: \begin{equation} |{\Psi}_{t_2}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|P_1 \phi_{filter1} \phi_1\rangle + |P_2 \phi_{filter2} \phi_2\rangle) \otimes |A\rangle \label{t2} \end{equation} The ``branches'' ${|W_1\rangle}$ and ${|W_2\rangle}$ are orthogonal to a very high precision, this also guarantees the stability of the records whether the polarized photon was detected in the further evolution of the system. To reach a final state at time t$_3$ in which also $|A\rangle$ is decohered into two components (see below and section 3 for a more detailed discussion of this decoherence process), the ion has to interact with the rest of our system. It is possible to excite the ion during the decoherence process, i.e. the interaction during the time interval $\Delta$t$_{dec}$=t$_3$-t$_2$ can excite A. When I fine tune the technical set up I can make sure that the time interval $\Delta$t$_{exc}$ necessary to excite $|A\rangle$ to $|A^{\ast}\rangle$ is much smaller than $\Delta$ t$_{dec}$. These two time scales have no direct relation to each other. In this case we have for the final state: \begin{equation} {|{\Psi}_{t3}\rangle= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (|P_1 \phi_{filter1} \phi_1 A_1^{\ast}\rangle + |P_2 \phi_{filter2} \phi_2 A_2^{\ast}\rangle}) \label{t3} \end{equation} It is of course also possible not to excite $|A\rangle$ in the course of decoherence. The possibility of this choice allows for communication. The excitation of an internal degree of freedom of a subsystem does not necessarily lead to decoherence as the reader might think at first. A counter example are {\it Welcher Weg} detectors\cite{scully0}, in which atoms can be excited in micromasers without momentum transfer and necessary loss of quantum coherence. \\ Let us discuss in more detail what happens when $|A\rangle$ is excited from only one world. Immediately after the excitation, at time t$_2$+$\Delta$t$_{exc}$ ($\Delta$t$_{exc}$ $\ll$ $\Delta$t$_{dec}$), only a part of the phase space in which the ion resides is excited. It is the part corresponding to the one macroscopic world $|W_1\rangle$ exciting the ion (macroscopic states are very well localized in phase space\cite{tegmark1

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}). After unitary evolution of $|A\rangle$ for a short time interval of the order of $\Delta$t$_{mix}$ = d$_{coh}$m/$\Delta$p $\simeq$ d$_{coh}${d}m/h, the excited part of phase space begins to overlap with the unexcited one and it is no longer possible to treat their temporal evolution independently. Here d$_{coh}$ is the coherence length of the system in the branch exciting the ion, which is extremely small for macroscopic objects\cite{tegmark1}, m is the mass of the ion and $\Delta$p is the momentum uncertainty of a region in phase space with extension d$_{coh}$. The momentum uncertainty $\Delta$p is approximately given as h/{d} where d is the spatial extension of the trap. A time scale analogous to $\Delta$t$_{mix}$ (``duration of reduction'') in a somewhat different situation was introduced by Dicke\cite{dicke}. $\Delta$t$_{mix}$ can be shown to be negligibly small for all experimental purposes (very roughly O(10$^{-15}$ sec) for typical trap sizes ($\mu$m) and decoherence lengths as quoted by Tegmark\cite{tegmark1}). Because of the mentioned overlap a measurement of the excitation of $|A\rangle$ from the other world $|W_2\rangle$, which measures another part of phase space than a measurement from $|W_1\rangle$, also finds the ion in an excited state. Only after complete decoherence of $|A\rangle$ the parts of phase space seen by $|W_1\rangle$ and $|W_2\rangle$ have an independent temporal evolution. \section{Determination of the decoherence timescale of the single ion} I now quantitatively calculate the time scale $\Delta$t$_{dec}$ if the decoherence of the ion wavefunction $|A\rangle$ into $|A_{1,2}\rangle$ as defined in the previous section. For this I will analyze the transition from eq.(\ref{t2}) to eq.(\ref{t3}) in greater detail than before. This analysis is independent of whether the ion is excited between t$_2$ and t$_3$ or not. I will use the ``dilute gas'' approximation developed by Harris and Stodolsky \cite{stodo82,stodo89}. The interaction of systems is treated in terms of a series of distinct collisions between the ion in the trap and particles from the rest of the system. The correctness of this simplification in the case of weak coupling has been verified with a full second quantized calculation by Raffelt, Sigl and Stodolsky\cite{raffelt}. The chirality states $|\pm\rangle$ of Harris and Stodolsky\cite{stodo82} are analogous to our macroscopic states $|W_{1,2}\rangle$ of the previous paragraph, and their ``medium'' is the ion in the trap in our case. Parallels between the chirality and macroscopic states were already pointed out by Joos and Zeh\cite{joos85}. It seems strange at first sight that a single ion in a given ``simple'' state plays the role of the ``medium''. With ``simple'' I mean that the state of the ion in its trap has only few degrees of freedom which are completely determined e.g. by a harmonic oscillator wavefunctions, whereas a ``medium'' typically has a very large number of degrees of freedom and is thus able to exert random influences on a system. Take into account however that in quantum field theory the wave field always has an infinite number of degrees of freedom\cite{schiff}. In the MWI it is this field which represents all systems and the ``simplicity'' of the state $|A\rangle$ of the ion before decoherence at time t$_{0}$ exists {\sl only relative} to the subsystem S$_1$=$(|P_1\rangle+|P_2\rangle) \otimes |\phi_{filter}\rangle \otimes |\phi\rangle$ in eq.(\ref{t0}) (Everett called the MWI ``relative-state

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interpretation'' \cite{everett}). If this subsystem decohered into two orthogonal states $|W_{1,2}\rangle$ at time t$_2$ the ion $|A\rangle$ can no longer be in a ``simple'' state relative to both of them, and additional degrees of freedom of the wave function $|A\rangle$ become dynamically important. After interaction of $|A\rangle$ with the environment, at time t$_3$ there will be two orthogonal components $|A_{1,2}\rangle$. Each one has an overall centre of mass wavefunction described e.g. by a ``simple'' harmonic oscillator state relative to one of the worlds $|W_{1,2}\rangle$. It is wrong to conclude from that that they are identical, however: $|A_{1}\rangle$ and $|A_{2}\rangle$ are different for the same reason that the ``copies'' produced by branching from a given macroscopic object are not identical: their ``fine structure'' in phase space is different. \\ It is clear that our treatment is a gross simplification of the real world. An exact treatment has been possible only for idealized models of the environment, e.g.: toy systems with few particles \cite{albrecht92}, ensembles of noninteracting harmonic oscillators\cite{legget} and scalar fields\cite{scalar}. For the gravitational field an exact treatment is not possible even in principle at the moment, because we lack a quantum theory of gravity. It has been shown experimentally though that gravitational fields decohere if the MWI is correct\cite{page80}. The purpose of this paper is not to improve on the treatment of the very difficult theoretical problem of decoherence, but to suggest a new experimental approach on the quantum mechanical measurement problem. Our treatment gives roughly the correct order of magnitude for the decoherence time scale. \\ Let us now define the relative states in the sense of Everett\cite{everett} of $|A\rangle$ with respect to $|W_1\rangle$ and $|W_2\rangle$ at time t$_2$ as $|A_1\rangle$=$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}|A\rangle$ and $|A_2\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}|A\rangle$, respectively. At time t$_2$ $|A_1\rangle$ and $|A_2\rangle$ are still the same or ``parallel'' in Hilbert space\cite{stodo89}. We also have $|A\rangle$ = $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|A_1\rangle$ + $|A_2\rangle$) a decomposition which is always possible for a pure state according to the superposition principle. The total wavefunction at time t$_2$ can then be written as: \begin{equation} |\Psi_{t_2}\rangle=|A_1\rangle |W_1\rangle+|A_2\rangle |W_2\rangle \end{equation} This equation is analogous to equation (3) in Ref.\cite{stodo89}. Further following Harris and Stodolsky\cite{stodo82} we now write this wavefunction in the form of a density matrix in a basis of the Hilbert space spanned by $|W_{1,2}\rangle$ to represent the role of the phases in a better way: \begin{equation} \rho(\Psi_{t_2}) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} \langle A_1 | A_1 \rangle & \langle A_1 | A_2 \rangle \\ \langle A_2 | A_1 \rangle & \langle A_2 | A_2 \rangle \end{array} \right) \label{denst2} \end{equation} In the initial state $\Psi_{t2}$ the ion and its environment are uncorrelated and all elements of this matrix have the value 1/2 in our case. In our approximation decoherence now leads to an exponential damping of the off-diagonal elements of this density matrix, while the diagonal elements remain unaffected. At time t$_3$ the matrix is given to a very good approximation by 1/2 the

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identity matrix. The decoherence time scale in the transition from $\Psi_{t2}$ to $\Psi_{t3}$ is then given as the inverse of the exponential damping time constant. If there was no internal excitation during the process of decoherence, $|A_1\rangle$ and $|A_2\rangle$ are identical yet distinguishable in the classical sense (i.e. by way of their structure in phase space) at time t$_3$. \\ I approximate the temporal evolution of the off-diagonal elements of $\rho$ as an effect of repeated scatterings of particles from ${|{W_1}\rangle}$ and ${|{W_2}\rangle}$\cite{stodo82}. If the particles in ${|{W_{1,2}}\rangle}$ are atoms (e.g. rest-gas atoms, see below section 4) their de Broglie wavelength ($<$ 0.1 $\AA$ at room temperature) is much smaller than the typical spatial extension of the wavefunction ${|{A}\rangle}$ of the ion in the trap (typically 0.1-1 $\mu$m in current technical setups\cite{itano93}). It is then a good approximation for the treatment of the scattering to assume that the initial state of the ion is approximated by a plane wave front, and that the elastically scattered wave of the trapped ion is approximated by a radially outgoing wave front. I will always use this approximation in the following even in cases where it is less well justified because the wavelength of the scattering particles in ${|{W_{1,2}}\rangle}$ is equal to or larger than the spatial extension of ${|{A}\rangle}$(e.g. for microwave photons scattering on the ion). In this case the decoherence time scale will be {\it larger} than my estimate (the scattering is less ``effective''). To demonstrate that the decoherence timescale can be large enough to allow interworld communication, my approach is sufficient. Also we will see below in section 4 that in our situation the most effective mechanism for decoherence is elastic scattering with rest gas atoms, for which my assumption holds well. \\ The diagonal element $\langle A_1{|}A_2 \rangle$ has to be multiplied by a damping factor D for each scattering of the ion with a particle of ${|{W_{1,2}}\rangle}$ as a target. If $|A^{S}\rangle$ is the wavefunction of the ion after scattering one can write: \begin{equation} \langle{A_1^{S}}{|}{A_2^{S}}\rangle = D \langle{A_1}{|}{A_2}\rangle \label{damp} \end{equation} The damping factor after n collisions is given as: \begin{equation} D_n=D^n. \label{dampn} \end{equation} In the special case of elastic and isotropic scattering and integrating over time one has for the final state after one scattering: \begin{eqnarray} A_1{^S} = o( e^{ikz} + f\cdot e^{ikr}/r) \label{in0} \\ A_2{^S} = o( e^{ikz} + f\cdot e^{(ikr+{{\Delta}{\varphi}})}/r) \label{in} \end{eqnarray} where $k$ is the wave number and $z$ the direction of relative motion between the particle and the trapped ion. $f$ is the scattering amplitude and $r$ the radial distance from the ion. $\Delta \varphi$ is a relative phase angle which takes random values over repeated scatterings because ${|{W_{1}}\rangle}$ and ${|{W_{1}}\rangle}$ are not in phase. The normalization factor $o$ is given by: \begin{equation} o = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+f^2/r^2}} \label{norm} \end{equation} Inserting eqs.(\ref{in0},\ref{in},\ref{norm}) into eq.(\ref{damp}) and integrating over the spatial volume one obtain

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s: \begin{equation} D = o^2 = {{1}\over{{1+f^2/r^2}}} \simeq 1 - {f^2/r^2} \end{equation} The neglect of higher order terms is justified in the dilute gas approximation. For n consecutive scatterings ones gets: \begin{equation} D_n \simeq (1 - {f^2/(r^2)})^n \simeq exp(-{{f^2}n/(r^2)}) \end{equation} Let us set f$^2$=$\sigma$/(4$\pi$), where $\sigma$ is the total elastic cross section, and n=4{$\pi$}{r$^2$}{$\phi$}t, where $\phi$ is number of particles per unit area and time on which the ion scatters and t the time span over which interactions between $|A\rangle$ and $|W_{1,2}\rangle$ takes place. The time evolution of the diagonal elements of the ion-environment density function is then obtained as: \begin{equation} D_t \simeq exp(-{\sigma}{\phi}t) \label{dect} \end{equation} The decoherence time is then defined as: \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} = 1/({\sigma}{\phi}) \label{dec} \end{equation} This result for the decoherence time agrees with a different and more general calculation by Tegmark\cite{tegmark1} for the special case of a system that is spatially much larger than the effective wavelength of the scattering particles. It was exactly this case that I assumed above. Note that Tegmark calls ``coherence time'' what I call ``decoherence time''. \section{Practical realization of communication between parallel-worlds} I will show that it is technically possible to realize a system which approximates the situation outlined in section 2. and which has macroscopic decoherence timescales. For my discussion I will assume the setup which Itano et al.\cite{itano93} used for a measurement of quantum projection noise. This is not in order to suggest that this is an optimal setup for inter-world communication; I only wanted to show that the technical capabilities to test the MWI exist in one concrete case. \\ Itano et al.\cite{itano93} trap single ions in radio frequency and Penning traps. The ion (I consider $^{199}$Hg$^+$) can be stored for hours in a vacuum of about 10$^{-9}$ atmospheres. They observe transitions between the 6s$^2$S$_{1/2}$ F=0 and F=1 hyperfine structure levels by applying rf fields of well-controlled frequency, amplitude and duration. The transition is in the microwave region (40.5 GHz). UV Lasers operated at 194 nm are used to cool the ion, prepare its state and to measure whether the ion is in F=0 or F=1 state after an application of microwaves. \\ In our example Silvia traps an ion and prepares it in the ground state. If Silvia1 now detects a photon after the polarization filter she applies the rf field resonant with the F=0 $\rightarrow$ F=1 transition, for a time long enough to excite the ion completely from the ground state to the F=1 state according to the Rabi flopping formula\cite{scully}. According to the orthodox interpretation she has to apply a so called ``$\pi$ pulse'' pulse of length t$_p$ and field strength E$_{\pi}$ so that \begin{equation} E_{\pi}=(\pi{\hbar})/(t_p{\wp}) \label{pi} \end{equation} $\wp$ is the magnetic dipole transition element between the F=0 and F=1 states (the transition is forbidden for electric dipole radiation) which is given in good aproximation by the Bohr magneton because the wavefunctions of the two states are quite similar. Let us assume that Silvia1 applies a pulse which is a factor

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3,341

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ArXiv

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$\sqrt{2}$ longer to compensate for the fact that Silvia2 does not apply any pulse (``MWI $\pi$ pulse''). \\ This whole action will take something like a second at least (for a mechanical ``Silvia'' it could be performed faster, certainly within a $\mu$sec). Silvia2 waits for a certain time to allow Silvia1 to apply the microwave field. After this she applies a Laser field to determine the state of the ion. If the MWI interpretation is correct, Silvia2 will find it in a fraction p of the experiments in the F=1 case prepared by Silvia1. If the inelastic microwave excitation is the only interaction of ion with the environment (i.e. the ion is completely isolated) we get for the damping factor due to excitation according to eq.(\ref{dect}): \begin{equation} D_t \simeq exp(-{\sigma_{exc}}{\phi}t) \label{indec} \end{equation} here ${\sigma_{exc}}$ is the cross section of the ion for excitation from the F=0 to the F=1 level with resonant microwave radiation. t is the time period for which the rf field was applied, and $\phi$ is the flux of the exciting radiation. The excitation probability is given as: \begin{equation} p=sin^2({\nu}t) \end{equation} where $\nu$=$\wp$E$_{\pi}$/($\hbar$2$\sqrt{2}$). For a ``MWI $\pi$ pulse'' p is 1 and D$_t$ can be easily evaluated as 1/e. Intuitively one can say, that in this situation only one full interaction took place (the absorption of one microwave photon). Complete decoherence needs more than one interaction so D$_n$ is much larger than zero. Normally Silvia2 will completely decohere the ion when determining its state with the method decribed by Itano et al.\cite{itano93}, because the detection of the fluorescence radiation is very inefficient, and many inelastic collisions of 194 nm photons take place for a state determination. \\ This calculation is only correct in the \mbox{``one-and-only-one interaction''} approximation of Stodolsky\cite{stodo89} in which the different collisions of the ion on other particles are treated as completely independent. It is unavoidable in our situation that there is ``feedback'', i.e. a given collision acts on a wavefunction of the ion which is already decohered to some degree by the previous collisions. As a result the excitation of $|A_2\rangle$ will be less effective and p will be somewhat smaller than 1. Its exact value depends on the detailed geometry of the experimental setup but is clearly never much smaller than 1, because in the absence of other mechanisms the correlation has its origin in the inelastic scattering of the ion. I find with a numerical calculation that e.g. a ``MWI $\pi$ pulse'' applied in world 1 would lead to p=0.163 in the ``feedback'' case, versus p=1.0 in the ``one-and-only-one interaction'' approximation. In this calculation I made the simplifying assumption that D develops strictly according to eq.(\ref{dect}). Itano et al.\cite{itano93} repeated the cycle ``preparation-rf field application-measurement'' for hundreds of times in their experiment so also values of p much smaller than 1 would be measurable. \\ We have to check if decoherence by other sources can be avoided for at least a few seconds so that the assumption of complete isolation of the ion made in the previous paragraph is justified. These sources are: \\ a. scattering of remnant gas atoms in the trap on the ions \\ b. elastic scattering of the microwave field on the ion \\ c. interaction with the constraining fields holding the ion \\ Note that only b. is in principle unavoidable, the others could be avoided with a more advanced technology.

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3,341

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For contribution a. I get, inserting typical operating parameters of the set up used by Itano et al.\cite{itano93} into eq.(\ref{dec}): \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} = 8 \left({{2.4{\cdot}10{^{-18}m^2}\over{\sigma_c}}}\right) \left({{T}\over{300K^o}}\right) \left({{nbar}\over{p}}\right) sec \end{equation} here $\sigma_c$ is the elastic cross section; its size (for room temperature) has been taken for H$_2$-Hg collisions (at room temperature) from the calculation of Bernstein \cite{bernstein}. T is the temperature, its dependence here does not take into account the change of $\sigma_c$ with energy (which is however very small around room temperature). p is the rest-gas pressure. It is possible to achieve vacua much better than a nbar in ion traps (see e.g.Ref. \cite{diedrich}). \\ For b. one gets in the same way the decoherence time scale of elastic scattering of a microwave field with a frequency $\omega$ and an intensity that effects a $\pi$ pulse in t$_p$ seconds. For the flux $\phi$ in eq.(\ref{dec}) I set: \begin{equation} \phi = {{{\epsilon_0} c E_{\pi}^2}\over{\hbar {\omega}}} \end{equation} where E$_{\pi}$ is the electric field strength of a MWI-$\pi$ pulse(eq.(\ref{pi}). Inserting this relation gives: \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} \simeq 2.8 \cdot 10^{22} \left({{\wp}\over{{\mu_B}/c}}\right) \left({{t_p}\over{sec}}\right) \left({{5.2{\cdot}10^{-40}m^2} \over{\sigma}}\right) \left({{\omega}\over{40.5 Ghz}}\right) sec \label{muw} \end{equation} The cross section is the Thompson cross section which I averaged over scattering angle. The Rayleigh cross section is negligible in our situation. \\ Case c. is treated in a similar way because it is well known that only time dependent fields can cause decoherence \cite{deco1}. Even for Penning traps with static fields it is impossible to prevent residual time variability with a fraction f$_v$ of the total field strength. Without load (as in our case) f$_v$ $\simeq$ 10$^{-10}$ is achievable for static confining fields E$_c$ with a strength of about 1000 V/m typical for the traps used by Itano et al. (their ion-trap setup is described in Gilbert et al.\cite{itano88}). The ``worst'' case (leading to the shortest decoherence time) is a variability $\omega$ on a time scale similar to the duration of the experiment. For this case one then obtains: \begin{equation} \Delta t_{dec} \simeq 76 \left({{5.2{\cdot}10^{-40}m^2} \over{\sigma}}\right) \left({{\omega}\over{1 Hz}}\right) \left({{1000 V/m}\over{E_c}}\right)^2 f_v^{-2} sec \label{field} \end{equation} Though it is not of critical importance for our problem, it is easy to show that the decoherence time scale induced by UV Lasers used by Itano et al.\cite{itano93} via Rayleigh scattering is on a time scale of many years. This surprising ineffectiveness of light to decohere wave functions was already noticed by Joos and Zeh in the connection with chiral eigenstates of molecules \cite{joos85}. As pointed out in the previous paragraph eqs.(\ref{muw},\ref{field}) are expected to underestimate the true decoherence time, because I assumed in

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their derivation that the wavelength of the particles on which the ion scatters is much smaller than the spatial extension of the ion wavefunction, which does not hold in typical setups. \\ The reader might object that something has to be wrong with my proposal because it violates energy conservation in a given world (Silvia2 could receive energy from a parallel world). Fundamental principles (like invariance to time translations \cite{noether}) require energy conservation only for the whole universe however, and not for single branches which are very special entities singled out by individual humans. Because the energy Silvia2 receives is always lost by Silvia1 there is no violation of energy conservation in the universe. Dicke found some time ago that energy conservation is violated in certain quantum mechanical measurement setups for arbitrarily long times\cite{dicke}. He holds that this poses no serious problem because the expectation value for the amount of energy violation turns out to be zero (i.e. repeating the measurement many times, energy is lost as often as it is gained). In the conventional interpretation of quantum mechanics there seems to be a problem however, because Dicke's result means that e.g. the fundamental principle of time tanslation invariance would be violated on macroscopic time scales. In the MWI Dicke's situation corresponds to worlds which have a different energy expectation value of the system immediately after they were created due to branching (one is higher and the other lower than the one before branching\cite{dicke}). The average of their energy expectation values is the energy expectation value before the branching, and energy conservation holds at all times. This ``restoration of conservation laws'' in the MWI, which arises when all branches of the quantum state are considered together was already pointed out by Elitzur and Vaidman\cite{eli}. \section{Conclusion} The prediction of the orthodox interpretation \cite{neumann} is that the ion in our example experiment is never observed in an excited state by Silvia2: the measurement is surely finished after the photon from the polarization filter has not been detected by Silvia2 and thereafter only Silvia2 exists. The ``logical'' and ``many histories'' interpretations \cite{gellman} probably lead to a similar expectation, though it is not completely clear to me what their quantitative prediction would be. Hidden variable models are devised in order to ``destroy'' Silvia1; their predicition is therefore the same as in the orthodox interpretation by definition. For the MWI it has been shown in the previous sections that inter-world communication on a time scale of minutes should be possible with state of the art quantum-optical equipment. The experimental verification of this possibility would thus rule out the above mentioned alternatives to the MWI. \\ The limiting factor in extending $\Delta$ t$_{dec}$ even further (i.e. in ``keeping the communication channel open for longer'') seems to be the rest gas in the vacuum of the ion trap at the moment. The fascinating problem of how to optimize the communication in order to transfer large amounts of data (e.g. TV pictures) would be beyond the scope of this paper. \\ The detection of parallel worlds would finally clarify the fundamentals of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics: nature would have an objective deterministic reality completely independent of human consciousness and fully described by the Schr\"odinger equation together with the second quantization conditions for the wave field. To communicate with parallel worlds goes of course completely against ``common sense'', but it does not lead to any inconsistencies or violations of known physical principles. A similar opinion was voiced by Polchinski\cite{polchinski} who showed that interworld communication is possible within Weinberg's nonlinear quantum mechanics. The recent speculation of Gell-Mann and Hartle\cite{goblin} about a possible communication with ``goblin worlds'' has also certain parallels with the proposal of this paper. \\ The applications of this effect in physics would be manifold e.g. in the investigation of Chaos or for improving statistics in the study of rare processes. Outside physics inter

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(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to transact business in this state as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or agent, except in certain transactions exempt under section 8-1111, unless he or she is registered under the Securities Act of Nebraska. It shall be unlawful for any broker-dealer to employ an agent for purposes of effecting or attempting to effect transactions in this state unless the agent is registered. It shall be unlawful for an issuer to employ an agent unless the issuer is registered as an issuer-dealer and unless the agent is registered. The registration of an agent shall not be effective unless the agent is employed by a broker-dealer or issuer-dealer registered under the act. When the agent begins or terminates employment with a registered broker-dealer or issuer-dealer, the broker-dealer or issuer-dealer shall promptly notify the director. (2)(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to transact business in this state as an investment adviser or as an investment adviser representative unless he or she is registered under the act. (b) Except with respect to federal covered advisers whose only clients are those described in subdivision (7)(g)(i) of section 8-1101, it shall be unlawful for any federal covered adviser to conduct advisory business in this state unless such person files with the director the documents which are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as the director may by rule and regulation or order require, a consent to service of process, and payment of the fee prescribed in subsection (6) of this section prior to acting as a federal covered adviser in this state. (c)(i) It shall be unlawful for any investment adviser required to be registered under the Securities Act of Nebraska to employ an investment adviser representative unless the investment adviser representative is registered under the act. (ii) It shall be unlawful for any federal covered adviser to employ, supervise, or associate with an investment adviser representative having a place of business located in this state unless such investment adviser representative is registered under the Securities Act of Nebraska or is exempt from registration. (d) The registration of an investment adviser representative shall not be effective unless the investment adviser representative is employed by a registered investment adviser or a federal covered adviser. When an investment adviser representative begins or terminates employment with an investment adviser, the investment adviser shall promptly notify the director. When an investment adviser representative begins or terminates employment with a federal covered adviser, the investment adviser representative shall promptly notify the director. (3) A broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative may apply for registration by filing with the director an application and payment of the fee prescribed in subsection (6) of this section. If the applicant is an individual, the application shall include the applicant's social security number. Registration of a broker-dealer or issuer-dealer shall automatically constitute registration of all partners, limited liability company members, officers, or directors of such broker-dealer or issuer-dealer as agents, except any partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director whose registration as an agent is denied, suspended, or revoked under subsection (9) of this section, without the filing of applications for registration as agents or the payment of fees for registration as agents. The application shall contain whatever information the director requires concerning such matters as: (a) The applicant's form and place of organization; (b) The applicant's proposed method of doing business; (c) The qualifications and business history of the applicant and, in the case of a broker-dealer or investment adviser, the qualifications and business history of any partner, limited liability company member, officer, director, person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions of a partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director, or person directly or indirectly controlling the broker-dealer or investment adviser; (d) Any injunction or administrative order or conviction of a misdemeanor involving a security or any aspect of the securities business and any conviction of a felony; (e) The applicant's financial condition and history; and (f) Information to be furnished or disseminated to any client or prospective client if

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the applicant is an investment adviser. (4)(a) If no denial order is in effect and no proceeding is pending under subsection (9) of this section, registration shall become effective at noon of the thirtieth day after an application is filed, complete with all amendments. The director may specify an earlier effective date. (b) The director shall require as conditions of registration: (i) That the applicant, except for renewal, and, in the case of a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company, the officers, directors, partners, or limited liability company members pass such examination or examinations as the director may prescribe as evidence of knowledge of the securities business; (ii) That an issuer-dealer and its agents pass an examination prescribed and administered by the department. Such examination shall be administered upon request and upon payment of an examination fee of five dollars. Any applicant for issuer-dealer registration who has satisfactorily passed any other examination approved by the director shall be exempted from this requirement upon furnishing evidence of satisfactory completion of such examination to the director; (iii) That an issuer-dealer have a minimum net capital of twenty-five thousand dollars. In lieu of a minimum net capital requirement of twenty-five thousand dollars, the director may require an issuer-dealer to post a corporate surety bond with a surety company licensed to do business in Nebraska in an amount equal to such capital requirements. When the director finds that a surety bond with a surety company would cause an undue burden on an issuer-dealer, the director may require the issuer-dealer to post a signature bond. Every such surety or signature bond shall run in favor of Nebraska, shall provide for an action thereon by any person who has a cause of action under section 8-1118, and shall provide that no action may be maintained to enforce any liability on the bond unless brought within the time periods specified by section 8-1118; (iv) That a broker-dealer have such minimum net capital as the director may by rule and regulation or order require, subject to the limitations provided in section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In lieu of any such minimum net capital requirement, the director may by rule and regulation or order require a broker-dealer to post a corporate surety bond with a surety company licensed to do business in Nebraska in an amount equal to such capital requirement, subject to the limitations of section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Every such surety bond shall run in favor of Nebraska, shall provide for an action thereon by any person who has a cause of action under section 8-1118, and shall provide that no action may be maintained to enforce any liability on the bond unless brought within the time periods specified by section 8-1118; and (v) That an investment adviser have such minimum net capital as the director may by rule and regulation or order require, subject to the limitations of section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, which may include different requirements for those investment advisers who maintain custody of clients' funds or securities or who have discretionary authority over such funds or securities and those investment advisers who do not. In lieu of any such minimum net capital requirement, the director may require by rule and regulation or order an investment adviser to post a corporate surety bond with a surety company licensed to do business in Nebraska in an amount equal to such capital requirement, subject to the limitations of section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Every such surety bond shall run in favor of Nebraska, shall provide for an action thereon by any person who has a cause of action under section 8-1118, and shall provide that no action may be maintained to enforce any liability on the bond unless brought within the time periods specified by section 8-1118. (c) The director may waive the requirement of an examination for any applicant who by reason of prior experience can demonstrate his or her knowledge of the securities business. Registration of a broker-dealer, agent, investment adviser, and investment adviser representative shall be effective for a period of not more than one year and shall expire on December 31 unless renewed. Registration of an issuer-

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dealer shall be effective for a period of not more than one year and may be renewed as provided in this section. Notice filings by a federal covered adviser shall be effective for a period of not more than one year and shall expire on December 31 unless renewed. (d) The director may restrict or limit an applicant as to any function or activity in this state for which registration is required under the Securities Act of Nebraska. (5) Registration of a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative may be renewed by filing with the director or with a registration depository designated by the director prior to the expiration date such information as the director by rule and regulation or order may require to indicate any material change in the information contained in the original application or any renewal application for registration as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative previously filed with the director by the applicant, and payment of the prescribed fee. A federal covered adviser may renew its notice filing by filing with the director prior to the expiration thereof the documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as the director by rule and regulation or order may require, a consent to service of process, and the prescribed fee. (6) The fee for initial or renewal registration shall be two hundred fifty dollars for a broker-dealer, two hundred dollars for an investment adviser, one hundred dollars for an issuer-dealer, forty dollars for an agent, and forty dollars for an investment adviser representative. The fee for initial or renewal filings for a federal covered adviser shall be two hundred dollars. When an application is denied or withdrawn, the director shall retain all of the fee. (7)(a) Every registered broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, and investment adviser shall make and keep such accounts, correspondence, memoranda, papers, books, and other records as the director may prescribe by rule and regulation or order, except as provided by section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in connection with broker-dealers, and section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, in connection with investment advisers. All records so required shall be preserved for such period as the director may prescribe by rule and regulation or order. (b) All the records of a registered broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser shall be subject at any time or from time to time to such reasonable periodic, special, or other examinations by representatives of the director, within or without this state, as the director deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors and advisory clients. For the purpose of avoiding unnecessary duplication of examinations, the director, insofar as he or she deems it practicable in administering this subsection, may cooperate with the securities administrators of other states, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and any national securities exchange or national securities association registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Costs of such examinations shall be borne by the registrant. (c) Every registered broker-dealer, except as provided in section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and investment adviser, except as provided by section 222 of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, shall file such financial reports as the director may prescribe by rule and regulation or order. (d) If any information contained in any document filed with the director is or becomes inaccurate or incomplete in any material respect, a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative shall promptly file a correcting amendment or a federal covered adviser shall file a correcting amendment when such amendment is required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. (8) With respect to investment advisers, the director may require that certain information be furnished or disseminated to clients as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors and advisory clients. To the extent determined by the director in his or her discretion, information furnished to clients of an investment adviser that would be in compliance with the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and the rules and

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regulations under such act may be used in whole or in part to satisfy the information requirement prescribed in this subsection. (9)(a) The director may by order deny, suspend, or revoke registration of any broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative or bar, censure, or impose a fine pursuant to subsection (4) of section 8-1108.01 on any registrant or any partner, limited liability company member, officer, director, or person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions of a partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director for a registrant from employment with any broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser if he or she finds that the order is in the public interest and that the applicant or registrant or, in the case of a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser, any partner, limited liability company member, officer, director, person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions of a partner, limited liability company member, officer, or director, or person directly or indirectly controlling the broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser: (i) Has filed an application for registration under this section which, as of any date after filing in the case of an order denying effectiveness, was incomplete in any material respect or contained any statement which was, in the light of the circumstances under which it was made, false or misleading with respect to any material fact; (ii) Has willfully violated or willfully failed to comply with any provision of the Securities Act of Nebraska or any rule and regulation or order under the act; (iii) Has been convicted, within the past ten years, of any misdemeanor involving a security or commodity or any aspect of the securities or commodities business or any felony; (iv) Is permanently or temporarily enjoined by any court of competent jurisdiction from engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice involving any aspect of the securities or commodities business; (v) Is the subject of an order of the director denying, suspending, or revoking registration as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative; (vi) Is the subject of an adjudication or determination, after notice and opportunity for hearing, within the past ten years by a securities or commodities agency or administrator of another state or a court of competent jurisdiction that the person has willfully violated the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Commodity Exchange Act, or the securities or commodities law of any other state; (vii) Has engaged in dishonest or unethical practices in the securities or commodities business; (viii) Is insolvent, either in the sense that his or her liabilities exceed his or her assets or in the sense that he or she cannot meet his or her obligations as they mature, but the director may not enter an order against a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser under this subdivision without a finding of insolvency as to the broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, or investment adviser; (ix) Has not complied with a condition imposed by the director under subsection (4) of this section or is not qualified on the basis of such factors as training, experience, or knowledge of the securities business; (x) Has failed to pay the proper filing fee, but the director may enter only a denial order under this subdivision, and he or she shall vacate any such order when the deficiency has been corrected; (xi) Has failed to reasonably supervise his or her agents or employees, if he or she is a broker-dealer or issuer-dealer, or his or her investment adviser representatives or employees, if he or she is an investment adviser, to assure their compliance with the Securities Act of Nebraska; (xii) Has been denied the right to do business in the securities industry, or the person's respective authority to do business in an investment-related industry has been rev

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oked by any other state, federal, or foreign governmental agency or self-regulatory organization for cause, or the person has been the subject of a final order in a criminal, civil, injunctive, or administrative action for securities, commodities, or fraud-related violations of the law of any state, federal, or foreign governmental unit; or (xiii) Has refused to allow or otherwise impedes the department from conducting an examination under subsection (7) of this section or has refused the department access to a registrant's office to conduct an examination under subsection (7) of this section. (b) The director may by order bar any person from engaging in the securities business in this state if the director finds that the order is in the public interest and that the person has: (i) Willfully violated or willfully failed to comply with any provision of the Securities Act of Nebraska or any rule and regulation or order under the act; or (ii) Engaged in dishonest or unethical practices in the securities business, which activity at the time was subject to regulation by the Securities Act of Nebraska. (c)(i) For purposes of subdivisions (9)(a)(vii) and (9)(b)(ii) of this section, the director may, by rule and regulation or order, determine that a violation of any provision of the fair practice or ethical rules or standards promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or a self-regulatory organization approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission, in effect on January 1, 2017, constitutes a dishonest or unethical practice in the securities or commodities business. (ii) The director may not institute a proceeding under this section on the basis of a final judicial or administrative order made known to him or her by the applicant prior to the effective date of the registration unless the proceeding is instituted within the next ninety days following registration. For purposes of this subdivision, a final judicial or administrative order does not include an order that is stayed or subject to further review or appeal. This subdivision shall not apply to renewed registrations. (iii) The director may by order summarily postpone or suspend registration pending final determination of any proceeding under this subsection. Upon the entry of the order, the director shall promptly notify the applicant or registrant, as well as the employer or prospective employer if the applicant or registrant is an agent or investment adviser representative, that it has been entered and of the reasons therefor and that within fifteen business days after the receipt of a written request the matter will be set down for hearing. If no hearing is requested within fifteen business days of the issuance of the order and none is ordered by the director, the order shall automatically become a final order and shall remain in effect until it is modified or vacated by the director. If a hearing is requested or ordered, the director, after notice of and opportunity for hearing, shall enter his or her written findings of fact and conclusions of law and may affirm, modify, or vacate the order. No order may be entered under this section denying or revoking registration without appropriate prior notice to the applicant or registrant, as well as the employer or prospective employer if the applicant or registrant is an agent or investment adviser representative, and opportunity for hearing. (10)(a) If the director finds that any registrant or applicant for registration is no longer in existence or has ceased to do business as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative, is subject to an adjudication of mental incompetence or to the control of a committee, conservator, or guardian, or cannot be located after reasonable search, the director may by order cancel the registration or application. (b) If an applicant for registration does not complete the registration application and fails to respond to a notice or notices from the department to correct the deficiency or deficiencies for a period of one hundred twenty days or more after the date the department sends the initial notice to correct the deficiency, the department may deem the registration application as abandoned and may issue a notice of abandonment of the registration application to the applicant in lieu of proceedings to deny the application. (c) Withdrawal from registration as a broker-dealer, issuer-dealer, agent, investment adviser, or investment adviser representative

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Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd. announced the European Commission's (EC) marketing authorization of Ontruzant, a biosimilar referencing Herceptin (trastuzumab), for the treatment of early breast cancer, metastatic breast cancer and metastatic gastric cancer. Ontruzant is the first trastuzumab biosimilar to receive regulatory approval in Europe. The EC approval of Ontruzant applies to all 28 European Union (EU) member states and the European Economic Area (EEA) member states of Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Ontruzant will be commercialized by MSD, which is known as Merck in the United States and Canada. Ontruzant is the fourth biosimilar developed by Samsung Bioepis to receive EC marketing authorization. Samsung Bioepis has also received marketing authorizations for Benepali (etanercept), Flixabi (infliximab) and Imraldi (adalimumab). Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd. last week announced the European Commission's (EC) approval of Imraldi, a biosimilar referencing Humira (adalimumab). Imraldi is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, pediatric plaque psoriasis, adult and adolescent hidradenitis suppurativa, Crohn's disease, pediatric Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and uveitis. With the EC's marketing authorization of Imraldi, Samsung Bioepis becomes the industry's first to European approvals for biosimilars referencing all three anti-TNF-alfa blockbusters. Benepali (etanercept) and Flixabi (infliximab) received EC marketing authorization in January 2016 and May 2016, respectively. The EC approval of Imraldi applies to all 28 European Union (EU) member states as well as the European Economic Area (EEA) member states of Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Biogen will commercialize Imraldi in the EU and EEA member states. The EC approval of Imraldi follows a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) in June 2017. For more information visit expopharm exhibitor directory. Coherus BioSciences, Inc., announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a complete response letter (CRL) for its biologics license application for CHS-1701, a pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) biosimilar candidate, under the 351(k) pathway. Coherus states that, the company will work with the FDA to address the information requests. "While we are disappointed in the delay that this additional request has caused, we remain confident in our ability to address the FDA's requests for the purpose of obtaining approval for CHS-1701," said Denny Lanfear, President and CEO of Coherus BioSciences. Sandoz, a Novartis division, and the pioneer and global leader in biosimilars, announced that the European Commission (EC) has approved Rixathon (biosimilar rituximab) for use in Europe. Rixathon is approved for use in all indications of the reference medicine, MabThera. Rixathon is approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as well as immunological diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and microscopic polyangiitis. The EC approval was based on a comprehensive development program generating analytical, preclinical, and clinical – including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) – data. The program demonstrated Rixathon matches its reference medicine in terms of safety, efficacy, and quality. Cinfa Biotech S.L., the biosimilars company of Cinfa Group,

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today announced positive top-line data from the second clinical trial with its lead development candidate B12019, a biosimilar version of Neulasta (pegfilgrastim) to treat chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The trial demonstrated comparability of B12019 and its reference product Neulasta with regards to pharmacodynamics (PD) and immunogenicity. All primary and secondary study endpoints were met. The multiple-dose, randomised, double-blind, three-period cross-over study enrolled 96 healthy volunteers in Germany. The study design was based on scientific advice from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and was tailored to the specific properties of pegfilgrastim. The study met its primary endpoints: area under the effect curve (AUEC0-last) for PD and anti-drug antibody rate (ADA) for immunogenicity, confirming comparability to Neulasta. Likewise, all secondary endpoints were achieved. The safety of B12019 was also comparable to Neulasta. Further data from the trial will be presented at upcoming scientific conferences. Pegfilgrastim is indicated for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor agonist is used to stimulate bone marrow to produce more neutrophils to decrease the incidence of infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Sandoz, announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) has adopted positive opinions, separately recommending the approval of both Sandoz' biosimilar rituximab and biosimilar etanercept in Europe. The products are recommended to treat the same indications as their respective reference medicines. "We are proud to help patients in Europe with blood cancers and immunological diseases by improving their access to effective treatments through the potential approval of not just one, but two new Sandoz biosimilar medicines," said Mark Levick, MD PhD, Global Head of Development, Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz. "Today's recommendations from the CHMP will not only benefit patients, but they demonstrate our leadership in biosimilars and the strength of the Sandoz and Novartis immunology and oncology portfolios". The CHMP recommendations were based on two comprehensive development programs in which analytical, preclinical and clinical – including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic – data were generated. The programs demonstrated biosimilarity of biosimilar rituximab and etanercept to their respective reference medicines. Sandoz has a leading biosimilar pipeline and, in addition to biosimilar rituximab and etanercept (Erelzi approved in 2016 by the FDA), plans to launch three more biosimilars of major oncology and immunology biologics across key geographies by 2020. We are looking forward to welcoming you at our booth at ARAB HEALTH – Stand No. Z3.E39 in the "German Hall". 30th January to 2nd February 2017. For more information visit ARAB HEALTH exhibitor directory. Mylan N.V. and Biocon Ltd. last week announced submission of Mylan's biologics license application (BLA) for MYL-1401O, a proposed biosimilar trastuzumab, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the 351(K) pathway. This product is a proposed biosimilar to branded trastuzumab, which is indicated to treat certain HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers. Mylan and Biocon believe that this has the potential to be the first submission of a proposed biosimilar trastuzumab in the U.S. The submitted BLA includes a comprehensive package of analytical similarity, nonclinical and clinical data. The clinical data consists of two pharmacokinetic studies and the HERITAGE confirmatory efficacy and safety trial. The results of the HERITAGE trial were presented at this year's American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)

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White Light, Black Rain: powerful HBO film about atomic bombing of Japanese cities By C.W. Rogers White Light, Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,written and directed by Steven Okazaki In August 1945, in an act that will forever haunt the memory of humankind, the United States government under President Harry Truman ordered the dropping of two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, incinerating some 120,000 people instantly and leading to the slow and painful deaths of hundreds of thousands more in the weeks, months and years to follow. The recent HBO documentary White Light, Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki examines the events surrounding the dropping of the bomb and provides rare and powerful first-hand accounts from a group of Japanese survivors. On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 a.m. on a clear and sunny morning, the US B-29 bomber the Enola Gay dropped a 15-kiloton atomic bomb, codenamed "Little Boy," over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. An estimated 140,000 people, out of a population of nearly 300,000, were killed immediately or shortly afterward. Everything at or near the hypocenter of the bomb was instantly vaporized. It was the world's very first encounter with nuclear weapons. Three days later on August 9, US bombers dropped a second, 21-kiloton atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man," onto the city of Nagasaki. An estimated 70,000 people, nearly all civilians, were killed within a short period of time, many of them also instantly vaporized. The new HBO film, made by veteran documentarian Steven Okazaki, allows 14 survivors of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to speak about their memories of that day and those that followed the bombing. Their accounts reveal, in the most personal and shocking manner, the horror that resulted from these barbaric crimes. These voices and their descriptions shed light on one of the darkest chapters in the history of world imperialism, and serve as a reminder of the dangers that exist at present as the American ruling elite threatens to plunge the world into new conflagrations. Okazaki, who won an Oscar in 1991 for his documentary Days of Waiting about a Caucasian artist interned with Japanese-Americans in the US during World War II, has created in White Light, Black Rain a worthy and deeply moving film. In the opening sequence, the filmmaker asks teenagers on the streets of modern-day Hiroshima if they know which event occurred on August 6, 1945. None of them know the proper answer. "I don't know," answers one. "An earthquake?," replies another. "I'm bad at history," states a third. This inability to identify such a momentous event, particularly by the younger generation in Japan, troubles Okazaki. But this disturbing phenomenon of historical amnesia is hardly unique to that country. How much is known or discussed in America or anywhere else about the US government's decision to unleash the most lethal and destructive weapon in history? Contrary to the rationale offered by the US government and military that the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945 was necessary to save American lives and end the war without an invasion of Japan, the historical facts argue otherwise. While Tokyo had already made gestures toward suing for peace, the Truman administration was determined to use the bomb. On the one hand, the US ruling elite was set on ending the war before Soviet forces could advance into China or Korea, or for that matter Japan itself. On the other, there was the desire to show off the bomb to demonstrate the overwhelming and unchallengeable power of the American military. The war was to end on US terms. There would be no brokering of peace with the involvement of the Soviet Union or anyone else (see "Sixty Years since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings"). The accounts from the American pilots, scientific observers and navigators who carried out the bombing missions begin in the chapter of the film entitled "The Survivors." Although these accounts provide valuable insight into the organization of the missions and the psychology of those involved, their

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inclusion in a chapter that introduces the victims of the bombings seems misplaced. Of the fourteen atomic bomb survivors interviewed in White Light, Black Rain, most are speaking publicly about their recollections for the first time. Many were left severely disfigured. The filmmaker, in a very effective approach, introduces the survivors holding photographs of themselves before the bombing. The pictures, mainly portraits of beautiful and innocent children alone or with family members, or class pictures with young classmates, seem to transcend national and ethnic identity. A text notes that Kiyoko Imori, one of the survivors, was three blocks from ground zero at the time of the bombing and lost her entire family. Another text explains that the 11-year-old was the only child to survive from her school—all 620 of her classmates perished. Sumiteru Taniguchi, a 16-year-old letter carrier at the time, holds up a photograph of himself as a bright and happy teenager. In the bombing he suffered massive burns to his face, arms and back, some of which never healed, and to this day he lives in constant pain. Many of the survivors describe where they were and what they were doing just before the bomb struck—children were getting ready or arriving for school, attending a church mass, helping their mothers around the house. And then the bomb explodes in a giant white flash. People are thrown through the air and from their houses. Children burn alive under piles of rubble. Parents and siblings are turned into ash. People with burning flesh run toward the river. The water and its banks are full of corpses. To depict the moments that immediately followed the bombings, Okazaki makes use of drawings and paintings made by other survivors that portray the unimaginable suffering and carnage. A slideshow of the images can be viewed at: http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/whitelightblackrain/slideshow.html). Sakue Shimorhira was ten years old and lost both her mother and a brother in the Nagasaki bombing. She lived for years in a shack amongst ruins of the city, surviving by eating grass and garbage. Her sister would later step in front of a train, taking her own life. "I woke up and looked around. I saw an incredible sight. People with their eyes hanging out," Shimorhira described. "Their skin was shredded and hanging off their bodies. 'Please help me, Please help me!' they cried out. One woman was carrying a baby. The baby had no head. I was so scared." Shimorhira recalls yelling at her unconscious sister until she came to. "She started crying for our mother, 'Mommy, help us! Mommy, help us!' I saw two burnt bodies. I saw that one of the bodies had holes where the eyes should be and one gold tooth. My mother had one gold tooth, so I knew it was her. We reached out and said, 'Mommy!' Before our eyes it crumbled into ashes." Thirteen-year-old Katsuji Yoshido of Nagasaki recalls being thrown 100 feet through the air from the blast and landing in a rice field. "People with no arms, no legs, their intestines spilling out, brains spilling out of their crushed skulls," he explains. "And near ground zero, there were black, carbonized bodies burnt beyond recognition. People in unimaginable states." After the bomb detonated over the center of Hiroshima, winds from the explosion reached 1000 mph and temperatures on the ground reached 9000 degrees Fahrenheit. Senji Yamaguchi, 14, was living in Nagasaki. He survived the blast and spent over a year in a hospital. "The children were crying," he remembers. "Even though their parents were dead, they still cried for their mothers, 'Mama, please give me water!' Then they'd fall over and suddenly they were silent." The 16-year-old letter carrier, Sumiteru Taniguchi, was on his bicycle in Hiroshima delivering letters when the blast hit. "When the hysteria died down," he described, "I realized my skin was dangling off my arm, and the clothes on my

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278, 22095, 373, 590 ]

3,365

1,024

CommonCrawl

10

8

back were gone. With all my might I tried to get up, but I couldn't stand much less walk. Someone carried me on his back and laid me down under a tree. All around me, people were dying." Several weeks after the bombings, Japanese film crews began to arrive from Tokyo capturing footage of the aftermath. American troops arrived shortly after and confiscated all the footage and then put the crews to work under their direction. At this point the crews began using color film stock. The footage was taken back to Washington and locked away for nearly 30 years. Some of this footage, including photographs, is shown in the final and unquestionably most disturbing and powerful part of the documentary entitled, "The Aftermath." Black and white photographs and film footage document two cities that no longer existed. The charred remains of babies and children emerge from the debris and devastation. Makeshift hospitals were set up in the ruins of the two cities and were littered with mangled and scorched bodies of all ages. Doctors roamed about looking for people who might still be breathing. Amazingly, Okazaki managed to match up two of his survivors with color film footage shot in the aftermath of the bombings. Senji Yamaguchi is shown in a Nagasaki hospital six months after the bomb. The 14-year-old boy's flesh over half his body melted and is raw and infected. Half of his face has been burned away. The color footage of patients in this Nagasaki hospital is almost impossible to watch. Yamaguchi recalls, "Both the adults and the children would hear the nurses coming down the hall and as they approached everyone would beg to be killed." Sumiteru Taniguchi, at one point removes his shirt for the camera to show what his body looks like at present day. It is devastating. We then see him as a 16-year-old boy lying on a hospital bed filmed in color by a US Army film crew. The boy's entire back, from his neck down, has been burned to a bloody pulp. "They ripped the gauze off my back," Taniguchi describes, "I tried to bear the pain but at that moment I started yelling at them to kill me." On August 6, 1945, US President Harry Truman issued a self-serving and vindictive statement in which he justified the horrible bombing. He claimed that the Japanese had begun "the war from the air at Pearl Harbor" and they had now "been repaid many-fold." Truman neglected to mention that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were home to hundreds of thousands of civilians. He went on to warn about the US development of atomic weapons, noting ominously that "even more powerful arms are in development." The warning was clear. American imperialism, under a Democratic president was baring its fangs and threatening the world, especially the Soviet Union whose forces were now on the verge of advancing into Manchuria, with its ability to incinerate entire peoples. Soon after the bombing surviving residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki began getting sick with "atomic bomb disease." Those that should have been getting better began displaying strange symptoms, including hair loss, bleeding and purple spots, the film explains. "Tens of thousands got sick, and they were dying left and right." Radiation disease struck the two cities not nearly as abruptly as the bombs, but with just as much devastation. "Pika don" became the Japanese word for radiation, though people knew little or nothing about it. It began as a dirty word for the bomb, and it actually grew into a stigma for those afflicted. "And the 'pika don' people became the untouchables," explains a survivor. Survivors suffering the effects of radiation faced a lifetime of sickness and isolation. Many were left to fend for themselves in the months and years following the US bombings, scavenging the ruins of the city for food. "Since 1946, delayed radiation effects have caused 160,000 additional deaths," the film states. Dr. Shuntaro Hida, who was a 28-year-old military doctor in Hiroshima at the time of the bomb, describes the social effect of radiation sickness, "In Japan, if people find out you're an atomic bomb survivor,

0.950985

2.250531

0.841139

0.7873

[ 0.9893361611975906, 0.91263433717366 ]

[ 2.107281026352652, 2.3937815993622067 ]

[ 0.8005589771147866, 0.8817186899270831 ]

[ 0.5297641542746483, 1.0448354673887195 ]

1,024

[ 512, 512 ]

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29892 ]

3,365

2,048

CommonCrawl

16

20