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6tbHYvH347A | financially secure by the time 65 rolls around and only about four men out of a hundred will be financially comfortable now why let me tell you how to find out for yourself conduct your own survey start down the street in your neighborhood on any Saturday or Sunday and ask the man of every house two questions the first question is what are you doing at the present time to | 85 | 108 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=85s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | increase your income now that is how much do you want to earn and when you've evaluated the blanks there you get in response to that question asked question number 2 which goes how much money are you planning to be worth at age 65 and when the silence becomes too unnerving thank him and move on to the next house ask 50 men a hundred a thousand until you're completely convinced that the reason men | 108 | 133 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=108s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | don't make more money during their working lives and the reason they're not financially independent by the time they're sixty-five is simply that they seldom if ever do any constructive thinking on either subject it's that simple unfortunately the reason is so easy to earn far more money than the average man earns in this country is that so few so very few are going about it the right | 133 | 154 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=133s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | way this is a race without enough contestants to mother about the few who are really in the race can all be winners some will finish ahead of the others but even the man who finishes last in this race will be financially secure most people more than 90% aren't even in the race to prove it ask yourself the two survey questions up until the time you started listening | 154 | 178 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=154s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | to this message what were your plans for increasing your income how much do you want to earn and how much money had you decided to be worth by the time you're 65 you see people who earn large incomes aren't lucky and they're not crooks as those without money are so fond of pretending nor are they end up with more brains or talent necessarily than their friends and neighbors nor are they privy | 178 | 203 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=178s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | to our cult secrets and only a very few were lucky enough to have had rich fathers or grandfather's most of the people earning the big incomes today started the same way you and I did and most other people the only difference between the men who earned big incomes and those who earn small incomes is that those earning big incomes decided to earn more they're the people who made it | 203 | 225 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=203s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | their business to earn more you see a woman who does not think about baking an apple pie for dinner tonight will never think of looking up the recipe for apple pie without the decision for pie there's no motivation for checking out the recipe a man who does not think about driving his car to st. Louis Missouri or Nacogdoches Texas will never get roadmaps which show how to get the same go as in | 225 | 250 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=225s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | Nacogdoches and a man who never decides to earn more money will never think of learning how of looking up the rules burning more money you see people do what they make up their minds to do so get rid of the ancient superstition once and for all that people who are in big money are special people are lucky or get the breaks or had money to begin with or knew someone or are smarter or | 250 | 273 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=250s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | anything else these are alibis they can all be disproved a thousand times the reason there are so many of these alibis around is that men who failed to make the grade financially are seldom honest enough to just admit that they really didn't try and keep trying so in order to justify their failure in order to remain seated they dream up and passed along these old | 273 | 293 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=273s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | alibis we're all self-made but only the successful will admit it I want that occasion to visit Charleston South Carolina had never been there before so I hired a taxi to drive me around the historic old town I particularly wanted to see the battery with that famous shot was fired on Fort Sumter along this beautiful drive some of Charleston's oldest and finest homes | 293 | 315 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=293s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | without over the bay I commented to my cab driver on what lovely homes they were and he said yes some of those homes have 40 rooms and then he thought a moment he said and every one of them is owned by a crook this is how the have-nots justify themselves and their lot in life I didn't say anything because I didn't feel I was entitled to advise him or try to straighten out his | 315 | 335 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=315s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | thinking this is a free country where as long as he doesn't hurt others everyone has the inalienable right to be just as wrong as he wants to be as Thomas R Lounsbury the American scholar and educator put it we must view with profound respect the infinite capacity of the human mind to resist the inroads of useful knowledge my taxi driver and men and women like him all over the | 335 | 358 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=335s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | world have been kidding themselves and holding themselves down and refusing the bounty and abundance of the world for centuries knowledge is available to everyone we can either listen to those qualified to teach us or we can go along with those ancient stumbling blocks we get from people who don't know any more than we do the truth incidentally about those homes along that beautiful Drive | 358 | 377 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=358s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | is that they were built by the men and women who made the largest contribution to the city of Charleston in just a moment I'm going to give you the formula for getting rich but before I do I want to remind you of something before a jet pilot begins his takeoff from an airport he carefully goes over a checklist item by item he does this not only because it's required by law but because he | 377 | 398 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=377s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | cannot afford to trust so important a job to his memory alone he has another checklist that he goes over just as carefully before he begins his lap down at his destination he does this without fail every time he takes off and every time he lands well I think living successfully is as important as flying an airplane and because of this I think each of us needs a checklist too | 398 | 418 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=398s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | and that's why there's one included with this cassette we need a checklist to go over item by item before we take off in the morning and before we drop off to sleep every night so I want to recommend that you have fixed the checklist be a bathroom mirror stare at it as you brush your teeth in the morning and stare at it again as you prepare for bed at night go | 418 | 438 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=418s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | over each item and as you do think of what each item represents and here's number one it's the formula for getting rich it also explains why you're in your present position whether you're earning six thousand a year or sixteen thousand or sixty thousand or six hundred thousand it applies to every adult whether he's employed or unemployed it applies to the richest man and to the | 438 | 459 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=438s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | forest and every person in between and here it is our rewards in life will always be an exact proportion to our contribution our service now that's what the formula means as the first item on your checklist memorize it our rewards in life will always be in exact proportion to our contribution our service listen to it think about it until you know it emotionally as well as | 459 | 486 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=459s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | intellectually it might give you some slight feeling of superiority to realize that there's probably not another man within a mile of where you live who knows it you can add it as a question on your survey if you want proof of that if you want it in another form here it is as it applies to a man's job it's the same thing really the same thing applies but you can express it differently the | 486 | 506 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=486s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | money you're paid by the company you work for will always be in direct ratio to then what you do your ability to do it and the degree of difficulty involved in replacing you maybe you want to write the formula down in both of its forms and think about it until it's as much a part of you as your name the reason it isn't spelled out on your checklist is because you might not want everyone to | 506 | 528 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=506s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | know what you're up to the checklist is valuable only to a person who knows what the words really indicate all right you've got the formula as you think about it its meaning will become clearer to you with the formula there are two rules which must be applied to properly use it this formula together with the two rules is your recipe or your roadmap to earning | 528 | 547 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=528s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | all the money you really want now let's take a look at item number two on your checklist and I'm serious about your putting this checklist on your mirror you'll notice it's pressure sensitive item number two the gold mine the pulitzer prize-winning playwright Archibald MacLeish and is play the secret of freedom wrote the only thing about a man that is a man is his mind | 547 | 568 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=547s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | everything else you can find in a pig or a horse strong words aren't they but as long as you live you will never hear a truer statement the key to every human being success lies in his mind the goldmine between his ears one idea can make you rich a lot of good ideas can move your steadily upward in the work you do and ideas are free and just think there's nothing now being done commercially that | 568 | 599 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=568s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | will not be done better much better in the years ahead next years homes and most of what's in them will be better than this year's next year's cars will be better next year's manufacturing distributing marketing and selling and advertising should be better nothing is now being done as well as it must be done in the future and every innovation every new improvement will be | 599 | 617 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=599s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | somebody's brainchild now what your especially how many good ideas have you come up with during the past year if you continue on as you have in the past where would you be and what will you be earning say a year from now five years from now every day of our lives we walk or drive buy more opportunity than we could develop in a lifetime in 50 lifetimes back in the twentieth Sinclair | 617 | 641 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=617s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | Lewis wrote that you can kidnap a man blindfold and take him to any city in the country with a couple of notable exceptions put him in a chair in the downtown area take off his blindfold and he could sit there a week and not be able to tell you what town he's in the streets are all alike the buildings are all alike the businesses all look alike this is still largely true today the | 641 | 663 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=641s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | reason for this being that most business men in this country are playing a game called follow the follower if a man goes into business no matter what line it happens to be the first thing he does is make certain that his place of business outside and inside looks exactly like every other place of business of that type in the country do you know why it's because he's been playing copycats since | 663 | 684 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=663s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | he was a year old and does it without thinking about it for the same reason kids dress alike in school he wants to be one of the gang he doesn't necessarily examine all the business establishments in his field and pattern his on the one outstanding example the one that inspires him the one that he can really believe in he just does what everybody else in his | 684 | 703 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=684s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | business is doing and by this simple process he guarantees his own mediocrity whose drum are you marching to if indeed you're marching to anyone's and why remember whatever you now do for a living will be done differently quite differently a few years from now never in the history of mankind have the opportunities for all of us been so great but the great majority of people | 703 | 724 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=703s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | will be the beneficiaries of progress not those who bring it about which group you've rather belong to if you want to be a contributor you're not just a beneficiary here's the first rule it appears on your checklist as the gold mind so think think deliberately and with a purpose use the goldmine between your ears begin by thinking of a special time every day back during the | 724 | 748 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=724s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | Depression in New York lumber dealer was growing rich while other lumber dealers were going broke when asked how he did it he said every evening when I get home I closed myself up in a quiet room sit in a comfortable chair and ask myself how will my business be conducted ten years from now then I try to do it now instead of competing with every other lumber dealer which is what they were | 748 | 768 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=748s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | doing he was creating he was doing the very thing man was designed to do the very thing man does best a company growing at the rate of 10% a year will double its size in less than eight years but a man can improve his effectiveness 50% or a hundred percent a year or more the experts tell us that every one of us says with an in deep reservoir sir rebuttal - even genius that he | 768 | 791 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=768s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | habitually fails to use well let's begin now to reach into these deep rich areas of pure net profit and use more more of our real abilities let's think here's the best way I've found to make yourself think start getting up a little earlier than you're accustomed to right off the bat this gives you extra time that 95% of the men in this country are not using it all one power earlier a day | 791 | 814 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=791s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | gives you six and a half extra 40-hour weeks a year but at this time in the morning take a refreshing shower address get yourself a fresh hot cup of coffee if you're a coffee man and then sit down to a clean sheet of paper at the top of the paper write your financial goal now this is the amount of money per year you intend to earn soon incidentally you might like to keep this to yourself - | 814 | 836 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=814s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | it's nobody's business with yours then start to think think about your goal and what it'll mean to you and your family then see how many ideas you can come up with to help you reach that goal ideas to improve what you now do for a living ways of increasing your contribution to match your income goal you know jobs don't have futures people do no matter what line of work you may be in there is | 836 | 862 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=836s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | within it more than enough opportunity to last a lifetime you don't have to think of brand new ideas or revolutionary new ways of doing things although you well might come up with them think of ways of improving what is now being done if you are to increase your income by the amount you've specified you must find ways of increasing your contribution your service and the heat of this is to be | 862 | 881 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=862s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | found in your mind in that goldmine between your ears try for five ideas every morning and write them down and save those sheets of paper in a special idea file many perhaps most of your ideas will be worthless but some of them will be very good a few will be excellent and every once in a while you will come up with something really outstanding you see five ideas a day is | 881 | 902 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=881s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | 25 a week if you don't think on weekends that's more than a thousand ideas a year one idea can get you to that income you shooting for the law of averages swing so far in your favor you just can't miss try to develop a sense of expectancy that is try to hold the feeling that the goal you're shooting for is a sure thing and that it's only a matter of time before it's realized you know Henry Ford | 902 | 925 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=902s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | didn't start making cars until he was 45 a friend of mine started a new company at 65 he's still going strong and his new company has sales of better than 300 million dollars a year it's almost never too late try not to think of things outside of your own line of work or whatever it is you're most interested in to think well and profitably you must discipline your thinking keep it on | 925 | 948 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=925s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | course controlled he put in one field specialized now for the final item on your checklist it appears as the word and the word is attitude attitude has been called the most important word in the language William James put it this way he said the greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind now this is something | 948 | 974 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=948s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | to think about can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind it's another way of saying we become what we think about look at it this way you're a total environment if you've been an adult for any appreciable period of time your total environment is a reflection of you as a person the house or the neighborhood in which you live the car you drive the clothes you wear the job | 974 | 997 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=974s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | you do the people with whom you regularly associate your total environment is an exact and merciless mirror of you as a human being how have you feel your environment can stand some improvement you have only to improve your attitude and your world will gradually change to reflect the changing prison is how to change your attitude beginning now begin to act as | 997 | 1,020 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=997s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | would the person you most want to become now that is if you were already in possession of the goal you're shooting for how would you conduct yourself at all of your affairs we'll do it now and tomorrow and the next day begin now how to act the part of the person you most want to become and you learn by becoming that person subtly in little ways in the way you dress in the way you talk in the | 1,020 | 1,040 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=1020s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | unfailing courtesy you show to every person with whom you come in contact begin to act the part of the person who has already achieved that which you're shooting for the German philosopher Goethe gave us the secret when he said before you can do something you must first be something when you behave like the person you most want to become the things that person would have will tend | 1,040 | 1,061 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=1040s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | to come to you is simply cause and effect don't be in too big a hurry it takes longer to build a skyscraper than a chicken coop they'll slowly steadily and well then when you make it you'll keep it you will stay on top always be suspicious of the so-called get-rich-quick scheme or sudden success never forget that word attitude it's your attitude toward the people with | 1,061 | 1,084 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=1061s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | whom you come in contact that will determine their attitudes toward you the person with a great attitude toward life in the world is the person other people call lucky he's not lucky he's just using our old friend cause and effect his causes are excellent and his effects has to be just as good well that's it three things to remember three things to practice every | 1,084 | 1,104 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=1084s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
6tbHYvH347A | day if you spent sixteen hours a day seven days a week practicing your golf swing in a relatively short time you'd have a grooved beautiful swing like the pros so practice your new attitude every day every in our practice thinking a few minutes every morning and you'll find yourself thinking all day long to remember the formula our rewards in life will always | 1,104 | 1,125 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tbHYvH347A&t=1104s | Change Your Life in 19 Minutes with Earl Nightingale | |
7uplycLvraw | thank you thank you very much for the warm introduction it's an honor to be here and participate in this lecture series I want to first clear up any possible misconceptions I have one kid just one and he has one head this was this two-headed thing was taken with photo booth on the iPad and it's his favorite thing to do is to take pictures of himself with two heads so anyway | 0 | 28 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=0s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | that's impossible and he's thinking about it okay all right all right okay so so I have two goals for this talk and they're kind of conflicting a little bit so the first goal is I want to tell you about the state of the art in in circuit complexity lower bounds in what particular areas of certain complexity at least and the second goal is to give a general thought for a scientific | 28 | 58 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=28s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | audience so I'm I'm going to try to navigate these two things and hopefully it will turn out okay all right let's begin so as a young computer science theorist one is taught that there are roughly two kinds of people there are algorithms people and there are complexity people okay the algorithms designers asked the following very positive upbeat questions they asked | 58 | 90 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=58s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | when can we solve problems quickly what can we do with computers when can we find a good algorithm what what does good mean good could mean many sorts of things generally speaking it means that your algorithm is time efficient it runs very fast okay on the other hand there's this other group of people called complexity theorists okay the complexity theorists are negative nancies they ask | 90 | 120 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=90s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | where our problem is difficult to solve okay when when can we prove the problem is not easy okay in more slightly more technical terms when can we prove a lower bound on the amount of time that we need to solve a problem or the amount of resources needed to be consumed in order to solve a problem so so this sort of lower bound thing versus algorithms think it's going to be pretty prevalent | 120 | 148 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=120s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | this talk so here are some intuitions about theory that you build up again as a young computer scientist you learned that the elegant design and the complexity theorists have opposing goals and tasks okay certainly the way I presented it I mean one is trying to say there's an algorithm the other ones trying to say nope you know so so the way I presented there really a opposite | 148 | 172 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=148s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | to each other okay and the second thing you learn when way or another so the algorithms tribe has an easier life somehow somehow designing algorithms is just much easier than proving lower balance and this intuition is really really strong I mean you want to say look if I design an algorithm I just have to give you one piece of code it's just going to work and solve the problem | 172 | 198 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=172s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | no matter what but if just to show a lower bound I have to show that no matter what code you wrote down even code I will never see like just there's just only so much code I could see in my life oh well no matter what you write down it's just not going to work it's just not going to solve the problem fast enough so just from that point of view it seems designing Aram's is easier okay | 198 | 221 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=198s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | so some of our lower bound says have you have to reason about all possible algorithms right so I assume many of you know about algorithms so I'll spend some time talking more about lower bounds at least the beginning so the most famous lower bound question the Grandmamma of them all is P equals NP okay and just to give you a very high-level idea of what P and NP are not to go in the | 221 | 248 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=221s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | definitions NP is the set of problems where verifying a solution to the problem is easy and P are the problems where finding a solution is easy to do okay and so by easy we mean the following technical sense of Paul meal time so there's some algorithm that on inputs of length n runs in some polynomial and an amount of steps think of this P of n is N squared or in cubed | 248 | 274 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=248s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | something like that so this is what we mean by easy most of the things that you see when you're learning our than they're easy sorting easy so this problem was articulated in 1970s by Steve cook and the carp and also in the Soviet Union by leonid 11 okay so the rather than going into definitions and things like this I will just give you an illustration of this and probably the | 274 | 304 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=274s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | best illustration of the difference between P and NP is the problem of factoring numbers so suppose I give you this number okay it's 232 digits and I want you to I want to know like x and y so the x times y equals this number okay well turns out there are two such numbers okay X of this length Y of this length all right now the problem of giving such a number what are x and y right so this is | 304 | 340 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=304s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | an EMPI problem because if I gave you x and y to begin with if I gave you the solution of the problem the X and the y then it's easy to check that next times y equals the given number you can definitely multiply these things in less than a second on your cellphone check they equal the number okay what about finding the x and y given just this number what can you do well I | 340 | 365 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=340s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | gave you a very special number here actually so this is the RSA 768 number it took two years and a team of number theorists and programmers to find this X&Y a lot of famous people crushed really really hard to find this X&Y despite the fact that once it's given to me takes no time at all to verify their items okay so in so MP is this kind of problem where you I give | 365 | 391 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=365s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | you the number and I want to know the two the two factors x and y well with P you just you know I'm just I just want to like find the answer okay so the problem of people's emptiness asking whenever it's possible to check that x times y equals a number could I find could I do the inverse and figure out x and y efficiently as well okay so this is a very stark contrast between | 391 | 418 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=391s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | these two kinds of problems okay so P equals NP is asking a verifying a solution a problem is easy to do then can we find a solution the problem also easily so here's another number okay it's been slightly longer it's 240 decimal digits alright so we don't actually don't know how to factor this number well okay as far as we know perhaps our friends the NSA have | 418 | 447 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=418s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | factored this number a long time ago okay and and if you want to you know a bigger list of numbers that we don't know how to factor there's a whole page and Wikipedia with lots and lots of numbers going up about six hundred digits big lists of numbers okay so if we could factor integers easily so this problem is looks a simple number theoretic problem but you | 447 | 469 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=447s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | probably know that if we could factor these interests easily we could break all our essay based cryptography so we could break anything that says there's just a little lock here on your web browser yeah forget it it's not really I mean this is crack it open okay well HTTPS SSL totally broken okay these are as same numbers actually is a great resource for someone like me | 469 | 490 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=469s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | if someone send emails me and say they have a proof people's MP I just forwarding this link and say I'll be waiting you know just all you got to do just tell me these you know short 100 something digit numbers from everything in this list okay then oh then I read your paper okay so so that that makes them so very very makes it easy for me right okay so we believe the answer is no okay hope this | 490 | 520 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=490s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | is you know somewhat convincing just this this problem of multiplication versus factoring a number but how that we mathematically prove that how could we prove there's just no way to do it there's no way to break a number in the protectors we have to show that some problem that's easy to verify it somehow impossible to efficiently solve okay so this requires us to somehow reason about | 520 | 543 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=520s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | all easy programs one way or another so let me emphasize it P where's MP is only one of many questions of this kind many of which just I simply can't mention this talk I just want to mentioned the most prominent one there but they all sort of hint or at the same kind of thing reasoning about efficient computation we don't know how to do it okay so where lower bounds good for so | 543 | 571 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=543s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | they're impossibilities they'll say you can't do something well the first sort of very useful way in which the lower bounds were uses for algorithm engineering so if I prove that a lower bound on a particular mathematical formalization or a problem that just often just means that the way you set the problem formally is not the right sort of way it's math it just not going | 571 | 596 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=571s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | to help you if you try for all this if you set if you wrote the problem down in this way so so you could try something else you try to read for me at the problem go back to it and and see if you can steer yourself away from things which MP hard and things which are more like P but lower bounds have actually been extremely useful in other areas such as machine learning theory useful | 596 | 620 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=596s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | in in learning functions for which you know lower bounds for those kinds of functions for cryptography as as demonstrated with RSA so you sort of need lower bounds just to get off the ground you need to be able to say that you know I have have concocted a problem efficiently but you you can't crack it you can't you know turn around and solve it for me and also more grounds come up | 620 | 646 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=620s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | in an unexpected way and the construction of so-called pseudo-random generators so these come up when you have a randomized algorithm arete the album which tosses coins and you can argue that you can mathematically prove that okay if you have uniform independent random coins then this algorithm is going to work well maybe maybe you know you can't rely on independent random coins well lower | 646 | 669 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=646s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | bounds can actually be used to remove the randomness from algorithms replace randomized armed systematically with something that just uses a purely deterministic sequence of coin flips and still works well this is a very nice connection and sort of unexpected when you first think about it but one day I really want to try at home is that we don't really know what all | 669 | 691 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=669s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | lower bounds are good for because we have no idea what the proofs of them look like okay I mean this almost all this is just from sort of knowing just that the lower bound holds what you can do but what if you actually had a mathematical proof something that actually did the reasoning and you could study it then there's no telling what we could we could learn about computation | 691 | 713 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=691s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | that way and so lower balance to me are one of the great scientific mysteries of our time there are conjectures about them everywhere ok Internet security relies on them being true but knowing them for sure is mostly inaccessible to us ok so so yeah this is just a great mystery why is easy computation so hard to understand okay why are lower bound so hard to | 713 | 741 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=713s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | prove well why are we so stuck here so actually we have a pretty good understanding of why we're stuck so there are many known nogo theorems in complexity theory with various technical names cultivation natural proofs algebra zation so on what they say in a nutshell is that the common proof techniques that we use are just not going to be enough to prove things much much weaker than p9 | 741 | 766 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=741s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | wimpy things much weaker than this just like very simple things we can't we can't prove allowance for and this has cost a great deal of weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth a great pessimism in complexity theory and so the big question here is how will we make progress how do we get smarter how are we going to get off the ground and start really proving that some problems are | 766 | 792 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=766s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | hard to solve ok so so this is what I'm going to try to say something about okay I mean obviously I don't have all the answers but I would like to say something that I hope can be conveyed to everyone yeah well sort of the main insights in work that I participate in so far is in connections between arms and lower bounds so we're talking about how arm designs are the | 792 | 820 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=792s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | easier life then lower bound improvers in fact we are deep connections between the two subjects that we just don't understand yet we know for sure that they are there we have sort of glimpses of connections we but there is certainly something more under the hood that we've got to know and so I'll tell you about the glimpses that we have so the main idea I guess the one thing I would like | 820 | 845 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=820s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | to you to try to take away from this talk is this thing in this box designing algorithms is as hard as proving lower bounds sometimes now this is one of those ideas that depending on who you talk to is either complete heresy or they thought of it already okay so that means it's a good idea from from my from my informal judgment okay so yeah so it's a so it but it's sort of | 845 | 872 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=845s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | provocative so it's very provocative actually because if because lower bound designer doesn't have it as hard as the album designer okay so somehow the design event certain algorithms is going to actually give you lower bounds so maybe the our designer doesn't have it so easy after all it just they managed to solve other problems or maybe it's just psychological maybe we | 872 | 896 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=872s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | just are wired to think about algorithms and some you know more easily than lower bounds but there's not so much different between them in the end so here's here's just that my vague attempt to draw some parallel here so a typical resultant album design says here is an algorithm a that solves some problem on all possible instances of the problem now it's actually amazing how | 896 | 920 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=896s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | many statements of this form hold but the fact that like you can have a algorithm that say solves a a problem all possible graphs no matter which graph you see even graphs you will never be able to see you can still prove it's going to work and give you the right answer for this graph okay on all possible instances okay now a typical theorem from lower bounds will say | 920 | 944 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=920s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | something like here is a proof P that this problem can't be solved on all possible by all above two albums of some class some weak class of algorithms that I've sort of box over here and I can rule all of them out from solving this problem here so what I would like to promote is to draw a parallel between the algorithm here in the album design problem and the proof here in lower | 944 | 966 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=944s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | bounds and all possible instances of the problem in the album design problem with all possible albums with some class okay so you think about this it sort of automatically suggests the kind of algorithms we want to design so the kind of problems we want to solve our problems which take some kind of algorithm as input itself and perform some computation so we wanted to solve | 966 | 993 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=966s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | some kind of problem that is taking an algorithm at an input we have to be very careful of how we do this I mean like if you just took the usual kind of algorithm as input like the sort of terrain type algorithm then there are lots of results an undergrad computability theory that just says no matter what you try to do analyzing the things it's not going to work | 993 | 1,014 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=993s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | so it's make this kind of connection tractable we have to slightly change the model of algorithm we're looking at and this is what I'm going to talk about okay so so I have a very high level very high level here's the specific kind of connection that I'm going to talk about so suppose you have there exists some non-trivial circuit analysis our okay so think of this is just some albums some | 1,014 | 1,038 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1014s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | fixed program maybe a Turing machine what have you it receives as input some circuit encoded in some nice way some logical circuit and for all logical circuits it can do the some kind of non-trivial analysis on this thing let's say it can determine whether that this circuit is satisfiable in other words whether the circuit is computing a trivial function or this computing something | 1,038 | 1,063 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1038s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | interesting let's suppose I can do this in some nice way something just better than trying all possible inputs to the circuit and seeing what happens if you can set this kind of thing of it you can solve this kind of album design problem then you can say there is a function f compute with respect to certain Turing machines for which for all circuits they cannot | 1,063 | 1,091 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1063s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | compute this function for all circuits that cannot compute this function so you get circuit complexity lower amounts so from the design of particular kinds of algorithms problems ones which take as some kind of algorithm or circuit as input and analyzing them non trivially you can then prove that for whatever it is I analyzed non-trivial e I now have a new function that can't be computed by | 1,091 | 1,116 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1091s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | it so that this is a very very counterintuitive if you look at it in the wrong way if you look at it it's quite a far away maybe it's so slightly more into okay so this is the basic kind of connection that I and others have been able to draw and we've been able to actually prove lower new lower bounds new limits on computing using this kind of connection so here's an outline for | 1,116 | 1,144 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1116s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | the rest of the talk I'll give you a very quick introduction to just boolean circuits and sort of the problems we're thinking about here I'll compare circuits to algorithms in the usual sense that people learn them and then I'll talk briefly at the end about how circuit analysis algorithms can imply circuit limitations okay all right so bullion circuits look you know something | 1,144 | 1,169 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1144s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | like this so this is a boolean circuit which is taking three bits of input okay it's taking the aunt of each pair of bits and then taking the or of those bits and so it's outputting a and B or B NC or ANC okay in general a circuit of size s for us will take a fixed number of zero one inputs and it will output let's say a single bit you can generalize it to outputting mobile bits | 1,169 | 1,192 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1169s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | for SS a single bit then for F times it's going to take two previously computed bits maybe some input bits such as here a and B and you compute a function of those two bits and that will be some new bit that I can use in subsequent computations such as here I'm taking this or if those things okay so just to give an example this above circuit on three inputs outputs one if | 1,192 | 1,220 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1192s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | only if at least two the inputs of one okay now the size of the complexity of this circuit is going to be like four four gates in it and so this is how we can measure computation but for finite functions so it's important here that the number of bits of input is something finite okay and then we can talk about if I want to compute some given function how many times do I have to take some | 1,220 | 1,247 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1220s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | previously computed bits and give up another but before I finally get the output of the function I want okay and so trying to minimize this as the number of little no gates you have in here is the core problem in certain complexity all right so most functions most require humongous circuits okay so a very old theorem of Shannon and matched by loop on/off says it with high probability if | 1,247 | 1,276 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1247s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | you randomly choose a function by just sort of flipping a bunch of coins generating a function by coin flipping this will require a very large circuit but still gonna nearly a size like to the N over N okay it's another number of inputs to this thing so this is just saying I take a bit zero one and you know I take n of those bits and I output a single bit okay so in fact every | 1,276 | 1,303 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1276s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | function has a circuit of size about to the you know gram okay so this think of it this way so both um I'm flipping two to the N points and I generate some very very long two to the N bit string this is just defining some function f okay what this is saying is that there's no way in general with high probability to compress this 2 to the N bit thing and a small very small representation this | 1,303 | 1,329 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1303s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | is basically proved by a counting argument is too many small series too few small circuits and too many randomly chosen functions so a random one is just not going to be represented by something small there's a simple incompressibility type argument so okay the universe is littered with you know these really really hard functions from the circumflex II point of view my question | 1,329 | 1,352 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1329s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility | |
7uplycLvraw | is which natural functions ones that we actually want to solve exhibit this kind of exponential behavior they require a large number of gates in order to compute them okay so this is a very central question in certain place you just trying to understand which functions can be solved at all we know that random ones cannot can we can we get is there some function of interest | 1,352 | 1,378 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uplycLvraw&t=1352s | Thinking Algorithmically About Impossibility |
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