Datasets:

pere
/

wiki_paragraphs_english

Dataset card Viewer Files Files and versions Community

Split (9)

train · 1M rows

text stringlengths 33 41.8k	url stringlengths 31 128	paragraph_number int64 1 558	corrupt stringlengths 26 41.8k	corrupt_level int64 0 9
When one fluid flows through the smaller pipe, the other flows through the annular gap between the two pipes. These flows may be parallel or counter-flows in a double pipe heat exchanger.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger	7	When one fluid flows through the smaller pipe the other flows through the annular gap between the two pipes These flows may be parallel or counter-flows in a double pipe heat exchanger	4
thumb\|upright=1.8\|right \|Diagram illustrating sound generation, propagation and reception in a toothed whale. Outgoing sounds are cyan and incoming ones are green.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation	40	thumb\|upright=1.8\|right \|Diagram illu.strating sou:nd generation, !propagation and reception in a toothed whale. Outgoing sounds are cyan and incoming ones are green.	5
Data types There is one universal data type, which is implicitly coerced to string, integer, or floating-point data types as context requires.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUMPS	27	Data types There is one universal data type which is implicitly coerced to string, integer, or floating-point data types as context requires.	3
The median income for a household in the town was $164,250, and the median income for a family was $193,951. Males had a median income of $100,670 versus $80,189 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,323. About 2.8% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under the age of 18 and 9.8% of those 65 and older.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Newbury,_Massachusetts	13	The median income for a household in the town was $164,250, and the median income for a family was $193,951. Males had a median income of $100,670 versus $80,189 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,323. About 2.8% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under the age of 18 and 9.8% of those 65 and older.	0
The set of all distributions on is the continuous dual space of which when endowed with the strong dual topology is denoted by Importantly, unless indicated otherwise, the topology on is the strong dual topology; if the topology is instead the weak-* topology then this will be indicated. Neither topology is metrizable although unlike the weak-* topology, the strong dual topology makes into a complete nuclear space, to name just a few of its desirable properties.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)	17	The set of all distributions on is the continuous dual space of which when endowed with the strong dual topology is denoted by Importantly, unless indicated otherwise, the topology on is the strong dual topology; if the topology is instead the weak-* topology then this will be indicated. Neither topology is metrizable although unlike the weak-* topology the strong dual topology makes into a complete nuclear space, to name just a few of its desirable properties.	3
Many diverse experiences have been termed dissociative, ranging from normal failures in attention to the breakdowns in memory processes characterized by the dissociative disorders. It is therefore unknown whether there is a commonality among all dissociative experiences, or whether the range of mild to severe symptoms is a result of different etiologies and biological structures. Other terms used in the literature, including personality, personality state, identity, ego state, and amnesia, also lack agreed upon definitions. Multiple competing models exist that incorporate some non-dissociative symptoms while excluding dissociative ones.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder	8	many diverse experien:ces have been termed dissociative ranging from normal failures in attention to the breakdowns in memory processes characterized by the dissociative disorders it is therefore unknown whether there is a commo!nality among all dissociative experiences or whether the range of mild to severe symptoms is a result of different etiologies and biological structures other terms used in the literature including personality personality state identity ego state and amnesia also lack agreed upon definitions multiple competing models exist that incorporate some non-dissociative symptoms while excluding dissociative ones	9
The median income for a household in the village was $34,500, and the median income for a family was $38,929. Males had a median income of $35,909 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,988. About 12.3% of families and 14.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrinton,_Michigan	9	The median income for a household in the village was $34500 and the median income for a family was $38929 Males had a median income of $35909 versus $18125 for females The per capita income for the village was $16988 About 123% of families and 144% of the population were below the poverty line including 187% of those under age 18 and 160% of those age 65 or over	7
Education innovation Charles A. Prosser lived in New Albany for much of his life. Charles Allen Prosser School of Technology was named in honor of his accomplishments as the "father of vocational education." In the mid and late 20th century, New Albany became an innovator in using electronic media in education. New Albany High School, a public school, started WNAS-FM in 1949, which is the nation's oldest continuously operating high school radio station. In the late 1960s, Slate Run Elementary School started WSRS, a non-licensed student-produced closed-circuit television service for its classrooms, one of the nation's first in an elementary school.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana	16	Education innovation Charles A. Prosser lived in New Albany for much of his life. Charles Allen Prosser School of Technology was named in honor of his accomplishments as the "father of vocational education." In the mid and late 20th century, New Albany became an innovator in using electronic media in education. New Albany High School, a public school, started WNAS-FM in 1949, which is, the nation's oldest continuously operating high school radio station. In the late 1960s, Slate Run Elementary School started WSRS, a non-licensed student-produced closed-circuit television service for its classrooms one of the nation's first in an elementary school.	1
Events January January 4 – The Cicada 3301 internet hunt begins. January 12 – Peaceful protests begin in the Romanian city of Târgu Mureș, protesters expressing solidarity towards certain figures in the medical field and calling for the resignation of president Traian Băsescu. The protests would soon spread through all of the country, marking the start of a long civil unrest in Romania, lasting up to November 2015. January 13 – The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia runs aground off the coast of Italy, causing 32 deaths. January 23 – Iran–European Union relations: the European Union adopts an embargo against Iran in protest of its continued effort to enrich uranium.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012	1	events january january 4 – the cicada 3301 internet hunt begins january 12 – peaceful protests begin in the romanian city of târgu mureș protesters expressing solidarity towards certain figures in the medical field and calling for the resignation of president traian băsescu the protests would soon spread through all of the country marking the start of a long civil unrest in romania lasting up to november 2015 january 13 – the passenger cruise ship costa concordia runs aground off the coast of italy causing 32 deaths january 23 – iran–european union relations the european union adopts an embargo against iran in protest of its continued effort to enrich uranium	8
Ionesco also wrote his only novel, The Hermit, during this later period. It was first published in 1975.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Ionesco	13	ionesco also wrote his only novel the hermit during this later period it was first published in 1975	8
In Islamic tradition, Job (Arabic: , romanized: ) demonstrated patience and steadfast belief in Allah. Ibn Kathir narrates the story in this manner: Job was a very rich person with much land, and many animals and children — all of which were lost and soon he was struck with disease as a test from Allah. He remained steadfast and patient in his prayers to Allah, so Allah eventually relieved him of the disease, gave him double the money he lost, and raised to life twice the number of children who had died before him.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience	10	In Islamic tradition, Job (Arabic , romanized: ) demonstrated patience and steadfast belief in Allah. Ibn Kathir narrates the story in this manner: Job was a ver:y rich person with much land, and many animals and children — all of which were lost and soon he was struck with disease as a test from Allah. He remained steadfast and patient in his prayers to Allah, so Allah eventually relieved him of the disease, gave him double the money he lost, and raised to life twice the number of children who had died before him.	1
Another important influence on the new style was Japonism. This was a wave of enthusiasm for Japanese woodblock printing, particularly the works of Hiroshige, Hokusai, and Utagawa Kunisada, which were imported into Europe beginning in the 1870s. The enterprising Siegfried Bing founded a monthly journal, Le Japon artistique in 1888, and published thirty-six issues before it ended in 1891. It influenced both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt. The stylised features of Japanese prints appeared in Art Nouveau graphics, porcelain, jewellery, and furniture. Since the beginning of 1860, a Far Eastern influence suddenly manifested. In 1862, art lovers from London or Paris, could buy Japanese artworks, because in that year, Japan appeared for the first time as an exhibitor at the International Exhibition in London. Also in 1862, in Paris, La Porte Chinoise store, on Rue de Rivoli, was open, where Japanese ukiyo-e and other objects from the Far East were sold. In 1867, Examples of Chinese Ornaments by Owen Jones appeared, and in 1870 Art and Industries in Japan by R. Alcock, and two years later, O. H. Moser and T. W. Cutler published books about Japanese art. Some Art Nouveau artists, like Victor Horta, owned a collection of Far Eastern art, especially Japanese.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau	10	Another important influence on the new style was Japonism This was a wave of enthusiasm for Japanese woodblock printing, particularly the works of Hiroshige, Hokusai, and Utagawa Kunisada, which were imported into Europe beginning in the 1870s. The enterprising Siegfried Bing founded a monthly journal, Le Japon artistique in 1888, and published thirty-six issues before it ended in 1891. It influenced both collectors and artists, including Gustav Klimt. The stylised features of Japanese prints appeared in Art Nouveau graphics, porcelain, jewellery, and furniture. Since the beginning of 1860, a Far Eastern influence suddenly manifested. In 1862, art lovers from London or Paris, could buy Japanese artworks, because in that year, Japan appeared for the first time as an exhibitor at the International Exhibition in London. Also in 1862, in Paris, La Porte Chinoise store, on Rue de Rivoli, was open, where Japanese ukiyo-e and other objects from the Far East were sold. In 1867, Examples of Chinese Ornaments by Owen Jones appeared, and in 1870 Art and Industries in Japan by R. Alcock, and two years later, O. H. Moser and T. W. Cutler published books about Japanese art. Some Art Nouveau artists, like Victor Horta, owned a collection of Far Eastern art, especially Japanese.	3
US education Recruitment of foreign students to US colleges and universities was an important component in the expansion of American influence. International education programs allowed students to learn from the examples provided at elite universities and to bring their newfound skill sets back to their home countries. As such, international education has historically been seen as a vehicle for improving diplomatic relations and promoting trade. However, the Chinese Exclusion Act forced Chinese students attempting to enter the country to provide proof that they were not trying to bypass regulations. Laws and regulations that stemmed from the act made for less than ideal situations for Chinese students, leading to criticisms of American society. Policies and attitudes toward Chinese Americans in the US worked against foreign policy interests by limiting the ability of the US to participate in international education initiatives.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act	40	US education Recruitment of foreign students to US colleges and universities was an important component in the expansion of American influence. International education programs allowed students to learn from the examples provided at elite universities and to bring their newfound skill sets back to their home countries. As such, international edu.cation has historically been seen as a vehicle for improving diplomatic relations and promoting trade. However, the Chinese Exclusion Act forced Chinese students attempting to enter the country to provide proof that they were not trying to bypass regulations. Laws and regulations that stemmed from the act made for less than ideal situations for Chinese students, leading to criticisms of American society Policies and attitudes toward Chinese Americans in the US worked against foreign policy interests by limiting the ability of the US to participate in international education initiatives.	1
In 1999, the announcer says, "The best pizzas under one roof" in the Big New Yorker pizza commercial seen on the PlayStation Pizza Hut Demo Disc 1. Also, in 1999, the game Crazy Taxi for Sega Dreamcast featured Pizza Hut as one of the locations to which players were able to drive and drop off customers. However, in the game's 2010 re-release for Xbox Live and PlayStation Network, all of the product placement, including the Pizza Hut locations, were removed and replaced with generic locations.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Hut	52	In 1999 the announcer says "The best pizzas under one roof" in the Big New Yorker pizza commercial seen on the PlayStation Pizza Hut Demo Disc 1. Also, in 1999, the game Crazy Taxi fo,r Sega Dreamcast featured Pizza Hut as one of the locations to which players were able to drive and drop off customers. However, in th,e game's 2010 re-release for Xbox Live and PlayStation Network, all of the product placement, including the Pizza Hut locations, were removed and replaced with generic locations.	2
Two enclaves exist above the northern portions of the main, contiguous part of the hamlet.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Washington,_New_York	9	Two eNclaves exIst above The nortHern portioNs oF tHe Main, conTiGuoUs part oF the haMlET.	6
Historians and archaeologists not affiliated with the French administration, among them Paul Zanker, an archaeologist and expert on Caesar and Augustus, were quick to question whether the bust is a portrait of Caesar.Paul Zanker, "Der Echte war energischer, distanzierter, ironischer" , Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 25 May 2008, on-lineMary Beard, "The face of Julius Caesar? Come off it!", TLS, 14 May 2008, on-line Nathan T. Elkins, 'Oldest Bust' of Julius Caesar found in France?, 14 May 2008, on-line Many noted the lack of resemblances to Caesar's likenesses issued on coins during the last years of the dictator's life, and to the Tusculum bust of Caesar,Cp. this image at the AERIA library which depicts Julius Caesar in his lifetime, either as a so-called zeitgesicht or as a direct portrait. After a further stylistic assessment, Zanker dated the Arles-bust to the Augustan period. Elkins argued for the third century AD as the terminus post quem for the deposition of the statues, refuting the claim that the bust was thrown away due to feared repercussions from Caesar's assassination in 44 BC.A different approach was presented by Mary Beard, in that members of a military Caesarian colony would not have discarded portraits of Caesar, whom they worshipped as god, although statues were in fact destroyed by the Anti-Caesarians in the city of Rome after Caesar's assassination (Appian, BC III.1.9). The main argument by the French archaeologists that Caesar had founded the colony in 46 BC proved to be incorrect, as the colony was founded by Caesar's former quaestor Tiberius Claudius Nero on the dictator's orders in his absence.Konrat Ziegler & Walther Sontheimer (eds.), "Arelate", in Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike, Vol. 1, col. 525, Munich 1979; in 46 BC, Caesar himself was campaigning in Africa, before later returning to Rome. Mary Beard has accused the persons involved in the find of having willfully invented their claims for publicity reasons. The French ministry of culture has not yet responded to the criticism and negative reviews.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles	33	Historians and archaeologists not affiliated with the French administration among them Paul Zanker an archaeologist and expert on Caesar and Augustus were quick to question whether the bust is a portrait of CaesarPaul Zanker "Der Echte war energischer distanzierter ironischer" Sueddeutsche Zeitung 25 May 2008 on-lineMary Beard "The face of Julius Caesar Come off it" TLS 14 May 2008 on-line Nathan T Elkins 'Oldest Bust' of Julius Caesar found in France 14 May 2008 on-line Many noted the lack of resemblances to Caesar's likenesses issued on coins during the last years of the dictator's life and to the Tusculum bust of CaesarCp this image at the AERIA library which depicts Julius Caesar in his lifetime either as a so-called zeitgesicht or as a direct portrait After a further stylistic assessment Zanker dated the Arles-bust to the Augustan period Elkins argued for the third century AD as the terminus post quem for the deposition of the statues refuting the claim that the bust was thrown away due to feared repercussions from Caesar's assassination in 44 BCA different approach was presented by Mary Beard in that members of a military Caesarian colony would not have discarded portraits of Caesar whom they worshipped as god although statues were in fact destroyed by the Anti-Caesarians in the city of Rome after Caesar's assassination (Appian BC III19) The main argument by the French archaeologists that Caesar had founded the colony in 46 BC proved to be incorrect as the colony was founded by Caesar's former quaestor Tiberius Claudius Nero on the dictator's orders in his absenceKonrat Ziegler & Walther Sontheimer (eds) "Arelate" in Der Kleine Pauly Lexikon der Antike Vol 1 col 525 Munich 1979; in 46 BC Caesar himself was campaigning in Africa before later returning to Rome Mary Beard has accused the persons involved in the find of having willfully invented their claims for publicity reasons The French ministry of culture has not yet responded to the criticism and negative reviews	7
Heath is bordered to the north by the city of Rockwall, to the south by the city of Forney and to the west by Lake Ray Hubbard, part of the city of Dallas. By road it is east of downtown Dallas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath,_Texas	4	Heath is bordered to the north by the city. of Rockwall, to the south by the city of Forney and to the west by Lake Ray Hubbard, part of the city of Dallas By road it is east of downtown Dallas.	1
Established in 1902, the Herron School of Art and Design's first core faculty included Impressionist painters belonging to the Hoosier Group. Eskenazi Hall at IU Indianapolis has been home to the school since 2005, hosting five public galleries and numerous programs throughout the year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis	66	ESTablISHEd In 1902, thE HerrOn sCHoOL of aRt And deSign's FirsT COre faCuLty INcluded imPreSsIOniSt painTErS BeLonging TO the hoOsier GRoUp. eSKeNAzi hALL at iU inDIaNapoliS has beeN HOME tO THE scHOOL sInCe 2005, Hosting five public GAlLErieS aND NuMeRoUs proGRaMS tHrOUgHOut the YeaR.	6
There were 1,128 households, out of which 56.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.3% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.5% were non-families. 9.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.86 and the average family size was 4.14.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Utah	6	There were 1,128 households, out of which 56.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.3% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.5% were non-families. 9.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.86 and the average family size was 4.14.	0
Sales The introduction of the Cube did not fit with the focused product lineup Jobs had introduced since his return to Apple, leaving it without a clear audience. It was as expensive as a similarly equipped Power Mac, but without extra room for more storage or PCI slots. It was likewise much more expensive than an upgraded consumer iMac. Jobs imagined that creative professionals and designers would want one, and that the product was so great that it would inform buying patterns.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Mac_G4_Cube	11	sales the introduction of the cube did not fit with the focused product lineup jobs had introduced since his return to apple leaving it without a clear audience it was as expensive as a similarly equipped power mac but without extra room for more storage or pci slots it was likewise much more expensive than an upgraded consumer imac jobs imagined that creative professionals and designers would want one and that the product was so great that it would inform buying patterns	8
Elliott further recites that, after the death of Commodus, a most turbulent period lasting 92 years unfolded, during which time 32 emperors and 27 pretenders to the Empire hurled each other from the throne by incessant civil warfare. The sword was a natural universal badge, among the Romans, of the military profession. The apocalyptic figure armed with a great sword indicated an undue authority and unnatural use of it. Military men in power, whose vocation was war and weapon the sword, rose by it and also fell. The unrestrained military, no longer subject to the Senate, transformed the Empire into a system of pure military despotism.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse	18	Elliott further recites that, after the death of Commodus a most turbulent period lasting 92 years unfolded, during which time 32 emperors and 27 pretenders to the Empire hurled each other from the throne by incessant civil warfare. The sword was a natural universal badge, among the Romans, of the military profession. The apocalyptic figure armed with a great sword indicated an undue authority and unnatural use of it. Military men in power, whose vocation was war and weapon the sword, rose by it and also fell. The unrestrained military, no longer subject to the Senate, transformed the Empire into a system of pure military despotism.	3
2020 census As of the census of 2020, there were 778 people, 304 households, and 217 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,282.3 inhabitants per square mile (495.1/km2). There were 322 housing units at an average density of 530.7 per square mile (204.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.0% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 1.8% of the population.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo,_Iowa	4	2020 census As of the census of 2020, there were 778 people 304 households, and 217 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,2823 inhabitants per square mile (495.1/km2). There were 322 housing units at an average density of 530.7 per square mile (204.9/km2) The racial makeup of the city was 94.0% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 1.8% of the population.	4
Many Linux distributions provide an installation system akin to that provided with other modern operating systems. Other distributions, including Gentoo Linux, provide only the binaries of a basic kernel, compilation tools, and an installer; the installer compiles all the requested software for the specific architecture of the user's computer, using these tools and the software's source code.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution	10	many linux distributions provide an installation system akin to that provided with other modern operating systems other distributions including gentoo linux provide only the binaries of a basic kernel compilation tools and an installer; the installer compiles all the requested software for the specific architecture of the user's computer using these tools and the software's source code	8
The median income for a household in the city was $26,857, and the median income for a family was $36,316. Males had a median income of $25,833 versus $20,667 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,500. About 8.7% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Center,_Kansas	11	tHe MEdiAn Income For A HouSehOld iN the cItY Was $26,857 anD the mEdiAn incOme for A famiLY was $36,316. maleS HAd a mediAN IncomE Of $25,833 versus $20,667 foR feMaLeS. thE pEr cAPita iNCome fOr the ciTY Was $15,500. about 8.7% of familiEs and 10.7% of the POpulATion werE bElOw the Poverty lIne, including 14.0% of thO,se under Age 18 And 12.5% of tHose aGE 65 Or ovEr.	9
2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 619 people, 247 households, and 182 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 282 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 95.80% White, 1.94% African American, 0.97% Native American, 0.97% Asian, and 0.32% from two or more races.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAdenville,_North_Carolina	7	2000 census As of the census of 2000 there were 619 people 247 households and 182 families residing in the town The population density was There were 282 housing units at an average density of The racial makeup of the town was 9580% White 194% African American 097% Native American 097% Asian and 032% from two or more races	9
The third postulate specifies "should", rather than "must", because Koch's experiments with tuberculosis and cholera showed that not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection. Some individuals may avoid infection by maintaining their health for proper immune functioning, acquiring immunity from previous exposure or vaccination, or through genetic immunity, such as sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease conferring resistance to malaria.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch's_postulates	6	The third postulate specifies "should", rather than "must", because Koch's experiments with tuberculosis and cholera showed that not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection Some individuals may avoid infection by maintaining their health for proper immune functioni.ng, acquiring immunity from previous exposure or vaccination, or through genetic immunity, such as sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease conferring resistance to malaria.	1
thumb\|right\|upright\|Carol Ann Duffy the first Scottish Poet Laureate Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed Hugh MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Robert Garioch and Sydney Goodsir Smith. Others demonstrated a greater interest in English language poetry, among them Norman MacCaig, George Bruce and Maurice Lindsay. George Mackay Brown from Orkney, and Iain Crichton Smith from Lewis, wrote both poetry and prose fiction shaped by their distinctive island backgrounds. The Glaswegian poet Edwin Morgan became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first Scots Makar (the official national poet), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. Many major Scottish post-war novelists, such as Muriel Spark, with The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) spent much or most of their lives outside Scotland, but often dealt with Scottish themes. Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean, and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett. A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Shena Mackay, Alan Spence, Allan Massie and the work of William McIlvanney. From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, this time led by a group of Glasgow writers associated with critic, poet and teacher Philip Hobsbaum and editor Peter Kravitz. In the 1990s major, prize winning, Scottish novels, often overtly political, that emerged from this movement included Irvine Welsh's Trainspotting (1993), Warner's Morvern Callar (1995), Gray's Poor Things (1992) and Kelman's How Late It Was, How Late (1994). Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth, particularly the success of Edinburgh's Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels. This period also saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets that became leading figures on the UK stage, including Carol Ann Duffy, who was named as Poet Laureate in May 2009, the first woman, the first Scot and the first openly gay poet to take the post.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland	118	thumb\|right\|upright\|Carol Ann Duffy the first Scottish Poet Laureate Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed Hugh MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including Robert Garioch and Sydney Goodsir Smith. Others demonstrated a greater interest in English language poetry, among them Norman MacCaig, George Bruce and Maurice Lindsay. George Mackay Brown from Orkney, and Iain Crichton Smith from Lewis, wrote both poetry and prose fiction shaped by their distinctive island backgrounds. The Glaswegian poet Edwin Morgan became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first Sc,ots Makar (the official national poet), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. Many major Scottish post-war novelists, such as Muriel Spark, with The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) spent much or most of their lives outside Scotland, but often dealt with Scottish themes. Successful mass-market works included the action novels of Alistair MacLean, and the historical fiction of Dorothy Dunnett. A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included Shena Mackay, Alan Spence, Allan Massie and the work of William McIlvanney. From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, this time led by a group of Glasgow writers associated with critic, poet and teacher Philip Hobsbaum and editor Peter Kravitz. In the 1990s major, prize winning, Scottish novels, often overtly political that emerged from this movement included Irvine Welsh's Trainspotting (1993), Warner's Morvern Callar (1995), Gray's Poor Things (1992) and Kelman's How Late It Was, How Late (1994). Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth, particularly the success of Edinburgh's Ian Rankin and his Inspector Rebus novels. This period also saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets that became leading figures on the UK stage, including Carol Ann Duffy, who was named as Poet Laureate in May 2009, the first woman, the first Scot and the first openly gay poet to take the post.	1
News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics relative to the intended audience: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_style	3	News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics relative to the intended audience: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.	0
Government thumb\|right\|The nearby George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, provides access to Palisades Park from Manhattan in New York City via adjacent Fort Lee.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Park,_New_Jersey	20	government thumb\|right\|the nearby george washington bridge the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge provides access to palisades park from manhattan in new york city via adjacent fort lee	8
Fundamentally, queer theory does not construct or defend any particular identity, but instead, grounded in post-structuralism and deconstruction, it works to actively critique heteronormativity, exposing and breaking down traditional assumptions that sexual and gender identities are presumed to be heterosexual or cisgender.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory	17	Fundamentally queer theory does not construct or defend any particular identity but instead grounded in post-structuralism and deconstruction it works to actively critique heteronormativity exposing and breaking down traditional assumptions that sexual and gender identities are presumed to be heterosexual or cisgender	7
Daltrey attended Victoria Primary School and Acton County Grammar School in west London, the same school Pete Townshend and John Entwistle attended. He showed academic promise in the English state school system and was top of his class in the eleven-plus examination, after which he went to Grammar School.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey	5	daLTrey AttEnDeD vICtOria primaRy sChOol aNd acTon cOUnty grammaR ScHoOl in wEst lOndOn tHE sAme scHOoL pete TownsHEnd ANd jOhn entwIstle attEndeD he ShOWEd AcadEMic PromIse iN thE enGlISH statE scHOoL systEm and Was top of hIs claSS iN thE Eleven-plus examinatiON AFTer WHICh He went To grammaR school	9
Virtually every small town and polder in the Netherlands has one or more windmills. The Zaanstreek alone has had over a thousand industrial windmills, each with a name and well-documented history (see list of windmills at Zaanse Schans). Other well-known windmills are the windmills at Kinderdijk.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_windmills	4	virtually every small town and polder in the netherlands has one or more windmills the zaanstreek alone has had over a thousand industrial windmills each with a name and well-documented history (see list of windmills at zaanse schans) other well-known windmills are the windmills at kinderdijk	9
Biogas is a gaseous renewable energy sourceNational Non-Food Crops Centre. "NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet: Anaerobic Digestion", Retrieved on 2011-02-16 produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, wastewater, and food waste. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens inside an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor. The gas composition is primarily methane () and carbon dioxide () and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (), moisture and siloxanes. The methane can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used in fuel cells and for heating purpose, such as in cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas	1	BiOgaS is a gASEous reNeWable eNergy sourcEnational NON-fooD cRopS centRE. "nnfcc renEWaBLE FuelS and enErGy FaCtshEet: aNaeRoBic dIgestion", retRIeveD on 2011-02-16 pRodUced frOm raW maTEriaLs such As AgRicULtural WaSTe, manure, municipal waSte, plant MateRIal, sewage, green waste, waStEwater, and fOod WasTe. BiOGas IS Produced By aNaerobic DigesTion wiTh ANaeROBIC OrgaNismS Or MEthanoGens InSiDe an anaerobIC diGeStEr, biOdigester or A bioREACtOR. the gAs cOmPositioN is prImArILy meTHANe () ANd carbon dioXiDE () aNd MAY Have SmaLl amoUNTS oF hydrogEn SUlfide (), moISTure and SIlOxaneS. THe mEThaNe Can Be comBusTed oR oXIdizeD witH oxygEN. THis ENeRgY relEASe aLlows Biogas tO bE uSed aS a fUEl; it CAn be uSED in fUEL CeLls anD for heatinG puRPoSe, such as In COoKING. it cAn alSo bE Used iN a Gas eNgINe to coNveRt the enerGY iN the gAs into eLEctrIciTy AnD hEAt.	6
The median income for a household in the city was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $46,375. Males had a median income of $28,438 versus $21,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,756. About 2.9% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth,_Texas	9	THe MeDian incOME For a Household IN ThE ciTy Was $36,875, and The meDian iNcOme for A famiLy waS $46,375. mAles had a MEdIAn inCome of $28,438 VersuS $21,000 For FEmaLes. the pEr capITA income for tHe CiTy was $15,756. about 2.9% OF fAMILieS aNd 4.6% Of the PopulATion were belOw ThE pOverTy line, inCludinG 4.2% Of thoSE undER Age 18 and 7.8% OF those AGe 65 Or ovEr.	6
The 1670s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1679 BC to December 31, 1670 BC.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670s_BC	1	The 1670s BC was, a decade lasting from January 1, 1679 BC to December 31 1670 BC.	2
1858–1975 Until the French colonization in the mid-19th century, Vietnam's economy had been mostly agrarian, subsistence-based and village-oriented. French colonizers, however, deliberately developed the regions differently as the French needed raw materials and a market for French manufactured goods, designating the South for agricultural production as it was better suited for agriculture, and the North for manufacturing as it was naturally wealthy in mineral resources. Though the plan exaggerated regional divisions, the development of exports—coal from the North, rice from the South—and the importation of French manufactured goods stimulated domestic commerce.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam	8	1858–1975 until the french colonization in the mid-19th century vietnam's economy had been mostly agrarian subsistence-based and village-oriented french colonizers however deliberately developed the regions differently as the french needed raw materials and a market for french manufactured goods designating the south for agricultural production as it was better suited for agriculture and the north for manufacturing as it was naturally wealthy in mineral resources though the plan exaggerated regional divisions the development of exports—coal from the north rice from the south—and the importation of french manufactured goods stimulated domestic commerce	9
The river valley used to flood on a nearly annual basis, but the completion of Dartmouth Dam in the 1970s largely eliminated the floods.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitta_Mitta_River	4	the river valley used to flood on a nearly annual basis but the completion of dartmouth dam in the 1970s largely eliminated the floods	8
Federal, state and county representation Florham Park is located in the 11th Congressional DistrictPlan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed February 1, 2020. and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative district.Municipalities Sorted by 2023-2031 Legislative District, New Jersey Department of State. Accessed September 1, 2023.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florham_Park,_New_Jersey	21	Federal state and county representation Florham Park is located in the 11th Congressional DistrictPlan Components Report New Jersey Redistricting Commission December 23 2011 Accessed February 1 2020 and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative districtMunicipalities Sorted by 2023-2031 Legislative District New Jersey Department of State Accessed September 1 2023	7
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waipio,_Hawaii	6	In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 1000 males.	4
The median income for a household in the CDP was $13,906, and the median income for a family was $14,598. Males had a median income of $14,944 versus $11,094 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $3,162. About 66.2% of families and 69.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 76.7% of those under age 18 and 75.9% of those age 65 or over. It is the poorest place in the United States with a population of over 1,000, and the 15th poorest overall.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Alamo,_Texas	6	The median income for a household in the CDP was $13906 and the median income for a family was $14598 Males had a median income of $14944 versus $11094 for females The per capita income for the CDP was $3162 About 662% of families and 692% of the population were below the poverty line including 767% of those under age 18 and 759% of those age 65 or over It is the poorest place in the United States with a population of over 1000 and the 15th poorest overall	7