Datasets:

pere
/

wiki_paragraphs_english

Dataset card Viewer Files Files and versions Community

Split (9)

train · 1M rows

text stringlengths 33 41.8k	url stringlengths 31 128	paragraph_number int64 1 558	corrupt stringlengths 26 41.8k	corrupt_level int64 0 9
Pedestrian and bicycle trails The Jordan River Parkway trail (and its northern extension, the Legacy Parkway trail) runs north–south in the center of the valley from Utah County to Davis County (though it has a few gaps), and the planned Crosstown and Parley's trails will together form the primary east–west route from Parley's Canyon to Garfield. The Bonneville Shoreline Trail runs along the face of the Wasatch mountains, skirting the edge of the built up areas of the east bench, though there are large gaps in the central part of the county. A large number of more remote trails provide access throughout the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_County,_Utah	62	Pedestrian and bicycle trails The Jordan River Parkway trail (and its northern extension the Legacy Parkway trail) runs north–south in the center of the valley from Utah County to Davis County (though it has a few gaps) and the planned Crosstown and Parley's trails will together form the primary east–west route from Parley's Canyon to Garfield The Bonneville Shoreline Trail runs along the face of the Wasatch mountains skirting the edge of the built up areas of the east bench though there are large gaps in the central part of the county A large number of more remote trails provide access throughout the Wasatch-Cache National Forest	7
In this unusually neat example, the following can be seen: A switch to the zero-grade when the word stress moves to the following syllable. A switch to the o-grade when the word stress moves to the preceding syllable. A lengthening of the vowel when the syllable is in word-final position before a sonorant.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut	10	In THiS uNusUAllY neat exAmpLe, the fOllowIng cAN be sEen: A sWItch to ThE zero-GRAde when The word sTREss movEs to thE foLloWing syLlAbLe. a switch to thE o-grADe wHen the word stress moVes to thE precedInG sylLAblE. a lENGtheNinG of THE vOwEl whEN THe syLLAble iS In woRd-FInaL PosITion beforE A Sonorant.	6
Cities with commuter rail systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Sakarya, Gaziantep Cities with metro systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Adana Cities with light rail transit systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana, Bursa, Eskişehir, Konya, Antalya, Kayseri, Gaziantep, Samsun, Kocaeli.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey	5	Cities with commuter rail systems: Is?tanbul, Anka!ra, İzmir, Sakarya, Gaziantep Cities w:ith metro systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Adana Cities .with light rail transit systems: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana, Bursa, Eskişehir, Konya, Anta,lya, Kayseri, Gaziantep, Samsun, Kocaeli.	5
Activation of complement Antibodies that bind to surface antigens (for example, on bacteria) will attract the first component of the complement cascade with their Fc region and initiate activation of the "classical" complement system. This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways. First, the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by phagocytes in a process called opsonization; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement system components form a membrane attack complex to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly (bacteriolysis).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody	36	Activation of complement Antibodies that bind to surface antigens (for example, on bacteria) will attract the first component of the complement cascade with their Fc region and initiate activation of the "classical" complem.ent system This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways. First, the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by phagocytes in a process called opsonization; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement system components form a membrane attack complex to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly (bacteriolysis).	2
Estimating numbers According to the FidoNet Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the World Wide Web and AOL became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes, such as MaxMegabyte and ExecPC BBS, evolved into Internet service providers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system	22	estimating numbers according to the fidonet nodelist bbses reached their peak usage around 1996 which was the same period that the world wide web and aol became mainstream bbses rapidly declined in popularity thereafter and were replaced by systems using the internet for connectivity some of the larger commercial bbses such as maxmegabyte and execpc bbs evolved into internet service providers	9
Other companies attempted franchising in one form or another after the Singer experience. For example, several decades later, General Motors established a somewhat successful franchising operation in order to raise capital. Perhaps the father of modern franchising, though, is Louis K. Liggett. In 1902, Liggett invited a group of druggists to join a "drug cooperative". As he explained to them, they could increase profits by paying less for their purchases, especially if they set up their own manufacturing company. His idea was to market private label products. About 40 druggists pooled $4,000 of their own money and adopted the name Rexall. Sales soared, and Rexall became a franchisor. The chain's success set a pattern for other franchisors to follow.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising	8	Other companies attempted franchising in one form or another after the Singer experience. For example, several decades later, General Motors established a somewhat successful franchising operation in order to raise capital. Perhaps the father of modern fr,anchising, though, is Louis K. Liggett. In 1902, Liggett invited a group of druggists to join a "drug cooperative". As he explai.ned to them, they could increase p:rofits by paying less for their purchases, especially if they set up their own man,ufacturing company. His idea was to market private label products. About 40 druggists pooled $4,000 of their own money and adopted the name Rexall. Sales soared, and Rexall became a franchisor. The: chain's success set a pattern for other franchisors to follow.	5
Until 2018, a gap existed on I-95 within New Jersey. From Pennsylvania, I-95 entered the state on the Scudder Falls Bridge and continued east to US 1 in Lawrence Township. Here, I-95 abruptly ended and transitioned into I-295. From New York, I-95 entered the state on the George Washington Bridge and followed the New Jersey Turnpike south to exit 6, ran along an extension of the turnpike, and ended on the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge at the Pennsylvania state line, where the route transitioned into I-276. This discontinuity was caused by the 1983 cancelation of the Somerset Freeway, a planned alignment of I-95 further inland from the turnpike. In order to close the gap, an interchange was constructed where I-95 crosses the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania. After the first components of the interchange opened on September 22, 2018, I-95 was rerouted onto the Pennsylvania Turnpike, meeting up with where I-95 previously ended at the state line. This project closed the last remaining gap in the route. The former section of I-95 between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and US 1 in Lawrence became an extension of I-295. The interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike will be expanded in the future, connecting northbound I-95 with the westbound turnpike and the eastbound turnpike with southbound I-95.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95	26	Until 2018, a gap existed on I-95 within New Jersey. From Pennsylvania, I-95 entered the state on the Scudder Falls Bridge and continued east to US 1 in Lawrence Township. Here, I-95 abruptly ended and transitioned into I-295. From New York, I-95 entered the state on the George Washington Bridge and followed the New Jersey Turnpike south to exit 6 ran along an extension of the turnpike, and ended on the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge at the Pennsylvania state line, where the route transitioned into I-276. This discontinuity was caused by the 1983 cancelation of the Somerset Freeway, a planned alignment of I-95 further inland from the turnpike. In order to close the gap, an interchange was constructed where I-95 crosses the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Bristol Township Pennsylvania. After the first components of the interchange opened on September 22, 2018, I-95 was rerouted onto the Pennsylvania Turnpike, meeting up with where I-95 previously ended at the state line. This project closed the last remaining gap in the route. The former section of I-95 between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and US 1 in Lawrence became an extension of I-295. The interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike will be expanded in the future, connecting northbound I-95 with the westbound turnpike and the eastbound turnpike with southbound I-95.	4
Musical adaptation A musical adaptation, with songs by Joseph Thalken and Tom Jones, premiered at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, NJ, in January 2005. The production starred Estelle Parsons as Maude and Eric Millegan as Harold.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_and_Maude	30	mUSiCaL AdaPtation a musical adaptaTIon, WitH songs by joSePh ThAlkeN and tom jONes, prEMierEd at thE pAPer MiLL pLayhouse iN mILlBuRn, nj, in janUary 2005. tHe PRoduction starREd EsteLLe paRsonS aS maude anD ErIc milLegan as HarolD.	6
Henry Agard Wallace was born on October 7, 1888, on a farm near Orient, Iowa, to Henry Cantwell Wallace and his wife, Carrie May Brodhead.Edward L. Schapsmeier, and Frederick H. Schapsmeier, Henry A. Wallace in Iowa: The Agrarian Years, 1910–1940 (1968) p.17. Wallace had two younger brothers and three younger sisters.Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 23–24. His paternal grandfather, "Uncle Henry" Wallace, was a prominent landowner, newspaper editor, Republican activist, and Social Gospel advocate in Adair County, Iowa. Uncle Henry's father, John Wallace, was an Ulster-Scots immigrant from the village of Kilrea in County Londonderry, Ireland, who arrived in Philadelphia in 1823.Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 3–10. May (née Broadhead) was born in New York City but was raised by an aunt in Muscatine, Iowa, after her parents' death.Culver & Hyde (2000), pp. 9–10.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace	5	henry agard wallace was born on october 7 1888 on a farm near orient iowa to henry cantwell wallace and his wife carrie may brodheadedward l schapsmeier and frederick h schapsmeier henry a wallace in iowa the agrarian years 1910–1940 (1968) p17 wallace had two younger brothers and three younger sistersculver & hyde (2000) pp 23–24 his paternal grandfather "uncle henry" wallace was a prominent landowner newspaper editor republican activist and social gospel advocate in adair county iowa uncle henry's father john wallace was an ulster-scots immigrant from the village of kilrea in county londonderry ireland who arrived in philadelphia in 1823culver & hyde (2000) pp 3–10 may (née broadhead) was born in new york city but was raised by an aunt in muscatine iowa after her parents' deathculver & hyde (2000) pp 9–10	9
Fort Bliss is located among a population of more than 2.5M ("Three States, Two Nations").	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bliss	42	Fort Bliss is located among a population of more than 2.5M ("Three States, Two Nations")	3
The highest elevation in the town is , near the junction of Mamakating Avenue and Park Road in the Mamakating Park Historic District. The lowest elevation is , at the tripoint with Orange and Ulster counties where the Bush Kill drains into the Shawangunkill.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamakating,_New_York	12	The highest elevation in the town is , near the junction of Mamakating Avenue and Park Road in the Mamakating Park Historic District. The lowest elevation is , at the tripoint with Orange and Ulster counties where the Bush Kill drains into the Shawangunkill.	0
During the opening rounds of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, IMZ-Ural released a statement unequivocally condemning the invasion and calling for a peaceful resolution. In March of that year, Ural production ground to a halt due to inability to import components and export bikes out of Russia caused by international sanctions laid on the country. thumb\|New Gear Ups at the IMZ-Kazakhstan facility. In light of these issues, the company decided to open a new assembly facility in Petropavl, Kazakhstan. Petropavl, a city roughly 373 miles (600 kilometers) south-east from Irbit, was chosen because it had an established industrial infrastructure and a sizeable Russian-speaking populace.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMZ-Ural	10	During the opening rounds of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, IMZ-Ural released a statement unequivocally condemning the invasion and calling for a peaceful resolution. In March of that year, Ural p,roduction ground to a halt due to inability to import components and export bikes out of Russia caused by international sanctions laid on the country. thumb\|New Gear Ups at the IMZ-Kazakhstan facility. In light of these issues the company decided to open a new assembly facility in Petropavl, Kazakhstan. Petropavl, a city roughly 373 miles (600 kilometers) south-east from Irbit, was chosen because it had an established industrial infrastructure and a sizeable Russian-speaking populace.	2
Originally intending to sell the Superman strips to a Cleveland newspaper, they decided to set the stories there, but when the strips were re-used for the comic books, they changed the location to the fictional Metropolis. Shuster was quoted as having modeled his Metropolis cityscape on that of his hometown, Toronto, and in the early versions of Superman, Clark Kent worked for a newspaper called the Daily Star, modeled after the real-life Toronto Star. Action Comics #2, however, mistakenly portrays Clark Kent as a reporter for the Cleveland Evening News.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)	6	Originally intending to sell the Superman strips to a Cleveland newspaper they decided to set the stories there but when the strips were re-used for the comic books they changed the location to the fictional Metropolis Shuster was quoted as having modeled his Metropolis cityscape on that of his hometown Toronto and in the early versions of Superman Clark Kent worked for a newspaper called the Daily Star modeled after the real-life Toronto Star Action Comics #2 however mistakenly portrays Clark Kent as a reporter for the Cleveland Evening News	7
Gerard Adams (; Sinn Féin press release, 26 January 2004. born 6 October 1948) is a retired Irish republican politician who was the president of Sinn Féin between 13 November 1983 and 10 February 2018, and served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for Louth from 2011–2020. From 1983–1992 and from 1997–2011, he won election as a Member of Parliament (MP) of the UK Parliament for the Belfast West constituency, but followed the Sinn Féin policy of abstentionism.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Adams	1	gerard adams (; sinn féin press release 26 january 2004 born 6 october 1948) is a retired irish republican politician who was the president of sinn féin between 13 november 1983 and 10 february 2018 and served as a teachta dála (td) for louth from 2011–2020 from 1983–1992 and from 1997–2011 he won election as a member of parliament (mp) of the uk parliament for the belfast west constituency but followed the sinn féin policy of abstentionism	8
In the 1864 Syllabus of Errors, issued by Pope Pius IX, the idea that "the Church ought to be separated from the State, and the State from the Church" is condemned.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state	86	In the 1864 Syllabus of Errors issued by Pope Pius IX the idea that "the Church ought to be separated from the State and the State from the Church" is condemned	9
He published works on optics, electricity, magnetism, meteorology, photography and photometry. In the field of optics he conducted investigations of diffraction phenomena. In his studies of electricity, he designed sine and tangent galvanometers. Pouillet developed and corrected Joseph Fourier's work on the surface temperature of the earth, developing the first real mathematical treatment of the greenhouse effect. He speculated that water vapour and carbon dioxide might trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere, warming the earth enough to support plant and animal life.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pouillet	3	He published work.s on optics, electricity, magnetism, meteorology, photography and photometry. In the field of optics he conducted investigations of diffraction phenomena. In his studies of electricity he designed sine and tangent galvanometers Pouillet developed and corrected Joseph Fourier's work on the surface temperature of the earth developing the first real mathematical treatment of the greenhouse effect. He speculated that water vapour and carbon dioxide might trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere, warming the earth enough to support pla,nt and animal lif,e.	2
For ninth through twelfth grades, Sea Girt's public school students attend Manasquan High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Manasquan Public Schools. Manasquan High School also serves students from Avon-by-the-Sea, Belmar, Brielle, Lake Como, Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights who attend Manasquan High School as part of sending/receiving relationships with their respective districts.Manasquan School District 2016 Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed June 23, 2020. "Manasquan High School receives students from seven sending districts; Avon, Belmar, Brielle, Lake Como, Sea Girt, Spring Lake, and Spring Lake Heights, as well as our Manasquan Elementary School students."Sending Districts, Manasquan Public Schools. Accessed June 23, 2020. "Manasquan High School receives students from seven different districts; Avon, Brielle, Belmar, Lake Como, Sea Girt, Spring Lake, and Spring Lake Heights. Including our Manasquan students, the high school population is just under one thousand students." As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 969 students and 72.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1.School data for Manasquan High School, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Girt,_New_Jersey	22	For ninth through twelfth grades, Sea Girt's public school students attend Manasquan High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Manasquan Public Schools. Manasquan High School also serves students from Avon-by-the-Sea, Belmar, Brielle, Lake Como, Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights who attend Manasquan High School as part of sending/receiving relationships with their respective districts.Manasquan School District 2016 Report Card Narrative, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed June 23, 2020. "Manasquan High School receives students from seven sending districts; Avon, Belmar, Brielle, Lake Como, Sea Girt, Spring Lake, and Spring Lake Heights, as well as our Manasquan Elementary School students."Sending Districts, Manasquan Public Schools. Accessed June 23, 2020. "Manasquan High School receives students from seven different districts; Avon, Brielle, Belmar, Lake Como, Sea Girt, Spring Lake, and Spring Lake Heights. Including our Manasquan students, the high school population is just under one thousand students." As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 969 students and 72.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1.School data for Manasquan High School, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.	0
In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 36.6% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 14.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_South_Dakota	18	In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 36.6% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 14.0% from 45 to 64 and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.	4
Devolution A devolution deal was approved by both Devon County Council and Torbay Council to create a Combined County Authority with various powers such as transport, housing, skills, and support for business devolved from the UK Government.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon	30	Devolution A devolution deal was approved by both Devon Co,unty Council and Torbay Council to create a Combined County Authority with various powers such as transport housing, skills, and support for business devolved from the UK Government.	2
+Bremond racial composition as of 2020 (NH = Non-Hispanic)RaceNumberPercentageWhite (NH)56665.97%Black or African American (NH)17320.16%Asian (NH)131.52%Some Other Race (NH)10.12%Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)394.55%Hispanic or Latino667.69%Total858 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 858 people, 452 households, and 217 families residing in the city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremond,_Texas	6	+Bremond racial composition as of 2020 (NH = Non-Hispanic)RaceNumberPercentageWhite (NH)56665.97%Black or African American (NH)17320.16%Asian (NH)131.52%Some Other Race (NH)10.12%,Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)394.55%Hispanic or Latino667.69%Total858 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 858 people 452 households, and 217 families residing in the city.	1
The first Chinese immigrants to settle in the Malay Archipelago arrived from Guangdong and Fujian provinces in the 10th century C.E. They were joined by much larger numbers of the Chinese in the 15th through 17th centuries, following on the heels of the Ming emperor's reopening of Chinese-Malay trade relations in the 15th century.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese	24	The ,first Chinese immigrants to settle in the Malay Archipelago arrived from Guangdong and Fujian provinces in the 10th century C.E. They were joined by much larger numbers of the Chinese in the 15th through 17th centuries, following on the heels of the Ming emperor's reopening of Chinese-Malay trade relations in the 15th century.	5
Sycamore is located at (31.670810, -83.633871). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore,_Georgia	3	Sycamore is located at (31.6708.10 -83.633871) Accor,ding to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.	2
As the ALP began the 1975 campaign, it seemed that its supporters would maintain their rage. Early rallies drew huge crowds, with attendees handing Whitlam money to pay election expenses. The crowds greatly exceeded those in any of Whitlam's earlier campaigns; in The Domain, Sydney, 30,000 people gathered for an ALP rally below a banner: "Shame Fraser Shame". Fraser's appearances drew protests, and a letter bomb sent to Kerr was defused by authorities. Instead of making a policy speech to keynote his campaign, Whitlam made a speech attacking his opponents and calling 11 November "a day which will live in infamy".	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam	61	As the ALP began the 1975 campaign, it seemed that its supporters would maintain their rage. Early rallies drew huge crowds, with attendees handing Whitlam money to pay election expenses. The crowds greatly exceeded those in any of Whitlam's earlier campaigns; in The Domain, Sydney, 30000 people gathered for an ALP rally below a banner: "Shame Fraser Shame". Fraser's appearances drew protests, and a letter bomb sent to Kerr was defused by authorities. Instead of making a policy speech to key,note his campaign Whitlam made a speech attacki,ng his opponents and calling 11 November "a day which will live in infamy".	2
The Bartlett Recreation Center is a facility that was completed in August 2000. The recreation center is located at 7700 Flaherty Place directly behind the Bartlett Police Station. The recreation center is a popular place amongst the people of Bartlett with its swimming pool, racquetball courts, basketball courts, running track, and workout rooms. Since its opening the recreation center has done remarkably well and required no help from the city to remain open.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee	15	The Bartlett Recreation Center is a facility that was completed in August 2000. The recreation center is located at 7700 Flaherty Place directly behind the Bartlett Police Station. The recreation center is a popular place amongst the people of Bartlett with its swimming pool, racquetball courts, basketball courts, running track, and workout rooms. Since its opening the recreation center has done remarkably well and required no help from the city to remain open.	0
Effects of stress on neurophysiology Working memory is impaired by acute and chronic psychological stress. This phenomenon was first discovered in animal studies by Arnsten and colleagues, who have shown that stress-induced catecholamine release in PFC rapidly decreases PFC neuronal firing and impairs working memory performance through feedforward, intracellular signaling pathways that open potassium channels to rapidly weaken prefrontal network connections. This process of rapid changes in network strength is called Dynamic Network Connectivity, and can be seen in human brain imaging when cortical functional connectivity rapidly changes in response to a stressor. Exposure to chronic stress leads to more profound working memory deficits and additional architectural changes in PFC, including dendritic atrophy and spine loss, which can be prevented by inhibition of protein kinase C signaling. fMRI research has extended this research to humans, and confirms that reduced working memory caused by acute stress links to reduced activation of the PFC, and stress increased levels of catecholamines. Imaging studies of medical students undergoing stressful exams have also shown weakened PFC functional connectivity, consistent with the animal studies. The marked effects of stress on PFC structure and function may help to explain how stress can cause or exacerbate mental illness. The more stress in one's life, the lower the efficiency of working memory in performing simple cognitive tasks. Students who performed exercises that reduced the intrusion of negative thoughts showed an increase in their working memory capacity. Mood states (positive or negative) can have an influence on the neurotransmitter dopamine, which in turn can affect problem solving.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory	40	Effects of stress on neurophysiology Working memory is impaired by acute and chronic psychological stress This phenomenon was first discovered in animal studies by Arnsten and colleagues who have shown that stress-induced catecholamine release in PFC rapidly decreases PFC neuronal firing and impairs working memory performance through feedforward intracellular signaling pathways that open potassium channels to rapidly weaken prefrontal network connections This process of rapid changes in network strength is called Dynamic Network Connectivity and can be seen in human brain imaging when cortical functional connectivity rapidly changes in response to a stressor Exposure to chronic stress leads to more profound working memory deficits and additional architectural changes in PFC including dendritic atrophy and spine loss which can be prevented by inhibition of protein kinase C signaling fMRI research has extended this research to humans and confirms that reduced working memory caused by acute stress links to reduced activation of the PFC and stress increased levels of catecholamines Imaging studies of medical students undergoing stressful exams have also shown weakened PFC functional connectivity consistent with the animal studies The marked effects of stress on PFC structure and function may help to explain how stress can cause or exacerbate mental illness The more stress in one's life the lower the efficiency of working memory in performing simple cognitive tasks Students who performed exercises that reduced the intrusion of negative thoughts showed an increase in their working memory capacity Mood states (positive or negative) can have an influence on the neurotransmitter dopamine which in turn can affect problem solving	7
Bainbridge enjoyed writing, and by the age of 10 she was keeping a diary. She had elocution lessons and, when she was 11, appeared on the Northern Children's Hour radio show, alongside Billie Whitelaw and Judith Chalmers. She was expelled from Merchant Taylors' Girls' School in Great Crosby when she was caught with a "dirty rhyme" (as she later described it) written by someone else in her gymslip pocket. She then went on to study at Cone-Ripman School in Tring (now the Tring Park School for the Performing Arts), where she found she was good at history, English, and art. The summer she left school, she fell in love with former German prisoner of war Harry Arno Franz who was waiting to be repatriated. For the next six years, the couple corresponded and tried to get permission for him to return to Britain so that they could marry, but permission was denied and the relationship ended in 1953.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Bainbridge	3	baInbrIdGE eNjoyED WRITing, and by the aGe oF 10 SHe was Keeping A diaRy. SHe HAD eLOcUtIon Lessons aNd, WheN sHe was 11, aPpEarED On The norThErN CHIldren'S hour radio show, AlongsIde bIlLIE whiTelAw ANd JUdIth chalmers. she Was ExPELleD frOm meRchaNT tayloRs' girlS' school in GreaT crOsBy wheN ShE wAS caugHt WiTh A "dIrty rHyme" (aS she laTeR descrIBeD it) WriTten By somEonE elSe in Her GymsLip pOcket. sHE then went On to STuDy at ConE-RipmAn school In tring (Now THe trINg pArk schoOl foR tHe peRfOrming ARts), WHere she Found she waS gOod at history, eNglish, anD art. The sumMer ShE lefT scHoOl, She felL iN Love with fOrMEr geRmAn prisoNer oF wAr HarRy arno FranZ whO wAs waiting to be repatriatEd. for the nExt Six years, the cOuplE corrEsPondED ANd tried tO Get permissioN for Him tO REturn to britaIn sO tHAT ThEy coUld maRry, bUT peRMission Was denIeD anD ThE reLatioNSHip endEd In 1953.	6
During the Qing dynasty, Shaolin Temple was favored by Qing emperors. In the 43rd year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign (1704), the emperor gifted a tablet to the temple, with the characters () engraved on it in his calligraphy (originally hung in the Heavenly King Hall and later moved by the Mountain Gate). In the 13th year of the Yongzheng Emperor's reign (1735), important reconstructions were financed by the court, including the rebuilding of the gate and the Thousand Buddha's Hall. In the 15th year of his rule (1750), the Qianlong Emperor personally visited Shaolin Temple, stayed at the abbot's room overnight, and wrote poems and tablet inscriptions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery	20	During the Qing dynasty, Shaolin Temple was favored by Qing emperors. In the 43rd year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign (1704), the emperor gifted a tablet to the temple with the characters () engraved on it in h,is calligraphy (originally hung in the Heavenly King Hall and later moved by the Mountain Gate). In the 13th year of the Yongzheng Emperor's reign (1735), important reconstructions were financed by the court, including the rebuilding of the gate and the Thousand Buddha's Hall. In the 15th year of his rule (1750), the Qianlong Emperor personally visited Shaolin Temple, stayed at the abbot's room overnight, and wrote poems and tablet inscriptions.	1
Observational status Inflation is a mechanism for realizing the cosmological principle, which is the basis of the standard model of physical cosmology: it accounts for the homogeneity and isotropy of the observable universe. In addition, it accounts for the observed flatness and absence of magnetic monopoles. Since Guth's early work, each of these observations has received further confirmation, most impressively by the detailed observations of the cosmic microwave background made by the Planck spacecraft. This analysis shows that the Universe is flat to within percent, and that it is homogeneous and isotropic to one part in 100,000.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation	36	Observational status Inflation is a mechanism for realizing the cosmological principle, which is the basis of the standard model of physical cosmology: it accounts for the :homogeneity and isotropy of the observable universe. In addition, it accounts for the observed flatness and absence of magnetic monopoles. Since Guth's early work, each of these observations has received further confirmation, most impressively by the detailed observations of the cosmic microwave background made by the Planck sp,acecraft. This analysis shows that the Univers,e is flat to within percent, and that it is homogeneous and isotropic to one part in 100,000.	5
In the unorganized territory the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 38.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hancock,_Maine	6	In the unorganized territory the population was spread out, with 17.8%. under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 38.4% from 45 to 64, and 164% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 .males.	2
The Type IX U-boat was designed by Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in 1935 and 1936 as a large ocean-going submarine for sustained operations far from the home support facilities. Type IX boats were briefly used for patrols off the eastern United States in an attempt to disrupt the stream of troops and supplies bound for Europe. It was derived from the Type IA,Williamson (2005), p. 40. and appeared in various sub-types.Showell (2006), p. 83.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_IX_submarine	1	tHe TypE iX u-boAT WAs dEsiGned By naZi GermAny's KriEgSmarine in 1935 AnD 1936 AS a laRgE oCeAn-goiNg SuBMarine for sustaIned oPeraTioNS fAR from the hoME suPporT faciLitiEs. type Ix boats WEre brieFlY UsEd fOr patrols off the eaStern uniTeD stateS iN an AttemPt to dIsRupt the strEam Of troOPs And suPplIeS bounD for eUrope. IT wAs DERiVed frOm the tyPE ia,Williamson (2005), P. 40. aNd apPeARed in variOus sUb-TYPeS.sHoWeLL (2006), p. 83.	6
Lulu has also appeared in a number of TV specials, including one with Bruce Forsyth in 1974 and Lulu's Big Show in 1993 taped at Glasgow's Tramway. Another special in 1999 was dedicated to Lulu's life and career.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_(singer)	38	Lulu has als,o app:eared in a number of TV specials including one with Bruce Forsyth in 1974 and Lulu's Big S,how in 1993 taped at Glasgow's Tramway. Another special in 1999 was dedicated to Lulu's life and career.	9
Book 9 The book deals with Ragnar Lothbrok and his rising empire, he appoints many of his sons to govern parts of his empire all the way from Scotland to Scythia.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum	13	Book 9 The book deals with Ragnar Lothbrok and his rising empire, he appoints many of his sons to govern parts of his empire all the way from Scotland to Scythia	3
Rock Dell Township is a township in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 627 at the 2000 census.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Dell_Township,_Olmsted_County,_Minnesota	1	rOck Dell toWnshiP iS a Township in olMsted couNty, minnesota, unitED STAtes. THe poPuLAtion was 627 at the 2000 census.	6
Slidell is on the southwest corner of the intersection of Interstate 10, Interstate 12, Interstate 59, and U.S. Highway 11. The I-10 Twin Span Bridge runs from Slidell to New Orleans East across Lake Pontchartrain.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana	21	Slidell is on the southwest corner of the intersection of Interstate 10, Interstate 12, Interstate 59, and U.S. Highway 11. The I-10 Twin Span Bridge runs from Slidell to New Orleans East across Lake Pontchartrain.	0
The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two interstellar probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment to explore the two gas giants Jupiter and Saturn and potentially also the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune - to fly near them while collecting data for transmission back to Earth. After Voyager 1 successfully completed its flyby of Saturn and its moon Titan, it was decided to send Voyager 2 on flybys of Uranus and Neptune.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program	1	The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two interstellar probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment to explore the two gas giants Jupiter and Saturn and potentially also the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune - to fly near them while collecting data for transmission back to Earth. After Voyager 1 successfully completed its flyby of Saturn and its moon Titan, it was decided to send Voyager 2 on flybys of Uranus and Neptune.	0
Denmark Veolia ran half of the transport operations of the privatised Combus especially around Copenhagen. Copenhagen: Suburban buses.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veolia_Transport	11	D,enmark Veolia ran half of the transport op:erations of the privatised Combus especial,ly around Copenhagen. Copenhagen: S!uburban buses.	5
In Cantabria there are several zones of plant life: The coastal strip, including sandy dunes with minimal vegetation. Adjacent to these are steep cliffs with plants unique to that type of terrain. thumb\|Hills and ria typical of a landscape from the maritime region\|left The maritime region, near the coast and including altitudes up to 500 metres. Originally it had mixed deciduous forests containing ash, linden, bay laurel, hazel, maple, oak, poplar, birch, holm oak, and others. The riparian parts were filled with forests of alder and willow. Today these native forests have almost completely disappeared, leaving only reserves in area of poor arability. In their place there are grasslands which are quite productive in the temperate climate and which sustain the economy of rural Cantabria. Next to these are very large monoculture plantations of eucalyptus for paper production, of disastrous ecological consequences to the biodiversity and climate of the region.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabria	12	In Cantabria there are several zones of plant life: The coastal strip, including sandy dunes with minimal vegetation. Adjacent to these are steep cliffs with plants unique to that type of terrain. thumb\|Hills and ria typical of a landscape from the maritime region\|left The maritime region, near the coast and including altitudes up to 500 metres. Originally it had mixed deciduous forests containing ash, linden, bay laurel, hazel, maple, oak poplar, birch, holm oak, and others. The riparia,n parts were filled with forests of alder and willow. Today these native forests have almost completely disappeared, leaving only reserves in area of poor arability. In their place there are grasslands which are quite productive in the temperate climate and which sustain the economy of rural Cantabria. Next to these are very large monoculture plantations of eucalyptus for paper production, of disastrous ecological consequences to the biodiversity and climate of the region.	1
Geography Box Elder County lies at the northwest corner of Utah. Its west border abuts the east border of the state of Nevada and its north border abuts the south border of the state of Idaho. Its territory includes large tracts of barren desert, contrasted by high, forested mountains. The Wasatch Front lies along the south-eastern border, where the main cities are found.Box Elder County UT Google Maps (accessed 13 March 2019) The terrain generally slopes to the south (toward the Great Salt Lake), although the NW corner of the county slopes to the north, allowing runoff from that area to flow to the Snake River drainage. The county's highest point is a mountain ridge near the NW corner, at ASL. The county has a total area of , of which is land and (15%) is water. It is the fourth-largest county in Utah by area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Elder_County,_Utah	7	Geography Box Elder County lies at the northwest corner of Utah. Its west border abuts the east border of the state of Nevada and its north border abuts the south border of the state o.f Idaho. Its territory includes large tracts of barren desert, contrasted by high, forested mountains. The Wasatch Front lies along the south-eastern border where the main cities are found.Box Elder County UT Google Maps (accessed 13 March 2019) The terrain generally slopes to the south (toward the Great Salt Lake), although the NW corner of the county slopes to the north, a,llowing runoff from that area to flow to the Snake River drainage. The county's highest point is a mountain ridge near the NW corner, at ASL. The county has a total area of , of which is land and (15%) is water. It is the fourth-largest county in Utah by area.	9
In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset,_Texas	11	In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 92% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25. to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.	1
The missiles were manned by the 549th Strategic Missile Squadron which was activated on 1 October 1960. The squadron began to phase down with the inactivation of the Atlas-D on 1 October 1964, and was inactivated 14 December 1964. Confusingly, the squadron was originally the 566th but on 1 July 1961 SAC swapped designators with the 549th at F.E. Warren AFB. The 549th SMS was under the 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base	34	The missiles were manned by the 549th Strategic Missile Squadron which was activated on 1 October 1960. The squadron began to phase down with the inactivation of the Atlas-D on 1 October 1964, and was inactivated 14 December 1964. Confusingly, the squadron was originally the 566th but on 1 July 1961 SAC swapped designators with the 549th at F.E. Warren AFB. The 549th SMS was under the 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing	4