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[Continuous determination of the blood density during haemodialysis (author's transl)].
Application of the mechanical oscillator technique for measurement of blood density, in combination with a reference method for the determination of the absolute value of the blood volume, enables precise and continuous monitoring of fluid shifts during haemodialysis. The significant correlation between blood volume and density or plasma volume and density allows each variation in blood volume to be calculated from the blood density and the slope of the regression line for each individual patient. The possibility of taking continuous measurements and the high accuracy of the mechanical oscillator technique commends this method for the measurement of short-term and small fluid shifts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CuWO₄ Nanoparticles: Investigation of Dielectric, Electrochemical Behaviour and Photodegradation of Pharmaceutical Waste.
The hydrothermally synthesized CuWO₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized with different analysis such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), UV-Visible and Photoluminescence (PL) analysis. The prepared CuWO₄ NPs were examined with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). SEM images show that CuWO₄ NPs are highly spherical shaped morphology and porous in nature. The optical band gap of prepared CuWO₄ NPs is found to be 2.12 eV. Photodegradation of diclofenac sodium (DFS) (medical waste) in the aqueous medium with CuWO₄ NPs under visible light irradiation shows 98% degradation. The CuWO₄ NPs was stable up to 5th cycle it can be used as a reusable photocatalyst for the DFS degradation. The electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of the CuWO₄ NPs at room temperature is analyzed by EIS studies. The bulk conductivity value of the prepared nanoparticles is 1.477×10-5 S/cm at room temperature. The conductivity of CuWO₄ NPs is found to be due to electrons movement. The CuWO₄ NPs shows higher photocatalytic and electrocatalytic activity for decomposition of DFS and methanol electro-oxidation in alkaline medium respectively. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparison of right-lobe and left-lobe graft for living-donor liver transplantation.
The practice of living-donor liver transplantation has been widely established. However, in adult cases, the issue of graft liver volume has been raised. Recently, liver transplantation using the right lobe has been done in cases requiring a larger graft volume. We compared right lobectomy with left lobectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma not accompanied by liver cirrhosis and examined the safety of hepatic right lobectomy for donation. In total, 124 hepatocellular carcinoma patients without liver cirrhosis, 89 who had undergone right hepatectomy and 35 who had undergone left hepatectomy, were studied. For each group, we statistically examined the patients' profiles. The resected right lobe was significantly heavier than the left lobe. There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of the number of blood transfusions needed. Moreover, delayed recoveries in terms of hemoglobin, total bilirubin, and clotting disorder on postoperative day 7, as well as the frequency of any complications, were more prevalent in the right-lobe group. It was confirmed that right lobectomy is more invasive than left lobectomy. It is necessary to prioritize the donor's safety and quality of life in living-donor liver transplantation, and adequate medical and ethical consideration is demanded. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A novel sulfate-reducing bacteria detection method based on inhibition of cysteine protease activity.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been extensively studied in corrosion and environmental science. However, fast enumeration of SRB population is still a difficult task. This work presents a novel specific SRB detection method based on inhibition of cysteine protease activity. The hydrolytic activity of cysteine protease was inhibited by taking advantage of sulfide, the characteristic metabolic product of SRB, to attack active cysteine thiol group in cysteine protease catalytic sites. The active thiol S-sulfhydration process could be used for SRB detection, since the amount of sulfide accumulated in culture medium was highly related with initial bacterial concentration. The working conditions of cysteine protease have been optimized to obtain better detection capability, and the SRB detection performances have been evaluated in this work. The proposed SRB detection method based on inhibition of cysteine protease activity avoided the use of biological recognition elements. In addition, compared with the widely used most probable number (MPN) method which would take up to at least 15days to accomplish whole detection process, the method based on inhibition of papain activity could detect SRB in 2 days, with a detection limit of 5.21×10(2) cfu mL(-1). The detection time for SRB population quantitative analysis was greatly shortened. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Malaria mortality in Venezuela: focus on deaths due to Plasmodium vivax in children.
Morbidity and mortality burden of malaria in the childhood represents a public health threat not only in countries with high levels of transmission, but also in those, such as Venezuela and others in Latin America, with moderate to low transmission. Usually its mortality has been attributed just to Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but the changing patterns of increase in Plasmodium vivax malaria morbidity and mortality are now causing concern. We studied malaria mortality by analyzing different epidemiological variables during a 10-year period in Venezuela, finding mortality rates ranging 0.10-0.36 deaths/100,000 population, with almost a third of deaths in children (<10 years old), corresponding 270 deaths to P. falciparum cases and 30 to P. vivax; but along the period with a decrease trend for P. falciparum and an increase trend for P. vivax. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Leflunomide in addition to steroids improves proteinuria and renal function in adult Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis with nephrotic proteinuria.
Henoch-Schoenlein nephritis (HSPN) is a severe disease in adults and may cause renal insufficiency in a large portion of patients. But its rarity has led to lack of data. There are few controlled studies on therapy with immunosuppressants in HSPN adults. This study aims to evaluate the effect of leflunomide on HSPN adults with nephrotic proteinuria. We retrospectively studied 65 adult patients who had biopsy-proven HSPN with nephrotic proteinuria. Twenty-seven patients (Group P) only received steroids, and 38 (Group P + L) were treated with leflunomide in addition to steroids. The clinical features, laboratory data and pathological findings of both groups were analyzed. The two groups were well-matched at baseline. After 24 months of treatment, urinary protein excretion of both groups decreased significantly from the baseline, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was higher in Group P + L. Four patients in Group P and three in Group P + L developed to end-stage renal disease at the most recent follow-up. Group P + L showed better renal outcome than Group P. The treatment group and the degree of mesangial hypercellularity were significantly related to renal prognosis. Leflunomide combined with steroids is effective for treating adult HSPN with nephrotic proteinuria. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transapical valve-in-valve implantation for regurgitant stented aortic bioprostheses.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is rapidly evolving as an alternative treatment option for elderly patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and excessive risk for surgical intervention. Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation is an alternative approach to redo-surgery for patients with degeneration of a bioprosthetic valve. Herein are reported three cases of successful transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation for severely regurgitant bioprosthetic valves with a clinical follow up of more than 12 months. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Exercise-induced neuroplasticity in human Parkinson's disease: What is the evidence telling us?
While animal models of exercise and PD have pushed the field forward, few studies have addressed exercise-induced neuroplasticity in human PD. As a first step toward promoting greater international collaboration on exercise-induced neuroplasticity in human PD, we present data on 8 human PD studies (published between 2008 and 2015) with 144 adults with PD of varying disease severity (Hoehn and Yahr stage 1 to stage 3), using various experimental (e.g., randomized controlled trial) and quasi-experimental designs on the effects of cognitive and physical activity on brain structure or function in PD. We focus on plasticity mechanisms of intervention-induced increases in maximal corticomotor excitability, exercise-induced changes in voxel-based gray matter volume changes and increases in exercise-induced serum levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Finally, we provide a future perspective for promoting international, collaborative research on exercise-induced neuroplasticity in human PD. An emerging body of evidence suggests exercise triggers several plasticity related events in the human PD brain including corticomotor excitation, increases and decreases in gray matter volume and changes in BDNF levels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Laryngeal Extranodal Nasal-type Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 31 Cases in China.
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type (ENKTL-N) initially presented in larynx is a rare condition without distinctive clinicopathologic features, with a challenging pathologic diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathologic features and diagnosis of laryngeal ENKTL-N and spread awareness regarding ENKTL-N. A series of 31 cases of laryngeal ENKTL in one Chinese institution over a 9-year interval was retrospectively analyzed. Median age was 50 years (range, 13 to 77 y) with a male/female ratio of 5.2:1 (26/5). All patients initially presented with hoarseness and/or laryngalgia, and 10 patients (32.3%) experienced B symptoms. The supraglottic region was the most common site of occurrence (58.1%), the glottic area being the rarest site (6.5%). The mucosal squamous epithelium was detected in 26 specimens and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia was observed in 8 cases (8/26, 30.8%). "Keratin-pearls" and a "pseudoinvasive" pattern were observed in 2 cases. Follow-up data were available for 26 patients (83.9%), the median survival duration was 9 months, and the overall survival rate at 5 years was 29.6%. Univariate analysis revealed that patients experiencing B symptoms (P=0.019) and age above 60 years had a significantly low survival (P=0.049) and that combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy prolongs overall survival (P<0.001). Laryngeal ENKTL-N is a rare entity with high aggressiveness and a poor prognosis. Multiple biopsies are usually required owing to secondary infection and massive necrosis. Laryngeal EKTL-N may mimic inflammatory lesions or well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, clinical vigilance is essential to prevent misdiagnosis or a delayed diagnosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Gene expression profiling during gland morphogenesis of a mutant and a glandless upland cotton.
To identify genes involved in pigment gland morphogenesis in cotton, gene expression was profiled using genechip (Affymetrix) during pigment gland morphogenesis in cotton variety Xiangmian-18, which has glandless seeds but glanded plants, and a glandless line, N5. The results showed that 303 genes were differentially expressed by a factor greater than two during gland morphogenesis; 59% (180) of these genes shared similarity with known genes in GenBank. These genes play roles in defense response, response to oxidative stress, peroxidase activity, and other metabolic pathways. KOBAS (KEGG Orthology-Based Annotation System) indicate that these genes are involved in 68 biochemical pathways. These findings suggest that the related defense response, gossypol biosynthesis pathway and other complex regulation may be associated with pigment gland morphogenesis in cotton. The results may provide a basis for further study and serve as a guide for related research. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Emotion experience, expression, and regulation in Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with intact experience but abnormal expression of emotion. Because emotion regulation is important in determining levels of experienced and expressed emotion, individuals with AD and control participants were asked to watch film clips under conditions of spontaneous expression, suppression, or amplification of emotion. Both groups had difficulties with behavioral amplification that were related to performance on a measure of theory of mind. However, intentional use of suppression was intact even for those with AD, consistent with models of aging that regard some emotion control processes as being relatively more automatic in older adulthood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Methadone levels and neonatal withdrawal.
The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of methadone exposure in utero, with special reference to maternal and neonatal methadone concentrations and neonatal withdrawal. Two groups of mother-infant pairs were studied. In the first group, serum methadone concentrations were determined in infants at 1, 6 and 24 h after delivery. In the second group, blood was obtained at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after birth. There was no correlation between neonatal serum levels and the intensity of withdrawal symptoms. There was no relationship between maternal methadone dose at delivery or maternal serum levels and neonatal methadone levels. The results of this study may be complicated by the prenatal exposure of the neonates to other drugs of abuse apart from methadone. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of functional and sensory attributes of high pH values in Semimembranosus and Longissimus dorsi of bull muscles during aging.
Functional and sensory attributes were evaluated during aging for 96 h of high ultimate pH (pH > 6.2) Semimembranosus (Sm) from bulls. To investigate if type of muscle has an influence on these factors from dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat, the Sm muscle was compared with the Longissimus dorsi (Ld) muscle. Significant changes in pH and water holding capacity (WHC), dominant wavelength, lightness and viscosity were found between these muscles. The remaining functional and sensory properties between these muscles did not change significantly during storage. Bull's Sm muscle had lower pH (after 24, 48 and 72 h), WHC (after 24 and 48 h) and viscosity (after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). However, the Sm muscles had higher cooking losses, less intensive flavour, less juiciness, tenderness and firmness. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Obesity, physically demanding work and traumatic knee injury are major risk factors for knee osteoarthritis--a population-based study with a follow-up of 22 years.
Several studies have shown that knee OA is associated with obesity, physical stress at work, traumatic knee injuries, heredity and female gender. However, the body of such evidence comes from cross-sectional or case-control studies, and from only a few follow-up studies, mostly of short duration. Based on the nationwide Mini-Finland Health Survey, we analysed the potential risk factors for prediction of incident knee OA in the long term. Focused on major health problems, the survey was carried out in 1978-80 in a sample of 8000 subjects, representative of the Finnish population aged > or =30 years. Altogether 823 subjects free from knee OA at the baseline were re-examined in 2000-01, and after the intervening 22 years 94 new cases of knee OA were found. Knee OA was diagnosed on both occasions by physicians using information on disease histories, symptoms and standardized clinical examinations. The risk of developing knee OA was strongly associated with BMI (kg/m(2)); adjusted for age and gender and other covariates, and compared with the reference category (BMI < 25.0); the relative odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were 1.7 (95% CI 1.0, 2.8) and 7.0 (95% CI 3.5, 14.10) for subjects with BMIs 25.0-29.9 and > or =30.0, respectively. Similarly, the adjusted OR for the heaviest category of physical stress at work was 18.3 (95% CI 4.2, 79.4) compared with the lightest category, and 5.1 (95% CI 1.4, 19.0) for permanent complaints due to past knee injury. This prospective study confirms the roles of obesity, heavy work load and knee injury in the aetiology of knee OA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fano-resonant aluminum and gold nanostructures created with a tunable, up-scalable process.
An up-scalable approach for creating Fano-resonant nanostructures on large surfaces at visible wavelengths is demonstrated. The use of processes suitable for high throughput fabrication and the choice of aluminum as a cost-efficient plasmonic material ensure that the presented insights are valuable even in consideration of typical industrial constraints. In particular, wafer-scale fabrication and the process compatibility with roll-to-roll embossing are demonstrated. It is shown that through adjustment of readily accessible evaporation parameters, the shape and position of the optical resonance can be tuned within a spectral band of more than 70 nm. The experimental data are complemented with rigorous coupled wave analysis and surface integral equation simulations. Calculated electric fields as well as surface charges shed light onto the physics behind the present resonances. In particular, a surface plasmon polariton is found to couple to a localized plasmonic mode with a hexapolar charge distribution, leading to a Fano-like resonance. Further understanding of the interactions at hand is gained by considering both aluminum and gold nanostructures. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Heart position variability during voluntary moderate deep inspiration breath-hold radiotherapy for breast cancer determined by repeat CBCT scans.
Voluntary moderate deep inspiration breath hold (vmDIBH) in left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy reduces cardiac dose. The aim of this study was to investigate heart position variability in vmDIBH using CBCT and to compare this variability with differences in heart position between vmDIBH and free breathing (FB). For 50 patients initial heart position with respect to the field edge (HP-FE) was measured on a vmDIBH planning CT scan. Breath-hold was monitored using an in-house developed vertical plastic stick. On pre-treatment CBCT scans, heart position variability with respect to the field edge (ΔHP-FE) was measured, reflecting heart position variability when using an offline correction protocol. After registering the CBCT scan to the planning CT, heart position variability with respect to the chest wall (ΔHP-CW) was measured, reflecting heart position variability when using an online correction protocol. As a control group, vmDIBH and FB computed tomography (CT) scans were acquired for 30 patients and registering both scans on the chest wall. For 34 out of 50 patients, the average HP-FE and HP-CW increased over the treatment course in comparison to the planning CT. Averaged over all patients and all treatment fractions, the ΔHP-FE and the ΔHP-CW was 0.8±4.2mm (range -9.4-+10.6mm) and 1.0±4.4mm (range -8.3-+10.4mm) respectively. The average gain in heart to chest wall distance was 11.8±4.6mm when using vmDIBH instead of FB. In conclusion, substantial variability in heart position using vmDIBH was observed during the treatment course. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effectiveness of institutional strategies to recruit and retain minority nurses: a systematic review protocol.
The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of institutional strategies and interventions on recruitment and retention of minority nurses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
THE PRESSURE PROBE: A Versatile Tool in Plant Cell Physiology.
This review discusses how the pressure probe has evolved from an instrument for measuring cell turgor and other water relations parameters into a device for sampling the contents of individual higher plant cells in situ in the living plant. Together with a suite of microanalytical techniques it has permitted the mapping of water and solute relations at the resolution of single cells and has the potential to link quantitatively the traditionally separate areas of water relations and metabolism. The development of the probe is outlined and its modification to measure root pressure and xylem tension described. The deployment of the pressure probe to determine and map turgor, hydraulic conductivity, reflection coefficient, cell rheological properties, solute concentrations and enzyme activities at the resolution of single cells is discussed. The controversy surrounding the interpretation of results obtained with the xylem-pressure probe is included. Possible further developments of the probe and applications of single cell sampling are suggested. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hemodynamic and coronary vasodilative action of two nitroglycerin oral spray formulations.
This study compared glycerol trinitrate (NTG) oral spray in a new hydrophilic formulation with a reference aerosol in a lipophilic base with respect to the time to onset of action on hemodynamics and on the coronary vasomotor tone. Differences in the profile of action between the two spray formulations were assessed in two groups of ten patients each. In each of the two groups the patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.8 mg of aerosolized NTG in either the hydrophilic or lipophilic base in double-blind fashion. The patients of group A had stable, exercise-induced angina pectoris, in whom responses to the sprays were evaluated under resting conditions. The patients of group B were suspicious of vasospastic or mixed form of angina pectoris, in whom the effects of the sprays were studied under diagnostic ergonovine provocation. The onset and extent of action of the sprays were assessed by serial measurements of hemodynamic parameters and repeat quantitative coronary angiography. The two formulations of NTG oral spray had a comparably potent coronary vasodilator effect in patients under resting conditions and under ergonovine provocation. As far as hemodynamic action is concerned, the new hydrophilic spray exerted its hemodynamic effect more rapidly than the lipophilic spray. Thus, the new NTG oral spray promises to afford therapeutic advantages for the relief of anginal attacks as well as hemodynamic unloading in congestive heart failure and acute pulmonary hypertension. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A phase I-II study of plerixafor in combination with fludarabine, idarubicin, cytarabine, and G-CSF (PLERIFLAG regimen) for the treatment of patients with the first early-relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.
Clinical outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) showing the first primary refractory or early-relapsed disease remain very poor. The Programa Español de Tratamientos en Hematología (PETHEMA) group designed a phase I-II trial using FLAG-Ida (fludarabine, idarubicin, cytarabine, and G-CSF) plus high-dose intravenous plerixafor, a molecule inducing mobilization of blasts through the SDF-1α-CXCR4 axis blockade and potentially leading to chemosensitization of the leukemic cells. We aimed to establish a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of plerixafor plus FLAG-Ida, as well as the efficacy and safety of this combination for early-relapsed (first complete remission (CR/CRi) < 12 months) or primary refractory AML. Between 2012 and 2015, 57 patients were enrolled, and 41 received the RP2D (median age 52 years [range, 18-64]). Among these patients, 20 (49%) achieved CR/CRi, and 3 (7%) died during induction. CR/CRi rate was 50% (13/26) among primary refractory and 47% (7/15) among early relapse. Overall, 25 patients (61%) were allografted. Median overall and disease-free survivals were 9.9 and 13 months, respectively. In summary, the combination of plerixafor plus FLAG-Ida resulted in a relatively high CR/CRi rate in adult patients with primary refractory or early relapsed AML, with an acceptable toxicity profile and induction mortality rate, bridging the majority of patients to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01435343. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Fluid intake by healthy old people? A literature survey].
This literature search investigates the amount of fluid that a healthy elderly person drinks if he is able to drink according to his needs. The answer to this physiological question may be used by clinicians if they make decisions about how much fluid they need to administer to their patients. The literature that offered an answer to this question was limited. The total number of patients that were examined, however, was high (2866). It appeared that healthy elderly people drink approximately 2100 ml. of fluid per day. This is (probably) no less than the average fluid intake of young adults. Clinicians often think that healthy elderly persons drink less than healthy young adults. However, there is no evidence to be found in the literature to support this opinion. The tendency to underestimate the fluid intake level of elderly patients should be taken into account when determining the quantity of fluid that should be administered to an individual patient. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in environmental samples in Monastir, Tunisia between January 2003 and April 2007.
A prospective study was performed to characterize the main human enteric viruses able to persist in sewage samples and in shellfish tissues, and to establish the correlation between environmental strains and viral infantile diarrhoea observed in the same area during the same period. A total of 250 sewage (raw and treated) and 60 shellfish samples were collected between January 2003 and April 2007 in Monastir region, Tunisia. Group A rotavirus (RVA) was detected in 80 (32%) sewage samples, norovirus (NoV) in 11 (4·4%) and enteric adenovirus (AdV) in 1 (0·4%). Among 60 shellfish samples collected near sewage effluents, one was contaminated by NoV (1·6%). Our data represent the first documentation in Tunisia, combining gastroenteritis viruses circulating in the environment and in clinical isolates. We observed a correlation between environmental strains and those found in children suffering from gastroenteritis during the same period study. This suggests the existence of a relationship between water contamination and paediatric diarrhoea. Our results address the potential health risks associated with transmission of human enteric viruses through water-related environmental routes. The research findings will aid in elucidating the molecular epidemiology and circulation of enteric viruses in Tunisia and in Africa, where data are rare. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa cupA-encoded fimbriae expression is regulated by a GGDEF and EAL domain-dependent modulation of the intracellular level of cyclic diguanylate.
Cyclic-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a widespread bacterial signal molecule that plays a major role in the modulation of cellular surface components, such as exopolysaccharides and fimbriae, and in the establishment of a sessile life style. Here, we report that intracellular c-di-GMP levels influence cupA-encoded fimbriae expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In an autoaggregative P. aeruginosa small colony variant (SCV) CupA fimbriae and the intracellular c-di-GMP concentration were found to be enhanced as compared with the clonal wild-type. The SCV morphology and the expression of CupA fimbriae were dependent on a functional PA1120 and morA gene both encoding a GGDEF domain. Overexpression of the GGDEF domain protein PA1120 complemented the PA1120 and the morA mutant with respect to CupA fimbriae expression. In agreement with these findings, overexpression of the EAL domain containing phenotypic variance regulator (PvrR) in the SCV resulted in a decreased intracellular level of c-di-GMP, a reduced cupA fimbriae expression and a switch to wild-type colony morphology. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Molecular analysis of APOB, SAR1B, ANGPTL3, and MTTP in patients with primary hypocholesterolemia in a clinical laboratory setting: Evidence supporting polygenicity in mutation-negative patients.
Primary hypobetalipoproteinemia is generally considered a heterogenic group of monogenic, inherited lipoprotein disorders characterized by low concentrations of LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in plasma. Lipoprotein disorders include abetalipoproteinemia, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, chylomicron retention disease, and familial combined hypolipidemia. Our aim was to review and analyze the results of the molecular analysis of hypolipidemic patients studied in our laboratory over the last 15 years. The study included 44 patients with clinical and biochemical data. Genomic studies were performed and genetic variants were characterized by bioinformatics analysis. A weighted LDL cholesterol gene score was calculated to evaluate common variants associated with impaired lipid concentrations and their distribution among patients. Twenty-three patients were genetically confirmed as affected by primary hypobetalipoproteinemia. In this group of patients, the most prevalent mutated genes were APOB (in 17 patients, with eight novel mutations identified), SAR1B (in 3 patients, with one novel mutation identified), ANGPTL3 (in 2 patients), and MTTP (in 1 patient). The other 21 patients could not be genetically diagnosed with hypobetalipoproteinemia despite presenting suggestive clinical and biochemical features. In these patients, two APOB genetic variants associated with lower LDL cholesterol were more frequent than in controls. Moreover, the LDL cholesterol gene score, calculated with 11 SNPs, was significantly lower in mutation-negative patients. Around half of the patients could be genetically diagnosed. The results suggest that, in at least some of the patients without an identified mutation, primary hypobetalipoproteinemia may have a polygenic origin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Integrating pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy: an emerging field of study.
The mind-brain barrier is being challenged by clinicians using both medications and psychotherapy for the major psychiatric disorders. In this article, six categories of study are outlined: (1) diagnosis-specific questions, (2) psychotherapeutic aspects of randomized controlled medication trials, (3) psychotherapeutic aspects of pharmacotherapy, (4) the pharmacotherapist and the nonmedical psychotherapist triangle, (5) the meaning of medications during the stages of psychotherapy, and (6) a neurology of psychotherapy. Three categories are elaborated upon: (1) diagnosis-specific questions as they relate to disorder, (2) the meaning of medications during the stages of psychotherapy, and (3) neurology of psychotherapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Resurgence of yaws in Ghana.
This paper reports on the first 1 1/2 years of a new effort to control yaws in Ghana, where the disease has been resurgent since a previous mass campaign ended over 10 years ago. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The detection of lipase activity in bacteria using novel chromogenic substrates.
The propionate (Pro), decanoate (Dec) and laurate (Lau) esters of 5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylmethylene)-2-thioxothiazoline++ +-3-acetic acid were assessed as substrates for lipase and esterase. On hydrolysis these substrates yield an intensely red coloured phenol which could be assayed at 505 nm. The Pro ester was an effective substrate for porcine esterase and was hydrolysed at a rate 20 times greater than the Lau and Dec esters. Conversely, Pseudomonas lipase had a high activity towards the Lau and Dec esters, especially in the presence of bovine serum albumin, but little activity towards the Pro ester. The Dec and Lau were used to detect lipolytic activity in Pseudomonas strains associated with milk spoilage. For this purpose, the substrates were absorbed onto filter paper disks, which were placed over bacterial colonies growing on agar plates; activity was indicated by bright red colouration of discs within 2 h. Escherichia coli colonies hydrolysed the Pro but not the Lau or Dec esters. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Aluminium, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzheimer's disease.
Aluminium is neurotoxic and results in the proliferation of 100 A diameter filaments in the cytoplasm of certain neurons. The aluminium concentration for 7 normal human brains was 1-9 +/- 0-7 SD mug/g dry weight (n = 208 samples). The aluminium content of 585 areas sampled in 10 post-mortem cases of Alzheimer's disease ranging in age from 50 to 88 years, in which the diagnosis was based on the specific histological appearances, revealed an elevated aluminium content in some regions. A range of 0-4 - 107-0 mug/g was encountered and 28 per cent of all regions sampled had concentrations in excess of 4 mug/g. Five of 6 cerebral biopsies from patients with Alzheimer's disease also had elevated aluminium content. In 2 additional Alzheimer's brains with neurofibrillary degeneration restricted to certain anatomical areas, elevated aluminium content was found to be associated with neurofibrillary degeneration and not with senile plaques. Furthermore, elevated aluminium content in multiple cortical regions was not found in 2 vascular dementias of the elderly. While the cytotoxic concentration for human neurons is unknown, the cytotoxic concentration for cat's cerebral neurons appears to lie between 4 and 6 mug/g dry weight. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Characterization of the S'-subsite specificity of porcine pancreatic elastase.
A number of maleyl peptide p-nitrobenzyl esters have been synthesized to study elastase-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. These new substrates were used as acyl donors to investigate the S'-subsite specificity of porcine pancreatic elastase by partitioning of the acyl enzyme between various added nucleophiles and water. The following results were obtained. 1. Porcine pancreatic elastase prefers amino acid residues with small side chains in the P'1 position. 2. The nucleophile binding is improved by a positively charged P'1 side chain, whereas a negatively charged function results in a very low binding tendency. 3. Elongation of the nucleophile to the P'2 position leads to higher aminolysis rates. 4. S' specificity is substantially influenced by the P1 residue of the acyl enzyme. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In vitro evaluation of the effect of a current bleaching agent on the electrochemical corrosion of dental alloys.
The nightguard bleaching of discoloured teeth is currently performed by using % 10 carbamide peroxide. While the material is effective on the bleaching of natural teeth, it may deteriorate crowns, bridges and amalgam restorations placed in the mouth. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide on the electrochemical corrosion of various dental casting alloys used for fixed partial dentures and dental amalgam. Tafel extrapolation curves were obtained by the corrosion cell that facilitated simulation of the oral environment and comparison of the corrosion rates of alloys and amalgam was accomplished. The results revealed that unpolished amalgam and nickel-chromium alloy samples had the most and noble alloys had the least corrosion rate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fatty acids add grease to exocytosis.
In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Rickman and Davletov suggest a novel mechanism for biological lipids to regulate synaptic transmission in the brain. Physiologically relevant concentrations of arachidonic acid help to dissociate a protein complex involved in exocytosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ionic strength-dependent isoforms of sea urchin egg dynein.
Unfertilized sea urchin eggs provide a reservoir of molecules which later are involved in microtubule-mediated movements during embryonic development. Among these molecules is egg dynein, which has been isolated in two forms, 20 S and 12 S. Evidence obtained previously from our laboratory indicates that 20 S dynein is a latent activity precursor of ciliary dynein. In contrast, others have suggested that 12 S egg dynein functions in the mitotic apparatus. It is therefore important to determine the relationship between these egg dyneins. Here we demonstrate that the sedimentation velocity of the egg dynein is dependent on the ionic strength of the extraction conditions. The 20 S dynein is obtained with low ionic strength extraction, and the 12 S form is obtained in high salt (0.6 M KCl). The 20 S dynein, after collection from a sucrose gradient, can be converted quantitatively to the 12 S form by exposure to salt, and this conversion can be followed over time. Further, the 20 S dynein can be converted entirely to 12 S dynein and then partially reconstituted to a faster sedimenting species. During these conversions, the dynein high Mr heavy chains are always coincident with the MgATPase activity, and antibodies show that the dynein heavy chains of the 20 S, 12 S, and converted species are indistinguishable immunologically. These data suggest that 12 S dynein is an ionic strength-dependent isoform of 20 S dynein that results from a partial dissociation of the 20 S polypeptide complex, similar to the relationship between 12 and 21 S sperm flagellar dynein. If the 20 and 12 S enzymes are isoforms of the same dynein, then there is compelling evidence for only a single dynein in the unfertilized egg, and that dynein is probably a ciliary precursor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Plasma fibronectin (Fn) study in homozygous beta-thalassemia: relation to splenectomy and transfusion.
The concentration of plasma Fn was determined in non-splenectomized and splenectomized patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia, before and 7-10 days after blood transfusion. The mean Fn concentration of non-splenectomized patients before transfusion did not differ from that of matched normal controls but appeared significantly decreased following blood transfusion. On the other hand, in splenectomized thalassemics, Fn levels were increased but were unrelated to transfusion. It is concluded that Fn plays some homeostatic function when RES activity of thalassemic patients is altered either as a result of splenectomy or blood transfusion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Micro-hardness evaluation of a micro-hybrid composite resin light cured with halogen light, light-emitting diode and argon ion laser.
This in vitro study aimed to determine whether the micro-hardness of a composite resin is modified by the light units or by the thickness of the increment. Composite resin disks were divided into 15 groups (n = 5), according to the factors under study: composite resin thickness (0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm , 3 mm and 4 mm) and light units. The light activation was performed with halogen light (HL) (40 s, 500 mW/cm(2)), argon ion laser (AL) (30 s, 600 mW/cm(2)) or light-emitting diode (LED) (30 s, 400 mW/cm(2)). Vickers micro-hardness tests were performed after 1 week and were carried out on the top surface (0 mm-control) and at different depths of the samples. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (P < or = 0.05) revealed no statistically significant difference among the light units for the groups of 0 mm and 1 mm thickness. At 2 mm depth, the AL was not statistically different from the HL, but the latter showed higher micro-hardness values than the LED. In groups with 3 mm and 4 mm thickness, the HL also showed higher micro-hardness values than the groups activated by the AL and the LED. Only the HL presented satisfactory polymerization with 3 mm of thickness. With a 4 mm increment no light unit was able to promote satisfactory polymerization. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nuclear localization of the DOCK180/ELMO complex.
DOCK180 protein plays a key role during development, cell motility, and phagocytosis. It forms a complex with another protein ELMO, and this complex acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac. However, DOCK180-containing complexes have not been purified by unbiased biochemical approaches, and the nature and subcellular localization of these complexes remain unclear. Here, we show that a large fraction of endogenous DOCK180 is present as a 700kDa nuclear complex with ELMO proteins. In addition, this nuclear DOCK180/ELMO complex has functional Rac-GEF activity. Furthermore, endogenous DOCK180 could be found in complexes with different ELMO isoforms (ELMO1, 2 or 3) in different cell lines, depending on the ELMO isoforms expressed. These studies suggest that DOCK180 may associate with different ELMO proteins to form cell-type specific complexes and may have functions in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Role of antibody in immunity and control of chicken coccidiosis.
Research has been carried out worldwide to try to elucidate the mechanism of protective immunity against coccidiosis. It was concluded from early studies that cellular immunity is the key to protection against Eimeria, whereas humoral immunity plays a very minor role in resistance against infection. By contrast, other studies have pointed towards the ability of antibody to block parasite invasion, development and transmission and to provide passive and maternal immunity against challenge infection. Herein, recent results demonstrate the ability of antibodies (raised by live immunization or against purified stage-specific Eimeria antigens) to inhibit parasite development in vitro and in vivo and readdress the question of the role of antibody in protection against coccidiosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Can a congenital dysfunctional bladder be diagnosed from a smile? The Ochoa syndrome updated.
During the last 40 years over 100 patients have been reported with a dysfunctional lower urinary tract associated with a peculiar distortion of the facial expression. This most unusual disorder was initially considered a local observation. Time, however, has proven otherwise, since patients with this syndrome have now been reported from various countries throughout the world. This association of lower urinary tract and bowel dysfunction with an abnormal facial expression was named the urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome. Genetic studies have demonstrated that this condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and a potential gene has been mapped to chromosome 10q23-q24. There is also enough evidence to suggest that patients with this syndrome as well as those with subclinical neurological bladder, occult neuropathic bladder, non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder or Hinman syndrome, dysfunctional voiding, or dysfunctional elimination may be affected by the same congenital disorder of neurological origin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Pregnancy and myocardial infarct].
The authors described the pregnancy and delivery of a woman with unstable angina pectoris (ECG data for ischemic disease of the heart). Delivery occurred through the vagina without complications for the mother and fetus. The literary references treat the question about course of pregnancy, way of delivery and analgesia in women with myocardial infarction during pregnancy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Phylogenetic turnover along local environmental gradients in tropical forest communities.
While the importance of local-scale habitat niches in shaping tree species turnover along environmental gradients in tropical forests is well appreciated, relatively little is known about the influence of phylogenetic signal in species' habitat niches in shaping local community structure. We used detailed maps of the soil resource and topographic variation within eight 24-50 ha tropical forest plots combined with species phylogenies created from the APG III phylogeny to examine how phylogenetic beta diversity (indicating the degree of phylogenetic similarity of two communities) was related to environmental gradients within tropical tree communities. Using distance-based redundancy analysis we found that phylogenetic beta diversity, expressed as either nearest neighbor distance or mean pairwise distance, was significantly related to both soil and topographic variation in all study sites. In general, more phylogenetic beta diversity within a forest plot was explained by environmental variables this was expressed as nearest neighbor distance versus mean pairwise distance (3.0-10.3 % and 0.4-8.8 % of variation explained among plots, respectively), and more variation was explained by soil resource variables than topographic variables using either phylogenetic beta diversity metric. We also found that patterns of phylogenetic beta diversity expressed as nearest neighbor distance were consistent with previously observed patterns of niche similarity among congeneric species pairs in these plots. These results indicate the importance of phylogenetic signal in local habitat niches in shaping the phylogenetic structure of tropical tree communities, especially at the level of close phylogenetic neighbors, where similarity in habitat niches is most strongly preserved. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cholesterol efflux alters lipid raft stability and distribution during capacitation of boar spermatozoa.
A reduction in plasma membrane cholesterol is one of the early events that either triggers or is closely associated with capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa. In this investigation, we have examined the effects of cholesterol efflux on tyrosine phosphorylation, lipid diffusion, and raft organization in boar spermatozoa. Results show that a low level of cholesterol efflux, mediated by 5 mM methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD), enhances capacitation and induces phosphorylation of two proteins at 26 and 15 kDa without affecting sperm viability. Lipid diffusion rates under these conditions are largely unaffected except when cholesterol efflux is excessive. Low-density Triton X100-insoluble complexes (lipid rafts) were isolated from spermatozoa and found to have a restricted profile of proteins. Capacitation-associated cholesterol efflux has no effect on raft composition, but cholesterol depletion destabilizes them completely and phosphorylation is suppressed. During MBCD-mediated capacitation, the distribution of GM1 gangliosides on spermatozoa changes in a sequential manner from overlying the sperm tail to clustering on the sperm head. It is concluded that there is a safe window for removal of plasma membrane cholesterol from spermatozoa within which protein phosphorylation and polarized migration of lipid rafts take place. A preferential loss of cholesterol from the nonraft pool may be the stimulus that promotes raft clustering over the anterior sperm head. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Anion-vacancy-induced magneto-crystalline anisotropy in fluorine-doped hexagonal cobaltites.
The two cobalt hexagonal perovskites 6H-Ba(6)Co(6)F(0.93)O(16) and 10H-Ba(5)Co(5)F(0.77)O(12.88) were prepared, and their structures were examined by X-ray and neutron diffraction and by (19)F solid state NMR spectroscopy. The magnetic and transport properties of these compounds were probed by magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity measurements, and their electronic structures by density functional and tight-binding calculations. The [BaOF(1-x)] layers of these compounds create corner-sharing tetrahedral Co(2)O(7) dimers at the interface between their face-sharing octahedral oligomers. Our density functional calculations leads to an unambiguous charge distribution model, which assigns high-spin Co(3+) ions for the tetrahedral sites and low-spin Co(3+)/Co(4+) ions for the octahedral sites, and this model should be valid for the parent BaCoO(3-delta) and the related oxychlorides and oxybromides as well. The F(-) vacancies in the [BaOF(1-x)] layers cause a strong distortion in the tetrahedral dimer Co(2)O(7), which in turn affects the spin orientation of the high-spin Co(3+) ions of the CoO(4) tetrahedra, i.e., parallel to the c-direction in Ba(6)Co(6)F(1-x)O(16-delta) but perpendicular to the c-direction in Ba(5)Co(5)F(1-x)O(13-delta). This difference in the spin orientations is related to the d-states of the distorted CoO(4) tetrahedra with high-spin Co(3+) (d(6)) ion on the basis of tight binding calculations and spin-orbit coupling as perturbation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The effects of recurrent otitis media with effusion on speech development].
Otitis media with effusion (OME) may have adverse effects on children's cognitive, language, speech and psychosocial development. This has been demonstrated using several lines of research, the results of which, however, are not unequivocal. The question of how OME can interact with language, speech and cognitive development is also a subject of debate. According to the acoustic-phonetic theory, reduced perceptual ability during episodes of OME results in a degraded representation of subphonemic features of speech sounds, leading to speech delay. The mediated theory holds that fluctuant hearing loss endangers diffuse cognitive-linguistic effects, affecting speech perception and production. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
An In Vitro Method to Analyze Glucose Uptake in Podocytes.
Podocytes are terminally differentiated, insulin-sensitive cells of the glomerular filtration barrier, with a central role in filtration barrier maintenance. Podocyte injury is one of the earliest features observed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and plays a key role in the development of albuminuria. Several factors are associated with diabetes-mediated podocyte injury, including dysregulated metabolic pathways and insulin sensitivity (Lay & Coward, Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:1127-1133, 2014); thus, reliable assays to study these responses are key in understanding podocyte alterations in DN. Here, we detail an in vitro method to analyze glucose uptake in conditionally immortalized human podocytes (Saleem, J Am Soc Nephrol 13:630-638, 2002; Coward, Diabetes 54:3095-3102, 2005); this assay is useful for detecting changes in podocyte metabolism, nutrient sensing, and insulin sensitivity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Counselling and supporting parents of children with developmental delay: a research evaluation.
This paper describes an evaluation study of a home-based, family-focussed counselling scheme providing support for English-speaking and Bangladeshi families of children with intellectual or multiple disabilities. Mothers and children in the intervention groups showed significant and positive changes compared to randomly allocated controls. The greatest benefits were derived by the more deprived and initially less well-supported Bangladeshi families. Mothers changed positively in ratings of perceived support and family functioning, and in their constructions of their child, themselves, husbands and family relationships. Although systematic teaching was not included, their children also showed improvements in developmental progress and behaviour problems. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Safety profile of long-term intraventricular access devices in pediatric patients receiving radioimmunotherapy for central nervous system malignancies.
The use of Ommaya catheters or ventriculoperitoneal shunts with programmable valves (pVP-shunts) for intraventricular drug administration is increasingly more common. We reviewed the safety and complication rate associated with ventricular access devices in patients receiving compartmental intraventricular radioimmunotherapy (cRIT). One hundred fifty one patients with recurrent primary or metastatic central nervous system (CNS) tumors (1-34 years) had a ventricular access device (143 Ommaya reservoirs, 8 VP shunts with programmable valves) placed for drug administration and cerebrospinal fluid acquisition. Patients received 2-5 serial injections (124) I- or (131) I- labeled monoclonal antibody 3F8 or 8H9. For each injection, catheters remained accessed for pharmacokinetic studies up to 48 hours or were individually accessed 3-6×/injection. Thereafter catheters were accessed for periodic routine cytology. Six patients (4%) had complications including three with catheter migration in the newly-placed setting requiring surgical revision. Two patients had pericatheter cyst formation (with cyst formation before radioimmunotherapy administration in one patient) resulting in elective removal and endoscopic cystoventriculostomy in both patients. There were no catheter-related infections, hemorrhages, seizures, focal deficits, or valve malfunctioning. Four patients later required Ommaya conversion to VP shunts because of hydrocephalus secondary to disease progression. We report a long-term safety profile of ventricular access devices in patients receiving cRIT. Minimal acute complications are observed despite the frequency of cerebrospinal fluid acquisition; long-term complications are rare. Programmable VP shunts appear to be a safe and effective alternative to Ommaya catheters. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Weight Loss Success Among Overweight and Obese Women of Mexican-Origin Living in Mexico and the United States: A Comparison of Two National Surveys.
We assessed variations in and correlates of weight-loss success (WLS) among overweight/obese women in Mexico (WIMX) and Mexican-American women (MA). We used cross-national data from 2006 ENSANUT (Mexico) and NHANES (2001-2008) to compare 5061 WIMX with 550 MA's without known metabolic conditions. WLS was defined as losing ≥5 % of body weight over 1 year. MA's were more likely to attain WLS (OR 1.31; 95 % CI 1.01-1.70). WLS among WIMX was higher in those with at least high school, a provider screen of overweight and a lower BMI. Among MA's, an incomplete high school versus primary education reduced the odds of WLS. Among women who lost ≥10 lbs, weight-loss strategies such as eating less were higher among MA's. MA women were more likely than WIMX to attain WLS. Understanding these disparities can help design customized public health interventions that curb the obesity epidemic in these women in both countries. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Changed promoter specificity and antitermination properties displayed in vitro by bacteriophage T4-modified RNA polymerase.
A 5.5 X 10(3) base-pair fragment of bacteriophage T4 DNA carrying genes 1, 3, 57, ipI and a cluster of transfer RNA genes was used as template for RNA polymerase isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli and from T4-infected bacteria. RNA transcripts were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and mapped by using as transcription template the 5.5 X 10(3) base fragment cleaved with different restriction enzymes. The comparison of the transcripts synthesized by the two RNA polymerases revealed a dramatic difference in their initiation specificities and abilities to utilize a transcription termination site. The T4-modified polymerase utilizes three new promoters on the template DNA fragment that are not utilized by the host enzyme. The modified enzyme, however, fails to produce some of the transcripts synthesized by the host RNA polymerase. The ability of T4-modified RNA polymerase to terminate transcription at a terminator present in the template DNA fragment is greatly reduced as compared to the unmodified host enzyme. The factors responsible for the new initiation and termination properties are associated with RNA polymerase core component. Analysis of RNA polymerase from bacteria infected with T4 mutants demonstrates that the new promoter specificity and the antitermination effect are caused by different factors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Imaging in neurologic infections I: bacterial and parasitic diseases.
Often presenting as medical emergencies, nervous system infections can be diagnostically challenging. Knowledgeable utilization of neuroimaging modalities and the understanding of characteristic imaging findings facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. In the first part of this two-part review, we address common and unique diagnostic imaging features of bacterial and parasitic nervous system infections. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of set-size and selective spatial attention on motion processing.
In order to investigate the effects of divided attention and selective spatial attention on motion processing, we obtained direction-of-motion thresholds using a stochastic motion display under various attentional manipulations and stimulus durations (100-600 ms). To investigate divided attention, we compared motion thresholds obtained when a single motion stimulus was presented in the visual field (set-size=1) to those obtained when the motion stimulus was presented amongst three confusable noise distractors (set-size=4). The magnitude of the observed detriment in performance with an increase in set-size from 1 to 4 could be accounted for by a simple decision model based on signal detection theory, which assumes that attentional resources are not limited in capacity. To investigate selective attention, we compared motion thresholds obtained when a valid pre-cue alerted the subject to the location of the to-be-presented motion stimulus to those obtained when no pre-cue was provided. As expected, the effect of pre-cueing was large when the visual field contained noise distractors, an effect we attribute to "noise reduction" (i.e. the pre-cue allows subjects to exclude irrelevant distractors that would otherwise impair performance). In the single motion stimulus display, we found a significant benefit of pre-cueing only at short durations (< or =150 ms), a result that can potentially be explained by a "time-to-orient" hypothesis (i.e. the pre-cue improves performance by eliminating the time it takes to orient attention to a peripheral stimulus at its onset, thereby increasing the time spent processing the stimulus). Thus, our results suggest that the visual motion system can analyze several stimuli simultaneously without limitations on sensory processing per se, and that spatial pre-cueing serves to reduce the effects of distractors and perhaps increase the effective processing time of the stimulus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of photoinactivation of T. rubrum by new methylene blue (NMB) and indocyanine green (EmunDo®).
Superficial mycotic skin infections which are predominantly caused by Trichophyton rubrum, poorly responsd to conventional therapies. A great amount of attention has focused on finding more effective treatments. The current work is aimed to compare the effectiveness of phoinactivation of Trichophyton rubrum by two relatively new photosensitizers: a phenothiazinium dye(New methylene blue) and Indocyanine green (EmunDo®). A Final inoculum of T. rubrum which corresponded to 106 colony forming unit per milliliter (CFUml-1) was prepared. Antimicrobial Photodynamic treatment (aPDT) of T. rubrum was carried out by either EmunDo® (1mg/ml, Infra-red laser (IRL, λ=810nm, Energy Density 55J/cm2)) or NMB (10μM, Red laser (RL), λ=630nm, Energy Density of 5J/cm2). The suspensions thereafter were subcultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and were counted on due time. based on colony-forming unit per milliliter (CFU/ml). aPDT with either EmunDo® (E) or NMB (N) considerably diminished the viability of inoculated T. rubrum with respective reduction of 0.64 log and 0.4 log compared to the control group (P<0.001). No significant difference was found between two laser only groups (P=0.79) and two aPDT groups (P=0.73), however significant reduction of T. rubrum in red laser only group (P=0.04) and EmunDo® only group (P=0.04) was found as compared to the control group (P<0.05). The study provides evidence regarding satisfactory photodynamic inactivation of T. rubrum with EmunDo® or NMB as photosensitizers. Irradiation by only red laser source was found superior to only infra-red laser source. Dark toxicity of EmunDo® was more successful than new methylene blue dye. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reaching out to the depressed physician.
Many of the character traits that contribute to physician success can become risk factors to depression when amplified. Only reluctantly do some physicians attend to and express personal needs. The preemptory desire to satisfy the demands of his patients and colleagues may further subvert self-awareness and appropriate self-indulgence. Ultimately, frank depression emerges. Too often, depression remains unrecognized or untreated until the physician's self-destructive pattern compromises his capacity to care for his patients. The author discusses clues to the early recognition of depression as well as strategies in the prevention and treatment of the depressed physician. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Predictors of early relapse among adolescent crack users.
Relapse is associated with a poor prognosis among drug users. Crack cocaine users are more prone to severe dependence because of the intensity of use. Additionally, initiating drug use during adolescence worsens users' prognosis due to the increased rates of impulsivity and other risk behaviors. This study aimed to identify the predictors of early relapse among adolescent crack users discharged from inpatient treatment. A cohort study was conducted with 89 psychiatric inpatients aged 12-17 years from two different hospitals in southern Brazil who met the criteria for crack abuse or dependence. Demographic data, substance use disorders, psychiatric comorbidities, and crack consumption profile were assessed during hospitalization using the Teen Addiction Severity Index, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime, and Crack Consumption Profile. Participants were re-assessed at 1 and 3 months after hospital discharge to determine their crack cocaine use based on self-report, family/caregiver information, and urine tests, whenever possible. There were extremely high rates of relapse (valid percent) in the first and third months, 65.9 and 86.4%, respectively. Statistically significant associations were observed between relapse in the first month and length of cocaine/crack cocaine use, and length of hospital stay. Data at 3 months were not analyzed because of the small number of patients who did not relapse. The high rates and significant associations found in this study suggest that intensive outpatient treatment strategies targeting this population should be developed and implemented to prevent early relapse after detoxification. One of the possible approaches, based on recent studies, might explore motivation as a strategy to reduce the rate of early relapse. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
New-onset super refractory status epilepticus: A case-series.
Literature on New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE) is scarce and management is guided mainly by retrospective reports, short case series or expert opinions. We aimed to add to the pool of the available data by retrospectively reviewing seven cases of NORSE cases admitted to our hospital over the last five years between January 2014 and March 2019. Fully anonymised data from medical charts, EEG reports, imaging reports, laboratory test results, types of antiepileptic medications, intravenous anaesthetic therapy, and immune therapies received was collected, along with response to treatment, length of hospital stay and outcome at discharge. The mean age was 43.5 ± 23.8 years (range 18-75) and three patients were females. Prodromal symptoms consisted mainly of fever (4/7), headache (4/7) and self terminating seizures (7/7), before presenting with status epilepticus. Initial imaging findings were abnormal in 3/7 and CSF analysis in 3/7. All patients underwent intermittent EEG recordings, mainly for titration or tapering of the anaesthetic agents, with the initial goal of achieving burst suppression and cessation of electrographic seizures. Our index case spent the longest time in therapeutic burst suppression (102 days) and remained on thiopentone for 214 days. The mean duration of NICU stay was 88 ± 85.4 days (range 4-225 days) while the mean duration of hospital stay was 113.8 ± 111.2 days (range 17-292). The management of patients with NORSE remains challenging, often requiring multiple intravenous anaesthetic treatments, leading to complicated and prolonged hospital and intensive care unit stays but good outcome remains possible. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Risks factors for highly unstable response to oral anticoagulation: a case-control study.
The factors associated with persistent instability of oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT) were investigated in a case-control study. The most unstable patients from 35 Italian anticoagulation clinics were matched with stable controls, for gender, age and OAT indication. Socio-demographic data, medical history, dietary and life habits, cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 variants, blood cell count, liver and renal functions were investigated. An 'Abbreviated Mental Test' (AMT) and a questionnaire to assess patient compliance to, and comprehension of, OAT indications and mechanisms were administered. An International Normalized Ratio (INR) above 4.5 was more frequently found in cases (n = 77) than controls (n = 80) (12.3% vs. 0.4%; P < 0.0001). The odds ratio for instability was significantly higher for: people who worked versus pensioners, acenocoumarol versus warfarin, and an insufficient score in the AMT and/or in the questionnaire. Cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 variants *1/*3 or *2/*3 or *3/*3 were more frequent among cases than controls (29.9% vs.15.0%; P = 0.042). No differences were observed as regards the other variables. In conclusion, we found that high intra-individual variability in OAT control was multifactorial, but poor OAT comprehension was prevalent. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Root canal treatment and prevalence of apical periodontitis in a nigerian adult subpopulation: a radiographic study.
To evaluate the frequency, distribution and quality of root canal treatment in an adult Nigerian subpopulation and to determine the prevalence of apical periodontitis. The periapical status and length of root fillings of 756 patients attending Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria for the first time were evaluated using full mouth periapical radiographs. The length of the root canal filling was considered 'adequate' if it was ≤ 2 mm from the radiographic apex, 'under-filled' if it was > 2 mm short of the apex, and 'overfilled' if filling material extended beyond the radiographic apex. Periapical status was assessed using the periapical index (PAI) with teeth classified as having apical periodontitis if the score was over 2. Overall, 61.2% of the patients had root-filled teeth and 67.2% featured apical periodontitis. Of the 21,468 teeth examined, 12.2% had been root filled, and of these 41% exhibited apical periodontitis. The prevalence of root-filled teeth was higher in the younger patients, while the prevalence of apical periodontitis in root-filled teeth was similar between age groups. Root-treated teeth that were overfilled or were mandibular incisors had the highest prevalence of apical disease. Overfilled teeth were more prone to developing an apical radiolucency than were under-filled teeth (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The prevalences of endodontically treated teeth and apical periodontitis were within the range reported for other countries; however, a very large number of patients required treatment or retreatment. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium is therapeutically equivalent to mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplant patients.
The introduction of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) represented a major advance in transplant medicine, although optimal use may be limited by gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects. An enteric-coated formulation of mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS; myfortic) has been developed with the aim of improving the upper GI tolerability of mycophenolic acid. Therapeutic equivalence of EC-MPS (720 mg b.i.d.) and MMF (1000 mg MMF b.i.d.), with concomitant cyclosporine microemulsion (Neoral) and corticosteroids, was assessed in 423 de novo kidney transplant patients recruited to a 12-month, double-blind study. Efficacy failure (biopsy-proven acute rejection [BPAR], graft loss, death or loss to follow up) at 6 months (EC-MPS 25.8% vs. MMF 26.2%; 95% CI: [-8.7, +8.0]) demonstrated therapeutic equivalence. At 12 months, the incidence of BPAR, graft loss or death was 26.3% and 28.1%, and of BPAR alone was 22.5% and 24.3% for EC-MPS and MMF, respectively. Among those with BPAR, the incidence of severe acute rejection was 2.1% with EC-MPS and 9.8% with MMF (p=ns). The safety profile and incidence of GI adverse events were similar for both groups. Within 12 months, 15.0% of EC-MPS patients and 19.5% of MMF patients required dose changes for GI adverse events (p=ns). Enteric-coated-MPS 720 mg b.i.d. is therapeutically equivalent to MMF 1000 mg b.i.d. with a comparable safety profile. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Short training in focused cardiac ultrasound in an Internal Medicine department: what realistic skill targets could be achieved?
The importance of focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) in Internal Medicine care has been recognized by the American Society of Echocardiography. The aim of this study was to test what realistic skill targets could be achieved in FCU, with a relatively short training (theoretical and practical) of 9 h offered to Internal Medicine certification board attending students, and if the addition of further 9 h of training could significantly improve the level of competence. Kappa statistic was used to calculate the inter-observer agreement (trainees/tutor). The agreement between the trainees (who completed the entire training) and the tutor was, respectively, "substantial" (k = 0.71) for the identification of pericardial effusion, "moderate" (k = 0.56-0.54) for the identification of marked right ventricular and left ventricular enlargement, "substantial" (k = 0.77) for the assessment of global cardiac systolic function by visual inspection and "fair" (k = 0.35) for the assessment of size and respiratory change in the diameter of the inferior cave vein (IVC). 18 h training in FCU provided proficiency in obtaining adequate images from the parasternal window without providing the ability to correctly master the apical and subcostal windows. As concerns the interpretative skills, only pericardial effusion and visual estimation of global systolic function could be correctly identified, while ventricular enlargement and IVC prove to be more difficult to evaluate. This study supports incorporating FCU into Internal Medicine fellowship training programs, and should facilitate the design of other similar training courses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A science-based, clinically tested dietary approach for the metabolic syndrome.
During the last decade, great strides have been made to delineate the importance of diet in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Dietary recommendations have emphasized a low-fat ("antiatherogenic") diet as the first-line therapeutic approach. However, the complex etiology of the metabolic syndrome would seem to necessitate tailored dietary approaches beyond simple macronutrient modification. Current data have revealed varying biological effects of individual macronutrients within the same category, suggesting that adjusting dietary macronutrient percentages without considering their physiological impact may not be adequate. The concepts of glycemic index and glycemic load support the need for differentiation between various types of carbohydrates. Additionally, significant evidence to date indicates that metabolic syndrome biomarkers improve with dietary patterns rich in phytochemical complexity (e.g., Mediterranean diet). Taking these aspects into account, we designed a specific dietary approach consisting of foods found in the popularized Mediterranean diet, modified to include only those items that are low in glycemic load and grains (gluten) and are antiinflammatory. Initially based on scientific literature, this food plan has since been tested and adapted in our clinic over the past decade. This paper describes the rationale of the dietary program and provides an overview of data on its efficacy in individuals with metabolic syndrome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Major metabolic homocysteine-derivative, homocysteine thiolactone, exerts changes in pancreatic beta-cell glucose-sensing, cellular signal transduction and integrity.
Homocysteine can be converted to its reactive thioester, homocysteine thiolactone. Cytotoxic properties of these amino thiols have been attributed to protein homocysteinylation, increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. This study used pancreatic BRIN-BD11 beta-cells to examine functional defects caused by acute and long-term exposure to homocysteine thiolactone in comparison with homocysteine. Acute and long-term exposure to both agents caused concentration-dependent inhibitions of glucose-induced insulin secretion while impairing the insulin-secretory responses to alanine, KCl, elevated Ca(2+), forskolin and PMA. Acute exposures also caused significant reduction in the amplitude of KCl-induced membrane depolarisation but no effects on changes of intracellular Ca(2+) induced by alanine or KCl. Cellular insulin content and DNA damage were not altered following culture, however, there were early signs of apoptosis consistent with impaired cellular integrity. In conclusion, exposure to homocysteine thiolactone, like homocysteine, induced beta-cell dysfunction and demise by mechanisms independent of changes in membrane potential and [Ca(2+)](i). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Child drowning prevention in the Philippines: the beginning of a conversation.
This study describes a process to explore factors which contribute to child-drowning deaths and allows the development of appropriate strategies to prevent similar deaths in a selected site in the Northern Philippines. Data collection techniques used in obtaining baseline data include: review of drowning mortality records; key informant interviews; focus group discussions; and community walk-throughs. Risk factors identified which could or did contribute to drowning events were: proximity to bodies of water; inadequate child supervision; lack of information/awareness of prevention strategies; and lack of drowning prevention programme(s). Measures on how to prevent drowning deaths were explored and initial interventions were implemented through a committee convened by the community. These interventions include: community education sessions; capability building measures; redesigning of community wells; development of playpens; and use of barriers. Community engagement is a crucial element in the development and implementation of any health programme. This study demonstrates that by engaging and working with the community action occurs, however, there is a need to conduct further evaluation activities to determine if the actions by the community continued beyond the project and have resulted in a decrease in drowning. One of the strengths of the process described is that it is culturally appropriate and site-specific and allows the community to find the solutions itself. Exploration and delivery of further projects in larger areas is required to reduce drowning in the Philippines. An imperative is the evaluation which will provide valuable information on whether barriers are a sustainable and acceptable means of prevention to the community in the long term. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Diet in hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of published and lay literature.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurring, inflammatory skin disorder resulting in skin abscesses and sinus tracts of the skin folds. Hidradenitis suppurativa remains a disease with limited treatment options. Management of disease activity with dietary modification has been of considerable interest to the HS patient community. Limited evidence exists to support dietary changes for treatment of HS. Strategies such as eliminating dairy products, limiting simple carbohydrate and sugar intake, and avoiding nightshades (Solanaceae) and foods containing brewer's yeast have been reported to be helpful in some patients. Several supplements have also been touted as beneficial. Herein, we review the existing dietary recommendations in both peer-reviewed and lay literature in an attempt to consolidate and evaluate existing information, while stimulating further inquiry into the role of diet in HS. Although dietary modifications are often of considerable interest to HS patients, there is a paucity of data regarding diet as it relates to HS. It is unclear whether diet may prove to be of value in limiting the severity of HS. Further research is needed to determine the potential benefits of these dietary changes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cognitive representation of motion in individuals with mental retardation.
Participants with and without mental retardation were compared on their tendency to show the representational momentum effect when viewing a stimulus array that implied motion. The representational momentum effect occurs when, due to implied or apparent motion, an object is more likely to be remembered slightly shifted in the direction of motion rather than against the direction of motion. Participants with mental retardation showed the representational momentum effect as did participants without mental retardation, though the magnitude of the memory shift was smaller for participants with mental retardation. Results suggest that individuals with mental retardation cognitively process motion information in the same general way as do those without mental retardation, although less efficiently. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Detecting nonpalpable recurrent breast cancer: the role of routine mammographic screening of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstructions.
To perform a retrospective cohort study to determine the rates of recall and cancer detection and then to develop a decision analytic model to evaluate the effectiveness of routine screening of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstructions. This study was approved by the institutional review board, and the methods comply with HIPAA regulations. A retrospective search of the institutional mammographic results database was done to identify bilateral screening mammographic examinations obtained from January 1, 1999, through July 15, 2005. The search included the term TRAM; the recall and cancer detetion rates were then detected. Subsequently, a decision analytic model was constructed to evaluate a hypothetical cohort of women with TRAM flap reconstructions. Of 554 mammograms (265 TRAM flap reconstructions), 546 (98.6%) had negative results (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 1 or 2). Eight (1.4%) had positive test results (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 0, 3, 4, or 5). All suspicious lesions underwent biopsy and had benign pathologic results. No interval breast cancers were identified. The detection rate for nonpalpable recurrent breast cancer was 0% (exact 95% confidence interval: 0.0%, 1.4%). According to decision analysis, screening would help detect an estimated 12 additional recurrent cancers per 1000 women screened, providing an additional 1.6 days of life expectancy for the screened cohort. Under base-case conditions, screening of TRAM flap reconstructions is less effective than screening asymptomatic women in their 40s. Sensitivity analysis revealed that a benefit equivalent to that of screening asymptomatic women in their 40s was achievable under conditions related to estimates of screening effectiveness and cancer detection rate. Routine screening mammography of TRAM flap reconstructions has a very low detection rate for nonpalpable recurrent breast cancer. Decision analysis indicates that screening such women is less effective than screening asymptomatic women in their 40s for primary breast cancer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The impact of the type of hospital on survival of multiple myeloma patients: the MICORE study.
To analyze the impact of the type of hospital in overall survival of multiple myeloma patients. A survival analysis was performed of all patients (n=431) diagnosed in 5 public hospitals (4 community hospitals and one university hospital) during the period 1993-2006. Patients attended to in community hospitals differ significantly from those seen in the university hospital in the following variables: mean age (70 years [31-92] versus 67.9 (35-91), P=.038); percentage of stage iii patients (62.6% versus 69.1%, P=.033), and percentage of patients who had autologous stem cell transplant (8.2% versus 18.2%, P=.026). The variables associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis were age (P<.001), stage (iii versus i; P=.03) and renal failure (P=.04). The type of hospital did not reach statistical significance (hazard ratio of 0.72 (95% confidence interval 0.48-1.07), P=.1]. The type of hospital is not significantly associated with mortality in multiple myeloma patients. These data support our current model of health care, in which the community hospitals are responsible for the primary care of these patients, in a coordinated work with the university hospital. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Thoracic nocardiosis with thoracic manifestations in two immunocompetent patients].
Nocardiosis is a rare infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus nocardia, which causes considerable morbidity and mortality. We report two unusual cases of nocardiosis in young, immunocompetent patients; the first case involved a nocardia farcinica pulmonary and chest-wall infection, while the second was an anterior mediastinal nocardia asiaticum infection mimicking a mediastinal tumor. These cases reflect the need for a broad differential diagnosis during exploration of thoracic findings, white the potentially ambiguous presentation of nocardiosis must be considered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Complications with revision of the femoral component of total hip arthroplasty. Comparison between cemented and uncemented techniques.
The intraoperative and early postoperative complications of femoral component revision surgery in a group of 94 treated with a cemented femoral implant and 91 treated with a specific (Bias, Zimmer International, Warsaw, IN) uncemented femoral implant were assessed. Follow-up of at least 2 years for both groups was obtained, averaging 4.5 years and 3.2 years, respectively. The Harris hip score was 45 and 81 before and after the cemented revision and 42 and 84 for the uncemented procedure. The overall complication rate was 41% and 34%, respectively, which is not statistically different. The major differences consist of radiographic evidence of probable loosening in 53% of the cemented population and at least 2 mm of subsidence in 45% of the uncemented group. Fracture occurred in 3% and 18%, respectively, and caused failure in one with cemented and three with uncemented revisions. The reoperation rate was 15% and 12%, respectively. In these patient populations, uncemented femoral revision was a satisfactory technique, having a complication rate comparable to and radiographic features more favorable than what was present with the cemented revision procedure. Long-term follow-up is necessary to determine more fully the role of uncemented implants for femoral component revision. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibition of growth of Morris hepatomas 7777 and 7800 by corn oil.
Intraperitoneal injection of trace amounts of corn oil prior to and following the injection of 40-50 mg of tissue from hepatoma 7777 or 7800 into the thigh of adult male Buffalo rats resulted in a marked decrease in the growth rate of both tumors. Exhaustive extraction of the corn oil with water indicated that the active component was not water soluble. Similar injections of safflower oil or isotonic saline had no effect on tumor growth rate. Analysis of the tissue phospholipid fatty acids revealed that the injected corn oil caused no change in the esterified fatty acids in this lipid fraction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism: implications for susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and severity of disease.
Neurodegeneration following inflammatory injury is considered to be a pathological correlate of irreversible disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. The availability of neurotrophins could influence the probability or rate of disease progression and the time of onset. The BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism leads to altered intracellular transport and secretion of BDNF, and is thus a logical candidate for a gene that influences susceptibility and, more specifically, the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. In order to test this hypothesis we genotyped the polymorphism in 951 UK multiple sclerosis trio families, but found no evidence for association before (p=0.63) or after stratification for clinical course (p=0.73). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of sodium arsenite on the cytotoxicity of bleomycin.
Our present data show that posttreatment with sodium arsenite has no effect on the cytotoxicity of bleomycin (BLM), a radiomimetic agent, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human skin fibroblasts, and HeLa cells. However, pretreatment with sodium arsenite potentiated the cytotoxic effects of BLM in CHO cells. This effect decreased with increasing time interval between the treatments with sodium arsenite and BLM. BLM-inactivating activity was markedly reduced in cells pretreated with sodium arsenite. Furthermore, both arsenite-potentiated BLM cytotoxicity and arsenite-reduced BLM-inactivating activity were abolished by cycloheximide. These results suggest that the potentiation effect of sodium arsenite on BLM cytotoxicity may be due to the decrease of BLM-inactivating activity. In addition, only a slight increase in G2 phase population and no apparent change in intracellular glutathione levels were observed in CHO cells pretreated with sodium arsenite. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Development of the RT-GAIT, a Real-Time feedback device to improve Gait of individuals with stroke.
Regaining the ability to walk is a major rehabilitation goal after a stroke. Recent research suggests that, in people with stroke, task-oriented and intensive rehabilitation strategies can drive cortical reorganization and increase activity levels. This paper describes development and pilot testing of a novel wearable device for Real-Time Gait and Activity Improving Telerehabilitation (RT-GAIT), designed for use with such rehabilitation strategies. The RT-GAIT provides auditory or tactile feedback to the individual wearing the platform. The feedback is based on the amount of time spent in stance phase on each foot, as measured by the pressure sensors embedded into the insoles. The system was initially bench-validated using sensor signals collected in a previous study. Next, a clinical case study was conducted with one post-stroke individual. The results of the case study suggest that the RT-GAIT device can potentially improve the gait parameters. Mean difference in stance times between the healthy limb and paretic limb was improved by 48% and the standard deviation for the same was improved by 87.5%, between baseline measurements and the measurements taken after the treatment with the RT-GAIT. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A multicenter phase II study of the stop-and-go modified FOLFOX6 with bevacizumab for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Currently, no prospective data exists to support a "stop-and-go" modified FOLFOX6 regimen with bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this regimen in first-line mCRC patients. Eligible patients (age ≥20 years) had previously untreated mCRC; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2; and adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal function. The modified FOLFOX6 regimen and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously every 2 weeks. After 8 cycles, patients received maintenance therapy with simplified LV5FU2 and bevacizumab until completion of 8 cycles or disease progression. After maintenance therapy, patients received another 8 cycles of modified FOLFOX6 with bevacizumab until completion of 8 cycles or disease progression. We recruited 50 patients between August 2007 and January 2009. The overall response rate was 48% (80% confidence interval [CI]; 38.2-58) with outcomes as follows: complete response, n = 1; partial response, n = 23; stable disease, n = 21; progression, n = 1; and not evaluated, n = 4. Median time to treatment failure was 7.7 months (80% CI: 6.2-8.0), and median progression-free survival was 12.8 months (80% CI: 10.8-14). Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia (40%), nausea (4%), diarrhea (14%), thrombosis (4%), and hypertension (4%) et al. Grade 1, 2, or 3 peripheral neuropathy was reported in 38%, 40%, and 10% of patients, respectively. The stop-and-go modified FOLFOX6 and bevacizumab regimen is effective and well tolerated as first-line chemotherapy for mCRC patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Structured models of cell migration incorporating molecular binding processes.
The dynamic interplay between collective cell movement and the various molecules involved in the accompanying cell signalling mechanisms plays a crucial role in many biological processes including normal tissue development and pathological scenarios such as wound healing and cancer. Information about the various structures embedded within these processes allows a detailed exploration of the binding of molecular species to cell-surface receptors within the evolving cell population. In this paper we establish a general spatio-temporal-structural framework that enables the description of molecular binding to cell membranes coupled with the cell population dynamics. We first provide a general theoretical description for this approach and then illustrate it with three examples arising from cancer invasion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[New immunosuppressive agents].
Over the last few years, improved knowledge of the immunological mechanisms underlying transplant rejection have resulted in the development of new immunosuppressive agents capable of selectively blocking various steps of the immune response. It is anticipated that these agents will prove useful in the treatment of autoimmune disease and graft-versus-host disease. Neoral is a cyclosporin microemulsion characterized by better and more consistent absorption as compared to the conventional galenic form. Tacrolimus shares with cyclosporin an ability to inhibit calcineurin and may have similar indications. Rapamycin and RAD are two related molecules that inhibit signal transduction by cytokines to T-cells, although they have not yet been proved clinically effective in large studies of solid organ transplant recipients. Mycophenolate mofetil selectively inhibits purine synthesis and lymphocyte proliferation; it is easy to use and has been found effective in a number of autoimmune disorders. Further clinical work is needed to determine the therapeutic indications for each of these new drugs. Elucidation of their mechanisms of action may help to identify drug combinations providing both enhanced efficacy and improved safety. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Endocrine cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract in relation to gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common complication of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). In previous reports, a decreased content of small and large intestinal endocrine cells has been found in patients with FAP and it has been suggested that this may contribute to the development of GI disturbances. The aim of the present study was to investigate the endocrine cell content in the stomach and duodenum of FAP patients, and to correlate the findings with gastric emptying. Fifteen patients with FAP were included in the study. Twenty-eight subjects with macroscopically and histologically normal mucosa were used as controls for endocrine cell contents and 14 healthy subjects for gastric scintigraphy. The endocrine cells were identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified with image analysis. Gastric emptying time was detected by scintigraphy and endoscopy. The number of chromogranin A-immunoreactive (IR) cells was reduced in all investigated parts of the GI tract except bulbus duodeni. Gastrin/CCK cell content was reduced in duodenum, but tended to be increased in antrum of the stomach (P = 0.07). Otherwise, the content of all other endocrine cells types in the upper GI tract was reduced compared with controls. A correlation with malnutrition was found for gastric inhibitory polypeptide and secretin cell content in bulbus duodeni. Gastric scintigraphy disclosed delayed gastric emptying of solid food, but the finding was not correlated to the decreased content of neuroendocrine cells. The severity of endocrine cell depletion was not correlated to duration of GI disturbances. The present study showed that the endocrine cells of the stomach are affected in FAP patients and that the abnormalities in the upper GI endocrine cells occur early during the course of the disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Analysis of thyroglobulin antibody synthesis by cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis using biotin-avidin solid phase enzyme immuno-assay.
The influence of bovine thyroglobulin (Tg) and/or staphylococcus aureus cowan I (SAC) on Tg antibody synthesis has been studied using cultures of 8 Hashimoto's and 5 normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The detection of Tg antibody in the culture supernatants was performed by sensitive biotin-avidin solid phase enzyme immunoassay. By using this technique, we were able to detect small amounts of Tg antibody synthesized by cultured Hashimoto's PBL responsive to bovine Tg and/or SAC; PBL from three out of eight patients produced increased levels of Tg antibody in the presence of 0.02 microgram/ml bovine Tg. On the other hand, PBL from two other cases among them which were unresponsive to bovine Tg alone became responsive to bovine Tg following simultaneous stimulation with SAC. PBL from the other three cases failed to respond to bovine Tg or simultaneous stimulation with bovine Tg and SAC. The former five patients had serum Tg tanned red cell hemagglutination (TGHA) titers greater than 1:409,600 except in one case and the latter had serum TGHA titers less than 1:12,800. These results indicated the presence of the different functional stages of B cells to produce Tg antibody in the circulation of Hashimoto's patients and suggested that sufficient number of lymphocytes responsive to bovine Tg are present in the circulation of Hashimoto's patients with high titers of serum TGHA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Forces acting on particle-enhanced immunoassays.
The aim of the present work is to study the role of the different forces involved in the agglutination of immuno gamma-globulin (IgG) covered latex particles due to antigen-antibody reaction. An experimental investigation on the adsorption of IgG molecules on three latexes with different surface charge densities is described. Photon correlation spectroscopy was used to determine the hydrodynamic layer thickness of the IgG molecules adsorbed on the latexes. In order to get an insight into the forces acting between two antibody-covered particles approaching each other, the colloidal stability and immunoreactivity of these biocomplexes were studied. They can be stabilized by electrostatic or hydration forces. The immunological agglutination of IgG-immobilized latex particles due to the addition of the antigen was quantified through scattered light intensity measurements. The immunoresponse increases with ionic strength of the medium until a maximum value is achieved. Above this maximum, the immunoreactivity decreases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induces the matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter via an Ets binding site formed by a single nucleotide polymorphism: enhanced susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has a significant role in several malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). LMP1 is the principal oncoprotein, and we have shown that it also induces a set of factors that mediates invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) is also involved in several malignancies. A single guanine insertion polymorphism (2G) in the MMP1 promoter creates an Ets binding site that causes high levels of transcription and correlates with risk for some malignancies. Here, we evaluate the impact of this 2G insertion type on NPC. We genotyped 44 Japanese and 39 Taiwanese NPC patients, as well as 58 Japanese and 23 Taiwanese healthy controls. The proportion of 2G homozygotes was higher in the NPC groups than in controls (Japanese: p = 0.02, odds ratio (OR) = 2.49; Taiwanese: p = 0.02, OR = 3.66). An analysis of overall survival rates in the patients with NPC, and the 1G/1G genotype disclosed a favorable prognosis (5-year survival rate = 100%, p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis showed that 1G/1G has independent prognostic significance. We also examined whether LMP1 enhances MMP1 expression in epithelial cells in culture. LMP1-transfected cells with 2G/2G genotype expressed MMP1, which was abolished by activator protein-1 (AP1) dominant-negative (DN) and Ets-DN. LMP1 also induced active MMP3, which can cleave latent MMP1, and AP1-DN and Ets-DN suppressed the MMP3 expression. These results suggest that LMP1-induced MMP1 and MMP3 are closely linked and show that LMP1 activates MMP1 via an Ets binding site formed by 2G, which is a candidate marker for both risk and prognosis of NPC. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A new thiatriazine isomer: synthesis, tautomerism, and molecular structure of 3,6-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4,5-thiatriazine as a precursor to the 1,2,4,5-thiatriazinyl radical
The diphenyl derivative of 4H-1,2,4,5-thiatriazine (5) was prepared by oxidative cyclization of 9. The molecular structure of 5, obtained by X-ray diffraction [orthorhombic, Pna2(1), a = 9.7746(13) A, b = 21.692(2) A, c = 5.6580(8) A], compares favorably with that predicted with ab initio calculations. The thiatriazine 5 was used as a precursor to the 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-thiatriazinyl radical (4) through either oxidation with PbO(2), or conversion to and reduction of sulfiminyl chloride 6 with Ph(3)Sb. The weak ESR quintet (a(N) = 1.03 mT, g = 2.0103) observed in the latter case correlates well with the molecular structure of 4, but the results of DFT calculations are ambiguous. Ab initio calculations show that 4H-1,2, 4,5-thiatriazine (I-4H) is the most stable tautomer and is the second most stable isomer among the six possible thiatriazines. All isomeric thiatriazinyl radicals exhibit similar spin distribution patterns. 1,2,4,5-Thiatriazinyl radical (I-R) is calculated to be 23. 1 kcal/mol less stable than the most stable 1,2,4,6 isomer II-R. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Intramuscular lipoma of the head and neck. Description of a case and review of the literature].
Bénignes intramuscular lipomas of head and neck are rare entity; our case report demonstrate the unusual presentation of this tumor. This complete review of the literature sustains the discussion about the pathogeny, the diagnostic and the treatment of this disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Change and predictors of social support in caregivers of newly diagnosed oral cavity cancer patients during the first 3 months after discharge.
Caregivers of oral cavity cancer patients report stress during caregiving time. This study aimed to examine changes in social support and predictors in caregivers of oral cavity cancer patients over the 3 months after patients' first discharge. This was a prospective longitudinal study. Caregivers of oral cavity cancer patients with planned discharge were recruited from inpatient wards and the outpatient department at a major medical center in Taiwan. Caregivers' needs and satisfaction with available social support were assessed at 4 time points: before discharge and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the first discharge. The generalized estimating equation was used to determine predictive factors of social support. Caregivers had mild-to- moderate levels of needs and were satisfied with available social support during the first 3 months after discharge. The peak for both overall and individual needs of social support was before discharge. Caregivers overall and individual satisfaction with social support peaked at 3 months after discharge. Spouse caregivers had greater overall needs for social support. Caregivers with longer caregiving time were associated with dissatisfaction during the first 3 months after discharge. Caregivers of oral cavity cancer patients had unmet needs of social support, especially wife caregivers. A comprehensive assessment of caregiver needs and satisfaction with available social support is necessary to improve caregiving for oral cavity cancer patients and address the concerns of caregivers in a timely manner. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Constitutive trichloroethylene degradation led by tac promoter chromosomally integrated upstream of phenol hydroxylase genes of Ralstonia sp. KN1 and its nucleotide sequence analysis.
Ralstonia sp. KN1-10A is a strain capable of degrading trichloroethylene (TCE) constitutively due to the tac promoter (Ptac) integrated upstream of the phenol hydroxylase genes (phy) in its chromosome. The expression of Ptac was analyzed using luxAB of Vibrio harveyi as a reporter. After determining the nucleotide sequence of phyABCDE required for TCE degradation, a luxAB-encoding fragment was integrated downstream of phyE by homologous recombination in strain KN1-10A, obtaining strain KN1-10A-LX. In the same manner, the luxAB-encoding fragment was integrated into the chromosome of the wild-type strain, KN1. The resultant strain KN1-LX was used to analyze the gene expression caused by phenol induction. The expression induced by Ptac was compared to that by phenol induction. Although the level of luxAB expression led by Ptac was almost equal to that induced by phenol, the TCE degradation rate by the Ptac-carrying KN1-10A-LX was markedly slower than that by the phenol-induced KN1-LX. These results suggest that an important gene for TCE degradation was not transcribed by Ptac in KN1-10A-LX. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed the existence of a small gene, phyZ, upstream of phyA, and Ptac was found to be integrated into the middle of phyZ in KN1-10A-LX. The effect of phyZ on TCE degradation was examined by using recombinant strains expressing phyABCDE with or without phyZ in a plasmid. The coexistence of phyZ markedly accelerated TCE degradation. Through an exhaustive expression analysis, it was demonstrated that the chromosomal integration of Ptac was a very attractive method for high and stable production of phenol hydroxylase for TCE degradation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Based on the low-density cDNA Macroarray for screening of antiviral proteins of IFNa tissues].
To screen the gene expression profiles of IFN-alpha antiviral proteins based on a low-density cDNA Macroarray, and to explore the relationship between the expression of antiviral protein and the HBV replication. The HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells were treated with various concentrations of IFN-alpha (0 IU/ml, 100 IU/ml, 1000 IU/ml) of IFN-alpha for 6 h, and then the low-density cDNA Macroarray was used for analysing the expression profiles of antiviral genes and screening differential expressions of antiviral proteins. Meanwhile, the HepG2 cells were transiently transfected with HBV core protein-expressed plasmid pHBc-EGFP, and the expressions of antiviral proteins were analysed by RT-PCR assay. Moreover, the HepG2.2.15 cells were also transfected with the antiviral protein-expressed plasmid pcDNA3.1-Flag-MxA. ELISA was used for analysing the secreted HBV antigens, while dot blot and Southern blot were applied for analysing the extracellular HBV DNA and intracellular replicative intermediate HBV DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells. All data were presented as mean+/-SD and analyzed using the t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the experiments. The Macroarray results suggested that the expression of IFN-alpha antiviral genes like 6-16, IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3 and RING4 in HepG2.2.15 cells were partially inhibited. More importantly, it was found, in this research, the expression of antiviral protein MxA in HepG2.2.15 cells was completely suppressed. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of MxA was also significantly decreased in HepG2 cells transfected with pHBc-EGFP plasmid. Although HepG2.2.15 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-Flag-MxA plasmid could not inhibit extracellular HBV DNA and intracellular replicative intermediate HBV DNA, the MxA exerted some antiviral activities as it effectively suppressed the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells. HBV and its antigen components probably influence the expression of antiviral proteins. IFN- resistance may be related to the down-regulation of antiviral proteins expression. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Subspecialisation in obstetrics and gynaecology--whither (or wither) the generalist.
In 1987, Council of the Royal Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RACOG) established its subspecialisation committee who identified subspecialty groups. It was the belief of the subspecialty committee that specialty training was necessary if haphazard evolution of the subspecialties and fragmentation within the discipline of obstetrics and gynaecology was to be avoided. The major issues of such training are manpower considerations and the time committed to the subspecialty, its effect on research and whether the generalist obstetrician and gynaecologist has been disadvantaged by such an initiative. Research initiatives must not suffer and the subspecialist should be prominent in the respective fields informing colleagues of important clinical and research advances. Undoubtedly the workload of the generalist will be eroded but their importance in the practice of obstetrics and gynaecology must be strengthened. The generalist should be encouraged to assist in the management of the patient in association with the subspecialist and referral should be on a tertiary basis. The limits of subspecialisation must be clearly defined and the availability and distribution of subspecialists determined. The numbers should be carefully monitored and training and accreditation and certification of subspecialists should remain within a central body such as the RACOG. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Innominate artery injury from disseminated tuberculosis.
A 49-year-old man presented with chest pain and was found to have hemorrhage and drainage from a chest wound secondary to disseminated tuberculosis involving the sternum and ankle. He then developed acute hemorrhage from an innominate artery pseudoaneurysm originating just below a severely diseased sternoclavicular junction. A staged approach was used to manage his pathology given the life-threatening bleeding and his debilitated condition. He underwent endovascular stent grafting to exclude the pseudoaneurysm, followed by aggressive debridement of the affected sternal area. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessing students' clinical performance.
In this article the authors review the history of clinical assessment and describe the development and implementation of an evidence-based assessment strategy for clinical practice prepared for the Diploma in Nursing curriculum at Keele University. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparing practical knowledge storage of deaf and hearing teachers of students who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Especially in the education of students who are deaf or hard of hearing, teachers' practical knowledge storage is almost never measured. The Survey of Practical Knowledge was used to compare the practical knowledge storage of deaf and hearing teachers of these students. Surveyed were 48 deaf and 115 hearing individuals at the preservice and in-service experience levels. Practical knowledge storage was defined as images, rules of practice, and practical principles. Results indicate that deaf teachers tend to view students as equals but are more likely to emphasize control over classroom behavior than hearing teachers. Hearing teachers tend to stress efforts to engage students in subject matter by providing variety and relating it to life experiences. Given the trend toward high-stakes testing of teachers, further research is encouraged on role differences between deaf and hearing teachers working with students who are deaf or hard of hearing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
New paradigm in dose-finding trials: patient-specific dosing and beyond phase I.
We propose a new paradigm for the clinical evaluation of new cancer therapies. It entails adjusting the search for the optimal dose on the basis of measurable patient characteristics that may be predictive of adverse responses to treatment, and extending this search beyond phase I and into phases II and III. We provide examples of (a) how the fine-tuning of dose may involve utilization of patient-specific attributes to obtain a personalized treatment regimen, and (b) how novel methods for phase I design can be used to update the working dose for the conduct of phase II and III cancer clinical trials. These examples should be interpreted as an enticement for the development of new methods to implement the proposed new paradigm. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adiponectin gene polymorphisms are associated with long-chain ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids in nondiabetic Koreans.
Hypoadiponectinemia is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including the quality of dietary fats. We investigated the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) with dietary fat intake or fatty acid (FA) composition in serum phospholipids, plasma adiponectin, and insulin resistance. Nondiabetic subjects (n = 1194) were genotyped for three ADIPOQ SNPs (-11377C>G; 45T>G; 276G>T) after screening of eight sites. Dietary fat intake, FA composition in serum phospholipids, adiponectin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured. The 276G carriers (n = 1082) showed lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.024) and adiponectin (P < 0.001) but higher glucose (P = 0.015) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.005) than 276T/T subjects (n = 112). No associations were found in other SNPs. After adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and the proportion of 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 (biomarkers of long term essential FA intake), the 276G carriers showed lower proportions of total ω3FA (P = 0.026), 20:5ω3 (P = 0.021), and 22:5ω3 (P = 0.024) in serum phospholipids. Among FAs in serum phospholipids, 18:2ω6 highly correlated with ω3-polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake (r = 0.260, P < 0.001) and adiponectin (r = 0.150, P < 0.001). The 276G carriers with a higher proportion of 18:2ω6 (≥12.5%) exhibited more pronounced characteristics, i.e. lower adiponectin (P < 0.001), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.004), higher HOMA-IR (P = 0.013), and lower long-chain ω3PUFAs (20:5ω3, 22:5ω3, and 22:6ω3, P < 0.001). Additionally, the effect of 276G>T on the relationship between adiponectin and HOMA-IR was modified by 18:2ω6 proportion. ADIPOQ 276G is associated with reduced proportion of long-chain ω3PUFAs in serum phospholipids in nondiabetic Koreans. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The influence of aging on the effectiveness of heat stress in preventing disuse muscle atrophy.
This study examined the aging effect on disuse muscle atrophy prevention using heat stress. Wistar rats aged 7 and 60 weeks were divided into three groups as follows: control, immobilized (Im), and immobilized and heat stressed (ImH). Heat stress was given by immersing the hindlimbs in hot water (42 °C) for 60 min, once in every 3 days and the gastrocnemius (GAS) and soleus (SOL) muscles were extracted after 14 days. Muscle-fiber types were classified using ATPase staining. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was assessed through Western blotting. In GAS muscle of both groups and SOL muscle of 7-week-old rats, the fiber diameter of each muscle type in the ImH group significantly increased compared with that in the Im group. However, this could not be observed in the SOL muscle of the 60-week-old rats. The increased percentage of type-I fibers and variability of types I and II muscle-fiber diameter were evident in the SOL muscle of the 60-week rats. HSP70 was significantly elevated in the ImH group compared with in the Im group in both muscle types of both age groups. Thus, effectiveness of heat stress in the prevention of disuse muscle atrophy appears unsatisfactory in aging muscle fibers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Separation and concentration of amino acids using liquid emulsion membranes.
The separation and concentration of amino acids using liquid emulsion membranes (LEMs) are discussed. Using L- phenylalanines as a model solute, it is experimentally shown using a facilitated transport system that separation and concentration can be simultaneously achieved. The rate of separation, final product concentration, and membrane swell are shown to increase with increasing chloride driving forces in the membrane, These effects are shown to be insensitive to the particular salt used as the driving force. Changes in the carrier concentration are shown to result in higher initial fluxes and higher swell rates. Hydrodynamically induced membrane breakage is minimal for the system under consideration. Experiments indicate that osmotically induced water transport ("swelling") in the LEM system is mediated by both the carrier and the emulsion-stabilizing surfactant. The data suggest that this swell is a diffusion-limited process. The specificity of the carrier is examined and is found to be directly related to the hydrophobicity of the solute. Strategies for optimizing LEM formulations are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the hydration characteristics of the surfactant and the specificity of the carrier. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Accumulation and toxicity of intravenously-injected functionalized graphene oxide in mice.
Graphene and its functionalized derivatives have recently emerged as interesting nanomaterials with promising applications in biomedicine. In this study, the long-term in vivo biodistribution of intravenously injected nanographene oxide (NGO) functionalized with poly sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) was systematically examined and the potential toxicity over 6 months of NGO-PSS nanoparticles was investigated. Our results showed that the nanoparticles mainly accumulate in the lung, liver and spleen, where they persist for at least 6 months. These nanoparticles result in acute liver injury and chronic inflammation of the lung, liver and spleen, as evidenced by blood biochemistry results and histological examinations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Large-scale dynamic gene regulatory network inference combining differential equation models with local dynamic Bayesian network analysis.
Reverse engineering gene regulatory networks, especially large size networks from time series gene expression data, remain a challenge to the systems biology community. In this article, a new hybrid algorithm integrating ordinary differential equation models with dynamic Bayesian network analysis, called Differential Equation-based Local Dynamic Bayesian Network (DELDBN), was proposed and implemented for gene regulatory network inference. The performance of DELDBN was benchmarked with an in vivo dataset from yeast. DELDBN significantly improved the accuracy and sensitivity of network inference compared with other approaches. The local causal discovery algorithm implemented in DELDBN also reduced the complexity of the network inference algorithm and improved its scalability to infer larger networks. We have demonstrated the applicability of the approach to a network containing thousands of genes with a dataset from human HeLa cell time series experiments. The local network around BRCA1 was particularly investigated and validated with independent published studies. BRAC1 network was significantly enriched with the known BRCA1-relevant interactions, indicating that DELDBN can effectively infer large size gene regulatory network from time series data. The R scripts are provided in File 3 in Supplementary Material. [email protected]; [email protected] Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Alcohol-related blackouts among college students: impact of low level of response to alcohol, ethnicity, sex, and environmental characteristics.
To explore how a genetically-influenced characteristic (the level of response to alcohol [LR]), ethnicity, and sex relate to environmental and attitudinal characteristics (peer drinking [PEER], drinking to cope [COPE], and alcohol expectancies [EXPECT]) regarding future alcohol-related blackouts (ARBs). Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to evaluate how baseline variables related to ARB patterns in 462 college students over 55 weeks. Data were extracted from a longitudinal study of heavy drinking and its consequences at a U.S. university. In the SEM analysis, female sex and Asian ethnicity directly predicted future ARBs (beta weights 0.10 and -0.11, respectively), while all other variables had indirect impacts on ARBs through alcohol quantities (beta weights ~ 0.23 for European American ethnicity and low LR, 0.21 for cannabis use and COPE, and 0.44 for PEER). Alcohol quantities then related to ARBs with beta = 0.44. The SEM explained 23% of the variance. These data may be useful in identifying college students who are more likely to experience future ARBs over a 1-year period. They enhance our understanding of whether the relationships of predictors to ARBs are direct or mediated through baseline drinking patterns, information that may be useful in prevention strategies for ARBs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of vanadate and ouabain on insulin binding and insulin imprinting in Tetrahymena.
Na-metavanadate and ouabain that act on Na+K(+)-ATPase had no influence on insulin binding to Tetrahymena immediately after treatment, but after 24 h considerably enhanced the binding capacity of generations of progeny. The increase in binding was of a similar magnitude to that elicited by insulin imprinting. Vanadate failed to increase the imprinting potential of insulin while ouabain even prevented insulin imprinting when administered together with insulin, but, did not affect imprinting when administered after insulin. By analogy with higher organisms it appears that inhibition of Na+K(+)-ATPase plays no role in the insulin-like effect of vanadate on the unicellular Tetrahymena, as judged also from the capacity to bind insulin of the generations of offspring. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pd(OAc)2 catalyzed direct arylation of electron-deficient arenes without ligands or with monoprotected amino acid assistance.
An efficient arylation of electron-poor arenes has been developed without the addition of external ligands or in the presence of a catalytic monoprotected amino acid which assisted the reaction to proceed under mild conditions. The meta-selectivity was observed under both conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Emerging Neuroscience of Third-Party Punishment.
Although it is far too early to say that cognitive neuroscience will have any direct impact on how we sentence criminals, patterns are nevertheless emerging that suggest a neural framework for punishment that could one day have important legal and social consequences. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Production and molecular characterization of somatic hybrids between Pleurotus florida and Lentinula edodes.
Nine inter-generic somatic hybrids named as pfle were produced through PEG-mediated protoplast fusion between Pleurotus florida and Lentinula edodes using double selection method. Hybridity of the newly developed strains was established on the basis of colony morphology, mycelial growth, hyphal traits, fruit-body productivity and inter single sequence repeat (ISSR) marker profiling. Hybrid population was assessed with different phenotypic variables by one-way analysis of variance. Principal component matrices were analyzed for the six phenotypic variables in scatter plot showing maximum positive correlation between each variable for all strains examined. Six ISSR primers generated 66 reproducible fragments with 98.48 % polymorphism. The dendrogram thus created based on unweighted pair-group method with mathematic averages method of clustering and Euclidean distance which exhibited three major groups between the parents and pfle hybrids. Though P. florida parent remained in one group but it showed different degrees of genetic distance with all the hybrid lines belonging to the other two groups while L. edodes was most distantly related to all the hybrid lines. L. edodes specific sequence-rich ISSR amplicon was recorded in all the hybrid lines and in L. edodes but not in P. florida. All the fruit body generating pfle hybrid lines could produce basidiocarp on paddy straw in sub-tropical climate and showed phenotypic resemblance to the P. florida parent. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of an antipronation foot orthosis on ankle and subtalar kinematics.
The aim of this study was to describe the effect of an antipronation foot orthosis on motion of the heel relative to the leg and explore the individual contributions of the ankle and subtalar joints to this effect. Five subjects were investigated using invasive intracortical pins to track the movement of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus during walking with and without a foot orthosis. The antipronation foot orthosis produced small and unsystematic reductions in eversion and abduction of the heel relative to the leg at various times during stance. Changes in calcaneus-tibia motion were comparable with those described in the literature (1°-3°). Changes at both the ankle and subtalar joints contributed to this orthotic effect. However, the nature and scale of changes were highly variable between subjects. Peak angular position, range of motion, and angular velocity in frontal and transverse planes were affected to different degrees in different subjects. In some cases, changes occurred mainly at the ankle; in other cases, changes occurred mainly at the subtalar joint. The changes in ankle and subtalar kinematics in response to the foot orthosis contradict existing orthotic paradigms that assume that changes occur only at the subtalar joint. The kinematic changes due to the orthosis are indicative of a strong interaction between the often common function of the ankle and subtalar joints. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase and acid secretion by SCH 28080, a substituted pyridyl(1,2a)imidazole.
A hydrophobic amine, SCH 28080, 2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo(1,2a)pyridine-3-acetonitrile, previously shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion in vivo and in vitro, was also shown to inhibit basal and stimulated aminopyrine accumulation in isolated gastric glands when histamine, high K+ concentrations, or dibutyryl cAMP were used as secretagogues. Stimulated, but not basal, oxygen consumption was also inhibited. Neutralization of the acid space of the parietal cell by high concentrations of the weak base, imidazole, reduced the potency of the drug, suggesting that SCH 28080 was active when protonated. Studies on the isolated H+,K+-ATPase showed that the compound inhibited the enzyme competitively with K+, whether ATP or p-nitrophenyl phosphate were used as substrates. In contrast, the inhibition was mixed with respect to p-nitrophenyl phosphate and uncompetitive with respect to ATP. The drug reduced the steady state level of the phosphoenzyme but not the observed rate constant for phosphoenzyme formation in the absence of K+ nor the quantity of phosphoenzyme reacting with K+. The drug quenched the fluorescence of fluorescein isothiocyanate-modified enzyme and also inhibited the ATP-independent K+ exchange reaction of the H+,K+-ATPase. Its action on gastric acid secretion can be explained by inhibition of the H+,K+-ATPase by reversible complexation of the enzyme. This class of compound, therefore, acts as a reversible inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Advances in hospital infection control programs.
The past decade in infection control has seen remarkable growth of both practitioners and the basic infection control program. Technical advances led to more sophisticated data collection, analysis, and strategies. Health care is being streamlined to be highly effective and efficient. It is easy to become enchanted with new, exciting, and high-tech aspects of disease prevention and control, but we must all remember that the basics of a good program from 10 years ago are still applicable today. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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