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Reconfigurable nanoantennas using electron-beam manipulation.
Plasmonic nanoantennas have been of increasing interest due to their ability to confine and enhance electric fields in deep sub-wavelength volumes, leading to large near-field optical forces and high refractive index sensitivity. Recently, to enhance the response for sensor applications, metal nanoantennas have been fabricated on pillars. An overlooked consequence of this elevated geometry is the introduction of the mechanical properties, for example, stiffness, as a tunable degree of freedom. Here we demonstrate pillar-bowtie nanoantenna arrays, fabricated on optically transparent SiO2, as a candidate system that couples intrinsic mechanical and electromagnetic degrees of freedom via gradient forces. We show that using a standard scanning electron microscope, individual nanoantenna gap sizes can be controllably tuned down to 5 nm, a factor of ~4 × smaller than what is currently achievable using conventional electron-beam lithography. This approach opens new avenues for fabricating reconfigurable nanoantennas that can inform exciting photonic applications. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Centralisation of breast cancer management by giving minimum work-load. Empirical effects in the region of North-Rhine, Germany].
The concentration of treatment on a few hospitals is discussed to improve the outcome of care. For the treatment of the breast cancer the distributional effects are evaluated. A systematic literature search in Medline identified six studies dealing with the evidence on the relation between outcome and workload. Using administrative data of a sickness fund in the region of Rhineland, Germany, the number of hospitals and patients affected by minimum work-loads was determined. Study results show that in general a minimum workload of 100 to 150 new diagnosed cases per year and hospital is recommended. These recommendations would lead to 46% of the presently treating hospitals being excluded (minimum work-load of 150 cases; year 2001). If the workload is set to 100 cases, 31% of the hospitals will be excluded from breast cancer management. No significant differences could be detected in the data of the years 2000 and 2001. The association between minimum workload and outcome of care seems to be evident. Further studies involving larger regions are needed to evaluate the distributional effects and gains of outcome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Behavioural responses of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles to natural and unnatural snake predators
The activity levels of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles, Alytes muletensis, were compared in two natural torrent pools which differed in their use by predatory viperine snakes, Natrix maura. Activity levels were lower in a pool regularly used by snakes than they were in a snake-free pool, but were reduced in both pools when snakes were experimentally introduced in nylon bags. In the presence of snakes, however, activity was more suppressed in the pool that was usually snake-free. Corresponding reductions in activity were also observed when tadpoles were treated with chemical cues from Mallorcan N. maura in a gravitational flow-through system. However, tadpoles failed to respond to chemical cues from other species of amphibian-eating snakes, or even to those from N. maura collected from a different population in mainland Spain. As none of the snakes used had previously eaten midwife toads, the responses cannot be related to previous diet, and seem to be specific to those N. maura from the island of Mallorca. As viperine snakes were probably introduced to Mallorca about 2000 years ago, the evolution of anti-predator behaviour in midwife toad tadpoles must have occurred relatively recently. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
High-resolution vehicular emission inventory using a link-based method: a case study of light-duty vehicles in Beijing.
We propose a new link-based, bottom-up vehicle emission inventory method for Chinese cities using available on-road emission measurement data and activity survey data. This study uses Beijing as a case study and focuses on CO, HC, and NOx emissions from hot-stabilized activities of light-duty vehicles. The target year is 2004. The total quantity of emissions, emission intensity, temporal distribution of emissions by hour, and spatial distribution of emissions at 1 km x 1 km resolution are presented and compared with results from other inventory methods commonly used in China. The results show that the total emissions from light-duty vehicles in the Beijing urban area in 2004 were 1141 Mg of CO per day, 48 Mg of HC per day, and 32 Mg of NOx per day. Pollutant emissions from mobile sources show temporal and spatial variation trends that are consistent with the characteristics of people's activities. The inventory developed in this study reflects the influences of vehicle driving patterns in traffic on vehicle emissions on a road link basis, and it could be used to evaluate the impacts of traffic-related emission control measures in China. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Separation and determination of glibenclamide in xiaotangling tablets by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography].
A high performance capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for separation and quantitative analysis of glibenclamide in Xiaotangling tablets. Electrophoretic conditions were as follows: micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) mode, trimethoprimum as internal standard, uncoated fused silica capillary (34.8 cm/39.5 cm(effective/total length), 50 microns i.d.), 25 mmol/L borax-30 mmol/L SDS(pH 9.0), applied voltage 17 kV, (+)-->(-), temperature 28 degrees C, detection wavelength 228 nm, pressure injection 68.95 kPa.s. Glibenclamide was separated successfully from other components within 14 minutes under the optimum conditions, and the relative peak area of glibenclamide increased linearly with the increase of its concentration within the range of 25 mg/L-275 mg/L. The recovery was (100.6 +/- 1.4)%. The method is simple, rapid and well reproducible, and can be used as a reliable tool for the quality control of Chinese traditional medicine containing glibenclamide. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interleukin-10: actions and therapeutic potential.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by several cell types. Most anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 are caused by its ability to deactivate macrophages and monocytes, whereas its immunosuppressive properties are due to functional inhibition of both antigen-presenting cells and T cells. On the other hand, IL-10 also exerts immunostimulatory effects, especially on B cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. In vivo administration of recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) efficiently prevents experimental septic shock induced by endotoxin, staphylococcal superantigen or cecal ligation and puncture, as well as experimental autoimmune diseases mediated by T helper type 1 (T(H)1) cells and other inflammatory disorders. rIL-10 exerts paradoxical effects in cancer models, where it promotes tumour rejection, probably due to its stimulatory properties on cytotoxic cells. On the other hand, rIL-10 increases the severity of experimental infections caused by fungi or bacteria, and enhances systemic autoimmune features in mice with spontaneous lupus syndrome. Although the therapeutic potential of rIL-10 in human diseases seems promising, the multiple facets of rIL-10 in experimental immunopathology indicate that the success of clinical trials with rIL-10 will depend both on the appropriate selection of the patient populations to be treated and on the early detection of possible adverse effects. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of passive transfer status and vaccination with Escherichia coli (J5) on mortality in comingled dairy calves.
The effect of vaccination with a commercially available R-mutant coliform mastitis vaccine on the survival of comingled dairy calves on a farm with endemic salmonellosis was examined. A total of 864 calves were randomly assigned to either vaccine (n = 435) or control (n = 429) groups. Passive transfer status of each calf was determined using refractometer determination of serum total protein concentration. Logistic models were developed to determine the effects of vaccine group and passive transfer status on calf survival to 100 days of age. In a model in which serum protein concentration was treated as a categorical variable, increasing serum total protein concentrations were associated with decreased mortality until these concentrations exceeded 6.0 g/dL. Calves with serum protein concentrations > 6.0 g/dL had increased risk for mortality compared with calves with serum protein concentrations > 5.5 g/dL but < or = 6.0 g/dL. This increased risk for mortality was supported by the results of a logistic model in which serum protein concentration was treated as a continuous variable. The increased risks associated with high serum protein concentration probably reflect the effect of dehydration in calves with occult disease. Neither model demonstrated any significant association between vaccination status and survival to 100 days of age. Based on these results, the routine immunization of calves cannot be recommended as a strategy to prevent mortality on farms with endemic salmonellosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The epidemiological importance of Vibrio cholerae isolated from different ecological systems].
The analysis of the data on the isolation of V. cholerae from different ecological systems indicates that V. eltor do not constantly inhibit the rivers and sea at the territory under control. Hemolytically active V. cholerae without the vct gene, found to be faintly virulent and avirulent when studied on suckling rabbits used as a model and when evaluated by the complex method, show no tendency towards epidemic spread in the presence of conditions for the realization of the transmission of vibrios by the water route. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dieulafoy's lesion.
We have presented six instances of Dieulafoy's lesion, two of which were diagnosed endoscopically preoperatively. Endoscopic electrocoagulation was used in two instances, one with success, and this may have a place in the treatment of these lesions. Oversewing alone of the lesion seems to be sufficient surgical treatment, if nonoperative measures, such as selective arterial embolization or endoscopic electrocoagulation fail or are unavailable. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sumatriptan in chronic cluster headache: results of continuous treatment for eleven months.
A 32-year-old man received a total of 480 injections of subcutaneous sumatriptan 6 mg for the treatment of acute attacks of chronic cluster headache over an eleven-month period. Over 90% of the attacks resolved within 10 min of treatment (average 6.8 +/- 3.4). As a comparison, the average duration of 61 attacks occurring over the same period, but not treated with sumatriptan, was 56.1 +/- 20.8 min. This difference was highly significant. There was no clinical evidence of tachyphylaxis, and there were no adverse effects. This is the first report of a long-term treatment of cluster headache with sumatriptan. It is concluded that sumatriptan in this case was an effective and well-tolerated treatment for cluster headache. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A review of corneal melting after Boston Keratoprosthesis.
Use of the Boston Keratoprosthesis (B-KPro) has grown significantly, both in the United States and overseas over the course of the last decade. It is the most frequently employed keratoprosthesis for the management of complex corneal blindness. Improving outcomes and reductions in devastating complications such as corneal melting and infection have motivated this increase in use. We review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of corneal melting following B-KPro as well as the advances in B-KPro design and postoperative care that have halted the occurrence of melting. Eyes with autoimmune diseases such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome, and mucous membrane pemphigoid remain particularly vulnerable to corneal melt, leak, and extrusion. The development of new strategies to prevent melting in eyes with autoimmune disease is crucial to improve the outcomes of this group of patients, as they are often those with the most desperate need for visual rehabilitation with a B-KPro. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Two populations with multiple sclerosis. Clinical and demographic characteristics.
Cross-sectional data from 1,793 cases of definite or probable multiple sclerosis (MS) identified in an extensive population survey in King and Pierce (K-P) Counties, Washington and Los Angeles (LA) County, California, were analyzed. Compared to the U.S. population as a whole, patients were more likely to be divorced and to have more years of schooling. The prevalence of MS was higher for females, and for northern-born, regardless of sex. Reconstructed age-, sex-specific incidence rate estimates for natives of the two areas showed a much higher peak annual incidence occurring in an older age group in K-P than in LA. Earliest symptoms in both areas were numbness in the legs, double vision, and loss of vision in one or both eyes. Weakness in arms, speech difficulties, and urinary incontinence tended to be late symptoms. The overall assessment of disability levels showed more than half of the patients to be fully ambulatory at the time of the first interview, with a somewhat higher proportion of each sex severely disabled in California. The ages of onset tended to be younger in LA than in K-P. The earlier onset of disease and the higher proportion of patients with high disability in Los Angeles County suggest that the course of disease is more malignant in this low-prevalence area. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: an atypical presentation.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is an acute febrile encephalopathy usually characterized by disordered mentation, fever, headache, and focal seizures. We have described a patient with HSV encephalitis whose initial illness was manifested solely as a seizure disorder. Consequently, the diagnosis was not made until late in the hospital course. This atypical presentation of HSV encephalitis is emphasized to facilitate recognition of this disorder and to prompt early diagnostic brain biopsy so that appropriate antiviral therapy can be instituted. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mediastinal neurogenic tumours. Early and late results of surgical treatment.
Early and late results of surgery for neurogenic mediastinal tumour were evaluated in 66 cases with a mean follow-up of 12 years. The series comprised 48 neurilemmomas, 8 neurofibromas, 7 ganglioneuromas, and neurinoma, neurofibrosarcoma and ganglioneuroblastoma each in one case. There were two early deaths (3%), one due to peroperative bleeding from the left subclavian artery and the other to acute myocardial infarction. Operative complications arose in 12 cases (18%), the most common being wound infection (3 cases). There were 17 late deaths (26.6%). In the neurilemmoma group, 3 of the 13 late deaths were related to the tumour or its treatment, and both deaths in the neurofibroma group were related to malignant transformation. Recurrence of tumour appeared in 3 of the 48 patients with neurilemmoma and also in the single patient with neurinoma as tumour classification. One neurilemmoma was a dumb-bell tumour, and operation in this case resulted in paraplegia. Malignant transformation appeared in 2 of the 8 neurofibromas 5 and 13 years postoperatively. Because of the risks of malignant degeneration and of recurrence, patients operated on for neurogenic mediastinal tumour should be carefully followed up for many years. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Neural plasticity in response to attention training in anxiety.
Behavioral studies show that attention training can alter threat bias, influence vulnerability to stress and reduce clinical anxiety symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine which cognitive functions of attention processing are modulated by attention training, and how a priori anxiety interacts with the attention training procedure. Specifically, we expected modulation in the P1/N1 event-related potential (ERP) complex if early spatial attention was to be affected by training and modulation in later ERP components (P2, N2, P3) had training affected top-down attentional processes. Thirty anxious and 30 non-anxious adults performed a modified probe detection task. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded throughout for later ERP analyses. Half the participants in each anxiety group were randomly assigned to undergo a training procedure designed to divert their attention away from threat and the other half received placebo training. Anxious participants who were trained to avoid threat showed a linear reduction in response time (RT) to targets replacing neutral faces with the progression of training. This change in RT was not observed among non-anxious participants or among anxious participants who were exposed to placebo training. Following training, the anxious participants who were trained to avoid threat showed a reduction in P2 and P3 mean amplitudes and an enhancement in N2 mean amplitude. Attention training affects anxious participants whereas non-anxious participants seem not to respond to it. The ERP data suggest that attention training modulates top-down processes of attention control rather than processes of early attention orienting. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Paediatric orbital and periorbital infections.
This study is a review of recent literature in the diagnosis and management of preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis and dacryocystitis, including causative organisms, diagnosis and medical or surgical therapy and potential complications. Advances in vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae B have resulted in a shift in the most common causative organisms of preseptal and orbital cellulitis. Management of orbital cellulitis has been advanced by adjuvant corticosteroids, and subperiosteal abscess volumes of more than 1250 ml has been shown as predictive for requiring potential surgical intervention. Periorbital infections require prompt evaluation and management. Although the infectious organisms in both preseptal and orbital cellulitis include Staphylococcus/Streptococcus species, management may differ significantly on the basis of the nidus of infection, presenting signs and symptoms, and response to initial medical management. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Partitioning and Accumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Model Lipid Bilayers and Bacteria.
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants, yet knowledge of their biological effects and mechanisms of action is limited. The highest aqueous PFAS concentrations are found in areas where bacteria are relied upon for functions such as nutrient cycling and contaminant degradation, including fire-training areas, wastewater treatment plants, and landfill leachates. This research sought to elucidate one of the mechanisms of action of PFAS by studying their uptake by bacteria and partitioning into model phospholipid bilayer membranes. PFAS partitioned into bacteria as well as model membranes (phospholipid liposomes and bilayers). The extent of incorporation into model membranes and bacteria was positively correlated to the number of fluorinated carbons. Furthermore, incorporation was greater for perfluorinated sulfonates than for perfluorinated carboxylates. Changes in zeta potential were observed in liposomes but not bacteria, consistent with PFAS being incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer membrane. Complementary to these results, PFAS were also found to alter the gel-to-fluid phase transition temperature of phospholipid bilayers, demonstrating that PFAS affected lateral phospholipid interactions. This investigation compliments other studies showing that sulfonated PFAS and PFAS with more than seven fluorinated carbons have a higher potential to accumulate within biota than carboxylated and shorter-chain PFAS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Unexpected case of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema: primary or secondary aetiology?
A 77-year-old man was admitted with a relapse of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis with pulmonary involvement and acute kidney injury. There was a background of pulmonary fibrosis (non-specific interstitial pneumonia type pattern) and superadded pulmonary haemorrhage, acute pulmonary oedema and sepsis. The patient was intubated for 4 days and remained dependent on high flow oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure after extubation. A chest radiograph performed 2 weeks after extubation demonstrated unexpected, extensive pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. This was confirmed on CT which raised the possibility of a tracheal defect at the level of the prior endotracheal tube cuff position. Tracheal injury was considered clinically unlikely due to the considerable interval since extubation and a short, uneventful intubation period. The cardiothoracic team recommended a diagnostic bronchoscopy but this was felt too high risk by the clinical team. The cause of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema remained indeterminate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of macular edema on optical coherence tomography signal strength.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of macular edema (ME) on Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Stratus OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) signal strength (SS). Part 1: Macular OCT was performed in 57 eyes with ME, at 2 different time points with different degrees of ME. The relationships between SS change and change in center point thickness and total macular volume in two scans were examined. Part 2: In 54 eyes with ME, Stratus OCT examinations with macular thickness mapping and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis protocols were performed. The paired values of SS obtained with two scan protocols were compared. The relationship between SS difference between two test protocols with center point thickness and total macular volume was evaluated. Part 1: There was a significant correlation between SS change and the change in center point thickness and total macular volume in 2 consecutive scans. Part 2: Maximum SS obtained during macular OCT examination was significantly less than that obtained during retinal nerve fiber layer OCT. Significant correlations were observed between the difference in SS obtained in two scan protocols and center point thickness as well as total macular volume. Macular edema decreases macular OCT SS. In patients with ME, SS obtained during macular OCT examination was significantly lower than that obtained during retinal nerve fiber layer OCT examination. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intra-articular Injection of Chloramphenicol Reduces Articular Cartilage Degeneration in a Rabbit Model of Osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage. Studies have found that enhancement of autophagy, an intracellular catabolic process, may limit the pathologic progression of OA. Chloramphenicol is a potent activator of autophagy; however, the effects of chloramphenicol on articular cartilage are unknown. Using human OA knee chondrocytes in vitro, we asked, does chloramphenicol (1) activate autophagy in chondrocytes; (2) protect chondrocytes from IL-1β-induced apoptosis; and (3) reduce the expression of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-13 and IL-6 (markers associated with articular cartilage degradation and joint inflammation). Using an in vivo rabbit model of OA, we asked, does an intra-articular injection of chloramphenicol in the knee (4) induce autophagy; (5) reduce OA severity; and (6) reduce MMP-13 expression? Human chondrocytes were extracted from 10 men with OA undergoing TKA. After treatment with 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, or 100μg/mL chloramphenicol, the autophagy of chondrocytes was detected with Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, or an autophagy detection kit. There were four groups in our study: one group was untreated, one was treated with 100 μg/mL chloramphenicol, another was treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-1β, and the final group was treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-1β and 100 μg/mL of chloramphenicol. All groups were treated for 48 hours; cell apoptosis was detected with Western blotting and flow cytometry. Inflammation marker IL-6 in the cell culture supernatant was detected with an ELISA. Articular cartilage degradation-related enzyme MMP-13 was analyzed with Western blotting. A rabbit model of OA was induced by intra-articular injection of type II collagenase in 20 male 3-month-old New Zealand White rabbits' right hind leg knees; the left hind leg knees served as controls. Rabbits were treated by intra-articular injection of saline or chloramphenicol once a week for 8 weeks. Autophagy of the articular cartilage was detected with Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy. Degeneration of articular cartilage was analyzed with Safranin O-fast green staining and the semi-quantitative index Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system. Degeneration of articular cartilage was evaluated using the OARSI grading system. The expression of MMP-13 in articular cartilage was detected with immunohistochemistry. Chloramphenicol activated autophagy in vitro in the chondrocytes of humans with OA and in an in vivo rabbit model of OA. Chloramphenicol inhibited IL-1-induced apoptosis (flow cytometry results with chloramphenicol, 25.33 ± 3.51%, and without chloramphenicol, 44.00 ± 3.61%, mean difference, 18.67% [95% CI 10.60 to 26.73]; p = 0.003) and the production of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 (ELISA results, with chloramphenicol, 720.00 ± 96.44 pg/mL, without chloramphenicol, 966.67 ± 85.05 pg/mL; mean difference 74.24 pg/mL [95% CI 39.28 to 454.06]; p = 0.029) in chondrocytes. After chloramphenicol treatment, the severity of cartilage degradation was reduced in the treatment group (OARSI 6.80 ± 2.71) compared with the control group (12.30 ± 2.77), (mean difference 5.50 [95% CI 1.50 to 9.50]; p = 0.013). Furthermore, chloramphenicol treatment also decreased the production of MMP-13 in vitro and in vivo. Chloramphenicol reduced the severity of cartilage degradation in a type II collagen-induced rabbit model of OA, which may be related to induction of autophagy and inhibition of MMP-13 and IL-6. Our study suggests that an intra-articular injection of chloramphenicol may reduce degeneration of articular cartilage and that induction of autophagy may be a method for treating OA. The animal model we used was type II collagen-induced OA, which was different from idiopathic OA and post-traumatic OA. Therefore, we need to use other types of OA models (idiopathic OA or a surgically induced OA model) to further verify its effect, and the side effects of chloramphenicol also need to be considered, such as myelosuppression. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Gender difference in skin reactivity to purified protein derivative among carriers of HTLV-I in Japan.
The incidence of malignancies due to oncogenic virus infections tends to be higher in men than in women. Gender-related differences in cell-mediated immunity, which plays a role in viral pathogenesis, may explain this observation. To explore this possibility in the context of HTLV-I infection, we examined skin reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) among 128 residents of an HTLV-I endemic area in Japan, who were born before 1921 and are assumed to have been exposed to M. tuberculosis bacilli. The odds ratio (OR) for reduced PPD reactivity (erythema <10 mm in diameter) was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Men were significantly less likely than women to have reduced PPD reactivity among HTLV-I-negative individuals (26% versus 59%; p < .01); whereas this gender difference was not apparent among HTLV-I carriers (63% versus 62%; p = .87). HTLV-I positivity was strongly associated with reduced PPD reactivity in men, but not in women (odds ratio [OR], 7.3 versus 1.2; p = .05). Although this observation may be due, in part, to a longer average duration of HTLV-I infection in men compared with women, the finding also raises the possibility that men may be inherently more susceptible to loss of PPD reactivity by HTLV-I infection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In vitro characteristics of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis of nonhuman primate origin.
Six strains of serotypes 1 or 2 of Y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated from dead squirrel monkeys, a cotton-top tamarin and a marmoset hybrid. All strains harboured a 71.6 kb plasmid, all were totally oxacillin-resistant and partially resistant to cephalosporins. Biochemically, serotypes 1 and 2 differed from each other in their beta-galactosidase production in a nonfermenter system, whereas the lack of rhamnose, maltose, salicin and trehalose fermentation seemed to be attributable to technical causes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stat3 beta inhibits gamma-globin gene expression in erythroid cells.
We demonstrated previously gamma-globin gene inhibition in K562 cells and primary erythroid progenitors treated with interleukin-6. Although several cis-acting elements have been identified in the globin promoters, the precise mechanism for cytokine-mediated globin gene regulation remains to be elucidated. In this report we demonstrate inhibitors of Stat3 phosphorylation abrogate interleukin-6-mediated gamma gene silencing in erythroid cells. DNA-protein binding studies established Stat3 interaction in the 5'-untranslated gamma-globin promoter region. Furthermore, co-transfection experiments with Stat3 beta demonstrate gamma promoter inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner, which was significantly reversed when the cognate Stat3-binding site in the 5'-untranslated region was mutated. These studies establish a novel mechanism for gamma gene silencing through the STAT signal transduction pathway. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A novel silent beta-thalassemia mutation in the distal CACCC box affects the binding and responsiveness to EKLF.
The silent beta-thalassemia mutation, beta(+)-101C-->T, is the only mutation currently described in the distal beta-globin CACCC box. We present a novel mutation, a C-->G transversion, in the same position. Expression analysis in heterozygous subjects demonstrated that the mutation determines a 20% reduction in the output of the beta-globin gene. DNA-protein interaction and transactivation analysis correlated the decrease in the beta-globin synthesis with the reduced binding and transactivation of EKLF to the mutant promoter. These data predict that the beta-101C-->G mutation will display a silent thalassemia phenotype similar to that of the beta-101C-->T mutation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cloning and expression of an endo-1,6-beta-D-glucanase gene (neg1) from Neurospora crassa.
A gene (neg1) encoding an endo-1,6-beta-D-glucanase from Neurospora crassa was cloned. The putative neg1 was 1443-bp long and encoded a mature endo-1,6-beta-D-glucanase protein of 463 amino acids and signal peptide of 17 amino acids. The purified recombinant protein (Neg1) obtained from Escherichia coli showed 1,6-beta-D-glucanase activity. No genes similar in sequence were found in yeasts and fungi. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Toxic dermatitis and pseudo-contact allergy].
A contact dermatitis is more often due to skin irritation than to allergic reactions. About 80% of occupational dermatoses are explicable as toxic reactions of the skin, 20% as allergic reactions. Frequency and severity of the diseases depends on the nature and concentration of a substance as well as from the duration of its action on the skin. Defense mechanisms against chemicals are influenced by sebum content, humidity and the integrity of the horny layer. From a practical standpoint it is important to differentiate toxic from allergic reactions in a patch-test. It seems that allergic reactions are diagnosed too often. The determination of the critical non-toxic concentration requires the evaluation of a sufficient number of patients. The differentiation of irritation and allergy is tendered more difficult by individual factors. The therapy of toxic and allergic contact dermatitis is discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Albinism: classification, clinical characteristics, and recent findings.
To describe the clinical characteristics and recent findings in the heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of melanin biosynthesis grouped as "albinism." The current classification of albinism, and the cutaneous, ocular, and central nervous system characteristics are presented. Recent clinical findings are summarized. Albinism is now classified based on genes known to be responsible for albinism. Foveal hypoplasia is invariably present and individuals with albinism often have delayed visual development, reduced vision, nystagmus, a positive angle kappa, strabismus, iris transillumination, and absent or reduced melanin pigment in the fundi. A visual-evoked potential can document the excessive retinostriate decussation seen in albinism. Grating acuity can be used to document delayed visual development in preverbal children. Glasses are often needed to improve visual acuity and binocular alignment. Albinism is caused by several different genes. Heterogeneity in clinical phenotype indicates that expressivity is variable. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dual-energy CT: general principles.
In dual-energy CT (DECT), two CT datasets are acquired with different x-ray spectra. These spectra are generated using different tube potentials, partially also with additional filtration at 140 kVp. Spectral information can also be resolved by layer detectors or quantum-counting detectors. Several technical approaches-that is, sequential acquisition, rapid voltage switching, dual-source CT (DSCT), layer detector, quantum-counting detector-offer different spectral contrast and dose efficiency. Various postprocessing algorithms readily provide clinically relevant spectral information. DECT offers the possibility to exploit spectral information for diagnostic purposes. There are different technical approaches, all of which have inherent advantages and disadvantages, especially regarding spectral contrast and dose efficiency. There are numerous clinical applications of DECT that are easily accessible with specific postprocessing algorithms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Breaking the cycle of medication overuse headache.
When patients who have frequent, disabling migraines take medications to relieve their symptoms, they run the risk that the attacks will increase in frequency to daily or near-daily as a rebound effect comes into play. This pattern, called medication overuse headache, is more likely to happen with butalbital and opioids than with migraine-specific drugs, as partial responses lead to recurrence, repeat dosing, and, eventually, overuse. Breaking the cycle involves weaning the patient from the overused medications, setting up a preventive regimen, and setting strict limits on the use of medications to relieve acute symptoms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Structure-related inhibiting activity of some tobacco cembranoids on the prostaglandin synthesis in vitro.
Structure-related inhibitory effects on the prostaglandin synthesis in vitro have been detected among eight diterpenoids of the cembrane class (1-8). The 4,6-diols 1 and 2 are the most active of the cembranoids studied with IC50 values of 0.36 and 0.39 mM, respectively, as compared with an IC50 value of 1.4 for acetylsalicylic acid. Lower activities are found for cembranoids having undergone oxidation of/at the 11,12 double bond (5-8), while the 4-hydroxy-6-oxocembranoids 3 and 4 exhibit effects lower than those of 1 and 2 but higher than those of 5-8. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
An ultrastructural study of multifidus muscle in progressive idiopathic scoliosis. Changes resulting from a sarcolemmal defect at the myotendinous junction.
Biopsies of multifidus muscles were procured from patients with idiopathic scoliosis prior to Harrington rod instrumentation. Specimens from both convex and concave sides at the apex of the curve were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with normal muscle samples. Abnormalities were detected on the concave aspect of the curve and the most dramatic morphological changes were noted at the myotendinous junction. Here a structural defect in the form of discontinuities in the sarcolemmal membranes of some muscle fibres was accompanied by large numbers of intimately-adhering connective tissue cells. Structural disorganization of the associated tendon occurred in conjunction with increased vascularization and with fatty cell and leukocyte infiltration. Further from the myotendon junction, structural lesions appeared more chronic and non-specific subsequent to the incipient sarcolemmal break in the affected muscle fibres. Hypertrophy, atrophy, centralization of nuclei, and disruption of sarcotubular and myofibrillar elements were noted in some muscle cells. While the aetiology of this disorder is unknown, a supposition is made that the primary change is an inherent weakness and subsequent break in the sarcolemma at the myotendon junction. This site is an important clue to the pathogenesis of this disease since it reflects morphological change in rapidly growing tissue occurring at the time of the rapid adolescent growth spurt leading to progression of the scoliotic curve. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ultrastructure of picosecond laser intrastromal photodisruption.
To investigate the ultrastructure of the corneal stroma after picosecond intrastromal photodisruption with a neodymium-doped yttrium-lithium-fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser. We performed picosecond intrastromal photodisruption on six human eye-bank eyes using a lamellar technique. Thirty picosecond pulses at 1000 Hz and 20 to 25 mJ per pulse were placed in an expanding spiral pattern, the pulses separated by 15 microns. Three layers were placed in the anterior stroma, separated from each other by 15 microns. In addition, intrastromal radial and arcuate incisions were generated in two living rabbit eyes in a plane perpendicular to the corneal surface. After the procedure, the corneas were processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of the eye-bank eyes demonstrated multiple, coalescing intrastromal cavities forming a layer oriented parallel to the corneal surface. These cavities had smooth inner walls. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated tissue loss surrounding some cavities, with the terminated ends of collagen fibrils clearly evident. Other cavities were formed by separation of lamellae, with little evidence of tissue loss. A pseudomembrane was present along the margin of some cavities. Although there was occasional underlying tissue disruption along the border of a cavity, there was no evidence of thermal damage or tissue necrosis. The perpendicular photodisruptions demonstrated intrastromal cleavage of corneal collagen similar to diamond-knife incisions, with the exception of intact overlying Bowman's and epithelial layers. Intrastromal photodisruption with a Nd:YLF picosecond laser induced no thermal necrosis or coagulative change in the region of tissue interaction. Lamellar intrastromal photodisruption demonstrated both tissue loss and lamellar separation when performed with the current treatment parameters, possibly limiting ablation efficiency and predictability. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Association of a DNA polymorphism of the apolipoprotein A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster with hypertriglyceridemia in obese people.
Hypertriglyceridemia is frequently associated with obesity. In the general Caucasian population, an association of the uncommon S2 allele of a DNA polymorphism of the apolipoprotein (apo) A-I/C-III/A-IV gene cluster with hypertriglyceridemia has been reported. To assess the risk of hypertriglyceridemia associated with the S2 allele in obesity, lipid status and apo A-I/C-III/A-IV genotypes were studied in 90 unrelated Caucasian obese subjects. Age, body mass index, percentage body fat and waist-hip ratio were comparable between genotypes. The frequency of S1/S2 genotype was 35% in the hypertriglyceridemic group versus 11.4% in the normotriglyceridemic group (P < 0.05). The odds ratio of hypertriglyceridemia was 3.7 for obese subjects with the S2 allele and 26.7% of hypertriglyceridemias could be attributed to the S2 allele. Women with the S1/S2 genotype had also significantly higher VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. These results suggest that the S2 allele modulates the effects of obesity on lipoproteins and increases the risk of hypertriglyceridemia when obese. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Plant growth regulator (4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid) increases apoptosis in gonads of rats without changing hormonal levels.
Plant growth regulators are considered to leave minimal amounts of remnants and therefore cause no significant side effects in humans. In this study, we aimed to investigate the hormonal and histopathological effects of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA), a commonly used plant growth regulator, on the gonadal functions of rats. The study was implemented on 64 Wistar albino rats (20 days old). Forty-eight rats received 4-CPA every day until 50 days of age. The rats were randomized into 4 groups (a control group and three 4-CPA groups with doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day); each group was further divided into males and females, making a total of 8 groups. The levels of FSH, LH, testosterone, estradiol, leptin, inhibin-B and neuropeptide-Y were measured. Histopathological examination of the testes and ductus deferens in male rats, and ovaries and uterus of female rats (caspase-3 and -9 immunoreactivity) was performed. Although hormone levels were similar between the groups, rats that received 4-CPA showed significantly higher degrees of apoptosis compared to the control group (p < 0.001) and increased doses of 4-CPA were directly correlated with the amount of apoptosis (p < 0.001). 4-CPA induced apoptosis in the gonads of rats without concurrent changes in plasma hormone levels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Monitoring apoptosis in real time.
Many therapeutically active anticancer treatments exert their effect by the induction of apoptosis and necrosis. Serial biopsies in breast cancer patients have suggested that response to therapy correlates with early posttreatment increases in tumor apoptotic index. Radiolabeled technetium Tc 99m-recombinant human (rh) annexin V provides a noninvasive technique for imaging treatment-induced cell death. Annexin V is a naturally occurring human protein that binds avidly to membrane-associated phosphatidylserine (PS). PS is normally found only on the inner leaflet of the cell membrane double layer, but it is actively transported to the outer layer as an early event in apoptosis and becomes available for annexin binding. Annexin also gains access to PS as a result of the membrane fragmentation associated with necrosis. In vitro studies of apoptosis using fluorescein annexin have shown good correlation with assessments of apoptosis documented by nuclear DNA degradation and caspase activation. In vivo localization of intravenously administered Tc 99m-annexin V has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical models of apoptosis, including anti-Fas-mediated hepatic apoptosis, rejection of allogeneic heterotopic cardiac allografts, cyclophosphamide treatment of murine lymphoma, cyclophosphamide-induced apoptosis in bone marrow, and leukocyte apoptosis associated with abscess formation. Scintigraphic studies in humans using Tc 99m-rh annexin V have demonstrated the feasibility of imaging cell death in acute myocardial infarction, in tumors with a high apoptotic index, and in response to anti-tumor chemotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Increased localization of Tc 99m-rh annexin V within 1 to 3 days of chemotherapy has been noted in some, but not all, subjects with these tumors. To date, most subjects showing increased Tc 99m-rh annexin V uptake after the first course of chemotherapy have shown objective clinical responses. A single site study in 15 subjects with 1-year follow-up has suggested that increased posttreatment Tc 99m-rh annexin uptake is associated with improved time to progression of disease and survival time. In vivo imaging of cell death may have the potential to improve the treatment of cancer patients by allowing rapid, objective, patient-by-patient assessment of the efficacy of tumor cell killing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Permeation and metabolism of Alternaria mycotoxins with perylene quinone structure in cultured Caco-2 cells.
The absorption of four Alternaria toxins with perylene quinone structures, i.e. altertoxin (ATX) I and II, alteichin (ALTCH) and stemphyltoxin (STTX) III, has been determined in the Caco-2 cell Transwell system, which represents a widely accepted in vitro model for human intestinal absorption and metabolism. The cells were incubated with the four mycotoxins on the apical side, and the concentration of the toxins in the incubation media of both chambers and in the cell lysate were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) analysis. ATX I and ALTCH were not metabolised in Caco-2 cells, but ATX II and STTX III were partly biotransformed by reductive de-epoxidation to the metabolites ATX I and ALTCH, respectively. Based on the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp), the following ranking order for the permeation into the basolateral compartment was obtained: ATX I > ALTCH >> ATX II > STTX III. Total recovery of the four toxins decreased in the same order. It is assumed that the losses of STTX III, ATX II and ALTCH in Caco-2 cells are caused by covalent binding to cell components due to the epoxide group and/or the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group present in these toxins. We conclude from this study that ATX I and ALTCH are well absorbed from the intestinal lumen into the portal blood in vivo. For ATX II and STTX III, intestinal absorption of the parent toxins is very low, but these toxins are partly metabolised to ATX I and ALTCH, respectively, in the intestinal epithelium and absorbed as such. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Membranous bronchiole diseases in patients without chronic air-flow limitation].
In order to investigate the relationship between pulmonary function and diseases involving membranous bronchioles (MB), we measured airway diameters and quantitated airway pathology scores in MB in 35 patients who required surgery for removal of a solitary nodule. The patients had FEV1 greater than 80% of the predicted value. Measurements of FEV1, nitrogen washout curve (delta N2/L), closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity (CV/VC%), and maximal flow rate at 50% of VC (V50) were made prior to the surgery. There were 21 smokers and 14 nonsmokers. There was 1.02 MB per cm2 of tissue. The mean internal diameter for MB cases was 0.55 +/- 0.05 mm. The total pathology scores for all MB cases were less than those found in North American populations. Inflammation scores were higher in patients with FEV1 less than 100% that of the predicted (p less than 0.05). FEV1 values correlated with goblet cell metaplasia (p less than 0.05). Tests specific for small airways did not correlate with the pathology scores in MB. We concluded. In 35 Japanese cases some diseases in MB were detected among cases whose average age was 59.5 years (42-78 yrs) and whose FEV1 was greater than 80% of the predicted value. The disease showed little effects of smoking and it was relatively minor in comparison with North American cases. This degree of abnormality is considered to be found in normal Japanese as well. It is supposed that an ordinary pulmonary function test would not reveal this abnormality in MB. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Syntheses, crystal structures and properties of novel copper(II) complexes obtained by reactions of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate with tripodal ligands.
Three novel metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), [Cu(1)SO4].H2O (4), [Cu2(2)2(SO4)2].4H2O (5) and [Cu(3)(H2O)]SO4.5.5H2O (6), were obtained by hydrothermal reactions of CuSO4.5H2O with the corresponding ligands, which have different flexibility. The structures of the synthesized complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Complex 4 has a 2D network structure with two types of metallacycles. Complex 5 also has a 2D network structure in which each independent 2D sheet contains two sub-layers bridged by oxygen atoms of the sulfate anions. Complex 6 has a 2D puckered structure in which the sulfate anions serve as counter anions, which are different from those in complexes 4 (terminators) and 5 (bridges). The different structures of complexes 4, 5 and 6 indicate that the nature of organic ligands affected the structures of the assemblies greatly. The magnetic behavior of complex 5 and anion-exchange properties of complex 6 were investigated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Regional hyperthermic fibrinolytic perfusion after unsuccessful venous thrombectomy of extensive deep venous thrombosis.
Because of the dose-dependent increase in bleeding complications, the intraoperative administration of fibrinolytic agents is limited. This limitation impairs the efficacy of fibrinolytic therapy because low-dose fibrinolysis often fails in the treatment of complex deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intraoperative high-dose fibrinolytic therapy for extended DVT, which was performed with the regional hyperthermic fibrinolytic perfusion (RHFP) technique. From January 1993 to June 2001, in 53 patients with extended DVT, unsuccessful venous thrombectomy (recanalization, <50%) was followed by RHFP with 0.5 mg/kg of body weight of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The extent of thrombosis was documented before, during (after the surgical thrombectomy), and after (between postoperative days 2 and 5) surgery with phlebography and was quantified with the Marder score. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded prospectively. After RHFP, a recanalization was achieved in 64 of 146 venous segments (43.8%) that were still occluded despite thrombectomy. Eighty-two segments (56.2%) remained occluded. Compared with the preoperative phlebography, 32 patients (60.3%) had a successful recanalization (>50%). Eleven patients (20.8%) showed minimal and 10 patients (18.9%) no recanalization. No lethal complications occurred. One patient (1.9%) had pulmonary embolism develop, and two patients (3.8%) had bleeding complications develop. With the intraoperative use of hyperthermia-assisted high-dose fibrinolysis, improvement of the results of mechanical thrombectomy of extended DVT was possible. The RHFP protected against systemic side effects of the fibrinolysis and show a high safety of application. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spontaneously released Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles as vaccine platform: production and purification.
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoparticles produced by Gram-negative bacteria that can be used as vaccines. The application of OMVs as vaccine component can be expanded by expressing heterologous antigens on OMVs, creating an OMV-based antigen presenting platform. This study aims to develop a production process for such OMV-based vaccines and studies a production method based on meningococcal OMVs that express heterologous antigens on their surface. As a proof of concept, the Borrelia burgdorferi antigens OspA and OspC were expressed on Neisseria meningitidis OMVs to create a concept anti-Lyme disease vaccine. Production of OMVs released in the culture supernatant was induced by high dissolved oxygen concentrations and purification was based on scalable unit operations. A crude recovery of 90 mg OMV protein could be obtained per liter culture. Expressing heterologous antigens on the OMVs did result in minor reduction of bacterial growth, while OMV production remained constant. The antigen expression did not alter the OMV characteristics. This study shows that production of well characterized OMVs containing heterologous antigens is possible with high yields by combining high oxygen concentrations with an optimized purification process. It is concluded that heterologous OMVs show potential as a vaccine platform. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
LunHab: interactive effects of a 10 day sustained exposure to hypoxia and bedrest on aerobic exercise capacity in male lowlanders.
What is the central question of this study? What are the distinct and interactive effects of a 10 day exposure to hypoxia and horizontal bedrest on the whole-body peak oxygen uptake and on the regional cerebral and skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation during upright cycle ergometry in male lowlanders? What is the main finding and its importance? A 10 day sustained exposure to hypoxia aggravates the bedrest-induced reduction in peak oxygen uptake during dynamic exercise engaging large muscle groups, but mitigates the skeletal muscle oxidative capacity impairment elicited by bedrest. The study examined the interactive effects of a 10 day exposure to hypoxia and bedrest on the whole-body peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak ) during maximal exercise and on skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation during submaximal exercise. Nine males underwent three 10 day confinements, in a Latin-square order, as follows: (i) a normoxic bedrest [NBR; partial pressure of inspired O2 (PI,O2) = 134.2 ± 0.7 mmHg]; (ii) a hypoxic bedrest (HBR; PI,O2 = 102.9 ± 0.1 mmHg at day 1, 91.5 ± 1.2 mmHg at days 3-10); and (iii) a hypoxic ambulation (HAMB; PI,O2 as in HBR). Before, 1 (R+1) and 3 days (R+3) after each confinement, subjects performed exhaustive, incremental-load and moderate-intensity constant-load (CLTs) cycle-ergometry trials, while breathing either room air or a hypoxic gas mixture. During the CLTs, changes in the regional oxygenation of the cerebral frontal cortex and the vastus lateralis and intercostal muscles were monitored with near-infrared spectroscopy. At R+1, the confinement-related impairment in V̇O2 peak was greater after HBR than after NBR or HAMB, regardless of whether the trial was performed in room air or hypoxia (HBR, -16.2%; NBR, -8.3%; HAMB, -4.1%; P = 0.001). During the CLTs, bedrest aggravated the exercise-induced reduction in locomotor and respiratory muscle oxygenation (P ≤ 0.05); an effect that was less after HBR than after NBR (P ≤ 0.05). The hypoxic exercise-induced cerebral vasodilatory response was blunted by HBR, probably because of the marked hyperventilation-dependent hypocapnia, attendant to the sustained hypoxic stimulus. Hence, short-term exposure to hypoxia potentiates the reduction in V̇O2 peak , but it mitigates the impairment in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity induced by bedrest. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Biomechanics of cell rolling: shear flow, cell-surface adhesion, and cell deformability.
The mechanics of leukocyte (white blood cell; WBC) deformation and adhesion to endothelial cells (EC) has been investigated using a novel in vitro side-view flow assay. HL-60 cell rolling adhesion to surface-immobilized P-selectin was used to model the WBC-EC adhesion process. Changes in flow shear stress, cell deformability, or substrate ligand strength resulted in significant changes in the characteristic adhesion binding time, cell-surface contact and cell rolling velocity. A 2-D model indicated that cell-substrate contact area under a high wall shear stress (20 dyn/cm2) could be nearly twice of that under a low stress (0.5 dyn/cm2) due to shear flow-induced cell deformation. An increase in contact area resulted in more energy dissipation to both adhesion bonds and viscous cytoplasm, whereas the fluid energy that inputs to a cell decreased due to a flattened cell shape. The model also predicted a plateau of WBC rolling velocity as flow shear stresses further increased. Both experimental and computational studies have described how WBC deformation influences the WBC-EC adhesion process in shear flow. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Phylogenetic analysis of Aspergillus section Circumdati based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions and the 5.8 S rRNA gene.
Phenotypic features and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8 S rRNA gene of type or neotype strains and other isolates of the 17 species currently assigned to Aspergillus section Circumdati and some potentially related species were analyzed. Parsimony analysis of sequence data indicated that Aspergillus section Circumdati is paraphyletic. Aspergillus campestris, A. lanosus, and A. dimorphicus with A. sepultus were found to be more closely related to Aspergillus sections Candidi, Flavi, and Cremei, respectively. These results were also supported by phenotypic data. A. robustus and A. ochraceoroseus were found not to be related to any of the species examined. Species of the proposed revised Aspergillus section Circumdati formed two main clades, which could also be distinguished based on phenotypic methods. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data of other isolates assigned to species of the revised section indicates that either some of these isolates were misidentified or species concepts of A. ochraceus, A. melleus, and A. petrakii should be reconsidered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prostate rebiopsy is a poor surrogate of treatment efficacy in localized prostate cancer.
Many investigators use prostate rebiopsy as an indicator of treatment efficacy and tumor response of localized prostate cancer for therapies in which the gland remains in situ. Because of the inherent sampling error of needle directed biopsies, however, some men will have a false-negative rebiopsy even if they have had no therapy or if the therapeutic intervention was unsuccessful in eradicating the malignancy. We evaluate the risk of a false-negative biopsy and the clinical factors that influence this risk. A total of 90 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease underwent sextant biopsy of the prostate immediately after removal of the gland. Data collected included prostate specific antigen (PSA), hormonal status, age and biopsy core status. Of the total study population 67.8% received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. While all patients had pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma within the prostatectomy specimen, 45.6% demonstrated a false-negative rebiopsy. Within a combined predictive model, PSA and hormonal status demonstrated a statistically significant effect on the false-negative rebiopsy rate. Predictive power of this combined model was high across the spectrum of risk for a false-negative rebiopsy. This series demonstrates that the risk of a false-negative sextant biopsy in the presence of documented prostate cancer is high and is affected by several factors, including PSA and hormonal status. These data suggest that prostate sextant rebiopsy is an inaccurate method of assessing the therapeutic efficacy of treatments for carcinoma of the prostate in which the gland remains in situ following therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Physiopathological and clinical aspects].
On the basis of the data expressed in the world medical literature the Authors examine the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation, discussing the etiopathogenetic motives, the most significant physiopathologic aspects and the diagnostic-differential and therapeutic problems. They conclude pointing out the necessity of including the eventuality of D.I.C. among the diagnostic possibilities, in as much as the early identification of the syndrome and an adequate therapeutic treatment, employed at the right time, can consent, in not few cases, to save the patient's life. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The transcription analysis of duck enteritis virus UL49.5 gene using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR.
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) UL49.5 encoding glycoprotein N was a conserved gene. The transcription dynamic process of UL49.5 homologous genes in herpesviruses was reported. However, the transcription dynamic process of DEV UL49.5 gene has not yet been established. In this study, a real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (real-time qRT-PCR) assay was established to test the transcription dynamic process of DEV UL49.5 gene, and the recombinant plasmid pUCm-T/UL49.5 was constructed as the standard DNA. The samples prepared from DEV-infected (at different time points) and uninfected cell were detected and calculated. The results demonstrated that the real-time qRT-PCR assay was successfully established. The transcription product of DEV UL49.5 gene was first detected at 0.5 h post infection (p.i.), increased at 8 h p.i. and reached a peak at 60 h p.i. Our results illustrated that DEV UL49.5 gene could be regarded as a late gene. The transcription dynamic process of DEV UL49.5 gene may provide a significant clue for further studies of DEV UL49.5 gene. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A descriptive study of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in a pediatric population from central and southern Italy.
Non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis is now identified more often than in the past. It was the aim of this study to assess the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) localization and extent of bronchiectasis and to determine whether asthma status, atopy and bronchiectasis distribution are associated with the etiology of bronchiectasis. We retrospectively analyzed clinical, laboratory, functional and HRCT data of 105 children with non-CF bronchiectasis at 2 tertiary respiratory units in Italy. Forty cases had bronchiectasis associated with ongoing underlying conditions, namely primary ciliary dyskinesia, primary immunodeficiency or aspiration. Age at the onset of chronic cough/wheeze and at the first X-ray-documented pneumonia as well as atopy prevalence were lower in patients with ongoing underlying conditions than in those without (p = 0.049, p = 0.003 and p = 0.0008, respectively). In most cases, bronchiectasis was multilobar, and a mean of 2.5 lobes were involved. The right side was more often involved than the left (88 vs. 70%; p = 0.002), and the upper lobes were relatively spared (p < 0.000001). Right lung involvement and multilobar disease were more prevalent in children younger than 2 years at first pneumonia (p < 0.05). Clinical information combined with laboratory data provides additional insights into the characteristics of non-CF bronchiectasis in a large population of Italian children. This study highlights the need for longitudinal evaluations, also using HRCT, of severe and non-resolving pneumonia in children. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Alterations in rat striatal glutamate synapses following a lesion of the cortico- and/or nigrostriatal pathway.
Ultrastructural changes within the ipsilateral dorsolateral striatum were investigated 1 month following a unilateral ablation of the rat frontal cortex (CTX), removing corticostriatal input, or injection of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into the substantia nigra pars compacta, removing nigrostriatal input. In addition, a combined ipsilateral cortical and 6-OHDA lesion (CTX/6-OHDA) was carried out. We find that following a CTX, 6-OHDA, or CTX/6-OHDA lesion, there was a significant decrease in the density of striatal nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity compared to the control group. There was also a significant increase in all three lesion groups in the mean percentage of asymmetrical synapses associated with a perforated postsynaptic density. There was a large increase within the CTX/6-OHDA-lesioned group and a smaller but still significant increase in the CTX-lesioned group in the percentage of terminals or boutons with multiple synaptic contacts (i.e., multiple synaptic boutons, MSBs), compared to either the 6-OHDA or the control group. There was no change in any of these measurements within the contralateral striatum. There was a significant decrease in the number of apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations in the CTX/6-OHDA versus the 6-OHDA-lesioned group. Animals receiving just the single CTX or 6-OHDA lesion recovered in motor function compared to the control group as measured by the Rotorod test, while the CTX/6-ODA-lesioned group recovered to less than 50% of the control level. The data suggest that following a CTX and/or 6-OHDA lesion, there is an increase in striatal glutamatergic function. The large increase in the percentage of MSBs in the combined lesion group suggests that dopamine or other factors released by the dopamine terminals assist in regulating synapse formation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Selective separation of cinnamic and p-methoxycinnamic acids. The study on reactive extraction from mixture].
Cinnamic and p-methoxycinnamic acids have been separated from their mixture by reactive extraction with Amberlite LA-2 dissolved in n-heptane. The efficiency and the selectivity of their separation is controlled by the pH-value and extractant concentration, the optimum conditions being the pH-value of aqueous phase of 2 and the extractant concentration into the organic phase of 10 g/l. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Long-term effects of UV light on contractility of rat arteries in vivo.
Several studies have shown that UV irradiation may be effective for preventing vascular restenosis or vasopasm. However, the long-term effects of UV light on the physiological properties of vessels such as arterial tension have not been elucidated. We therefore studied the long-term effects of UV using rat carotid arteries treated with UV-B light (wavelength = 313 nm, total energy = 14 mJ/mm2). The animals were sacrificed at 1, 7 and 14 days after UV light exposure, and the carotid arteries were studied by light microscopy and the contractile responses of isolated arterial rings were recorded under isometric tension. UV treatment had induced a substantial loss of smooth muscle cells (SMC) along the entire circumference of the media on days 7 and 14, whereas loss of SMC on day 1 was negligible. Contractile responses of arteries that had been exposed to UV light were significantly reduced on days, 1, 7 and 14. The susceptibility of UV-treated arteries to phenylephrine and prostaglandin F2 alpha was significantly decreased on days 1 and 7, but decreased susceptibility was not seen on day 14. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations were not altered by UV treatment. These results suggest that the long-term effect of UV light is an attenuation of smooth muscle contractility without impairment of endothelial function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
PCR-free DNA detection using a magnetic bead-supported polymeric transducer and microelectromagnetic traps.
A fluorescent polymeric hybridization transducer supported on magnetic microbeads was investigated for the rapid, ultrasensitive, and sequence-specific detection of DNA. We show that the polymer derivative can be used to detect target DNA directly on magnetic particles by preparing "target-ready" microbeads grafted with the polymer and suitable DNA probes. A detection limit of approximately 200 target copies in a probed volume of 150 muL (1.4 copies/muL) was obtained for a DNA sequence specific to Candida albicans This detection scheme does not require the release of the hybridized target DNA prior to its detection or the labeling or amplification of the nucleic acids. Furthermore, we show that the fluorescence from these biosensing magnetic beads can be read while magnetically confined in a small volume by a microelectromagnetic trap, which offers the possibility of performing both the preconcentration and detection steps simultaneously on the same support. The combination of the fluorescent polymer biosensor with magnetic particle-assisted DNA preconcentration extends the application of this ultrasensitive biosensor to biological samples with complex matrixes and to integrated lab-on-a-chip platforms, where it could be used for fast multitarget DNA detection in point-of-care diagnostics and field analysis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of liver transplantation.
Liver transplantation, one of the most technically difficult of all solid organ transplant, is effective in extending the lives of carefully selected adult patients who have end-stage organ failure due to irreversibly damaged livers. Factors that influence the outcome of liver transplantation include the specific liver disease, patient's health status, and the presence or absence of extrahepatic disease or disorder. The outcome of liver transplantation has been improved significantly by the introduction of cyclosporine and continues to be improved by the use of newer immunosuppressants such as OKT3 monoclonal antibody and antithymocyte globulin for the prevention of graft rejection. The quality of life for those who survive one or more years was generally good. Survival rates were good for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatitis B (antigen negative), alcoholic cirrhosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency disease, Wilson's disease, and primary hemochromatosis. Patients with liver malignancies, with the possible exception of those with epithelioid hemangioendoepithelioma, had poor outcomes, while patients presenting with other end-stage liver diseases had variable outcomes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: devolving views of their roles in drug addiction.
We revisit our hypothesis that drug addiction can be viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial voluntarily drug use to habitual, and ultimately compulsive drug use. We especially focus on the transitions in striatal control over drug seeking behaviour that underlie these transitions since functional heterogeneity of the striatum was a key area of Ann Kelley's research interests and one in which she made enormous contributions. We also discuss the hypothesis in light of recent data that the emergence of a compulsive drug seeking habit both reflects a shift to dorsal striatal control over behaviour and impaired prefontal cortical inhibitory control mechanisms. We further discuss aspects of the vulnerability to compulsive drug use and in particular the impact of impulsivity. In writing this review we acknowledge the untimely death of an outstanding scientist and a dear personal friend. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Viral host-adaptation: insights from evolution experiments with phages.
Phages, viral parasites of bacteria, share fundamental features of pathogenic animal and plant viruses and represent a highly tractable empirical model system to understand viral evolution and in particular viral host-adaptation. Phage adaptation to a particular host genotype often results in improved fitness by way of parallel evolution whereby independent lineages hit upon identical adaptive solutions. By contrast, phage adaptation to an evolving host population leads to the evolution of increasing host-range over time and correlated phenotypic and genetic divergence between populations. Phage host-range expansion frequently occurs by a process of stepwise evolution of multiple mutations, and host-shifts are often constrained by mutational availability, pleiotropic costs or ecological conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Active myocarditis in a patient with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection.
Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection is characterized by chronic or recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms and the prognosis of CAEBV infection is quite poor. The incidence of myocarditis as a complication of EBV infection is not so high and it is unusual that heart failure appears as the initial symptom. However, it is very important to detect and treat chronic active myocarditis in the early phase of CAEBV infection because chronic active myocarditis disorganizes and decreases cardiomyocytes, resulting in the progression to heart failure. We report a case of a 45-year-old man with CAEBV infection for 5 years. Echocardiography revealed moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction with mild pericardial effusion. Endomyocardial biopsies demonstrated massive lymphocytic infiltration with adjacent myocytolysis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes suggesting active myocarditis. Immunohistological analysis of biopsies revealed that the infiltrating cells were mainly T lymphocytes. And some of the infiltrating cells showed a positive signal for the EBV-encoded small nuclear RNA by in situ hybridization. Positron emission tomography using (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) performed revealed increased uptake of (18)F-FDG of whole left ventricular wall with mild heterogeneity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Guard-cell chloroplasts provide ATP required for H(+) pumping in the plasma membrane and stomatal opening.
To elucidate the role of guard-cell chloroplasts (GCCs) in stomatal movement, we investigated the effects of oligomycin, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), an inhibitor of photosystem II, on fusicoccin (FC)-induced H(+) pumping and stomatal opening. FC was found to induce H(+ )pumping in guard-cell protoplasts (GCPs) from Vicia faba and stomatal opening in the epidermis of Commelina benghalensis; and, red light (RL) slightly stimulated these responses. Oligomycin strongly inhibited the pumping and stomatal opening in the dark. RL partially reversed the inhibitions, and DCMU decreased the effect of RL. FC activated the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.35) in GCPs similarly irrespective of these treatments, indicating that the H(+)-ATPase activity was not the limiting step in H(+) pumping. Oligomycin significantly decreased the ATP content in GCPs in the dark. RL partially reversed this effect, and DCMU eliminated the effect of RL. A significant part of the ATP produced by photophosphorylation to H(+) pumping was indicated under RL. These results suggest that GCCs supply ATP to the cytosol under RL, and that the ATP is utilized by the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase for H(+) pumping. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS): Psychometric update based on a United States sample.
Some have suggested that text messaging is an addictive behavior. However, this characterization is uncertain, partly due to lack of well-validated measures of text messaging attitudes and behaviors. One standard instrument for measuring text messaging attitudes and behaviors is the Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS), though the psychometric properties of this scale have only been examined with a sample of Japanese youth. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the STDS in the United States to determine its utility as a measure of text messaging dependence. We were interested in examining the factor structure and determining the extent to which this scale would correlate with two important outcome measures: motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and moving violations. We analyzed data from 468 adults (age 18-74; 274 women) recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (mTurk) service. Participants completed the STDS and provided information about their driving-related incidents in the past year. First we performed a confirmatory factor analysis, which supported the instrument's original factor structure. Then we tested the relationship between scores on the STDS and two important variables, MVAs and moving violations. We found that the STDS significantly correlated with both MVAs and moving violations. The present study confirms that the STDS is a potentially useful instrument for studying texting dependence in the United States and with adults of all ages. The instrument may be particularly useful in predicting motor vehicle outcomes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antigenicity of basement membrane fractions obtained from rat seminiferous tubules.
A noncollagenous fraction of basement membrane (D-STBM) obtained from rat testes was submitted to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and eight well-defined bands were detected. A cross-reaction with an antiserum against laminin was revealed by immunoblotting in five bands, with molecular weights ranging from 54 to 64 kDa. No further resolution of these components could be obtained by size exclusion and ionic exchange chromatography. Fifty-two percent of the rats immunized with D-STBM and adjuvants developed a mild multifocal damage of the testis. The lesions were characterized by foci of seminiferous tubules with different degrees of sloughing and/or atrophy of the germinal epithelium. Giant multinucleated cells were frequently seen, and mild interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates were also detected. By immunofluorescence, deposits of rat IgG with a faint discontinuous linear pattern were observed along the walls of the seminiferous tubules. Circulating antibodies to D-STBM were detected by ELISA in 100% of the rats, whereas in a cross-reaction with laminin antibodies were detected in only 63%. All rats studied revealed a positive delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response to D-STBM. None of the control rats injected with saline and adjuvants presented circulating antibodies to D-STBM or laminin or a positive DTH reaction to D-STBM. Some control group rats (10%) revealed few isolated seminiferous tubules with some degree of sloughing of the germinal epithelium. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Children aged 0-3 years referred to child psychiatric department. A descriptive epidemiological study].
In a Danish register study the incidence of children aged 0-3 years referred to child psychiatric services in Denmark increased by 30% during 1996-1998. The objective of this study was to further describe 0-3 year-old children referred to child psychiatric departments with a view to distribution of diagnoses, age, sex, and parental mental illness. Children 0-3 years of age referred to child psychiatric departments in the County of Copenhagen in 1998 and 1999 were described on the basis of the clinical database and hospital records. A total of 159 children were admitted over a two-year period corresponding to an incidence of 0.4%. The ratio boys: girls were 1.3:1. However, with regard to pervasive developmental disorders boys dominated 6:1. Among girls, eating disorders were dominating in the youngest children with ratio girls: boys 5:2. Pervasive developmental disorders were the most common diagnoses in children aged 2-3 years, and the overall incidence of this diagnosis was 0.25 per 1000 per year. The most common diagnosis of the youngest children was Z-diagnoses, and most often these children had mentally ill parents. Attachment disorders, eating disorders, and adjustment reactions were common diagnoses in children with mentally ill parents, but more than half of these children did not have any diagnosis at all. The incidence of children with pervasive developmental disorder was found twice as high as observed in a register study covering referrals of children aged 0-3 years from all psychiatric departments in Denmark during 1996-1998. Reactive attachment disorder, eating and adjustment disorder, and Z-diagnosis are the most common diagnoses in the youngest children, and most often these children have mentally ill parents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Simply eczema.
Atopic eczema is a commonly encountered chronic skin condition in primary care. In this article, we share a holistic, structured approach, which is grounded on the chronic and atopic nature of the condition - planned reviews, patient empowerment, a written action plan for chronic and fare management, and trigger avoidance. Common pitfalls in management are insufficient emphases on scheduled reviews and patient empowerment, as well as neglect in the care of the loss of the epidermal barrier during acute flares. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Kaistia defluvii sp. nov., isolated from river sediment.
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod- and coccus-shaped bacterium, designated strain B6-12(T), was isolated from sediment collected from the River Geumho in South Korea. In comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the novel strain appeared to be affiliated with the class Alphaproteobacteria and to be most closely related to Kaistia adipata KCTC 12095(T), Kaistia dalseonensis DSM 18800(T), Kaistia geumhonensis DSM 18799(T), Kaistia granuli KCTC 12575(T), Kaistia soli KACC 12605(T) and Kaistia terrae KACC 12910(T), with sequence similarities of 96.2-99.1%. The predominant ubiquinone in the isolate was Q-10, major fatty acids were C(18:0), C(18:1)ω7c and C(19:0)ω8c cyclo, and genomic DNA G+C content was 63.0 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic evidence and the results of DNA-DNA hybridizations, strain B6-12(T) represents a novel species in the genus Kaistia, for which the name Kaistia defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B6-12(T) ( = KCTC 23766(T) = JCM 18034(T)). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of activity on axonal excitability: implications for motor control studies.
In many motor control studies, such as those involving H reflexes in human subjects, stimuli are delivered to nerves in which axons are or have recently been active. It is assumed that a constant stimulus intensity ensures that the same population of axons has been activated, particularly when there is little change in the M wave. However, the neurophysiological literature is replete with evidence that activity depresses axonal excitability. Indeed, some motor control studies have exploited this phenomenon to stimulate specific afferent populations selectively. This chapter will review studies performed in human subjects demonstrating that a voluntary contraction can have profound effects on the excitability of the active axons and on their ability to transmit impulses. These data need to be considered when interpreting human reflex studies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interhospital transfers: decision-making in critical care areas.
To evaluate the training of clinical staff in the use of interhospital transfer guidelines and to examine the underlying decision-making behavior in organizing patient transfers between hospitals. Prospective assessment of clinical scenarios, given before (time 1), immediately after (time 2), and 3 months after (time 3) a program informing clinical staff about the use of interhospital transfer guidelines. Three emergency departments and one intensive care unit at three hospitals and a medical retrieval service in Sydney, Australia. Physicians, nurses, and a paramedic working in critical care areas and at a medical retrieval service. A questionnaire containing clinical scenarios was administered to clinical staff. There was a significant difference in mean scores for selecting the appropriate escort levels across time (F2,78 = 24.2; p < .01) and for participant's experience with interhospital transfer (F2,39 = 4.63; p = .02). Significant improvement in mean scores occurred between time 1 (7.55 +/- 1.84 and time 2 (9.48 +/- 1.47) (t41 = -6.21; p < .01). The improvement in selecting appropriate escorts was maintained at time 3 (mean score 9.86 +/- 2.01). The error rate for inappropriate assignment of low levels of escorts decreased from 35% (time 1) to 10% (time 2) and 14% (time 3). Using conjoint analysis, there were large variations in the decision-making behaviour between each time period. The relative importance of each factor in influencing the decision to organize an escort at time 3 were as follows: treatment (43%); physiology (29%); patient age (24%); and diagnosis (4%). The decision-making model observed at time 3 had a high predictive value (87%) as compared with the model at time 1 (48%). Clinical staff can make informed and appropriate decisions by using standardized guidelines when organizing interhospital transfers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Revised Definition and Classification of Epilepsy for Neurodiagnostic Technologists.
The definition of who has epilepsy, classification of seizure types, and types of epilepsy have all recently been revised. The classical definition of epilepsy as a person having two or more unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart has been expanded also to include those with one seizure and a high likelihood (more than 60%) of having another. In the new definition, epilepsy is considered to be resolved when a person is seizure-free for 10 years, the terminal 5 being off seizure medicines, or when an age-dependent syndrome has been outgrown. The new seizure type classification revises the 1981 system but maintains the primary distinction of focal- versus generalized-onset seizures. Seizures also can be of unknown onset. Focal seizures may demonstrate retention or impairment of awareness, resulting in focal-aware or focal-impaired awareness seizures. Several new focal and generalized seizure types are introduced. Classification of the epilepsies is now by grouping of seizure types, etiologies, comorbidities, and epilepsy syndromes. The goal of the new terminology is greater clarity of communication and more accurate grouping of seizure types for research. Neurodiagnostic technologists can be of great help in observing clinical and electrographic features that will define the type of seizure. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
2',4'-BNA bearing a chiral guanidinopyrrolidine-containing nucleobase with potent ability to recognize the CG base pair in a parallel-motif DNA triplex.
In order to expand the target sequence used in triplex DNA formation, seven novel nucleotide analogues were synthesized and incorporated into triplex-forming oligonucleotides by post-elongation modification approaches. Among them, , equipped with a suitable restricted conformation of sugar and nucleobase moieties, was found to have the highest sequence-selectivity and affinity towards CG base pairs within double-stranded DNA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MELD score and hepatocellular carcinoma identify patients at different risk of short-term mortality among cirrhotics bleeding from esophageal varices.
The role of model for end stage liver disease (MELD) and the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as risk factors of short-term mortality in patients bleeding from oesophageal varices were evaluated. From February 2002 to August 2003, 172 cirrhotic patients admitted for the first episode of bleeding from oesophageal varices received vasoactive and endoscopic therapy. Patients' survival was evaluated at 6 weeks and 3 months. The role of MELD and HCC as independent risk factors of mortality was evaluated. In the 172 patients, the overall mortality was 21.5% at 6 weeks and 30.2% at 3 months. MELD score resulted a good predictor of mortality either at 6 weeks or 3 months. Fifty-four patients (31.3%) had HCC. The presence of advanced HCC was an independent risk factor of mortality at 3 months. Patients with MELD score>15 and advanced HCC had a significantly worse survival than patients with MELD<or=15 and without HCC or with early HCC either at 6 weeks or 3 months MELD score and the presence of HCC allow to identify patients at different risk of short-term mortality among cirrhotic patients at first episode of bleeding from oesophageal varices. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Continuous and intermittent cardiac output measurement in hyperdynamic conditions: pulmonary artery catheter vs. lithium dilution technique.
This study aimed to assess the level of agreement of both intermittent cardiac output monitoring by the lithium dilution technique (CO(Li)) and continuous cardiac output monitoring (PulseCO(Li)) using the arterial pressure waveform with intermittent thermodilution using a pulmonary artery catheter (CO(PAC)). Prospective, single-center evaluation. University Hospital Intensive Care Unit. Patients (n=23) receiving liver transplantation. Pulmonary artery catheters were placed in all patients and CO(PAC) was determined using thermodilution. CO(Li) and PulseCO(Li) measurements were made using the LiDCO system. Data were collected after intensive care unit admission and every 8h until the 48th hour. A total of 151 CO(PAC), CO(Li) and PulseCO(Li) measurements were analysed. Bias and 95% limit of agreement were 0.11lmin(-1) and -1.84 to + 2.05 lmin(-1) for CO(PAC) vs. CO(Li) (r=0.88) resulting in an overall percentage error of 15.6%. Bias and 95% limit of agreement for CO(PAC) vs. PulseCO(Li) were 0.29 lmin(-1) and -1.87 to + 2.46 lmin(-1) (r=0.85) with a percentage error of 16.8%. Subgroup analysis revealed a percentage error of 15.7% for CO(PAC) vs. CO(Li) and 15.1% for CO(PAC) vs. PulseCO(Li) for data pairs less than 8 lmin(-1), and percentage errors of 15.5% and 18.5% respectively for data pairs higher than 8 lmin(-1). In patients with hyperdynamic circulation, intermittent and continuous CO values determined using the LiDCO system showed good agreement with those obtained by intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation for language and speech development in Kabuki make-up syndrome: a case report.
Kabuki make-up syndrome (KMS) is defined as a rare syndrome with mental retardation, growth deficiency and multiple anomalies of unknown cause. Cases have a characteristic facial appearance of broad and low auricles, wide forehead, broad and flattened nose root. In this article, 4-year, 10-month-old boy with speech delay reported due to characteristics of the facial appearance is considered as KMS, a rare syndrome. Otological, audiological and developmental evaluation of the patient consisted of six parameters. (1) ENT examination: normal. (2) Audiological findings were at normal hearing levels. (3) General development (according to the Denver II test), was normal. (4) Language and speech development: receptive language development was 2 years more than the chronological age. However in expressive language development, there was 5-month delay which was likely to complete by training in a short time. (5) The development of speech sounds and articulation: the delay is observed in CVC words. Speech sounds of /l/, /t/, /r/ and /g/ were evaluated as "distorted expression". He used /v/ instead of /l/; /y/ instead of /r/; /d/ instead of /g/. (6) OBSERVATIONS: diffident, deficit in self-confidence, and difficulty in communicating have been observed.Unlike the cases in literature, mental retardation, growth deficiency and learning difficulties were not found in our case with KMS. Normal findings were obtained in five parameters. Only the /l/, /r/ and /g/ speech sounds were expressed as distorted. For our case, we planned to follow him in the future to see whether developmental and central auditory processing disorders will occur or not. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Congenital heart defect and mental retardation in a patient with a 13q33.1-34 deletion.
13q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by deletions of the long arm of chromosome 13. Patients with 13q deletion display a variety of phenotypic features. We describe a one-year-old female patient with congenital heart defects (CHD), facial anomalies, development and mental retardation. We identified a 12.75Mb deletion in chromosome region 13q33.1-34 with high resolution SNP Array (Human660W-Quad, Illumina, USA). This chromosome region contains about 55 genes, including EFNB2, ERCC5, VGCNL1, F7, and F10. Comparing our findings with previously reported 13q deletion patients with congenital heart defects, we propose that the 13q33.1-34 deletion region might contain key gene(s) associated with cardiac development. Our study also identified a subclinical deficiency of Factors VII and X in our patient with Group 3 of 13q deletion syndrome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives and their antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi in vitro.
5,6-Diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (3) and 6,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (4) were chemoselectively synthesized by the condensation of isoflavone (1) and 3-aminopyrazole (2). 5,6-Diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (3) were obtained via microwave irradiation, and 6,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (4) were obtained via conventional heating. In addition, the pyrimidine derivatives 3 and 4 were evaluated against five phytopathogenic fungi (Cytospora sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, and Fusarium solani) using the mycelium growth rate method. Some of them were effective in inhibiting the growth of the five phytopathogenic fungi. For instance, 6,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (4j) inhibited the growth of A. solani with an [Formula: see text] value of 17.11 [Formula: see text], and 6,7-diarylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (4h) inhibited the growth of both Cytospora sp. and F. solani with [Formula: see text] values of 27.32 and 21.04 [Formula: see text], respectively. A chemoselective synthesis of 5,6-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 3 derivatives in excellent yields was performed under microwave irradiation and 6,7-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 4 were also prepared using heating method. The antifungal properties of 3 and 4 were tested against Cytospora sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, and Fusarium solani. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Projections from the laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the limbic and visual cortices in the rat.
The laterodorsal nucleus (LD) of the thalamus is an important source of thalamic afferents to the limbic cortex, but the topography and lamination of these projections has not been investigated in detail. Using the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and Fluoro-Ruby, the present study demonstrates that in the rat, LD projects to infraradiata, precentral agranular, retrosplenial, visual (area 18b), subicular, and entorhinal cortices. Each subregion of LD has a distinct pattern of terminals within these cortical areas. The rostral part and the dorsalmost part of LD project densely to retrosplenial granular a (Rga) cortex, presubiculum and parasubiculum. Slightly more caudal parts of dorsal LD project primarily to the postsubiculum. More ventral parts of LD project primarily to retrosplenial dysgranular (Rdg) and retrosplenial granular b (Rgb) cortices. The projection of LD to area 18b originates from cells in the caudalmost part of LD. In each cortical region, LD terminals display distinct laminar patterns. In area 18b and the adjacent Rdg cortex, the LD terminal field is in layers I, III, and IV, but in both the Rgb and Rga cortices the terminal field is located predominantly in layer I. In the postsubiculum the LD terminals are distributed to layers I and III/IV and extend into superficial layer V; in the presubiculum and the parasubiculum the LD terminals are only in the deep layers (i.e., layers IV-VI). A small number of LD axons terminate in the deep layers (i.e., layers IV-VI) of the medial entorhinal cortex. These results indicate that each area of LD has a distinct projection to limbic and adjacent neocortex. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The role of azacitidine in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and potential transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Supportive care including transfusions and growth factors remained the mainstay of treatment for decades; however, further understanding of the biology behind these diseases led to the investigation of novel agents. As hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p15, was believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, hypomethylating agents were investigated. Azacitidine is one of two hypomethylating agents used in the treatment of MDS, and the first approved by US FDA. In preclinical studies, azacitidine demonstrated hypomethylating/differentiating activity with low concentration, whereas high concentration was associated with cytotoxic effects. In clinical trials, azacitidine not only improved the cytopenias associated with MDS but also delayed leukemic transformation, improved quality of life and improved overall survival in many patients so treated. Azacitidine was the first agent noted to change the natural history of the disease. Further studies are underway evaluating the role of azacitidine pre- and post-transplantation, in combination with other agents, as well as in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia patients who are not good candidates for intensive chemotherapy. Azacitidine is also likely to be studied in the treatment of other malignant conditions. Although both subcutaneous and intravenous administrations have been approved, oral azacitidine is presently under investigation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A sensitive rosetting assay for detection of acetylcholine receptor antibodies using BC3H-1 cells: positive results in 'antibody-negative' myasthenia gravis.
Antibodies to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) were measured in a group of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), some of whom had previously been classified as 'antibody negative' using the standard anti-AChR radioimmunoassay (RIA). AChR antibodies were measured using the rosetting assay, a new detection method which utilizes protein A-coated red blood cells and live BC3H-1 cells, a murine cell line which expresses muscle nicotinic AChR. The results of the rosetting assay were compared with those obtained in the anti-AChR RIA. 76% of all myasthenic sera tested showed rosetting at titers higher than any of the control sera (from patients with non-myasthenic neurologic disease and normal individuals). Of the myasthenic patients previously classified as 'antibody negative' in the RIA using human AChR, 71% demonstrated positive rosetting. There was no correlation between the anti-AChR antibody titer obtained in the rosetting assay and that obtained in the RIA using either human or denervated rat AChR. The results suggest that the rosetting assay may measure a subpopulation of antibodies that differs from those detected in the RIA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Romeo, Juliet, and Statutory Rape.
Statutory rape is an important yet understudied topic. There is broad public support for the prosecution of older adults who engage in sexual relationships with minors regardless of perceptions of consent by either party. However, some scholars worry that expansive definitions within these laws have led to the widespread involvement of the justice system in the lives of similarly aged teenagers engaging in relatively normal sexual behavior, so called "Romeo and Juliet" liaisons. This, in turn, has called into question the legitimacy of national policies, such as sex offender registration, because of the presumption that registries are likely filled with these kinds of cases which may not represent the intent of legislatures and the public. Despite the importance of these debates, there is little research assessing the prevalence of Romeo and Juliet cases in official crime statistics or that analyze differences in characteristics of statutory rape as a function of victim-offender age differences. Drawing on more than 20 years of police data from over 6,000 police departments in the United States, this study found statutory rape cases were rare and Romeo and Juliet cases were even rarer. Multivariate models showed several distinctions between statutory rape cases as a function of the age differences between victim and offender. Of note, the odds that additional forms of sexual aggression occurred in the incident grew as the age difference expanded. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fine needle aspiration cytology of minor salivary gland tumors: A retrospective 5-year study of 42 cases in a tertiary care hospital.
Minor salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) are less common than major salivary glands and involve only 15-20% of all salivary gland tumors. Most of the cases originate at intra- and peri-oral region. Minor salivary gland lesion cytology has been studied rarely in India. This present study was performed to evaluate the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in diagnosis of MSGTs and to explore the cases of cytohistological discrepancies in the study. This retrospective study was conducted over a 5-year period on 42 cases of MSGTs. In all the cases, cytology was correlated with histology and cytohistological discrepancies were searched. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic efficacy were calculated using histopathology as gold standard. We diagnosed 27 malignant (64.28%) and 15 benign (35.71%) MSGTs in cytological evaluation. We found two false negative and one false positive case in cytology. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the study were 92.59%, 93.33%, and 92.85%, respectively. FNAC is a minimally invasive and cost-effective procedure with high accuracy (92.85%) in the assessment of MSGTs and helps in the management of benign and malignant tumors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Neutralization of Smac/Diablo by inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). A caspase-independent mechanism for apoptotic inhibition.
Numerous members of the IAP family can suppress apoptotic cell death in physiological settings. Whereas certain IAPs directly inhibit caspases, the chief proteolytic effectors of apoptosis, the protective effects of other IAPs do not correlate well with their caspase inhibitory activities, suggesting the involvement of alternative cytoprotective abilities. To examine this issue, we have characterized the protective effects of an ancestral, baculoviral IAP (Op-IAP) in mammalian cells. We show that although Op-IAP potently inhibited Bax-mediated apoptosis in human cells, Op-IAP failed to directly inhibit mammalian caspases. However, Op-IAP efficiently bound the IAP antagonist Smac/Diablo, thereby preventing Smac/Diablo-mediated inhibition of cellular IAPs. Whereas reduction of Smac/Diablo protein levels in the absence of Op-IAP prevented Bax-mediated apoptosis, overexpression of Smac/Diablo neutralized Op-IAP-mediated protection, and an Op-IAP variant unable to bind Smac/Diablo failed to prevent apoptosis. Finally, Op-IAP catalyzed the ubiquitination of Smac/Diablo, an activity that contributed to Op-IAP-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. These data show that cytoprotective IAPs can inhibit apoptosis through the neutralization of IAP antagonists, rather than by directly inhibiting caspases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prognostic significance of peri-operative blood transfusion following radical resection for oesophageal carcinoma.
Peri-operative allogeneic blood transfusion may exert an immunomodulatory effect and has been associated with early recurrence and decreased survival following resection for several gastro-intestinal malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic influence of transfusion requirements following radical oesophagectomy for cancer. A consecutive series of 235 patients undergoing subtotal oesophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy in a single centre from April 1990 to June 1999 were studied. The median age was 64 years (30-79) with a male to female ratio of 3:1. The predominant histological subtype was adenocarcinoma (n = 154) compared to squamous carcinoma (n = 81). To avoid the influence of surgical complications data were excluded from the 5.5% of patients suffering in-hospital mortality. In the remaining patients, median blood loss was 900 ml (200-5500) with 46% (103/222) requiring transfusion (median 3 units, range 2-21). Median survival of non-transfused patients was 36 months compared to only 19 months for those receiving transfusion (log-rank = 4.44; 1 df, P = 0.0352). Non-transfused patients had significantly higher 2 and 5-year survival rates of 62% and 41% respectively in contrast to only 40% and 25% in those receiving blood transfusion. Even after stratification of results according to disease stage or the presence of major complications, survival was significantly worse in those receiving transfusion. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that in addition to nodal status, > 4 units transfusion was an independent prognostic indicator. Post-operative transfusion is associated with a significantly worse prognosis following radical oesophagectomy. Meticulous haemostasis and avoidance of unnecessary transfusion may prove oncologically beneficial. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Implantation of a dual chamber pacemaker in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava.
A patient underwent dual chamber pacemaker implantation by puncture of the left subclavian vein. During the procedure we observed persistence of the left superior vena cava. A "J-shaped" atrial lead was used for ventricular pacing with excellent long-term results. This technique can be a valuable alternative when confronted with the problem of persistent left superior vena cava during pacemaker implantation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Implantation of a permanent pacemaker in a patient with severe Parkinson's disease and a preexisting bilateral deep brain stimulator.
Cardiac pacemakers and implantable defibrillators are commonly used therapeutic modalities in cardiac arrhythmias. Thalamic deep brain stimulation has also become an important modality in the treatment of drug-refractory tremors and other complications in advanced Parkinson's disease. Concerns exist about the potential electrical interaction and interference between these 2 devices in the same patient. There are only a limited number of reports that have investigated this issue. We describe a patient with advanced Parkinson's disease and a previously implanted deep brain stimulator, who subsequently needed a permanent cardiac pacemaker due to severe bradyarrhythmia. Despite the probability of interference between the devices, there were no problems during implantation of the cardiac pacemaker; both the deep brain stimulator and cardiac pacemaker functioned appropriately afterwards. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Improving the appropriateness of physician prescribing.
Appropriate prescribing means that prescribers should try to maximize effectiveness, minimize risks and costs, and respect patients' choices. Evidence from studies on prescribing to individuals and from administrative databases reveals a significant level of inappropriate prescribing by Canadian physicians. Two important reasons for inappropriate prescribing seem to be physicians' level of knowledge and physicians' practice settings. A large number of methods have been tried to improve prescribing behavior, but most are unsuccessful. Academic detailing, and audit and feedback, have both been shown to work but may be difficult to implement in Canada, where most physicians practice in solo fee-for-service settings. Alternative forms of physician payment such as capitation or salary are probably necessary to make prescribing more appropriate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Elaboration of optical immunosensors based on the surface plasmon resonance for detecting specific antibodies and antigens of Epstein-Barr virus and human adenovirus.
The study of antigen-antibody interaction on the model of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and second type adenovirus (Ad2) based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was carried out. Kinetic and concentration dependences between virus antigens and specific antisera to them at different pH were determined. Experimental samples of biosensors for the detection by SPR method of virus (EBV and Ad2) antigens using monospecific antibodies, immobilized on the surface of gold, and also for detection of specific antibodies in the blood sera of patients with EBV or adenovirus infection were elaborated | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in cortex of depressed suicides.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors were measured by saturation binding in frontal and motor cortex of suicides with a firm retrospective diagnosis of depression, and matched controls. The suicides were divided into those who were free of antidepressant drugs, and those in whom prescription of antidepressant drugs was clearly documented. There were no differences in the number or affinity of CRF receptors between antidepressant-free or antidepressant-treated suicides and matched controls in either brain region. When suicides were divided according to violence of death, again there were no differences between violent or non-violent suicides and controls. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mosaic deletion 11p13 in a child with dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency--case report and review of the literature.
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency is characterized by a lack of sympathetic noradrenergic function. Affected individuals exhibit profound deficits in autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function. The diagnosis of DBH deficiency is based on clinical findings, biochemical studies, and sequencing of DBH gene. We report here the characterization of a mosaic cytogenetic abnormality detected by array-CGH in a 16-year-old female with primary DBH deficiency together with dysmorphic features. These features could not be explained by DBH deficiency leading to further investigation. Karyotype was reported normal (46,XX), while a targeted genomic array-CGH revealed a mosaic loss for a segment of at least 1 Mb across 11p13. This segmental loss included the PAX6 and WT1 genes within the WAGR syndrome critical region. Interestingly, the derivative chromosome 11 was observed only in about 28% of cells analyzed. Utilizing a genome-wide oligonucleotide-based array, the deletion segment was estimated to encompass a segment of approximately 10 Mb. Mosaic deletions of 11p13 in WAGR are extremely uncommon. In this case it is distinctly possible that the patient's bilateral iris colobomata might be a manifestation, albeit abbreviated, of the haploinsufficiency for PAX6. This case highlights the importance of cytogenetic analysis when a mutation alone cannot account for the complete phenotype. It also emphasizes the enhanced ability of high-resolution array-CGH techniques in accurately detecting subtle rearrangements in a mosaic form. Finally, it demonstrates the possible phenotypic effects of low-level PAX6 haploinsufficiency in a dosage-sensitive manner. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Electroconvection with and without the Carr-Helfrich effect in a series of nematic liquid crystals.
Experimental electroconvection (EC) investigations on four homologs with negative dielectric anisotropy epsilona and conductivity anisotropies sigmaa of various signs (the relative sigma; a=sigmaa/sigma(perpendicular) ranges from -0.6 to +0.3 ) are reported. The homolog with positive conductivity anisotropy follows the predictions of the standard theoretical model, while the homolog with negative sigmaa shows a phenomenon, i.e., nonstandard electroconvection, not described by the Carr-Helfrich mechanism but manifesting in forms of stripes mainly parallel to the initial director, thus having a morphological similarity to the rolls of the standard EC. The remaining two homologs change the sign of their conductivity anisotropy with temperature that leads to a twofold character by crossing over from standard to nonstandard electroconvection. The patterns of both the standard and nonstandard EC have been characterized and compared. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of NaCl stress and supplemental CaCl2 on carotenoid accumulation in germinated yellow maize kernels.
Germinated edible seeds and sprouts are becoming increasingly common in the human diet because they are rich in bioactive compounds and antioxidants and are highly nutritious. In this study, the effects of NaCl stress and supplemental CaCl2 on carotenoid accumulation, antioxidant capacity and expression of key enzymes in yellow maize kernels were investigated. The results showed that the lutein and zeaxanthin contents increased with NaCl treatment, and further increased with supplemental CaCl2. Additionally, germinated yellow maize kernels showed increased antioxidant capacity in response to NaCl and CaCl2. The transcript levels of carotenogenic genes ZmPSY and ZmCYP97C were upregulated and the expression levels of ZmLCYB and ZmBCH1 were downregulated under NaCl stress. The expression of all key carotenogenic genes was upregulated by CaCl2 supplementation. These results suggested that NaCl and CaCl2 contribute to carotenoid accumulation via increased expression of related carotenogenic genes and increased antioxidant capacity in germinated yellow maize kernels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Randomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania.
Effective, safe antimalarial vaccines have proved elusive. The synthetic polypeptide SPf66 vaccine is based on preerythrocytic and asexual blood-stage proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. We report here a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy of the SPf66 vaccine against clinical P falciparum malaria in idete, southern Tanzania, an area of intense perennial malaria transmission. 586 children aged 1-5 years received three doses of vaccine (n = 274) or placebo (n = 312). The incidence and density of parasitaemia were assessed through repeated cross-sectional surveys on subgroups of children. Morbidity was monitored over a 1 year period through passive case detection in all children plus active case detection in a subgroup of 191. An episode of clinical malaria was defined as measured fever (> or = 37.5 degrees C) and parasite density > 20,000/microL. No severe side-effects were seen and the frequency of mild side-effects after the third dose was less than 6%. The vaccine was highly immunogenic and after three doses all vaccine recipients had detectable anti-SPf66 antibodies: the geometric mean index of response was 8.3 in the vaccine group and 0.7 in the placebo group. The incidence of parasitaemia was similar in both groups. 123 children had at least one episode of clinical malaria during the follow-up period after the third dose and annual incidence rates were 0.25 in the vaccine group and 0.35 in the placebo group. Estimated vaccine efficacy was 31% (95% confidence interval 0-52%; p = 0.046). After the third dose there were 6 deaths among the study cohort (1 vaccine, 5 placebo). This study confirms that SPf66 is safe, immunogenic and reduces the risk of clinical malaria among children exposed to intense P falciparum transmission. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Estimation of electrode ionomer oxygen permeability and ionomer-phase oxygen transport resistance in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
The oxygen permeability of perfluorinated and hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs; Nafion®, SPEEK and SPSU), which are used as electrolytes and electrode ionomers in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), was estimated using chronoamperometry using a modified fuel cell set-up. A thin, cylindrical microelectrode was embedded into the PEM and used as the working electrode. The PEM was sandwiched between 2 gas diffusion electrodes, one of which was catalyzed and served as the counter and pseudo-reference electrode. Independently, from fuel cell experiments, the oxygen transport resistance arising due to transport through the ionomer film covering the catalyst active sites was estimated at the limiting current and decoupled from the overall mass transport resistance. The in situ oxygen permeability measured at 80 °C and 75% RH of perfluorinated ionomers such as Nafion® (3.85 × 10(12) mol cm(-1) s(-1)) was observed to be an order of magnitude higher than that of hydrocarbon-based PEMs such as SPEEK (0.27 × 10(12) mol cm(-1) s(-1)) and SPSU (0.15 × 10(12) mol cm(-1) s(-1)). The obtained oxygen transport (through ionomer film) resistance values (Nafion® - 1.6 s cm(-1), SPEEK - 2.2 s cm(-1) and SPSU - 3.0 s cm(-1); at 80 °C and 75% RH) correlated well with the measured oxygen permeabilities in these ion-containing polymers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Protective effects of in vivo-expressed autotransporters against Bordetella pertussis infection.
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a severe and prolonged respiratory disease that results inhas high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in developing countries. The number incidence of whooping cough cases is increasing in many countries despite high vaccine coverage. Causes for the re-emergence of the disease include the limited duration of protection conferred by the acellular pertussis vaccines (aP)s and pathogenic adaptations that involve antigenic divergence from vaccine strains. Therefore, current vaccines therefore need to be improved. In the present study, we focused on five autotransporters: namely SphB1, BatB, SphB2, Phg, and Vag8, which were previously found to be expressed by B. bronchiseptica during the course of infection in rats and examined their protective efficiencies as vaccine antigens. The passenger domains of these proteins were produced in recombinant forms and used as antigens. An intranasal murine challenge assay showed that immunization with a mixture of SphB1 and Vag8 (SV) significantly reduced bacterial load in the lower respiratory tract and a combination of aP and SV acts synergistically in effects of conferring protection against B. pertussis infection, implying that these antigens have potential as components to for improvinge th the currently available acellular pertussis vaccine. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved overall survival in pelvic node-positive penile cancer after lymph node dissection: a multi-institutional study.
We determined whether adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) would be associated with improved survival after lymph node dissection (LND) for patients with penile cancer (PeCa) who have positive pelvic lymph nodes (PPLNs). We retrospectively identified patients across 4 centers with penile squamous cell carcinoma who underwent LND from 1978 to 2013 and were found to have PPLNs. Patients who received chemotherapy before surgery or in the presence of recurrent disease were excluded. Cox regression was used to evaluate the association of AC with overall survival (OS), which was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences in OS were determined with the log-rank test. During the study period, 141 patients who underwent LND for PeCa had PPLNs, and 84 of them met inclusion criteria. Median number of PPLNs was 2 (interquartile range [IQR]: 4-7), with 10% of cases occurring bilaterally and 55% having pelvic extranodal extension. AC was used in 36 (43%) patients. Patients who received AC were younger (P = 0.014), had less-aggressive penile tumor pathology (P<0.01), were less likely to receive adjuvant radiation (P<0.01), had less bilateral inguinal disease (P = 0.019), and had more inguinal extranodal extension (P = 0.042). Median follow-up was 12.1 months. Estimated median OS was 21.7 months (IQR: 11.8-104) in patients who received AC vs. 10.1 (IQR: 5.6-48.1) in those who did not (P = 0.048). AC was independently associated with improved OS on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0.87; P = 0.021). AC is associated with improved OS in patients with PeCa who have PPLNs after LND. Prospective studies are needed to demonstrate causality. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Occurrence of virulence genes among Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from patients and hospital environment].
The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrence of virulence genes among Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from two hospitals in Łódź, during 2005-2006. The second goal was to determine possible relationship between presence of those genes, resistance to ampicillin and sources of isolation. Enterococcal strains were identified to the species by PCR with ddl primers. All 161 isolates were tested for the presence of aggregation substance gene (agg), cytolisine genes (cyl-L, cyl-S), esp protein gene, gelatinase gene (gelE), serine protease gene (sprE). Susceptibility to ampicillin was tested by microdillution method. Both cyl-L and cyl-S genes were found in 52,2% of strains, agg gene was present in 62,73% isolates, esp gene--in 71.2%. Most frequently found genes were gelE (85.1%) and sprE (82.6%). The presence of esp gene in isolates resistant to ampicillin was statistically higher than in susceptible strains, what might suggest appearance of epidemic strains. Besides, strains possessing both, cyl-L/S and esp genes, were found to be statistically more often isolated strains than those possessing only single genes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spectroscopic diagnostics of organic chemistry in the protostellar environment.
A combination of astronomical observations, laboratory studies, and theoretical modelling is necessary to determine the organic chemistry of dense molecular clouds. We present spectroscopic evidence for the composition and evolution of organic molecules in protostellar environments. The principal reaction pathways to complex molecule formation by catalysis on dust grains and by reactions in the interstellar gas are described. Protostellar cores, where warming of dust has induced evaporation of icy grain mantles, are excellent sites in which to study the interaction between gas phase and grain-surface chemistries. We investigate the link between organics that are observed as direct products of grain surface reactions and those which are formed by secondary gas phase reactions of evaporated surface products. Theory predicts observable correlations between specific interstellar molecules, and also which new organics are viable for detection. We discuss recent infrared observations obtained with the Infrared Space Observatory, laboratory studies of organic molecules, theories of molecule formation, and summarise recent radioastronomical searches for various complex molecules such as ethers, azaheterocyclic compounds, and amino acids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Personality factors and emotional responses to pregnancy among IVF couples in early pregnancy: a comparative study.
Little is known as to whether negative experiences associated with infertility and IVF treatment persist after successful treatment. The aim of the study was to compare couples who have conceived after IVF and couples who have conceived naturally regarding personality factors and emotional responses to pregnancy. Fifty-seven women pregnant after IVF and 55 male partners and 43 women who had conceived naturally and 39 male partners were recruited from university IVF clinics and antenatal clinics in Stockholm. The subjects were interviewed about their socio-demographic background. They completed scales of personality traits, anxiety, emotional responses to pregnancy, marital adjustment and reactions to recalled infertility while in pregnancy week 13 (range 11-17). The results showed that the IVF women had more muscular tension and were more anxious about loosing the pregnancy than the control women. The IVF women with high infertility distress were more anxious about loosing the pregnancy and less ambivalent than the women with lower distress. The IVF men had more somatic anxiety, indirect aggression, guilt, and were more detached and more anxious about loosing the pregnancy and less ambivalent than the control men. The IVF men with high infertility distress were more anxious about the baby not being normal than the men with lower infertility distress. The women and men who had conceived after IVF differed on a number of personality dimensions and emotional responses to the pregnancy from that of the women and the men who had conceived naturally. The results suggest that IVF couples may need additional emotional support in early pregnancy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of carbadox on growth, feed utilization, and development of nasal turbinate lesions in swine infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica.
Carbadox in combination with sulfamethazine did not interfere with the activity of sulfamethazine in clearing experimentally induced Bordetella bronchiseptica nasal infection. Evaluations in three field cases of infectious atrophic rhinitis indicated that carbadox in the feed was as effective as chlortetracycline + sulfamethazine + penicillin for improving growth rate and feed efficiency, as compared with nonmedicated controls, and in reducing the prevalence of lesions of infectious atrophic rhinitis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spin-orbit-driven coherent oscillations in a few-electron quantum dot.
We propose an experiment to observe coherent oscillations in a single quantum dot with the oscillations driven by spin-orbit interaction. This is achieved without spin-polarized leads, and relies on changing the strength of the spin-orbit coupling via an applied gate pulse. We derive an effective model of this system which is formally equivalent to the Jaynes-Cummings model of quantum optics. For parameters relevant to an InGaAs dot, we calculate a Rabi frequency of 2 GHz. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Investigation of pediatric hypertension. Use of a tailored protocol.
Using a comprehensive protocol, the efficacy of simple clinical data, including history, physical examination, and urinalysis, in the discrimination of essential or secondary hypertension was investigated by a review of 103 patients, aged 2 weeks to 18 years, consecutively referred for investigation. Essential hypertension (55/103 mm Hg) was the most common diagnosis, even in infancy, whereas various renal disorders formed the next most common diagnostic category (21/103 mm Hg). Family history and the presence of "fixed" vs "labile" hypertension were of no value in detecting secondary hypertension. Urinalysis was useful in detecting inflammatory renal lesions but not structural disorders of the kidney. This study emphasizes the need for thorough investigation, including renal imaging, of asymptomatic hypertensive children and suggests a useful protocol to achieve this end. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Phytochrome B and AGB1 Coordinately Regulate Photomorphogenesis by Antagonistically Modulating PIF3 Stability in Arabidopsis.
Phytochrome B (phyB), the primary red light photoreceptor, promotes photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis by interacting with the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional factor PIF3 and inducing its phosphorylation and degradation. Heterotrimeric G proteins are known to regulate various developmental processes in plants and animals. In Arabidopsis, the G-protein β subunit AGB1 is known to repress photomorphogenesis. However, whether and how phyB and AGB1 coordinately regulate photomorphogenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that phyB physically interacts with AGB1 in a red light-dependent manner and that AGB1 interacts directly with PIF3. Moreover, we demonstrate that the AGB1-PIF3 interaction inhibits the association of PIF3 with phyB, leading to reduced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3, whereas the phyB-AGB1 interaction represses the association of PIF3 with AGB1, resulting in enhanced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3. Our results suggest that phyB and AGB1 antagonistically regulate PIF3 stability by dynamically interacting with each other and PIF3. This dynamic mechanism may allow plants to balance phyB and G-protein signaling to optimize photomorphogenesis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Managing irritable bowel syndrome: The low-FODMAP diet.
A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) has been found to significantly reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The diet is best implemented in two phases: initial strict elimination of foods high in FODMAPs, then gradual reintroduction based on symptoms. Further study of this diet's effect on intestinal microbiota is needed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Infectious Keratitis in Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Versus Chemical Burn.
To investigate the incidence, clinical and microbiological characteristics, risk factors, and therapeutic outcome of infectious keratitis in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) related to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and corneal chemical burn. Medical records of 90 eyes of 59 patients who were diagnosed with LSCD resulting from SJS (52 eyes of 29 patients) or corneal chemical burn (38 eyes of 30 patients) were reviewed. Infectious keratitis developed in 35% of LSCD patients with SJS (18 eyes, 14 patients) and in 18% of those with chemical burn (7 eyes, 7 patients). The development of infectious keratitis in SJS was significantly associated with the severity of chronic ocular surface complications in the cornea, conjunctiva, and eyelids and with the use of topical corticosteroids during the disease course. All cases of infectious keratitis following chemical burn occurred in patients with grade III or IV burn by Roper-Hall classification. Approximately 83% of culture-proven cases of infectious keratitis were bacterial infection, most of which (80%) were caused by Gram-positive bacteria. For resolution of infection, 17 eyes (68%) received surgery in addition to medical treatment, whereas 8 eyes (32%) received medical treatment alone. After infection resolution, the final visual acuity was decreased in 10 eyes (40%) compared with before infection. Infectious keratitis is a common complication of LSCD associated with SJS or severe chemical burn to the cornea. Despite medical and surgical treatments, the visual outcome is poor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Management of testicular seminoma at Westmead Hospital from 1980 to 87.
Testicular seminoma comprises fewer than 1% of male cancers but is a relatively common malignancy in young men. The management and outcome of 73 consecutive patients with testicular seminoma were reviewed. Median follow-up was 51 months (range: 15-109 months). Their median age was 37 years (range: 21-67 years). There was a history of testicular maldescent in 5.5% of patients. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin was elevated in 22% of patients prior to orchidectomy and in 5% post-surgery. The majority of patients had stage I (78%) or stage II (19%) seminoma after clinical staging. One patient (2%) with stage I seminoma relapsed, while two patients (14%) with stage II seminoma relapsed. The latter two were salvaged with further therapy. One of two patients treated for stage III seminoma died. A residual mass after radiotherapy was commonly observed in patients with stage II seminoma, but did not represent viable tumour. These results reflect the high cure rates that are achievable in seminoma with radiotherapy for early stage and non-bulky abdominal disease and, more recently, with cisplatin-based chemotherapy for bulky abdominal or disseminated disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intracellular amino acid levels as predictors of protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis depends on a complete complement of precursor amino acids, specific acetylating enzymes, tRNA, and so forth. It has been related to metabolism of individual amino acids, eg, valine and leucine; however, the relation of protein synthesis to the ambient concentrations of amino acids in the intracellular and extracellular pools has not been defined. Using the viable, isolated granulocyte (leukocyte) as an in vitro cell model, protein synthesis (incorporation of 4,5-3H-leucine) has been related to simultaneous amino acid concentrations in the cell and plasma by multiple regression analysis. Fifty-five normal neonates and 30 normal adults were studied. Protein synthesis was higher in the infants than in the adults (3,527 vs 2,685 pmole/hr/mg DNA). The intracellular concentrations of most amino acids were higher than their concentrations in plasma, except for valine and citrulline, which were lower. The "aminograms" in the two pools also were very different. Forty-four percent of the variance (R2) in protein synthesis was accounted for by the intracellular concentrations of leucine, glycine, alanine, and taurine in neonates and 45% by a combination of threonine, valine, methionine, and histidine in adults. The intracellular concentrations of each of these predictor amino acids in adults were, in turn, related to different combinations of the plasma concentrations of threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine, citrulline, ornithine, arginine, and glycine. Thus, it is possible to identify sets of intracellular amino acids that predict the level of protein synthesis and to delineate combinations of plasma amino acids whose levels account for a significant portion of the variance in the intracellular predictor amino acids in normal human infants and adults. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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