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Camouflage patterning in maize leaves results from a defect in porphobilinogen deaminase.
Maize leaves are produced from polarized cell divisions that result in clonal cell lineages arrayed along the long axis of the leaf. We utilized this stereotypical division pattern to identify a collection of mutants that form chloroplast pigmentation sectors that violate the clonal cell lineages. Here, we describe the camouflage1 (cf1) mutant, which develops nonclonal, yellow-green sectors in its leaves. We cloned the cf1 gene by transposon tagging and determined that it encodes porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), an enzyme that functions early in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. While PBGD has been characterized biochemically, no viable mutations in this gene have been reported in plants. To investigate the in vivo function of PBGD, we characterized the cf1 mutant. Histological analyses revealed that cf1 yellow sectors display the novel phenotype of bundle sheath cell-specific death. Light-shift experiments determined that constant light suppressed cf1 sector formation, a dark/light transition is required to induce yellow sectors, and that sectors form only during a limited time of leaf development. Biochemical experiments determined that cf1 mutant leaves have decreased PBGD activity and increased levels of the enzyme substrate in both green and yellow regions. Furthermore, the cf1 yellow regions displayed a reduction in catalase activity. A threshold model is hypothesized to explain the cf1 variegation and incorporates photosynthetic cell differentiation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and PBGD function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cytocidal and toxic effect of various cytostatic drugs on three ascites tumors of the mouse.
The cytocidal and toxic effects of four cytotoxic drugs (CY, DDP, VCR, Ara-C) were studied using three types of ascites tumors (L 1210, JB-1, EAT) growing on three different mouse strains (B6D2F1, AKR, NMRI). There were considerable differences in the cytocidal effect of the same dose of each drug on the three tumor cell lines; 100% of the L 1210 ascites tumor-bearing animals were permanently cured by a high dose of CY (300 mg/kg) and 30% by DDP (13 mg/kg), while most of the JB-1 and all EAT-bearing mice died earlier than the untreated control mice. The sensitivity of the animals of the three mouse strains to the toxic effect of the same drug dose also differed. CY was better tolerated than DDP. Ara-C and VCR doses used in the present work were non-toxic and showed little cell killing effect. Furthermore, the present study showed that tumor-bearing mice were more sensitive to the toxic side effects of CY, DDP, and Ara-C than tumor-free animals. The growing tumor itself increased the vulnerability of normal cells to the drug. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Older age is associated with rapid remission of depression after electroconvulsive therapy: a latent class growth analysis.
This study aims to empirically identify latent course trajectories of depressive symptoms during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) within a cohort of patients suffering from a depressive disorder and to examine putative predictors of course. Using a prospective cohort multicenter collaborative ECT design, 120 patients fulfilling the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview criteria for major depressive disorder and referred for ECT were selected. Ratings of the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) were obtained weekly during the course of ECT. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify trajectories of course during 6-week follow-up, based on weekly total HRSD scores. Characteristics of the identified classes were examined, and putative predictors for class membership were tested. Data-driven techniques identified distinct course trajectories during 6-week follow-up ECT treatment, consisting of "rapid remission," "moderate response," and "nonremitting" course trajectories. Remission rates were as high as 80.1% in the rapid remission class. Older age was associated with rapid remission, even after adjustment for putative confounders. Our results strongly confirm the favorable outcome of ECT among elderly depressed inpatients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII is an oncogenic gene in renal cell carcinoma.
Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) may be an oncogenic gene in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the direct association between COUP-TFII expression and patient survival has not been investigated in patients with RCC, and the molecular oncogenesis of COUP-TFII in RCC remains unclear. The mRNA expression levels of COUP-TFII in the tumors of 283 patients with RCC were determined by RT-qPCR. The remaining 266 patients were categorized into low- and high-expression groups according to the cut off value generated by receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. The function of COUP-TFII in RCC cells was tested by knockdown experiments in vitro. In the present study, it was revealed that the mRNA expression levels of COUP-TFII were significantly higher in tumors compared with those in adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and that the overexpression of COUP-TFII was strongly associated with poor patient survival. It was further demonstrated that knockdown of COUP-TFII suppressed proliferation, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in RCC cells in vitro. This also resulted in the activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway, impaired migration and invasion of RCC cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In addition, it was revealed that the induction of cell migration and invasion by COUP-TFII was mediated, at least in part, by integrin subunit β1. In summary, the present study indicated that COUP-TFII is an oncogenic gene in RCC, and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of the disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Seasonal differences in resting oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and free thyroxine in woodchucks.
The relationships among seasonal differences in body weight, food intake, metabolism, and thyroid hormone in woodchucks were investigated in 12 woodchucks. Six woodchucks had been maintained on a photoperiod simulating that found at 42 degrees N (boreal woodchucks). The other group of six animals had been maintained similarly in all respects except that the light simulated that found at 42 degrees S (austral woodchucks). An openflow respirometer, calibrated using the N2-dilution method, was used to determine metabolism twice in a 2-wk period near the September equinox, while at the same time food intake, body weight, and free thyroxine concentrations (fT4) were measured. Body weight was the same for both groups of woodchucks. However, compared with boreal animals near their autumnal equinox, austral woodchucks near their vernal equinox had significantly higher (P < 0.01) daily food intake (5 +/- 2 vs. 35 +/- 2 g.kg-1.day-1), oxygen consumption (4.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.3 +/- 0.3 ml.min-1.kg-1), carbon dioxide production (2.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1.kg-1), respiratory quotient (0.65 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.02), and fT4 (0.21 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.65 +/- 0.05 ng/dl). It was concluded that photoperiod has a strong effect on resting metabolism in the woodchuck and that there is an association between fT4 and changes in food intake and metabolic rate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of anionic PEGylated polypeptide on gene transfection mediated by glycolipid conjugate micelles.
To improve the gene transfection efficiency mediated by chitosan-g-stearic acid (CS) micelles, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PG) was incorporated into a CS-based gene delivery system. CS/PG/pDNA complexes were prepared by ionic interaction. CS and PEGylated CS (PCS) micelles were introduced to prepare binary complexes for use as controls. CS/PG/pDNA complexes possessed similar sizes and presented as irregular spheroids in shape. The incorporation of PG into CS/pDNA complexes did not affect the ability of CS to compact pDNA and also showed a protective effect against DNase I based degradation of pDNA. Importantly, PG could increase gene transfection efficiency, which was also affected by the mixing methods used for the preparation of CS/PG/pDNA ternary complexes. The transfection efficiencies mediated by CS/PG/pDNA complexes against HEK293 and EC-1 cells reached up to 40.8% and 11.6%, respectively, which were much higher than those of CS/pDNA complexes (1.3% and 4.0%) and PCS/pDNA complexes (0.8% and 2.4%). In addition, the incorporation of PG into CS/pDNA complexes significantly enhanced cellular uptake in HEK293 and EC-1 cells and, additionally, improved endosomal escape and intracellular vector unpacking. However, the incorporation of PG reduced the cellular uptake of CS/PG/pDNA complexes in macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). It was further demonstrated that, in addition to a nonspecific charge-mediated binding to cell membranes, a γ-PGA-specific receptor-mediated pathway was involved in the internalization of CS/PG/pDNA complexes. These results indicated that PG played multiple important roles in enhancing the transfection efficiency of CS/PG/pDNA complexes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Predicting 10-year alcohol use trajectories among men age 50 years and older.
To describe common 10-year drinking trajectories followed by men age 50 years or older and identify risk factors for those trajectories. Longitudinal data were used to derive a semiparametric group-based model. Men from the Health and Retirement Study age 50-65 years in 1998 who completed three or more of the six interviews conducted from 1998 to 2008, including our 1998 baseline interview. Biannual data on number of drinks per drinking day were used to derive drinking trajectories. Risk factors included baseline age, race, ethnicity, education, marital status, retirement, smoking, binge drinking, vigorous exercise, body mass index, depression, pain, self-reported health, and chronic disease. The best-fitting model included consistent infrequent drinkers and nondrinkers (40.6% of cohort), increasing drinkers (5.5%), decreasing drinkers (7.6%), consistent at-risk drinkers (15.6%), and consistent moderate drinkers (30.7%). Adjusted logistic regression models comparing men with similar 1998 drinking levels who subsequently followed different trajectories identified significant risks associated with age, education, smoking, binge drinking, depression, pain, and self-reported health. To illustrate, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) suggest that baseline infrequent drinkers were less likely to follow an increasing drinkers trajectory if they were older (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.38-0.82) and smoked cigarettes (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30-0.74). Baseline drinkers were less likely to follow a decreasing trajectory if they reported more than 12 years of education (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.42-0.82) and thought that their health was excellent or very good (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.39-0.76). Only 30.7% of older men in this cohort were moderate drinkers throughout the follow-up. Many older men may benefit from brief counseling on the risks and benefits of drinking. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Optimization of follow-up timing from study of patterns of first failure after primary treatment. An example from patients with NSCLC: a study of the REACT working group of ESTRO.
The European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology was funded by the EU for a project on Recording providing Education, and Ameliorating the Consequences of Treatment (REACT). An important aim of follow-up (FU) after treatment for cancer is to detect various events associated with disease recurrence or metastatic spread or severe treatment-related complications as early as possible. Each tumour type may show a specific pattern and timing of these events related to different prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to propose a way of defining an optimal timing schedule for follow-up after treatment based on the analysis of failure patterns determined from follow-up data from prospective clinical trials. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors associated with each failure type (loco-regional recurrence (LR), distant metastasis (DM) or side effects (SE)). Competing risks methods were applied to estimate the cumulative incidence functions (CIF), adjusted on the significant prognostic factors. Equally spaced quantiles of the CIF were then used to estimate the corresponding optimised follow-up times depending on a pre-specified total number of visits. Follow-up data from the CHART bronchus clinical trial were used to analyse the pattern of time to first failure. A significantly higher risk of failure was observed for males (SE), stage III (DM) and conventional treatment (LR). Overall, patients treated with CHART needed 1 fewer visit in each category of patients compared to the Conventional group. For example, stage III male patients treated with CHART would need 8 visits during the first two years at 7, 11, 16, 24, 37, 52, 64 and 104 weeks rather than the 9 follow-up visits planned in the protocol. Similar patients treated with Conventional radiotherapy would need 8 visits at 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 24, 52 and 104 weeks. Use of these methods would allow timing of follow-up visits to be adapted according to tumour site and prognostic factors determined previously from audit or clinical trials. Application of this approach could optimize the timing of follow-up visits by placing them closer to the times when failures are expected to occur. It does not address the wider issues of follow-up such as who should do it or what should be done for which further studies are required. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Validation of the handheld Lactate-Pro analyzer for measurement of blood L-lactate concentration in cattle.
Blood L-lactate concentration (LAC) can be used for various diagnostic purposes in cattle. As multiple handheld analyzers for LAC exist, it is important to validate their use in cattle in comparison with reference laboratory blood analyzers. The objectives of this study were to validate the handheld Lactate Pro meter (LacP) including reproducibility, and compare the measurements with the StatProfile (StatP) as a gold standard. In addition, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and the impact of HCT on LAC measured by both analyzers were assessed. A cohort of 64 cattle with acute medical and surgical conditions was studied. Whole blood samples in heparin lithium tubes were analyzed upon arrival with both StatP and LacP. Twenty-three samples were immediately retested to assess intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV). The HCT values were also recorded. The LAC using LacP was highly correlated with the StatP (r = 0.9736 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9562-0.9841]). The LacP underestimated LAC (mean difference:-0.9 mmol/L, 95% CI:-3.1 mmol/L to 1.3 mmol/L). The intra-assay CV was excellent (4.77%). No significant correlation was observed between LacP or StatP and HCT (P = .39 and .09, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity for LacP were 91.7% (95% CI: 76.4-97.8%) and 100% (83.4-100%, cutoff of 4 mmol/L), and 78.6% (58.5-90.9%) and 100% (87.0-100%, cutoff of 6 mmol/L). The LacP handheld lactate meter can be used safely and reliably cow-side, although it underestimates LAC value when compared with a standard laboratory analyzer especially for LAC ≥ 10.0 mmol/L. The LAC value was not influenced by HCT in this study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: perioperative stroke and beyond.
The definition of stroke has changed over time, from a clinical only-based diagnosis to a more complex classification, including both clinical and imaging-based criteria, in part due to widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The increasing number of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedures in patients with severe aortic valvular stenosis who are considered high-risk surgical candidates has influenced our view on the diagnosis, interpretation, and significance of perioperative stroke during these procedures. Areas covered: In this perspective, we summarize changes in the definition and diagnostic criteria for stroke and transient ischemic attacks. We examine how the introduction of MRI and standardized cognitive tests has affected our understanding of the safety of TAVR procedures. Finally, we review the growing evidence regarding the role of cerebral protection technology during TAVR procedures on cognitive function. Expert commentary: Standardized MRI-based protocols and prospective evaluation of neurologic deficits with a battery of cognitive assessment tests are needed to ensure accurate recognition of postprocedural clinical events in patients undergoing TAVR procedures and to confirm the effectiveness of embolic protection technology. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Increase in vasopressin release into the hypophysial portal blood after superior cervical ganglion stimulation in rat.
The aim of the study was to investigate whether the stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion may influence vasopressin and oxytocin release into the hypophysial portal blood. In urethane-chloralose anaesthesia the pituitary gland was exposed by transpharyngeal approach in rats. The hypophysial portal vessels were transsected in the narrowing between glandular portion of the hypophysis and the infundibulum. The 15 min blood samples from the cut portal vessels were collected before and during electrical stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion. Vasopressin and oxytocin content in the plasma, were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the control samples the vasopressin content amounted to 3.2 +/- 1.03 ng/mL and oxytocin 0.75 +/- 0.3 ng/mL. Stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion evoked an increase (9.6-fold) in vasopressin concentration but not in oxytocin in the blood plasma of hypophysial portal vessels. On the basis of the results obtained, it may be presumed that the sympathetic efferents arising from the superior cervical ganglion induced only vasopressin but not in oxytocin release into the hypophysial portal blood. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dynamic simulation and assessment of the coupling coordination degree of the economy-resource-environment system: Case of Wuhan City in China.
The environmental and resource issues that accompany rapid economic growth have attracted the attention of the government and the public. Multiple non-linear and complicated interactions exist between the economy, resource and environment subsystem. Accordingly, understanding the operating mechanism of the economy-resource-environment (ERE) system and evaluating its coordination level are of immense significance for sustainable urban development. This study uses system dynamics (SD) to build a dynamic model of the ERE system. Furthermore, a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) that focuses on the coordination of the ERE system is established using data from 2000 to 2015 for Wuhan City, China. Four typical scenarios (i.e., current, economy, resource and environment scenarios) are designed and simulated by the constructed SD model. Coordination assessment results based on the CCDM show that the coordination of the economy scenario performs the worst, the environment scenario performs best in the short term and the resource scenario is considerably effective for the coordinated development of the urban ERE system in the long term. We suggest that improvements in the energy structure and the natural environment are prior choices for sustainable urban development. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hormonotherapy of advanced prostate cancer.
More than two decades of studies on hormonal treatment of Prostate Cancer are briefly reviewed. Recent American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations have pointed the major issues faced in randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses. Androgen ablation remains the mainstay of treatment for advanced stages, while Docetaxel based chemotherapy is becoming the standard in hormonorefractory tumors and targeted therapies are approaching. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of Xist expression in preattachment equine embryos.
Until now, sex determination in equine embryos has been performed by detection of Y-chromosome-specific sequences only. In the present study, expression of a Barr-body-specific marker, the X-inactivated-specific transcript (Xist) gene, whose gene product consists of RNA which coats and thereby inactivates one of the X chromosomes, was investigated in equine embryos produced in vivo. Preattachment embryos at different times after ovulation (Day 8: n = 9; Day 10: n = 12; Day 12: n = 15) were analyzed for Xist RNA expression using quantitative and qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Female and male primary equine dermal cell cultures were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Embryos tested negative for Xist were evaluated for expression of the male-specific eSRY gene by qualitative PCR at the DNA level. From 36 embryos assessed by qualitative RT-PCR, 18 showed positive Xist expression (50%). From 29 embryos tested by quantitative RT-PCR, 16 showed positive Xist expression (55%). All of the Xist-negative equine embryos tested by quantitative PCR were positive for eSRY. We also demonstrated by strand-specific RT-PCR that in the horse, as in humans, the counter transcript Tsix seems to be truncated not reaching Exon 1. In contrast to many other species, neither Xist nor Tsix was expressed in equine male testicular tissue. The results demonstrate that expression of Xist is restricted to female equine embryos. Xist can thus be considered an X-inactivation-specific marker which can be used in concert with Y-specific markers for sex determination. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Modulating mammary tumor growth, metastasis and immunosuppression by siRNA-induced MIF reduction in tumor microenvironment.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been identified as a major gene product upregulated in breast cancer cells-tissues upon the accumulation of macrophages. However, regulatory role of MIF in tumor microenvironment is not well understood. Previously, we have developed small interfering RNA (siRNA)-loaded nanoparticle system to effectively reduce MIF expression in both breast cancer cells and macrophages. Using this nanoparticle system, in this study we demonstrated that the siRNA-induced MIF reduction in murine mammary cancer line 4T1 and human breast cancer line MDA-MB-231 resulted in significant reduction of cell proliferation and increase of apoptosis; the siRNA-induced MIF reduction in tumor-associated macrophages resulted in a significant reduction of surface expression of CD74 and CD206 and a significant increase of surface expression of major histocompatibility complex II, as well as intracellular expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-2. A direct injection of the MIF-siRNA-loaded nanoparticles into 4T1 tumor in mice resulted in effective reduction of intratumoral MIF. This led to a reduction of tumor growth and metastasis. This also resulted in a reduction of circulating myeloid-derived suppressive cells both in number and in suppressive function. CD4 T-cell infiltration to tumor was increased. More importantly, this not only slowed the growth of treated 4T1 tumor, but also delayed the growth and metastasis of a contralateral untreated 4T1-luc tumor, suggesting the development of systemic antitumor responses. This study demonstrates for the first time that the siRNA-mediated intratumoral MIF reduction can induce antitumoral immune response via reducing systemic immune suppression. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Epidemiology of glomerulonephritis and results of urine and serum studies].
On the basis of an extensive data material it was demonstrated that the early recognition of a glomerulonephritis is dependent on the proof of a proteinuria and indeed it is independently of its size and reproducibility. Extensive serological examinations are without diagnostic significance, especially the estimation of the serum complement and the immunoglobulins. Patients with proteinuria should be included in a kidney dispensaire system. The diagnostik programm, including percutaneous renal biopsy, is dependent on the size and constancy of proteinuria and other urinary findings like microscopic hematuria. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Engineering monomeric streptavidin and its ligands with infinite affinity in binding but reversibility in interaction.
Natural tetrameric streptavidin captures and immobilizes biotinylated molecules with ultra-tight binding (K(d) approximately 10(-13) to 10(-14) M). In contrast, engineered monomeric streptavidin offers reversible binding (K(d) approximately 10(-7) M). To develop an ideal engineered streptavidin which possesses both the immobilization capability of the natural streptavidin and the reversible interaction reactivity of the monomeric streptavidin, a pair of engineered biomaterials was designed through molecular modeling. This system consists of two recombinant components: an engineered monomeric streptavidin M6, which has a cysteine residue (C118) near the biotin binding site, and a cysteine containing biotinylation tag. Interactions between M6 and the biotinylated peptide tag go through a two-stage process (capture and immobilization) to generate a covalently linked complex. Biotinylation is essential in the capture stage. Once the biotin moiety in the biotinylated tag is captured by M6, the biotinylated tag can fold back and rotate on the surface of the complex with the biotinylated lysine in the peptide tag as the axis until the formationof a disulfide bond. Consequently, cysteine residue in different positions flanking the biotin residue in the biotinylation tag can successfully form a disulfide bond with M6. Intermolecular disulfide bond formation between M6 and the tag containing protein offers the immobilization capability to M6. In the presence of reducing agent and biotin, bound ligands can be dissociated. This system has the potential to extend the biotin-streptavidin technology to develop reusable biosensor/protein chips and bioreactors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
SRL1: a new locus specific to the phyB-signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
As part of an effort to isolate new Arabidopsis mutants specifically defective in responsiveness to red light, we identified srl1 (short hypocotyl in red light) by screening an EMS-mutagenized M2 population derived from a phytochrome B (phyB)-overexpressor line (ABO). The srl1 mutant shows enhanced responsiveness to continuous red but not far-red light, in both wild-type and ABO backgrounds, consistent with involvement in the phyB-signaling pathway but not that of phyA. The hypersensitive phenotype of srl1 is not due to overexpression of endogenous phyA or phyB, and the locus maps to the center of chromosome 2, distinct from any other known photomorphogenic mutants. srl1 seedlings display enhancement of several phyB-mediated responses, including shorter hypocotyls, more expanded cotyledons, shorter petioles and modestly higher levels of CAB gene expression under red light than the wild type. Double mutant analyses show that the hypersensitive phenotype of srl1 is completely phyB-dependent. The data suggest, therefore, that SRL1 may encode a negatively acting component specific to the phyB-signaling pathway. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Use of mechanical devices for the intermaxillary registration in edentulous patients treated with implants.
This article describes the use of three devices that replace the wax rims in the registration of the intermaxillary position and of the vertical dimension of occlusion in completely edentulous patients who have been treated with Brånemark implants. The devices consist of a mechanical "tooth" that can be adjusted in all three dimensions of space and of two plates that support the registration material. The mechanical tooth is connected to an abutment in the anterior region and a contact is established with a tooth in the opposite jaw at the vertical dimension in which the patient will be restored. This allows the operator to position the mandible in the centric relation in a condition of neuromuscular deprogramming and in the absence of posterior interferences. The two metal plates are then fixed to the posterior abutments, one on each side, and support the wax and zinc oxide eugenol paste used to register the intermaxillary position just established. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bronchodilator response to salbutamol after chronic dosing with salmeterol or placebo.
It has been hypothesized that regular inhaled beta2-agonist therapy causes desensitization of beta2-receptors. The aim of this study was to define whether beta2-receptor desensitization occurs after treatment with the long-acting beta2-agonist salmeterol, assessed by measuring the bronchodilator response to cumulative repeated doses of inhaled salbutamol before and after treatment. Forty nine stable adult patients with asthma were randomized to receive either salmeterol 50 microg b.d. or placebo b.d. from an Accuhaler for 4 weeks after an initial 2 week run-in period without beta2-agonists. All patients were receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Bronchodilator responsiveness to cumulative repeated doses of inhaled salbutamol were measured before and 12 and 36 h after the last dose of study treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the peak forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) response before and after treatment. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in the absolute peak FEV1 or maximal peak expiratory flow (PEF) results 12 or 36 h after the last dose of study treatment. Significantly higher clinic lung function and diary card parameters were noted in the salmeterol group when compared to the placebo-treated patients, demonstrating the beneficial effects of regular salmeterol. Regular salmeterol usage did not lead to reduced efficacy of usual or higher than usual doses of salbutamol. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Expression profiling of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent signaling molecules in the rat dorsal and ventral hippocampus after acute lead exposure.
The septal and temporal poles of the hippocampus differ markedly in their anatomical organization, but whether these distinct regions exhibit differential neurochemical profiles underlying lead (Pb(2+)) neurotoxicity remains to be determined. In the present study, we examined changes in the expression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent enzymes, including calpain, calcineurin, phospho-CaMKII (Thr286) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), in the rat dorsal and ventral hippocampus (DH and VH) after acute Pb(2+) exposure. Five days after Pb(2+) exposure, we observed constitutively active forms of calcineurin (45 kDa and 48 kDa) in ventral portions of the hippocampus, a result consistent with the observed calpain activation that is indicated by the breakdown of spectrin in this region. Our data demonstrate that nNOS expression is significantly higher in the ventral region of the hippocampus when compared to the dorsal region, whereas phosphorylation of CaMKII (Thr286) is less pronounced in the ventral portion of the hippocampus and more pronounced in dorsal regions after acute Pb(2+) exposure. Thus, it appears likely that the ventral region of hippocampus is more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of Pb(2+) than the dorsal region. Taken together, the present data suggest that acute lead exposure leads to differential expression patterns of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent enzymes along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Modified Separator Using Thin Carbon Layer Obtained from Its Cathode for Advanced Lithium Sulfur Batteries.
The realization of a practical lithium sulfur battery system, despite its high theoretical specific capacity, is severely limited by fast capacity decay, which is mainly attributed to polysulfide dissolution and shuttle effect. To address this issue, we designed a thin cathode inactive material interlayer modified separator to block polysulfides. There are two advantages for this strategy. First, the coating material totally comes from the cathode, thus avoids the additional weights involved. Second, the cathode inactive material modified separator improve the reversible capacity and cycle performance by combining gelatin to chemically bond polysulfides and the carbon layer to physically block polysulfides. The research results confirm that with the cathode inactive material modified separator, the batteries retain a reversible capacity of 644 mAh g(-1) after 150 cycles, showing a low capacity decay of about 0.11% per circle at the rate of 0.5C. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Family practice training in Nepal.
This article describes the health care system in Nepal and the only existing family practice (general practice) training program in that country. The majority of doctors in Nepal still have no residency training, and a specialist focus pervades. The efforts of some leading educators in Nepal led to establishment of a family practice training program in 1982, and the program now enrolls 12 residents per year, half of whom are from India. Major obstacles in education, financing, and policy must be addressed before family practice can have a meaningful presence or effect on the health care in Nepal. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The medical acceptability of soft contact lens wear by USAF tactical aircrews.
Seventy-two Tactical Air Command (TAC) aircrew members completed one full year of soft contact lens (SCL) wear. A daily-wear regimen, using extended-wear lenses, was used to minimize corneal stress. Baseline measurements of visual acuity with SCLs and with spectacles after SCL removal and ocular indicator gradings were compared to measurements at 5-d, 10-d, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month examinations. Visual acuity did not decrease during the test. No aircrew member developed corneal ulcers or other serious complications requiring elimination from the test. Two aircrew members lost a total of 9 "duties not to include flying" (DNIF) days: one flyer was grounded for 1 d with a corneal abrasion and another for 8 d with epithelial microcysts. The TAC SCL Test, as designed, was generally successful. The conservative approach to SCL wear during the test and the meticulous follow-up care by United States Air Force eye care professionals most likely contributed to the low ocular complication rate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The role of phospholipid asymmetry in calcium-phosphate-induced fusion of human erythrocytes.
To elucidate the role of phospholipid asymmetry in calcium-phosphate-induced fusion of human erythrocytes, we examined the interaction of erythrocyte membranes with asymmetric and symmetric bilayer distributions of phospholipids. Fusion of human erythrocytes was monitored by light microscopy as well as spectrophotometrically by the octadecylrhodamine dequenching assay. Phospholipid translocation and distribution between the inner and the outer leaflet of intact red blood cells were determined with spin-labeled phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Significant fusion of lipid-asymmetric red blood cells where PS and PE are predominantly oriented to the inner leaflet was only observed at Ca2+ concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mM (in the presence of 10 mM phosphate buffer) while fusion of lipid-symmetric erythrocyte membranes was established at greater than or equal to 1.5 mM Ca2+. The Ca2+ threshold of fusion of lipid-asymmetric red blood cells was significantly reduced (i) after exposure of PS to the outer layer but not after redistribution of PE alone, and (ii) upon incorporation of spin-labeled PS into the outer leaflet of red blood cells. Spin-labeled PE or PC did not affect fusion, suggesting that the serine headgroup is an important factor in calcium-phosphate-induced fusion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hyperechogenic bowel and hydronephrosis in screening for trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks.
To investigate the potential value of choroid plexus cyst, intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel as markers of trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks. We examined three-dimensional volumes from 228 fetuses with trisomy 21 and 797 chromosomally normal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. We looked for choroid plexus cysts with a minimum diameter of 1.5 mm, intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis with a minimum anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis of 1.5 mm and hyperechogenic bowel. The prevalence of intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel was significantly higher in trisomy 21 than in normal fetuses (9.6% vs. 1.5%, 17.1% vs. 5.3% and 11.4% vs. 2.4%, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the prevalence of choroid plexus cysts (7.5% vs. 5.0%). There were no significant differences in crown-rump length or nuchal translucency thickness in either chromosomally normal or trisomy 21 fetuses between those with and those without any one of the markers. At 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks the prevalence of intracardiac echogenic focus, hydronephrosis and hyperechogenic bowel is higher in trisomy 21 than in chromosomally normal fetuses. As there is no significant association between the presence of these markers and nuchal translucency thickness, they could be included in the assessment of risk to improve accuracy of screening. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Ultrastructure of the inner surface of the aorta of mature and old animals].
In the experiments, performed on 12 white rats and 8 rabbits, by means of scanning electron microscopy of the native preparations and in a number of cases with use of silver nitrate impregnation, the internal surface structure has been studied in the aortal membrane of mature and old animals. At ageing the integrity and continuity of the endothelial monolayer is preserved, on the surface local intimal pits, craters and microdefects appear, adhesiveness of endothelium to leucocytes increases. Orientation of the intimal folds is disturbed. The type of the senescent remodeling in the endothelial layer revealed predisposes to development of atherosclerosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dietary cation-anion difference and dietary protein effects on performance and acid-base status of dairy cows in early lactation.
Our objective was to examine the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) with different concentrations of dietary crude protein (CP) on performance and acid-base status in early lactation cows. Six lactating Holstein cows averaging 44 d in milk were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments: DCAD of -3, 22, or 47 milliequivalents (Na + K - Cl - S)/100 g of dry matter (DM), and 16 or 19% CP on a DM basis. Linear increases with DCAD occurred in DM intake, milk fat percentage, 4% fat-corrected milk production, milk true protein, milk lactose, and milk solids-not-fat. Milk production itself was unaffected by DCAD. Jugular venous blood pH, base excess and HCO3(-) concentration, and urine pH increased, but jugular venous blood Cl- concentration, urine titratable acidity, and net acid excretion decreased linearly with increasing DCAD. An elevated ratio of coccygeal venous plasma essential AA to nonessential AA with increasing DCAD indicated that N metabolism in the rumen was affected, probably resulting in more microbial protein flowing to the small intestine. Cows fed 16% CP had lower urea N in milk than cows fed 19% CP; the same was true for urea N in coccygeal venous plasma and urine. Dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, and acid-base status did not differ between the 16 and 19% CP treatments. It was concluded that DCAD affected DM intake and performance of dairy cows in early lactation. Feeding 16% dietary CP to cows in early lactation, compared with 19% CP, maintained lactation performance while reducing urea N excretion in milk and urine. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Towards Physarum binary adders.
Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by unaided eye. The plasmodium's foraging behaviour is interpreted in terms of computation. Input data is a configuration of nutrients, result of computation is a network of plasmodium's cytoplasmic tubes spanning sources of nutrients. Tsuda et al. (2004) experimentally demonstrated that basic logical gates can be implemented in foraging behaviour of the plasmodium. We simplify the original designs of the gates and show - in computer models - that the plasmodium is capable for computation of two-input two-output gate x, y-->xy, x+y and three-input two-output x,y,z-->x yz,x+y+z. We assemble the gates in a binary one-bit adder and demonstrate validity of the design using computer simulation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mexican parent's undocumented status and the educational attainment of the children left behind.
Research shows that having undocumented parents lowers the educational attainment of children that grew up in the United States, but we know less about how it affects the education of children left behind in their origin countries. We use fixed effects models and data from the Mexican Migration Project to examine this relationship. We find that having both parents documented increases the educational attainment of children left behind by over two years in comparison to similar children with mixed-status, undocumented, and nonimmigrant parents. The effect is especially robust for boys that migrate as teenagers. These findings reveal that US immigration laws that define most Mexican immigrants as undocumented have had a devastating effect on the education of Mexican children left behind. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Accuracy of 3D fluoroscopy in cranial stereotactic surgery: a comparative study in phantoms and patients.
To assess the precision and accuracy of 3D fluoroscopy (XT) in phantoms and patients compared to computed tomography (CT) in localizing stereotactic probes. Approval was obtained from the institutional research ethics board. The prospective phantom study was compared to a retrospective patient cohort. Accuracy was assessed by the mean error and precision by the mean dispersion between XT and CT with a cubic or a skull phantom containing metallic spheres installed on plates or along trajectories. Significance was assessed by Friedman's and Levene's test. Secondary endpoints were Euclidean error, other influences e.g. installed frame and radiation exposure. A total of 3,342 distances were assessed in 17 XT and 13 CT phantom scans. The cubic phantom showed mean distance errors of 0.33 mm (SD + -0.46 mm) for XT compared to 0.19 mm (SD + -0.83 mm) for CT scans (p = 0.0004) and a dispersion of 0.22 mm (XT) and 0.70 mm (CT). The dispersion was 0.36 mm with and 0.63 mm without a stereotactic frame (p < 0.0001). The mean Euclidean error was 0.72 mm (SD + -0.59 mm) in the skull phantom and 1.34 mm (SD + -0.82 mm) in the patient cohort. The effective dose was 0.65 mSv for the XT and 1.12 mSv for the CT. The accuracy of XT imaging in phantoms revealed a slightly lower accuracy but higher precision than the CT. The overall accuracy of XT was higher than that of the stereotactic frame allowing stereotactic localization with about half of the effective dose of a CT-scan. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of algorithms used for cross-species proteome characterisation.
The ability to effectively search databases for the identification of protein spots from two-dimensional electrophoresis gels has become an essential step in the study of microbial proteomes. A variety of analytical techniques are currently being employed during protein characterisation. A number of algorithms used to search databases, accessible via the World Wide Web, depend upon information concerning N- and C-terminal microsequence, amino acid composition, and peptide-mass fingerprinting. The effectiveness of nine such algorithms, as well as COMBINED (software developed in this laboratory for identifying proteins across species boundaries) was examined. Fifty-four ribosomal proteins from the Mycoplasma genitalium genome, and 72 amino acyl tRNA synthetases from the Haemophilus influenzae, M. genitalium and Methanococcus jannaschii genomes were chosen for study. These proteins were selected because they represent a wide range of sequence identities across species boundaries (22.7-100% identity), as detected by standard sequence alignment tools. Such sequence variation allowed for a statistical comparison of algorithm success measured against published sequence identity. The ability of analytical techniques used in protein characterisation and associated database query programs to detect identity at the functional group level was examined for proteins with low levels of homology at the gene/protein sequence level. The significance of these theoretical data manipulations provided the means to predict the utility of data acquired experimentally for non-sequence-dependent software in proteome analysis. The data obtained also predicted that 'sequence tagging' of peptide fingerprints would need to be accompanied by at least 11-20 residues of amino acid sequence for it to be widely used for protein characterisation across species boundaries. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reliability of non-culturable virus monitoring by PCR-based detection methods in environmental waters containing various concentrations of target RNA.
Owing to the lack of practical cell culture system for human noroviruses (HuNoV), various detection methods based on conventional reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and the quantitative real-time PCR have been major tools for monitoring environmental water safety. In this study, we showed that the proportion of water sample concentrates used for one-step RT-PCR significantly influences false-negative findings of the non-culturable viruses. In total, 59 archived samples of previously analyzed water concentrates were reexamined for HuNoV RNA by the one-step RT-PCR and semi-nested PCR. Using new aliquots for RNA extraction for every trial, up to 20 PCR trials were performed for each archive to determine whether the crosscheck results supported the previous determinations. We reconfirmed that 27.6% (8/29) of the samples were HuNoV-positive samples: 6.7% (1/15) from groundwater, 33.3% (3/9) from river water, and 80% (4/5) from treated sewage effluent (TSE). These results corresponded to the ratio of previously negative HuNoV samples now identified as positive (8/30): 6.7% (1/15) from groundwater, 20% (1/5) from river water, and 60% (6/10) from TSE. To elucidate the cause of these results, 16 different concentrations of murine norovirus (MNV) RNA (from 2×10(2) to 8×10(3) copies, divided into 10 tubes for each concentration) were subjected to one-step RT-PCR. The detection frequency and reproducibility decreased sharply when the number of MNV RNA copies fell below threshold levels. These observations suggest that the proportion of water concentrate used for PCR-based detection should be considered carefully when deciding viral presence in certain types of environmental water, particularly in regard with legal controls. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of protein and cell behavior on pattern-grafted thermoresponsive polymer.
A thermoresponsive copolymer, poly(Nisopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid), was coupled with azidoaniline. The azidophenyl-derivatized copolymer was grafted in a specific pattern on a polystyrene matrix by photolithography. The surface micropattern appeared and disappeared interchangeably, as observed under a phase-contrast microscope, by varying the temperature between 10 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The copolymer-grafted polystyrene surface was hydrophobic at 37 degrees C and hydrophilic at 10 degrees C. Albumin and fibronectin adsorption on the matrix was investigated using the fluorescent-labeling method. Fibronectin adsorbed onto both the grafted and nongrafted regions, while albumin adsorbed more onto the nongrafted regions than the grafted regions. Protein adsorption did not affect surface wettability. Mouse fibroblast STO cells were cultured on tissue culture plates pattern-grafted with the thermoresponsive copolymer. Fibronectin adsorption enhanced cell spreading, while albumin reduced it. When the temperature was lowered, the cells selectively detached from the surface areas grafted with the thermoresponsive copolymer when cultured in serum-free medium; the cells partially detached from these areas when cultured in serum-containing medium. The effect of serum proteins on cell detachment was similar to that caused by a mixture of albumin and fibronectin. Albumin adsorption did not affect the detachment of cells, while fibronectin adsorption inhibited it. The results of the present study indicate that a pattern-grafted, thermoresponsive, azidophenyl-derivatized copolymer can effectively facilitate selective cell detachment under some conditions such as serum-free culture or preadsorption of albumin. The pattern-grafting technique will be useful for qualitative microscopic comparison of surfaces prepared differently on one chip under the same conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Large epidemic of cholera-like disease in Bangladesh caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal. Cholera Working Group, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh.
Epidemics of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 occur regularly in Bangladesh, but until lately V cholerae non-O1 has been associated only with sporadic cases of diarrhoeal disease in many parts of the world, including Bangladesh. We describe a large epidemic of cholera-like disease in Bangladesh that is due to a V cholerae non-O1. The epidemic began in December, 1992, in southern Bangladesh and spread throughout the country. By the end of March 107,297 cases of diarrhoea and 1473 deaths had been reported. The disease is indistinguishable from cholera in clinical features and response to treatment, but most of the cases are in adults, which suggests that the population has no previous immunological experience of the organism. At two centres 375 (40%) of 938 and 236 (48%) of 492 rectal swabs were positive for V cholerae non-O1, as were 5 of 54 surface water samples. 55 isolates of V cholerae non-O1 were studied in detail. They resembled El Tor vibrios in being resistant to polymyxin B and positive for agglutination of chicken erythrocytes. The strain did not belong to any of the 138 known V cholerae serogroups; so a new serogroup O139, with the suggested name Bengal, is proposed. All the isolates studied produced large amounts of an enterotoxin apparently identical to cholera toxin. This strain seems to have pandemic potential. It is important that other countries in southeast Asia are aware of the strain's potential to cause severe morbidity and mortality. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mouse macrophages contain a truncated CD4 transcript.
Mouse macrophages do not express CD4 on their surfaces. We used the polymerase chain reaction to investigate CD4 gene transcription in individual clones of primary mouse splenic macrophages and cell lines of spleen and bone marrow macrophages. The results show only the presence of CD4 mRNA transcripts that are truncated in the 3' coding sequence, thus explaining the lack of expression of a mature CD4 gene product by these cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Detection and significance of IL-1beta and MMP-8 in patients with periodontitis of whole unstimulated saliva].
To detect the role of IL-1beta and MMP-8 by ELISA in whole unstimulated saliva of patients with different type of periodontitis and to determine whether they are possible specific biomarkers of periodontitis. A total of 80 saliva samples were collected from 28 GCP patients, 28 GAgP patients and 24 healthy subjects. The levels of IL-1beta and MMP-8 were respectively measured by ELISA kits. The data were analysed statistically with one-way ANOVA. The mean salivary levels of IL-1beta in GCP group,GAgP group and control group were 144.40 pg/ml+/-150.70 pg/ml+/-72.56 pg/ml+/-69.36 pg/ml and 65.96 pg/ml+/-71.18 pg/ml respectively, There was no significance difference between the three groups (P>0.05); GCP and GAgP groups presented significantly elevated salivary levels of MMP-8 than that of the control group, which was (576.89+/-559.24) ng/ml, (420.93+/-533.73)ng/ml and (151.49+/-216.38) ng/ml respectively (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between GCP and GAgP group (P>0.05). Salivary levels of MMP-8 may be a biomarker for diagnosis for periodontitis while IL-1beta needs to be further testified. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Benign thoracic disease in the elderly.
The spectrum of benign thoracic disease in the elderly includes structural abnormalities, infectious disease and their complications, benign neoplastic growths, and autoimmune disease. Differences in physiologic reserve in this population make diagnosis difficult, as elderly patients may not present in the classic fashion, as well as complicate treatment. Benign thoracic disease in the elderly can pose a challenging clinical problem. Older patients with comorbid diseases may have poor tolerance of unnecessary surgical interventions. However, benign disorders of the chest associated with symptoms attributable to effusion or obstruction of airways can limit quality of life. Minimally invasive techniques (eg, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) can limit the morbidity associated with intervention. Additionally, prompt intervention may spare the patient more invasive treatments. For example, early effusions can be managed with simple drainage rather than thoracotomy and decortication. With respect to suspected benign thoracic lesions in the elderly, guiding principles for management include avoiding unnecessary interventions while not overlooking potential malignancies. Close surveillance of progressive symptoms, ensuring no radiographic change in the size of the lesion over 2 years, and use of positron-emission tomography remain the diagnostic keys to accurate management. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The subunit structure of nitrite reductase purified from the denitrifier Achromobacter cycloclastes.
The copper-containing nitrite reductase of Achromobacter cycloclastes has been considered to be a homotrimer with three identical subunits both in the crystal and in solution. In this study, however, the enzyme was found to be a heterotrimer consisting of two subunits with molecular masses of 37 kDa and 36.2 kDa, and the 37 kDa subunit was 6 amino acid residues longer than the smaller subunit. Signal-peptide cleavage sites in its N-terminal region are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hepatic resection of non-colorectal and non-neuroendocrine liver metastases - survival benefit for patients with non-gastrointestinal primary cancers - a case-controlled study.
Whereas resection of colorectal liver metastases is gold standard, there is an ongoing debate on benefit of resection of non-colorectal (NCRC) and non-neuroendocrine (NNEC) liver metastases. The potential survival benefit of patients undergoing resection of NCRC or NNEC liver metastases was investigated. Data from a prospectively maintained database were reviewed over a 7-year period. Kaplan-Meier method was used for the evaluation of outcome following resection. 101 patients underwent 116 surgical procedures for synchronous and metachronous NCRC or NNEC liver metastases with a morbidity of 23% and a mortality of ∼1%. 11 patients underwent repeated liver resection procedures. Overall 5-year survival after liver resection was 30% depending on primary tumour site. Median survival was significantly increased after resection of hepatic metastases from non-gastrointestinal primaries compared to gastrointestinal primaries. Resection of hepatic metastases from non-gastrointestinal primaries resulted in significantly increased median survival compared to exploration only. Patients with hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal primaries did not benefit from hepatic surgery. Hepatic resection for liver metastases from NCRC or NNEC cancers is a save treatment procedure. However, the decision to perform surgery should depend on the primary cancer. Especially patients with liver metastases from non-gastrointestinal primaries profit from hepatic surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antilymphocytic activity of erythromycin distinct from that of FK506 or cyclosporin A.
Erythromycin (EM), a macrolide antibiotic has been recently reported to depress the extent of inflammation irrespective of its antimicrobial action. Our study was initiated to examine the effect of EM on T cell proliferation in vitro, since other macrolide antibiotics FK506 and rapamycin (RAP) have been well known to possess strong immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory potential. EM had a suppressive effect on the proliferative response of human lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens and antigens, while EM had no effect on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production or IL-2R alpha (CD25) expression. Delayed addition of EM after the first 48 hours of mitogenic stimulation did suppress IL-2-dependent proliferation of Con A blasts, whereas pretreatment with EM for the first 48 hours of stimulation did not impede the subsequent IL-2-dependent proliferation of obtained blast cells. The results indicate that EM suppresses T cell proliferation at a late stage in the activation process by impairing their response to IL-2. This antilymphocytic action of EM was quite distinct from that of FK506 or cyclosporin A (CsA) but was similar to that of RAP. Unlike RAP, however, EM did not antagonize FK506-induced suppression but potentiated the action of FK506 and CsA. The addition of an enteric hormone motilin, a receptor of which was previously found to be occupied by EM, unaffected the lymphocyte proliferation and the subsequent EM-induced suppression. These data suggest that EM operates through an undefined mechanism probably distinct from that of FK506, CsA, RAP or motilin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The Hospital Emergency Plan: Important Tool for Disaster Preparedness].
Hospitals need to be prepared for any kind of disaster. The terrorist attacks and mass shootings that took place in Europe in recent years impressively demonstrated the capability of hospitals to manage such challenging and disastrous events. To be adequately prepared, the hospital emergency plan is a very important tool. In this article we describe the entire process of drafting the emergency plan. We discuss the theoretical background as well as different models of disaster planning and we give important practical hints and tips for those in charge of the hospital disaster planning. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tarennane and tarennone, two novel chalcone constituents from Tarenna attenuata.
Two novel chalcone constituents, tarennane (1) and tarennone (2), together with nine known compounds, were isolated from the whole plant of Tarenna attenuata. By analysis of physical and spectroscopic data, the structures of new compounds were elucidated as (E)-4-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-acryl]-3,4,5-trimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone (1) and 1,2-bis(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-1-one (2). These two compounds were tested for antioxidant activities in the MTT and DPPH assays. Compound 1 revealed potent antioxidant activities against H2O2-induced impairment in PC12 cells, but neither of them showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity with IC50 values of 181.1 and 210.3 microM, respectively. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ontogenic development of prolactin immunoreactive neurons in the rat lateral hypothalamus.
The present study investigated the ontogenic expression of a prolactin-like substance (oPRL-ir) in rat hypothalamus from embryonic day (E) 17 to postnatal day (P) 29. By immunocytochemistry, the oPRL-ir peptide was only detected from P3. As in adults, labeled neurons were found exclusively in the lateral hypothalamic area. By in situ hybridization, with a cocktail of oligonucleotides complementary to the PRL mRNA, no labeling was observed in the hypothalamus, although dense labeling was obtained over the pituitary. With reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, a 408 bp band, presumably corresponding to an oPRL mRNA, was detected from PO in the LHA, but also in other brain regions. These results suggest that the oPRL-ir neurons do not contain oPRL. The nature of the oPRL-ir peptide is still unknown, but its late onset of expression may be related to its putative involvement in feeding behavior. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Influence of an overstorey tree (Prosopis glandulosa) on associated shrubs in a savanna parkland: implications for patch dynamics.
The arborescent legume, honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), appears to play a central role in patch dynamics of southern Texas savannas by modifying soils and microclimate and by facilitating the ingress, establishment and/or growth of shrubs in its understorey. As an indirect test for the occurrence and persistence of facilitation in mature shrub clusters (patches), we examined the gas exchange, water relations and production of associated shrubs growing in patches where a Prosopis overstorey was present and in patches where Prosopis had succumbed to natural mortality. Surface (0-10 cm) soils associated with shrub patches were enriched in total [N] and [C] compared to soils of neighboring herbaceous zones. However, there were no detectable differences in soil [N] or [C] in patches with and without Prosopis. Foliar [N] and biomass of various shrub species were also statistically comparable for patches with and without Prosopis. These results are in accordance with other studies that indicate the nutrient legacy associated with Prosopis occupation of a patch may persist for decades after its demise. In comparison to plants growing in the absence of Prosopis, leaf water potentials (predawn and midday), and net photosynthesis and water vapor conductance (morning and midday) of outer-canopy sunlit leaves over an annual growth cycle were comparable for two common evergreen shrubs, Zanthoxylum fagara and Berberis trifoliolata, growing in patches with a live Prosopis. These findings indicate that the presence of Prosopis was not enhancing the growth or activity of mature understorey shrubs; facilitation may, therefore, be important only during early stages of cluster development. In addition, we found no indication that the loss of Prosopis has initiated a downward phase in a cyclic succession of patch initiation, growth and death. Rather, the understorey shrubs appear to be able to maintain growth and productivity in the absence of a Prosopis overstorey, and may, therefore, represent persistent components of woody patches on these savanna landscapes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Indirect chemiluminescence detection for capillary zone electrophoresis of monoamines and catechol using luminol-k3[Fe(CN)6] system.
Indirect chemiluminescence (ICL) detection for capillary electrophoresis (CE) of monoamines and catechol using luminol-K3 [Fe(CN)6] system was described. A strong and stable background chemiluminescence (CL) signal can be generated by luminol-K3 [Fe(CN)6] reaction. Based on the principle of that some phenolic compounds may be oxidized in the presence of K3 [Fe(CN)6], quenching effect of catecholamines for luminol-K3[Fe(CN)6] CL reaction results in a quantifiable decrease in the background signal. The conditions for CE separation and the CL detection for four standard catecholamines were systematically investigated using a homemade CE-ICL system. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE) and catechol (CA) were determined to be 0.18 mciroM 0.39 microM 0.48 microM and 0.09 microM, respectively. It also has been successfully applied to analyze seven pharmaceutical samples and seven human urine samples. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Absorption, distribution and elimination of azidomorphine and related substances.
The absorption, distribution and elimination of 14C- and 3H-azidomorphine, 3H-14-OH-azidomorphine, 14C- and 3H-azidocodeine and 3H-azidoethylmorphine were studied in comparison to 14-C-morphine. Whole body autoradiography of pregnant mice, quantitative estimations of tissue radioactivity in male mice, brain autoradiography, subcellular distribution in rat brain and elimination studies in rats were performed. Azidomorphine and morphine are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at the same rate but the absorption of 14-OH-azidomorphine, azidocodeine and azidoethylmorphine exceeds that of the formers. The azidomorphines pass across the blood-brain barrier more readily than does morphine. In rats treated with azidomorphines, 30--50% of the doses given were excreted with the urine the first 4 hours and about 90% within 48 hours; whereas 2--5% were recovered from the collected stools. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A qualitative difference. Patients' views of hospital food service in Iran.
Undernutrition and food acceptability in hospitals form a worldwide problem, but existing studies offer a predominantly Western perspective. This research investigated inpatients' satisfaction with meals in five Iranian hospitals, using focus group discussions, interviews and meal observations. The main problem areas included food quality and quantity, nutritional control, meal arrangements and staff attitudes. Iran's hospitals follow a Western model, which may be appropriate for medical systems, but is less so for patient feeding, due to budgetary constraints and cultural factors. Understanding patients' experience makes it possible to improve feeding arrangements, with a positive impact upon patients' nutrition. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection 1 year after successful treatment: prospective cohort study in the Republic of Yemen.
To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients in the Republic of Yemen and the recurrence rate 1 year after apparently successful eradication. A total of 275 patients with chronic dyspepsia seen in one clinic were enrolled. Gastric biopsies were obtained at endoscopy and H. pylori infection was diagnosed using the rapid urease test. Patients with H. pylori infection were given either clarithromycin or metronidazole-based triple therapy. Six weeks later H. pylori status was assessed using the C-urea breath test (C-UBT). Those who were negative for H. pylori had a further C-UBT after 1 year to establish the recurrence rate. The prevalence of H. pylori infection at entry to the study was 82.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 78-87%]. The overall eradication rate 6 weeks after treatment was 49.1% (95% CI 42.6-55.6%) by intention-to-treat analysis, and 60% (95% CI 53-67%) by per-protocol analysis. Recurrence rate of H. pylori infection at 1 year was 34% (95% CI 14-45%) and the only predictor of recurrence was an excess delta C-UBT value less than 3.5 per million but equal to or greater than 2.5 per million at 6 weeks after treatment (odds ratio 2.28; 95% CI 1.17-4.44; P = 0.028). The prevalence of H. pylori infection in dyspeptic patients in Yemen is very high, the eradication rate with standard triple therapy was unsatisfactory probably because of widespread bacterial resistance due to unrestricted antibiotic use. The recurrence rate of infection at 1 year was high, as a result of recrudescence of incompletely eradicated organisms rather than reinfection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Unsuccessful CTL transfusion in a case of post-BMT Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-LPD).
A patient with AML (FAB M4Eo) developed EBV-LPD 1.5 months after allogeneic BMT from his one locus-mismatched mother, the diagnosis being confirmed on day +82. Attempts to eradicate the monoclonally proliferating LPD using chemotherapy (VP16/dexamethasone) followed by two doses of EBV-specific CTL and one dose of unstimulated donor leukocytes were not successful. We assume delay of infusions (day +100, +107) and insufficient CTL cell doses (total 9.2 x 10(6)) may have been responsible for the poor outcome in this case. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Analysis of heterophilic cell adhesion mediated by CD66b and CD66c using their soluble recombinant proteins.
The heterophilic cell adhesion mediated by CD66b (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family member 6, CGM6) and CD66c (nonspecific cross-reacting antigen, NCA), both CEA family members expressed on neutrophils, was investigated using their soluble recombinant proteins prepared in silkworm larvae. The recombinant CD66b and CD66c immobilized on plastic bound CHO transfectants expressing CD66c and CD66b, respectively. Their deglycosylated forms retained the adhesion activity, suggesting that their carbohydrate portions are not prerequisite for the binding. This cell adhesion appeared to be mediated via interaction between the N domains of CD66b and CD66c, because CD66 antibodies recognizing their N domains inhibited the binding. Neutrophils, when activated, adhered to the immobilized CD66b and CD66c. In addition, the binding of primed neutrophils to the antigens induced superoxide anion release. The cell adhesion mediated by CD66b and CD66c may play a role in interaction between neutrophils or between neutrophils and epithelial cells expressing CD66c in vivo. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of a long acting glucagon selective somatostatin analogue on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels in the anaesthetized rat during arginine infusion.
The effects of somatostatin and a long acting, glucagon selective somatostatin analog (des-Ala1Gly2[His4,5-D-TrP8]-somatostatin) used studied during arginine tolerance tests in normal anaesthetized rats. Arginine infusion in control animals resulted in a rapid increase in plasma insulin and glucagon, and an increase of 15 +/- 5 mg/dl in plasma glucose. Somatostatin infusion (1 mg/kg/h) resulted in suppression of basal insulin secretion and a decrease in arginine-induced insulin and glucagon release. Glucose levels increased rapidly during the combined arginine-somatostatin infusion reaching a peak of 72 +/- 10 mg/dl above basal levels. Similar results were obtained when somatostatin was injected SC (1 mg/kg) at times 0, 15, 30, and 45 minutes (arginine infused from 30-60 minutes). A single injection (1 mg/kg) of the long-acting somatostatin analogue resulted in significant inhibition of basal insulin and glucagon release; during arginine infusion glucagon levels rose only slightly, the insulin response was, however, nearly normal, and only a small arginine-induced increase in glucose levels was observed. Carbohydrate absorption was not influenced by either somatostatin or the analogue. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Space utilization by a cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo L.) colony in a multi-wetland complex in relation to feeding strategies.
In this study, we investigated the response of inland breeding cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo to a complex spatial configuration of feeding habitats in relation to social and individual feeding strategies. The numbers of feeding trips outside the colony site (Lake Grand-Lieu, western France), where only solitary fishing is used by cormorants, and the number of birds fishing on the lake where social fishing predominates were investigated during the breeding season and compared with the fledging period. From the investigation of feeding trip traffic, we identified three major habitats used by cormorants in the vicinity of the colony site (< 25 km around the colony site) that accounted for 94.1 of the IN flights and 92.0% of the OUT flights (n = 1745 arrivals and 2404 departures respectively), and notably one area that accounted for 58% of total flights although it is the furthest away. No fundamental change in the relative significance of these feeding grounds for solitary fishing cormorants was found throughout the breeding season, even in a between-years comparison (1996-2001), in contrast to what has often been found elsewhere. Although the peak of foraging activity in the surrounding habitats and also within the lake waters largely coincided with the time when the majority of young had fledged, the index of cormorant numbers (ratio between bird numbers at a given time and that for a baseline date) on the lake remained at a high level until late August compared to movements outside the lake, as a result of regular social fishing (84.9 +/- 4.0% of fishing numbers). From these findings, we discuss factors governing the selection of feeding grounds throughout the breeding season in relation to energy considerations, feeding strategies and food resources. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Onset of 5 S RNA gene regulation during Xenopus embryogenesis.
The transcription of 5 S RNA genes during oogenesis results in the storage of sufficient 5 S RNA in ribosomes to support subsequent embryogenesis. Xenopus oocytes of all stages synthesize oocyte-type 5 S RNA. A generalized repression of transcription occurs at meiosis and is maintained throughout early cleavage. The onset of 5 S RNA synthesis is detected at approximately the 4000-cell blastula stage (stage 9), concomitant with de novo synthesis of other species of RNA. At this developmental stage the level of 5 S RNA synthesis is low relative to the synthesis of tRNA and small nuclear RNAs. Analysis of this newly synthesized 5 S RNA reveals it to be a nearly equal mixture of oocyte and somatic 5 S RNA derived from both maternal and paternal genes. Given the 50:1 ratio of oocyte to somatic 5 S RNA genes in X. laevis, these results indicate that the majority of the oocyte 5 S RNA genes are inactivated at this time. This reflects differential transcription of the two families of 5 S RNA genes rather than post-transcriptional stability as demonstrated by the ability of a chromatin template isolated from stage 9 embryos to direct the same ratio of oocyte to somatic 5 S RNA synthesis in vitro as that observed in vivo. By completion of gastrulation, 5 S RNA synthesized in vivo and directed from chromatin in vitro is at least 90% somatic 5 S RNA. These results are consistent with a model in which the decrease in concentration of the 5 S-specific transcription factor relative to the number of 5 S RNA genes during embryogenesis contributes to the inactivation of the oocyte 5 S RNA genes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Vortex formation in coalescence of droplets with a reservoir using molecular dynamics simulations.
The flow patterns generated by the coalescence of aqueous ethanol droplets with a water reservoir are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The influence of surface tension gradient, which leads to the spreading of the droplet along the liquid-vapor interface of the reservoir, is studied by changing the ethanol concentration of the droplet. The internal circulation (vortex strength) of the droplet and the reservoir are analyzed separately. Simulation results reveal the formation of swirling flows within the droplet at early times when the radius of the coalescence neck due to the capillary forces increases rapidly with time. The vortex strength is found to be higher at lower concentrations of ethanol (higher liquid-vapor surface tension of the droplet), where the driving force for the contact line movement (capillary force) is stronger. The circulation diminishes by moving the center of mass of the droplet toward the reservoir. The lower surface tension of the droplet compared to the reservoir leads to surface tension gradient driven flow, which transports the droplet molecules along the liquid-vapor interface of the reservoir. Such a flow motion results in the generation of convective flows in the underlying water, which forms swirling flows within the reservoir. Therefore, the vortex strength of the reservoir is higher at higher ethanol concentrations of the droplet. The reservoir circulation decays to zero as soon as the ethanol concentration becomes homogeneous along the interface of the pool. The time evolution of circulation within the droplet and the reservoir are correlated with the center of mass motion of the droplet toward the surface, the time variation of the precursor film radius and the dynamic surface tension of the reservoir. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The role of dietary fat in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism.
Short term changes in serum 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3'5-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) were studied in four healthy nonobese male subjects under varying but isocaloric and weight maintaining conditions. The four 1500 kcal diets tested during 72 hr, consisted of: I, 100% fat; II, 50% fat, 50% protein; III, 50% fat, 50% carbohydrate (CHO), and IV, a mixed control diet. The decrease of T3 (50%) and increase of rT3 (123%) in the all-fat diet equalled changes noted in total starvation. In diet III (750 kcal fat, 750 kcal CHO) serum T3 decreased 24% (NS) and serum rT3 rose significantly 34% (p < 0.01). This change occurred in spite of the 750 kcal CHO. This amount of CHO by itself does not introduce changes in thyroid hormone levels and completely restores in refeeding models the alterations of T3 and rT3 after total starvation. The conclusion is drawn that under isocaloric conditions in man fat in high concentration itself may play an active role in inducing changes in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A technique for pinealectomy in deer, with notes on the neuroanatomy.
A technique for removing the pineal gland in adult and young male deer is described. A unilateral craniotomy or craniectomy was performed and the pineal gland was approached by parting the 2 hemispheres of the brain. The blood vessels supplying the pineal gland were coagulated and the gland was removed with forceps. Magnification, microtechniques, fiberoptic illumination, and bipolar coagulation rendered the surgical procedure safe and precise. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hydrophobicity of oligopeptides having un-ionizable side chains.
The hydrophobicity of any peptide is a physicochemical property not only of the amino acid sequence, but also of the secondary and tertiary structure. It is also an essential factor to consider in peptide drug delivery, which has become increasingly important in recent years with the discovery of many peptides with potential pharmaceutical uses. The hydrophobicities (log P) of dito pentapeptides reported by Akamatsu and Fujita have been correlated with 12 parameters including 7 indicator variables. We have tried to simply this equation by using more common and simple parameters. Good correlations have been obtained for log P with a five-parameter equation using the sum of the hydrophobicity of component amino acids (log Paa), molecular weight (log MW), the frequency of beta-turn formation (F beta) of peptides, which is an important tertiary structural parameter, the dipole moment (mu) calculated with a computer-assisted program, and the number of amino acids in a peptide (N). This equation should be useful in drug delivery in predicting the relative hydrophobicity of new peptides with no ionizable side chains. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of three different mesh materials in tension-free inguinal hernia repair: prolene versus Vypro versus surgisis.
Using mesh or a synthetic prosthesis during tension-free inguinal hernia repair has been shown to be safe and effective. We compared the final outcome in treating inguinal hernia in 45 patients using three different prosthetic materials: 15 patients underwent tension-free inguinal hernia repair using Prolene (polypropylene) mesh, 15 using Vypro (polyglactin and polypropylene) mesh, and 15 with Surgisis-a new bioactive material derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tension-free inguinal repair using Surgisis, comparing it with conventional prosthetic materials. From January 2003 to December 2003, 45 male patients underwent Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair. Median follow-up was 12 months, with a range of 1-16 months. Each patient underwent ultrasound evaluation of the inguinal region 1 month after surgery. All the procedures were completed under local anesthesia. There were no intraoperative complications, and all patients were discharged home the same day of surgery. No recurrent hernias and wound infections were observed in our post-operative follow-up period. Postoperative pain (visual analog score) and discomfort were lower in patients with Surgisis mesh. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of overall early and late complications; however, there was a tendency toward a higher incidence of pain and discomfort in Vypro and Prolene group. The median time to full recovery was significantly shorter in the Surgisis group. Surgisis mesh seems to be a promising new prosthetic material for hernia repair. Long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm these preliminary results. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hybrid single-mode laser based on graphene Bragg gratings on silicon.
We exploit distributed optoelectronic properties enabled by graphene Bragg gratings (GBGs) to realize a hybrid single-mode laser on silicon. This hybrid laser achieves single-mode, continuous-wave operation at 1540 nm with a remarkable side-mode suppression ratio of 48 dB, benefitting from the coupling of the GBGs. These results suggest that graphene thin films can be used as an essential and cost-saving component for hybrid photonic integration on silicon. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human antibody responses to Schistosoma mansoni: the influence of epitopes shared between different life-cycle stages on the response to the schistosomulum.
Sera from 120 Kenyan schoolchildren who were infected with S. mansoni were individually examined, using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with antigens derived from adult worms, the outer membrane of the schistosomulum or from the parasite egg. In addition, antibodies against more purified egg antigens, an egg stage-specific glycoprotein preparation and a polysaccharide egg antigen known to share epitopes with the schistosomular surface were measured in ELISA, as were antibodies reactive with trichloroacetic acid-soluble and periodate-insensitive antigens derived from the outer membrane of schistosomulum and antigens shed when schistosomula were cultured in vitro. IgG subclass responses to the unfractionated egg antigen were also measured. The results from each of these assays were compared with the results of each other assay and with the number of parasite eggs excreted by each child, using Spearmans rank correlations. These comparisons revealed a number of statistically significant positive correlations. IgG4 anti-egg antibodies correlated better with intensity of infection than did other IgG subclasses. Total IgG responses against polysaccharide antigens did not correlate with intensity of infection as well as IgG responses against other antigens; epitopes shared between the schistosomulum surface and the adult worm were different to those shared with the parasite egg; and, there was antigen-directed restriction of IgG subclass responses to some egg and adult worm antigens which carried these shared epitopes. It is argued that this might have a qualitative effect on the nature of the antibodies directed against the schistosomulum by infected individuals and therefore have important consequences for the outcome of a subsequent exposure to infection with the same parasite. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
DFT study of chemical mechanism of pre-SERS spectra in Pyrazine-metal complex and metal-Pyrazine-metal junction.
The chemical mechanism of Normal Raman Scattering (NRS) and pre-surface enhanced Raman scattering (pre-SERS) spectra for Pyrazine-Ag(2) complex, Ag(2)-Pyrazine-Ag(2) junction and Ag(2)-Pyrazine-Au(2) junction were investigated with density functional theory (DFT) and charge difference densities (CDDs) for the first time. The NRS intensities of the above three structures enhanced obviously relative to isolated Pyrazine and the enhancement mechanism was confirmed to be static chemical enhancement. The pre-SERS intensities of the above three structures enhanced evidently compared to corresponding NRS intensities, and the enhancement mechanism was confirmed to charge transfer (CT) resonance Raman enhancement. The largest enhanced orders of NRS and pre-SERS intensities among the three structures were up to 10(3) and 10(5), respectively. Compared the intensity of pre-SERS with corresponding intensity of NRS spectra, the enhancement effect of Pyrazine-Ag(2) complex was larger than the others. Intramolecular and intermolecular CT on resonant electronic transition were described by CDDs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of parasite control and weight gain after use of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus in calves.
To assess parasite control and weight gain after administration of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus over 135 days to calves grazing in the midwestern United States. Replicated pasture study. 56 Bos taurus calves. Calves were matched for body weight and randomly allocated to remain untreated or to receive an ivermectin sustained-release bolus before turnout on day 0. Calves were grazed by treatment group on B pastures (4 replicates). Body weights and fecal egg counts were recorded on days- 1 and 28, and then at 28-day intervals until day 168. Parasitism was not clinically evident prior to or during the study. In treated calves, mean fecal egg counts were at or near 0 at all posttreatment evaluations. Although the mean egg count exceeded 20 ova/g only once in control calves, the cumulative egg output was > 42 million/calf. For the treated group, it was < 0.1% of this number. Mean total weight gain was 33.9 kg (74.6 lb) greater for ivermectin-treated calves than for untreated control calves (P < 0.02): a 34% increase. Fecal trichostrongyle eggs from calves can accumulate over a grazing season to provide enormous potential for augmenting pasture infectivity. An ivermectin sustained-release bolus (administered to calves being placed on pasture) controls parasitism, limits pasture infectivity, and can substantially influence growth by limiting the impact of subclinical parasitism. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Histological type is not an independent prognostic factor for the risk pattern of breast cancer recurrences.
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is less common than invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) and appears to have a distinct biology. Inconsistent findings regarding disease-free survival (DFS) are probably due to the fact that histologic type is related to hormone receptor status. This study aims to determine whether the type of the primary breast cancer histology is an independent prognostic factor for DFS, the risk pattern of loco-regional recurrences and distant metastases (DM), and whether it is a prognostic factor for the site of DM. All Dutch women diagnosed between 2003 and 2005 with ILC (n = 2,949) or IDC (n = 22,378) were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. DFS was assessed using proportional hazard regression analysis. Compared to patients with IDC, those with ILC were significantly older and more likely to have more than three positive lymph nodes and have larger, better differentiated, more multifocal, and hormone receptor positive tumors (all P < 0.001). ILC was more likely to metastasize to the gastrointestinal organs and bones and less likely to the lung, central nervous system, and lymph nodes. Within the ER+PR+ and ER+PR- subgroups ILC was still more likely to metastasize to gastrointestinal organs and less likely to the lung. The timing of recurrence was correlated to hormone receptor status, independent of histological type. Highest risks were observed among ER-PR- patients within 2 years of surgery. Multivariable analysis showed that histological type is not an independent significant prognostic factor of DFS for the first 3 years post-surgery and thereafter (<3 years HR 0.91, 95 % CI 0.78-1.06, >3 years HR 1.07, 95 % CI 0.88-1.30). Histological type should not be considered an important prognostic factor for the risk and risk pattern of recurrences. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Too young to drink but old enough to drive under the influence: a study of underage offenders as seen in substance abuse treatment in Texas.
Driving under the influence (DUI) is a major road safety problem. Historically, alcohol has been assumed to play a larger role in crashes and DUI education programs have reflected this assumption, although recent evidence suggests that younger drivers are becoming more likely to drive drugged than to drive drunk. This is a study of 7096 Texas clients under age 21 who were admitted to state-funded treatment programs between 1997 and 2007 with a past-year DUI arrest, DUI probation, or DUI referral. Data were obtained from the State's administrative dataset. Multivariate logistic regressions models were used to understand the differences between those minors entering treatment as a DUI as compared to a non-DUI as well as the risks for completing treatment and for being abstinent in the month prior to follow-up. A major finding was that over time, the primary problem for underage DUI drivers changed from alcohol to marijuana. Being abstinent in the month prior to discharge, having a primary problem with alcohol rather than another drug, and having more family involved were the strongest predictors of treatment completion. Living in a household where the client was exposed to alcohol abuse or drug use, having been in residential treatment, and having more drug and alcohol and family problems were the strongest predictors of not being abstinent at follow-up. As a result, there is a need to direct more attention towards meeting the needs of the young DUI population through programs that address drug as well as alcohol consumption problems. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Preliminary report: hepatic vein Doppler in the early diagnosis of acute liver transplant rejection.
37 transplanted livers (in thirty patients) were assessed by serial doppler ultrasound examination. 18 of 23 biopsy-proved rejection episodes were associated with abrupt damping of the normally pulsatile blood flow of the hepatic veins. In the other 5 episodes, the waveforms were damped at the outset by perioperative ischaemia. There were no rejection episodes with normal traces. Another cause of damping was cholangitis (5 episodes), but this was distinguishable clinically and biochemically. There were no episodes of rejection with normal hepatic vein traces. Serial doppler examination, in combination with clinical evaluation, may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment of liver rejection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Calibration of nonspherical particles in optical tweezers using only position measurement.
Nonspherical probe particles are an attractive choice for optically-trapped scanning probe microscopy. We show that it is possible to calibrate a trap with a nonspherical particle using only position measurements, without requiring measurement of orientation, using a pseudopotential based on the position occupation probability. It is not necessary to assume the force is linear with displacement. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Problems with the microbial production of butanol.
With the incessant fluctuations in oil prices and increasing stress from environmental pollution, renewed attention is being paid to the microbial production of biofuels from renewable sources. As a gasoline substitute, butanol has advantages over traditional fuel ethanol in terms of energy density and hygroscopicity. A variety of cheap substrates have been successfully applied in the production of biobutanol, highlighting the commercial potential of biobutanol development. In this review, in order to better understand the process of acetone-butanol-ethanol production, traditional clostridia fermentation is discussed. Sporulation is probably induced by solvent formation, and the molecular mechanism leading to the initiation of sporulation and solventogenesis is also investigated. Different strategies are employed in the metabolic engineering of clostridia that aim to enhancing solvent production, improve selectivity for butanol production, and increase the tolerance of clostridia to solvents. However, it will be hard to make breakthroughs in the metabolic engineering of clostridia for butanol production without gaining a deeper understanding of the genetic background of clostridia and developing more efficient genetic tools for clostridia. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to the metabolic engineering of E. coli for butanol production. The importation and expression of a non-clostridial butanol-producing pathway in E. coli is probably the most promising strategy for butanol biosynthesis. Due to the lower butanol titers in the fermentation broth, simultaneous fermentation and product removal techniques have been developed to reduce the cost of butanol recovery. Gas stripping is the best technique for butanol recovery found so far. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Breakthrough rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a liver transplant patient receiving caspofungin.
Zygomycetes are among the most frequent causes of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungal infections in transplant recipients. We have described a single case of breakthrough zygomycosis. A young Japanese woman presented because of idiopathic fulminant hepatitis and renal failure. On the third day of admission, she underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. A considerable amount of red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma were transfused during surgery. On posttransplant day 2, Candida albicans was isolated from respiratory secretions; prophylactic caspofungin was prescribed. During the next 6 days, C albicans was isolated from tracheal secretions, surgical wound, and exudates and stools. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was diagnosed day 4. Her renal function did not improve during the postoperative period; the patient continued on hemodialysis. On day 28, a dark blue eschar due to zygomycosis was detected on the skin of the nose. Tracheal and nasal exudates yielded Rhizopus sp. The patient died 12 hours later due to multiorgan failure with hypothermia. The fatal evolution in this case may be related to a presumed brain infarction after progressive vessel fungal invasion. The presented case had 2 risk factors related to zygomycosis. A high index of suspicion is required in transplant recipients with risk factors for zygomycosis. Early diagnosis and surgery with appropriate systemic fungal drugs (amphotericin B) are mandatory to improve the prognosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
HLA-DRB1*1501 risk association in multiple sclerosis may not be related to presentation of myelin epitopes.
Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated genetically with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, including DRB1*1501, DRB5*0101, and DQB1*0602, and it is possible that these alleles contribute to MS through an enhanced ability to present encephalitogenic myelin peptides to pathogenic T cells. HLA-DRB1*1502, which contains glycine instead of valine at position 86 of the P1 peptide-binding pocket, is apparently not genetically associated with MS. To identify possible differences between these alleles in their antigen-presenting function, we determined if T-cell responses to known DRB1*1501-restricted myelin peptides might be diminished or absent in transgenic (Tg) DRB1*1502-expressing mice. We found that Tg DRB1*1502 mice had moderate to strong T-cell responses to several myelin peptides with favorable DRB1*1501 binding motifs, notably myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 (which was also encephalitogenic), proteolipid protein (PLP)-95-116, and MOG-194-208, as well as other PLP and MOG peptides. These peptides, with the exception of MOG-194-208, were also immunogenic in healthy human donors expressing either DRB1*1502 or DRB1*1501. In contrast, the DRB1*1502 mice had weak or absent responses to peptides with unfavorable DRB1*1501 binding motifs. Overall, none of the DRB1*1501-restricted myelin peptides tested selectively lacked immunogenicity in association with DRB1*1502. These results indicate that the difference in risk association with MS of DRB1*1501 versus DRB1*1502 is not due to a lack of antigen presentation by DRB1*1502, at least for this set of myelin peptides, and suggest that other mechanisms involving DRB1*1501 may account for increased susceptibility to MS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Synthesis of Antibacterial Glycosylated Polycaprolactones Bearing Imidazoliums with Reduced Hemolytic Activity.
Most synthetic antimicrobial polymers are not biodegradable, thus limiting their potential for large-scale applications in personal care disinfection and environmental contaminations. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is known to be both biodegradable and biocompatible, thus representing an ideal candidate biopolymer for antimicrobial applications. Here we successfully grafted alkylimidazolium (Im) onto PCL to mimic the cationic properties of antimicrobial peptides. The poly(ε-caprolactone)- graft-butylimidazolium had only moderate MICs (32 μg/mL), reasonably good red blood cell selectivity (36) and relatively good fibroblast compatibility (81% cell viability at 100 μg/mL), indicating that combining the hydrophobic PCL backbone with the most hydrophilic butylimidazolium gives a good balance of MIC and cytotoxicity. On the other hand, the PCL- graft-hexylimidazolium and -octylimidazolium demonstrated better MICs (4-32 μg/mL), but considerably worse cytotoxicity. We postulated that the worse hydrophilicity of hexylimidazolium and octylimidazolium was responsible for their higher cytotoxicity and sought to moderate their cytotoxicity with different sugar compositions and lengths. Through our screening, we identified a candidate polymer, P(C6Im)0.35CL- co-P(Man)0.65CL, that demonstrated both superior MIC and very low cytotoxicity. We further demonstrated that our biopolymer hit had superior antimicrobial kinetics compared to the antibiotic vancomycin. This work paves the way forward for the use of biodegradable polyesters as the backbone scaffold for biocompatible antibacterial agents, by clicking with different types and ratios of alkylimidazolium and carbohydrate moieties. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Development of the Arabic version of the "Sniffin' Sticks" odor identification test.
Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST) is a comprehensive tool for medical or scientific diagnosis of olfactory sensitivity. Although it is widely used around the world, it is recommended to develop a cultural adaptation of any odor identification test prior to using it in a particular cultural space. The aim of the present work is to adapt SST to Arabic population, running experiments in Egypt. Prospective controlled study. We included 382 people (174 women and 208 men) aged 8-74 years; 323 healthy subjects and 59 patients. The use of original list of odors revealed that four of the descriptors were poorly recognized (<75 %) in Egypt. Accompanied by several control measurements descriptors and targets were replaced with more familiar names. The result of the present study is a modified version of the original SST, adapted to the Arabian space with a high test-re-test reliability. In addition, first tentative normative data are presented for the Arabic population. The 10th percentile for the whole group of healthy subjects equaled 13, whereas in 16-35 age category it equaled 14. The revised SST test can be used in studies on olfactory sensitivity in Arabic populations. 2b. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome in Bangladeshi urban poor.
Maternal zinc supplementation has been suggested as a potential intervention to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in developing countries. To date, placebo-controlled trials have all been performed in industrialized countries and the results are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether zinc supplementation in Bangladeshi urban poor during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy was associated with pregnancy outcome. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 559 women from Dhaka slums, stratified by parity between 12 and 16 wk of gestation, were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg elemental Zn/d (n = 269) or placebo (n = 290). Supplementation continued until delivery. Serum zinc was estimated at baseline and at 7 mo of gestation. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and anthropometric measurements were made monthly. Weight, length, and gestational ages of 410 singleton newborns were measured within 72 h of birth. At 7 mo of gestation, serum zinc concentrations tended to be higher in the zinc-supplemented group than in the placebo group (15.9 +/- 4.4 compared with 15.2 +/- 4.3 micromol/L). No significant effect of treatment was observed on infant birth weight (2513 +/- 390 compared with 2554 +/- 393 g; NS) or on gestational age, infant length, or head, chest, or midupper arm circumference. The incidence and distribution of low birth weight, prematurity, and smallness for gestational age also did not differ significantly after zinc supplementation. Supplementation with 30 mg elemental Zn during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy did not improve birth outcome in Bangladeshi urban poor. These results indicate that interventions with zinc supplementation alone are unlikely to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in Bangladesh. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
PGE2 binding, synthesis, and distribution in hen oviduct.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) bound specifically to particulate fractions prepared from the vagina and uterus (shell gland) portions of the hen oviduct in a time and temperature dependent fashion. Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of high-affinity binding sites in the vagina (Kd congruent to 1 nM), whereas the myometrium exhibited two kinds of binding site populations (Kd1 congruent to 1 nM, Kd2 congruent to 20 nM). It is suggested that these binding sites represent specific PGE2 receptors mediating the effects of PGE2 in oviductal smooth muscle. Vaginal particulate fractions produced approximately four times more prostanoids from [3H]-arachidonate than did uterine preparations. In the presence of epinephrine both tissues synthesized mainly thromboxane (TxB2), PGE2, and significantly less prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). Addition of glutathione (GSH) or cytosol prepared from the oviduct markedly increased the yield of PGE2 at the expense of TxB2. Of the five morphologically discrete regions of the oviduct the vagina, infundibulum, and uterus contained the highest amounts of PGE and PGF, whereas the magnum and isthmus portions contain the least. TxB2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha could not be detected in significant quantities in either region. These studies support the notion that PGE2 play a key role in the physiology of oviposition. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The UPRER: Sensor and Coordinator of Organismal Homeostasis.
Life is stressful. Organisms are repeatedly exposed to stressors that disrupt protein homeostasis (proteostasis), resulting in protein misfolding and aggregation. To sense and respond to proteotoxic perturbations, cells have evolved compartment-specific stress responses, such as the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER). However, UPRER function is impaired with age, which, we propose, creates a permissive environment for protein aggregation, unresolved ER stress, and chronic inflammation. Understanding age-related changes to the UPRER will provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention in metabolic disease, neurodegeneration, and aging. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reading Instruction for Students with Emotional Disturbance: A Mixed-Methods Investigation.
Although there is a substantial body of observation research investigating the manner in which reading instruction is provided to students with learning disabilities, there is little research in this area involving students with and at risk for emotional disturbance. The purpose of this investigation was to contribute to the limited corpus of observation studies investigating school-based practice in reading for this student population. In this investigation, 11 teachers from two states were systematically observed while providing reading instruction over the course of the 2017-2018 school year. Participating students were also observed over the course of the year and completed two standardized reading assessments at the beginning and end of this investigation. Teachers were also interviewed to identify contextual factors that promote or impede the provision of high quality reading instruction to this student population. Study findings suggest that teachers are in need of additional training, support, and resources to maximize instructional time. Students in this sample tended to make no or minimal progress in reading and were frequently observed displaying low levels of academic engagement across settings. Implications for school practice and areas for future research are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Use of prognostic models for assessment of value of liver transplantation in primary biliary cirrhosis.
To examine the effectiveness of liver transplantation (LTx) for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) the actual survival of 30 PBC patients who received liver grafts was compared with predictions of what survival would have been without transplantation. Three models, based on Cox' regression analysis, were used. Two models were derived from survival of PBC patients in drug trials and the third from cirrhotic patients who did not receive transplants. Observed and expected survival were compared for a follow-up time of 7 years. After 1 year the difference in favour of LTx was small, but after 5 years survival with LTx exceeded all predicted survival probabilities without LTx. After 3 years every year of follow-up added about 0.3 years to expected survival gain per transplanted patient, resulting in 1.5 to 2.3 life-years gained at 7 years' follow-up, depending on the model used. The benefit was greatest for patients in Child-Pugh classes B and C. The consistency between the three models in their predictions supports the validity of the use of predictive models in the indirect assessment of LTx. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Asthma in childhood. A review.
Asthma is currently considered by many to be a disease out of control. The prevalence and severity of asthma have increased in recent years, especially in children. Asthma is a very diagnosable condition. Better methods for treatment and monitoring now exist. It is hoped that with the implementation of expanded knowledge of asthma, this very common condition in childhood can be brought under better control. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The method of removing high-frequency noise in pulse wave signal in detecting oxygen saturation of human].
Photoplethysmography can be used to noninvasively detect oxygen saturation of human. When detecting by photoplethysmography, because of the disturbance of random noise in the process of signal acquisition, there is high-frequency noise, which affects the final prediction accuracy of oxygen saturation. Therefore empirical mode decomposition(EMD) method based on consecutive mean square error(CMSE) criterion is employed, which can remove high-frequency noise from pulse wave signal. The present paper used a self-developed photoplethysmography acquiring device to obtain the pulse wave signal, employed the above mentioned method to remove high-frequency noise, and adopted frequency spectrum of the signal to evaluate the effect. The results showed that: this method could effectively remove high-frequency noise from pulse wave signal. This would be beneficial for improving the prediction accuracy of oxygen saturation of human. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
On the ultrastructure of the developing and adult mouse corneal stroma.
The EM study of the mouse embryonic cornea from the 12th to the 19th day of gestation as well as on postnatal days 2 and 18 and on adult animals allow the following conclusions to be drawn: 1. Immediately after the separation of the lens vesicle, the mesenchyme cells migrate into the cornea anlage. 2. There is no collagenous primary stroma in the mouse embryo. 3. During days 12-14 the stroma cells (fibroblasts) differentiate and develop the organelles required for ICS (intercellular substance) secretion. 4. In the posterior region of the stroma, the collagen fibrils are deposited in bundles approximately perpendicular to each other. 5. The adult mouse stroma is divided into 2 zones. In zone I the subepithelial fibrils are randomly distributed and are not bundled (rudimentary Bowman's membrane). In zone II the fiber bundles lie in the plane of the cornea and form a highly ordered three-dimensional network. Basic differences between the mouse and other species are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Language changes and Alzheimer's disease: a literature review.
1. In Alzheimer's disease, the effect of cognitive changes on language and the ability to communicate and interact with others is profound. 2. Communication difficulties are a common problem identified by caregivers of demented individuals. Breakdown of communication can be frustrating and overwhelming for both patient and caregiver. 3. The deterioration of different linguistic features of language occurs at different rates, making it harder to identify deficits in the early phases of the disease. Mental status testing can give some objective measure of deficits. 4. Research is identifying explicit changes that occur in the language of Alzheimer's disease victims. Knowledge of these changes suggests strategies that can enhance communication. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Two-color FISH characterization of i(1q) and der(1;16) in human breast cancer cells.
Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridizations using probes for alphoid (alpha) and classical satellite (CS) DNAs from chromosomes 1 and 16 were performed to characterize i(1q), der(1;16), and complex rearrangements observed in breast cancer cells from fresh tumors and established cell lines. Six of seven i(1q) occurred after breakage in the alpha 1 containing region and one of seven was dicentric, with breakage in 1p11.2. The five der(1;16)(q10;p10) studied appeared to result from a variety of breakpoints involving alpha 1, alpha 16, CS1, and CS16 DNAs. All had conserved alpha 16 DNA, suggesting a segregation of the der(1;16) leading to a loss of 16q and a gain of 1q in most cases. One complex rearrangement of chromosome 1 also appeared to involve chromosome 16, suggesting that a der(1;16) occurred first, followed by another rearrangement. Both the apparent preferential involvement of constitutive heterochromatin harboring alpha and CS DNAs and the variety of breakpoints spanning along heterochromatin suggest that the important consequence of the rearrangement is not the breakage per se but the resulting imbalance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Accurate determination of the structure of cyclohexane by femtosecond rotational coherence spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.
We combine femtosecond time-resolved rotational coherence spectroscopy with high-level ab initio theory to obtain accurate structural information for the nonpolar molecules cyclohexane (C(6)H(12)) and cyclohexane-d(12) (C(6)D(12)). We measured the rotational B(0) and centrifugal distortion constants D(J), D(JK) of the v = 0 states of C(6)H(12) and C(6)D(12) to high accuracy, for example, B(0)(C(6)H(12)) = 4306.08(5) MHz, as well as B(v) for the vibrationally excited states ν(32), ν(6), ν(16) and ν(24) of C(6)H(12) and additionally ν(15) for C(6)D(12). To successfully reproduce the experimental RCS transient, the overtone and combination levels 2ν(32), 3ν(32), ν(32) + ν(6), and ν(32) + ν(16) had to be included in the RCS model calculations. The experimental rotational constants are compared to those obtained at the second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) level. Combining the experimental and calculated rotational constants with the calculated equilibrium bond lengths and angles allows determination of accurate semiexperimental equilibrium structure parameters, for example, r(e)(C-C) = 1.526 ± 0.001 Å, r(e)(C-H(axial)) = 1.098 ± 0.001 Å, and r(e)(C-H(equatorial)) = 1.093 ± 0.001 Å. The equilibrium C-C bond length of C(6)H(12) is only 0.004 Å longer than that of ethane. The effect of ring strain due to the unfavorable gauche interactions is mainly manifested as small deviations from the C-C-C, C-C-H(axial), and C-C-H(equatorial) angles from the tetrahedral value. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dynamic metabolic change is indicative of inflammation-induced transformation of hepatic cells.
The observation that prolonged inflammation plays a causative role in cancer development has been well documented. However, an incremental process that leads from healthy to malignant phenotypes has not yet been described. Experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinoma is considered one of the representative laboratory models for studying this process. Hepatic exposure to viral infection or toxic reagents leads to chronic inflammation and gradual transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we present metabolomic profiles of hepatic cells at different stages during inflammation-induced cellular transformation by N-nitrosodiethylamine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we quantitatively assessed the changes in cellular metabolites during the transformation process in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Further pathway analysis of the differentially expressed metabolites showed that carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were greatly altered in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, respectively. Additionally, the enhanced inflammation in cirrhosis was associated with a shift from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid and amino acid metabolism. Among the differentially expressed metabolites found in diseased mouse livers, d-glucose and d-mannitol showed the most significant changes, highlighting them as potential early-diagnostic biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma development. Taken together, these investigations into the dynamic metabolic changes that occur during the precancerous stages of hepatocellular carcinoma add to and refine understanding of how chronic inflammation ultimately leads to cancer. Furthermore, the findings set the stage for identifying metabolites that may serve as early-diagnostic indicators of these unfolding events. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Implementation of the public health reform law--experiences with diagnosis related case payment in surgery].
According to new German health care laws (Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz, Bundespflegesatzverordnung) hospital payment will be given a new basis. Abandoning the "length of stay"--related compensation in the future surgical services should be refunded either by special payments for a given surgical procedure (covering anesthesia, surgery, instruments), or by case-related payments (including all costs of stay, medical as well as room-and-care and administrative). This should lead to a more equitable payment getting a transparent insight into the relation service/cost. Calculations for the so far 103 special payment and 40 case related payment items have been obtained by a nationwide analysis in reference hospitals. Besides numerous problems introducing these new refund systems in very different hospital structures, our own 3-year experience using case related payment on our surgical department (based on individual calculation) shows promising results. The main intention still has to be--by setting free economic resources--to avoid rationing though rationalization. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Genome-wide analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration in oldest old Han Chinese.
The aim of this study was to identify disease-associated loci in oldest old Han Chinese with atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This genome-wide association study (GWAS) only included oldest old (≥95 years old) subjects in Rugao County, China. Thirty atrophic AMD patients and 47 age-matched non-AMD controls were enrolled. The study subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were scanned by Genome-Wide Human Mapping SNP 6.0 Arrays and GeneChip Scanner 3000 7G. The results were read and analyzed by the Affymetrix Genotyping Console software. We filtered out the SNPs with a no-call rate ≥10%, MAF P < 0.05, and HWE P < 0.001. The remaining 561,277 SNPs were included in the association analysis. We found that the following 2 SNPs had the highest association with atrophic AMD: rs7624556 (located on 3q24) and rs13119914 (located on 4q34.3). In conclusion, we identified two atrophic AMD-associated SNPs (rs7624556 and rs13119914) in an oldest old Han Chinese population. This finding may lead to new strategies for screening of atrophic AMD for Han Chinese. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Some effects of sustained compression on ulcerated tissues.
Sustained leg compression is the first line of treatment for patients with chronic venous ulcers. The success rates of this treatment vary, and the mode(s) of action are not well understood. In this study, tissue oxygen tension (TcPO2), surface pH, and reactive hyperemia measurements were made to observe changes associated with sustained compression in patients with chronic venous ulcers. Patients with chronic venous ulcers (n = 20, 13 F, 7 M, median age 65.5 years, median ulcer size 13.9 cm2) were assigned to the same treatment, wound dressings, and 4-layer bandaging during a 24-week period. Duplex ultrasound, venous refilling time, skin tissue oxygen, and ulcer surface pH were measured at defined time points. Ulcer areas were calculated from contour traces done at regular dressing changes. The difference between ulcer surface pH and control values measured proximally on the same leg diminished with healing (p = 0.02), which occurred despite the evidence of deep venous reflux. Ulcers with smaller initial areas healed quicker (p = 0.003). A greater likelihood of healing was observed in women (p = 0.017). Sustained compression may potentiate healing by acting on the microcirculation in ulcerated tissues. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Factors affecting participation in health checkups: Evidence from Japanese survey data.
Multiple factors influence individuals to get health checkups. This study investigates key determinants of the health checkup decision by using 2696 Japanese respondents' data from a questionnaire survey entitled "Preference Parameters Study" that was conducted in four countries by the Global Centers of Excellence program at Osaka University. In the Probit and OLS regressions, other than relevant personal attributes being identified, the hyperbolic discounter dummy and its interaction terms with respondents' health behaviors were also included as independent variables. The results suggest that some socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, income, household size, occupational status, educational level are significant. In addition, hyperbolic discounters are found to be more likely than non-hyperbolic discounters to seek health checkups, which indicates that the effect of time preference on health checkup behavior differs significantly among the different types of time discount structures. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Possible relationship of gastroesophagopharyngeal acid reflux with pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis.
Gastroesophagopharyngeal reflux (GEPR) has been suggested as a cause of pediatric sinusitis. However, its contribution to the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis in adults has not been systematically investigated. We evaluated the prevalence of GEPR in 11 CT confirmed chronic sinusitis patients (51 +/- 4 years) who had not responded to conventional therapy, and 11 normal healthy controls (44 +/- 7 years). A 3-site ambulatory esophagopharyngeal pH monitoring technique (probe location: 2 cm proximal, 3-4 cm distal to UES and 5 cm proximal to LES high pressure zones) was used. A pharyngeal pH drop was accepted as a true reflux event only if it was coincident with or preceded by esophageal pH declines of a similar or larger magnitude. Studies were performed while subjects were on a uniform 2500 calorie diet (provided). Ambulatory pH monitoring documented GEPR in seven of 11 patients (1-12 episodes) and two of 11 normal volunteers (1,2 episodes) (p < 0.05). A total of 34 nonbelch related pharyngeal acid reflux events were identified in patients, but none was associated with coughing. In both groups, all pharyngeal acid events occurred in the upright position. Compared to normal controls prevalence of pharyngeal reflux of gastric acid is significantly higher in patients with chronic sinusitis unresponsive to conventional therapy and suggests a different esophagopharyngeal distribution pattern of gastric refluxate in this patient group; these findings suggest that GEPR may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis in some adult patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Absolute diffusion measurements of active enzyme solutions by NMR.
The diffusion of enzymes is of fundamental importance for many biochemical processes. Enhanced or directed enzyme diffusion can alter the accessibility of substrates and the organization of enzymes within cells. Several studies based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy report enhanced diffusion of enzymes upon interaction with their substrate or inhibitor. In this context, major importance is given to the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, for which enhanced diffusion has been reported even though the catalysed reaction is endothermic. Additionally, enhanced diffusion of tracer particles surrounding the active aldolase enzymes has been reported. These studies suggest that active enzymes can act as chemical motors that self-propel and give rise to enhanced diffusion. However, fluorescence studies of enzymes can, despite several advantages, suffer from artefacts. Here, we show that the absolute diffusion coefficients of active enzyme solutions can be determined with Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG-NMR). The advantage of PFG-NMR is that the motion of the molecule of interest is directly observed in its native state without the need for any labelling. Furthermore, PFG-NMR is model-free and thus yields absolute diffusion constants. Our PFG-NMR experiments of solutions containing active fructose-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle do not show any diffusion enhancement for the active enzymes, nor the surrounding molecules. Additionally, we do not observe any diffusion enhancement of aldolase in the presence of its inhibitor pyrophosphate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the brain with combined embolization and stereotactic radiosurgery: results after 1 and 2 years.
Seven patients with large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain were selected for combined therapy with particulate embolization, followed by radiosurgery of the residual nidus. The goal of embolization was to reduce the patient nidus to a size that facilitated successful stereotactic radiosurgery. Angiograms obtained 1 and 2 years after radiosurgery were evaluated for changes in nidus size, flow rate, and feeding and draining vessels. One year after stereotactic radiosurgery, one AVM was angiographically undetectable. Three other AVMs demonstrated a volume reduction of greater than 50%, in addition to decreased shunt speed and altered angioarchitecture at 1-year follow-up. At 2-year follow-ups, two of seven AVMs were cured, and an additional two of seven had a greater than 98% reduction in nidus volume. Although one patient experienced a transient deficit from embolotherapy, none of our patients suffered a new neurologic deficit or a hemorrhage during the follow-up period. Our data support the efficacy of combined embolotherapy and radiosurgery for definitive therapy of selected large AVMs of the brain. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Variation in the mortality rate of turkeys during transport to the slaughterhouse with travel distance and month.
Failure to comply with animal welfare requirements during the transport of turkeys to the slaughterhouse increases stress in animals, which is manifested by increased mortality rate during transport. The numbers of turkeys that died during transport or soon after arrival may serve as an important parameter to indicate the level of animal welfare during transport of turkeys. The number of turkeys that died during transport to slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic in the period from 1997 to 2004 was investigated. The mortality rate found was 0.28% +/- 0.06% but varied with travel distance. The lowest mortality rate was found in case of travel distance below 50 km (0.18% +/- 0.08%) while long travel distances resulted in considerable increase in the mortality rates of turkeys (between 0.28% +/- 0.07 and 0.37% +/- 0.10%). The mortality rate of transported turkeys was also affected by the particular month of the year. Thus, the highest overall mortality rate occurred at long travel distances during winter months, i.e. in December (0.34% +/- 0.18%), January (0.32% +/- 0.06%), and February (0.36% +/- 0.07%). The comparison of individual years has shown a long-term trend towards a decrease in turkeys' mortality during transportation to slaughterhouses from 0.32% in 1998 to 0.20% in 2004. The decrease was statistically significant (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r = -0.86, p < 0.01). This trend can be evaluated as positive. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Direct preparation of nucleoside vinyl disulfides from 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl sulfides, an access to vinylthiols.
We report here a straightforward preparation of various nucleoside vinyl disulfides in high yields under mild conditions using the new reaction of vinyl 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (TMSE) sulfides with sulfenyl chlorides. This reaction allows the preparation of various mixed disulfides from stable silyl sulfides without formation of oxidizable and/or unstable thiols. The easy preparation of vinyl disulfides through this reaction should offer new perspectives in vinylthiol chemistry. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of the effectiveness of hydrogen-peroxide-based disinfectants on biofilms formed by Gram-negative pathogens.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based disinfectants are widely used in a number of different healthcare settings to control bacterial colonization and contamination, and reduce the risk of cross-infection. Efficacy tests of these formulations are performed on planktonic cultures, although it is well known that biofilms are the dominant form of bacterial contamination and more difficult to eradicate. To determine if the biofilms of three different Gram-negative pathogens associated with multi-drug-resistant phenotypes can be eradicated effectively using different H2O2-based disinfectants. Planktonic cultures and single-species 24-h biofilms of seven strains of Acinetobacter spp., seven strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and seven strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including clinical isolates, were exposed to working concentrations of H2O2 and H2O2-based formulations for 1 min to 24h. Survival was monitored. The levels of susceptibility of planktonic cultures to unformulated and formulated H2O2 were similar in all organisms and strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20mM H2O2. However, biofilms showed up to 266-fold less sensitivity to H2O2 and its formulations. The level of reduced susceptibility correlated with the strain's propensity to form biofilm, and differed between species. The two formulations with additional acidic active ingredients performed better at short exposure times, whereas ethanol-containing products required longer exposure times to be effective. Biofilms of a significant number of clinical isolates of multi-drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens are not susceptible to working concentrations of several H2O2-based disinfectants. This may compromise the ability to control these pathogens with such products. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lead concentrations in some organs of the rat Meriones libycus and its parasite Hymenolepis diminuta from Riyadh City, KSA.
In the present study, the tape worm Hymenolepis diminuta was chosen to estimate lead bioaccumulation in an urban area highly polluted with lead (the industrial area) and another less polluted one (Al-Karj road) at Riyadh City, K.S.A. Lead concentrations were found 38 to be 32 and 15 times in the parasite (H. diminuta) than in the intestine, liver and kidney of the host (Meriones libycus). Thus, the proposed model of cestode parasite-rat as bio-indicator of lead pollution seems to be promising in the terrestrial habitat. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tissue-specific alternative splicing of the CSE1L/CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility) gene.
CSE1L/CAS (CAS) is a nuclear transport factor that plays a role in proliferation and apoptosis. The CAS gene consists of 25 exons. mRNA homologous over its entire length to the yeast homologue CSE1 is the predominant transcript in proliferating tissues. Additional mRNAs are generated by alternative splicing in a tissue-specific manner. An extended 3'-end is found in fetal and adult brain. A mRNA containing the 5'-end of CAS up to position 690 and an alternative 3'-end is expressed in trachea and encodes a truncated Ran-binding domain. Fetal liver expresses a mRNA with deletions of a central portion of CAS and additional sequences encoded by the last intron. SW480 colon cancer cells express another approximately 1500-base mRNA. Western blot analyses of various human tissues and immunohistology of mouse embryos show a correlation of CAS transcripts and CAS protein in different tissues. CAS isoforms may control nuclear transport of tissue-specific proteins. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparative study of anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits.
Simultaneous comparison of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L) fruits for their anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity is reported. The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in bilberry and blueberry fruits and their skins. The investigations revealed that the highest amount of total anthocyanins was observed in fruits skins of blueberry cultivars. The results, obtained by chromatographic analysis, indicated that cyanidin is a dominant anthocyanidin in bilberry and malvidin in blueberry samples. Extracts of "Herbert", "Coville", "Toro" blueberry cultivars and bilberry fruits revealed antimicrobial properties. Citrobacter freundii (ATCC 8090) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212) were the most sensitive among eight tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Significant differences between berry and skin extracts were not established. Studies with fruits showed that the strongest antioxidant activity possesses blueberry cultivar "Berkeley" (82.13 +/- 0.51%). Meanwhile, the amount of quenched free radicals in bilberry samples was 63.72 +/- 1.11%, respectively. The lowest antioxidant activity was estimated in blueberry cultivar "Coville". Accordingly, the strongest antiradical properties were estimated in blueberry cultivar "Ama" fruit skins. Bilberry fruit skin samples possess strong antiradical activity as well (82.69 +/- 0.37%). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Adenohypophyseal hormone and corticosteroid content in the blood and urine in light mechanical injury].
A considerably increased content of adrenocorticotropic, somatotropic and thyreo-stimulating hormones of the hypophysis in the blood serum, as well as corticosteroids in the blood and especially in the day urine was noted in 27 male patients with the first 4--8 days after light mechanical traumas not resulting in pronounced disturbances of homeostasis and having favourable outcomes. It has been shown that a simultaneous assessment of cortisole and corticosterone in the day urine is most informative among the studied forms of adrenal hormones (17-OCS, cortisole, corticosterone) in the evaluation of the functional state of the adrenal cortex and corticosteroid balance in the organism of the patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Electrophysiologic study in a patient presenting with expanding cerebral lacunae].
A 42-year-old man was affected with multiple cerebral lesions suggesting expanding lacunae. He had suffered for about 15 years of headaches and blurred vision. Neurological examination showed a Parinaud syndrome and a skew deviation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles and multiple intraparenchymatous lesions with a signal similar to that of the cerebrospinal fluid. These lesions were located in the mesencephalon and right thalamic region. Important discrepancies between the topography of the lesion and the clinical data were observed. Neurological examination, ocular movements during wake and neuropsychological testing suggested sub-cortical dysfunction. These results suggest functional rather than lesional repercussion of expansive lacunae. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effect of the type of pain on the accuracy of memory of pain and affect.
Memory of chronic, acute and experimental pain may be inaccurate, but the research findings are inconsistent. The main aim of the study was to compare the memory of three types of pain and their associated affect. A total of 140 women, who gave birth by vaginal delivery or Caesarean section, or underwent gynaecological surgery, participated in the study. Before childbirth or surgery, the women rated their anxiety about the pain they would experience. Between 24 and 48 h after childbirth or surgery, they rated the intensity and unpleasantness of the pain, and their positive and negative affect. Either 3 or 6 months later, the participants recalled the pain and affect they had felt. The study found that the type of pain had an effect on memory of pain and affect. Surgery led to an overestimation of all but one of the recalled variables. Participants who gave birth by Caesarean section were the most accurate at recalling pain and affect. Memories of pain and affect were most variable in participants who gave birth by vaginal delivery. The three groups of participants differed in terms of the predictors of recalled pain intensity and unpleasantness, and the proportion of variance predicted by the same independent variables. The results of the current study suggest that memory of pain and affect is influenced by the meaning and affective value of the pain experience. This may help us to understand why the previous research on the memory of pain were so diverse. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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