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Assessing 24-hour blood glucose patterns in diabetic paitents treated by peritoneal dialysis.
The minute-to-minute effect on blood glucose levels of high-dextrose peritoneal dialysate is not known. We arranged for 7 patients with diabetes, treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD), to wear a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS: Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA, U.S.A.). A sensor was inserted subcutaneously into the skin of the patient's abdomen or back to measure glucose in the interstitial fluid. Readings were recorded every 5 minutes for up to 72 hours. The portion of the day during which the patient's blood glucose levels were greater than 180 mg/dL (calculated as a percentage of time) was recorded. Most of the patients participating in the study had elevated levels of glycohemoglobin and hemoglobin A1c, and, for a large percentage of the day, showed blood glucose tracings well above the recommended standards of control. Representative CGMS tracings from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are shown. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Prevalence and risk factors of prehypertensive status in people from the rural area of Lanxi county, Heilongjiang province].
To access the prevalence of prehypertensive stage and its associated risk factors in rural inhabitants from Lanxi county in Heilongjiang province. Through cluster multistage and random sampling methods, local people aged > or = 15 years old in Lanxi county were selected. A survey on blood pressure and associated risk factors was carried out. Overnight fasting blood specimen of people aged > or = 35 years old was collected. Chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression analyses were then performed. 5272 residents were surveyed including 2539 male and 2733 female subjects. The overall prevalence of prehypertension was 36.34%. The prevalence of prehypertension appeared to be higher in males (39.50%) than in females (33.41%) (chi2 = 58.9887, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of prehypertension decreased with increasing age in men > or = 25 years old (chi2 = 96.0698, P < 0.0001), and in women > or = 35 years old (chi2 = 11.5784, P = 0.0208). Data from multivariable logistic regression showed that being male, aged (> or = 55 years old), with waist circumference as > or = 85 cm for men and > or = 80 cm for women, BMI > or = 25.0 kg/m2 and fasting plasma glucose > or = 7.0 mmol/L were risk factors of prehypertension while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 0.9 mmol/L was shown as a protective factor (OR = 0.740, P = 0.0036). Dose-response relationships were seen between prehypertension and age, BMI and FPG. Prehypertension was popular in the rural area, with high prevalence seen in teenagers. Programs on prehypertension prevention should start from teenagers. Risk factors of prehypertension increased when people became age 55 or older. There was a need to monitor BP more often and to control BP through non-drug methods. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Decrease of interferon gamma serum levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Cytokines can play a crucial role in defending the organism from viral infections. One of these, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), possesses marked immunomodulating activity. As cell immunity seems to be involved in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), study of the events regulated by IFN-gamma may be useful in evaluating the host's immunological response. We studied 63 patients (36 males, 27 females) affected by chronic HCV and 28 (14 males, 14 females) healthy controls. IFN-gamma concentrations were significantly lower in the former, and were positively correlated with the histological activity index, suggesting that low IFN-gamma values play a part in determining chronicity. We believe they may be an unfavorable factor and may be useful in detecting patients who are not capable of eradicating the virus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bone Overgrowth Causing Proximal Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Malfunction.
Hydrocephalus is an international disease process that is commonly treated surgically with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This device may be prone to malfunction, most commonly from obstruction, disconnection, or infection. A 35-year-old female with hydrocephalus and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt presented with altered mental status and imaging concerning for a shunt malfunction. Intraoperatively, she was found to have bone growing over and compressing the proximal occluder of the shunt valve, causing a mechanical obstruction. Removal of the bone allowed for egress of cerebrospinal fluid and return of proper shunt function. The patient did well postoperatively. Hydrocephalus, ventriculoperitoneal shunts, and shunt revisions represent a significant health burden and cost. Here we present an unusual cause of a shunt malfunction caused by bony overgrowth. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Stability effect of the suprajacent vertebrae after fixation in spondylolisthesis. Comparative study of two systems].
This study was undertaken to evaluate vertebral stability after two different types of fusion fixation (rigid and semirigid) in spondylolisthesis. Ambispective study of a dynamic cohort constituted by 42 patients that underwent surgery between 1990 and 2000 for a spondilolistesis treatment. According to the fixing type, they were divided into two follow-up groups: to group 1, plate INO (semirigid system) was placed + posterolateral fusion (PLF), 20 cases; to group 2, plate INO was installed + intersomatic screw + PLF, 22 cases. Both groups achieved better listhesis, reduced pain according to Oswestry and SF36 Index (p <0.05), and less intervertebral height was lost. Group 1 lost the least amount (-0.61 mm) of invertebral height if grades of presurgical listhesis were 1-2, and higher (-2.0 mm) if grades of presurgical listhesis were 3-4. Inversely, group 2 lost the least (0.50 mm) if grade of listhesis was 3 or 4, and higher (-1.25 mm) if grades of listhesis were 1-2. From 4 to 7 years, in group 2 there was altered bending of 5.8 degrees to 8.3 degrees (p = 0.05), a significant difference from group 1. Group 2 showed higher flexion grades (p = 0.01) at 4-7 years postoperatively and a significant reduction in EVA (p = 0.04) at more than 7 years. The remaining patients showed no significant differences between groups. But loss of intervertebral height was higher in group 2 (-1.18 mm) than group 1 (-0.75 mm). Plate INO + PLF favored flexibility and reduced loss of intervertebral height in grades 1-2 of presurgical listhesis, INO + screw + PLF showed reduced listhesis and decrease of height lost in grades 3-4 of presurgical listhesis. We recommended the use of INO + PLF in grades 1-2 of presurgical listhesis and INO + screw + PLF in grades 3-4 of listhesis presurgically. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ethanol resistive microbubble test: a modification of the stable microbubble test used to predict respiratory distress syndrome.
The stable microbubble (SM) test on gastric aspirate obtained at birth proved useful in identifying infants who would develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This test involves only the count of stable microbubbles of < or = 15 microns in diameter. Larger bubbles (> 15 microns in diameter) are not necessary for the test and may interfere with stable microbubble counting. The aims of the present study were to determine: (i) if larger bubbles could be selectively removed by adding ethanol, a potent bubble breaker; and (ii) if the predictive value of this modified test, the ethanol resistive microbubble (ERM) test, on the development of RDS was similar to that of the SM test. Varying amounts of different concentrations of ethanol-water solutions were added to the top of the bubble crop generated by the SM test procedure, and the mean counts of stable microbubbles and larger bubbles in five regions were calculated. A volume of 10 microL of 47.5% ethanol was effective in defoaming larger bubbles generated by the SM test procedure without altering the stable microbubble counts. When concurrently performed on 43 samples of gastric aspirate obtained at birth from infants of less than 35 weeks gestation, the RDS predictive value of the ERM test was similar to that of the SM test. It was concluded that the ERM test may serve as an alternative to the SM test. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment by Erbium:Yag Laser Promotes Regression of Gingival Overgrowth in Patient Taking Cyclosporine A: A Case Report.
To report on a case of cyclosporine A-related gingival overgrowth (GO) treated by conventional scaling and Erbium:YAG laser that unexpectedly showed complete healing with normalization of the gingiva, making unnecessary further surgical treatment for gingival volume reduction. Since Erbium:YAG laser was approved in 1997 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for hard and soft tissue treatments in dentistry, several studies have been published to demonstrate its efficacy for bone cutting, plaque and subgingival calculus removal, and antiseptic effects both on soft and hard periodontal tissues. We report herewith the case of a patient undergoing cyclosporine A therapy, affected by GO who underwent scaling and full mouth disinfection with chlorhexidine 2% rinses, followed by Erbium:YAG laser treatment of gingival pseudopockets, without surgical removal of the overgrown gingiva. Unexpectedly, complete healing of the periodontal tissues was observable after one single laser application and no adjunctive surgical procedure was necessary. Erbium:YAG laser could be considered a really effective option for the nonsurgical treatment of drug-induced GO, avoiding the surgical procedures and also promoting a fast healing and a patient compliance surely higher than conventional techniques. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clonality and spatial genetic structure in Populus x canescens and its sympatric backcross parent P. alba in a Central European hybrid zone.
Spatial genetic structure (SGS) holds the key to understanding the role of clonality in hybrid persistence, but multilocus SGS in hybrid zones has rarely been quantified. Here, the aim was to fill this gap for natural hybrids between two diploid, ecologically divergent European tree species with mixed sexual/asexual reproduction, Populus alba and P. tremula. Nuclear microsatellites were used to quantify clonality, SGS, and historical gene dispersal distances in up to 407 trees from an extensive Central European hybrid zone including three subpopulation replicates. The focus was on P. x canescens and its backcross parent P. alba, as these two genotypic classes co-occur and interact directly. Sexual recombination in both taxa was more prominent than previously thought, but P. x canescens hybrids tended to build larger clones extending over larger areas than P. alba. The 3.4 times stronger SGS in the P. x canescens genet population was best explained by a combination of interspecific gene flow, assortative mating, and increased clonality in hybrids. Clonality potentially contributes to the maintenance of hybrid zones of P. alba and P. tremula in time and space. Both clonality and SGS need to be taken into account explicitly when designing population genomics studies of locus-specific effects in hybrid zones. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Preventive nutrition: an 'optimal' diet for older adults.
Nutritional screening, an important aspect of prevention, includes measurement of height and weight, laboratory values as indicated, and a dietary assessment. For primary prevention, nutrition information should be broad enough to maintain health and prevent disease in healthy persons. Recommendations need to address problems of dietary excess as well as the possibility of nutrient inadequacy. Although controversial, the routine recommendation of a basic multivitamin and mineral supplement for healthy older adults is favored by these authors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dengue risk factors and community participation in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam, a household survey.
To look for risk factors for dengue and community participation in dengue control in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam, three communes with a low incidence of dengue and three with a high incidence, in Binh Thuan Province, were compared. Knowledge, perception and preventive practice of dengue were measured by means of a structured questionnaire. A check list of environmental observations was used to evaluate environmental factors. Focus group discussion was conducted to evaluate perceptions of key factors for dengue vector control and community participation. One hundred ninety households in 6 communes were included in the study. Several statistically significant differences between low and high incidence communities were identified. The factors associated with a higher risk of dengue fever on the logistic regression were occupation (farmer) (RR 7.94; 95% CI 2.29-27.55), number of children less than 15 years old in the household (RR 1.54; 95% CI 1.06-2.23), no experience with dengue fever in the household (RR 2.334; 95% CI 1.12- 4.88), a garden near the house (RR 2.22; 95% CI 1.18-4.17) and water containers having mosquito larvae (RR 1.64; 95% CI 1.02-2.62). Television was the most important source of information. There were differences in risk factors for dengue among communes with low and high incidences. Communication regarding dengue prevention should be improved in high incidence communes. Community participation in dengue vector control should be promoted to make the dengue control programs more efficient with greater coordination of resources. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Efficiency of a mobile oxygen concentrator for mechanical ventilation in anesthesia. Studies with a metabolic lung model and early clinical results].
Oxygen (O2) for clinical application is generally provided from either a central gas supply via a hospital pipeline system or is delivered to the working place in cylinders as compressed gas. An alternative source is the one-site generation of O2 from air using O2 concentrators based on molecular sieve technology. Whereas O2 concentrators for anaesthesia in remote areas or underdeveloped countries are wide-spread, in Germany their use is common in neither hospitals nor anaesthesiological practice. The maximum O2 content produced by concentrators is 96% with about 4% argon (Ar) and minimal amounts of nitrogen and other noble gases. The total O2 production is systematically limited, and therefore, the delivered concentration decreases with higher flows. There is also a potential possibility of Ar accumulation in rebreathing anaesthesia systems with reduced fresh gas flow. We investigated the efficiency and potential disadvantages of using O2 concentrators in anaesthesia and the influence of Ar on the accuracy of anaesthetic gas monitors. METHODS. The efficiency of the concentrator was characterised as O2 concentration depending on delivered gas flow. The degree of Ar accumulation in rebreathing anaesthesia systems was obtained with an O2-consuming and CO2-producing metabolic lung model consisting of a water-cooled burning chamber with an adjustable gas jet. The expiratory CO2 content was set to approximately 7%, representing an O2 consumption of 350 ml/min while ventilating the model with 500 ml tidal volume and 10 breaths/min. The inspiratory O2 concentration was adjusted to 35% or 70%; the fresh gas flow was set to 0.5 or 1 l/min. The accuracy of different types of anaesthesia monitors for O2, CO2, volatile anaesthetics, and nitrous oxide in the presence of Ar was checked in comparison with data obtained with a mass spectrometer. To evaluate the usefulness of O2 concentrators for anaesthetic practice, the function of a respirator-concentrator unit was investigated in clinical routine for 8 weeks. RESULTS. The efficiency of the concentrator is flow-rate dependent: O2 concentrations higher than 90% are only achieved with flow rates below 5 l/min and decrease to values lower than 50% at 12 l/min or more. Ar accumulation occurred in rebreathing circuits but exceeded values higher than 10% only under minimal-flow conditions (fresh gas flow 0.5 l/min). Ar did not influence the accuracy of common anaesthetic gas monitors. In clinical practice, the performance of anaesthesia using O2 from an O2 concentrator generated no additional problems. CONCLUSIONS. For the future, the use of O2 concentrators for anaesthesia seems to be a practicable alternative to compressed O2 from cylinders. The main application could be in small operating units or anaesthesia practices. The method is safe and without additional risk of hypoxia, even in rebreathing systems and closed circuits, when the O2 concentration in the inspired gas is measured. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Host-guest supramolecular assembly directing beta-cyclodextrin based nanocrystals towards their robust performances.
Fluorescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) capped with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) are successfully synthesized by host-guest supramolecular assembly of the hydrophobic alkyl chains of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on the surface of CdTe NCs and eco-friendly β-CD via the promising simple hydrothermal method in our experiments. The as-prepared NCs display better stability and lower toxicity compared with traditional those only capped with NAC. Specially, cytotoxicity experiments to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and zebrafish embryo toxicological tests in vivo are performed to determine the toxicity of CdTe NCs. For their practical applications, the promising red-luminescent NCs are employed as stable and low poison red phosphors to fabricate white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with remarkable color-rendering index (CRI) being 91.6. This research offers significance for solving the difficulty in toxicity and instability of heavy metal based NCs, which has potential applications in future optoelectronic devices and biomarkers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The ways of improvement of implementation of the concept the Federal system of training of citizens of the Russian Federation to military service].
The article presents the results of analysis of special complex study of conditions of measures concerning health promotion and health preservation of future fighting men within the framework of the Concept of Federal system of training citizen of the Russian Federation to military service up to 2020. The normative legal support of call to military service is considered. The expert approach was applied to analysis of the regional normative legal acts related to the given issue using examples of two subjects of the Russian Federation - the city of Moscow and the Moskovskaia oblast. The suggestions concerning implementation of the concept on the territorial level are substantiated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16.
Human chromosome 16 features one of the highest levels of segmentally duplicated sequence among the human autosomes. We report here the 78,884,754 base pairs of finished chromosome 16 sequence, representing over 99.9% of its euchromatin. Manual annotation revealed 880 protein-coding genes confirmed by 1,670 aligned transcripts, 19 transfer RNA genes, 341 pseudogenes and three RNA pseudogenes. These genes include metallothionein, cadherin and iroquois gene families, as well as the disease genes for polycystic kidney disease and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Several large-scale structural polymorphisms spanning hundreds of kilobase pairs were identified and result in gene content differences among humans. Whereas the segmental duplications of chromosome 16 are enriched in the relatively gene-poor pericentromere of the p arm, some are involved in recent gene duplication and conversion events that are likely to have had an impact on the evolution of primates and human disease susceptibility. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) therapy in Latin America: impact of exogenous surfactant administration on newborn survival, morbidity and use of resources.
Impact of surfactant administration, on neonatal mortality, morbidity and resource use, was assayed in a historically controlled study in 19 NICUs from 5 Latin American countries. Data from clinical records of infants with HMD were retrospectively reviewed for the previous 2 years (PRE phase n = 666 cases), and prospectively in cases that received surfactant (SURF phase, 348 cases). Birth weight stratified relative risk, with 95% confidence interval (RR +/-95% CI) for death, in the SURF as compared to the PRE was 0.60 (0.49-0.74), 0.79 (0.68-0.92) and 0.82 (0.71-0.94), for days 7, 28 and at discharge, respectively. At all ages mortality was significantly lower during SURF. Significant increases were observed in the occurrence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pulmonary hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intrahospital infection and necrotizing enterocolitis. Resource use increased significantly. It is concluded that the use of surfactant in the region is an important advance, and the efficacy of management of the late complications of the very premature and labile HMD survivors must increase. More attention should be given to thermal regulation, nutrition and management of infection in the survivors, before a more marked effect of surfactant can be seen. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions.
DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are interrelated diseases that strongly predispose people to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is about twice as frequent in individuals with diabetes as in those without. The prevalence of coexisting hypertension and diabetes appears to be increasing in industrialized nations because populations are aging, and both hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) increase with age. An estimated 35-75% of diabetic cardiovascular and renal complications can be attributed to hypertension. Essential hypertension accounts for the majority of hypertension in individuals with diabetes, particularly those with NIDDM, who constitute over 90% of those with a dual diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension. Diabetic nephropathy, which occurs after 15 years of diabetes in one-third of those with insulin-dependent diabetes and 20% of those with NIDDM, is an important contributing factor to the development of hypertension in the diabetic. New investigations should focus increasingly on identifying appropriate antihypertensive agents that not only lower blood pressure but also reduce cardiovascular risk and retard the rate of progression of diabetic renal disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spinal bromodomain-containing protein 4 contributes to neuropathic pain induced by HIV glycoprotein 120 with morphine in rats.
The symptoms of HIV-sensory neuropathy are dominated by neuropathic pain. Recent data show that repeated use of opiates enhances the chronic pain states in HIV patients. Limited attention has so far been devoted to exploring the exact pathogenesis of HIV painful disorder and opiate abuse in vivo, for which there is no effective treatment. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) is a member of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain protein (BET) family and functions as a chromatin 'reader' that binds acetylated lysines in histones in brain neurons to mediate the transcriptional regulation underlying learning and memory. Here, we established a neuropathic pain model of interaction of intrathecal HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and chronic morphine in rats. The combination of gp120 and morphine (gp120/M, for 5 days) induced persistent mechanical allodynia compared with either gp120 or morphine alone. Mechanical allodynia reached the lowest values at day 10 from gp120/M application, beginning to recover from day 21. In the model, gp120/M induced overexpression of Brd4 mRNA and protein at day 10 using RT-qPCR and western blots, respectively. Immunohistochemical studies showed that Brd4 at day 10 was expressed in the neurons of spinal cord dorsal horn. BET inhibitor I-BET762 dose-dependently increased the mechanical threshold in the gp120/M pain state. The present study provides preclinical evidence for treating HIV neuropathic pain with opioids using the BET inhibitor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study.
Ninety six nulliparous women were investigated to establish whether childbirth causes damage to the striated muscles and nerve supply of the pelvic floor. The techniques used were concentric needle electromyography (EMG), pudendal nerve conduction tests and assessment of pelvic floor contraction using a perineometer. There was EMG evidence of re-innervation in the pelvic floor muscles after vaginal delivery in 80% of those studied. Women who had a long active second stage of labour and heavier babies showed the most EMG evidence of nerve damage. Forceps delivery and perineal tears did not affect the degree of nerve damage seen. We conclude that vaginal delivery causes partial denervation of the pelvic floor (with consequent re-innervation) in most women having their first baby. In a few this is severe and is associated with urinary and faecal incontinence. For some it is likely to be the first step along a path leading to prolapse and/or stress incontinence. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nitric oxide generation from extracellularly applied NG-hydroxy-L-arginine in LPS-activated RAW 264 macrophages.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated but not control RAW 264 macrophages produced nitric oxide (NO) from extracellularly-applied NG-hydroxy-L-arginine (L-NOHA) in a concentration-dependent manner, as measured by EPR spin trapping and assays for NO2- and NO3-. This production was inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, NO-synthase inhibitors, as well as by L-lysine, a competitor for the y+ amino acid carrier system. No significant differences were found between L-NOHA and L-arginine with respect to the rate of NO production and the effects of inhibitors. These results provide evidence that extracellular L-NOHA can enter LPS-activated RAW 264 macrophages via a cationic amino acid carrier system and be metabolized to NO by NO-synthase. The data also suggest that no alternative pathway exists for NO production from L-NOHA in non-activated RAW 264 macrophages. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of the renal toxicity of novel anti-inflammatory compounds using cynomolgus monkey and human kidney cells.
PF1, an anti-inflammatory drug candidate, was nephrotoxic in cynomolgus monkeys in a manner that was qualitatively comparable to that observed with the two previous exploratory drug candidates (PF2and PF3). Based on the severity of nephrotoxicity, PF1 ranked between the other two compounds, withPF2 inducing mortality at all doses and PF3 eliciting only mild nephrotoxicity. To further characterize nephrotoxicity in monkeys and enable direct comparisons with humans, primary cultures of proximal tubular (PT) cells from monkey and human kidneys were used as in vitro tools, using lactate dehydrogenase release as the biomarker of cytotoxicity. In both human and monkey PT cells, PF2was by far the most cytotoxic compound of the three drugs. PF1 exhibited modest cytotoxicity at the highest concentration tested in human PT cells but none in monkey kidney cells whereas PF3 exhibited the reverse pattern.Because these drugs are organic anions, mechanistic studies using human organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (hOAT1 andhOAT3) transfected cell lines were pursued to evaluate the potential of these compounds to interact with these transporters. All three drugs exhibited high affinity for hOAT3 (PF1 exhibited the lowest IC50 of 6M) but only weakly interacted with hOAT1 (with no interaction found for PF2). PF2 was a strong hOAT3 (not hOAT1) substrate, whereas PF1 and PF3 were substrates for both hOAT1 and hOAT3.Upon pretreatment of monkeys with the OAT substrate probenecid, PF3 systemic exposure (AUC) and half-life (t1/2) increased approximately 2-fold whereas clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vdss) decreased, as compared to naïve monkeys. This indicated that PF3 competed with probenecid for hOAT1 and/or hOAT3mediated elimination of PF3. Thus, hOAT1 and/or hOAT3 may be responsible for the uptake of this series of drugs in renal PT cells, which may directly or indirectly lead to the observed nephrotoxicity in vivo. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of apoptosis-related gene Fas (CD95) and FasL (CD178) polymorphisms in Iranian rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Apoptosis signals are essential for establishing homeostasis and adequate immune response. Dysregulation of apoptosis-related genes in the immune system, which could be due to gene polymorphisms, conduct to autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. In the current study, the apoptosis-related gene Fas_-670A>G, FasL_844C>T, and FasLIVS2nt_124A>G polymorphisms were genotyped in 120 Iranian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 112 unrelated healthy controls using PCR-RFLP method. Among the 120 RA patients being heterozygous in the promoter region of Fas_-670A/G (OR 1.42,CI 0.92-1.52, P = 0.18) and FasL_-844C/T (OR 1.42, CI 0.92-1.52, P = 0.18) and homozygous in the minor allele for FasLIVS2nt_124G/G (OR 1.43, CI 0.76-1.81, P = 0.7), the frequency of these polymorphisms is higher in the cases than in controls and the elevated risk of RA were observed when the patient compared with controls, although this is not statistically significant. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Significance and mechanism of lymph node metastasis in cancer progression.
The effect of local therapy, such as surgical lymph node (LN) dissection and radiotherapy, on the survival of cancer patients has been debated for decades. Several lines of recent clinical evidence support that LN metastasis plays significant roles in systemic dissemination of cancer cells, although the effects of surgical LN dissection on survival was downplayed historically because of controversial data. Molecular studies of LN metastasis suggest that the microenvironment within LNs, including chemokines and lymphangiogenesis, can mediate the metastatic spread to the sentinel LNs, and beyond. It has been shown that chemokine receptor CXCR3 is involved in LN metastasis, and its inhibition may improve patient prognosis. Although it remains to be determined whether local therapy is best pursued through LN dissection or through a combination of resection with radiation, prevention of regional metastases is an important goal in the treatment of cancer patients to achieve a better survival. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[A case of advanced gastric cancer with Schnitzler's metastases effectively treated by the combination of paclitaxel and S-1].
The patient was a 70-year-old woman who underwent combined chemotherapy of paclitaxel (PTX) and S-1 after diagnosis of non-resectable advanced gastric cancer with Schnitzler's metastases. The administration schedule was as follows: 120 mg/m(2) of PTX on days 1 and 15 intravenously and 80 mg/m(2) of S-1 on days 1-14 orally. One course lasted for 4 weeks. The abdominal pain and appetite loss improved after the first course of chemotherapy, and therapeutic efficacy was rated PR. At present, there is no evidence of relapse or adverse reactions that require intervention after 4 courses. PTX and S-1 combination treatment promises good therapeutic efficacy and improves QOL in patients with advanced gastric cancer associated with Schnitzler's metastases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Three components of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.
The aims of this study were to calculate the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), which represented as the number of apnea-hypopnea occurrences per hour, the 4% oxygen desaturation index (ODI4) and the breathing-related arousal index (B-ArI) in polysomnographic studies of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients and to investigate whether there was any relationship between each pair of scoring schemes. Thirty-four cases of OSAHS were studied. Total OSAHS patients were subdivided into those with a high AHI (> 25), and those with a low AHI (< 25). The correlation between each pair of scoring schemes for OSAHS with a high AHI showed high value. The correlation between AHI and ODI4 for OSAHS with a low AHI was 0.18 and that between AHI and B-ArI showed a weak correlation of 0.59, while that between ODI4 and B-ArI was only -0.078. Our results mean that oxygen desaturation and arousal occur separately in mild or moderate OSAHS patients, even though they are diagnosed with the same level of OSAHS by means of AHI. Breathing-related arousal without oxygen desaturation often occurs in mild or moderate OSAHS patients. We previously reported that AHI does not accurately reflect the severity of the increase in negativity of esophageal pressure manifested as respiratory efforts. We consider that the comprehension and assessment of OSAHS can be improved by the systematic differentiations among the three components: oxygen desaturation, arousals and respiratory efforts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Some properties of methylotrophic bacteria isolated from sewage sludges derived from mechanical and biological sewage treatment plants.
The presented studies were carried out to get more information about physiological properties of methylotrophic bacteria selected from sewage sludges derived from mechanical and biological sewage treatment plants. All the isolated bacterial strains belonged to facultative methylotrophs. The majority of them utilized glucose, starch and lipids. Moreover, most of them were also found to possess proteolytic properties and were able to hydrolyze urea but they were incapable of asparagine ammonification. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Efficacy and safety evaluation of systemic red light therapy for burn wound repair].
To investigate effects of systemic red light therapy on wound repair of burned patients and discuss its possible mechanisms of wound healing promotion. 138 burned patients were randomly divided into systemic red light treatment group (n = 69) and control group (n = 69). Patients in control group received routine therapy, while those in test group were given systemic red light therapy once a day, 30 minutes at a time until the wounds were recovered. The clinical findings and variables indicating wound repair were assessed on the 7th, 10th, 14th day, 21st day post-burn and the day when the wounds were healed. Mean time of wound recovery were 19.86 +/- 2.43 days and 21.02 +/- 2.97 days respectively of those deep-thickness wounds in test group and control group, with statistically significance (P < 0.05). For the severity of the pain, VAS during time of dressing change on the 10th, 14th day post burn was lower in test group than that in control group which indicated less painful in test group (P < 0.05), suggesting pain relief effect of systemic red light therapy. Systemic red light therapy was effective to promote wound healing of deep-thickness burn wounds and other similar acute wounds. Simultaneously, it is efficacious in pain relief and safe for those patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
NMDA antagonist and antipsychotic actions in cortico-subcortical circuits.
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities. Schizophrenic patients show a reduced performance in tasks engaging the PFC and a reduction of markers of cellular integrity and function. Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are widely used as pharmacological models of schizophrenia due to their ability to exacerbate schizophrenia symptoms in patients and to elicit psychotomimetic actions in healthy volunteers. Also, these drugs evoke behavioral alterations in experimental animals that resemble schizophrenia symptoms. The PFC seems to be a key target area for these agents. However, the cellular and network elements involved are poorly known. Cognitive deficits are of particular interest since an early antipsychotic-induced improvement in cognitive performance predicts a better long-term clinical outcome. Here we report that the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) induces a marked disruption of the activity of PFC. PCP administration increased the activity of a substantial proportion of pyramidal neurons, as evidenced by an increase in discharge rate and in c-fos expression. Examination of the effects of PCP on other brain areas revealed an increased c-fos expression in a number of cortical and subcortical areas, but notably in thalamic nuclei projecting to the PFC. The administration of classical (haloperidol) and/or atypical (clozapine) antipsychotic drugs reversed PCP effects. These results indicate that PCP induces a marked disruption of the network activity in PFC and that antipsychotic drugs may partly exert their therapeutic effect by normalizing hyperactive cortico-thalamocortical circuits. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Production of haploids from anther culture of banana [Musa balbisiana (BB)].
We report here, for the first time, the production of haploid plants of banana Musa balbisiana (BB). Callus was induced from anthers in which the majority of the microspores were at the uninucleate stage. The frequency of callus induction was 77%. Callus proliferation usually preceded embryo formation. About 8% of the anthers developed androgenic embryos. Of the 147 plantlets obtained, 41 were haploids (n=x=11). The frequency of haploid production depended on genotypes used: 18 haploid plants were produced from genotype Pisang klutuk, 12 from Pisang batu, seven from Pisang klutuk wulung and four from Tani. The frequency of regeneration was 1.1%, which was based on the total number of anthers cultured. Diploid plants (2n=2x=22) were also observed in the regenerated plants. The haploid banana plants that were developed will be important material for the improvement of banana through breeding programmes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Soil and foliar zinc biofortification in field pea (Pisum sativum L.): Grain accumulation and bioavailability in raw and cooked grains.
To evaluate the potential of cooked field peas to be used in Zn biofortification programs, all combinations of soil Zn application of 0, 4 and 8mgZnSO4·7H2Okg(-1) and foliar Zn application of 0 and two sprays of 0.25% or 0.5% (w/v) ZnSO4·7H2O before flowering and at early grain-filling stage were tested. Soil Zn application increased Zn-DTPA concentration 3.7- to 5.6-times depending on the Zn soil treatments. Grain Zn concentrations higher than 60mgZnkg(-1) were obtained with all foliar Zn applications, alone or in combination with soil Zn applications, and grain Zn bioavailability was adequate (phytate:Zn ratios lower than 15). Processing (freezing and cooking) caused a decrease of about 30% in grain Zn concentration and a 17%-increase in phytate:Zn ratios (to ⩽9.5). The combined application of 8mgZnSO4·7H2Okg(-1) soil+0.25% (w/v) ZnSO4·7H2O foliarly could be a good option for biofortifying field peas. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cell death caused by excision of centromeric DNA from a chromosome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
If genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are spread through the natural environment, it might affect the natural environment. To help prevent the spread of GMOs, we examined whether it is possible to introduce conditional lethality by excising centromeric DNA from a chromosome by site-specific recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organism. First, we constructed haploid cells in which excision of the centromeric DNA from chromosome IV can occur due to recombinase induced by galactose. By this excision, cell death can occur. In diploid cells, cell death can also occur by excision from both homologous chromosomes IV. Furthermore, cell death can occur in the case of chromosome V. A small number of surviving cells appeared with excision of centromeric DNA, and the diploid showed greater viability than the haploid in both chromosomes IV and V. The surviving cells appeared mainly due to deletion of a recombination target site (RS) from the chromosome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intraluminal brachytherapy boost following external beam radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy of oesophagus carcinoma: Results of a prospective observational study.
The main objective of our study is to evaluate response and toxicity profile in patients receiving external beam radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy followed by intraluminal brachytherapy boost for a carcinoma of the oesophagus. Twenty patients with biopsy-proven carcinoma of the oesophagus received external beam radiotherapy (50Gy in 25 fractions) with concurrent chemotherapy (cisplatin: 40mg/m2). After a gap of two to three weeks, intraluminal brachytherapy (10Gy in two fractions each 1 week apart by a high dose rate 60Co source) was given. Response was evaluated at 1 month and at 1 year of completion of treatment. In addition, acute and chronic toxicity was evaluated at 1 month and 6 months of treatment. Complete response were seen in 80% of patients and partial response in 20% at 1 month. Moreover, there were 65% complete response, 10% local recurrences, 15% patients showed local control with distant metastasis and 10% patients died at 1 year. Grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 oesophagitis were seen in 10%, 70% and 20% of patients respectively. Stricture was seen in 40% of patients and fistula in 10% of patients. There was no spinal cord, cardiac and nephrotoxicity found. With the concept that high tumoricidal dose for adequate tumor control achieved by intraluminal brachytherapy as a mean of dose escalation, while sparing surrounding normal tissue and potentially improving therapeutic ratio, external beam radiotherapy followed by intraluminal brachytherapy could be a better choice for oesophagus carcinoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Asymmetrical lipid charge changes the subconducting state of the potassium channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The K+ channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum was incorporated into planar lipid bilayers having various net surface charges. The conductance of both the main-state and substate increased with the increase in negative charges of the membrane and vice versa. The change in the conductance of the substate was larger than that of the main-state. The K+ channel reconstituted into asymmetrical planar lipid bilayers revealed that the effect on the substate was derived from only one half (trans) of the bilayer. The substate of the K+ channel may assume a conformation in which part of the channel located at the trans side is susceptible to some changes induced by the trans surface charge. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chermesins A-D: Meroterpenoids with a Drimane-Type Spirosesquiterpene Skeleton from the Marine Algal-Derived Endophytic Fungus Penicillium chermesinum EN-480.
Chermesins A-D (1-4), four new spiromeroterpenoids containing a drimane-type sesquiterpene skeleton, were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Penicillium chermesinum EN-480, an endophytic fungus obtained from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Pterocladiella tenuis. The structures of these new spiromeroterpenoids were elucidated based on detailed spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configurations were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments and by ECD data. This is the first report of the crystal structures of spiromeroterpenoids that contain a drimane-type sesquiterpene skeleton with a rare cyclohexa-2,5-dienone unit, which resulted in the unambiguous assignment of their relative and absolute configurations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activity against the opportunistic pathogen Micrococcus luteus, with an MIC value of 8 μg/mL. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Advances in neuroprotection trials.
With technological assistance, approaches to acute stroke trials may be improved. Dose selection, eligibility criteria, control of confounding factors and endpoints can each be optimised. Adaptive randomisation techniques and Bayesian approaches can assist not only dose selection, but also balance of prognostic factors between treatment groups. Magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate enrichment of the trial population with potential responders. Utilisation of existing trial databases can enhance statistical approaches to outcome assessment. Confounding imbalance may also be limited by controlling or adjusting for concomitant conditions and their management. Recent trials have not yet identified a neuroprotectant, but have greatly assisted the prospects of success. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Amphiphilic spectroscopic probes utilizing metal chelates.
The synthesis and initial applications are reported for 1-[p-(palmitamido)-phenyl]ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid. The results demonstrate the versatility of this spectroscopic probe molecule, which allows choice of a particular technique for a particular system as well as use of multiple spectroscopic techniques for complementary information about hydrophobic regions in biological systems. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Characterization of Bordetella pertussis strains of recent isolation.
During the clinical trial conducted in Italy to evaluate the efficacy of new acellular pertussis vaccines, the most favorable conditions for the recovery and characterization of Bordetella pertussis strains, isolated from children with cough, were adopted. The nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and sent to the laboratory in refrigerated conditions within 24 hours. Charcoal agar selective and non selective plates were used, and most of the isolates were recovered after 3-4 days of incubation. Confirmation of all suspected colonies included the use of biochemical tests and specific agglutination reaction with B. pertussis antiserum. Serotyping of fimbriae, susceptibility to erythromycin and DNA fingerprinting by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), were performed to characterize B. pertussis isolates and to determine relatedness among different strains. Serotype 1,3 was the most represented in the bacterial population examined. A predominant pulsetype (PTA) characterized most of the isolates accounting for 71.4% of the strains examined. Eight subclones (23.5%) and three unrelated pulsetypes were also found. No resistant strains to erythromycin were detected. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
We reviewed all available chest X-rays of 95 patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PF) had previously been made in 13 patients, nine of whom had been operated on. Another three cases were found in the review. The 16 patients with HHT and PF came from eight families, one of which contributed seven patients. Median observation time between the first and the latest chest X-ray examination was 11 years (range 1/2-35). Growth of the PF was seen in four patients and spontaneous regression in one. Four of the 16 patients with PF had symptoms consistent with cerebral embolism, while only two of the 79 patients without PF had such symptoms. This study is part of an epidemiological investigation of HHT--to our knowledge not carried out before. The calculated period prevalence of simultaneous HHT and PF in the decade 1964-74 in the county of Fyn (429 207 inhabitants) was 2.6 per 100 000. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Natural radioactivity assessment of surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary.
The activities of the natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 40K) of the surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary were determined and used to evaluate radiation hazards in the study area. The of activities of 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 40K ranges from 14.1 to 62.3, 26.1 to 71.9, 13.7 to 52.3, and 392 to 898Bqkg-1, respectively, which were comparable to values of other regions in China. The activities of 232Th, 40K and 226Ra were clearly different from the global recommended values. The radium equivalent activity was less than the recommended limit of 370Bqkg-1; therefore, the sediment in this area can be safely used for reclamation. The external hazard index values were less than one. The average absorbed gamma dose rate and annual effective dose equivalent values were slightly greater than the world average value. 226Ra/238U and 232Th/238U ratios could potentially be applied for tracing sediment source. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Functional genomics of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.
The avoidance response to repellent odorants in Drosophila melanogaster, a response essential for survival, provides an advantageous model for studies on the genetic architecture of olfactory behavior. Transposon tagging in a highly inbred strain of flies in combination with a rapid and simple statistical behavioral assay enables the identification of not only large phenotypic effects, but also small aberrations from wild-type avoidance behavior. The recent completion of the sequence of the Drosophila genome facilitates the molecular characterization of transposon-tagged genes and correlation between gene expression and behavior in smell-impaired (smi) mutant lines. Quantitative genetic analyses of a collection of smi lines in a co-isogenic background revealed an extensive network of epistatic interactions among genes that shape the olfactory avoidance response. Candidate genes for several of these transposon-tagged smi loci implicate genes that mediate odorant recognition, including a novel odorant binding protein; signal propagation, including a voltage-gated sodium channel; and a protein containing multiple leucine rich repeats and PDZ domains likely to be involved in postsynaptic organization in the olfactory pathway. Several novel genes of unknown function have also been implicated, including a novel tyrosine-regulated protein kinase. The discovery and characterization of novel gene products that have major, hitherto unappreciated effects on olfactory behavior will provide new insights in the generation and regulation of odor-guided behavior. The identification and functional characterization of proteins encoded by smi genes that form part of the olfactory subgenome and correlation of polymorphisms in these genes with variation in odor-guided behavior in natural populations will advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of chemosensory behavior. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Diagnosis and grading of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas on fine needle aspiration cytology.
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) enjoys popularity among clinicians worldwide, as a first line of investigation in all patients with lymphadenopathy and is preferred over biopsy because of its minimally invasive nature and cost-effectiveness. Although non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are conventionally diagnosed and graded on biopsy specimens, it may be useful to be able to not only diagnose but also grade these cases on FNAC smears. The WHO and REAL classifications forming the basis of treatment in some centres rely on clinical features, immunocytochemistry and cytogenetics, which are beyond reach of most centres in the developing countries. This study therefore is aimed at diagnosing and grading NHLs on morphological parameters. The cytologic grading accuracy is compared with the histologic grades assigned according to the International Working Formulation (IWF) system which relies solely on morphological features, most important of which is cell size. Ninety five cases were retrieved over a 3 year period (May 2000 to April 2003). These were (i) cases where a cytological diagnosis of NHL or suspicious of NHL was made and corresponding histological sections available and (ii) cases where a diagnosis of NHL was made in histology and corresponding FNAC smears were available irrespective of the cytological diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for NHLs was determined using histology as the gold standard. Cases were also graded on FNAC smears using a three tier grading system based upon cell size into low, intermediate and high grades. Cytologically assigned grades were correlated with the corresponding histological grades (IWF) to determine grading accuracy. An accurate diagnosis of NHL was thus possible in 67/95 (70.5%) cases. Overall accurate grading was seen in 65/95 (68%) cases using cytological criteria. Accurate cytologic grading was possible in 14/15 (93.33%) low grade, 11/18 (61.11%) intermediate and 40/62 (64.5%) high grade non Hodgkin's lymphomas. Kappa statistics revealed a very good agreement between cytological and histological grades for low grade NHL. The kappa scores for intermediate and high grade NHLs indicated moderate agreement. Using the two-tier system grading the kappa value for high grade lymphomas improved to 0.72, indicating good concordance. This study highlights the utility of FNAC as a morphological tool for diagnosing and grading NHLs in a significant number of cases. This modality may assist clinicians in management of cases of NHLs, especially in centres working within the constraints of limited availability or non availability of ancillary techniques. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The perception of color from motion.
We introduce and explore a color phenomenon which requires the prior perception of motion to produce a spread of color over a region defined by motion. We call this motion-induced spread of color dynamic color spreading. The perception of dynamic color spreading is yoked to the perception of apparent motion: As the ratings of perceived motion increase, the ratings of color spreading increase. The effect is most pronounced if the region defined by motion is near 1 degree of visual angle. As the luminance contrast between the region defined by motion and the surround changes, perceived saturation of color spreading changes while perceived hue remains roughly constant. Dynamic color spreading is sometimes, but not always, bounded by a subjective contour. We discuss these findings in terms of interactions between color and motion pathways. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Identification of the dynamic relationship between intrapartum uterine pressure and fetal heart rate for normal and hypoxic fetuses.
Labor and delivery are routinely monitored electronically with sensors that measure and record maternal uterine pressure (UP) and fetal heart rate (FHR), a procedure referred to as cardiotocography (CTG). Delay or failure to recognize abnormal patterns in these recordings can result in a failure to prevent fetal injury. We address the challenging problem of interpreting intrapartum CTG in a novel way by modeling the dynamic relationship between UP (as an input) and FHR (as an output). We use a nonparametric approach to estimate the dynamics in terms of an impulse response function (IRF). We apply singular value decomposition to suppress noise, IRF delay, and memory estimation to identify the temporal extent of the response and surrogate testing to assess model significance. We construct models for a database of CTG recordings labeled by outcome, and compare the models during the last 3 h of labor as well as across outcome classes. The results demonstrate that the UP-FHR dynamics can be successfully modeled as an input-output system. Models for pathological cases had stronger, more delayed, and more predictable responses than those for normal cases. In addition, the models evolved in time, reflecting a clinically plausible evolution of the fetal state due to the stress of labor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Multiple primaries among gynecologic malignancies.
Seventy-eight synchronous or metachronous tumors among 2362 patients followed by the Downstate Gynecologic Tumor Registry are reviewed. Significant synchronous tumor pairs include cervix (invasive and in situ)-ovary, cervix (in situ)-uterus, cervix (in situ)-kidney, endometrium-ovary, endometrium-rectosigmoid, and ovary-breast. Significant metachronous pairs include cervix (invasive and in situ combined)-lung, cervix (invasive and in situ combined)-upper alimentary tract, and cervix (invasive)-rectosigmoid. In the case of in situ and invasive cervical cancer-lower genital tract, significance was determined for both synchronous and metachronous pairs. Long survival is an important factor in the appearance of a second tumor as demonstrated in patients with cervical carcinoma. Synchronous data prove to be valuable in assessing in risk of second primaries in patients surviving for short periods. The roles of cigarette smoking, hormones, immunosuppression, radiotherapy, and screening are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A field report on self-screening visual acuity using a computerized vision screener.
Large-scale examinations are costly and time consuming. Costs could be reduced by asking patients to carry out tests by themselves. This study aimed to gain practical experience on how patients handle self-administered acuity tests. We developed two computerized self-test acuity screening devices consisting out of a commercially available vision screener, an answering box and a PC. The answering box served to record the responses of the participants and to present verbal instructions to the participants. Participants took acuity tests for far (5 m, OS, OD, OU) and an acuity test for near (40 cm, OU) using the self-test screener. For the reason of privacy personal data like age, gender and habitual correction was entered on a separate PC. The devices were installed in two different locations and run without supervision. Personal data records of 2528 participants (4% women) were collected in both locations. The age in 45% of the participants ranged between 41 and 50 years. 31% of the participants declared to wear spectacles and 3% contact lenses. 66% of participants declared not to need a correction. A total of 1078 participants completed four acuity tests (OD far, OS far, OU far, OD near) using the self-test screening device. Depending on the acuity test and location, the average duration required to complete one acuity test ranged between 29.7 s to 39.1 s. The total duration for completing the four acuity tests was on average 133 ± 46 s. The duration for completing the acuity tests is considered as being short. Made experience speaks in favor of feasibility of self-tests in acuity screening. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Determination of seminal oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as an easy and cost-effective clinical marker of male infertility.
Oxidative stress (OS) is an important contributing factor to male infertility. While previous methods to measure seminal OS are time-consuming and limited to the use of freshly produced semen, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) is easier and quicker to perform and can also be used in frozen semen. Therefore, this study evaluated the clinical utility of ORP as a potential marker of male infertility. ORP was measured in semen samples from 293 patients and 15 fertile controls and categorised according to WHO criteria as normozoospermic, oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, teratozoospermic and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to differentiate these categories. Semen parameters were significantly different when subjects were grouped as control and patients or between the patient and normozoospermic group for concentration and morphology. ORP levels were significantly different between the control and normozoospermic group. When subjects were grouped based on concentration, motility, morphology or a combination of these, the area under the ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and cut-off values were significantly different. These differences were significant when combined with ORP and grouped with any two sperm abnormalities. In conclusion, ORP is a quick, easy, cost-effective and reliable marker of semen quality as well as oxidative stress for use in a clinical setting. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Air lead concentrations in Birmingham, England - a comparison between levels inside and outside inner-city homes.
Air lead concentrations were monitored for seven consecutive days at two locations inside and one location immediately outside 97 houses in inner-city Birmingham. Concentrations in the bedroom and playroom were similar to each other, but usually lower than those found outdoors. The mean internal air lead concentration was 0.26 μg/m(3) (n=1206) and the mean external concentration, 0.43 μg/m(3) (n=605). The mean of the individual internal:external ratios was 0.61 and similar to others cited in the literature. The study indicates that, in the absence of any major internal sources of lead, the mean external air lead concentration is a good predictor of the mean air internal air lead concentration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tumoral pseudogout of the metatarsal.
We present a case of tumoral pseudogout centered at the right second metatarsal. MRI findings of the case as well as a review of five previous cases in the literature are presented. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sex-linked genetic influence on caste determination in a termite.
The most ecologically successful and destructive termite species are those with both a nymph caste and an irreversibly wingless worker caste. The early developmental bifurcation separating these castes is widely accepted to be strictly environmentally determined. We present evidence that genotype also influences this process. Offspring from four different crosses of nymph- and worker-derived secondary reproductive individuals had strongly differentiated caste and sex ratios, despite uniform rearing conditions. These data fit an X-linked, one-locus-two-allele model. Of five possible genotypes, one was lethal, two resulted in workers, and two resulted in either nymphs or environmentally determined workers. Caste is thus controlled both by environment and by a complex genetic inheritance pattern. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effect of dexamethasone on the radiation survival response and misonidazole-induced hypoxic-cell cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster cells V-79-753B in vitro.
Overnight exposure of Chinese hamster cells, V-79-753B, to microgram quantities of the synthetic corticosteroid, dexamethasone, resulted in a decrease in sensitivity towards radiation, both in air and in hypoxia. The effect was dose-modifying and the oxygen enhancement ratio did not change appreciably. Similarly, when dexamethasone-treated hypoxic cells were irradiated in the presence of misonidazole, a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, there was a decrease in radiation sensitivity compared with untreated hypoxic cells irradiated with misonidazole. The effect of dexamethasone cannot be attributed to classical radioprotection since administration of the drug immediately or 4.5 h before irradiation does not alter the survival response of hypoxic cells with or without misonidazole. Neither can this increased radioresistance be attributed to synchronization to a more resistant phase of the cell cycle since pretreated cells remain more radioresistant for at least 6 h after the removal of the drug. The data suggest that dexamethasone induces metabolic changes in cells which alter their radiosensitivity. Whatever metabolic changes may be occurring there was no effect on the uptake of 14C-misonidazole into dexamethasone-treated or control cells. However, there was a pronounced decrease in hypoxic-cell cytotoxicity induced by misonidazole in cells pretreated with dexamethasone. The implications of these results are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tumor physiology and drug resistance.
Clinical resistance is usually assumed to be due to the initial presence or selection of drug-resistant cells in tumors. While important, it is suggested in this review that genetically-determined causes of cellular resistance represent but one cause (and possibly not the major cause) of effective clinical resistance of solid tumors. Factors that depend on tumor physiology, and on the microenvironment and three-dimensional structure of solid tumors, may have a profound influence on their sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. Particular emphasis is placed on the limited penetration of some drugs from tumor blood vessels and on the repopulation of tumor cells between courses of chemotherapy as causes of clinical resistance. Both of these mechanisms are amenable to modulation to improve therapeutic index. Failure to recognize that clinical drug resistance cannot be explained entirely by mechanisms operative at the level of the single cell may lead to disappointing results in clinical trials such as, for example, clinical failure of the strategy of reversal of multidrug resistance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A rare case of extrauterine adenosarcoma arising in endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum.
To present a rare case of endometrial stromal sarcoma arising in endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum. Case report. Academic tertiary referral center for endometriosis treatment. A 50-year-old woman with a history of endometriosis presented with catamenial rectal pain and deep dyspareunia. Imaging findings suggested new endometriotic lesions in the rectovaginal space. Total hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and excision of the lesion in the rectovaginal septum were performed. Although extemporary pathology confirmed endometriosis, the final histologic diagnosis was extrauterine adenosarcoma in the rectovaginal septum. Two years later, recurrence of the malignancy occurred and was treated by resecting the new perirectal mass. Subsequent radiotherapy and chemotherapy were administered. Imaging findings at follow-up evaluation. The patient was in good health for 2 years after the initial surgery, when she developed a new lesion at the site of the previous resection. The histologic appearance of the lesion was consistent with recurrence of the tumor. After postoperative therapy, the patient is now without evidence of disease. Malignant transformation of endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a new pelvic lesion in a patient with a history of endometriosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hemispheric asymmetry in a face discrimination task in infants.
A right-hemisphere advantage in a mother's face recognition task in infants aged between 4 and 10 months was found to exist by de Schonen, Gil de Diaz, and Mathivet. The present study was designed to test (a) whether the right-hemisphere advantage would still prevail if the task requirements were different from those in the previous study, and (b) whether any information was communicated from one hemisphere to the other. 18-42-week-old infants were presented with an operant conditioning situation where they had to discriminate between their mother's and a stranger's face within one visual hemifield. Transfer of learning from one visual hemifield to the other was also measured. The results confirm the existence of a right-hemisphere advantage in discriminating between face stimuli. This advantage was weaker in the female than in the male population. No hemispheric transfer of learning was observed to occur. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hedgehog inhibitors: a patent review (2013 - present).
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an important signaling pathway, playing a critical role in regulation of cell growth, development, metastasis and angiogenesis. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been linked to the development of several human tumor types, which makes it an attractive target for cancer treatment. Now many efforts in both industry and academia have been made to explore small molecular Hh inhibitors as anticancer agents. This review aims to provide an overview of recent patents (2013--present) in the discovery, research and development of Hh inhibitors. Hh signaling pathway inhibitors attract much interest for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of a variety of human cancers. In 2012, vismodegib was approved by the FDA as a smoothened inhibitor for locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma treatment, and presently, it is ongoing clinical trials for validating its use in other tumor types. It is clear that Hh inhibitors may provide a promising clinical benefit in treating tumors involving active Hh signaling pathway with a mutation-driven mechanism. However, the efficacy of Hh inhibitors on other human tumor types is still needed to further identify. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inactivated varicella zoster vaccine in autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients: an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Recipients of autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplants (auto-HSCT) have an increased risk of herpes zoster and herpes zoster-related complications. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy and safety of an inactivated varicella zoster vaccine for the prevention of herpes zoster after auto-HSCT. In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, participants were recruited from 135 medical centres (ie, stem-cell transplant centres and hospitals) in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, scheduled to receive an auto-HSCT within 60 days of enrolment, and had a history of varicella infection or were seropositive for antibodies to varicella zoster virus, or both. Exclusion criteria included a history of herpes zoster within the previous year of enrolment, and intended antiviral prophylaxis for longer than 6 months after transplantation. Participants were randomly assigned according to a central randomisation schedule generated by the trial statistician, to receive either the inactivated-virus vaccine from one of three consistency lots, a high-antigen lot, or placebo, stratified by age (<50 vs ≥50 years) and intended duration of antiviral prophylaxis after transplantation (≤3 months vs >3 to ≤6 months). Participants, investigators, trial staff, and the funder's clinical and laboratory personnel were masked to group assignment. Participants were given four doses of inactivated vaccine or placebo, with the first dose 5-60 days before auto-HSCT, and the second, third, and fourth doses at about 30, 60, and 90 days after transplantation. The primary efficacy endpoint was the incidence of herpes zoster, confirmed by PCR or adjudication by a masked clinical committee, or both, assessed in all participants randomly assigned to the vaccine consistency lot group or placebo group who received at least one dose of vaccine and had auto-HSCT. Safety was assessed in all randomised participants who received at least one dose of vaccine and had follow-up data. A prespecified vaccine efficacy success criterion required the lower bound of the 95% CI be higher than 25% for the relative reduction of the hazard ratio of herpes zoster infection in participants given the vaccine from one of the consistency lots compared with those given placebo. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01229267) and EudraCT (2010-020150-34). Between Dec 7, 2010, and April 25, 2013, 560 participants were randomly assigned to the vaccine consistency lot group, 106 to the high-antigen lot group, and 564 to the placebo group. 249 (44%) of patients in the vaccine consistency lot group, 35 (33%) in the high-antigen lot group, and 220 (39%) in the placebo group discontinued before study end, mostly because of death or withdrawal. 51 participants were excluded from the primary efficacy endpoint analyses because they did not undergo auto-HSCT or were not vaccinated, or both (22 [4%] in the vaccine consistency lot group, and 29 [5%] in the placebo group). Mean follow-up for efficacy was 2·4 years (SD 1·3) in the vaccine consistency lot group and 2·3 years (SD 1·3) in the placebo group. 42 (8%) of 538 participants in the vaccine consistency lot group (32·9 per 1000 person-years) and 113 (21%) of 535 in the placebo group (91·9 per 1000 person-years) had a confirmed case of herpes zoster. The estimated vaccine efficacy was 63·8% (95% CI 48·4-74·6), meeting the pre-specified success criterion. For the combined vaccine groups versus the placebo group, the proportion of patients with serious adverse events (216 [33%] of 657 vs 181 [33%] of 554; risk difference 0·2%, 95% CI -5·1 to 5·5) and serious vaccine-related adverse events (five [1%] vs five [1%]; risk difference 0·1%, -1·4 to 1·1) were similar. Vaccine-related injection-site adverse events occurred more frequently in participants given vaccine than those given placebo (191 [29%] vs 36 [7%]; risk difference 22·6%, 95% CI 18·5-26·6; p<0·0001). This study shows for the first time in a large phase 3 trial that early vaccination of auto-HSCT recipients during the peri-transplant period can be effective for the prevention of an opportunistic infection like herpes zoster and that the vaccine is well tolerated. Merck & Co., Inc. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Barriers and facilitators to recruitment and enrollment of HIV-infected individuals with opioid use disorder in a clinical trial.
The CTN-0067 CHOICES trial tests implementation of extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) versus treatment-as-usual (TAU) for opioid use disorders (OUD) in HIV clinics to improve HIV viral suppression. The study team investigated recruitment strategies to elucidate the barriers and facilitators to recruitment and enrollment in the study. Methods: Semi-structured, in-depth, digitally recorded interviews were completed with study recruitment-related staff and medical providers (n = 26) from six participating HIV clinics in the fall of 2018. Interviews probed 1) factors that might prevent prospective participants from engaging in study recruitment and enrollment procedures and 2) strategies used by study staff that encourage eligible patient participation. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed using a content analysis approach. All respondents reported that barriers to recruitment and enrollment included challenging patient social and structural factors (e.g., homelessness or living environments with high substance use, criminal justice involvement), difficulty locating patients with unsuppressed HIV viral load and OUD within the HIV clinic, time-consuming study enrollment processes, and stigma around HIV and OUD which inhibited treatment seeking. Some respondents observed that distrust of research and researchers impeded recruitment activities in the community. A specific medication-related barrier was patient fear of opioid abstinence required prior to XR-NTX induction. Facilitators of recruitment included use of trusted peer outreach/recruitment workers in the community, hospitalizations that offered windows of opportunities for screening and XR-NTX induction, providing participant transportation, and partnerships with harm reduction organizations for referrals. Though study personnel encountered barriers to recruitment in the CHOICES study, persons with untreated HIV and OUD can be enrolled in multisite clinical trials by using enhanced recruitment strategies that extend outside of the HIV clinic. Employing peer outreach workers and collaborating with syringe service programs may be especially helpful in facilitating recruitment and merit inclusion in similar study protocols. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Variations in the posterior division branches of the mandibular nerve in human cadavers.
The lingual, inferior alveolar and auriculotemporal nerves, being branches of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve, mainly innervate the mandibular teeth and all the major salivary glands. Anomalous communications among these branches are widely reported due to their significance to various treatment procedures undertaken in the region. This study was performed as detailed exploration of the functional perspectives of such communicating branches would further enhance the scope of these procedures. A total of 36 specimens were dissected to examine the infratemporal region. The branches from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve--namely the lingual, inferior alveolar and auriculotemporal nerves--were carefully dissected, and their branches were studied and analysed for abnormal course. Communication between branches of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve was observed in four specimens. In two of the four specimens, communication between the mylohyoid and lingual nerves was observed. A rare and seldom reported type of communication between the auriculotemporal and inferior alveolar nerves is described in this study. This communicating nerve split into two to form a buttonhole for the passage of the mylohyoid nerve. Such communicating branches between nerves found in this study are developmental in origin and thought to maintain functional integrity through an alternative route. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Testing renal patients for HIV: guidelines.
These guidelines for the testing of renal patients have been produced by the RCN Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Forum following a questionnaire sent to 61 renal units in the UK in 1988. Questions were asked relating to the current practice of testing patients for HIV within the renal population. The huge diversity of practice clearly demonstrated a fundamental lack of awareness of the ethical issues that are involved. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Detection of 4-hydroxynonenal and other lipid peroxidation products in the liver of bromobenzene-poisoned mice.
Lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes leads to the formation of toxic aldehydes. One product provided with particular reactivity has been identified as 4-hydroxynonenal and thoroughly studied as one of the possible mediators of the cellular injury induced by pro-oxidants. In the present study we have searched for the presence of 4-hydroxynonenal and other lipid peroxidation products in the liver of bromobenzene-poisoned mice, since under this experimental condition the level of lipid peroxidation is much greater than in the case of CCl4 or BrCCl3 hepatotoxicity. 4-Hydroxynonenal was looked for in liver extracts as either free aldehyde or its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative. In both cases, by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography, a well resolved peak corresponding to the respective standards (free aldehyde or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative) was obtained. Total carbonyls present in the liver of intoxicated animals were detected as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. The hydrazones were pre-separated by TLC into three fractions according to different polarity (polar, non-polar, fraction I, and non-polar, fraction II). The amounts of carbonyls present in each fraction were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. 'Non-polar carbonyls, fraction II' were further fractionated by TLC. The fraction containing alkanals and alk-2-enals was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and several aldehydes were identified. In addition, protein bound carbonyls were determined in the liver of bromobenzene-treated mice. The biological implications of the finding of 4-hydroxynonenal and other carbonyls in vivo in an experimental model of hepatotoxicity are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A dynamic and self-crosslinked polysaccharide hydrogel with autonomous self-healing ability.
Natural polymeric hydrogels with self-healing capability that can recover the functionalities and structures of gels after damage are extremely attractive due to their emerging applications in the biomedical field. Here we report a self-healable polymeric hydrogel by self-crosslinking two natural polymers acrylamide-modified chitin (AMC) containing amino groups and oxidized alginate containing dialdehyde groups. The generation of the self-crosslinked hydrogel relies on the dynamic covalent linkage through Schiff base between the polysaccharide chains. The self-healing capability of the crosslinked hydrogel depends on the molar ratio of AMC and oxidized alginate and the surrounding pH. Under certain circumstances, the damaged hydrogel shows a complete recovery and can be stretched to a favorable extent, which is seldom observed for polysaccharide self-healing hydrogel. Notably, we find that the self-healing ability can be "stored" by freeze-drying and "activated" by rehydration. In addition, we demonstrate that the hydrogel can be used as a soft template to guide the repair of inorganic materials like hydroxyapatite. We anticipate that this self-healable hydrogel consisting of biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharides can be applied to various biomedical fields. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Selective formation of adjacent stereocenters by allylboration of ketones under mild neutral conditions.
Allylboronic acids readily react with a broad variety of ketones, affording homoallylic alcohols with adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters. The reaction proceeds with very high anti stereoselectivity even if the substituents of the keto group have a similar size. α-Keto acids react with syn stereoselectivity probably due to the formation of acyl boronate intermediates. The allylation reactions proceed without added acids/bases under mild conditions. Because of this, many functionalities are tolerated even with in situ generated allylboronic acids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lysergic acid diethylamide. Photoelectron ionization potentials as indices of behavioral activity.
The photoelectron spectrum of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reveals five ionization potentials (IP's) between 7.25 and 9.75 eV arising from the aromatic (pi) portion of the molecule and IP's of 8.4 eV arising from the tertiary amine and 8.5-9.0 and 9.1 eV arising from the amide group. Comparisons of the IP's of LSD, and of phenethylamines and tryptamines reported by us elsewhere, with activities of these compounds in rat and human behavioral tests show that increasing activity is paralleled by decreasing IP. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clostridial enteric infections in pigs.
Clostridium perfringens types A and C and Clostridium difficile are the principal enteric clostridial pathogens of swine. History, clinical signs of disease, and gross and microscopic findings form the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of C. perfringens type-C enteritis. Confirmation is based on isolation of large numbers of type-C C. perfringens and/or detection of beta toxin in intestinal contents. Diagnosis of C. perfringens type-A infection, however, remains controversial, mostly because the condition has not been well defined and because type-A organisms and their most important major (alpha) toxin can be found in intestinal contents of healthy and diseased pigs. Isolation of large numbers of C. perfringens type A from intestinal contents, in the absence of other enteric pathogens, is the most reliable criterion on which to base a diagnosis. Recently, beta2 (CPB2) toxin-producing C. perfringens type A has been linked to disease in piglets and other animals. However, implication of CPB2 in pathogenesis of porcine infections is based principally on isolation of C. perfringens carrying cpb2, the gene encoding CPB2, and the specific role of CPB2 in enteric disease of pigs remains to be fully defined. Clostridium difficile can also be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of healthy pigs, and diagnosis of enteric infection with this microorganism is based on detection of its toxins in feces or intestinal contents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bile-acid-activated receptors: targeting TGR5 and farnesoid-X-receptor in lipid and glucose disorders.
Bile acids are a family of steroid molecules generated in the liver by cholesterol oxidation. In addition to their role in nutrient absorption, bile acids are signaling molecules that exert genomic and non-genomic effects by activating TGR5 (M-BAR, GP-BAR1 or BG37) a G-protein-coupled receptor, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Ligands for these receptors might be beneficial in treating disorders of lipid and glucose homeostasis. TGR5 ligands decrease blood glucose levels and increase energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation in thermogenically competent tissues. FXR agonists repress the synthesis of endogenous bile acids and reduce triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose plasma levels and are currently being tested in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. FXR modulators are being developed to target selective gene clusters and avoid the negative impact of FXR on HDL biosynthesis. The development of dual FXR and TGR5 ligands could provide new opportunities for the treatment of lipid and glucose disorders. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reduced heart rate responding to trauma reliving in trauma survivors with PTSD: correlates and consequences.
The authors investigated whether heart rate (HR) responses to voluntary recall of trauma memories (a) are related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and (b) predict recovery 6 months later. Sixty-two assault survivors completed a recall task modeled on imaginal reliving in the initial weeks postassault. Possible cognitive modulators of HR responsivity were assessed; dissociation, rumination, trauma memory disorganization. Individuals with PTSD showed a reduced HR response to reliving compared to those without PTSD, but reported greater distress. Notably, higher HR response but not self-reported distress during reliving predicted greater symptom reduction at follow-up in participants with PTSD. Engagement in rumination was the only cognitive factor that predicted lower HR response. The data are in contrast to studies using trauma reminders to trigger memories, which have found greater physiological reactivity in PTSD. The authors' observations are consistent with models of PTSD that highlight differences between cued or stimulus-driven retrieval and intentional trauma recall, and with E. B. Foa and M. J. Kozak's (1986) hypothesis that full activation of trauma memories facilitates emotional processing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A density-functional study of the structural, electronic, magnetic, and vibrational properties of Ti8C12 metallocarbohedrynes.
Calculations are presented for the structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of the different Ti8C12 metallocarbohedrynes. (Please note that we adopt the name "metallocarbohedrynes" instead of "metallocarbohedrenes" to denote the acetylenic nature of C2 units in this class of clusters demonstrated by several contributions in literature.) The density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed with the all-electron projector augmented-wave method and generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation functional. We study the seven low-energy isomers of the Ti8C12 metallocarbohedrynes using spin-polarized DFT, where we find a correlation between the number of rotated carbon dimers and the cohesive energy of the structure. The electronic density of states (eDOS) show that C3nu, D*3d, and D3d isomers are spin polarized. The partial eDOS shows that, depending on the dimer orientation, carbon atoms and a subgroup of the metal atoms form a covalent framework while other metal atoms are bonded to this framework more ionically. This picture is further supported by the charge density of the different structures, where we see that the Ti atoms with higher charge density show less contribution to the covalent bonding of the Ti-C framework. The vibrational spectra of the different structures are calculated using the frozen-vibration method. Also, we calculate the vibrational spectra of the C3nu and C2nu structures using molecular-dynamics simulations at two different temperatures. The results of the simulations demonstrate the local stability of the structures beyond the harmonic limit explored by the frozen-vibration method. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Peroxotantalate-Based Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide.
The efficient and environmentally benign epoxidation of allylic alcohols has been attained by using new kinds of monomeric peroxotantalate anion-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs=[P4,4,4,n ]3 [Ta(O)3 (η-O2 )], P4,4,4,n =quaternary phosphonium cation, n=4, 8, and 14), which have been developed and their structures determined accordingly. This work revealed the parent anions of the ILs underwent structural transformation in the presence of H2 O2 . The formed active species exhibited excellent catalytic activity, with a turnover frequency for [P4,4,4,4 ]3 [Ta(O)3 (η-O2 )] of up to 285 h-1 , and satisfactory recyclability in the epoxidation of various allylic alcohols under very mild conditions by using only one equivalent of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. NMR studies showed the reaction was facilitated through a hydrogen-bonding mechanism, in which the peroxo group (O-O) of the peroxotantalate anion served as the hydrogen-bond acceptor and hydroxyl group in the allylic alcohols served as the hydrogen-bond donor. This work demonstrates that simple monomeric peroxotantalates can catalyze epoxidation of allylic alcohols efficiently. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Investigating maspin in breast cancer progression using mouse models.
Clade B serpin family of proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions including cell adhesion and motility. One key member of the clade B serpin family is maspin (SERPINB5). Maspin is classified as a type II tumor suppressor that regulates cell adhesion and invasion. It is expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells but is reduced in benign breast tumors and absent in invasive breast carcinomas. Although maspin regulates cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, migration, and invasion in breast cancer cell culture systems, mouse models are necessary to verify this in vivo. In this chapter, we review the development of transgenic and syngeneic mouse models to study the role of maspin in mammary tumorigenesis and in normal mammary development. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sources of variation in the assessment of cell proliferation using proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry.
The reproducibility in quantitation of proliferation activity, determined using the monoclonal antibody 19A2 to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), was tested in visual and computer-assisted analyses of brain tumor material. The PCNA labeling index was scored using count (PCNA-LI, visual and computer analyses) and area (PCNA-LIa, computer analysis) estimates of immunopositivity. The quality of immunostaining was the most important reason for variation in the assessment results. Other significant variation sources in the assessment were experience in selecting microscopic fields and distinguishing immunopositive nuclei from immunonegative ones. Computer-assisted analysis improved the reproducibility of quantitation between different observers (visual rPCNA-LI = 0.624 versus computer assisted rPCNA-LI = 0.904). Also, the use of PCNA-LIa improved the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility in different stainings (observer 1:rPCNA-LI = 0.857 versus rPCNA-LIa = 0.874; observers 1 and 2: rPCNA-LI = 0.904 versus rPCNA-LIa = 0.927; observers 3 and 4: rPCNA-LI = 0.848 versus rPCNA-LIa = 0.906). PCNA-LIa by computerized image analysis improves accuracy in the evaluation of the granularly expressed PCNA level. Furthermore, the effect of tumor heterogeneity on the assessment results can be diminished with the computerized method because large tissue areas can be analyzed faster. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Arylnaphthalene and aryltetralin-type lignans in hairy root cultures of Linum perenne, and the stereochemistry of 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin and one diastereoisomer by HPLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy.
Hairy root cultures of Linum sp. are an alternative for the high production of lignans. Linum perenne is known to produce arylnaphthalene-type lignans such as justicidin B, isojusticidin and diphyllin. To elucidate the presence of aryltetralin-type lignan diastereoisomers, besides the known arylnaphthalene-type lignans, in hairy roots of Linum perenne, and to determine the configurations of one diastereoisomer of 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin (6-MPTOX). Lignans from hairy root cultures of Linum perenne were extracted and separated by HPLC. Arylnaphthalene-type lignans were identified by LC-MS, according to the literature. Two diastereoisomers of aryltetralin-type lignans were analysed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Numerous arylnaphthalene-type lignans (diphyllin-2-hexose-pentose, diphyllin-3-pentose and diphyllin-hexose) were identified in hairy root cultures. Methoxypodophyllotoxin, an aryltetralin-type lignan, was also identified, as well as one diastereoisomer. This aryltetralin-type lignan could be derived via 7-hydroxymatairesinol as a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway. The stereochemical configurations of aryltetralin isomers were determined. Arylnaphthalene and two diastereoisomers of aryltetralin-type lignans are produced in Linum perenne hairy root cultures. Matairesinol, the precursor of justicidin B, also seems to be converted into 6-MPTOX via 7-hydroxymatairesinol. This is the first report of the stereochemical configurations of an aryltetralin-type lignan other than podophyllotoxin (PTOX). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Particulate contaminants of intravenous medications and infusions.
Particulate contamination in small volume parenteral medications has been studied and compared with that found in a selection of large volume infusions. Particle counts in 39 commonly used small volume medications and 7 large volume infusions were performed by an automated light blockage method (HIAC) or by optical microscopy. Based on these results and a random survey of drug therapy of intensive care patients, it is concluded that the contribution of intravenous medications to the total particle load received by such patients is likely to be many times greater than from infusion fluids. Until firm evidence regarding the harmful systemic effects of drug particles is available and the manufacturing regulations adjusted appropriately, final in-line filtration of infusions immediately proximal to the intravenous cannula should be considered when drugs are being given intravenously. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Analysis and classification of common vegetable oils.
The analysis of fatty acids from common vegetable oils was investigated for application to forensic casework. A base-catalyzed transesterification of the fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters using tetramethylammonium hydroxide was simple, rapid, straightforward and inexpensive. Canola, corn, olive, peanut, safflower, soybean and sunflower oils were able to be classified based on their fatty acid methyl ester profiles. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the detection limits for canola, corn, olive, peanut and safflower oils were determined to be 0.4 mg/mL or less and 0.2 mg/mL or less for soybean and sunflower oils. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Alterations in polyadenylic acid-containing messenger RNA synthesis of brain polysomes after seizures of seizure-susceptible E1 mice.
The effect of seizures on synthesis of the polyadenylic acid (poly(A]-containing messenger RNA (mRNA) isolated from brain polysomes in a genetically seizure-susceptible E1 mouse was studied in vivo. The seizure in the E1 mice was induced by tossed-up stimulation. Immediately after the seizure ceased, the labeled orotic acid was injected into the brain. The incorporation rates of labeled orotic acid into poly(A)-containing mRNA isolated from polysomes are represented as the specific radioactivity (SR) (dpm/mg RNA) and the relative specific radioactivity (RSR) (dpm/mg RNA/dpm/mumoles of acid soluble uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP]. Both the rates were reduced to 70% in SR and 65% in RSR at 1 h after the seizures. This reduction was gradually recovered to the level of interictal E1 mice at 6 h. The seizure-induced alterations are not attributable to the difference in the uridine nucleotide pool because the SR of UMP was not significantly affected by the seizure. The peak of labeled poly(A)-containing mRNA by analysis of gel electrophoresis displaced towards a lower molecular weight at 1 h after the seizures. The RNA showed a higher ratio of AMP and UMP per GMP and CMP in nucleotide composition, implying that this RNA is identical with DNA. These results suggest that the temporary decrease found in cytoplasmic mRNA synthesis induced by the seizures of E1 mice appears to be a result of impaired transcriptional processes in heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis and that the smaller mRNA coding for protein associated with seizures is newly synthesized during the postictal period. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nutritional support in the injured patient.
After injury, the stress reaction causes hypermetabolism and consequent depletion of the body's tissues. Nutritional support should be begun early and should be given by the enteral route if possible. New developments may allow the modulation of the stress and immune responses by nutrient therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Physical growth, nutritional status, and dietary intake of African-American middle school students from Philadelphia.
As part of an integrated program of academically based participatory action research, measurements of nutritional status and dietary intakes were collected from 11- to 15-year-old African-American youth attending an innercity Philadelphia middle school. Statures and weights were collected on 136 individuals and 24-hr recalls, distributed across the week, on 113. Using the U.S. reference data, statures were not significantly different from U.S. age/sex means, but weights were significantly greater. With the U.S. Black population (NHANES I and II) serving as a reference for the body mass index, 23.5% of the sample were classed as obese, with a BMI >90th centile. This is greater than has been reported for Philadelphia Whites, for U.S. Blacks in general, or for other samples from the U.S. and Canada. Intakes of vitamins were at or above two-thirds of RDAs except for vitamin D, with a median of 28.1% of the recommended allowance. Low intakes were also recorded for dietary fiber (36.9% RDA) and zinc, with a median intake of 63% RDA. The median intake of fat was 101.3% RDA, of saturated fat, 102.2% RDA, of cholesterol, 76% RDA, and of polyunsatured fat, 48.2% RDA. The median intake of sodium was 2701 mg, 112.5% RDA. Overall, the data indicate a population with a very high prevalence of obesity, and diets high in saturated fat and low in polyunsaturated fat. Also of potential concern is the indication of low intakes of zinc and high intakes of sodium. Given the increased health risks of urban African-Americans, these findings on young adolescents suggest the need to develop programs designed to improve diets and enhance health in general in this age group. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Number of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes and their sensitivity to hormone action.
The study demonstrated a decreased level of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from hypercholesterolemic subjects, and an elevated level in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In the lymphocytes with a high GR number, dexamethasone inhibited [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-acetate incorporation into DNA and cholesterol, respectively, in the same manner as in the control cells. On the other hand, a decreased GR number resulted in a less efficient dexamethasone inhibition of the incorporation of labeled compounds. These data showed that the sensitivity of lymphocytes to glucocorticoids changed only with a decrease of GR level. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mutation spectrum in the nephrin gene (NPHS1) in congenital nephrotic syndrome.
Congenital nephrotic syndrome, Finnish type (CNF or NPHS1), is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by massive proteinuria and development of nephrotic syndrome shortly after birth. The disease is most common in Finland, but many patients have been identified in other populations. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene for nephrin which is a key component of the glomerual ultrafilter, the podocyte slit diaphragm. A total of 30 mutations have been reported in the nephrin gene in patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome worldwide. In the Finnish population, two main mutations have been found. These two nonsense mutations account for over 94% of all mutations in Finland. Most mutations found in non-Finnish patients are missense mutations, but they include also nonsense and splice site mutations, as well as deletions and insertions. This mutation update summarizes the nature of all previously reported nephrin mutations and, additionally, describes 20 novel mutations recently identified in our laboratory. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Physiological and biochemical parameters controlling waterlogging stress tolerance in Prunus before and after drainage.
Waterlogging is associated with poor soil drainage. As a consequence oxygen levels decrease in the root environment inducing root asphyxia and affecting plant growth. Some plants can survive under these conditions triggering complex anatomical and biochemical adaptations, mostly in the roots. Long- and short-term responses to waterlogging stress were compared in two trials using a set of two myrobalans (Prunus cerasifera Erhr), 'P.2175' and 'P.2980', as tolerant rootstocks and two almond × peach [Prunus amygdalus Batsch ×Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] interspecific hybrids, 'Garnem' and 'Felinem', as sensitive ones in two consecutive years. Stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content were measured in the long-term trials to assess survival performance, while the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) were measured in the short-term trials to study early antioxidant response. The incidence of the stress in the root environment was different as a result of the different plant development at the moment of the treatment, as a consequence of different environmental conditions both before and during the treatment between the 2 years. The activity of the different enzymes was higher in the sensitive genotype 'Felinem' than in the tolerant 'P.2175'. This result shows an activation of the antioxidant system and has been observed to depend of the different nature of the roots between the 2 years. As the antioxidant enzymes seem to work more efficiently when roots are more aerated, we cannot conclude that they are responsible for the higher tolerance observed in the myrobalan plums. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial injury and ventricular torsion after marathon running.
Recent reports provide indirect evidence of myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction after prolonged exercise. However, existing data is conflicting and lacks direct verification of functional myocardial alterations by CMR [cardiac MR (magnetic resonance)]. The present study sought to examine structural myocardial damage and modification of LV (left ventricular) wall motion by CMR imaging directly after a marathon. Analysis of cTnT (cardiac troponin T) and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) serum levels, echocardiography [pulsed-wave and TD (tissue Doppler)] and CMR were performed before and after amateur marathon races in 28 healthy males aged 41 ± 5 years. CMR included LGE (late gadolinium enhancement) and myocardial tagging to assess myocardial injury and ventricular motion patterns. Echocardiography indicated alterations of diastolic filling [decrease in E/A (early transmitral diastolic filling velocity/late transmitral diastolic filling velocity) ratio and E' (tissue Doppler early transmitral diastolic filling velocity)] postmarathon. All participants had a significant increase in NT-proBNP and/or cTnT levels. However, we found no evidence of LV LGE. MR tagging demonstrated unaltered radial shortening, circumferential and longitudinal strain. Myocardial rotation analysis, however, revealed an increase of maximal torsion by 18.3% (13.1 ± 3.8 to 15.5 ± 3.6 °; P=0.002) and maximal torsion velocity by 35% (6.8 ± 1.6 to 9.2 ± 2.5 °·s-1; P<0.001). Apical rotation velocity during diastolic filling was increased by 1.23 ± 0.33 °·s-1 after marathon (P<0.001) in a multivariate analysis adjusted for heart rate, whereas peak untwist rate showed no relevant changes. Although marathon running leads to a transient increase of cardiac biomarkers, no detectable myocardial necrosis was observed as evidenced by LGE MRI (MR imaging). Endurance exercise induces an augmented systolic wringing motion of the myocardium and increased diastolic filling velocities. The stress of marathon running seems to be better described as a burden of myocardial overstimulation rather than cardiac injury. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The immunological aspects of predicting antibiotic therapy efficacy in peritonitis patients].
The analysis of the impact of various group antibiotics on the mechanisms of development and correction of pathogenetically heterogeneous immune deficiency in 235 patients at age of 17 to 85 years with local (80 patients) and general (155 patients) peritonitis is presented. Cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones promoted restoration of the immune and interleukin (IL-1 and IL-2 of donors, IL-1r and IL-2r of patients) status and lowered the immunodepressive effect of glucocorticoids (GC) at the organism (cortisol, ACTH and cortisol-binding globulin) and cellular (GC receptors III) levels. Aminoglycosides and penicillins had no significant action on the immune and interleukin status but lowered the EG effect at the organism (aminoglycosides) and cellular (penicillins) levels. It is recommended that the antibiotics be used with an account of their involvement in the systemic reactions of the host. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Minimal change glomerular disease: a paraneoplastic syndrome in two patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
Glomerulonephritis has often been reported as a paraneoplastic syndrome. In patients with carcinoma, the most common glomerular disease is membranous glomerulonephritis mediated presumably by immune complexes. Minimal change glomerular disease has been hitherto reported, to our knowledge, in only one patient with carcinoma. We report two patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in whom the simultaneous development of the nephrotic syndrome was due to minimal change glomerular disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Neuroplasticity: synaptogenesis during normal development and its implication in intellectual disability].
Neuroplasticity is the biological capacity of the nervous system to modify its structure and functioning to adapt to both physiological and pathological variations in the environment. Its main physiological consequences are learning and memory, and its pathological outcome is neurological rehabilitation. The continuous change and initial fragility of the developing brain make the embryonic and foetal periods especially plastic (what is known as developmental neuroplasticity). The progressive reduction in plasticity, however, is never complete and the capacity to modify the brain circuits in response to new learning (adaptive neuroplasticity) or brain injuries (reactive neuroplasticity) remains throughout the individual's entire lifespan. The main neurobiological mechanism underlying neuroplasticity is the formation of synaptic contacts between neurons. Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated to functional anomalies of the brain, often derived from the lack of adaptive or reactive capacity of the brain to modify circuits that are malformed or damaged by genetic or environmental anomalies. They are traditionally associated with the appearance of intellectual disability and mental illnesses. This review deals with the development of the neuroplasticity of the brain and its neurobiological mechanisms. Some of the cellular and molecular processes involved in its normal development are also examined, together with the possible consequences deriving from alterations affecting them. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Regioselectivity-Tunable Self-1,3-Dipolar [3+3] Cyclizations of Azomethine Ylides To Assemble Dispirooxindole-piperazines.
A series of novel 2,3- or 2,5-dispirooxindole-piperazine ring systems were efficiently constructed through the acid-promoted self-1,3-dipolar [3+3] cyclizations of azomethine ylides derived from isatin with various primary or cyclic secondary amines. Interestingly, the regioselectivity of this self-[3+3] cyclization could be effectively tuned by varying the structural features of substrates. The unprecedented 2,5-dispirooxindole-piperazine skeleton was achieved in good diastereoselectivity by employing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, while using pyrrolidine or glycine methyl ester furnished the 2,3-dispirooxindole-piperazine scaffold in excellent diastereoselectivity (only a single isomer formed). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dermatan sulphate induces plasminogen activator release in the perfused rat hindquarters.
Heparin or heparin-like substances have been described to induce the release of plasminogen activator (PA) activity in different animal perfusion models. In this paper we report that Dermatan Sulphate (DS) is able to induce PA activity release in the perfused rat hindquarters. Perfusion of different doses of DS (0.1 to 0.8 mg/mL) stimulates a release of PA activity that is maximum after the initial two minutes of perfusion. The amount of PA activity released rises progressively within a certain concentration range of DS (0.1 to 0.4 mg/mL) and declines thereafter (0.6 to 0.8 mg/mL). The type of PA activity increased during DS perfusion was characterized by SDS-PAGE and fibrin autography as tissue-type PA (t-PA) on the basis of its mol wt (67,000 d) and inhibition by a specific anti t-PA antiserum. This effect might be considered as potentially contributing to the antithrombotic activity of DS, at least at the local level. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Positive group psychotherapy modified for adults with intellectual disabilities.
Mental health disorders are considerably more prevalent among people with intellectual disabilities than in the general population, yet research on psychotherapy for people with dual diagnosis is scarce. However, there is mounting evidence to show that adults with a dual diagnosis can find help through group therapy and have more productive and meaningful lives with improved relationships. This article focuses on a review of evidence for interactive behavioral therapy, a widely used model of group psychotherapy for these conditions, and reviews the modifications drawn from the field of positive psychology and positive psychotherapy being incorporated into the model. A sample of a modified positive intervention, the virtual gratitude visit, is explained and suggestions for future research are given. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A randomized, controlled, multi-center trial of the efficacy and safety of the Occlutech Figulla Flex-II Occluder compared to the Amplatzer Septal Occluder for transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects.
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of the Occlutech Figulla Flex II Occluder (OFFII) with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) in patients > 8kg undergoing transcatheter ASD closure. Randomized, controlled, multi-center prospective clinical trial with randomization 2:1 in favor of the OFFII. Primary efficacy endpoint was the rate of successful device placement and defect closure without major complications at hospital discharge. All data were assessed through a core laboratory. Interim analysis was performed when 70% of the patients were treated to evaluate for noninferiority. From a total of 176 randomized subjects, interim analysis was performed on the first 158 patients (65.2% female) (107 OFFII/51 ASO) undergoing device closure at a median weight of 42 kg (range 13-125 kg). Seventy-six percent (120 patients) completed 6-month follow-up. Successful device placement (first attempt) was achieved in 99.1% of the OFF group vs 90.2% of the ASO group (P < 0.05). Early efficacy success was achieved in 94.4% of the OFFII group vs 90.2% of the ASO group (P < 0.001). The incidence of major complications was 5.6% for the OFFII group compared to 9.8% for the ASO. The OFFII device was not inferior to the ASO with less complications and greater efficacy than the ASO. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cardiorespiratory effects of anesthesia.
The basic objectives of any anesthetic are to provide the patient with safe analgesia and amnesia and to provide the surgeon with adequate conditions to perform the surgical procedure. This article discusses the different routes through which these objectives may be met. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dexamethasone reduces airway epithelial Cl- secretion by rapid non-genomic inhibition of KCNQ1, KCNN4 and KATP K+ channels.
Basolateral membrane K+ channels play a key role in basal and agonist stimulated Cl- transport across airway epithelial cells by generating a favourable electrical driving force for Cl- efflux. The K+ channel sub-types and molecular mechanisms of regulation by hormones and secretagoues are still poorly understood. Here we have identified the type of K+ channels involved in cAMP and Ca2+ stimulated Cl- secretion and uncovered a novel anti-secretory effect of dexamethasone mediated by inhibition of basolateral membrane K+ channels in a human airway cell model of 16HBE14o- cells commonly used for ion transport studies. Dexamethasone produced a rapid inhibition of transepithelial chloride ion secretion under steady state conditions and after stimulation with cAMP agonist (forskolin) or a Ca2+ mobilizing agonist (ATP). Our results show three different types of K+ channels are targeted by dexamethasone to reduce airway secretion, namely Ca2+-activated secretion via KCNN4 (KCa3.1) channels and cAMP-activated secretion via KCNQ1 (Kv7.1) and KATP (Kir6.1,6.2) channels. The down-regulation of KCNN4 and KCNQ1 channel activities by dexamethasone involves rapid non-genomic activation of PKCα and PKA signalling pathways, respectively. Dexamethasone signal transduction for PKC and PKA activation was demonstrated to occur through a rapid non-genomic pathway that did not implicate the classical nuclear receptors for glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids but occurred via a novel signalling cascade involving sequentially a Gi-protein coupled receptor, PKC, adenylyl cyclase Type IV, cAMP, PKA and ERK1/2 activation. The rapid, non-genomic, effects of dexamethasone on airway epithelial ion transport and cell signalling introduces a new paradigm for glucocorticoid actions in lung epithelia which may serve to augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the steroid and enhance its therapeutic potential in treating airway hypersecretion in asthma and COPD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Computer tomographic differentiation of lymph nodes in the retroperitoneum and lower mediastinum, with special reference to normal anatomic structures].
Ct assessment of the lymphatic system in the area of the retroperitoneum and the lower mediastinum had so far been limited to pathologically enlarged lymphatic nodes of more than 2 cm diameter. Improvements in apparatus construction and increased clinical experience have made it possible to include lymphatic nodes of smaller size, although it is often difficult to distinguish them clearly from the other formations in those regions. The following article deals with the structures recognisable via CT, such as arteries, veins, lymphatic chains and crura of the diaphragm, systematically and by means of relevant illustrations. The possibilities of identifying these structures by means of a suitable examination technique are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Communication Gap Between the Medical System and Community Resources for Dementia-Related Behavioral Symptom Management: Family Caregiver Perspectives.
To examine family caregiver perspectives on cooperative communication surrounding pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic resources for the treatment of dementia-related behavioral symptoms. Personal narrative interviews were conducted by the primary investigator with 13 family caregivers from October 2014 to April 2015. The recorded interviews were then transcribed and coded. Models detailing the caregivers' resource utilization in regard to behavioral symptom management were produced for each participant and then summarized on the basis of recurring themes. There is a significant gap in the coordination and communication between physician services and caregiver community resources to aid in the behavioral management of family members with dementia. Physicians tend to rely on pharmacologic management independent of community resources and did not seem to be integrated or involved with recommendations from community resources. Better integration of caregiver resources is necessary to help caregivers in the management of dementia-related behavioral symptoms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Isoagglutinin adsorption in ABO-incompatible transplantation.
As the demand for kidney transplantation is constantly growing methods to expand the donor pool have become increasingly important. ABO-incompatibility has hitherto been regarded as an absolute contraindication to living donor donation. However, as ABO-incompatibility has accounted for the majority of living donor exclusions, efforts have been made to overcome this immunologic barrier. Successful desensitization protocols thus far, have combined plasmapheresis for antibody removal with splenectomy to reduce the antibody producing B-cell pool, in addition to quadruple immunosuppression. Although good graft function has been achieved, the high risks involved have been deterrent. We have developed a protocol for ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation based on antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab, in combination with standard maintenance immunosuppression (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids). We hypothesized that the anti-A/B antibodies could be effectively eliminated and good graft function achieved, without the complications of coagulopathy and transfusion reactions associated with plasmapheresis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the substitution of splenectomy with a single dose of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab would further reduce surgical risk as well as the risk of infectious complications. In 2001 the program for ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation was started at our center. To date 50 ABO-incompatible kidney transplantations have been performed according to the protocol based on antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab. Safety and efficacy of the protocol has been evaluated in several studies, all showing that the antigen-specific immunoadsorption is well tolerated and without any serious side effects. Patient and graft survival as well as kidney function have been comparable to that of ABO-compatible living donor kidney transplantation and the incidence of antibody-mediated rejection 0%. We conclude that AB0-incompatible kidney transplantation using a protocol based on antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab, in combination with triple immunosuppressive therapy is safe and effective. ABO-incompatibility following this protocol does not have a negative impact on graft function. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation is equivalent to standard ABO-compatible living donor kidney transplantation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Murine liver implantation of radiation-induced fibrosarcoma: characterization with MR imaging, microangiography and histopathology.
We sought to establish and characterize a mouse liver tumor model as a platform for preclinical assessment of new diagnostics and therapeutics. Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) was intrahepatically implanted in 27 C3H/Km mice. Serial in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a clinical 1.5-T-magnet was performed using T1- (T1WI), T2- (T2WI), and diffusion-weighted sequences (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and contrast-enhanced T1WI, and validated with postmortem microangiography and histopathology. Implantation procedure succeeded in 25 mice with 2 deaths from overdosed anesthesia or hypothermia. RIF-1 grew in 21 mice with volume doubling time of 2.55+/-0.88 days and final size of 216.2+/-150.4 mm(3) at day 14. Three mice were found without tumor growth and one only with abdominal seeding. The intrahepatic RIF-1 was hypervascularized with negligible necrosis as shown on MRI, microangiography and histology. On DCE-MRI, maximal initial slope of contrast-time curve and volume transfer constant per unit volume of tissue, K, differed between the tumor and liver with only the former significantly lower in the tumor than in the liver (P<0.05). Liver implantation of RIF-1 in mice proves a feasible and reproducible model and appears promising for use to screen new diagnostics and therapeutics under noninvasive monitoring even with a clinical MRI system. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Does Giardia intestinalis need glucose as an energy source?
Giardia intestinalis was grown in Diamond's TYI-S-33 medium containing either 50 mM-glucose or no added glucose to assess its dependence on glucose availability as an energy source. The parameters monitored included cell growth, glucose utilization and the accumulation of end products in the medium. In the medium containing no added glucose, G. intestinalis trophozoites achieved a cell density of about half that of the control, and produced the same end products, alanine, ethanol and acetate. Decreased amounts of both ethanol and alanine were observed (10 and 33% of controls, respectively after 4 days) while there was no change in acetate production. These observations indicate that G. intestinalis can utilize carbon sources other than glucose, and is not absolutely dependent upon glucose as an energy source. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Urodynamic comparison of ileum vs. sigmoid in augmentation cystoplasty for neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
We performed multichannel urodynamics before and after augmentation cystoplasty in 26 patients (11 females, 15 males) to determine which bowel segment is best to achieve a large volume and low pressure reservoir. All 26 patients had a neurogenic cause for their bladder dysfunction. Ileum was used in 14 patients and sigmoid was used in 12 patients. Detubularization was performed in all patients. Capacity improved significantly in both the ileum and the sigmoid group after surgery. When detubularized ileum was used, the maximum amplitude of uninhibited reservoir contractions was significantly improved or eliminated postoperatively. When sigmoid was used, uninhibited reservoir contractions did not significantly improve postoperatively and were, in fact, more common than preoperatively. Despite the detubularization, pressure waves were identified in 15 of the 26 patients postoperatively. There was significant improvement in end filling pressures at capacity (compliance) with both ileum and sigmoid postoperatively. However, end filling pressures were significantly higher in the sigmoid group. In conclusion, good capacity was achieved with both ileum and sigmoid postoperatively. However, ileum provided lower reservoir pressures and better compliance. We feel that urodynamically detubularized ileum is better suited than sigmoid for augmentation cystoplasty in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Circadian rhythms of ultraweak chemiluminescence of bean roots].
Circadian rhythms of ultra-weak chemoluminescence of bean roots were investigated. It was found that under periodical change of light and darkness and without subsequent illumination a periodical change of spontaneous chemoluminescence of bean roots was observed. (The study of antiradical activity of the substances extracted from the root showed the dependence of this activity on illumination conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A new cause of trigger thumb.
We report a case of severe painful triggering in the thumb caused by intermittent locking of the interphalangeal joint by a sesamoid bone. The triggering was corrected by excision of the interphalangeal joint sesamoid bone. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Treatment of early-stage erythematotelangiectatic rosacea with a Q-switched 595-nm Nd:YAG laser.
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea presents as persistent erythema and telangiectasia with frequent flushing and blushing on the facial and extrafacial skin. Additionally, papulopustular rosacea shows acneiform papules, pustules, and nodules with persistent plaque-form edema. Despite garnering only grade-C or -D level recommendations, a 585-nm or 595-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser can be considered as an effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of rosacea in patients who are refractory to topical and/or systemic treatments. In this report, treatment with a Q-switched 595-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser with low non-purpuragenic fluence proved to be safe and effective in treating early-stage erythematotelangiectatic rosacea in two female Korean patients. Laser treatment for rosacea was delivered with the settings of pulse energy of 0.4-0.5 J/cm(2), pulse duration of 5-10 ns, 5-mm spot size, 5 Hz, and 500 shots. Additionally, we found that remarkable therapeutic effects were achieved for both rosacea and melasma by combining Q-switched quick pulse-to-pulse 1,064-nm Nd:YAG and Q-switched 595-nm Nd:YAG laser treatments, which required only the changing of handpieces equipped with solid dye. In conclusion, we suggest that treatment with a Q-switched 595-nm Nd:YAG laser with low fluence may provide an additional therapeutic option for treating early-stage erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Use of MDA (the "love drug") and methamphetamine in Toronto by unsuspecting users of ecstasy (MDMA).
It has recently been reported that purity of illicit tablets of ecstasy (MDMA) is now high. Our objective was to confirm whether hair of drug users, who request only ecstasy from their supplier, contains MDMA in the absence of other drugs. GC-MS analysis of scalp hair segments disclosed the presence of MDMA in 19 of 21 subjects and amphetamine/methamphetamine in eight subjects. Surprisingly, seven subjects had hair levels of the MDMA metabolite, MDA, equal to or greater than those of MDMA, suggesting use of MDA in addition to that of MDMA. These amphetamine derivatives might be included by clandestine laboratories to enhance effects of the drug cocktail or because of a perception that MDA synthesis might be simpler than that of MDMA. Drug users and investigators examining possible brain neurotoxic effects of MDMA need to consider that "ecstasy" tablets can contain MDA and methamphetamine despite no demand for the drugs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Role of the MAPK cascade in mammalian germ cells.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is one of the most important of the intracellular signaling pathways that play a crucial role in cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell cycle regulation. Since the first report in 1993 of MAPK's involvement in the functional regulation of mammalian oocytes, much work has been done on the role of the MAPK cascade in germ cells in different species of mammals. This review describes the possible involvement of the MOS/MEK/MAPK/RSK cascade in spermatogenesis, sperm function, oocyte meiotic re-initiation, spindle assembly, metaphase II arrest, pronuclear formation and the entry of first mitosis, as well as the cross-talk of this cascade to maturation-promoting factor (MPF) and other signal molecules in mammals. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Ultraviolet irradiation of the blood in the complex treatment of suppurative-inflammatory diseases].
The experience with the use of ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) of the blood in 98 patients with purulent-inflammatory disease is presented. UVI of the blood has considerably improved the results of treatment of the patients. The highest effectiveness of UVI of the blood is noted in treatment of chromosepsis. The treatment of psoriasis by the mentioned method appeared ineffective. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Active Suspensions have Nonmonotonic Flow Curves and Multiple Mechanical Equilibria.
We point out unconventional mechanical properties of confined active fluids, such as bacterial suspensions, under shear. Using a minimal model of an active liquid crystal with no free parameters, we predict the existence of a window of bacteria concentration for which a suspension of E. Coli effectively behaves, at steady-state, as a negative viscosity fluid and reach a quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. Our theoretical analysis further shows that a negative apparent viscosity is due to a nonmonotonic local velocity profile, and it is associated with a nonmonotonic stress versus strain rate flow curve. This implies that fixed stress and fixed strain rate ensembles are not equivalent for active fluids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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