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Clinical factors associated with postoperative complications and the functional outcome in mandibular reconstruction.
Few studies have performed a multiple factor analysis to assess the factors associated with successful mandibular reconstructions in a large number of subjects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome in mandibular reconstruction by means logistic regression analysis. Since April 2005 to September 2009, 126 patients underwent segmental resection of the mandible for cancer ablation and mandibular reconstruction with free flaps at 6 Japanese institutions. The patients' charts were reviewed retrospectively. Twelve patients were excluded for the reconstruction was with double flaps, or they went under secondary reconstruction. With logistic regression analysis in 114 subjects, we assessed multiple factors influencing postoperative speech intelligibility, feeding ability, and postoperative complications of mandibular reconstruction. The use of a reconstruction plate with a soft-tissue free flap only was showed to have a deleterious effect on postoperative feeding. The strong association in the level of statistical significance between the use of a reconstruction plate with soft-tissue free flaps only and the occurrences of major complications was indicated. It was also statistically revealed that the postoperative presence of opposing teeth contributed to both speech intelligibility and oral intake. In our research, osteocutaneous flaps were superior to reconstruction plates with soft-tissue free flaps regard to the postoperative feeding ability and major complication rate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Survey among 90 surgical departments. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Sweden 1991].
According to a recent questionnaire study, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been rapidly adopted at surgery departments in Sweden, 68 per cent of which either use the technique already or intend to introduce it in the near future. The procedure has aroused great optimism regarding improved treatment for patients and economic gain to the community in terms of shorter periods of sick-certification. Swedish surgery departments are interested in collaborating over a national registry with a view to the identification and follow-up of any disadvantages that may be associated with the procedure. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique places new demands on surgical skill, and thus on specialist training. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Behavior of NiTi in the presence of oral bacteria: corrosion by Streptococcus mutans.
The aim of this study was to investigate the electrochemical behavior of nickel titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires in a solution containing Streptococcus mutans oral bacteria. In this article, we explain our choice of bacterial species before describing the culture process in artificial saliva and the precautions needed to prevent contamination by other bacteria. The electrochemical behavior of the alloy (NiTi) was analyzed electrochemically in Ringer sterile artificial saliva and in artificial saliva enriched with a sterile broth and modified by addition of bacteria. The electrochemical procedures chosen for this study were: free corrosion potential, potentiodynamic curves and impedance spectroscopy. In this way, we were able to show that the free corrosion potential of the NiTi in the Ringer solution increases with time and then stabilizes, thus passivating the alloy. We also demonstrated that colonization of the metal surface by bacteria triggered a drop in the free corrosion potential. The electrochemical impedance findings revealed no significant difference in NiTi behavior between the two media. Finally, we observed a slight difference between the two corrosion currents in favor of the bacteria-enriched solution, in which the NiTi underwent greater corrosion. These findings demonstrate the impact of acidogenic bacteria on corrosion behavior of the NiTi wires investigated. However, further research is required, notably incorporating longer immersion times in the two media. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The role of EEG in patients with syncope.
EEG is a popular, low-cost examination used in neurologic and nonneurologic evaluations. Nevertheless, the diagnostic usefulness of EEG has some limitations, and it may increase medical costs. The manifestations of syncope may lead to misdiagnoses, and frequently, it is mislabeled as epilepsy. An EEG is usually obtained, yet some studies have suggested that EEGs have little value in diagnosing this condition. We aimed to determine the diagnostic usefulness of EEG in patients with syncope. We retrospectively examined EEG recordings of 10,408 patients. EEG findings were evaluated for all patients with a diagnosis of syncope (syncope, convulsive syncope, loss of consciousness, or sudden unexplained falls), including requests from neurologists and nonneurologists. EEGs were classified into (1) normal, (2) epileptiform discharges (spike/sharp waves), and (3) slow waves. The EEGs were separated according to gender and age. From 1,003 patients with the diagnosis of syncope, 899 (89.53%) were normal, 62 (6.18%) showed bilateral slow waves, 19 (1.89%) right slow waves, 18 (1.79%) epileptiform discharges, and 6 (0.6%) left slow waves. Epileptiform discharges only occurred among females. Left focal sharp waves were disclosed in 18 (50%), generalized discharges in 8 (44.4%), and right focal discharges in 1 (5.6%). Bilateral slow waves were more prevalent among adults. We conclude that EEG is not useful for evaluating the diagnosis of syncope because of its very low diagnostic yield. Patients with syncope must have a correct history and physical examination plus cardiovascular tests. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The surface receptor is involved in annexin I-stimulated insulin secretion in MIN6N8a cells.
This study investigated the effect of extracellular annexin I on regulating insulin secretion in MIN6N8a (an insulin secreting cell line) cells. The properties of annexin I receptor in MIN6N8a cells were also determined. Annexin I stimulated insulin release in MIN6N8a cells, regardless of the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Confocal microscopy revealed that annexin I bound to the surface of MIN6N8a cells. In addition, FACs analysis showed that annexin I bound to the surface of MIN6N8a cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the annexin I-stimulated insulin secretion and the annexin I binding were abolished in MIN6N8a cells treated with proteases. Annexin I receptors were regenerated time-dependently. Furthermore, annexin I-stimulated insulin secretion was inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. These results showed that annexin I binds to the surface receptor in order to regulate the stimulation of insulin release in MIN6N8a cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Nursing care in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease].
Aging is a process that has biological, physiological, psychological, sociological and chronological dimensions and can be defined from different directions. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, dysrhythmia and heart valve diseases is increasing with age. Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in people over 65 years of age. It also causes serious health problems and poses a significant burden on the health care system. Nurses have important responsibilities in the care of the elderly patients with cardiovascular system disease. Appropriate nursing care for elderly patient provides positive contributions to patient care outcomes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
To compare the utility of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of pancreatic origin, we performed PAX6 and PAX8 immunostains on 178 NETs, including 110 primary NETs (26 pancreatic, 10 gastric, 12 duodenal, 22 jejuno-ileal, 10 rectal, 30 pulmonary) and 68 NETs metastatic to the liver (24 pancreatic, 1 duodenal, 37 jejuno-ileal, 1 rectal, 5 pulmonary). Among primary NETs, PAX6 and PAX8 were positive in 65 % (17/26) and 73 % (19/26) of pancreatic, 0 % (0/10) and 10 % (1/10) of gastric, 92 % (11/12) and 92 % (11/12) of duodenal, 0 % (0/22) and 0 % (0/22) of jejuno-ileal, 90 % (9/10) and 80 % (8/10) of rectal, and 0 % (0/30) and 23 % (7/30) of pulmonary NETs, respectively. PAX6 and PAX8 positivity was seen in 46 % (11/24) and 50 % (12/24) of metastatic pancreatic NETs to the liver, respectively. None of the nonpancreatic NETs metastatic to the liver were immunoreactive for either PAX6 or PAX8. PAX6 showed a slightly but statistically significant higher specificity for pancreatic NETs than did PAX8 (P = 0.039), while the sensitivities were similar (P = 0.51). PAX6 had the additional advantages over PAX8 of not exhibiting nonspecific cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells and only infrequently staining background lymphocytes. Since rectal NETs rarely present with metastatic disease, positive staining of a metastatic NET of unknown primary origin for PAX6 and/or PAX8 favors a pancreatic or duodenal origin. This information may be helpful in directing further diagnostic studies to identify the primary site of the metastatic tumor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Permanent Patients: Hospital Discharge Planning Meets Housing Insecurity.
Not all hospital inpatients need the level of care (including staffing, testing, monitoring, and treatment) uniquely available in the acute-care setting. In the United States, these longer-term, nonacute inpatients tend to be some combination of chronically ill, poor, homeless, undocumented, uninsured, and disabled-all groups who have struggled for health equity, political recognition, and voice. Even so, these "permanent patients" continue to receive care in one of the most expensive settings. This phenomenon is the result of federal legislation that creates an affirmative duty to care for all able to access our emergency departments without also making safe housing available to all. A handful of federal laws and policies as well as a potpourri of state laws and policies are involved. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Understanding Coulomb Scattering Mechanism in Monolayer MoS2 Channel in the Presence of h-BN Buffer Layer.
As the thickness becomes thinner, the importance of Coulomb scattering in two-dimensional layered materials increases because of the close proximity between channel and interfacial layer and the reduced screening effects. The Coulomb scattering in the channel is usually obscured mainly by the Schottky barrier at the contact in the noise measurements. Here, we report low-temperature (T) noise measurements to understand the Coulomb scattering mechanism in the MoS2 channel in the presence of h-BN buffer layer on the silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulating layer. One essential measure in the noise analysis is the Coulomb scattering parameter (αSC) which is different for channel materials and electron excess doping concentrations. This was extracted exclusively from a 4-probe method by eliminating the Schottky contact effect. We found that the presence of h-BN on SiO2 provides the suppression of αSC twice, the reduction of interfacial traps density by 100 times, and the lowered Schottky barrier noise by 50 times compared to those on SiO2 at T = 25 K. These improvements enable us to successfully identify the main noise source in the channel, which is the trapping-detrapping process at gate dielectrics rather than the charged impurities localized at the channel, as confirmed by fitting the noise features to the carrier number and correlated mobility fluctuation model. Further, the reduction in contact noise at low temperature in our system is attributed to inhomogeneous distributed Schottky barrier height distribution in the metal-MoS2 contact region. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MiR-137 knockdown promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells via the LSD1/BMP2/SMAD4 signaling network.
MicroRNAs are a group of endogenous regulators that participate in several cellular physiological processes. However, the role of miR-137 in the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) has not been reported. This study verified a general downward trend in miR-137 expression during the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. MiR-137 knockdown promoted the osteogenesis of hASCs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, inhibition of miR-137 activated the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-mothers against the decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) pathway, whereas repressed lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1), which was confirmed as a negative regulator of osteogenesis in our previous studies. Furthermore, LSD1 knockdown enhanced the expression of BMP2 and SMAD4, suggesting the coordination of LSD1 in the osteogenic regulation of miR-137. This study indicated that miR-137 negatively regulated the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs via the LSD1/BMP2/SMAD4 signaling network, revealing a new potential therapeutic target of hASC-based bone tissue engineering. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Thyroid in intermediary metabolism of the migratory redheaded bunting, Emberiza bruniceps (Brandt).
Effect of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy with L-T4, on liver and plasma biochemical constituents of E. bruniceps, was studied during January (recovery phase). Thyroidectomy elevated significantly the levels of plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, diglyceride, hepatic cholesterol and depressed significantly hepatic free fatty acid without affecting liver and body weights. Treatment of thyroidectomized birds with L-T4 restored liver and plasma constituents, but had significantly depressed plasma phospholipid. These findings suggest that thyroid hormones are critically involved in lipo-regulatory mechanism(s) in E. bruniceps. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of common vasodilators on lung microvascular permeability.
The effect of papaverine on the albumin permeability-surface area product (PS), reflection coefficient (sigma), and capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) was examined in isolated rabbit lungs. Because PS and Kf are functions of vascular surface area and permeability, we also compared papaverine with two other means of maximizing lung surface area: isoproterenol (1 x 10(-7) M) and a mild increase in vascular pressure. Only lungs perfused with 0.1 mg/ml papaverine were significantly different from control. PS increased from control (2.80 +/- 0.16 to 5.53 +/- 0.20 ml.min-1.g dry lung-1 x 10(-2), whereas sigma decreased from control (0.92 +/- 0.01 to 0.78 +/- 0.03). Kf after papaverine was significantly lower than baseline predrug Kf (5.60 +/- 0.78 to 4.56 +/- 0.53 ml.s-1.cmH2O-1.g dry lung-1 x 10(-3). However, this group's predrug Kf was higher than that of any other group. Our results indicate that papaverine increases albumin permeability and decreases endothelial selectivity. The isolated perfused lung appears fully recruited, because Kf and PS did not increase with isoproterenol or increased vascular pressure. Papaverine should be used with caution in the Ringer-perfused lung. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Demystifying the ACE polymorphism: from genetics to biology.
The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism has been one of the most studied genetic systems. It comprises hundreds of reports and a myriad of disease associations, including cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, cancer, aging, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Despite the wealth of information on the ACE polymorphism and the well-known functions of ACE, several questions arise. Why does the ACE polymorphism associate with so many diseases? What is its function? In this review, we summarize the current information on the ACE polymorphism and explain its function in the context of cell survival. We also provide a model to understand its role in biology and disease at the organism and population levels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Physical Function and Physical Activity in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.
Physical functioning (PF) and physical activity (PA) are low in patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Little information exists on this topic in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). The objective of this study was to compare PF and PA in patients with Stage-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated with PD and in-center MHD. Physical functioning was measured in 45 prevalent PD patients using standard physical performance measures that include gait speed, chair stand, standing balance, 6-minute-walk, incremental shuttle walk and self-reported PF using the short form (SF)-36 questionnaire. Physical activity was determined from self-report and using the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire. Scores for the short physical performance battery (SPPB) were calculated. In-center MHD patients were matched by age, gender, and diabetes status to the PD patients. Unadjusted comparisons showed significantly higher 6-minute-walk distance, shuttle-walk distance and hand-grip in the PD patients. Adjustment in multiple regression analysis resulted in only gait speed being significantly different between the groups. All test results in both groups were lower than reference values for age and gender in the general population, and were at the levels indicating impairment. Physical activity was not different between the 2 groups (average age 49 yrs), and both groups had weekly caloric expenditure from all exercise and from moderate-intensity exercise that was similar to older (> 70 yrs) community-dwelling adults. Adjusted association indicated that PA was significantly associated with shuttle-walk distance. Physical functioning and PA measures were low in both PD and MHD groups. Interventions to improve PA and PF should be strongly considered for both PD and MHD patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Apoptosis in the porcine uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle, early pregnancy and post partum.
The mammalian uterus changes dramatically during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and involution post partum. Dynamic changes in the uterine endometrium are a type of homeostasis and proceed with proliferation and exclusion of cells. Homeostasis of the uterus is closely related to apoptosis involving various hormones and cytokines. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphological features and occurrence of apoptosis in the porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle, early pregnancy, and post partum. Cyclic changes in the morphology of the surface epithelium were observed during the estrous cycle. The heights of surface epithelia were significantly high on day 4 of the estrous cycle and the early pregnancy. The heights of the surface epithelium remained low from days 1 to 31 post partum. We then used terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) of the 3'-terminal of fragmented DNA, which is effective for detection of apoptosis in various tissues. We found that apoptosis in the porcine endometrium contributed to homeostasis of the endometrium during the estrous cycle through control of cell proliferation and exclusion. Conversely, apoptosis on days 4 and 8 of gestation before the implantation window depended on the plasma estrogen and progesterone levels; however, suppressive homeostasis of apoptosis occurred at the time of implantation on days 15, 18 and 21 of gestation. Our study is the first to demonstrate apoptotic cell death in the porcine endometrium directly by TUNEL method. The results strongly suggest that uterine homeostasis is mainly controlled by apoptosis during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The beta-adrenergic blockade withdrawal phenomenon.
Early trials of beta-blocking drugs in angina indicated an increase in symptoms above pretreatment levels when placebo was substituted for active drug. In addition there were reports of sudden death after beta-blockade withdrawal. There is evidence of increased beta-receptor sensitivity as demonstrated by increased responsiveness to isoprenaline after propranolol withdrawal. This may be due to increased beta-receptor population. Other factors may be a reversal of the reduced free triiodothyronine levels or of the favourable rightward shift of oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, or increased platelet aggregation when the beta-blocking drug is stopped. Also, progression of the disease process may have taken place during treatment which is unmasked on withdrawal. Studying different beta-blocking agents we have observed that in normal volunteers withdrawal of pindolol, which has partial agonist properties, was not associated with post blockade increase in response to isoprenaline. The beta-blocker withdrawal syndrome is a real phenomenon, although overall the incidence is probably not high. Exertion may be a prerequisite for the development of significant clinical sequelae, therefore exercise should be restricted on withdrawal of beta-blocking drugs. The dosage should be reduced gradually, particularly the final decrement. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
NGS tools for traceability in candies as high processed food products: Ion Torrent PGM versus conventional PCR-cloning.
The Next Generation Sequencing methodologies are considered the next step within DNA-based methods and their applicability in different fields is being evaluated. Here, we tested the usefulness of the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) in food traceability analyzing candies as a model of high processed foods, and compared the results with those obtained by PCR-cloning-sequencing (PCR-CS). The majority of samples exhibited consistency between methodologies, yielding more information and species per product from the PGM platform than PCR-CS. Significantly higher AT-content in sequences of the same species was also obtained from PGM. This together with some taxonomical discrepancies between methodologies suggest that the PGM platform is still pre-mature for its use in food traceability of complex highly processed products. It could be a good option for analysis of less complex food, saving time and cost per sample. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Correlation between the function and structure in papain-induced emphysema in dogs].
To examine the relationship between morphologic changes and the alteration of pulmonary function, papain solution was administered to 11 dogs by inhalation and to 5 dogs by a single intratracheal injection. Pulmonary function tests, including determination of lung volume subdivision, diffusion capacity (DLCO), pressure-volume relationship of the lung and arterial blood gas were performed before and after papain treatment. The dogs were then killed and the lungs processed for pathologic studies. The severity of emphysema was graded as percent of emphysema according to Dunill's method and we compared this to the antemortem pulmonary function data. Exponential constant K was determined by fitting lung pressure-volume data to the equation V = Vo (1-e-KP). After papain administration, DLCO decreased, K of the pressure-volume curve increased, and arterial blood oxygen pressure reduced significantly. The changes of residual volume, the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity, DLCO per unit lung volume, and the values of the exponential functions of pressure-volume data were correlated with the severity of emphysema with statistical significance, but none of them showed excellent order correlation. Multiple regression equation using 2 to 4 of the parameters indicated that the severity of emphysema can be predicted more accurately. We conclude that recognition of the severity of emphysema requires a multivariate approach including the determination of lung volume, DLCO, and pressure volume relationship of the lung, because the relationship between the severity of emphysema and the values obtained with these measurements are nonlinear. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Expression of the cDNA for mouse beta-nerve growth factor protein in Escherichia coli.
The cDNA coding for the mature beta-nerve growth factor (beta-NGF) has been cloned into a plasmid expression vector, pAS1, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The cDNA fragment in pAS1 is under the control of strong phage transcriptional and translational initiation elements that provide for regulated expression of cloned genes in E. coli. The protein, produced in bacteria at a level of about 0.0005-0.1% of cell protein, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. The recombinant NGF was biologically active in the PC12 neurite outgrowth assay, and formed a band at Mr of about 11,000 to 12,000, when electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and Western-blotted. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Premature ovarian failure: its relationship to autoimmune disease.
Thirty-three patients with the diagnosis of chromosomally competent premature ovarian failure were reviewed for evidence of autoimmune disease. Thirty-nine percent of subjects had an associated autoimmune disorder, of which thyroid disease was the most common. One patient had vitiligo and one had adrenal insufficiency. A family history of autoimmune disease was elicited from 18% of subjects, all of whom proved to have an autoimmune disease themselves. From these findings, and a review of other studies, the authors conclude that an associated autoimmune disease, or other evidence of autoimmunity, is present in 30 to 50% of patients with premature ovarian failure. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A Critical Review of the Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel 2017.
The Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Consensus Panel 2017 concludes on the basis of 3 different types of clinical studies that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) causes atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In Mendelian randomization studies, rare genetic mutations affecting LDL receptor function were found to cause higher or lower LDL-C levels, which are associated with correspondingly altered ASCVD risk. In prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of statins, a remarkably consistent log-linear association was demonstrated between the absolute magnitude of LDL-C exposure and ASCVD risk. The EAS Statement proposes that any mechanism of lowering plasma LDL concentration should reduce the risk of ASCVD events proportional to the absolute reduction in LDL-C and the cumulative duration of exposure to lower LDL-C. However, as we explain, we do not find this conclusion acceptable. Our review points out that different interpretations are possible for the results of Mendelian randomization studies. As for prospective cohort studies, many inconsistent reports on the association of LDL-C and ASCVD were disregarded when drafting the Statement, reports with and without genetic factors related to LDL receptor function should be analyzed separately, and the term ASCVD in the Statement is used inappropriately because myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction differ in their association with LDL-C. As for RCTs, clinical reports on statins published before and after the implementation of new regulations affecting clinical trials (2004/2005) should not both be included in meta-analyses because the evaluated efficacy of statins changed markedly, and the irreversible adverse effects of statins need to be evaluated more rigorously now that their mechanisms have been elucidated. Key Messages: Apart from the EAS hypothesis that LDL causes ASCVD, recent pharmacological/biochemical studies, as summarized in this review and elsewhere, have revealed that atherosclerosis is caused by statins taken to lower LDL-C, as well as by warfarin and some types of vegetable fats and oils, in the absence of significantly elevated LDL-C levels. Thus, the promotion of statin treatment by the Statement is rather risky and we do not feel that the conclusions are justified for the prevention of ASCVD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Round window ultrasonic irradiation: conservative surgery for Meniere's disease.
Ultrasonic irradiation of the labyrinth through the round window approach is a minimally destructive method of surgical management for Meniere's disease. Results of 48 procedures, followed from six months to eight years, are reported. Relief from vertiginous symptoms was obtained in 70 percent of the patients. Hearing was improved in 14 percent; hearing was also significantly worse in 14 percent. These findings resulted in an overall 56 percent of the patients falling into American Academy of Otolaryngology control classes A or B. No significant postoperative complications were observed. Results are difficult to classify on a cause-and-effect basis due to the remissions and exacerbations characteristic of Meniere's disease. Ultrasonic irradiation using the round window approach does not involve the potential risks of such surgical procedures as labyrinthectomy, vestibular neurectomy, and endolymphatic sac procedures. The primary disadvantage of this procedure is securing and servicing the instrumentation. Due to its conservative nature, ultrasonic irradiation through the round window is an attractive surgical consideration until such time when the pathologic processes in Meniere's disease are better understood. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MicroRNA-135b exerts oncogenic activity in glioblastoma via the inhibition of glycerol kinase 5 expression.
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignancy of the adult central nervous system and is associated with a markedly poor prognosis. Elucidating the pathogenesis and molecular changes will assist in further understanding the pathogenesis and progression of the disease and offer novel targets for therapies. The present study demonstrated that the expression level of GK5 was lower in high-grade glioblastoma tissues compared with low-grade ones and it can promote proliferation in glioblastoma cells. The regulatory mechanism of GK5 in glioblastoma were also investigated. It was revealed that GK5 is a target of miR-135b in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Controry to GK5, the expression of miR-135b is upregulated in glioblastoma and its expression is positively associated with the grade of the disease. Finally, it was demonstrated that miR-135b promoted the proliferation of U87MG cells. Therefore, miR-135b may function as an oncogene by inhibiting GK5 in glioblastoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Efficacy of parenteral methotrexate in refractory Crohn's disease.
Methotrexate is steroid-sparing in short-term trials for refractory Crohn's disease. This study assesses the impact of dosing and administration on the long-term utility of methotrexate in Crohn's disease. The efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate were assessed in all refractory Crohn's disease patients treated at the University of Chicago from 1 September 1989 to 6 June 1997. Seventy-six patients were identified: 43% male, mean age 35 years, mean Crohn's disease duration 9.5 years. Mean methotrexate duration was 55 weeks; mean dose was 20 mg/week. Drug administration was parenteral (78%), oral (13%), or combination (8%). Improvement occurred in 63% after a mean of 9 weeks, for a mean duration of 65 weeks. Remission occurred in 37% after a mean of 22 weeks, for a mean duration of 59 weeks. Improvement and remission were highest with parenteral therapy, but dose-independent. Parenteral therapy maintained remission in 46%. Improvement (P=0.05) and remission (P=0.01) were more likely for patients under 40. Improvement rates were higher with concurrent steroids (P=0.02) or antibiotics (P=0.01). Side-effects occurred in 46%, resulting in discontinuation in 18%. Prednisone was decreased in 78%, and stopped in 40%. Long-term therapy with methotrexate in Crohn's disease is safe, effective, steroid-sparing, and most efficacious in younger patients and when given parenterally. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Does cigarette use influence adiposity or height in adolescence?
To study the effect of cigarette use on height and adiposity in adolescents. Data on cigarette use were collected every 3 months for 5 years from adolescents initially 12-13 years of age. Height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness were measured in survey cycles 1, 12, and 19. Multivariate linear regression models were fitted to estimate the association between cigarette use and the anthropometric measures in a dataset that pooled data over two time periods, from survey cycles 1-12 and from survey cycles 12-19. Data were available for 451 boys and 478 girls. Seven percent of boys and 14% of girls smoked > or =30 cigarettes per month on average during the first time period; 9% of boys and 18% of girls smoked > or =30 cigarettes per month on average during the second time period. In boys, a 100-cigarette per month increment in cigarette use over the preceding 2.5 years was independently associated with lower body mass index (-0.4 kg/m(2)) and shorter height (-0.7 cm). In girls, cigarette use was not associated with height or adiposity. While there was no relation in girls, cigarette use appears to decrease body mass index and height in boys. Young girls may be less likely to take up cigarette smoking if tobacco control messages emphasize that cigarette use may not be associated with reduced weight in adolescent females. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Patent foramen ovale and unexplained ischemic cerebrovascular events in children.
To consider the role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in ischemic cerebrovascular event of unknown cause in children. Data regarding the possibility of paradoxical embolism in unexplained ischemic cerebrovascular event in children are lacking. Between January 2005 and March 2007, all consecutive children evaluated due to ischemic cerebrovascular event were included in the retrospective study. In addition to the standard diagnostic protocol, a contrast transcranial Doppler (TCD) with Valsalva maneuver (VM) was performed in patients with unexplained events. Percutaneous PFO closure was offered to all patients with ischemic cerebrovascular event of unknown cause and presumed paradoxical embolism. Eighteen patients aged between 2 and 17 years (median 11.5 years) were included in the study: 12 patients suffered ischemic stroke and six with transient ischemic attack (TIA). In six patients, ischemic stroke was of unknown cause and contrast TCD with VM was positive in four of them. In addition, TCD study was positive in five patients evaluated because of TIA. Nine patients with presumed paradoxical embolism underwent an attempt at the percutaneous PFO closure. It appears that the role of PFO in ischemic cerebrovascular event of unknown cause in children may be underestimated. Contrast TCD with VM is a sensitive, noninvasive method for PFO detection, proved in our experience particularly suitable for children. In children with unexplained ischemic cerebrovascular event and presumed paradoxical embolism, percutaneous PFO closure should be considered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The health of the California region bordering Mexico.
Healthy Border (HB) 2010 is the health promotion and disease prevention agenda through the year 2010 of the United States-Mexico Border Health Commission (BHC). On the United States side, it draws from the Healthy People (HP) 2010 objectives, identifying those most important and relevant for the border. The BHC has harmonized the list of objectives from both countries into a set of 19 that will be monitored and addressed in a collaborative manner. HB provides a framework for describing the border region's health and comparing with others. For this report, available data were collected for the HB indicators for San Diego and Imperial counties, and for California. Data on Latino populations were considered a proxy for Mexican-Americans and people of Mexican origin in California, because more specific data are not available. Results are presented on the 14 indicators for which the data were most complete. Those of most concern include access to health care and tuberculosis in both counties, plus motor vehicle crash injury deaths and asthma hospitalizations in Imperial. These issues should be given priority attention. Conversely, the region's and Latinos' experience with breast cancer mortality and infant mortality is favorable. Recommendations include binational collaborations in assessing and improving the health of our border communities. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Understanding reentry to out-of-home care for reunified infants.
Although many children placed in out-of-home care are reunified with their families of origin, a significant portion reenter care, reflecting continued family problems and weaknesses within the child welfare system. For infants, the stability of reunification is particularly crucial, given their developmental stage. This study reviewed the case records of 88 randomly selected infants who had been reunified with their families. Thirty-two percent of those infants reentered care within four to six years of their reunification. The identification of factors predictive of reentry into care has both policy and practice implications. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Nucleoli in leukemic cells (overview and personal results)].
The investigation of nucleoli is a simple but useful complementary approach for the evaluation of individual leukemic cells in addition to other hematological laboratory procedures. Since main nucleolar types represent the morphological expression of nucleolar biosynthetic activities, i.e. RNA transcription, the incidence of functionally dominant nucleolar types in leukemic cells reflects the state of these cells which is related to that transcription. Similarly, the investigation of AgNORs in individual leukemic cells may provide a complementary useful information on their proliferation activity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Indian hedgehog activates hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis and can respecify prospective neurectodermal cell fate in the mouse embryo.
During gastrulation in the mouse, mesoderm is induced and patterned by secreted signaling molecules, giving rise first to primitive erythroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. We have demonstrated previously that development of these lineages requires a signal(s) secreted from the adjacent primitive endoderm. We now show that Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is a primitive endoderm-secreted signal that alone is sufficient to induce formation of hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Strikingly, as seen with primitive endoderm, Ihh can respecify prospective neural ectoderm (anterior epiblast) along hematopoietic and endothelial (posterior) lineages. Downstream targets of the hedgehog signaling pathway (the genes encoding patched, smoothened and Gli1) are upregulated in anterior epiblasts cultured in the presence of Ihh protein, as is Bmp4, which may mediate the effects of Ihh. Blocking Ihh function in primitive endoderm inhibits activation of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in the adjacent epiblast, suggesting that Ihh is an endogenous signal that plays a key role in the development of the earliest hemato-vascular system. To our knowledge, these are the earliest functions for a hedgehog protein in post-implantation development in the mouse embryo. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Criteria of low risk of mortality in children with neutropenia and fever during cancer chemotherapy].
To validate the use of a lower-risk mortality profile in pediatric febrile neutropenia during anticancer therapy and to evaluate the efficacy of a sequential parenteral-oral antibiotic treatment for these children, a prospective study was conducted between May 1997 and December 1999. During this period 247 episodes in 215 patients were included in the present study. Children with neutropenia (ANC < 500/mm3) and fever (> 38 degrees C) due to anticancer therapy were eligible for the study if they presented the following lower-risk conditions: absence of severe co-morbidity factors, good clinical condition, no risk clinical foci, no bacteremia, and responsible parents. They were initially treated with inpatient parenteral short course of ceftriaxone and amikacin followed by ambulatory oral cefixime or ciprofloxacin to complete 7 days. Mean age was 64 (range: 8-200) months. The most common underlying malignant disease was acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 48% (118) of cases and 57% (141) of patients had an indwelling central venous catheter. Clinical evidence of infection was found in 47% (122) of children and the most common site was the upper respiratory tract (81%). Mean period of fever was 1.1 days (r: 1-8) and the duration of neutropenia was 3.9 days (r: 1-9). Sixty-one% (150) of children was discharged with neutropenia. Mean time of hospitalization was 1.5 days. Four clinical failures were detected (1.6%). They all were satisfactorily treated with a secondary treatment and none underwent any major complications or died. The lower-risk profile used was safe and the sequential antibiotic therapy was adequate to manage febrile neutropenia in this subset of children. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Development of new NIR-spectroscopy method combined with multivariate analysis for detection of adulteration in camel milk with goat milk.
New NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis for detection and quantification of camel milk adulteration with goat milk was investigated. Camel milk samples were collected from Aldhahira and Sharqia regions of Sultanate of Oman and were measured using NIR spectroscopy in absorption mode in the wavelength range from 700 to 2500nm, at 2cm-1 resolution and using a 0.2mm path length CaF2 sealed cell. The multivariate methods like PCA, PLS-DA and PLS regression were used for interpretation of NIR spectral data. PLS-DA was used to detect the discrimination between the pure and adulterated milk samples. For PLSDA model the R-square value obtained was 0.974 with 0.08 RMSE. Furthermore, PLS regression model was used to quantify the levels of adulteration from, 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The PLS model showed the RMSEC=1.10% with R2=94%. This method is simple, reproducible, having excellent sensitivity. The limit of detection was found 0.5%, while the limit of quantification was 2%. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mechanics of anatomic reduction of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Comparison of distraction versus distraction plus lordosis, in the anatomic reduction of the thoracolumbar burst fracture.
The adequate reduction of vertebral burst fractures is dependent on successful application of distractive forces in combination with the restoration of normal spinal lordosis. However, the optimal sequence of distraction in comparison to distraction plus lordosis in the anatomic restoration of the fractured thoracolumbar spine has not been described. Burst fractures of the L1 vertebra were first created and the reduced in vitro using three differing reduction techniques. In six fresh human cadaver spine specimens, the mean fracture severity based on the degree of canal compromise was 31% (SD +/- 20%) after fracture. Reductions were performed using the AO Fixator Intern, the Reduction Fixation (RF) Device, and the Steffee plate systems following standard clinical techniques. The AO Fixator Intern provided independent but variable control of distraction and lordosis, the RF device provided variable distraction with independent, but preset, correction of lordosis and the Steffee system provided set distraction and stabilization. Both the AO and RF devices restored the lordosis (7.6 degrees +/- 5.2 degrees and 9.7 degrees +/- 4.5 degrees, respectively) better than the Steffee plate system (0 degrees +/- 1.6 degrees). However, the AO device provided poorest restoration of the posterior vertebral body height (92% vs 96% for the RF device and 99% for the Steffee plate). The RF device, which restored both lordosis and posterior vertebral body height to the near anatomic prefracture level, provided significantly better canal clearance (9% +/- 8%) than the other techniques, P < 0.05. The study demonstrates that instrumentation systems that provide independent correction of distraction and lordosis can best restore anatomic alignment, with indirect neurodecompression of the compromised spinal canal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Contraction of the frog muscle in 4-aminopyridine by rapid cooling.
In the 4-aminopyridine (4AP) Ringer in which the concentration of 4AP is above 0.005 mM, the frog muscle contracted repetitively by rapid cooling. This contraction was named AP-RCC. It took more than 20 min for 4AP to show the fall effect on the AP-RCC. During the AP-RCC action potentials of the muscle membrane which synchronized with the repetitive contractions were observed. Tetrodotoxin abolished the AP-RCC. In muscle pretreated with 400 mM glycerol, no AP-RCC was obtained. During the AP-RCC no action potential of the nerve was seen. d-Tubocurarine abolished both the AP-RCC and the accompanying action potential of the muscle. Mn2+ and, to a lesser extent, Mg2+, inhibited both the AP-RCC and the twitch by indirect stimulation. The repetitive nerve stimulation which lasted long enough to exhaust acetylcholine at the nerve terminal abolished the AP-RCC. 4AP restored the contraction suppressed by dantrolene sodium. The AP-RCC was masked by caffeine rapid cooling contracture when the concentration of caffeine was high. From these results, the AP-RCC is considered to be generated by acetyl-choline release from the nerve terminal by the combined action of 4AP and depolarization during cooling. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
W1, a Novel Oral Antiplatelet Agent With Less Resistance Than Clopidogrel.
Clopidogrel (CLO) is a clinical antiplatelet agent, about which there are major concerns because its antiplatelet efficiency decreases with insufficient metabolic activation, leading to "clopidogrel resistance." We aimed to determine the antiplatelet effects of W1, a novel molecule composed of 2-O-clopidogrel and aspirin (1:1 ratio), on platelet aggregation ex vivo and thrombus formation in vivo, and its susceptibility to CLO resistance in combination with other therapies in rats. Platelets were prepared, and an arteriovenous shunt thrombosis model was established using Wistar rats to measure platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, respectively. W1 markedly inhibited adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and thrombus formation dose dependently (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg). W1 (3 mg/kg) acted rapidly at 0.5 hours and lasted for 72 hours. W1 prolonged bleeding and clotting times in mice, confirming its antithrombotic properties. Compared with CLO 10 mg/kg, the positive control, W1 3 mg/kg exerted equivalent effects on the above specifications. In addition, cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, measured in rat platelets, increased rapidly after prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) stimulation of the vehicle control (0.5% methyl cellulose suspension) and W1 (3 mg/kg)-treated groups. ADP (50 μm) reduced the control levels more remarkably than W1 did (P < 0.05 in 3 minutes or P < 0.001 at 5 minutes), suggesting that W1 suppressed ADP-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate reduction. This was associated with a significant platelet reactivity inhibition measured using the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein assay. CLO or W1 coadministration with or without omeprazole and amlodipine to rats to investigate the pharmacodynamic interactions revealed that W1 exhibited more stable and potent antithrombotic effects than CLO did. In conclusion, both W1 and CLO showed antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects, while the former exhibited less CLO resistance in combination with omeprazole or amlodipine, 2 drugs that inhibit CLO metabolism. Therefore, this study implies that W1 may be a promising oral antiplatelet agent for reducing CLO resistance after percutaneous coronary intervention. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Functional properties of some varieties of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) flour--III.
The proximate analysis, determination of nutritionally valuable minerals and the functional properties of the seed flour of African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) were investigated. Three different colour varieties of whole seeds and the dehulled samples from the same source were identified and processed for the study. The average composition of the whole seeds was as follows: 20.50% protein, 8.25% fat, 59.72% total carbohydrate, 3.26% total ash and 8.10% moisture, while the corresponding dehulled samples contained 21.9% protein, 8.63% fat, 60.89% total carbohydrate, 2.20% ash, and 6.35% moisture. The whole seeds were rich in potassium (649.49 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (241.21 mg/100 g) while values for dehulled samples were 471.35 mg/100 mg/100 g and 245.81 mg/100 g respectively. The seed flours have good gelation property, protein solubility varied with pH with high solubilities in acid and alkali. Dehulled samples had lower values for fat absorption capacity and foaming capacity but higher values for water absorption capacity, foaming stability rate change and fat emulsion stability rate change. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Two forms of Xenopus nuclear factor 7 have overlapping spatial but different temporal patterns of expression during development.
Xenopus nuclear factor 7 (xnf7) is a maternal gene product that functions in the determination of the dorsal-ventral body axis. We have cloned two xnf7 cDNAs, xnf7-O and xnf7-B, that have a different temporal pattern of expression. The cDNAs differ by 39 amino acid residues scattered throughout the molecule. Most of the changes were conservative in nature. Using gene specific probes we found that xnf7-O transcripts were abundant in oocytes and decreased until the neurula stage, after which they increased in abundance. Xnf7-B transcripts were in low abundance in oocytes and were expressed at high levels at the neurula stage and in adult brain. Both xnf7-O and xnf7-B transcripts at the neurula stage were localized in the dorsal region of the embryo, including the neural folds and somites. Xnf7 was not expressed in ventralized embryos that lacked dorsal structures, thereby substantiating its dorsal localization in the embryo. The promoter region of the xnf7-O gene does not possess a TATA box but does contain E2F, USF, Sp1-like and AP1 binding sites within the first 421 bp from the transcription initiation site. A 62 bp fragment of the xnf7-O promoter containing the Sp1-like and E2F sites can direct proper spatial expression of a transgene in embryos. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Calculation of phase diagrams in the multithermal-multibaric ensemble.
From the Ising model and the Lennard-Jones fluid to water and the iron-carbon system, phase diagrams are an indispensable tool to understand phase equilibria. Despite the effort of the simulation community, the calculation of a large portion of a phase diagram using computer simulation is still today a significant challenge. Here, we propose a method to calculate phase diagrams involving liquid and solid phases by the reversible transformation of the liquid and the solid. To this end, we introduce an order parameter that breaks the rotational symmetry and we leverage our recently introduced method to sample the multithermal-multibaric ensemble. In this way, in a single molecular dynamics simulation, we are able to compute the liquid-solid coexistence line for entire regions of the temperature and pressure phase diagram. We apply our approach to the bcc-liquid phase diagram of sodium and the fcc-bcc-liquid phase diagram of aluminum. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Optimization of the ultrafast Look-Locker echo-planar imaging T1 mapping sequence.
The Look-Locker echo-planar imaging (LL-EPI) sequence has been numerically optimized in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio in the measured value of T1, for both single-shot (repetition time (TR) = infinity), and dynamically repeated T1 measurements. The sequence is optimized for the normal biologic range of T1 (0.2 s to 2.0 s) and for a range of sequence parameters found on most magnetic resonance (MR) scanners. Both linearly and geometrically spaced magnetization sample pulse intervals were considered. For single-shot measurements, the sequence with 24 linearly spaced sample pulses, an inversion time of 0.01 s, an inter-sample pulse delay of 0.10 s, and a sample radiofrequency (RF) pulse flip angle of 25 degrees was found to be optimum. When the number of sample pulses was limited due to hardware limitations, different pulse sequence parameters were indicated. The optimization procedures used are appropriate for any single-shot T1 mapping sequence variant and for any rapid T1 mapping application. The use of an optimized Look-Locker echo-planar imaging sequence is demonstrated by an example of dynamic contrast-enhanced scanning in the brain using fast T1 mapping. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
On social death: ostracism and the accessibility of death thoughts.
Being rejected, excluded, or simply ignored is a painful experience. Ostracism researchers have shown its powerful negative consequences (Williams, 2007), and sociologists have referred to such experiences as social death (Bauman, 1992). Is this is just a metaphor or does being ostracized make death more salient in people's minds? An experiment was conducted in which participants experienced ostracism or inclusion using the Cyberball manipulation, and the accessibility of death-related thoughts was measured via a word-stem completion puzzle. Results showed enhanced death-thought accessibility in the ostracism condition, as well as a negative effect of dispositional self-esteem on the accessibility of death-related thoughts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Expected value, reward outcome, and temporal difference error representations in a probabilistic decision task.
In probabilistic decision tasks, an expected value (EV) of a choice is calculated, and after the choice has been made, this can be updated based on a temporal difference (TD) prediction error between the EV and the reward magnitude (RM) obtained. The EV is measured as the probability of obtaining a reward x RM. To understand the contribution of different brain areas to these decision-making processes, functional magnetic resonance imaging activations related to EV versus RM (or outcome) were measured in a probabilistic decision task. Activations in the medial orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with both RM and with EV and confirmed in a conjunction analysis to extend toward the pregenual cingulate cortex. From these representations, TD reward prediction errors could be produced. Activations in areas that receive from the orbitofrontal cortex including the ventral striatum, midbrain, and inferior frontal gyrus were correlated with the TD error. Activations in the anterior insula were correlated negatively with EV, occurring when low reward outcomes were expected, and also with the uncertainty of the reward, implicating this region in basic and crucial decision-making parameters, low expected outcomes, and uncertainty. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Continuous administration of poloxamer 188 reduces overload-induced muscular atrophy in dysferlin-deficient SJL mice.
Dysferlin-deficient SJL mice are commonly used to study dysferlinopathy. We demonstrated that poloxamer 188 (P188), a membrane sealant, is effective in reducing the loss of muscle mass in SJL mice when administered using an osmotic pump for 6 weeks. We did not observe significant changes over a 2-week administration period, suggesting that longthier observation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of P188. We also examined exercise endurance in P188-administered SJL mice using a rolling cage. Phosphorylated p38 was found to be reduced in P188-administered SJL mice; additionally, using microarray analysis, we found diminished expression of atrogin-1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as the effector of muscular atrophy. Chronic infusion of P188 to dysferlin-deficient SJL mice reduced muscular atrophy, and administering p38 and atrogin-1 in the gastrocnemius muscle improved its motor function. These results provide a basis for potential treatments for dysferlin-deficient skeletal muscle fibers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Type 2 diabetes and risk of heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis from cardiovascular outcome trials.
We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) on heart failure (HF) risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The electronic search was carried out until 10 November 2018. RCTs were included if they compared add-on therapy with any DPP-4i, GLP-1 RAs, or SGLT-2i with placebo, and included in the outcome hospitalization for HF, and other outcomes required for cardiovascular safety studies. Risk of HF was the primary outcome for this meta-analysis. We used a random-effect model to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI. Twelve trials were identified, involving 120,765 patients. Compared with placebo, HF risk showed a non-significant 10% reduction with the newer anti-hyperglycemic drugs (HR = 0.90, 0.80-1.01); use of DPP-4i and GLP-1 RAs was associated with nonsignificant modifications of the HF risk (+5% and -9%, respectively), while the use of SGLT-2i was associated with a significant 31% reduction of the HF risk (HR = 0.69, 0.61-0.79, P < 0.001), with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.741), suggesting a class effect. The meta-regression analysis of all 12 trials showed no association of reductions of hemoglobin A1C with HF risk. In T2D, SGLT-2i can reduce the risk of HF that is unrelated to improved glycemic control; DPP-4i and GLP-1 RAs behave as neutral. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sleep apnea surgery: putting it all together.
Since the first description of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in 1972, the surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) has become increasingly popular. This popularity is caused by several reasons. The psychomotor sequelae of OSA, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, daytime fatigue, and poor sleep quality caused by sleep fragmentation, have major deleterious impact on patients' well being, which behooves them to seek treatment. The risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke also prompts patients to seek treatment. Further, despite the potential success of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), patients' compliance represents a clear problem, thus causing patients to seek treatment alternatives, namely surgery. All surgeons treating patients who have OSA must realize that the management of OSA crosses specialty lines and no single specialty can adequately take care of patients alone. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Differential effects of messages for breast and cervical cancer screening.
The aim of this study was to compare responses to two interventions (personalized-form [PF] letter messages versus personalized-tailored [PT] letter messages) using medical record data for promoting appointment scheduling and screening for breast and cervical cancer among urban low-income women from three ethnic groups: African-American, Mexican-American, and non-Hispanic white women. The 1,574 women participating in the randomized controlled trial were assigned to one of three groups: (1) PF letter, (2) PT letter, (3) control (no letter). Logistic regression analyses show that (1) personalized-tailored letters containing individualized references to recipients' cancer risk factors failed to increase rates of recommended cancer screening behaviors, especially among non-Hispanic white women; and that (2) in contrast, a personalized-form letter with general breast and cervical cancer screening messages increased cancer screening rates in this population, especially among non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American women. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adolescent health behaviors and related factors: a review.
This review examined research relevant to adolescent health behavior in order to identify key behaviors and factors related to behaviors for targeting health-promoting interventions. The 34 studies reviewed sampled mainly Caucasian subjects ranging in age from 12 to 24 years. The majority of the studies were descriptive and cross-sectional, and they dealt with a specific health behavior or group of behaviors such as eating, sleeping, and exercise. Primary factors related to health behavior included gender, family structure, ethnicity, knowledge, and attitudes. Increased knowledge of factors that impact adolescent health behaviors is essential so that public health nurses (PHNs) and other health professionals can be more responsive to developmental and lifestyle factors influencing the health of youth within families and communities. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Alterations in CD4-binding regions of the MHC class II molecule I-Ek do not impede CD4+ T cell development.
The T cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8 enhance T cell responses to TCR signals by participating in complexes containing TCR, coreceptor, and MHC molecules. These ternary complexes are also hypothesized to play a seminal role during T cell development, although the precise timing, frequency, and consequences of TCR-coreceptor-MHC interactions during positive selection and lineage commitment remain unclear. To address these issues, we designed transgenic mice expressing mutant I-Ek molecules with reduced CD4-binding capability. These transgenic lines were crossed to three different lines of I-Ek-specific TCR transgenic mice, and the efficiency of production of CD4+ lineage cells in the doubly transgenic progeny was assessed. Surprisingly, replacing wild-type I-Ek molecules with these mutant molecules did not affect the production of CD4+CD8- thymocytes or CD4+ peripheral T cells expressing any of the three TCRs examined. These data, when considered together with other experiments addressing the role of coreceptor during development, suggest that not all MHC class II-specific thymocytes require optimal and simultaneous TCR-CD4-MHC interactions to mature. Alternatively, it is possible that these particular alterations of I-Ek do not disrupt the CD4-MHC interaction adequately, potentially indicating functional differences between I-A and I-E MHC class II molecules. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Matching maternal isodisomy in mucinous carcinomas and associated ovarian teratomas provides evidence of germ cell derivation for some mucinous ovarian tumors.
The tissue derivation of mucinous ovarian carcinoma remains a mystery; however, rare tumors are associated with mature teratoma. Two decades ago, studies of chromosomal heteromorphisms and DNA polymorphisms proved that ovarian teratomas arise during female gametogenesis. We sought to exploit the relationship between mucinous carcinoma and associated teratoma to provide molecular evidence for tissue of origin. Seventeen cases of mucinous ovarian carcinoma were studied, 6 of which had associated mature teratoma. DNA was extracted from the mucinous carcinoma, teratoma, and normal dissected tissue from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to allelotype each sample. Alleles from the teratomas and carcinomas were scored as homozygous (1 allele present in the tumor when normal tissue was heterozygous), heterozygous (2 alleles present matching normal tissue), or noninformative (normal tissue was homozygous). Of the 6 carcinoma/teratoma pairs, 2 showed complete matching homozygosity for informative markers (isodisomy), whereas 2 showed matching heterozygosity. One case did not have the corresponding teratoma available for comparison but demonstrated complete homozygosity and was presumed to be isodisomic. The remaining case had a teratoma homozygous for 7 of 10 informative markers, whereas the matching carcinoma was homozygous for only 2 of these markers. Carcinomas without associated teratoma demonstrated variable zygosity. Microsatellite polymorphism analysis demonstrates that mucinous ovarian carcinomas usually clonally match associated teratomas when present and often show evidence of complete isodisomy, indicating that at least some mucinous carcinomas arise from female gametes and thus are of germ cell origin. The zygosity patterns in mucinous carcinomas without teratoma suggest that these tumors may arise through a different mechanism. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Early-life otitis media and incident atopic disease at school age in a birth cohort.
Otitis media is a common and costly disease that peaks in early childhood. Recent reviews concluded that the relationship between otitis media and atopy is not well understood, and that further research is warranted. Logistic regression was used to analyze data from a German Birth Cohort (n = 1690; born 1997–1999). Parental questionnaires were used to assess children for physician-diagnosed otitis media throughout the first 2 years of life and for incident atopic disease (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema) during the sixth year of life. Odds ratios were adjusted for gender, older siblings, city, parental education, breast-feeding, and daycare. Parallel analyses were completed for the full birth cohort and for a population subset with atopic mothers. The adjusted odds of asthma were elevated for children with early-life otitis media, but were statistically significant only for those children with at least 3 episodes (adjusted odds ratio: 4.26 [95% confidence interval: 1.34–13.6]). Associations between early-life otitis media and allergic rhinitis were largely inconsistent. There was a positive association between early-life otitis media and late-onset allergic eczema (≥2 episodes: 2.68 [1.35–5.33], ≥3 episodes: 3.84 [1.80–8.18]). Similar results were found for the maternal atopy subgroup but with greater effect estimates. Children diagnosed with otitis media during infancy were at greater risk for developing late-onset allergic eczema and asthma during school age, and associations were stronger for frequent otitis. These results indicate that frequent otitis media during infancy may predispose children to atopic disease in later life. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Serum ACTH levels in patients treated for epilepsy].
In 27 epileptic patients (16 females and 11 males) aged 23-61 years, the serum ACTH levels were estimated by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The men serum ACTH level in epileptic patients was lower than in control group. In epileptic patients there were differences depending on the course of epilepsy and treatment applied. There were lower mean serum ACTH levels in patients with earlier age of epilepsy onset, frequent seizures and generalized discharges in eeg records. Lower serum ACTH amounts were found in patients with long-term treatment with phenytoin and polytherapy applied. It may be supposed that in patients long-term treated because of epilepsy the hormonal disturbances involve not only adrenal cortex but also higher parts of neuroendocrinological system. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Daily changes in VPD during leaf development in high air humidity increase the stomatal responsiveness to darkness and dry air.
Previous studies have shown that plants developed under high relative air humidity (RH>85%) develop malfunctioning stomata and therefor have increased transpiration and reduced desiccation tolerance when transferred to lower RH conditions and darkness. In this study, plants developed at high RH were exposed to daily VPD fluctuations created by changes in temperature and/or RH to evaluate the potential improvements in stomatal functioning. Daily periods with an 11°C temperature increase and consequently a VPD increase (vpd: 0.36-2.37KPa) reduced the stomatal apertures and improved the stomatal functionality and desiccation tolerance of the rosette plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A similar experiment was performed with only a 4°C temperature increase and/or a RH decrease on tomato. The results showed that a daily change in VPD (vpd: 0.36-1.43KPa) also resulted in improved stomatal responsiveness and decreased water usage during growth. In tomato, the most effective treatment to increase the stomatal responsiveness to darkness as a signal for closure was daily changes in RH without a temperature increase. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Medical screening and biological monitoring. A guide to the literature for physicians.
The use of medical screening and biological monitoring has seen substantial changes in the past two decades specifically in the provision of occupational medical services. For example, national surveys of workplaces conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) showed that the provision of off-site medical care to workers increased from 19.6% in 1972-1974 to 57.8% in 1981-1983, although the percent of workers receiving on-site services remained stable during the same period. After a recent survey in 1990-1991, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) estimated that 6.3% of US industries have a medical surveillance program at their individual establishment. We reviewed NIOSH documents, OSHA's Code of Federal Regulations, and texts on biological monitoring and medical screening for recommendations on medical surveillance of workers. This report summarizes the medical tests (including biologic monitoring) recommended or used by independent investigators and by the government for OSHA-regulated substances to provide guidance to physicians and occupational health professionals in accessing the pertinent literature; the utility of the recommendations is not evaluated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Late effects of polio: critical review of the literature on neuromuscular function.
Many individuals who have had poliomyelitis are now complaining of several new problems attributed to their former illness including muscle atrophy; fatigue; progressive weakness; and muscle, back, and joint pain. This paper critically examines the literature regarding the neuromuscular effects of poliomyelitis. Weakness resulting from poliomyelitis was due to destruction of anterior horn cells. After the illness, muscle strength was partially recovered as a result of several physiologic adaptive mechanisms including terminal sprouting and reinnervation, myofiber hypertrophy, and, possibly, myofiber type transformation. Several pathophysiologic and functional etiologies have been proposed for late neuromuscular deterioration, but none has been proven. In fact, to date, there is no objective evidence documenting progressive loss of strength in polio survivors. Studies attempting to differentiate polio survivors with and without symptoms of deterioration have resulted in conflicting results; however, it appears reasonable to conclude that symptomatic postpolio subjects had a more severe illness with greater loss of neuromuscular function. Exercise may be helpful for many postpolio patients, but the prescription must be tailored to the individual to avoid problems of overuse or excessive fatigue. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Estimation of Uterine Size: How Accurate Are We?
To evaluate the accuracy of gynecologic surgeons at estimating uterine dimensions and weight. Six model uteri of various sizes were created to simulate the size and consistency of a uterus and displayed at 3 stations. The visual station (VS) comprised 2 specimens placed on an unmarked table. The laparoscopic station (LS) consisted of 2 model uteri, each placed in a separate simulated abdomen with a 0 degree laparoscope and 2 operative trocars with standard instruments. The blind weight station (BWS) consisted of blind palpation of 2 separately weighted models (heavy model [HM] and light model [LM]). Participants visually estimated the dimensions of each VS and LS models and blindly palpated the BWS models to estimate weight. Participants included 15 residents, 27 attendings, and 6 medical students. There was no difference in estimation accuracy regarding gender and age. For the VS and LS groups, participants underestimated all dimensions (VS variance = -15.0%; P < 0.001 and LS variance = -31.9%; P < 0.0001). Laparoscopic estimation was less accurate than direct vision (P < 0.0001). Attendings and residents equally underestimated the 3 dimensions visually (P = 0.46), but attendings were more accurate at estimating laparoscopic dimensions (-25.8% vs -41.1%; P = 0.0001). All groups overestimated model weights (HM variance, 92.5%; P < 0.001 and LM variance, 132.0%; P < 0.0001), with attendings more accurate than residents (39.7% vs 167.6%; P = 0.015 for HM and 52.0% vs 238.5%; P = 0.035 for LM). Gynecologic surgeons at all levels of training are inaccurate at estimating dimensions and weights. With surgical decisions often predicated on estimates, education is needed to improve estimation methods. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A case of acne fulminans in a patient with ulcerative colitis successfully treated with prednisolone and diaminodiphenylsulfone: a literature review of acne fulminans, rosacea fulminans and neutrophilic dermatoses occurring in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease.
A 19-year-old Japanese man had been treated for ulcerative colitis for 2 years. He was admitted to our hospital with nodulocystic inflammatory papules and pustules on his face and chest, high-grade fever, arthralgia and general malaise. A biopsy specimen from a pustule showed prominent infiltration of neutrophils in the epidermis and dermis, particularly around hair follicles. We made a diagnosis of acne fulminans. The systemic administration of prednisolone at 30 mg daily for 1 week immediately improved his skin lesions and other symptoms; however, during tapering of prednisolone at 20 mg daily, skin lesions flared up. The addition of oral diaminodiphenylsulfone improved the skin lesions. Although there have been a few reports of acne fulminans associated with Crohn's disease, this is the first case report of acne fulminans in a patient with ulcerative colitis. It is noteworthy that the addition of diaminodiphenylsulfone was effective for treating the relapse of acne fulminans in this case. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Palladium-catalyzed 1,3-diol fragmentation: synthesis of omega-dienyl aldehydes.
2-(1'-Hydroxy-2'-propenyl)cycloalkan-1-ols undergo dehydrative C1-C2 bond cleavage and provide omega-dienyl aldehydes under the catalysis of Pd(0) and 9-phenyl-9-BBN. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Muscle layer- and region-dependent distributions of oxytocin receptors in the porcine myometrium.
The aim of the present study was to clarify smooth muscle- and region-dependent distributions of the oxytocin receptor that mediates oxytocin-induced contraction in the nonpregnant porcine myometrium by means of mechanical and radioligand ([3H]-oxytocin) binding studies. In Krebs solution, oxytocin (0.1-300 nM) caused concentration-dependent contractions of the cornual myometrium, and the longitudinal muscle was more sensitive than the circular muscle. [Arg8]-vasopressin and [deamino-Cys1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin also contracted the myometrium, and the order of the potency was oxytocin > [Arg8]-vasopressin > [deamino-Cys(1), D-Arg(8)]-vasopressin. Treatment with a high concentration of oxytocin selectively inhibited the contraction of oxytocin and [Arg8]-vasopressin without affecting the responses of acetylcholine and high-K+. Selective cross inhibition was also observed in the presence of a high concentration of [Arg(8)]-vasopressin. The oxytocin-induced contraction was resistant to tetrodotoxin and atropine, but was reduced by verapamil or by the removal of external Ca2+, indicating that oxytocin has a direct action on smooth muscle cells and that extracellular Ca2+ plays an important role for the contraction. In Kumagai solution, oxytocin caused contraction of the cornual longitudinal muscle (-logEC50 = 8.5) but not the circular muscle. Longitudinal muscles of other regions (corpus and cervix) were also responsive to oxytocin, but the -logEC50 value differed from region to region (cornua > corpus = cervix). On the other hand, oxytocin failed to cause contraction of the corpus and cervical circular muscles. 3H-Oxytocin bound to crude membrane preparations of the myometrium in a concentration-dependent (0.084-2.7 nM) saturable manner. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data revealed the presence of a single class of binding site with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd, 1.1-1.5 nM), but receptor density (Bmax) differed in the two muscle layer types (longitudinal muscle: circular muscle = 5:1) and tended to decrease from the cornua to the cervix. In conclusion, the receptor specific for oxytocin is present in the porcine myometrium and mediates the contractile responses of both oxytocin and [Arg8]-vasopressin. The distribution of the oxytocin receptors differs according to the type of muscle layer (longitudinal muscle > circular muscle) and the region of the uterus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hydrophobicity drives the cellular uptake of short cationic peptide ligands.
Short cationic linear peptide analogs (LPAs, prepared as Arg-C( n )-Arg-C( n )-Lys, where C( n ) represents an alkyl linkage with n = 4, 7 or 11) were synthesized and tested in human breast carcinoma BT-20 and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells for their application as targeting ligands. With constant LPA charge (+4), increasing the alkyl linkage increases the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and provides a systematic means of examining combined electrostatic and hydrophobic peptide-membrane interactions. Fluorescently conjugated LPA-C(11) (F-LPA-C(11)) demonstrated significant uptake, whereas there was negligible uptake of the shorter LPAs. By varying temperature (4°C and 37°C) and cell type, the results suggest that LPA-C(11) internalization is nonendocytic and nonspecific. The effect of LPA binding on the phase behavior, structure, and permeability of model membranes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (DPPC/DPPS, 85/15) was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and fluorescence leakage studies to gain insight into the LPA uptake mechanism. While all LPAs led to phase separation, LPA-C(11), possessing the longest alkyl linkage, was able to penetrate into the bilayer and caused holes to form, which led to membrane disintegration. This was confirmed by rapid and complete dye release by LPA-C(11). We propose that LPA-C(11) achieves uptake by anchoring to the membrane via hydrophobicity and forming transient membrane voids. LPAs may be advantageous as drug transporter ligands because they are small, water soluble, and easy to prepare. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Serum ferritin levels and early prognosis of stroke.
Iron and ferritin are known to have an important role in stroke as well as in other disorders. This prospective study was designed to determine whether administering ferritin levels might help to estimate the severity and prognosis of stroke. Fifty-one patients with a diagnosis of acute stroke were included in the study within 24 h from onset of symptoms. Serum ferritin and cortisol levels were assayed at admission. Clinical status was determined by the Canadian Stroke Scale at admission and on day 21. Serum ferritin level was found to be higher in patients with large lesion size (P < 0.01), deteriorated neurologic status during clinical follow-up (P = 0.03) and deceased patients (P < 0.01). Serum ferritin level was correlated with neurologic deficit (r = 0.50, P < 0.001). No correlation was found between serum cortisol and ferritin levels (r = 0.07, P = 0.7). Serum ferritin level (P = 0.007; OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03) and large size of lesion (P = 0.021, OR = 11.92; 95% CI; 1.46-197.12) were independently associated with mortality. Increased serum ferritin levels correlate to severity of stroke and the size of the lesion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Age, alcohol and violent death: a postmortem study.
A detailed examination of the files of the medical examiner's office of Erie County, New York, for 1973-1983 inclusive was conducted with respect to cause of death, age of victim and presence of alcohol in the blood at time of death. In 48.6% of the traffic accidents the victim had been drinking compared with 38.9% miscellaneous accidents (e.g., drowning, falling), 45.2% homicides and 35.4% suicides. Among those aged 15-19, 42.7% of these violent deaths were alcohol related compared with 51.1% of those aged 20-24, 48.6% of those 25-34, 49.1% of those 35-44 and 47.2% of those 45-54. The data indicate that alcohol is involved to a considerable extent in all major categories of violent death for all age cohorts, especially for traffic accident victims aged 35 and under. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The use of bibliometrics to measure research quality in UK higher education institutions.
Research assessment in the UK has evolved over a quarter of a century from a loosely structured, peer-review based process to one with a well understood data portfolio and assessment methodology. After 2008, the assessment process will shift again, to the use of indicators based largely on publication and citation data. These indicators will in part follow the format introduced in 2008, with a profiling of assessment outcomes at national and international levels. However, the shift from peer assessment to a quantitative methodology raises critical issues about which metrics are appropriate and informative and how such metrics should be managed to produce weighting factors for funding formulae. The link between publication metrics and other perceptions of research quality needs to be thoroughly tested and reviewed, and may be variable between disciplines. Many of the indicators that drop out of publication data are poorly linked to quality and should not be used at all. There are also issues about which publications are the correct base for assessment, which staff should be included in a review, how subjects should be structured and how the citation data should be normalised to account for discipline-dependent variables. Finally, it is vital to consider the effect that any assessment process will have on the behaviour of those to be assessed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
3D aligned-carbon-nanotubes@Li2FeSiO4 arrays as high rate capability cathodes for Li-ion batteries.
3D aligned-carbon-nanotubes (ACNTs)@Li2FeSiO4 nanocomposite arrays on Al foil were developed as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The ACNTs were grown directly on an Al foil by a chemical vapor deposition method to achieve a 3D current collector structure for direct charge transport. Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of the ACNTs by a polyvinylalcohol (PVA)-assisted sol-gel method. The 3D samples showed a high degree of alignment of nanotubes with a favorable pore morphology before and after cycling. According to electrochemical measurements, the 3D sample with optimized mass ratio of ACNTs and Li2FeSiO4 (2:1) showed excellent rate capability and capacity retention, delivering a discharge specific capacity of 142 mAh g(-1) at a rate of 0.5 C (C = 160 mAg(-1)) and maintaining 99% of the initial discharge capacity after 50 cycles at 24 ° C. Up to 20 C, the delivered charge/discharge capacity was 94 mAh g(-1) after 172 cycles, which is 54% of the value obtained at C/20 (175 mAh g(-1)). In comparison, carbon coated nanoporous Li2FeSiO4 obtained under analogous conditions by a PVA-assisted sol-gel method can only deliver a capacity of 80 mAh g(-1) and showed poor rate capability. In addition, despite amorphization, dissolution and chemical composition changes occurring in the 3D samples upon extended cycling, the 3D samples showed good long-term cycling stability at a high current density (5 C), maintaining ~80% of the initial discharge capacity after 1000 cycles and ~70% after 2000 cycles. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Pyrimidine derivatives increase antibiotic therapy efficacy after ionizing irradiation].
Pyrimidine derivatives increased the antibiotic therapy efficacy in albino rats irradiated with RUM-7 apparatus for close-focus roentgenotherapy. 2-Methyl-4-amino-6-oxypyrimidine was twice as efficient as oxymethyluracil and 6 times as efficient as methyluracil in the stimulation of the skin reparative regeneration. When the total irradiation was performed with LUCH-1 apparatus in a dose of 6 Gy the pyrimidine derivatives also increased the antibiotic therapy efficacy. After the prophylactic use of the pyrimidine derivatives for 7 days prior to the total irradiation their therapeutic effect increased, the level of the exudative component lowered, the tissue epithelization increased, the terms of the wound healing decreased and the animal lifespan increased. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Study on the necessary survey days for energy intake in school children assessed by 7 day survey.
Theoretically, the longer the period of a nutrition survey, the more reliable the results. However, a long survey can impose a burden on subjects and cause the results to become inaccurate. For adults, a 3 non-consecutive day survey is usually recommended; however, for school children, at least in Japan, it has not been determined whether this is necessary. In this study we conducted a survey of 7 days and tried to find the minimum number of days necessary to determine the energy intake. The subjects were about 300 children aged from 6 to 7, 10 to 11 and 13 to 14 years old in a city in the western part of Japan. The weighing method was used for the school lunch and other meals were surveyed by 24-recalling method. For the 6-7 year-old school children, guardians were asked to keep dietary records. The final number of subjects who were able to complete the 7-day survey was 139. Energy intakes for each weekday were not statistically different (p>0.05) and those for each weekend did not differ (p>0.05). Average energy intakes on weekdays were higher than those on weekend days in 10-11 and 13-14 year-old children. The average intakes of energy in 10-11 and 13-14 year-old children were lower than Japanese estimated energy requirements (EER). However, body weight of more than 90% of subjects was within the normal range. The results suggest that a survey of one weekday is reliable for all weekdays and that of one week-end day is reliable for any weekend day and also indicate the necessity of further studies of EER in rapidly growing children. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Level I verification is associated with a decreased mortality rate after major torso vascular injuries.
Major torso vascular injuries (MTVIs) are frequently fatal. Our purpose was to determine whether the American College of Surgeons' (ACS) trauma center level of verification was associated with reduced mortality rates in a rural population-based community trauma center. Patients with blunt and penetrating MTVIs were retrospectively reviewed. Mortality rates were compared between Level II and Level I verification time periods. The primary outcome measured was death from MTVIs. Two hundred seventy-four patients (blunt, 167 [61%]; penetrating, 107 [39%]) representing 1.5 per cent of all trauma admissions were studied. Mortality decreased from 41 of 80 (51%) (Level II) to 60 of 194 (31%) (Level I) (P = 0.002) for the entire group. Mortality reduction occurred primarily in the subgroup with blunt and penetrating thoracic injuries (Level II, 24 of 33 [73%] vs Level I, 25 of 82 [30%]; P < 0.001). A significant reduction was not observed in patients with major abdominal vascular injuries (Level II, 17 of 47 [36%] vs Level I, 35 of 112 [31%]; P = 0.581). Level I status was associated with an overall decreased mortality rate from MTVIs despite low patient numbers. The commitment of hospital resources that are required to achieve Level I ACS verification in a community hospital improves survival, particularly in patients with blunt and penetrating thoracic injuries. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Beta-alanine protection against hypoxic liver injury in the rat.
Liver hypoxia still represents an important cause of liver injury during shock and liver transplantation. We have investigated the protective effects of beta-alanine against hypoxic injury using isolated perfused rat livers and isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions. Perfusion with hypoxic Krebs-Henseleit buffer increased liver weight and caused a progressive release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the effluent perfusate. The addition of 5 mmol/l beta-alanine to the perfusion buffer completely prevented both weight increase and LDH leakage. These findings were confirmed by histological examinations showing that beta-alanine blocked the staining by trypan blue of either liver parenchymal and sinusoidal cells. Studies performed in isolated hepatocytes revealed that beta-alanine exerted its protective effects by interfering with Na+ accumulation induced by hypoxia. The addition of gamma-amino-butyric acid, which interfered with beta-alanine uptake by the hepatocytes or of Na+/H+ ionophore monensin, reverted beta-alanine protection in either hepatocyte suspensions or isolated perfused livers. We also observed that liver receiving beta-alanine were also protected against LDH leakage and weight increase caused by the perfusion with an hyposmotic (205 mosm) hypoxic buffer obtained by decreasing NaCl content from 118 to 60 mmol/l. This latter effect was not reverted by blocking K+ efflux from hepatocyte with BaCl(2) (1mmol/l). Altogether these results indicated that beta-alanine protected against hypoxic liver injury by preventing Na+ overload and by increasing liver resistance to osmotic stress consequent to the impairment of ion homeostasis during hypoxia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Self-Organization of Electroactive Suspensions in Discharging Slurry Batteries: A Mesoscale Modeling Investigation.
We report a comprehensive modeling-based study of electroactive suspensions in slurry redox flow batteries undergoing discharge. A three-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo model based on the variable step size method is used to describe the electrochemical discharge of a silicon/carbon slurry electrode in static mode (i.e., no fluid flow conditions). The model accounts for Brownian motion of particles, volume expansion of silicon upon lithium insertion, and formation and destruction of conducting carbon networks. Coupled to an electrochemical model, this study explores the impact of carbon fraction in the slurry and applied c-rate on the specific capacity. The trends obtained are analyzed by following the behavior of parameters such as number of contacts between electroactive particles and the percentage of electroactive silicon particles. Furthermore, instead of studying the bulk behavior of the slurry, here the focus is given to the slurry/current collector interface in order to illustrate its importance. Hereby, it is demonstrated how this modeling tool can lead to deeper understanding and optimization of electroactive particle suspensions in redox flow batteries. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparative, two-dimensional 14N ESEEM characterization of reduced [2Fe-2S] clusters in hyperthermophilic archaeal high- and low-potential Rieske-type proteins.
Proteins of the Rieske and Rieske-type family contain a [2Fe-2S] cluster with mixed ligation by two histidines and two cysteines, and play important roles in various biological electron transfer reactions. We report here the comparative orientation-selected ESEEM and HYSCORE studies of the reduced clusters from two hyperthermophilic Rieske-type proteins; a high-potential, archaeal Rieske protein called sulredoxin (SDX) from Sulfolobus tokodaii with weak homology to the cytochrome bc-associated Rieske proteins, and a low-potential, archaeal homolog of an oxygenase-associated Rieske-type ferredoxin (ARF) from Sulfolobus solfataricus. (14)N ESEEM and HYSCORE spectra of SDX and ARF show well-defined variations, which are primarily determined by changes of quadrupole couplings (up to 50% depending on the selected orientation) of the two coordinated nitrogens. These are due to variations in coordination geometry of the histidine imidazole ligands rather than to variations of hyperfine couplings of these nitrogens, which do not exceed 8-10%. The measured quadrupole couplings and their differences in the two proteins are consistent with those calculated using the reported crystal structures of high- and low-potential Rieske proteins. These results suggest that exploration of quadrupole tensors might provide a more accurate method for characterization of the histidine coordination in different proteins and mutants than hyperfine tensors, and might have potential applications in a wider range of biological systems. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Factors impacting sense of community among adults with brain injury.
Despite increasing interest in examining community outcomes following disability, sense of community (SOC) has received relatively no attention in the rehabilitation literature. SOC refers to feelings of belonging and attachment one has for a community and is of particular relevance for people with brain injury who are at increased risk of social isolation. The aim of this study was to investigate factors contributing to SOC for individuals with brain injury. Members from 2 brain injury associations (n = 98) participated in this survey-based study. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to explore demographic, disability-related, community and social participation variables' impact on SOC with regard to one's town or city. Follow-up mediation analyses were conducted to explore relationships among social self-efficacy, support network, neighboring behavior, and SOC. Findings indicated that disability-related and community variables accounted for over 40% of the variance in SOC. Size of social support network was the only significant independent contributor to SOC variance. Follow-up analyses provided support for (a) the partial mediating effect of social support network size on the relationship between social self-efficacy and SOC, and (b) the mediating effect of neighboring behavior on the relationship between social self-efficacy and social support network size. Findings from this study highlight the particular importance of self-efficacy, social support, and neighboring behaviors in promoting SOC for people with brain injury. Recommendations are provided to advance research efforts and inform intervention approaches to improve the felt experience of community among people with brain injury. (PsycINFO Database Record | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effect of resin infiltration and oxidative pre-treatment on microshear bond strength of resin composite to hypomineralised enamel.
Reduced bond strengths of resin composites to hypomineralised enamel increase restorative failure. To investigate if the adhesion of resin composite to hypomineralised enamel can be improved by pre-treatments: resin infiltration, oxidative pre-treatment followed by a resin infiltration, or oxidative pre-treatment. Twenty-one enamel specimens in each of five Groups: 1) Normal enamel; 2) Hypomineralised enamel; 3) Hypomineralised enamel pre-treated with a resin infiltrant, (Icon(®)); 4) Hypomineralised enamel pre-treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite then treatment with resin infiltrant; 5) Hypomineralised enamel pre-treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. A resin composite rod was bonded to each specimen using Clearfil™ SE bond as the adhesive (hereafter termed 'routine bonding'), then subjected to microshear bond strength (MSBS) testing. Overall, the mean MSBS between the five groups differed significantly (P = 0.001). Pre-treatment of hypomineralised enamel with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with or without subsequent resin infiltration in Groups 4 and 5 prior to routine bonding resulted in increased mean MSBS compared to Groups 2 and 3, with mean MSBS values not differing significantly when compared to routine bonding to normal enamel. Increased bond strength of resin composite to hypomineralised enamel was obtained by pre-treatment of hypomineralised enamel specimens with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with or without subsequent resin infiltration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A murine intraperitoneal infection model reveals that host resistance to Campylobacter jejuni is Nramp1 dependent.
We tested the hypothesis that host resistance to Campylobacter jejuni is Nramp1 dependent. Following intraperitoneal (IP) inoculation of Nramp1+/+ and isogenic Nramp1-deficient (Nramp1-/-) mice C. jejuni primarily associated with mac1-positive cells in liver tissue. A significant reduction of C. jejuni was observed in Nramp1+/+ mice 4 days post-infection (PI) (liver) and 8 days PI cecum-colon. In contrast, Nramp1-/- mice showed no significant reduction of C. jejuni and instead had a chronic inflammatory response and significant histopathological lesions 30 days PI. Differential cytokine profiles were observed in C. jejuni infected Nramp1+/+ and Nramp1-/- primary dendritic cells. Taken together these data indicate that Nramp1 is critical for host resistance to C. jejuni. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fluorescence color change of aggregation-induced emission of 4-[bis(4-methylphenyl)amino]benzaldehyde.
Together we shine: Fluorescence color change of 4-[bis(4-methylphenyl)amino]benzaldehyde (BMABA) could be induced by vigorous stirring and heating of the suspension. This is attributed to a morphological change of the particles from an amorphous state to a crystalline state; therefore, BMABA is identified as a new aggregation-induced emission material. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Paediatric pelvic imaging: improvement in gonad shield placement by multidisciplinary audit.
In 1996, there were local reports of poor gonad protection for paediatric pelvic radiographs. To investigate the nature of the problem and make necessary improvements. A retrospective audit of 218 paediatric pelvic radiographs was undertaken in 1997. Each radiograph was assessed for the presence of a gonad shield, appropriateness of the device and its position. A multidisciplinary team was formed with representation from radiology, radiography, orthopaedics and medical physics to investigate ways of improving technique and reducing patient dose. These included radiographer training and the introduction of digital fluoroscopy as an alternative imaging technique in follow-up patients. There were further rounds of data collection in 1998 and 1999. In round 1, a gonad shield was present in 77.9 % of boys' films and 76 % of girls' films where one should have been, increasing to 85.2 % and 85.4 % respectively by round 3 of the audit (P < 0.05). Only 31.6 % of boys' devices and 21.9 % of girls' devices were correctly positioned in round 1, increasing to 78.3 % and 94.3 %, respectively, by round 3 of the audit (P < 0.05). After round 1, no inappropriate devices were used. Audit was an effective tool in gaining the resources needed to improve technique and reduce radiation exposure in children. The multidisciplinary approach was vital in the success of this project. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The diabetes drug liraglutide ameliorates aberrant insulin receptor localisation and signalling in parallel with decreasing both amyloid-β plaque and glial pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been shown to involve desensitised insulin receptor (IR) signalling. Liraglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue that facilitates insulin signalling, is currently approved for use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we show that distinctive alterations in the localisation and distribution of the IR and increased levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 phosphorylated at serine 616 (IRS-1 pS(616)), a key marker of insulin resistance, are associated with amyloid-β plaque pathology in the frontal cortex of a mouse model of AD, APPSWE/PS1dE9. Altered IR status in APPSWE/PS1dE9 is most evident in extracellular deposits with the appearance of dystrophic neurites, with significantly increased IRS-1 pS(616) levels detected within neurons and neurites. The IR and IRS-1 pS(616) changes occur in the vicinity of all plaques in the APPSWE/PS1dE9 brain, and a significant upregulation of astrocytes and microglia surround this pathology. We show that liraglutide treatment for 8 weeks at 25 nmol/kg body weight i.p. once daily in 7-month-old mice significantly decreases IR aberrations in conjunction with a concomitant decrease in amyloid plaque load and levels of IRS-1 pS(616). Liraglutide also induces a highly significant reduction in astrocytosis and microglial number associated with both plaques and IR pathology. The amelioration of IR aberrations and attenuation of IRS-1 pS(616) upregulation, plaque and glial activation in APPSWE/PS1dE9 mice treated with liraglutide support the investigation of the therapeutic potential of liraglutide and long-lasting GLP-1 agonists in patients with AD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cardiac regeneration: repopulating the heart.
Many forms of pediatric and adult heart disease result from a deficiency in cardiomyocyte number. Through repopulation of the heart with new cardiomyocytes (that is, induction of regenerative cardiac growth), cardiac disease potentially can be reversed, provided that the newly formed myocytes structurally and functionally integrate in the preexisting myocardium. A number of approaches have been utilized to effect regenerative growth of the myocardium in experimental animals. These include interventions aimed at enhancing the ability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate in response to cardiac injury, as well as transplantation of cardiomyocytes or myogenic stem cells into diseased hearts. Here we review efforts to induce myocardial regeneration. We also provide a critical review of techniques currently used to assess cardiac regeneration and functional integration of de novo cardiomyocytes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
History of technology in the intensive care unit.
Critical care medicine is a young specialty and since its inception has been heavily reliant upon technology. Invasive monitoring has its humble beginnings in the continuous monitoring of heart rate and rhythm. From the development of right heart catheterization to the adaption of the echocardiogram for use in shock, intensivists have used technology to monitor hemodynamics. The care of the critically ill has been buoyed by investigators who sought to offer renal replacement therapy to unstable patients and worked to improve the monitoring of oxygen saturation. The evolution of mechanical ventilation for the critically ill embodies innumerable technological advances. More recently, critical care has insisted upon rigorous testing and cost-benefit analysis of technological advances. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Similarity coefficients for binary chemoinformatics data: overview and extended comparison using simulated and real data sets.
This paper reports an analysis and comparison of the use of 51 different similarity coefficients for computing the similarities between binary fingerprints for both simulated and real chemical data sets. Five pairs and a triplet of coefficients were found to yield identical similarity values, leading to the elimination of seven of the coefficients. The remaining 44 coefficients were then compared in two ways: by their theoretical characteristics using simple descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, Hasse diagrams, and the recently described atemporal target diffusion model; and by their effectiveness for similarity-based virtual screening using MDDR, WOMBAT, and MUV data. The comparisons demonstrate the general utility of the well-known Tanimoto method but also suggest other coefficients that may be worthy of further attention. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Area of submucosal invasion and width of invasion predicts lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancers.
The prediction of lymph node metastasis by current histopathological methods is imprecise. The aim of this study was to evaluate currently used and possible new high-risk features associated with lymph node metastasis to identify the markers of lymph node metastasis. Two hundred seven pT1 cancers were identified through the Northern and Yorkshire Cancer Registry and Information Services database and digitally scanned. Phenotypic and quantitative features of the pT1 cancers were evaluated. Lymph node metastasis and high-risk feature status were obtained through pathology reports of resections, and high-risk phenotypic features were identified. Lymph node metastasis was noted in 19 patients (9.2%). pT1 cancers with lymph node metastasis had a significantly wider area of invasion (p = 0.001) and greater area of submucosal invasion (p < 0.001) compared with pT1 cancers without lymph node metastasis. Qualitative features such as grade of differentiation and vascular and lymphatic invasion were significant predictors of lymph node metastasis (p < 0.0001, p = 0.039, and p = 0.018). Modified receiver-operating characteristics curves generated cutoff values of 11.5 mm for the width of invasion and 35 mm(2) for the area of submucosal invasion. When tested separately with other qualitative factors on multivariate analysis, both width greater than 11.5 mm (OR, 12.12; 95% CI, 2.19-67.23; p = 0.004) and area of submucosal invasion greater than 35 mm(2) (OR, 22.44; 95% CI, 2.7-186.63; p = 0.004) was predictive of lymph node metastasis. This is a retrospective study and is limited by its small sample size. This study has shown that the width and area of submucosal invasion are potential predictors of lymph node metastasis and superior to the depth of invasion. Together with the other qualitative phenotypic features, these quantitative factors could be used to decide the most appropriate treatment for pT1 cancers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fluoxetine attenuates the effects of pentylenetetrazol on rat freezing behavior and c-Fos expression in the dorsomedial periaqueductal gray.
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in anxiolytic-like actions of fluoxetine in animals treated with an anxiogenic drug, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), and subjected to fear conditioning procedure. The data showed that PTZ given at the dose of 30 mg/kg 15 min before a retention trial significantly decreased freezing reaction (p<0.01), and potently enhanced rat locomotor activity (p<0.01), in comparison to the control group. These effects were reversed by prior (60 min) administration of fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). Simultaneously, PTZ significantly increased c-Fos expression in the dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (DMPAG), examined 2h after the retention trial, in comparison to the control group (p<0.01). Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) administered 60 min before PTZ reversed this effect. PTZ given at the same dose and time interval in the open field test did not affect rat locomotor behavior. Importantly, fluoxetine pretreatment did not change PTZ concentration in brain tissue. Our experiment based on PTZ-enhanced aversive conditioning revealed that acutely administered fluoxetine antagonized PTZ-induced panic-like behavior, and this phenomenon was accompanied by inhibition of activity of DMPAG. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A Computer-Based Structure-Activity Relationship Method for Predicting the Toxic Effects of Organic Chemicals from Onedimensional Representations of their Molecular Structures.
A computer-based method is presented for the analysis and interpretation of structural formulae characterising chemical molecules. This method was developed to enable a computer to identify substructures of chemical molecules that are relevant in the context of specific toxicological questions. The new computer-based structure-examination method was used to develop the "structure" parts of several electronic structure-activity relationship models (SAR models) for analysing and interpreting the structural formula of a chemical from its one dimensional representation, by applying recursive principles and identifying partial isomorphic graphs. The structure-examination method is designed as part of an open-endpoint procedure to be used in expert systems, and could be applied in the construction of SAR models for almost all toxicological endpoints. The system was satisfactorily tested by identifying substructures relevant to severely damaging effects on skin and eyes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chemical industrial wastewater treated by combined biological and chemical oxidation process.
Wastewaters from phenol and rubber synthesis were treated by the activated sludge process in a large-scale chemical factory in Shanghai, but the final effluent quality cannot conform with the local discharge limit without using river water for dilution. Therefore, this chemical factory had to upgrade its wastewater treatment plant. To fully use the present buildings and equipment during upgrading of the chemical factory's wastewater treatment plant and to save operation costs, a sequential biological pre-treatement, chemical oxidation, and biological post-treatment (or BCB for short) process had been proposed and investigated in a pilot trial. The pilot trial results showed that about 80% COD in the chemical wastewater could be removed through anoxic and aerobic degradation in the biological pre-treatement section, and the residual COD in the effluent of the biological pre-treatment section belongs to refractory chemicals which cannot be removed by the normal biological process. The refractory chemicals were partial oxidized using Fenton's reagent in the chemical oxidation section to improve their biodegradability; subsequently the wastewater was treated by the SBR process in the biological post-treatment section. The final effluent COD reached the first grade discharge limit (<100 mg l(-1)) of Chinese Notational Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) even if without using any dilution water. Compared with the original dilution and biological process, the operation cost of the BCB process increased by about 0.5 yuan (RMB) per cubic metre wastewater, but about 1,240,000 m(3) a(-1) dilution water could be saved and the COD emission could be cut down by 112 tonne each year. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Statin therapy is associated with the development of new-onset diabetes after transplantation in liver recipients with high fasting plasma glucose levels.
New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) and dyslipidemia are important metabolic complications after liver transplantation (LT) that can adversely affect both allograft and patient survival. Statins are used as first-line therapies for dyslipidemia because of their effectiveness and safety profile. However, it has recently been reported that statin therapy is associated with new-onset diabetes in the nontransplant population. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between statin therapy and the development of NODAT in LT recipients. Three hundred sixty-four LT recipients who underwent transplantation between the ages of 20 and 75 years without a previous history of diabetes were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the incidence of NODAT with respect to statin use as well as other risk factors. The incidence of NODAT was significantly higher in the statin group (31.7%) versus the control group (17.6%, P = 0.03). The mean follow-up period was 37.8 ± 19.0 months for the statin group and 42.7 ± 16.0 months for the control group (P = 0.07). Statin use was significantly associated with NODAT development after adjustments for other risk factors [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23-4.39, P = 0.01]. Impaired fasting glucose before transplantation was also a risk factor for NODAT development (HR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.36-3.62, P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, cumulative corticosteroid dose, or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels between the groups. Patients with high FPG levels were more likely to develop NODAT when they were placed on statins after LT (P = 0.002). In conclusion, statin treatment could contribute to the development of NODAT in LT recipients, especially if they have high baseline FPG levels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effects of age and viral serology on γδ T-cell numbers and exercise responsiveness in humans.
γδ T-cells are cytotoxic effector cells that preferentially migrate to peripheral tissues and recognize many types of antigen. We examined the effects of age and viral serology on the exercise responsiveness of γδ T-cells. Blood was collected from 17 younger (age: 23-35yrs) and 17 older (50-64yrs) healthy males matched for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus-1 and Parvovirus B19 serologic status before and after a single bout of cycling exercise. Older had lower numbers and proportions of γδ T-cells than younger, while CMV was associated with increased numbers and proportions of γδ T-cells in younger but not older. Exercise evoked a ∼2-fold increase in circulating γδ T-cell numbers. The magnitude of this response was 3-times greater in younger compared to older, and 1.6-times greater in younger CMV-infected compared to younger non CMV-infected. To conclude, γδ T-cell numbers and exercise responsiveness decreases with age and may contribute to impaired immunosurveillance after acute acute physical stress. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
pH and Erosive Potential of Commonly Used Oral Moisturizers.
To measure the pH values of commonly used oral moisturizers and to evaluate their erosive potential using a gravimetric analysis. A pH analysis was performed for seven commercially available oral moisturizers using a calibrated pH meter. The pH recording was repeated three times, from three different bottles each of the same product. The gravimetric analysis was performed by submerging human dentin blocks in 5 ml of each of the moisturizers for a total of 2 weeks, with gravimetric measurements made at baseline, 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, and 15 days. Tap water was used as positive control and citric acid as the negative control. The erosive potential was descriptively analyzed, and a Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between the erosive potential and the pH values. The average pH values are as follows: Oasis, 6.3, Bioténe Moisturizing Mouth Spray, 6.1, CTx2 Spray, 9.1, Mouth Kote, 3.0, Thayer's, 6.3, Bioténe Oral Balance, 6.6, Rain, 7.1, tap water 6.99, and citric acid 1.33. The results (% of tooth structure lost) of the gravimetric analysis were as follows: Mouth Kote, 9.6%, Bioténe Moisturizing Mouth Spray, 4.6%, Oasis, 3.2%, Thayer's, 2.0%, Bioténe Oral Balance, 0.0%, Rain, 0.0%, CTx2 Spray, 0.0%, tap water 0.0%, and citric acid 18.8%. There was a significant negative correlation between the pH values and the erosive potential (r(s) = -0.73; P ≤ 0.0001). There is large variation in the composition and pH values of commonly used oral moisturizers, and there is a strong correlation between pH values and erosive potential of commonly used oral moisturizers. Patients with dry mouth are at increased risk for erosion and root caries. Oral moisturizing agents are often prescribed for patients with hyposalivation to be used as needed for symptomatic relief. This study shows that there is large variation in the pH values and erosive potential of commonly used oral moisturizing agents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The economic impacts of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Our study documents the direct costs, family costs and community (extra school) costs. One hundred and twenty families with children who had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) diagnosed by established criteria and who lived in New England were asked to participate. All data except inpatient charged were collected via questionnaire. The questionnaire return rate was 59% (N = 70). The mean annualized direct cost/child was 7,905 (inpatient, $1,717; outpatient, $5,700; and nonmedical, $488). Family costs averaged $1,524/year (out of pocket medical and nonmedical, $1,196; lost salary, $328), which represented 5% of mean family income. The mean extra school cost was $1,449/9 months. The economic impacts of JRA appear to be substantial. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recruitment of triceps surae motor units in the decerebrate cat. II. Heterogeneity among soleus motor units.
1. On the basis of the orderly activation of motoneurons in a pool, one would predict that motor unit activity and whole muscle force will change at least roughly in parallel: active motor units should continue to fire as net muscle force increases and quiescent motor units should remain inactive as muscle force decreases. We have consistently observed this relationship in our studies of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle, but here we report an uncoupling of the soleus muscle and some of its motor units. 2. Physiological properties and firing behaviors of 20 soleus motor units were characterized in five decerebrate cats with the use of intra-axonal stimulation and recording. Motor unit firing was elicited in reflexes initiated by muscle stretch, nerve stimulation, and mechanical stimulation of the heel. Particular emphasis was placed on the heterogenic reflexes produced in soleus by ramphold-release stretches of the MG muscle. In agreement with previous reports, either net heterogenic excitation or inhibition of the soleus muscle was produced in separate trials of MG stretch. 3. During excitation of soleus in autogenic stretch reflexes and in crossed-extension reflexes, all 20 units were recruited or increased firing, i.e., unit firing was coupled with soleus force. In the other reflexes, however, unit firing and muscle force were uncoupled for 10 of these units. Six tonically active motor units were inhibited during an increase in soleus force produced by MG stretch or by mechanical stimulation of the heel. Four motor units were activated during a decrease in soleus force produced by the same stimuli. 4. Six motor units were studied during both soleus inhibition and excitation evoked by MG stretches. One motor unit was consistently coupled to the soleus muscle response; firing increased during soleus excitation and decreased during inhibition. However, four soleus motor units were inhibited under both conditions, and one unit was excited under both conditions. Thus the firing behavior of five of these six motor units was the same in response to MG stretch, irrespective of the soleus response. 5. The uncoupling was most clearly recognized when tonically active units ceased firing during net excitation of the soleus muscle and when silent units began firing during net inhibition of the soleus muscle. Unit responses were not as striking in all trials of MG stretch (spike number increased or decreased relative to prestretch values by 1-4 spikes), but the responses were consistent across trials; in multiple stretches, spike number commonly either increased or decreased. Intertrial regularity was also observed in units for which firing was coupled with the net reflex response of the soleus muscle. 6. Divergence in the firing of soleus motor units was also observed in three cases in which records were taken simultaneously from two motor units. In one pair, one unit increased and the other decreased firing during MG stretch-evoked inhibition of soleus. In the other two pairs, one unit increased and the other decreased firing when soleus was excited by heel stimulation. In all pairs, the unit that decreased firing under these conditions had the lowest recruitment threshold in response to the soleus stretch. 7. Although all soleus motor units were classified as slow-twitch (type S), variation in their physiological properties bore some relation to firing behavior. Those units recruited during periods of soleus inhibition exhibited among the fastest conduction velocities and contraction times in our sample. In all three unit pairs sampled, the unit expressing decreases in firing had the slower conduction velocity and contraction time. 8. These findings demonstrate that soleus motor units are differentially activated and deactivated by peripheral afferents. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[What to do before a hypervitaminia B12 in the elderly].
Hypervitanimia B12 is an early marker of serious pathologies. These include solid neoplasms, malignant blood diseases and acute/chronic hepatopathies. Hypervitaminemia B12 in geriatrics is thereby an indicator in the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Histidine-rich glycoprotein: A novel adaptor protein in plasma that modulates the immune, vascular and coagulation systems.
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is an abundant plasma glycoprotein that has a multidomain structure, interacts with many ligands, and has been shown to regulate a number of important biological processes. HRG ligands include Zn(2+) and haem, tropomyosin, heparin and heparan sulphate, plasminogen, plasmin, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, IgG, FcgammaR and complement. In many cases, the histidine-rich region of the molecule enhances ligand binding following interaction with Zn(2+) or exposure to low pH, conditions associated with sites of tissue injury or tumour growth. The multidomain nature of HRG indicates that it can act as an extracellular adaptor protein, bringing together disparate ligands, particularly on cell surfaces. HRG binds to most cells primarily via heparan sulphate proteoglycans, binding which is also potentiated by elevated free Zn(2+) levels and low pH. Recent reports have shown that HRG can modulate angiogenesis and additional studies have shown that it may regulate other physiological processes such as cell adhesion and migration, fibrinolysis and coagulation, complement activation, immune complex clearance and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. This review outlines the molecular, structural, biological and clinical properties of HRG as well as describing the role of HRG in various physiological processes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Expression of differentiative traits in the absence of cell fusion during myogenesis in culture.
Fusion of myoblasts is inhibited in cultures at low Ca++ concentration (0.44 mM); yet creatine phosphokinase and myokinase activities as well as myosin synthesis and the appearance of post-mitotic myoblasts do not significantly differ from those of control cultures (grown at 1.04 mM Ca++) which undergo cell fusion. When Ca++ concentration is increased to the control value after the second day of culture, fusion occurs very rapidly and it is not inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Treatment with 0.06 mM bromodeoxyuridine strongly inhibits creatine phosphokinase activity and myotubes formation. The study of the kinetics of reversal of cell fusion and of creatine phosphokinase activity after removal of the analog, shows that this process is slower than the decrease of the relative content of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into DNA. The result obtained support the following conclusions: a) the expression of the differentiative characters examined does not require cell fusion; b) the process of myotube formation seems to imply two subsequent stages consisting first of a slow maturative process, which is followed by the actual fusion of cell membranes; the former is Ca++ independent, the latter is Ca++ dependent and does not require RNA or protein synthesis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
From Majorana fermions to topological order.
We consider a system consisting of a 2D network of links between Majorana fermions on superconducting islands. We show that the fermionic Hamiltonian modeling this system is topologically ordered in a region of parameter space: we show that Kitaev's toric code emerges in fourth-order perturbation theory. By using a Jordan-Wigner transformation we can map the model onto a family of signed 2D Ising models in a transverse field where the signs, ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic, are determined by additional gauge bits. Our mapping allows an understanding of the nonperturbative regime and the phase transition to a nontopological phase. We discuss the physics behind a possible implementation of this model and argue how it can be used for topological quantum computation by adiabatic changes in the Hamiltonian. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of different heat treatments on lysozyme quantity and antimicrobial activity of jenny milk.
Thermal treatments are used to improve milk microbial safety, shelf life, and biological activity of some of its components. However, thermal treatments can reduce the nutritional quality of milk, affecting the molecular structure of milk proteins, such as lysozyme, which is a very important milk component due to its antimicrobial effect against gram-positive bacteria. Jenny milk is characterized by high lysozyme content. For this reason, in the last few years, it has been used as an antimicrobial additive in dairy products as an alternative to hen egg white lysozyme, which can cause allergic reactions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pasteurization and condensation on the concentration and antimicrobial activity of lysozyme in jenny milk. Furthermore, lysozyme quantity and activity were tested in raw and pasteurized milk after condensation at 40 and 20% of the initial volume. Reversed-phase HPLC was performed under fluorescence detection to monitor lysozyme in milk samples. We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the tested milk against Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mojavensis, Clavibacter michiganensis, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Xanthomonas campestris, and Escherichia coli. Condensation and pasteurization did not affect the concentration or antimicrobial activity of lysozyme in jenny milk, except for B. mojaventis, which showed resistance to lysozyme in milk samples subjected to heat treatments. Moreover, lysozyme in jenny milk showed antimicrobial activity similar to synthetic antibiotics versus some gram-positive strains and also versus the gram-negative strain X. campestris. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Biomimetic fibers made of recombinant spidroins with the same toughness as natural spider silk.
Using a self-assembly of recombinant spidroins, biomimetic spinning dopes are produced and wet-spun into fibers. Upon varying the molecular design of the underlying recombinant spidroins, the influence of the amino- and carboxy-terminal domains, as well as the size of the repetitive core domain on fiber mechanics, is determined. Fiber toughness upon biomimetic processing equals and even slightly exceeds that of natural ones. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Outcome of watch and wait strategy or organ preservation for rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: report of 35 cases from a single cancer center].
To investigate the safety and efficacy of organ preservation surgery or "watch and wait" strategy for rectal cancer patients who are evaluated as clinical complete response(cCR) or near-cCR following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). From March 2011 to June 2016, 35 patients with mid-low rectal cancers who were diagnosed as cCR or near-cCR following nCRT underwent organ preservation surgery with local excision or surveillance following "watch and wait" strategy in the Peking University Cancer Hospital. All the patients received re-evaluation and re-staging 6-12 weeks after the completion of nCRT, according to Habr-Gama and MSKCC criteria for the diagnosis of cCR or near-cCR. The near-cCR patients who received local excision and were pathologically diagnosed as T0Nx were also regarded as cCR. The end-points of this study included organ-preservation rate (OPR), sphincter-preservation rate (SPR), non-re-growth disease-free survival (NR-DFS), stoma-free survival, cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival(OS). Kaplan-Meier curve was used to estimate the survival data at 3 years. A total of 35 cases were analyzed including 24 males (68.6%) and 11 females (31.4%). The median age was 60 (range 37-79) years and the median distance from tumor to anal edge was 4(2-8) cm. Thirty-three patients received 50.6 Gy/22f IMRT with capecitabine and two patients received 50 Gy/25f RT with capecitabine. The cCR and near-cCR rates were 74.3%(26/35) and 25.7%(9/35) respectively. Excision biopsy was performed in 4 near-cCR cases to confirm the diagnosis of cCR. The non-re-growth DFS rate was 14.3%(5/35) and the median time of tumor re-growth was 6.7 (4.7-37.4) months. In five patients with tumor re-growth, four were salvaged by radical rectal resections and one received local excision. The distant metastasis rate was 5.7%(2/35), one patient presented resectable liver metastasis and received radical resection, another patient presented multiple bone metastases and was still alive. The median follow-up time was 43.7(6.1-71.4) months. At three years, the organ-preservation rate was 88.6%(31/35), the sphincter-preservation rate was 97.1% (34/35). No local recurrence was observed in five patients who received salvage surgery. The non-re-growth DFS was 94.0%. Three patients died of non-rectal cancer related events. The cancer-specific survival was 100%, the overall survival was 92.7% and the stoma-free survival rate was 90.0%. Organ preservation surgery or "watch and wait" strategy for cCR or near-cCR patients is feasible and achieves good outcomes. This strategy can be an alternative to standard care, improve patient's quality of life and facilitate tailored treatment for mid-low rectal cancer following nCRT, however, it should be cautiously applied in near-cCR patients before local excision biopsy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recently identified peptides involved in the regulation of body weight.
The application of molecular and genetic techniques to the study of body weight regulation have produced exciting new insights into the physiological systems governing energy expenditure, appetite, and metabolic signaling. A number of new peptides have been identified that play important roles in these regulatory systems. These include the hormone leptin, the short and long forms of the leptin receptor, uncoupling proteins, agouti protein, melanocortin receptor isoforms, melanin-concentrating hormone, and the proteins responsible for tub and fat, two monogenic mouse models of obesity. This article reviews some of the new insights gained from studies of these peptides. Although much of this new knowledge has come from studies of obesity, there may be implications for the clinical syndromes associated with weight loss. As more is learned about these systems, potential new targets for therapeutic intervention will likely become evident. These interventions may develop first as obesity treatments, but investigators and clinicians involved in the care of cachectic patients should follow these scientific developments as well. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chrysin inhibits cell invasion by inhibition of Recepteur d'origine Nantais via suppressing early growth response-1 and NF-κB transcription factor activities in gastric cancer cells.
Cell invasion is one of crucial reasons for cancer metastasis and malignancy. Recepteur d'origine Nantais (RON) has been reported to play an important role in the cancer cell invasion process. High accumulation and activation of RON has been implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Chrysin is a naturally occurring phytochemical, a type of flavonoid, which has been reported to suppress tumor metastasis. However, the effects of chrysin on RON expression in gastric cancer are not well studied. In the present study, we examined whether chrysin affects RON expression in gastric cancer, and if so, its underlying mechanism. We examined the effect of chrysin on RON expression and activity, via RT-PCR, promoter study, and western blotting in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Chrysin significantly inhibited endogenous and inducible RON expression in a dose-dependent manner. After demonstrating that Egr-1 and NF-κB are the critically required transcription factors for RON expression, we discovered that chrysin suppressed Egr-1 and NF-κB transcription factor activities. Additionally, the phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate- (PMA) induced cell invasion was partially abrogated by chrysin and an RON antibody. Our results suggest that chrysin has anticancer effects at least by suppressing RON expression through blocking Egr-1 and NF-κB in gastric cancer AGS cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
New insulins and the risk of cancer.
On 26 June 2009, four studies with an accompanying editorial (1) were published online in Diabetologia, the journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2). Performed in Germany, Sweden, England and Scotland using large diabetes and cancer databases, these retrospective epidemiological studies investigated the risk of malignancy in patients treated with insulin analogues, in particular insulin glargine (brand name Lantus), sanofi-aventis). The results have been discussed extensively in the public domain and have led to considerable insecurity of patients treated with insulin analogues. Several position statements and commentaries have been issued (3,4) concluding that a relationship between insulin glargine and cancer cannot be confirmed nor excluded on the basis of currently available data and that the concerns require further in-depth evaluation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prospective evaluation of supportive care with or without CVD chemotherapy as a second-line treatment in advanced melanoma by patient's choice: a multicentre Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group trial.
This prospective, nonrandomized multicentre, phase III study compared best supportive care (BSC) alone with cisplatin, vindesine and dacabazine-based (CVD) chemotherapy and BSC in patients with advanced melanoma. A total of 117 pretreated patients with metastatic melanoma were evaluated, 34 patients in arm A (BSC) and 83 in arm B (BSC and CVD). Primary endpoint was overall survival and secondary endpoints were disease control rate and quality of life (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30). Owing to sparse recruitment of patients for randomization, the protocol has been changed based on patients' choice. Baseline characteristics were imbalanced with respect to the Karnofsky Performance Index (P=0.001), the existence of brain metastases (P=0.035) and earlier application of chemoimmunotherapy (P=0.038). Disease control was observed in 8.8% of patients in arm A and in 28.9% of patients in arm B (P=0.028). Median overall survival time was 137 days in arm A and 229 days in arm B (P=0.014). Multivariate analyses could not ascribe this prognostic benefit to CVD treatment. No significant difference in the quality of life could be found. This study could not detect clear survival benefits for polychemotherapy with CVD compared with BSC alone in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. Interestingly, having the choice of chemotherapy or BSC alone in a second-line situation, more than 70% of patients chose polychemotherapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Patterns of periovulatory oviductal motility and progesterone in the unanesthetized rabbit.
Pairs of miniature extraluminal force transducers were chronically implanted on the isthmus of 26 rabbits without disturbing reproductive function. No alterations were noted in the transducer-bearing animals in the numbers of corpora lutea, uterine implants, or viable conceptuses, or in fertility, pregnancy rates, rates of ovum transport, or peripheral plasma levels of progesterone (P) or estradiol (E2). Using these devices, isthmic motility was recorded in 14 unanesthetized rabbits throughout the 72 h following human chorionic gonadotropin injection (hCG) (75 IU) and coitus. This activity was comprised of distinct bursts (B) of intense contractile activity, interspersed with periods (IB) of relative quiescence. Although the basic pattern of B and IB periods persisted throughout this interval, significant changes were noted in the duration of its components. During this period, B durations increased, with all values greater (P less than 0.01) than estrus from 24 h following the ovulatory stimuli. IB durations diminished somewhat at 24 h, but were markedly prolonged at 60 and 72 h. The proportion of time spent in bursting activity was maximal and significantly greater than estrus (P less than 0.01) at 24 h, a time at which ova were retained at the ampullary-isthmic junction. This proportion was minimal, on the other hand, at 60 and 72 h, when ova were moving rapidly through the isthmus and uterotubal junction. Plasma P surged from estrus to a peak at 6 h, fell until 24 h, and gradually increased through 72 h. All post-stimulus P values were greater (P less than 0.01) than at estrus. The B and IB durations at 72 h were both positively correlated with the P levels at 6 h. These findings suggest the importance of specific patterns of isthmic motility in ovum transport and of P in its regulation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparative assessment of maxillary perfusion between two different Le Fort I osteotomy techniques.
Compromised maxillary perfusion following Le Fort I osteotomy is a potentially serious complication resulting in hard and/or soft tissue loss. The aim of this study was to compare the change in perfusion between two techniques of posterior maxillary disjunction by intraoperative measurement of maxillary gingival blood flow (GBF). Further, we sought to correlate the association of the movement of the maxilla and estimated blood loss as factors. The study population comprised 38 individuals, divided equally into two groups: a pterygoid disjunction group and a third molar socket disjunction group. GBF was measured using Doppler flowmetry. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. There was a significant drop in GBF in both groups. However, there was no significant difference between the groups based on magnitude of blood flow drop. Superior repositioning of the osteotomized maxilla caused the greatest drop in GBF, which was statistically significant. There was significantly less blood loss in the pterygoid disjunction group. In conclusion, Le Fort I osteotomy causes a significant decrease in GBF. The technique used for posterior maxillary disjunction does not influence the magnitude of drop in perfusion. There is a significant correlation of other factors such as the effect of superior repositioning of the maxilla and blood loss with the osteotomy techniques. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Conformationally constrained inhibitors of caspase-1 (interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme) and of the human CED-3 homologue caspase-3 (CPP32, apopain).
A systematic study of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE, caspase-1) and caspase-3 (CPP32, apopain) inhibitors incorporating a P2-P3 conformationally constrained dipeptide mimetic is reported. Depending on the nature of the P4 substituent, highly selective inhibitors of both Csp-1 or Csp-3 were obtained. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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