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ed825676-114b-4799-871b-3dfc47798255 | An expectant mother feels quickening at: | 12-18 weeks | 16-20 weeks | 26 weeks | 24-28 weeks | 1b
| single | Ans. is b, i.e. 16-20 weeksRef. Dutta Obs 9/e, p 63: Reddy 27/e, p 434"Quickening (feeling of life) denotes the perception of active fetal movements by the women. It is usually felt about the 18th week Q, 2 weeks earlier in multiparae. Its appearance is a useful guide to calculate the expected date of delivery with reasonable accuracy" Ref. Dutta Obs, 9/e, p 63"Quickening is felt between 16th to 20th week Q" --Reddy 27/e, p 343PhenomenonTimePalpation of fetal part20 weeksActive fetal movement felt by placing a hand on abdomen20 weeksExternal ballottement20 weeksInternal ballottement16-28 weeksFHS audible by Stethoscope18-20 weeksFetal movement can be detected by Doppler10 weeksLightening38 weeks | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Physiological changes during Pregnancy |
a6ead63e-677d-4c22-98a4-42bdd31610ac | All of the following are causes of Renal Vein Thrombosis, Except: | Membranous Nephropathy | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | Lupus Nephritis | Post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN) | 3d
| multi | Answer is D (PSGN): Post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis has not been mentioned as a cause of Renal Vein thrombosis Nephrotic Syndrome: Common Renal pathologies causing Renal Vein Thrombosis Membranous Glomerulonephritis (strongest association) Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Amyloidosis Lupus Nephritis (Thrombosis & hemorrhage 3rd/724) Nephrotic syndrome due to diabetic mellitus, minimal change disease andfbcal segmental sclerosis are rarely associated with renal vein thrombosis | Medicine | null |
dbcc3722-a3eb-4303-8a87-d1c903c63f32 | Drug which do not cause hyperprolactinemia: | Bromocriptine | Haloperidol | Reserpine | Chlorpromazine | 0a
| single | Ans. A. BromocriptineAll of the drugs listed are D2 blockers which are associated with hyperprolactinemia except bromocriptine which is D 2 agonist. | Pharmacology | C.N.S |
5e56c425-99f8-4d53-b197-7b2f2c5ffaf6 | All of the following are indicators of air pollution except | CO | SO2 | Soiling index | Smoking index | 3d
| multi | Soiling index or smoke index is used to monitor air pollution. Best indicators of air pollution are sulfur dioxide, smoke index, grit and dust measurement, coefficient of haze and Air pollution index. Smoking index is measured by multiplying the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 796 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and health |
2c0bbad8-9221-4953-8acd-f4776fcb3f05 | Sex determination in early pregnancy Is done by: | X-rays | Amniocentesis | Ultrasound | Hysteroscopy | 2c
| single | Ultrasound | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
67b13bc8-a7cd-4c61-ab1c-60eaccdecdae | What is the rate of release of levonorgestrel into the uterus from Mirena, a progestin releasing intrauterine device? | 20 microgm/d | 30 microgm/d | 50 microgm/d | 70 microgm/d | 0a
| single | Mirena is a progestin releasing device, it releases levonorgestrel into the uterus at a rate of 20 microgm/d. It has a T-shaped radiopaque frame, with its stem wrapped with a cylinder reservoir, composed of a polydimethylsiloxane-levonorgestrel mixture. Cu T 380A is another progestin releasing device. It has a polyethylene and barium sulfate, T-shaped frame wound with copper. Ref: Cunningham F.G., Leveno K.J., Bloom S.L., Hauth J.C., Rouse D.J., Spong C.Y. (2010). Chapter 32. Contraception. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
dd8835a2-e96c-4ab2-8e61-9d58912f1b41 | Which of the following can be givenorally - | Cytosine ara | Actinomycin D | Doxorubicin | Mesna | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Mesna o MESNA is given alongwith alkylating agents to prevent nephrotoxicity due to cyclophosphamide. o It can be administered intravenously or orally. Cytarabine Cytarabine (Ara C) is degraded by the enzyme cytidine deaminase. Cytidine deaminase is present in high concentrations in g.i. tract therefore only about 20% of the drug reaches the circulation after oral Ara-C administration. Thus the drug must be given intravenously. Dactinomvcin or Actinomvcin D o It is administered by intravenous route. Doxorubicin It is administered intravenously and are cleared by complex pattern of hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion. | Pharmacology | null |
d403c03e-ac03-428d-b7f1-4dc766ad7cf1 | Which of these is true regarding CML - | Size of splenomegaly indicates prognosis | Phagocytic activity of WBC is reduced | Sudan black stain is specific for myeloblast | All | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Size of splenomegaly indicates prognosis SOKAL INDEX is used for assessing the prognosis in CML. It includes 1. % of circulating blasts 3. platelet count 5. cytogenetic clonal evaluation 2. spleen size 4. age o The cytogenic hallmark of CML is presence of philadelphia chromosome (9:22). It is present in all the cell lines. Whether erythroid series, myeloid series or megakaryocytes. Also know o Other index used for assessing the prognosis of CML is HASFORD SYSTEM. It was developed based on IFN-alpha treated patients. It includes:- i) % of circulating blasts iii) Spleen size v) Age % of eosinophils & basophils iv) Platelet count | Pathology | null |
4fb19f04-e93b-4961-9a9c-e20fcbdb194f | Disulfiram like reaction is commonly caused by which of the following: March 2005 | Penicillin | metronidazole | Tetracycline | erythromycin | 1b
| single | Ans. B: Metronidazole Drugs causing Disulfiram like reaction Metronidazole Cefamandole Cefoperazone Chlorpropamide Sulfonylureas Quinacrine Griseofuvin Chloramphenicol Tinidazole Procarbazine Ritonavir Nitrofurantoin Chloramphenicol Chloral hydrate | Pharmacology | null |
23febf88-8f87-495d-8005-9979e455d6d6 | Best Prognostic factor for head injury ? | Age of patient | Glasgow coma scale | Mode of injury | Presence of facial trauma | 1b
| single | Glassgow Coma Scale (GCS) Maximum score - 15, minimum score - 3 Best predictor of outcome : Motor response Patients scoring 3 or 4 have an 85% chance of dying or remaining vegetative, while scores above 11 indicate only a 5-10% likelihood of death Table given as image Ref : Harrison's 19th edition Pgno :1777 | Surgery | Trauma |
1454d0fa-edeb-4dba-8e20-27f2adec302b | The labial bow in activator is constructed with: | 0.6mm | 0.5mrn | 0.7mm | 0.8mm & slightly heavier | 3d
| single | null | Dental | null |
52d710ed-b3db-4e56-8c43-e8ef28cb627b | Urea cycle components are all except | Urease | Arginase | Transcarbamoylase | Arginosuccinase | 0a
| multi | l-Ornithine transcarbamoylase (EC 2.1.3.3) catalyzes transfer of the carbamoyl group of carbamoyl phosphate to ornithine, forming citrulline and ohophosphate. Argininosuccinate synthase (EC 6.3.4.5) links aspaate and citrulline the amino group of aspaate (reaction 3, Figure 28-16) and provides the second nitrogen of urea Hydrolytic cleavage of the guanidino group of arginine, catalyzed by liver arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), releases urea. Urease is not involved in the urea cycleRef: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 294 | Biochemistry | Metabolism of nucleic acids |
358dccee-4bd0-4aec-ac80-f8c12d9e3708 | Basal lamina of blood vessel in CNS is secreted by | Endothelial cells | Oligodendrocytes | Microglia | Astrocytes | 0a
| single | null | Anatomy | null |
a5f2949b-e03f-4f7a-8d79-aa0d173db831 | A 36-year-old woman with pneumococcal pneumonia develops a right pleural effusion. The pleural fluid displays a high specific gravity and contains large numbers of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. Which of the following best characterizes this pleural effusion? | Fibrinous exudate | Lymphedema | Purulent exudate | Serosanguineous exudate | 2c
| single | -The pleural effusion encountered in this patient represents excess fluid in a body cavity. Transudate-Edema fluid with low protein content Exudate-Edema fluid with high protein content. Purulent exudate or effusion contains a prominent cellular component (PMNs). Serous exudate or effusion is characterized by the absence of a prominent cellular response and has a yellow, straw like color. Fibrinous exudate (choice A) does not contain leukocytes. Serosanguineous exudate (choice D) contains RBCs and has a red tinge. Diagnosis: Bacterial pneumonia, pleural effusion | Pathology | Basic Concepts and Vascular changes of Acute Inflammation |
8e458cff-e2eb-4a7d-be60-5d2aadab905b | Which of the following type of cell is concerned with the production of surfactant? | Type I Pneumocytes | Type II Pneumocytes | Alveolar macrophages | Clara cells | 1b
| single | Pulmonary surfactant composed of myelin and lecithin is mainly secreted continuously by Type II pneumocyte beginning from 20th week of gestation. Also Know: Surfactant has both lipid (90%) and protein (10%) component. About half of the lipids are dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and the remaining are phosphatidylglycerol, cholesterol and other lipids. Half of the proteins are apoproteins and other half is composed of proteins normally found in blood plasma. Function of surfactant: The surfactant greatly reduces the surface tension allowing easier expansion and collapse of alveoli during during respiration and the resulting changes in pressure. It also helps the alveoli to expand and shrink at the same rate thereby reducing the chance for isolated overexpansion and total collapse of alveolar sacs. Ref: The Big Picture: Medical Biochemistry by Lee W. Janson, chapter 17 | Physiology | null |
38b2163e-fcc9-4b70-97d2-bd9023cfbdb4 | Wrong about Mother and Child Health programme is – a) Useful for children upto 12 years of ageb) It's objective is to prevent against chronic diseasesc) 100% immunization to be done by 200 A.D. against six vaccine preventable diseasesd) To decrease acute respiratory infections | ac | ab | ad | bc | 1b
| single | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
86110f1c-75ea-4834-9c63-41941a70079a | Gene responsible for FAP is located at | Chromosome 5 | Chromosome 8 | Chromosome 15 | Chromosome X | 0a
| single | Familial adenomatous polyp(FAP) is inherited as an autosomal dominant neoplastic condition (chromosome 5q21). It has a high potential for malignant transformation. It presents in younger age group- 15-20 yrs; equal in both sexes. It commonly involves the large intestine but can also occur in stomach, duodenum and small intestine. Reference : page 899 SRB's manual of surgery 5th edition | Surgery | Urology |
2dae497d-fa62-4c17-b93a-9454223aa9a4 | The most impoant function of epithelioid cells in tuberculosis is - | Phagocytosis | Secretory | Antigenic | Healing | 1b
| single | Epithelioid cells. These are so called because of their epithelial cell-like appearance, are modified macrophages/ histiocytes which are somewhat elongated, having a vesicular and lightly-staining slipper-shaped nucleus, and pale staining abundant cytoplasm with hazy outlines so that the cell membrane of adjacent epithelioid cells is closely apposed.Epithelioid cells are weakly phagocytic. It is suggested that epithelioid cells could play an impoant role in fibrosis possibly by the secretion of a fibroblast activating factor. Ref:Harsh Mohan - Textbook of Pathology, 6th Edition.page no.148 &Immunobiology,elsevier,Volume 221, Issue 12, Pages 1329-1432. | Pathology | dermatology and infectious disease |
f325d194-6502-42cd-9f69-bb562b897b5d | Developmental depressions on both mesial and distal sides of roots are seen in: | Mandibular central incisor | Maxillary canines | Mesial root of mandibular 1st molar | All of the above | 3d
| multi | Deep concavities on distal surface are present in – Maxillary 1st premolar
Deep concavities on distal surface are present in – Maxillary 1st molar
Developmental depressions on both mesial and distal sides of roots are seen in – Mandibular central incisors, upper canines, mesial root of mandibular 1st molar. | Dental | null |
eeca5687-f52a-4e61-a4e5-1f7905bb64ee | Biological Methods of Treatments in Psychiatry include all except | Electroconvulsive therapy | Sub-convulsive ECT | Psychosurgery | Aversion therapy | 3d
| multi | (D) Aversion therapy # Biological Methods of Treatments in Psychiatry include:> Older methods (no longer used in clinical practice): Malarial treatment for general paralysis of insane Insulin coma therapy Atropine coma therapy Continuous sleep treatment Sub-convulsive ECT Chemical convulsive therapy Sleep deprivation Mega vitamin therapy; Hallucinogens> Presently Used Biological Methods: Electroconvulsive therapy; Psychosurgery# Psychological Treatments (Psychosocial therapies): Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy -- Aversion therapy Transactional analysis Others: Hypnosis; Group therapy; Cognitive therapy; Behaviorism; Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning; Dual sex therapy; Psychodrama; Primal therapy; Rational emotive therapy; Primal therapy; will therapy; Gestalt therapy; Existenlial logotherapy; Reciprocal inhibition; Progressive muscular relaxation; Character analysis; Token economy. | Psychiatry | Miscellaneous |
46686ff7-1daf-4389-8788-f82db1916eb0 | Cardiomyopathy is/are due to deficinency of: | Selenium | Phosphorus | Boron | Zinc | 0a
| single | Ans.: A (Selenium) ' Selenium deficiency causes Keshan disease(endemic cardiomyopathy)"Shinde 7th/594Possible causes of cardiomyopathy include; www.may- odinic.com/heaith/cardiomyopa thy/DS00519/DSECTION# Long-term high blood pressure# Defects in heart valve# Heart tissue damage from a previous heart attack# Chronic rapid heart rate# Metabolic disorders, such as thyroid disease or diabetes# Nutritional defdencies of essential vitamins or minerals, such as thiamin (vitamin B-l), selenium, calcium and magnesium# Pregnancy# Excessive use of alcohol over many years# Abuse of cocaine or antidepressant medications, such as tricyclic antidepressantsUse of some chemotherapy drugs to treat cancerSome viral infections, which may injure the heart and trigger cardiomyopathyIron buildup in your heart muscle (hemochromatosis)Genetic conditionsReversible cardiomyopathy due to carnitine deficiency from renal tubular wasting.Table (Harrison 18th/595): Deficiencies of MetalsElementDeficiencyBoronNo biologic function determinedCalciumReduced bone mass, osteoporosisCopperAnemia,, growth retardation, defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deteriorationChromiumimpaired glucose toleranceFluoride| Dental cariesIodineThyroid enlargement, |T4, cretinismIronMuscle abnormalities, koilonychia, pica, anemia, 4work performance, impaired cognitive development, premature labor, Tperinatal maternal mortalityManganeseImpaired growth and skeletal development, reproduction, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; upper body rashMolybdenumSevere neurologic abnormalitiesSeleniumCardiomyopathy, heart failure, striated muscle degenerationPhosphorusRickets (osteomalacia), proximal muscle weakness, rhabdomyolvsis, paresthesia, ataxia, seizure, confusion, heart failure, hemolysis, acidosisZincGrowth retardation, !taste and smell, alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, failure to thrive, gonadal atrophy, congenital malformations | Biochemistry | Nutrition & Digestion |
1d70c1c3-13b7-4389-a11b-847da2410cc5 | The following is lure for Mycoplasmas except: | Multiply by binary fission | Are sensitive to beta-lactam group of drugs | Can grow in cell free media | Require sterols for their growth | 1b
| multi | GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCOPLASMAS: Very small(0.2-0.3 um) . Can pass through bacterial filters. Lack a rigid cell wall. Bound by a single trilaminar cell membrane that contains a sterol. Extremely pleomorphic varying in shape from coccoid to filamentous to other bizzare forms. Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Spiroplasma and Anaeroplasma cannot synthesize their own cholesterol and require it as a growth factor in culture medium. Acholeplasma synthesizes carotenol as a substitute for cholesterol, but will incorporate cholesterol if it is provided. Insensitive to cell-wall active antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Limited biosynthetic capabilities due to a small genome. Multiply by binary fission. However, cytoplasmic division may lag behind genome division. This results in the formation of multinucleate filaments and other shapes. Do not possess flagellae or pili, but some mycoplasmas including M. pneumoniae, exhibit gliding motility on liquid-covered surfaces. This is attributed to specialized tip structures that also help the organisms in the attachment to the cell. Non sporing Stain poorly with Grams stain. Can be stained with Giemsa and Dienes methods. Are considered as stable L forms by some researchers but this hypothesis is still not fully accepted. Aerobes and facultative anaerobes except Anaeroplasma which is strictly anaerobic. For primary isolation, an atmosphere of 95% Nitrogen and 5% Carbon dioxide is preferred. They can grow within a temperature range of 22-41degC, the parasitic species growing optimally at 35-37degC. For fermentative organisms, the initial pH of the medium is adjusted to 7.3-7.8, for arginine metabolizing organisms it should be around 7 and for ureaplasmas, range of pH should be 6-6.5. PPLO broth/agar and SP4 media are used for isolation of mycoplasmas. Fried egg colony morphology is obtained on culture media. Ref : Textbook of Microbiology by Dr. D.R. Arora; 3rd edition & Mackie McCaney Practical Medical Microbiology; 14th edition | Microbiology | null |
88f371df-24c9-4d47-afee-37bfb16e2d93 | The most common cause of Anovulation is: | Polycystic Ovarian Disease | Hyperprolactinemia | Premature ovarian failure | Low ovarian reserves | 0a
| single | WHO Classification for Anovulation Hypothalamic pituitary failure: Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction/PCOS: Normogonadotropic Hypogonadism Ovarian failure: Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism Hyperprolactinemia Anovulation and ovulatory dysfunction can be caused by a number of factors. The most common cause of ovulatory dysfunction is PCOS. Other potential causes of irregular or absent ovulation: Obesity Underweight Extreme exercise Hyperprolactinemia Premature ovarian failure Perimenopause, or low ovarian reserves Thyroid dysfunction Extremely high levels of stress | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome |
9a53ef9b-3a17-4b22-8e1b-673206ff4e58 | Corpulmonale is heart disease due to: | COPD affecting right ventricle | Left ventricular failure | Pericardial effusion | None of the above | 0a
| multi | null | Medicine | null |
8692e0a7-207d-4497-a39a-e35e57edcbd0 | Which of the following Artery supplies the thyroid gland? | Internal carotid artery | Thyrocrvical trunk | Lingual artery | Subclavian artery | 1b
| single | Arterial Supply of thyroid gland:-
Mainly supplied by:
Superior thyroid arteries (this is branch of external carotid artery)
Inferior thyroid arteries (this is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk that arises from the subclavian artery) | Anatomy | null |
4f435f7e-8c43-4f4e-acd2-827693cd203b | The most widely used partial denture classification | Kennedy | Kennedy-Applegate | Cumberland | None of the above | 0a
| multi | null | Dental | null |
b2ae8760-5c1b-4b3a-904b-23a932e6fcef | Which of the following inhibits rate limiting step of Norepinephrine synthesis | Cocaine | Amphetamine | Metyrosine | Bretylium | 2c
| multi | Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme, which mediates the rate limiting step of norepinephrine synthesis (i.e conversion of Tyrosine to Dopa). | Pharmacology | null |
f0f8cbfe-03fb-4624-8d14-0176950b31e1 | Drug of choice for renal colic - | Methadone | Pentazocine | Voveran | Piroxican | 2c
| single | null | Surgery | null |
ac58d8c3-c0a5-4a5c-a6dd-407b5f941af2 | Dye is injected in one of the extremities in a child and is followed by pain and swelling of upper limb, paraesthesias of fingers, stretch pain and normal peripheral pulses, management is: | Aspiration | Anti-Inflammatory | Observation | Fasciotomy | 3d
| single | (d) Fasciotomy- As patient is clinically a case of compartment syndrome -pain on passive stretch and he has paraesthesias so fasciotomy is indicated.- Remember Pulses can be normal in compartment syndrome. | Orthopaedics | Injuries Around Shoulder |
416c4d0a-88bc-4e9d-b634-a476f82cd5ba | Number of holes per square inch of a standard mosquito net is? | 100 | 150 | 250 | 175 | 1b
| single | ANSWER: (B) 150REF: Park 20th edition page 678"The size of the opening of mosquito net is of utmost importance- the size should not exceed 0.0475 inch in any diameter. The number of holes in one square inch is usually 150" | Social & Preventive Medicine | Entomology |
53349460-5ad4-4718-a18d-bf77552ef2f4 | Bronchial secretion secretes - | IgA | IgE | IgM | IgG | 0a
| single | In its secretory form, IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, sweat, colostrum, and secretions from the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and respiratory epithelium. It is also found in small amounts in the blood Ref: Ananthanarayan & Parker's textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg:97 | Microbiology | Immunology |
9e30956f-faa6-465b-b4dc-72d7329fdafd | Primary' Health Care includes all, except - | Proper housing | Equitable distribution | Intersectoral coordination | appropriate technology | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Proper housing Primary heath careo "Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost the community and country: can afford."o There are 4 main principles of primary health care :Equitable distributionCommunity participationIntersectorial coordinationAppropriate technologyo Primary health care involves: health care of mother and child, immunization, prevention and control of locally endemic diseases, as well as appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries. However, it is not essential to deliver these elements throught the agencies of doctors under the primary health care. Root level workers, such as village health guides, are appropriately trained to deliver these elements, at the village level. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Community Healthcare |
c3a40b5e-9cc4-455d-a293-042750241802 | IPPV can cause - | Barotrauma | Pleural effusion | Missing | None of the above | 0a
| multi | null | Medicine | null |
ef4fd00c-68b9-4f8f-961d-1260e6fd33ac | All of the following are attached to the greater trochanter of femur, EXCEPT? | Gluteus minimus | Gluteus medius | Gluteus maximus | None of the above | 2c
| multi | The greater trochanter provides attachment for the smaller gluteal muscles. Gluteus minimus is attached to its rough anterior impression and gluteus medius to its lateral oblique strip. The bone is separated from the tendon of gluteus medius by a bursa. The area behind is covered by deep fibres of gluteus maximus, with pa of its trochanteric bursa interposed. The tendon of piriformis is attached to the upper border of the trochanter and the common tendon of obturatorinternus and the gemelli are attached to its medial surface. The trochanteric fossa receives the tendon of obturatorexternus. | Anatomy | null |
f2865a7a-d23f-4067-aef4-e3429b5edaeb | 16-year-old girl with sho height, amenorrhea with widely spaced nipple. Karyotyping is; | 45 X0 | 46 XO | 47 XXX | 46XY | 0a
| single | Given features suggests the diagnosis of Turner's syndrome. Turner's syndrome Most common sex chromosomal disorder in phenotypic females. Results from complete or paial loss of one X chromosome (45, XO) Features: Sho stature Coarctation of aoa Cubitus valgus Streak ovaries, infeility, amenorrhea Peripheral lymphedema at bih Low posterior hairline Webbing of neck Broad chest and widely spaced nipples | Pathology | FMGE 2019 |
4391b5ba-bb1c-4121-bb8c-3ef74e72df85 | A person presented with swelling of the right 3rd toe. X ray shows deposition of multiple crystals. A defect in which of the following pathway caused the problem. | Purine salvage pathway | Uric acid pathway | Urea cycle | CORI cycle | 1b
| single | The probable diagnosis is gout . Gout is the most common inflammatory ahritis in men and in older women. It is caused by deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals in and around synol joints due to abnormal purine metabolism . Ref Davidsons 23e p1013 | Medicine | Miscellaneous |
589104f4-1cfc-4868-b50a-f0efbd0772af | Following are the major symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorders - | Contamination | Pathological doubts | Intrusive thoughts | All the above | 3d
| multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the above o OCD has four major symptom patterns1) Contamination:- Contamination is the most common pattern of an obsession followed by washing (washer). Patients may literally rub the skin of their hands by excessive hand washing. The most common emotional response is anxiety.2) Pathological doubts:- Doubts is the second most common pattern of an obsession, followed by a compulsive checking (checkers). The obsession often implies some danger of violence (e.g., forgetting to turn off the stove or not locking a door). The compulsion (checking) may involve multiple trips back into the house to check the stove or door.3) Intrusive thoughts (Pure obsessions):- In this third most common pattern, there are intrusive obsessional thoughts without a compulsion. Such obsessions are usually repetitious thoughts of a sexual or aggressive act that is reprehensible to the patient.4) Symmetry:- This is the fourth most common pattern in which there is obsession for symmetry or precision, which can lead to compulsion of slowness. Patients can literally take hours to shave their faces or to eat a meal. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Mental Health |
8326c5d2-70db-41a9-84c7-a6968ca3bc67 | Advantage of minimum mercury technique or Eames technique is all except | High strength | Sets quickly | Needs no squeezing of excess mercury | Greater plasticity and adapts well to cavity walls | 3d
| multi | null | Dental | null |
b0386b8d-d1df-4a55-95d0-0f6eb7595aeb | True about vertebral artery -a) Enter skull through condylar canal.b) Branch of internal carotid arteryc) Branch of subclavian arteryd) Accompany sympathetic ganglione) Passes through foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae | abd | acd | cde | ade | 2c
| multi | Vertebral artery enters skull (posterior cranial fossa) through foramen magnum.
Vertebral artery is a branch of subclavian artery.
It is accompanied by sympathetic peri-arterial plexus, inferior cervical (stellate) sympathetic ganglion and ventral rami of 7th and 8th cervical spinal nerves.
Vertebral artery passes through foramina transversaria of upper six cervical vertebrae. | Anatomy | null |
2a856858-0f12-44d7-9386-373d54c37ea5 | The following is true for Mycoplasmas except - | Multiply by binary fission. | Are sensitive to beta-lactam group of drugs. | Can grow in cell free media. | Require sterols for their growth | 1b
| multi | null | Microbiology | null |
ca5e9322-ef5a-4b22-8bd8-dfcbb7cea1e3 | Eruption of Deciduous Maxillary Central incisor occur at | 8-9 months | 10-11 months | 19-20 months | 15-16 months | 0a
| single | null | Dental | null |
799f4b03-5e03-48b1-aa94-8028613d63b0 | Bristol cha is used fore | Stool consistency | Nocturnal enuresis | Mental retardation | Cognitive development | 0a
| single | Answer- A. Stool consistencyThe Bristol stool scale(Bristol stool cha (BsC)) is a diagnostic medical tool designed to classifr the form of human feces into seven categories.The seven types ofstcol areType 1 Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass); also known as goat faecesType 2: Sausage-shaped but lumpyType 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surfaceType 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and softType 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)Type 6: Fluft pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stoolType 7: Watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid | Medicine | null |
3c632ae3-ea5c-4072-8416-bc28a7ca5eb5 | Retentive grooves of a proximal box in a class II cavity prepared for amalgam should be: | Sharp and elongated at the dentino enamel junction of the buccal and lingual walls | Sharp and well defined extending from the gingival to the occlusal cavosurface angle along the buccal and lingual line angles | Elongated and rounded in dentine at the buccoaxial and linguoaxial Line angles extending from the gingival wall to the axiopulpal line angle | Short and rounded at the dentino enamel junction of the buccal and lingual walls | 2c
| multi | null | Dental | null |
decff507-5861-4f86-a94e-e0bdb4067074 | 2 yrs child weighing 6.7 Kg presents in the casualty with history of vomiting and diarrohea for last 2 days. On examination skin pinch over the anterior abdominal wall go quickly to its original position. Interpretation of skin-pinch test in this child will be: | No dehydration | Some dehydration | Sever dehydration | Skin pinch can not be evaluated in this child | 3d
| multi | Skin pinch is less useful in infants or children with marasmus (wasting) or kwashiorkor (severe malnutrition with edema), or obese children. Ref: Kliegman, Behrman, Jenson, Stanton, (2007), Chapter 85, "Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders", In the book, "Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics", Volume 1, 18th Edition, New Delhi, Page 317 | Pediatrics | null |
12779871-da86-4049-b466-ff22fdc99569 | Middle superior alveolar nerve is a branch of which of the following nerve? | Facial Nerve | Lingual nerve | Maxillary nerve | Mandibular nerve | 2c
| single | Middle superior alveolar nerve arise from infra orbital branch of maxillary nerve in the infra orbital groove and canal.Course of superior alveolar nerve:It is given off from the maxillary nerve just before its exit from the infra orbital foramen. It descends in a canal in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus, and divides into branches which supply the incisor and canine teeth. It communicates with the middle superior alveolar branch, and gives off a nasal branch and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior pa of the inferior meatus and the floor of the nasal cavity. Ref: Essentials of Anatomy By I. B. Singh, 2nd Edition, Page 391 | Anatomy | null |
15a49c64-0768-4b8f-a660-7a946e7d456b | Drug of choice for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis is: | Alpha IEN | Beta IFN | Gamma IFN | Natalizumab | 1b
| single | Answer is option 2,beta interferon Early treatment with high-dose interferon beta-1a reverses cognitive and coical plasticity deficits in multiple sclerosis. Mori F1, Kusayanagi H, Buttari F, Centini B, Monteleone F, Nicoletti CG, Bernardi G, Di Cantogno EV, Marciani MG, Centonze D. Author information Abstract Acute inflammation is associated with cognitive deficits and alterations of coical plasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS). We tested whether early treatment with high-dose interferon (IFN) beta-1a, known to reduce inflammatory activity, improves coical function and cognitive deficits in MS. | Pharmacology | Central Nervous system |
0ddd544e-1f0f-47d1-ae61-87a84032cc4b | All are true about ischemia associated kidney injury, EXCEPT: | Healthy kidneys account for 10% of total oxygen consumption | Renal medulla is a most hypoxic region of the body | Ischemia associated with rhabdomyolysis is more dangerous | Healthy kidneys receive 30% of the cardiac output | 3d
| multi | Healthy kidneys receive 20% of the cardiac output and 10% of resting oxygen consumption. despite constituting only 0.5% of the human body mass. The renal medulla is the site of one of the most hypoxic regions in the body. Ischemia alone in a normal kidney is usually not sufficient to cause severe AKI. Clinically, AKI more commonly develops when ischemia occurs in the context of limited renal reserve or coexisting insults such as sepsis, vasoactive or nephrotoxic drugs, rhabdomyolysis, and the systemic inflammatory states associated with burns and pancreatitis. Ref: Harrison-E-18, P-2295. | Medicine | null |
392be5ef-3e33-439d-ac4f-8512cdae8aea | Exposure of left subclan aery by supraclavicular approach does not require cutting of ? | Sternocleidomastoid | Scalenus anterior | Scalenus medius | Omohyoid | 2c
| single | Scalenus medius lies posterior to the subclan aery and thus need not be divided to expose the aery. Whereas, sternocleidomastoid & scalenus anterior lie anteriorly and omohyoid lies superiorly and thus are cut during exposure of the subclan aery. | Anatomy | null |
aa65a52e-e8f0-4032-a48d-53c632901d2f | Bilayer cell membrane contains | Cholesterol | Triacyl glycerol | Cholesterol ester | Glycerol | 0a
| single | The phospholipids are arranged in bilayers with the polar head groups oriented towards the extracellular side and the cytoplasmic side with a hydrophobic core (Fig. 2.4A). The distribution of the phospholipids is such that choline-containing phospholipids are mainly in the external layer and ethanolamine and serine containing phospholipids in the inner layer. The cholesterol content of the membrane alters the fluidity of the membrane. When cholesterol concentration increases, the membrane becomes less fluid on the outer surface, but more fluid in the hydrophobic core. The effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity is different at different temperatures. At temperature below the Tm cholesterol increases fluidity and thereby permeability of the membrane. At temperatures above the Tm, cholesterol decreases fluidity.Ref: DM Vasudevan, page no: 11 | Biochemistry | membrane structure and function |
366a082b-043e-4ba6-bb32-88aaf218f3a7 | Presence of Hbe Ag in patients with hepatitis indicates - | Simple carriers | Late convalescence | High infectivity | Carrier status | 2c
| single | HBeAg appears in blood concurrently with HBsAg or soon afterward. Circulating HBeAg is an indicator of active intrahepatic viral multiplication, and the presence in blood of DNA polymerase, HBV DNA and virions, reflecting high infectivity. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-547 | Microbiology | Virology |
6c3edb72-fdf5-4956-ac02-98e3b36820d5 | True about fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: | Good prognosis than hepatocellular carcinoma | Common in old age | Associated with cirrhosis | Associated with hepatitis B infection | 0a
| multi | “A distinctive variant of hepatocellular carcinoma is the fibrolamellar carcinoma, constituting less than 5% of HCCs. This tumor occurs in young male and female adults (20 to 40 years of age) with equal incidence, has no association with HBV or cirrhosis risk factors, and often has a better prognosis
It usually presents as single large, hard "scirrhous” tumor with fibrous bands coursing through it. On microscopic examination, it is composed of well-differentiated polygonal cells growing in nests or cords and separated by parallel lamellae of dense collagen bundles"- Robbins 9th/872-73, 8th/879 | Pathology | null |
1006bf7f-3f22-4d8a-8aa9-afec553ab43d | A patient in emergency depament shows Mc Ewan sign. This sign is positive in the following condition: | Cyanide poisoning | Alcoholism | Lead | Arsenic poison | 1b
| single | Mc Ewan sign is seen in stage of coma of acute alcohol intoxication. Stage of coma of alcohol intoxication: In this stage, the motor and sensory cells are deeply affected, speech becomes thick and slurring, coordination is markedly affected, causing the patient to become giddy, stagger and possibly to fall. The person passes into a state of coma with steorous breathing. The pulse is rapid and temperature subnormal. The pupils are contracted, but stimulation of the person, e.g., by pinching or slapping, causes them to dilate with slow return (Mc Ewan Sign). Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by KS Narayan Reddy, 27th edition, Page 502. | Forensic Medicine | null |
a1b4b738-b56c-46af-b3b5-9ac3947f09ab | Sentinel lymph node is defined as - | Primary LN draining tumor | LN which is first excised during MRM | LN nearest to tumor | None | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Primary LN draining tumor | Surgery | Clinical Presentation and Physiology |
27394771-575e-4b40-8dca-c30c4074bd9d | Buonian line is seen in poisoning | Lead | Arsenic | Copper | Silver | 0a
| single | Chr. Lead poisoning = Plumbism = Saturnism = Saturnine poisoning- ALA in urine, Coproporphyrin in urine, facial pallor, Basophilic stippling/Punctate basophilia (dark blue, pin-head spots in cytoplasm of RBCs), Buonian line (blue line gums' margin, PbS, 50-70% cases, near carious/diy teeth, Lead palsy, Pb encephalopathy, wrist drop, foot drop, Colic, Constipation, Menstrual irregularity, Sterility, Nephropathy, X-ray- radio-opaque bands at metaphyses of long bones, Pb >0.03mg% in blood is diagnostic.) Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 469 | Forensic Medicine | All India exam |
ccafccc7-f95a-47ac-9e4a-0d75ddb0f53a | Avascular necrosis of bone is LEAST likely to be associated with? | Osgood -Schlatter disease | Legg-Perthes disease | Long-term use of corticosteroids | Sickle-cell disease | 0a
| single | Avascular necrosis is an infarction of bone that is associated with (1) long-term corticosteroid use, such as in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (most common cause), (2) sickle-cell disease, (3) trauma, (4) Legg-Perthes disease, or (5) Kienbock disease involving the scaphoid (navicular) bone. OsgoodSchlatter dis ease is a localized inflammation that produces pain in the tibial tuberosity at the point of attachment of the patellar tendon, which results in prominence of the tibial tuberosity that persists throughout life. It usually occurs during the pubertal growth spurt and is not an example of avascular necrosis. | Unknown | null |
7e5e1db1-28be-4ea9-a0c1-790aceef7a8f | All of the following are ketone bodies EXCEPT | Alpha ketoglutarate | Acetone | Acetoacetate | Beta-hydroxy butyrate | 0a
| multi | Primary ketone body-Acetoacetate.
Secondary ketone bodies- Acetone, Beta-hydroxybutyrate.
Neutral Ketone body-Acetone.
Ketone body excreted through lungs-Acetone.
Site of synthesis of ketone bodies-Liver mitochondria.
Organs which do not utilize ketone bodies-Liver, RBCs.
Rate limiting step of ketone body synthesis-HMG CoA Synthase.
Ketone bodies that do not answer Gerhardt's test- Betahydroxybutyrate and Acetone.
Ketone body that does not answer neither Rothera test nor Gerhardt's test-Betahydroxybutyrate. | Biochemistry | null |
64900aa6-187d-416d-b9a3-72130b15da19 | Fasciculation are caused by | Suxamethonium | Pancuronium | d-TC | Vecuronium | 0a
| single | Fasciculations are the characteristic feature of depolarising block. Succinylcholine is the depolarising muscle relaxant. d-tubocurare, vecuronium and pancuronium are the non-depolarising muscle relaxants. | Anaesthesia | Muscle relaxants |
aaa8b4c6-ef66-4768-9d10-087de1ac8e86 | A young man weighing 65 Kg was admitted to the hospital with severe burns in a severe catabolic state. An individual in this slate requires 40 KCal per Kg body weight per day 1 gm of protein/Kg body weight/da. This young man was given a solution containing 20% glucose and 4.25% protei. If 3000 ml of solution in infused per day. | The patient would not be getting sufficient protein | The calories supplied would be inadequate | Both Protein and calories would be inadequate | Too much protein is being infused | 2c
| multi | Calories are calculated by catabolism of glucose (not proteins) Glucose: Amount of glucose in 20% glucose in 3000 ml of solution: 3000*20/100 = 600 gms. 1 gm glucose on catabolism produces: 4.2 KCal. 600 gms of glucose would produce: 600*4.2 = 2520 KCal. Protein: Percentage of protein in fluid: 4.25% Percentage of protein in 3000ml of fluid: 3000*4.25/100= 127.5 gms. Calories required for the patient: 40*65 = 2600 KCal Proteins required for the patient: 2*65 = 130 gms. Required amount Supplied by solution Calories 2600 KCal 2520KCal Proteins 130 gms 127.5 gm Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno: 119 | Surgery | General surgery |
5d4b6b3c-5011-4173-af56-41527e98baeb | The most effective contraceptive available is: | Combined Oral contraceptive pill | Progestin injectable | Third generation IUCD | Centchroman | 2c
| single | - Amongst the choices, third generation is most effective with a failure rate of only 0.2/HWY. PEARL INDEX OF DIFFERENT CONTRACEPTIONS: Male condoms 2-14 / HWY Female condoms 5-21 / HWY Centchroman 1.84 - 2.84 /HWY OCPs 0.1 - 2 /HWY Sterilization 0.1 / HWY Vaginal sponge 9-20 / HWY | Social & Preventive Medicine | Natural Methods, Barrier Methods, IUDs, OCPs |
240da2cb-d39e-4e8d-8aea-0116c1a18077 | Endogenous triglycerides in plasma aremaximally carried in - | VLDL | Chylomicrons | LDL | HDL | 0a
| multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., VLDL | Biochemistry | null |
7d21a82e-8668-4079-8215-f3882b1b1f9f | 'Cayenne pepper' stippling due to hemosiderin is found in : | Erythroplasia of Queyrat | Pagets disease | Plasma cell balantitis of zoon | Metronidazole | 2c
| single | C i.e. Plasma cell balantitis of zoon | Skin | null |
01b716d6-07e8-49a1-a842-eb6249287249 | Vomiting centre is situated in which part of brain? | Hypothalamus | Amygdala | Pons | Medulla | 3d
| single | The area postrema (AP) has been implicated as a chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting (emesis) for over 40 years. The AP is located on the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle. It is one of the so-called circumventricular organs that serve as an interface between the brain parenchyma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- containing ventricles. The AP lacks a specific blood-brain diffusion barrier to large polar molecules (i.e., a “blood-brain barrier”) and is thus anatomically positioned to detect emetic toxins in the blood as well as in the CSF.
The NTS (nucleus of the solitary tract) may serve as the beginning of a final common pathway by which different emetic inputs trigger vomiting. | Physiology | null |
b3bc881c-8105-4170-ae1f-b1718551862c | A 41 year old male complains of pain in lower right back tooth region. Intraoral examination reveals deep caries in relation to 47 and IOPA examination reveals deep dentinal caries not involving the pulp. Dentist excavates the caries and restored it with zinc oxide eugenol. Which of the following substance can be used to clean this cement from the instruments? | Essential oil | White rosin | Clove oil | Oil of orange | 3d
| single | MANIPULATION
Powder/liquid system:
Powder/liquid ratio - 4:1 to 6:1 by weight.
The bottles are shaken gently. Measured quantity of powder and liquid is dispensed onto a cool glass slab. The bulk of the powder is incorporated into the liquid and spatulated thoroughly in a circular motion with a stiff bladed stainless steel spatula. Zinc oxide eugenol exhibits pseudothickening. Although it appears to thicken early during spatulation, further vigorous spatulation or stropping loosens the mix. Smaller increments are then added, until the mix is complete.
For temporary restorations, a thick putty-like consistency is recommended.
Oil of orange is used to clean eugenol cement from instruments.
Reference – Manappallil p; 101 | Dental | null |
26a0d587-c321-485d-b5ce-4c5b4acad440 | Sampling error is classified as - | Alpha error | Beta error | Gamma error | Delta error | 0a
| single | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
84005893-dc82-4db3-bbb5-1cb3b0728506 | The parents of a 2-year-old boy with hyposadias (urethra opens on the ventral aspect of the penis) visit a genetic counselor to discuss the chances that a similar birth defect will occur in their future offspring. This birth defect shows which of the following patterns of inheritance? | Autosomal recessive | Autosomal dominant | Multifactorial | X-linked dominant | 2c
| single | The inheritance of a number of birth defects is multifactorial. Most normal human traits are inherited neither as dominant nor as recessive mendelian attributes, but rather in a more complex manner. For example, multifactorial inheritance determines intelligence, height, skin color, body habitus, and even emotional disposition. Similarly, most of the common chronic disorders of adults represent multifactorial genetic diseases and are well known to "run in families." Such maladies include diabetes, atherosclerosis, and many forms of cancer and arthritis, and hypertension. The inheritance of a number of birth defects is also multifactorial (e.g., cleft lip and palate, pyloric stenosis, hypospadias, and congenital heart disease). The concept of multifactorial inheritance is based on the notion that multiple genes interact with various environmental factors to produce disease in an individual patient. Such inheritance leads to familial aggregation that does not obey simple mendelian rules (see choices A, B, D, and E). As a consequence, the inheritance of polygenic diseases is studied by the methods of population genetics, rather than by the analysis of individual family pedigrees.Diagnosis: Hypospadias, multifactorial inheritance | Pathology | Genetics |
87587a99-b0fc-4e4b-bdef-8b205b43cd25 | A 12-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with profuse rectal bleeding but appears to be free of any associated pain. Which of the following is the most common cause of severe rectal bleeding in the pediatric age group? | Internal hemorrhoids | External hemorrhoids | Diverticulosis | Ileal (Meckel) diverticulum | 3d
| single | Ileal (Meckel) diverticulum, which is an outpouching of the distal ileum, is twice as prevalent in males as in females. The diverticulum is clinically important because ulceration of the diverticulum with pain, bleeding, perforation, and obstruction is a complication that may require emergent surgery. Signs and symptoms frequently mimic appendicitis or peptic ulcer. Internal hemorrhoids are thrombosed tributaries of the middle rectal vein, which can prolapse into the anal canal. External hemorrhoids are thrombosing in the veins of the external rectal venous plexus. Diverticulosis is ordinarily an outpouching of the wall of the large intestine. This primarily affects the aged and does not cause bleeding in most cases. Borborygmi are sounds created by gas and intestinal contents as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. | Anatomy | Abdomen & Pelvis |
34cc11bd-e64a-4991-b4b7-a481822262ec | Valve of Hasner | Opening of nasolacrimal duct | Sphenoidal sinus opening | Frontal sinus opening | Ethmoidal sinus opening | 0a
| single | Ref BDC volume3,6th edition pg 76Nasolacrimal duct begins at the lower end of the lacrimal sac, runs downwards, backward and laterally and opens into the inferior meatus of the nose.A fold of mucous membrane called hasners valve forms an imperfect valve at the lower end of the duct. | Anatomy | Head and neck |
c876af1f-6544-406a-9386-74ed3dcd17f1 | Sensory supply to tongue is by all, EXCEPT: | Lingual nerve | Vagus nerve | Glossopharyngeal nerve | None of the above | 3d
| multi | The sensory innervation of the tongue reflects its embryological development. The nerve of general sensation to the presulcal pa is the lingual nerve, which also carries taste sensation derived from the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve. The nerve supplying both general and taste sensation to the postsulcal pa is the glossopharyngeal nerve. An additional area in the region of the valleculae is supplied by the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve.Ref: Gray's anatomy 40th edition, Chapter 33. | Anatomy | null |
eb58275d-b9ac-41c2-ad14-f6fa37296e90 | Common sites of bleeding -a) Woodruff plexusb) Brown areac) Littles aread) Vestibular area | a | bc | ac | b | 2c
| single | null | ENT | null |
383d1aef-cfed-431c-8565-49cefcc38de4 | Spalding sign is seen in ? | Drowning | Mummification | Maceration | Starvation | 2c
| single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Maceration Dead born : A deadborn child is one which has died in utero and shows one of the following signs after it is completely born :? 1) Rigor mois : Rigor mois may occur in dead fetus before bih or at bih. 2) Maceration : Maceration is a process of aseptic autolysis. It occurs when a dead fetus remains in the uterus for 3-4 days surrounded by liquor amnii but with exclusion of air. Skin slippage is the earliest sign (occurs within 12 hours). There is gas in the great vessels and chambers of hea (Robe's sign). Except for lung and uterus, which remain unchanged for a long time, all other organs become soft, oedematous and loose there morphology. The one impoant radiological sign suggestive of maceration is 'Spaulding's sign' i.e. skull bones override each other. The smell is somewhat rancid. 3) Putrefaction (decomposition) : If the membranes are ruptured after death of fetus and air gains entry into liquor amnii, fetus undergoes putrefaction instead of maceration. Body is greenish, foul smelling and bloated. 4) Mummification : It results when there is deficient blood supply, scanty liquor and no air enters uterus. Body is thin, shrivelled dark brown and emitting smell like rotten cheese. | Forensic Medicine | null |
17b351e8-b3a6-43ab-8552-5f22249d4ad7 | Which one of the following modes of intervention covers the process of advising a patient to change his lifestyle in order to prevent any risk factor for a disease ? | Health promotion | Specific protection | Disability limitation | Rehabilitation | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Health promotion | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
bfb91821-247c-4b72-9e59-733abf763553 | A 'case' in TB is defined as - | X-ray positive | Culture positive | Sputum AFB positive | Tuberculosis positive | 2c
| single | - the case in tuberculosis is defined as the one in which sputum positive for acid fast bacilli is detected. Reference: Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:182 <\p> | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable diseases |
ca777e4b-7909-4f7c-afc6-fa76c2002780 | Feature of acanthosis nigricans is | Insulinoma, obesity & cutaneous hypopigmentation | Insulin resistance, obesity, cutaneous hyperpigmentation | Thickening of spinous Layer, insulin resistance, obesity | Thickening of spinous layer, insulin resistance, lean | 1b
| single | null | Pathology | null |
8be4cdb1-ad61-4e5a-b0be-fcf0641700e1 | Most common hallucination in schjizophrenia is: | Auditory | Visual | Olfactory | Tactile | 0a
| multi | A. i.e. Auditory | Psychiatry | null |
a25d1138-6ca5-4b2b-89cb-32b3a1bd5c96 | Which of the following statements is false about Brucella? | It causes undulant /Malta / Mediterranean fever | Is is gram negative coccobacilli | It can be killed by pasteurisation | It is a strict anaerobe | 3d
| multi | Brucellae are strict aerobes and do not grow anaerobically. Brucellae consists of very small, non-motile, aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that grows poorly on ordinary media and has little fermentative powers. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayana and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:345 | Anatomy | Bacteriology |
001548c5-7326-4c68-97dd-6aeb121327ab | Loss of Direct and consensual light reflex Is due to
lesion of | Trigeminal nerve | Occulomotor nerve | Trochlear nerve | Abducens nerve | 1b
| single | null | Anatomy | null |
d18f9c3b-015e-45f7-949f-96f6043e32cd | Dukes classification is used for | Pancreas carcinoma | Gastric carcinoma | Urinary bladder carcinoma | Colo-rectal carcinoma | 3d
| single | Dukes' classification was originally described for rectal tumours but has been adopted for histopathological repoing of colon cancer as well. Dukes' classification for colon cancer is as follows: A: confined to the bowel wall; B: through the bowel wall but not involving the free peritoneal serosal surface; C: lymph nodes involved.Dukes himself never described a D stage, but this is often used to describe either advanced local disease or metastases to the liver.Dukes classified carcinoma of the rectum into three stages: A: The growth is limited to the rectal wall (15%); prognosis excellent. B: The growth is extended to the extrarectal tissues, but no metastasis to the regional lymph nodes (35%): prognosis reasonable. C: Secondary deposits in the regional lymph nodes (50%); prognosis is poor. These are subdivided into C1, in which the local pararectal lymph nodes alone are involved, and C2, in which the nodes accompanying the supplying blood vessels are implicated up to the point of division.A stage D is often included, which was not described by Dukes which signifies the presence of widespread metastases, usually hepatic.Reference : page 1180 and 1230 Bailey and Love's sho practice of surgery 25th edition | Surgery | Urology |
75faa606-cda7-463e-b281-90acfa606785 | A 19-year-old female with sho stature, wide spread nipples and primary amenorrhea most likely has a karyotype of: (AI 2003) | 47, XX + 18 | 46, XXY | 47, XXY | 45 X0 | 3d
| single | Given features suggests the diagnosis of Turner's syndrome. Turner's syndrome Most common sex chromosomal disorder in phenotypic females. Results from complete or paial loss of one X chromosome (45, XO) Characterized by hypogonadism in phenotypic females. | Pathology | Genetics |
bdf3d8c0-f7a8-4ca7-a53b-fabd67836774 | RNA polymerase is | DNA dependent RNA polymerase | RNA dependent DNA polymerase | DNA dependent DNA polymerase | RNA dependent RNA polymerase | 0a
| single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., DNA dependent RNA polymerase The major enzyme involved in transcription (i.e. synthesis of DNA to RNA) is RNA polymerase.It is DNA dependent RNA polymerase.DNA dependent DNA polymerase DNA plymerase (In DNA replication)DNA dependent RNA polymerase - RNA polymerase (In transcription)RNA dependent DNA polymerase -> Reverse transcripatase (In reverse transcription) | Biochemistry | null |
b8c38021-10bc-41a5-9972-3581a081f32d | White infarct is seen in: | Lung | Heart | Intestine | Ovary | 1b
| single | null | Pathology | null |
f40e6647-478c-47e4-a766-b300e3f97823 | Lateral aberrant thyroid is node from | Papillary cancer | Follicular cancer | Thyroid lymphoma | Medullary cancer | 0a
| single | Ans. (a) Papillary cancerRef: Page 765. Bailey and love 26th edition* Lateral aberrant thyroid is a metastatic node from papillary cancer which is not palpable | Surgery | Thyroid Gland |
215c468a-8fdb-43d0-8410-3a3f85b044ae | Which of the following statements about High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is false: | HDL increases oxidation of LDL | HDL reduces foam cell production by LDL | HDL is the best predictor of CAD | HDL helps to clear lipids from atheromas | 0a
| multi | HDL prevent oxidation of LDL in complex in vitro models as a result HDL function as a naturally acting antioxidant which protect vessel wall from oxidative damage and resulting atherogenesis. Ref: Current Pharmaceutical Design, Page 6. | Biochemistry | null |
896cd66b-3931-40cb-abf6-5ad4f0d49107 | Which among the following is an impoant step in acute inflammation? | Vasoconstriction | Vascular stasis | Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability | Margination of leukocytes | 2c
| multi | Stages of acute inflammation:Vasodilation (after a transient vasoconstriction) Increased vascular permeabilityMovement of white blood cells from blood vessels into soft tissue at the site of inflammation: The steps required are rolling, pavementing, and transmigration. Chemotaxis is the process by which white blood cells are drawn to the site of acute inflammation.Ref: Wyatt C., Kemp W.L., Moos P.J., Burns D.K., Brown T.G. (2008). Chapter 2. Inflammation and Repair. In C. Wyatt, W.L. Kemp, P.J. Moos, D.K. Burns, T.G. Brown (Eds), Pathology: The Big Picture. | Pathology | null |
197a89cf-e96f-46d4-8c94-cb20c8754973 | Mercaptopurine is | Purine analogue | Nucleoside analogue | Pyrimidine analogue | Anti tumor antibiotics | 0a
| single | Ref: Katzung, 14th ed. pg. 960; KDT, 6th ed. pg. 820* Mercaptopurine is synthetic purine used in cancer chemotherapy.* Use: Childhood acute leukemia. | Pharmacology | Anti-Cancer |
661fc876-212c-42ba-a914-007b8ae89639 | In multibacillary leprosy, the follow-up examination after adequate treatment should be done yearly for – | 3 years | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years | 2c
| single | Surveillance after treatment
Clinical surveillance of cases after completion of treatment is an important part of the current recommendations for multidrug therapy.
It is essential for the assurance of the long-term success of treatment and for the early detection of any relapses.
The recommendations are -
i) Paucibacillary leprosy → clinical examination at least once a year for a minimum period of 2 years after completion of treatment.
ii) Multibacillary leprosy → clinical examination at least once a year for a minimum period of 5 years after completion of treatment. | Dental | null |
143d959a-556e-45f0-9a64-933a31933587 | In all of the following enzyme deficiencies, hyperammonemia is a common feature, EXCEPT: | Argininosuccinate synthetase | Carbamoyl Phosphate synthetase (CPS-I) | Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) | Ornithine amino transferase | 3d
| multi | Excess ornithine from urea cycle is taken by enzyme OAT (Ornithine amino transferase) OAT deficiency leads to gyrate atrophy. In this deficiency, plasma, urine, spinal fluid and aqueous humour concentration of ornithine levels are 10-20 times higher than normal Hyperammonemia is absent because urea cycle is not disrupted in this deficiency Hyperammonemia occurs in enzyme deficiency of Urea cycle | Biochemistry | Urea cycle |
9c943635-033a-480d-9b6d-e0c7f1dbf1ad | Interleukin secreted by macrophages, stimulating lymphocytes is: | IL-1 | INF alpha | TNF alpha | IL-6 | 0a
| single | Macrophages release IL-1 which stimulates the T-helper cells.
The T-cells in response proliferate and release IL-2 which in turn stimulates still further T-cell proliferation and B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.
Thus
Macrophages release→IL-1*
T-helper cells release→ IL-2* | Pathology | null |
9794cb0c-3082-4730-a5eb-abe42042eb3d | Which of the following is associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis - | Rhabdovirus | Enterovirus | Calcivirus | Echovirus | 1b
| single | Acute hemorhagic conjunctivitis is caused by Enterovirus 70. REF:ANATHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:493 | Microbiology | Virology |
fcf32c18-a61e-4426-9abc-1d9f396edba6 | In traumatic brain injury, Glasgow outcome score of 4 stands for | Good recovery | Moderate disability | Severe disability | Persistent vegetative state | 1b
| single | Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS)Good recovery 5Moderate disability 4Severe disability 3Persistent vegetative state 2Dead 1Bailey and Love 26e pg:320 | Surgery | Trauma |
ce38f74a-885f-467e-a26b-ec8bfae33bb0 | Which of the following cardiac valves is not commonly involved in rheumatic fever? | Mitral | Aoic | Pulmonary | Tricuspid | 2c
| single | In chronic disease the mitral valve is viually always involved. The mitral valve is affected in isolation in roughly two thirds of RHD, and along with the aoic valve in another 25% of cases. Tricuspid valve involvement is infrequent, and the pulmonary valve is only rarely affected. | Pathology | Rheumatic Fever |
05902eb4-3f22-47d9-84fd-79c9d0da9a8a | Which of the below given bone is best suitable for sex determination | Skull | Pelvis | Femur | Tibia & Fibula | 1b
| single | Ans. (B) Pelvis"Krogman's degree of accuracy"The accuracy of estimating the sex from skeletal remains depends upon the number of bones available.If the entire skeleton is available, the accuracy is 100%;Pelvis alone is available, it is 95%Skull alone, it is 90%Skull + pelvis, the accuracy is 98% | Forensic Medicine | Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn |
859876a7-a235-4a95-942b-af31ebd95ebd | All are catalase positive Except | Shigella flexineri | Shigella boydii | Shigella dysentriae type I | Shigella sonnei | 2c
| multi | S.dysenteriae (subgroup A): This species of mannitol non-fermenting bacilli consists of ten serotypes. It is indole negative and is the only member of the family that is always catalase-negative. S.flexineri, S.boydii, and S.sonnei are catalase positive. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Aanthanarayan and paniker's; 10th Edition; Pg:292 | Microbiology | Bacteriology |
2f0d31e0-ac1b-4aae-8537-84cbbcf35b95 | Pneumatosis Intestinalis is associated with? | Necrotising Enterocolitis | Gall Stone ileus | Diveiculosis | Hirschsprung Disease | 0a
| multi | Pneumatosis Intestinalis is the presence of intramural air seen in Stage IIb of Necrotising Enterocolitis / Intestinal ischemia. | Radiology | Gastrointestinal Radiology |
416d4516-3f29-4960-97df-ca1f4d60ea7a | Earliest detection of pregnancy by ultrasound is by: | Gestation sac | Fetal node | FSH | Fetal skeleton | 0a
| single | Ans. is a i.e. Gestational sac "The first definitive sonographic finding to suggest pregnancy is visualization of the gestational sac." First sign of intrauterine pregnancy is presence of yolk sac within the gestational sac.deg Extra Edge The position of a normal gestational sac is in the mid to upper uterus. As the sac implants into the decidualized endometrium it is adjacent to the linear central cavity echo complex without displacing this echogenic anatomic landmark. This is known as Intradecidual Sign. As the sac enlarges it gradually impresses on and deforms the central cavity echo complex giving rise to the characteristic sonographic appearance of the double decidual sac signdeg This sign is most effective with transabdominal sonography, performed at 5 - 6 weeks gestational age because using this approach, sonographer can confirm the presence of an intrauterine pregnancy before a yolk sac is identified. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
a3afa799-b10b-40f4-9bf5-c79ef52c7f1a | The drug that causes first dose phenomenon in elderly patients - | Metformin | Prazosin | Acarbose | Noradrenaline | 1b
| single | The side effect postural hypotension also known as "First Dose Hypotension" is observed with drugs ending with 'zosin' eg. Prazosin, Terazosin,Doxazosin These drugs cause blocking of a1 receptors, leading to vasodilation, that can cause Postural Hypotension. Acarbose - Inhibition of intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. S/E - flatulence, abdominal discomfo, loose stool. Metformin - S/E - Abdominal Pain, Anorexia, bloating, nausea, metallic taste mild diarrhea & tiredness. Noradrenaline (Pressor agent)- stimulates a1 and a2 receptors, thus increases peripheral vascular resistance and result in increase BP. It acts on b1 adrenergic receptors, causing increase In hea rate and cardiac output. S/E = Transient restlessness, headache, palpitations, Anxiety, tremor. | Pharmacology | Sympathetic System |
979fea8a-cdd3-44b4-ade5-8467cfd73065 | Definitive criteria for PID is | Tubo-Ovarian abscess on USG | Cervical erosion | Temparature > 37.5 degrees | Infeility | 0a
| single | Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease manifest as Hydrosalpinx Chronic pyosalpinx Tubo ovarian abscess or cyst Tubercular tubovarian masses Ref: Shaw Gynecology 17 e pg 340. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Infections of the genital tract |
615ba3d3-a86f-4541-b15e-24b74b16e791 | A 25 years old male c/o recurrent abdominal pain but biochemical assays and ultrasound abdomen is normal. He also complains of constant headaches. He suddenly complains of loss of vision of bilateral eyes. Ophthalmologist finds nothing on examination. Symptoms are most probably due to | Bilateral optic neuritis | Posterior inferior cerebellar aery infarct | Malingering | Factitious disorder | 3d
| single | Ans. D. Factitious disorderFactitious disorderIt is also known as Hospital addiction, hospital hoboes, or Professional patient.The term Munchausen syndrome is used for those patients who repeatedly simulate or fake diseases (intentionally) for the sole purpose of obtaining medical attention. There is no other recognizable motive (in contrast to malingering).The typical presentation of Munchausen syndrome is characterized by a restless journey from doctor to doctor and hospital to hospital, an ever-changing list of complaints and symptoms.The patient tries to maintain the sick role to obtain medical attention. There may be evidence of earlier treatment usually surgical procedure, for example, multiple surgical scars (gridiron abdomen). | Psychiatry | null |
4f2c1d2f-95ca-4768-a0fa-c76250651669 | Osmolality of plasma is mainly contributed by | Glucose | Sodium | Urea | Uric acid | 1b
| single | null | Physiology | null |
afac4d6d-9a58-45d0-9c69-b6b747d5ee25 | Which of the following denotes the trend of events that pass with time? | Frequency polygon | Histogram | Line chart | Pie diagram | 2c
| single | Ans. c (Line chart) (Ref. Text book of biostatistics by B K Mahajan, Vlth /pg. 20; Park PSm 22nd/788)Line diagrams are used to show the trend of events with the passage of time.Type of dataQualitative dataQuantitative dataDefinitionCharacteristics same, only frequency variesCharacteristics as well as frequency both varyExampie Method of presentation of dataMales, females1. Bar diagramLength of the bars, drawn vertical or horizontal, indicates the frequency of a character. Bar may be drawn in ascending or descending order of magnitude. Spacing between any two bars should be nearly equal to half of the width of the bar. There are four types of bar diagrams,a) Simple bar diagram:Here bars can be arranged vertically or horizontally. A suitable scale must be used to present the length of the bars.b) Multiple bar diagram:Here two or more bars are grouped together.c) Component bar diagram:The bars may be divided into two or more parts. Each part represents a certain item.d) Proportional bar diagram:Each bar represents 100%. The bars may be divided into two or more parts. Each part is proportional to the magnitude of that particular itemHeight, weight, blood pressure1. Histogram - To construct a histogram the class intervals are plotted along X axis (horizontal line) and corresponding frequencies (or no. of observations) on Y-axis (vertical line). Rectangles are constructed such that height of a rectangle is proportional to the frequency of class and width is equal to length of the class. If all classes are of equal length then all the rectangles will have equal width. Histogram is an area diagram.2. Pie diagramThe frequencies of the groups are shown in a circle. Degrees of angle denote the frequency and area of the sector. Size of each angle is calculated by the formula as: Angle (Degrees) = Class frequency X 360deg/Total observations2. Frequency polygon - It is an area diagram of frequency distribution developed over a histogram. Join the midpoints of class intervals at the height of frequencies by straight lines. It gives a polygon, i.e., figure with many angles.3. Pictogram -- It is a popular method of presenting data to the layman. Here each picture indicates a unit of characteristic. These charts can be used for illiterate persons. Because of its attractive presentation it can be utilized for the man on the street.3. Frequency curve - when the no. of observations is very large and group intervals are reduced, the frequency polygon tends to lose angulations giving place to a smooth curve known as frequency curve.4. Spot map - These maps are prepared to show geographical distribution of frequencies of characteristic4. Line chart - This is a frequency polygon presenting variations by line. It shows the trend of an event occurring over a period of time-rising, falling or showing fluctuations. Cumulative frequency curve (Ogive) - Successive class frequencies are added and a frequency polygon is drawn. Number or percent of observations falling below or above a specific value can be presented in this graph. Any point below which there are certain percent of observations is called as percentile and graph drawn out of such points is a 'percentile graph'.5. Scatter (Correlation) diagram: It is graphic representation made to show the nature of correlation between two variable characters X and Y in the same person(s) or group(s) such as height and weight in men aged 20 years, hence it is also called correlation diagram. The characters are read on the base (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis) and the perpendiculars drawn from these readings meet to give one scatter point. Varying frequencies of the characters give a number of such points or dots that show a scatter. A line is drawn to show the nature of correlation at a glance. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Biostatistics |
93c6d428-1715-4e72-9938-95e966efb2ff | Which of the following tests are used to screen for gestational diabetes in a 22 year old primigravida? | Oral glucose tolerance test | Fasting blood sugar | Glycocyalted hemoglobin measurement | Random glucose challenge | 3d
| multi | Glucose challenge test (GCT) is commonly used in screening for gestational diabetes. No special preparation is needed for this test. Fifty grams of oral glucose is given between 24-28 weeks of gestation irrespective of the time or the meal and blood glucose is determined 1 hour later. A plasma value of 140 mg/dl is considered significant to perform the confirmatory diagnostic test. Ref: Essential of Obstetrics By Arulkumaran, 2004, Page 149 ; Dutta, 6th ed, Page 285 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
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