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6904541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Single%20Woman%20%28play%29
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A Single Woman (play)
|
A Single Woman is a play based on the life of Jeannette Rankin, the first woman in the United States Congress. First drafted as a one-woman show by Nevada Shakespeare Company founding Artistic Director, Jeanmarie Simpson, it developed into a "duet performance work" by the time it premiered at the Oats Park Art Center in Fallon, Nevada on February 7, 2004.
The play subsequently toured internationally with hundreds of grassroots including a 4-week run at The Culture Project Off-Broadway in the summer of 2005. The play closed at the Invisible Theatre in Tucson, Arizona on November 5, 2006.
Artists
In addition to being a theatre artist, Simpson, the author and performer of the title role, is a peace activist. Many performances of the play have been fundraisers for individual branches and the national office of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), in addition to hundreds of other peace and justice organizations including United Methodist Church's Social Justice and Global Ministries, Jews for Peace, Planned Parenthood, American Civil Liberties Union, Veterans for Peace, American Friends Service Committee and many others. A Single Woman was also produced by the Tennessee Women's Theater Project as their inaugural production.
Cameron Crain, who created the role of 'Everyman' in the play, also directed the production that toured the United States. Simpson directed the production in New York, initially with Claudia Schneider and Les Misérables veteran, Neal Mayer, in the roles. Midway through, Simpson stepped in and completed the run as Rankin.
See also
Jeannette Rankin
Jane Addams
Raging Grannies
A Single Woman (film)
References
External links
Sacramento News and Review Hudson Review
Sacramento News and Review Feature 1
Reno News and Review Feature
Reno News and Review Jesch Review
Interview for PR Log
American plays adapted into films
Plays based on actual events
2004 plays
Jeannette Rankin
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44505281
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Felistas%20Fable
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The Felistas Fable
|
The Felistas Fable is a 2013 Ugandan film written, directed and produced by Dilman Dila. The film stars Veronica Namanda, Mike Wawuyo, Kaddzu Isaac and Mathew Nabwiso.
Plot
Felistas is cursed. She stinks. No one can stand to stay near her. She lives in seclusion in an abandoned house. One day, a witchdoctor finds a solution to her problems. A cry-baby man can inherit the smell from her. Felistas is hesitant to grab the opportunity, because she does not want another person to go through the same pain she has endured. But she longs to reunite with her husband and child. So she kidnaps a man, Dan, who is a virgin desperate to get married. Dan recently got a job that makes him very rich. This attracts the attention of Kate, a gold-digger who he has wooed for a long time, and that of a corrupt cop, Jomba, who frames him for murder in an extortion scheme. As Felistas races against time to deliver Dan to the witch and win back her husband’s love, it turns into a high-energy chase with a voluptuous Kate and a trigger-happy Jomba hot on her tail.
Cast
Veronica Namanda as Felistas
Kuddzu Isaac as Dan
Tibba Murungi as Kate
Gerald Rutaro as Jomba
Joanitta Bewulira-Wandera as Mama Dan
Raymond Kayemba as Kiza
Michael Wawuyo as Kuku
Esther Bwanika as Miria
Gamba Lee as John
Nandaula Zam Zam as Jean
Wilberforce Mutetete as Police
Oyugi Jackson Otim as Driver
Mathew Nabwiso as Fred
Opio Henry Opolot as Ogwang
Mate Jackson as Priest
Juliet Akanyijuka as Hr
Kyarisiima Allen as Junior
Nalubowa Aidah as Vendor
Wagaba Dauda as Idler
Mataze Charles as Spy
Kazibwe Edwin as Son
Critical reception
The Felistas Fable won two nominations at the Africa Movie Academy Awards for Best First Feature by a Director, and for Best Make-up Artist. It was also nominated for the African Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2014 for Best Make-up Artist. It won four awards at the Uganda Film Festival Awards 2014, for (Best Screenplay), (Best Actor),(Best Feature Film), and (Best Director/Film of the Year).
Awards
Winner of Film of the Year (Best Director) at the Uganda Film Festival 2014.
Winner of Best Feature Film at the Uganda Film Festival 2014
Winner of Best Screenplay at the Uganda Film Festival 2014
Winner best actor (Kuddzu Isaac)at the Uganda Film Festival 2014
Winner overall film of the year at the Uganda Film Festival 2014.
Nominated for Best First Feature by a Director at the Africa Movie Academy Awards 2014
Nominated for Best Make-up Artist at the Africa Movie Academy Awards 2014 and at the African Magic Views Choice Awards, 2014
References
External links
"The Felistas Fable"
"After one week of shooting The Felistas Fable "
"The Felistas Fable"
"Who are Uganda’s best film stars?"
"Uganda Film Festival 2014 Nominees"
2013 films
Kumusha
2010s English-language films
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17338009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htingra
|
Htingra
|
Htingra is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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6904542
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Krug
|
Barbara Krug
|
Barbara Krug (born 6 May 1956, in Leipzig) is a retired East German sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres.
At the 1978 European Championships she won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 m relay, together with teammates Christiane Marquardt, Christina Lathan and Marita Koch. Krug then finished fourth at the 1979 European Indoor Championships.
Krug, Lathan and Koch remained on the relay team for the 1980 Summer Olympics, with Gabriele Löwe replacing Christiane Marquardt. The team won the Olympic silver medal in 4 × 400 m relay.
Krug competed for the club SC DHfK Leipzig during her active career.
References
Sources
Dictionary of Women Worldwide. 25,000 women through the ages. Three volumes. Edited by Anne Commire. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, 2007.
1956 births
Living people
East German female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of East Germany
Olympic silver medalists for East Germany
Athletes from Leipzig
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic female sprinters
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6904563
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstrees
|
Crosstrees
|
Crosstrees are the two horizontal spars at the upper ends of the topmasts of sailing ships, used to anchor the shrouds from the topgallant mast. Similarly, they may be mounted at the upper end of the topgallant to anchor the shrouds from the royal mast (if fitted). Similar transverse spars remain on steam ship and motor vessel masts to secure wire antennae or signal flag halyards.
Explanation
Any vertical structure like a mast is subject to dynamic swaying stress from wind, which levers immense force at the base of the mast. Such stress is countered through guy ropes which are diagonally supporting ropes from mast top to its base. These ropes share the load on the mast tops and communicate that force to the base structure.
The taller the mast, the wider a base is required for the guy wires so as to form an appropriate angular support against the sway the mast is exposed to. Yet, ships are fixed in their beam (width) and hence only a limited angle is possible for the guy-ropes to support very high masts. Thereby, the taller the ship's mast, the more narrow and unfeasible would be the angle between its support wires and its top. This is where a simple innovation like the crosstree helps to overcome such limitation.
The Crosstree serves as a fresh base to spread the next level of supporting guy ropes, thereby providing a stable height extension to the masts. Without the crosstree, the ship's mast would have been severely limited in height, in relation to the width (beam) of the ship.
Each crosstree serves to spread another level of holding ropes on a fresh wider spar so as to provide support to the next mast top section. Effectively, the crosstree allows to extend the height, mount yet another layer of sail shrouds and option more wind power to the ships. The crosstree also serves to spread the shroud tops.
See tops for the description of their purpose. On modern rigs the same function is provided by spreaders.
External links
Sources
Sailing rigs and rigging
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23580469
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope%20%28Freeland%20album%29
|
Cope (Freeland album)
|
Cope (stylized as COPE™) is the second album by English DJ and record producer Adam Freeland, credited only by his surname. It was released on 8 June 2009 by Marine Parade Records. Freeland worked with Alex Metric and collaborated with artists, such as Kurt Baumann, Brody Dalle, Gerald Casale, John Ceparano and Kim Field, who contributed vocals to songs on the album.
Track listing
References
External links
[ COPE™] at AllMusic
2009 albums
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44505287
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makerere%20Kikoni
|
Makerere Kikoni
|
Makerere Kikoni is a neighbourhood located in Makerere.
Location
Makerere Kikoni is located in Kawempe Division. It is bordered by Bwaise to the north, Makerere University to the east, Naakulabye to the southwest. Kasubi and Kawaala lie to the west of Makerere. This location lies approximately , by road, north of Kampala's central business district.
History
Makerere Kikoni was mainly a slum in semi permanent structures. It is now mostly developed with hostels. The genesis of this development is traced to a policy adopted by Makerere University in the early 1990s, to admit private students. These students had to cater for their residence. Some residences were converted into hostels to house the students. In recent years, multi storey blocks have been put up to serve as hostels. Besides the hostels, Makerere kikoni is developed with supermarkets, churches, the most outstanding being University Church Fellowship (UCF), hotels like "The Grand Global hotel", "J Frigh Hotel", and"Sheron Hotel". It also has Schools like "Makerere Modern Secondary School" and "Caltec Academy", as well as residential developments.
References
External links
"Shell Opens Makerere-Kikoni Branch"
"Makerere students pay sh5m per year"
Neighborhoods of Kampala
Kawempe Division
Kumusha
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23580472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriMob
|
TriMob
|
TriMob LLC () d/b/a 3Mob, formerly Utel () is a telecommunications company in Ukraine. It is a subsidiary of Ukrtelecom, formerly government-owned fixed phone operator. Utel launched Ukraine's first commercial 3G cellular network based on the UMTS/HSDPA standard on November 1, 2007.
Until 2015 3Mob was the only network in Ukraine that provided UMTS 2100 service (other providers provided data services on EDGE and CDMA technology). It's 3G coverage exists only in Kyiv, free 2G/3G roaming is available in Vodafone-Ukraine network.
References
External links
Official site
Mobile phone companies of Ukraine
Companies based in Kyiv
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17338010
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affton%20School%20District
|
Affton School District
|
Affton School District is a school district in Affton, Missouri, located within St. Louis County. Its schools include Affton Early Childhood, Mesnier Primary School, Gotsch Intermediate School, Merrill J. Rogers Middle School, and Affton High School.
History
The Affton School District, founded in 1855, offered its first high school courses in the basement of Mackenzie School in 1930. The first high school graduation was held in 1934. The original section of the now old Affton High School was completed in 1936. This building, located across the street from the current Affton High School, was used as the Sanders Work Activity Center, but has since been torn down and is now a senior-living facility. The current Affton High School was constructed on of land in 1955. Several additions to the high school have added a new cafeteria, a second gym and a swimming pool, a new sports complex and a common area for student gatherings.
Operations
Students who are differently abled are referred to the Special School District of St. Louis County (SSD) facilities. Affton School District residents are zoned to Southview School (ages 5-21) in Sunset Hills.
References
School districts in Missouri
Education in St. Louis County, Missouri
1855 establishments in Missouri
School districts established in 1855
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6904568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful%20World%20%28album%29
|
Peaceful World (album)
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Peaceful World is the eighth studio album (a double-LP) by rock band The Rascals, released on May 5, 1971. It peaked at number 122 on the Billboard 200 chart. The single "Love Me" reached number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100.
History
Vocalist Eddie Brigati left the Rascals in August 1970, with guitarist Gene Cornish leaving the following month. By October, a new lineup of the Rascals was assembled featuring original members Felix Cavaliere (vocals/keyboards) and Dino Danelli (drums), and several new players, including ex-Paul Butterfield Blues Band guitarist Buzz Feiten and vocalist Annie Sutton. Peaceful World was the first album featuring this new version of the band. It was also the Rascals' first album for the CBS/Columbia label, after almost six years with Atlantic Records.
Many of the songs on Peaceful World were jazz-influenced, as opposed to the "blue-eyed soul" style of the Rascals' heyday; the title track, in particular, was a long piece featuring improvisation and multiple extended solos.
Peaceful World was reissued along with The Island of Real on the BGO label in 2008.
Reception
Writing for Allmusic, critic Jim Newsom praised the album and wrote Peaceful World was "a wonderful blend of soul, jazz, and funk that never found an audience.. Despite its lack of commercial success, this was an artistic triumph for Felix Cavaliere... his ambitious album took the Rascals to the place Cavaliere had been headed over the course of the last couple of albums—but, sadly, the fans didn't follow." Robert Christgau admired the change of direction the album took to jazz, but also wrote; "Yet in the end the jazz musicians he's signed on—Fathead Newman, Joe Farrell, Pepper Adams, Ron Carter—aren't especially well-suited to popularize Coltrane and Pharoah and Sun Ra. And even if Felix were singing enough, he wouldn't be singing very good stuff—composition has never been his strength..."
In his review for the reissue of Peaceful World/The Island of Real, critic Thom Jurek wrote of the album " Peaceful World is a sprawling yet very focused collection of songs... The remarkable aspect of this gorgeous record is that it sounds vintage but not dated. The production is clean, the funk is in the cut, and the communication between musicians in the charts is tight."
Track listing
All songs by Felix Cavaliere; except "In and Out of Love" & "Icy Water" by Buzzy Feiten
Side 1
"Sky Trane" – 5:47
"In and Out of Love" – 3:13
"Bit of Heaven" – 3:30
"Love Me" – 3:48
Side 2
"Mother Nature Land" – 3:31
"Icy Water" – 4:31
"Happy Song" – 3:42
"Love Letter" – 5:27
Side 3
"Little Dove" – 6:30
"Visit to Mother Nature Land" – 5:04
"Getting Nearer" – 8:57
Side 4
"Peaceful World" – 21:25
Personnel
Felix Cavaliere – vocals, keyboards, marimba, organ, piano
Dino Danelli – drums
Howard "Buzz" Feiten – guitar, bass, background vocals
Annie Sutton – vocals
Linc Chamberland – guitar, horn arrangements
Gerald Jemmott – bass
Robert Popwell – bass
Chuck Rainey – bass
William Salter – bass
Hubert Laws – flute
Alice Coltrane – harp
Pepper Adams – baritone saxophone
Garnett Brown – horn, trombone
Ron Carter – bass
Joe Farrell – flute, soprano sax, tenor sax
Molly Holt – background vocals
Buddy Buono – background vocals
Cynthia Webb – background vocals
Ralph MacDonald – bells, conga, percussion, shaker, talking drum
Joe Newman – trumpet
Ernie Royal – trumpet
Jon Robert Smith (born 1946) – saxophone
Ernie Wilkins – saxophone
James Green, Jerry Lee Smith - recording engineer
Bob Irwin - mastering engineer
References
1971 albums
The Rascals albums
Albums produced by Felix Cavaliere
Columbia Records albums
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17338017
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichake
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Ichake
|
Ichake is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District, located in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580474
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasuram%20%282003%20film%29
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Parasuram (2003 film)
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Parasuram is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Arjun. It stars himself, Abbas, Goundamani, Kiran Rathod, Gayathri Raguram, and Rahul Dev in lead roles. The music was composed by A. R. Rahman.
Plot
The case is entrusted to Assistant Police Commissioner Parasuram (Arjun), a patriotic officer tough as a nail. His love is Anjali (Kiran Rathod), who has nothing much to do in the narrative. The bad guy is Akash (Rahul Dev), who sends misguided youths to Pakistan for training and brings them back to subvert our peaceful state. Akash's identity is a secret, while Shiva (Abbas) pops in as Naghulan's (Shyam Ganesh) brother and gives a speech against terrorism. Meena (Gayathri Raguram) is a petty thief who has a soft corner on our macho officer. The rest of the story is all about how Parasuram nails the bad guys with excessive blood spewing.
Cast
Arjun as ACP Parasuram IPS
Abbas as Shiva
Kiran Rathod as Anjali
Gayathri Raguram as Meena
Goundamani as Sub-Inspector Thangaraj
Rahul Dev as Akash / Sankaran Kutty
Rajesh as Director General of Police
Shyam Ganesh as Naghulan, Shiva's elder brother
Venniradai Moorthy as Anjali's father
Vaiyapuri as Anjali's uncle
Ramji as Master
Mansoor Ali Khan as Home Minister Vishwanathan
Rajyalakshmi as ACP Parasuram's mother
Charuhasan as Judge
Vinu Chakravarthy as Kader Mohammed
Indhu as Indira
Baburaj
Production
The film was initially launched under the title Ashoka with Shaji Kailas as director and Samyuktha Varma as the lead actress alongside Arjun. Later he was Shaji opted out from the film due to creative differences, with Arjun himself taking the reins of directorial.
Soundtrack
The songs were composed by A.R. Rahman. The background score was composed by Rahman's assistant Pravin Mani. The soundtrack is regarded as average by Rahman's standard.
Reception
Sify.com, called this movie as "pathetic".
References
External links
2003 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films directed by Arjun Sarja
Indian action films
Films about terrorism in India
Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police
Films scored by A. R. Rahman
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6904575
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Fellows%20Hall%20%28Covington%2C%20Kentucky%29
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Odd Fellows Hall (Covington, Kentucky)
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The Odd Fellows Hall in Covington, Kentucky is located at the northeast corner of Fifth Street and Madison Avenue. It was constructed in 1856 by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge, and was the center of Covington's civic and political life for most of the Victorian era. When the American Civil War ended, victorious Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was honored with a reception there.
In 1900, the body of William Goebel, the only U.S. governor to be assassinated in office, lay in state there, as an estimated 10,000 people filed past.
In the 1950s, a roller skating rink filled the second-floor ballroom, famous for its -high ceiling suspended by a truss system.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was deemed notable as "one of the city's earliest commercial structures." The building was assessed to be "especially noteworthy in the method of construction. In order to accommodate large, unbroken interior spaces, iron tie rods were employed to support the floors. In addition to its architectural distinction, the structure is a well-known local landmark having served as the center for both civic and social activities in downtown Covington."
In May 2002, a major fire almost destroyed the entire building. It was reduced to its front facade, back wall, and a three-story column of smoke and charred debris. A new team has restored the hall, with its first tenant taking occupancy in March 2006.
References
External links
The Grand Banquet Hall
Photos of the interior of the restored building
Odd Fellows Hall rises from the ashes
Odd Fellows fire a profound loss
National Register of Historic Places in Kenton County, Kentucky
Odd Fellows buildings in Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Covington, Kentucky
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
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20474600
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped%20%28Australian%20TV%20series%29
|
Trapped (Australian TV series)
|
Trapped is an Australian children's television series which first premiered on 30 November 2008 and finished its first run on 18 April 2009 on the Seven Network. The 26-part series was shot entirely on location in and around Broome, Western Australia from May to October 2008. A follow up series entitled Castaway began airing on the Seven Network on 12 February 2011. Many of the actors in the main cast of Trapped reprised their roles.
Premise
Following the mysterious disappearance of their parents from a remote scientific research station, a group of children are trapped in a dangerous paradise.
They can only rely on their own resources to survive, find out what's happened to their parents and uncover the terrible secret that is behind the Enterprise Project. Many challenges, mysteries and problems are faced. It's their job to work this all out.
Cast
Main
Marcel Bracks as Rob Frazer
Benjamin Jay as Ryan Cavaner
Maia Mitchell as Natasha Hamilton
Anthony Spanos as Josh Jacobs
Mikayla Southgate as Jarrah Haddon
Sam Fraser as Suzuki Haddon
Natasha Phillips as Lily Taylor
Matilda Terbio as Emma Taylor
Kim Walsh as Maggie Monks
Brad Albert as Gabe
Episodes
See also
Castaway (TV series)
List of Australian television series
References
External links
Trapped on Facebook
Australian children's television series
Seven Network original programming
2008 Australian television series debuts
2009 Australian television series endings
Television shows set in Western Australia
Television series about children
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17338021
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20californica
|
Amara californica
|
Amara californica is a species of black coloured beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
Subspecies
There are two subspecies of A. californica:
Amara californica californica Dejean, 1828
Amara californica costaricensis (Bates, 1878)
References
californica
Beetles described in 1828
Taxa named by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean
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17338023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangfang
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Kangfang
|
Kangfang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580484
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renard%20GAA
|
Renard GAA
|
Reenard (or Renard as it is also spelled) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club from the Kerry, Ireland townland of Reenard. The club competes in Gaelic football competitions organized by the Kerry county board and the South Kerry divisional board. Together with nine other clubs they supply players to the South Kerry Divisional team.
History
The first mention of Reenard was when Pat McGillicuddy of Reenard won the first Dublin Senior Football Championship in 1887 with Erins Hope which was then the name of football team of St. Patrick's College of Education in Drumcondra.
McGillicuddy returned to County Kerry to take up principalship of the National School in the nearby townland of Knockeens in 1890 and immediately set about organising Gaelic football in the locality.
Reenard contested the 1902, 1903, 1904 and 1905 South Kerry Championship and were affiliated to the South Kerry Board in 1904. In 1925 the South Kerry League commenced seeing Reenard compete along with other South Kerry teams. In 1942 playing as "Con Keatings" they won their first title, the Iveragh Junior Championship, by defeating Waterville on a score 1-4 to 1-1.
In 1944 the club was renamed Reenard after the townland. Reenard's first success at senior level came in their first South Kerry Senior Football Championship final in 1948 when they defeated Derrynane by 1-9 to 2-5. Due to emigration and economic deprivation the club was forced to amalgamate with the Foilmore club in the 1960s and 70's.
Ned O'Neill, from Reenard Point, was the first South Kerryman to win an All-Ireland medal when Kerry beat Kildare in the 1903 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (the final was played in 1905 due to circumstances).
On Sunday 29 July 1984 Reenard's official ground, Pairc Ui Dhonnchu, was opened. It was named after Tomas O'Donnchu, the first President of Reenard GAA. The president at that time, Brian Mac Mathuna, opened the ground and to mark the occasion Reenard played a game versus Kingdom Kerry Gaels.
Honours
Senior
Iveragh Junior Championship (As Con Keatings) - 1942
South Kerry Senior Football Championship (5) 1948, 1951, 1953, 1974, 1989
South Kerry Special League - 1966, 1980
South Kerry Senior League - 1968, 1975, 1980
Kerry Novice A Football Championship (3) 1984, 1989, 2001
Kerry County Senior Football League Division 5 - 2004, 2015
Kerryman Centenary Sevens Shield - 2004
County Senior Football League Division 4 - 2005
Cahill Cup - 2005
South Kerry Junior Football Championship (1) 2006
County Junior Football League Division 6 Champions - 2013
Minor
South Kerry Minor Football Championship - 1967, 1979, 1982, 1996, 1997, 2012
South Kerry Minor Football League Division 2 - 1987, 1988
County Minor Football League Division 5 - 1988
County Minor Football League Division 6 - 1998, 2002
South Kerry Minor B Football Championship - 2000, 2003, 2007
Kerry Minor Football League Division 5A -2004, 2005
South Kerry Minor Football League Division 1 - 2010, 2012
U-16
South Kerry A Football Championship - 2000,2012.2017
South Kerry Football League-2017
U-14
County League Division 8 - 2004
South Kerry A Championship - 2004,2010,2012,2017
Kerry Football League Division 6 - 2017
Kerry Football League Division 5 - 2018
U-12
South Kerry B Football Championship - 1996, 1999
South Kerry A Football Championship - 1998, 2000
County Football League Regroup C -2004
County Football League Group K - 2005
South Kerry Senior Football Championship
They have won the South Kerry Senior Football Championship 5 times (once together with Foilmore).
Honours as part of South Kerry
Senior County Championship: 8 - 1955, 1956, 1958, 1981, 1982, 2004, 2005, 2006
Kerry Under 21 Football Championship: 9 - 1984, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007
Kerry Minor Football Championship: 9 - 1963, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1992, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005
Notable players
Eamonn O'Neill Kerry intercounty player
Dan Kelly Kerry intercounty player
Francie O'Shea Kerry intercounty player
John T. O'Sullivan Kerry intercounty player Minor All Ireland Medal Winner 1980
Jim Sugrue Kerry intercounty player
Pat Tommy O'Sullivan Kerry intercounty player
Pat McCrohan Kerry intercounty player U21 All Ireland medal winner 1976
Mike O'Neill Kerry intercounty player
Frank O'Donoghue Kerry intercounty player
John Sugrue County Trainer Laois Senior Football Manager 2018
Killian Young Kerry intercounty player Senior All Ireland Medal Winner 2006 & 2007 & 2014
Eoin O Neill Kerry intercounty player & London intercounty player U21 All Ireland medal winner 2008
The O'Mahony brothers, James, John & Jerry, distinguished themselves with Reenard, Kerry and later with London
Mossie Kelly, John Daly, Robbie and J.J. Wharton all played with the Kingdom Kerry Gaels in London.
Brian Sugrue Kerry intercounty player Munster Minor Champions 2013, 2014. All Ireland Minor 2014 All Ireland Junior Medal Winner 2015
Robert Wharton Kerry intercounty player Munster Minor Champions 2013, 2014 All Ireland Minor 2014 All Ireland Junior Medal Winner 2016
Michael O Leary Kerry intercounty player Munster Minor Champions 2017, All Ireland Minor 2017
External links
Official ReenardGAA Club website
Reenard on GAA info
Gaelic football clubs in County Kerry
Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Kerry
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17338030
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-hkang
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Ko-hkang
|
Ko-hkang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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17338034
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagut
|
Lagut
|
Lagut is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamini%20Lokuge
|
Gamini Lokuge
|
Gamini Kulawansa Lokuge (born 8 May 1943 in Piliyandala) is a Sri Lankan politician and a former Cabinet Minister.
Early life
Lokuge was born on 8 May 1943 in Piliyandala to middle-class parents. He received his primary education in Piliyandala and completed his higher education at Piliyandala Central College.
Political career
Lokuge entered politics in 1960 as a member of the United National Party (UNP). His first national campaign was in 1983, when he was elected by a clear majority to represent the Kesbewa Electoral District.
He served as Minister of Tourism in the UNP governments of 1989 and 2002. In 2006, he joined the government of President Mahinda Rajapaksa after having personal issues with Ranil Wickremesinghe.
In January 2007, Lokuge was appointed to the Ministry of Sports and Public Recreation. He was re-elected in 2010 and 2015.
On 27 November 2019 he was appointed as State Minister for Urban Development.
On 12 August 2020, he was appointed as the Cabinet Minister of Transport
Lokuge was appointed to the Legislative Standing Committee in February 2020.
Notes
References
Living people
Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna politicians
1943 births
Labour ministers of Sri Lanka
United National Party politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
Sports ministers of Sri Lanka
Ministers of state of Sri Lanka
Alumni of Ananda Sastralaya, Kotte
|
17338040
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagwi
|
Lagwi
|
Lagwi is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580489
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Harte
|
Walter Harte
|
Walter Harte (1709–1774) was an English poet and historian. He was a friend of Alexander Pope, Oxford don, canon of Windsor, and vice-principal of St. Mary's Hall, Oxford.
The son of the Reverend Walter Harte, a fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, prebendary of Wells, canon of Bristol, and vicar of St. Mary Magdalen, Taunton, Somerset, the young Harte was educated at Marlborough Grammar School and St Mary Hall, Oxford, where he graduated BA in 1728 and proceeded MA in 1731.
In 1750 he was appointed Canon of the third stall at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, a position he held until 1774.
Works
Poems on several occasions (1727)
An essay on reason. ; 2nd ed. 1735
An essay on satire, particularly on the Duncaid (1730)
Essays on husbandry. (1764)
The amaranth; or, Religious poems (1767)
The history of the life of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden
The reasonableness and advantage of national humiliations, upon the approach of war (1740)
The union and harmony of reason, morality, and revealed religion.
References
External links
Walter Harte at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
Extensive biography
1709 births
1774 deaths
British poets
Canons of Windsor
British male poets
|
23580490
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20D.%20Lalkantha
|
K. D. Lalkantha
|
Kuragamage Don Lalkantha is a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
|
17338044
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20carinata
|
Amara carinata
|
Amara carinata is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
carinata
Beetles described in 1848
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte
|
23580496
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjith%20Madduma%20Bandara
|
Ranjith Madduma Bandara
|
Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Ranjith Madduma Bandara (born 25 August 1954) (known as Ranjith Madduma Bandara) is a Sri Lankan politician and a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. He was appointed as the cabinet Minister of Law and Order and Minister of Public Administration and Management by the President, Maithripala Sirisena on 8 March 2018. He has also acted as the Minister of Transport.
His father R. M. Gunasekera, former member of the parliament for Bibile was assassinated when he was seven years old. His uncle was Dharmadasa Banda. He was educated at Ananda College and became a planter and a businessman.
He is a long time member of Sri Lanka's main political party United National Party, and had held many positions in the party. On February 11, 2020 he was appointed as the General Secretary of Samagi Jana Balawegaya.
References
External links
Sri Lanka Parliament profile
Living people
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Samagi Jana Balawegaya politicians
United National Party politicians
1954 births
Cabinet ministers of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan planters
|
17338047
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20confusa
|
Amara confusa
|
Amara confusa is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
confusa
Beetles described in 1848
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte
|
17338049
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20castanea
|
Amara castanea
|
Amara castanea is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
carinata
Beetles described in 1866
|
23580503
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Mahroof
|
Mohamed Mahroof
|
Mohamed Mahroof (c. 1950 – 3 December 2012) was a Sri Lankan politician, a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and a government minister. He was a member of the Colombo Municipal Council.
References
2012 deaths
Sri Lankan Muslims
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Government ministers of Sri Lanka
United National Party politicians
Year of birth uncertain
|
17338051
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-hok
|
La-hok
|
La-hok is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
|
17338058
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20celiana
|
Amara celiana
|
Amara celiana is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
celiana
Beetles described in 1949
|
23580504
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20H.%20Mohamed
|
M. H. Mohamed
|
Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed (15 June 1921 – 26 April 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. Mohamed served as the 14th Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka as well as being a former member of Parliament and government minister. Mohamed was the first Sri Lankan Moor to hold office as Mayor of Colombo from 1960 to 1962
Early life
Born 15 June 1921, Mohamed was educated at Wesley College, Colombo. After completing his schooling, he joined Cargills Ltd., where he became active in trade union activities. Later he joined the family shipping firm, Nagoor Meera and Sons. His grandfather Marhoom Abdur Rahman was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon.
Political career
Mohamed entered politics having been elected to the Colombo Municipal Council from the Maligawatte Ward and served as Mayor of Colombo from 1960 to 1962. He contested the 1965 general elections as the United National Party candidate in the Borella electorate and was elected to parliament defeating the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) candidate Vivienne Goonewardena. He lost his seat in the 1970 general elections to LSSP candidate Kusala Abhayavardhana by 16,421 votes to 15,829 votes. He was re-elected to parliament in the 1977 general elections and would retain his seat until 2010 in the consecutive elections that followed. In 1977, he was appointed to the Cabinet by J.R. Jayawardena as Minister of Transport.
Role in anti-Tamil violence
In the Black July pogrom of 1983, M.H Mohammed unleashed his thugs to attack Tamils in Borella. In April 1985, President J. R. Jayewardene sent M. H. Mohamed, along with his henchmen to attack Tamils in the village of Karaitivu (Ampara). Muslim youth with the support of the security forces killed several Tamils, raped several women and burned over 2000 Tamil homes, rendering 15,000 Tamils homeless.
References
1921 births
2016 deaths
Speakers of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Transport ministers of Sri Lanka
Mayors of Colombo
United National Party politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
Labour ministers of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Muslims
Housing ministers of Sri Lanka
|
17338060
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laichupo
|
Laichupo
|
Laichupo is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
|
23580505
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry%20and%20Railway%20Park%20Fond-de-Gras
|
Industry and Railway Park Fond-de-Gras
|
The Minett Park Fond-de-Gras is an open-air museum including Fond-de-Gras, the village of Lasauvage, the former open-pit mine "Giele Botter" and the Celtic oppidum of Titelberg. Thanks to its wide thematic variety, the Minett Park offers many complementary activities, the red wire of which is iron ore.
It is located in the south of Luxembourg.
A little history
The iron ore located in the south of Luxembourg is part of the largest European deposit, with an area of nearly 110,000 hectares. However, only 3,700 hectares were in the territory of Luxembourg. Most of the deposit was located in France (Lorraine).
Historically, the Fond-de-Gras was one of the most important mining centres in Luxembourg. A few years after the closure of the last mine at the Fond-de-Gras in 1964, a few volunteers worked to preserve part of the railway line with the aim of operating a tourist train on the line. The first train ran in 1973.
Fond-de-Gras
Today, at the Fond-de-Gras, several historic buildings have been preserved: an electric power station, old grocery store, rolling mill train, railway station and railway sheds, testifying to the mining activity that took place there for nearly a century. Two historic trains still circulate :
Train 1900
The Train 1900 runs between Pétange and Fond-de-Gras, on the former "Mining Line". The train line was opened in 1874 in order to transport the iron ore extracted from neighbouring mines. A truly unique experience in Luxembourg and the Greater Region - step back in time with the Train 1900 .
Minièresbunn
Back when the mines were operational, mining trains were vital for removing the iron ore carriages from the mine. At present, the Minièresbunn runs between Fond-de-Gras and Lasauvage and offers a sensational experience when visiting the bottom of the mine.
Lasauvage
One of the oldest iron and steel facilities in Luxembourg was located in Lasauvage: a forge built around 1625. The village experienced spectacular growth owing to the Count of Saintignon. This French industrialist at the time owned mines in Lasauvage and built many buildings in the village: houses for the workers, a church, village hall, etc. Many of these buildings are still standing today and bestow the village with exceptional charm.
3 galleries and museums are in Lasauvage :
- The miner's old changing room, the Salle des Pendus
- The museum Eugène Pesch showcases a collection of fossils, minerals and old mining tools
- The Espace Muséologique de Lasauvage is dedicated to the village's history and to a group of young people, who had to hide in a mine, in order to avoid the Wehrmacht's uniform during World War II.
Nature and archaeology
The Minett Park Fond-de-Gras extends between green valleys, plateaus bathed in sunlight and vast forests, making it the ideal destination for breathtaking walks. This lays to rest the notion that the south of Luxembourg was ruined by its industrial past. A large-scale open-cast mine, the Giele Botter has been transformed into a hundred hectare nature reserve that is being reclaimed by the flora and fauna. At the time of the Celts, the site of Titelberg played a major role due to an important oppidum erected in the first century BC. The excavations carried out at Titelberg testify that it was the capital of the Treviri tribe.
Draisines - Rail-Bike
6 draisines (4 seat rail bikes) are circulating on the track linking the Fond-de-Gras with the Bois-de-Rodange.
See also
List of museums in Luxembourg
External links
Minett Park Fond-de-Gras
Museums in Luxembourg
Buildings and structures in Pétange
Rail transport preservation in Luxembourg
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23580509
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Musthaffa
|
Mohamed Musthaffa
|
Meera Mohideen Mohamed Musthaffa is a Sri Lankan politician, a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and a former government minister.
Musthaffa stood as an independent candidate in the 2010 presidential election and came 17th out of 22 candidates after receiving 3,134 votes (0.03%).
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Candidates in the 2010 Sri Lankan presidential election
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Government ministers of Sri Lanka
United National Party politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
Sri Lankan Muslims
|
17338061
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20chalcea
|
Amara chalcea
|
Amara chalcea is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
chalcea
Beetles described in 1828
|
17338063
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20chaudoiri
|
Amara chaudoiri
|
Amara chaudoiri is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
Subspecies
There are three subspecies of A. chaudoiri:
Amara chaudoiri chaudoiri Schaum, 1858
Amara chaudoiri incognita Fassati, 1946
Amara chaudoiri transcaucasiens Hieke, 1970
References
chaudoiri
Beetles described in 1858
Taxa named by Hermann Rudolph Schaum
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17338070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20coelebs
|
Amara coelebs
|
Amara coelebs is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
coelebs
Beetles described in 1908
|
20474639
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20NCAA%20Division%20I%20FCS%20football%20season
|
2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season
|
The 2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season, the 2006 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), began on August 26, 2006 and concluded on December 15, 2006, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, at the 2006 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game where the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the UMass Minutemen, 28–17.
Rule changes
There are several rules that have changed for the 2006 season. Following are some highlights:
Players may only wear clear eyeshields. Previously, both tinted and orange were also allowed.
The kicking tee has been lowered from two inches tall to only one inch.
Halftime lasts twenty minutes. Previously, it was only fifteen minutes.
On a kickoff, the game clock starts when the ball is kicked rather than when the receiving team touches it.
This rule change has resulted in controversy, highlighted by the matchup between Wisconsin and Penn State on November 4, 2006, in which Wisconsin deliberately went off-sides on two consecutive kickoffs to run extra time off the clock at the close of the first half.
On a change of possession, the clock starts when the referee marks the ball ready for play, instead of on the snap.
The referee may no longer stop the game due to excessive crowd noise.
When a live-ball penalty such as an illegal formation occurs on a kick, the receiving team may choose either to add the penalty yardage to the end of the return or require the kick to be attempted again with the spot moved back. Previously, only the latter option was available.
If a team scores at the end of the game, they will not kick the extra point unless it would affect the outcome of the game.
Instant replay is now officially sanctioned and standardized. All plays are reviewed by the replay officials as the play occurs. They may call down to the on-field officials to stop play if they need extra time to make a review. Each coach may also make one challenge per game. In the case of a coach's challenge, the coach must have at least one time-out remaining. If the challenge is upheld the coach gets the time-out back but the challenge is spent. If the challenge is rejected, both the challenge and the time-out are spent.
Conference changes and new programs
FCS team wins over FBS teams
September 2 – Montana State 19, Colorado 10
September 2 – Portland State 17 New Mexico 7
September 2 – Richmond 13, Duke 0
September 9 – New Hampshire 34, Northwestern 17
September 16 – Southern Illinois 35, Indiana 28
September 23 – North Dakota State 29, Ball State 24
October 28 - Cal Poly SLO 16, San Diego State 14
Conference standings
Conference champions
Automatic berths
Invitation
Abstains
Postseason
NCAA Division I playoff bracket
* Host institution
SWAC Championship Game
Gridiron Classic
The Gridiron Classic is an annual game between the champions of the Northeast Conference and the Pioneer Football League that has been held since December 2006.
Final poll standings
Standings are from The Sports Network final 2006 poll.
References
External links
|
17338071
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest%20Junior%20College%20Football%20Conference
|
Southwest Junior College Football Conference
|
The Southwest Junior College Football Conference (SWJCFC) is a football conference for National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) teams located in the Southwestern United States. The conference has produced 5 of the last 15 NJCAA national champions.
Current members
Former members
Allen Academy (eliminated college programs)
Hillsboro Junior College (closed, reopened as Hill College)
Lon Morris College (closed)
Odessa College (disbanded)
Panola College (disbanded)
Paris Junior College (disbanded)
Ranger College (disbanded)
Southwest Texas Junior College (disbanded)
Texarkana College (disbanded)
Wharton County Junior College (disbanded)
Future member
New Mexico Military Institute has announced it will leave the Western States Football League and join the SWJCFC for the 2016 season.
Champions
Trinity Valley (aka Henderson County) (17 titles, 11 outright):2014, 2005, 1999, 1997, 1994, 1991*, 1988, 1984, 1983, 1973*, 1968*, 1967, 1966*, 1965, 1959, 1958, 1953*, 1952*
Kilgore (15 titles, 11 outright):2018, 2015, 2004, 2001, 1992*, 1990, 1982, 1980, 1978, 1977*, 1975, 1970, 1968*, 1966*, 1946
Tyler (11 titles, 8 outright): 2000, 1993*, 1992*, 1991*, 1986, 1985, 1981, 1979, 1974, 1971, 1969
Navarro (12 titles, 6 outright):2019, 2007, 1993*, 1989, 1977*, 1976, 1973*, 1962*, 1961, 1953*, 1952, 1951
Blinn (6 titles, 6 outright): 2009, 2006, 1996, 1995, 1987, 1972
Northeastern Oklahoma A&M (3 titles, 3 outright): 2003, 2002, 1998
Texarkana (3 titles, 2 outright): 1964, 1957, 1955*
Wharton County (3 titles, 1 outright): 1963, 1962*, 1948*
Panola (2 titles, 2 outright): 1950, 1949
Paris (2 titles, 1 outright): 1955*, 1954
Ranger (2 titles, 1 outright): 1960, 1948*
Allen (1 title, 1 outright): 1956
Hillsboro (now Hills College) (1 title, 0 outright): 1947*
Southwest Texas (1 title, 0 outright): 1947*
"*" denotes shared title
See also
NJCAA National football championship
List of community college football programs
External links
Southwest Junior College Football Conference
NJCAA conferences
College football-only conferences in the United States
|
17338072
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20colvillensis
|
Amara colvillensis
|
Amara colvillensis is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
colvillensis
Beetles described in 1968
|
6904579
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Potenza
|
List of municipalities of the Province of Potenza
|
The following is a list of the 100 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Potenza, Basilicata, Italy.
List
References
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT)
External links
Potenza
|
20474654
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Plano
|
University of Plano
|
The University of Plano was an American private liberal arts college located in Plano, Texas that was in operation from 1964 until 1977.
The University of Plano received its charter from the State of Texas on May 8, 1964 as a private, coeducational, nondenominational institution. The school was originally called the University of Lebanon, changing its name effective September 4, 1964 to reflect the location of its campus. The university's first classes were held in space leased in downtown Dallas in the fall of 1965.
The school was founded in 1964 by Robert J. Morris, an attorney and former judge known as an anti-Communist. Morris had served as chief counsel the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. Morris had been the president of the University of Dallas from 1960 to 1962. Building on the difficulties faced by one of his children, Morris founded the school in 1964. He remained at the school until 1977 and it closed its doors shortly thereafter.
Morris decided to build a school focusing on the Doman-Delacato Method. Using $250,000 borrowed from Republic National Life of Dallas, he put a down payment on of land in northwest Plano. With $600,000 raised from a bond issue, he persuaded the government of Malaysia to donate to the school the nation's pavilion from the 1964 New York World's Fair, with the pagoda becoming the main building of the university.
The school had no endowment to speak of, other than the land where its campus was located on Custer Road. The school's finances depended on rising values for the land it had purchased, based on the assumption that the growth of the Dallas area would push residential development towards Plano and hopes that portions of the land could be rezoned for commercial use, both of which would drive up the value of the land. Property purchased by Morris for the University in 1964 for $1,800 an acre, sold in 1969 for $3,000 an acre, and could obtain as much as $6,300 an acre by 1971. of the school's land was rezoned for a shopping center and an additional was rezoned for small retail.
Despite warnings offered as far back as 1967, the school developed a heavy reliance on land speculation to meet its expenses. With the end of the land boom in 1975, the school was unable to use land sales to fund its activities. The school ran short of funds in 1976, and despite ownership of and twenty buildings, was forced to close in July 1976.
Records from the former University are not complete and many are not available as they were privately held by Dr. Robert Morris for some time. The chain of custody is unclear and many graduates have been unable to recover records. An alumni site was available at Universityofplano.org. Though still registered as of June 2017, the site only has a parking redirect link from GoDaddy.com.
References
Educational institutions established in 1964
University of Plano
Education in Plano, Texas
University of Plano
1964 establishments in Texas
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17338074
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20communis
|
Amara communis
|
Amara communis is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae found in Ireland, from Siberia to Kamchatka, and Caucasus. The species are 6–8mm in length, and live in moss.
References
communis
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1797
Taxa named by Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer
|
6904584
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maumee%20High%20School%20%28Ohio%29
|
Maumee High School (Ohio)
|
Maumee High School is a public high school in Maumee, Ohio, southwest of Toledo. It is the only high school in the Maumee City School District. Their mascot and sports teams are known as the "Maumee Panthers". They are members of the Northern Lakes League and their rivals are Perrysburg Yellow Jackets and Anthony Wayne Generals.
Maumee High School is one of only four high schools that have a Heisman Trophy on display, donated by alum Richard Kazmaier, who won it while at Princeton University.
Maumee High School was accused of assigning students videos by PragerU, a right-wing propaganda website, on October 20, 2020.
Notable alumni
Michael Graves (fighter), professional MMA fighter currently with Titan Fc
Robert Knepper, actor (who was on Prison Break on Fox)
Richard Kazmaier, football player (1951 Heisman winner who gifted trophy to high school); namesake of school stadium
Steve Mason, Southern California radio broadcaster
Bellal Joseph, trauma surgeon for Gabby Giffords after her assassination attempt
Richard Kazmaier Stadium
Richard Kazmaier Stadium is on the north side of the Maumee High School campus. In addition to football, track, and soccer, it hosts marching band, drum, and drumline competitions.
Maumee Performing Arts Center at Maumee High School
Thanks to donations from local businesses (Ed Schmidt Auto Group, Maison-Dardenne-Walker Funeral Home, the Andersons, the Buehrer Group, Fifth Third Bank, St. Luke’s Hospital, and the Maumee Rotary Foundation), a long-awaited theater was completed on the school campus. Prior to its construction, Maumee High was one of few in the region without a theater. Instead, productions commenced at other venues or Gateway Middle School, one mile away. They have recently performed such plays as Take Her, She's Mine, My Fair Lady, The Servant of Two Masters, Guys and Dolls, Alice in Wonderland, and The Wizard of Oz.
The Maumee Performing Arts Center at Maumee High School also served as temporary host to the Toledo Opera, Toledo Ballet, and others from late November 2007 through March 2008, after a fire closed the Valentine Theater.
References
External links
District Website
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio
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17338084
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D.%20S.C.%20Nissa%201962
|
A.S.D. S.C. Nissa 1962
|
Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Sport Club Nissa 1962, commonly known as Nissa, is an Italian association football club, based in Caltanissetta, Sicily.
History
Foundation
The club was founded in 1962, as heir of former local club Unione Sportiva Nissena, who lived from 1947 to 1962, and assumed the original denomination of Nissa Sport Club 1962.
Serie D
It initially played in minor amateur league before reaching Serie D in 1967, where it spent a total of five season before being relegated in 1972. It returned to play Serie D only in 1979, later starting plans for a historical enter into the world of Italian professional football. Nissa were however relegated in 1983, only to be readmitted to fill a league vacancy; it consequently decided to take advantage of the opportunity and build a strong team that promptly won the 1984 Serie D league, and finally ensuring promotion to Serie C2.
Serie C2
Nissa's debut as a professional team came in a Coppa Italia Serie C match against Reggina, ended in a 2–2 home tie. In its first Serie C2 season, it barely escaped relegation by winning the four final matches. The following campaign was far more successful, as Nissa managed to achieve a good sixth place in the final place. However, Nissa's time into professional football came to an end in 1987, as it was relegated back to Interregionale. This was followed by a financial crisis that caused a relegation to Promozione in 1989; the club promptly returned to Interregionale the following season, but only to be canceled from football due to bankruptcy in 1992. A minor Promozione club, Caltanissetta, was consequently admitted to Eccellenza under the denomination of Nuova Nissa, being promoted to Serie D in 1995. However this club folded only three years later, in 1998, due to financial issues.
The refundation
After a year without a major football team in Caltanissetta, in 1999 minor clubs Sommatino and Nissena 1996 merged to found the current club, gaining the right to play Promozione, and immediately winning promotion to Eccellenza. In the following years, Nissa fought hard to go on its rise into the football pyramid, without succeeding in it until 2008, when it won the Girone A of Eccellenza Sicily after a long battle with Trapani.
Liquidation and another refoundation
In summer 2013 the club wasn't able to enter 2013–14 Eccellenza, after the relegation and was so subsequently liquidated. In 2014 however, it restarted in Prima Categoria Sicily under the current name.
Colors and badge
Its official colours are red and yellow.
Stadium
Nissa plays its home matches at Stadio Marco Tomaselli, informally known as Pian del Lago, with a capacity of 11,950. This venue also hosted an Italy national under-21 football team match in 1994, which ended in a 2–1 win for the azzurrini against Croatia national under-21 football team, but is best remembered for seeing the Italian team play with Nissa's red-coloured home shirts due to both teams having very similar jersey colours and lacking the corresponding reserve kits.
References
External links
Official site
Nissa
Nissa
Caltanissetta
Nissa
Nissa
Italian football clubs established in 1962
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6904588
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%20Wildlife%20Center
|
Alabama Wildlife Center
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The Alabama Wildlife Center is a wildlife rehabilitation and education center located in Oak Mountain State Park in Pelham, Alabama, United States. It is the largest such center in the state.
The center treats injured or orphaned native birds from across the state of Alabama from over 100 different species. Every year, AWC receives almost 2,000 avian patients.
The Alabama Wildlife Center's education program focuses on conservation education and the preservation of Alabama's biodiversity and avian resources. AWC's programming reaches over 30,000 people annually from Alabama and beyond.
History
The center was founded in Birmingham in 1977 by Anne Miller as an all-volunteer organization to meet the need for the rescue and rehabilitation of native Alabama wildlife. By 1981, Miller left her job as a zookeeper with the Birmingham Zoo to run the center full-time. In 1987, the state of Alabama, in recognition of the center's service, donated the use of a closed restaurant inside Oak Mountain State Park. Currently the state covers the cost of the building maintenance and most utilities, while the center is responsible for capital improvements and operating expenses.
The center was recognized as a "Best of the Road" destination in the 2006 edition of the Rand McNally road atlas.
Exhibits
While not all of the animals being treated at the center will be on display at once, visitors have the opportunity to observe many of the patients through one-way windows. The nursery, solarium and Backyard Wildlife Demonstration Garden are located inside the building. Adjacent to the main building are the Raptor Wing and Freedom Flight, where large birds on the cusp of release are housed. Nearby is the Treetop Nature Trail, where otherwise-healthy birds unable to be released into the wild may be observed in a natural setting along an elevated boardwalk.
External links
Official website
Slideshow from the Shelby County Reporter
Landmarks in Alabama
1977 establishments in Alabama
Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers
Animal welfare organizations based in the United States
Buildings and structures in Shelby County, Alabama
Tourist attractions in Shelby County, Alabama
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6904590
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdsmen%20of%20the%20Sun
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Herdsmen of the Sun
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Herdsmen of the Sun () is a 1989 documentary film by Werner Herzog.
The film explores the social rituals and cultural celebrations of the Saharan nomadic Wodaabe tribe. Particular focus is given to the Gerewol celebration, which features an elaborate male beauty contest to win wives.
Although the film may be considered to be ethnographic, Herzog commented that: "[My films] are anthropological only in as much as they try to explore the human condition at this particular time on this planet. I do not make films using images only of clouds and trees, I work with human beings because the way they function in different cultural groups interests me. If that makes me an anthropologist then so be it."
References
External links
1989 films
West German films
1980s German-language films
1989 documentary films
German documentary films
1980s German films
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17338085
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZMZ
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DZMZ
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89 DMZ Danze Muzic Zone (formerly under DZMZ 89.1 MHz Metro Manila) was a music FM station from November 18, 1989 until February 28, 2001 and was owned and operated by Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation in the Philippines. Its studios were located at Broadcast City, Capitol Hills, Diliman, Quezon City, with its transmitter located along Roosevelt Avenue, San Francisco del Monte, Quezon City.
History
Initially known as DWKB-FM (KB 89.1), the station first aired in 1975 and in a short time, became one of the country's most listened to easy listening FM music stations.
As 89 DMZ
The station later rebranded as 89 DMZ on November 18, 1989 (it also changed its callsign to DZMZ-FM) which played dance music such as disco, new wave, Euro/Italo disco, electronic dance music, house and Eurodance; hip hop, R&B, pop, OPM, hot AC and remixed music from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The late rapper, Francis Magalona, worked with the station through his program, "The Word-up Show", which aired on Saturday nights. It also became the home of the "Mobile Circuit" every Friday night. Back then, the station operated 18 hours a day.
The end of 89 DMZ
In 2001, IBC and Blockbuster Broadcasting System went into a government-sponsored bidding and Blockbuster Broadcasting System won the frequency rights as Wave 891 (callsign changed to DWAV). However, the network still shared its transmission facilities of IBC 13 until 2014.
After 89 DMZ: Dance Music Zone in cyberspace
Inspired by 89 Danze Muzic Zone, iDMZ Sayaw Pinoy! is an Internet radio station that was formally launched on August 28, 2011. iDMZ Sayaw Pinoy! is the first and only Filipino interactive website that offers non-stop dance music in the form of DJ mixes. It provides unadulterated dance music that caters to the entire age spectrum and became a tribute to the Philippine icon radio station, 89 DMZ. Anyone from all over the world can access the site and enjoy the music via live streaming.
iDMZ Sayaw Pinoy! also has a group page in Facebook dubbed "89 DMZ (Danze Music Zone)" with more than 18,000 active members.
iDMZ Sayaw Pinoy! is spearheaded by Arthur Serzo a.k.a. The King (Program Director) and Terence N. Khan a.k.a. The Sting (The Voice behind iDMZ/script writer/DJ/consultant).
See also
IBC-13
Defunct radio stations in Metro Manila
Radio stations established in 1988
Radio stations disestablished in 2000
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
Internet radio stations in the Philippines
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17338087
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20word
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Combined word
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Combined word may refer to:
Portmanteau word, a word which fuses two or more function words
Compound (linguistics), a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem
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6904597
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20discharger
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Static discharger
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Static dischargers, also called static wicks or static discharge wicks, are devices used to remove static electricity from aircraft in flight. They take the form of small sticks pointing backwards from the wings, and are fitted on almost all civilian aircraft.
Function
Precipitation static is an electrical charge on an airplane caused by flying through rain, snow, ice, or dust particles. Charge also accumulates through friction between the aircraft hull and the air. When the aircraft charge is great enough, it discharges into the surrounding air. Without static dischargers, the charge discharges in large batches through pointed aircraft extremities, such as antennas, wing tips, vertical and horizontal stabilizers, and other protrusions. The discharge creates a broad-band radio frequency noise from DC to 1000 MHz, which can affect aircraft communication.
To control this discharge, so as to allow the continuous operation of navigation and radio communication systems, static dischargers are installed on the trailing edges of aircraft. These include (electrically grounded) ailerons, elevators, rudder, wing, horizontal and vertical stabilizer tips. Static dischargers are high electrical resistance (6-200 megaohm) devices with a lower corona voltage and sharper points than the surrounding aircraft structure. This means that the corona discharge into the atmosphere flows through them, and occurs gradually.
Static dischargers are not lightning arrestors and do not affect the likelihood of an aircraft being struck by lightning. They will not function if they are not properly bonded to the aircraft. There must be a conductive path from all parts of the airplane to the dischargers, otherwise they will be useless. Access panels, doors, cowls, navigation lights, antenna mounting hardware, control surfaces, etc., can create static noise if they cannot discharge through the static wick.
History
The first static dischargers were developed by a joint Army-Navy team led by Dr. Ross Gunn of the Naval Research Laboratory and fitted onto military aircraft during World War II. They were shown to be effective even in extreme weather conditions in 1946 by a United States Army Air Corps team led by Capt. Ernest Lynn Cleveland.
Dayton Granger, an inventor from Florida, received a patent on static wicks in 1950.
See also
Pan Am Flight 214
Precipitation (meteorology)
Electrostatic discharge
Triboelectric effect
Ground loop (electricity)
References
Electrical engineering
Electrodes
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17338088
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamuk
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Lamuk
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Lamuk is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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6904608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Douglas
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Sandra Douglas
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Sandra Marie Douglas (born 22 April 1967) is a female English former athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.
Career
Douglas was born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester. She competed for Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain, where she ran her lifetime best of 51.41 secs to reach the semifinals of the 400 metres, before going on to win a bronze medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay, with her teammates Phyllis Smith, Jennifer Stoute and Sally Gunnell. Douglas also competed for England at the 1994 Commonwealth Games.
International competitions
National titles
UK Championships 400 metres (1992)
AAA Indoor Championships 400 metres (1991)
References
1967 births
Living people
People from Chipping Campden
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
English female sprinters
Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Commonwealth Games competitors for England
Olympic female sprinters
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17338094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langyang
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Langyang
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Langyang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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6904614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs%20IF
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Göteborgs IF
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Göteborgs IF (full name Göteborgs Idrottsförbund) is a now defunct Swedish football club which was located in Gothenburg. They won the Swedish Championship in 1903. The club was founded in 1900 when the three clubs Göteborgs Velocipedklubb, Skridskosällskapet Norden and Idrottssällskapet Lyckans Soldater merged.
Achievements
Swedish Champions
Winners (1): 1903
Cups
Svenska Mästerskapet:
Winners (1): 1903
Footnotes
A. The title of "Swedish Champions" has been awarded to the winner of four different competitions over the years. Between 1896 and 1925 the title was awarded to the winner of Svenska Mästerskapet, a stand-alone cup tournament. No club were given the title between 1926 and 1930 even though the first-tier league Allsvenskan was played. In 1931 the title was reinstated and awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan. Between 1982 and 1990 a play-off in cup format was held at the end of the league season to decide the champions. After the play-off format in 1991 and 1992 the title was decided by the winner of Mästerskapsserien, an additional league after the end of Allsvenskan. Since the 1993 season the title has once again been awarded to the winner of Allsvenskan.
References
Defunct football clubs in Sweden
Football clubs in Gothenburg
Association football clubs established in 1900
1900 establishments in Sweden
Football clubs in Västra Götaland County
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6904621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20and%20Unity
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Freedom and Unity
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"Freedom and Unity" is the official motto of the U.S. state of Vermont. The motto was first adopted in 1788 for use on the Great Seal of the Vermont Republic. Ira Allen designed the Vermont seal and is often credited as its author. Allen's 1798 book The Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont cites many contributions by him to Vermont's founding but does not claim credit for the motto. Following Vermont's admission to the federal union in 1791, the legislature once more approved the use of the motto for the new state seal. Vermont's first governor, Thomas Chittenden, cited the state motto in his epitaph: "Out of storm and manifold perils rose an enduring state, the home of freedom and unity."
Meaning
There is general agreement that Vermont's motto is about the idea of balancing two seemingly opposite ideals: the personal freedom and independence of the individual citizen, with the common good of the larger community. Writer and Vermont resident Dorothy Canfield Fisher (1879–1958) wrote the following about her adopted state: "the Vermont idea grapples energetically with the basic problem of human conduct – how to reconcile the needs of the group, of which every man or woman is a member, with the craving for individual freedom to be what he really is."
These two forces have mostly endured in Vermont's history, both freedom, and unity, expressing distinct parts of the Vermont identity. Vermont's motto is believed to have been the inspiration for Daniel Webster's famous Liberty and Union speech before the United States Senate. Use of the exact motto is found in two quite different political groups. The left-center Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) used the motto Freedom and Unity before World War II. In the United Kingdom, a right-center party, the English Democratic Party (not to be confused with the similarly named English Democrats Party) which seeks protection of English culture and opposing European unity, also uses the exact motto. The current national motto of Germany, adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1952, is also quite similar Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit translating as Unity and Justice and Freedom. The coat of arms of the Swiss canton of Vaud reads "Liberté et Patrie" - freedom and fatherland.
Uses and applications
By Vermont statute the motto Freedom and Unity is applied to the Great Seal of Vermont, the coat of arms of Vermont, and the flag of Vermont. The motto can be found above the central doors of the Vermont Supreme Court, and above the rostrum in Representatives Hall at the Vermont State House.
Tanzania
Tanzania's official motto is the Swahili phrase Uhuru na Umoja, which translates as "Freedom and Unity".
See also
"Stella quarta decima fulgeat", the state's official Latin motto
References
Crampton, William G. Webster's Concise Encyclopedia of Flags & Coats of Arms. Crescent Books: 1985. .
Duffy, John J., et al. Vermont: An Illustrated History. American Historical Press: 2000. .
Duffy, John J., et al. The Vermont Encyclopedia. University Press of New England: 2003. .
Potash, P. Jeffrey, et al. Freedom and Unity: A History of Vermont. Vermont Historical Society: 2004. .
Zieber, Eugene, Heraldry in America: The Civic Armorial Bearings of American States. Greenwich House: 1974.
External links
Vermont Historical Society exhibition ''Freedom and Unity: One ideal, Many Stories
Vermont State Statutes describing application of the state motto
State mottos of the United States
Symbols of Vermont
New England
1791 establishments in Vermont
National symbols of Tanzania
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6904627
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrift%20Drug
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Thrift Drug
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Thrift Drug was a U.S. pharmacy chain founded in 1935 and based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The company was purchased by JCPenney in 1968, and was expanded greatly thereafter, serving as the flagship chain of JCPenney's pharmacy group. The chain did not hide its affiliation with JCPenney, as it had JCPenney catalog merchandise pickup centers inside many of its locations, as well as signs advertising "JCPenney Catalog Center". Stores also accepted the JCPenney credit card for purchases.
In 1996, JCPenney purchased Eckerd, another pharmacy chain. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) objected to the purchase on antitrust grounds, stating that ownership of Eckerd would give JCPenney a dominant position in the drug store business in the states of North Carolina and South Carolina through its ownership of Thrift Drug, Rite Aids in the Carolinas, and Eckerd. The FTC ultimately approved the transaction, but as a condition of approval, in 1997 JCPenney and Thrift were required to divest 14 Thrift drug stores in Charlotte and 20 Thrift stores in Raleigh-Durham, as well as all 110 Rite Aid locations in the state of North Carolina and that chain's 17 locations in Charleston. As a result, JCPenney divested 164 stores in the Carolinas. The divested stores were purchased by an investment group led by former Thrift Drug executives who left JCPenney after the Eckerd transaction. These stores became the Kerr Drug chain, using the name of a former Carolinas chain acquired by JCPenney in 1995.
After acquiring Eckerd, in 1997 JCPenney merged Thrift Drug and all other pharmacy chains into the larger Eckerd chain (now CVS Pharmacy and Rite Aid).
One enduring legacy of Thrift Drug was in the 1977 movie Slap Shot, when a Thrift Drug located in downtown Johnstown, Pennsylvania was shown in the background during a shot of downtown Charlestown (the town that Johnstown portrayed in the film), alongside other now-defunct retailers such as Woolworth (which still exists today as Foot Locker but closed their namesake chain in 1997) and competitor Revco (which was later acquired by CVS Pharmacy). Also shown was a location of Thrift Drug's nominal successor (through Eckerd) and fellow Pennsylvania pharmacy, Rite Aid. Due to Rite Aid's connection to Thrift Drug through Eckerd, Rite Aid, as well as CVS which also purchased many Eckerd stores, accept JCPenney credit cards despite having otherwise had no corporate affiliation with JCPenney.
References
Defunct pharmacies of the United States
Retail companies disestablished in 1997
Rite Aid
JCPenney
Retail companies established in 1935
Health care companies based in Pennsylvania
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6904628
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omealca%2C%20Veracruz
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Omealca, Veracruz
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Omealca Municipality is a municipality of the state of Veracruz in Mexico. The municipal seat is Omealca.
Etymology
Omealca means place between two rivers in nahuatl, due to it being next to Blanco river and above a subterranean one.
Climate
Omealca's has a very diverse range of climates, as it is next to the state of Puebla and Oaxaca, meaning that besides having Veracruz's tropical climate, it also has Puebla's mountainous climate and Oaxaca's arid climate.
Municipalities of Veracruz
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20474671
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Seung
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Sebastian Seung
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Hyunjune Sebastian Seung (English: /sung/ or [səŋ]; ) is President at Samsung Electronics & Head of Samsung Research and Anthony B. Evnin Professor in the Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Computer Science. Seung has done influential research in both computer science and neuroscience. He has helped pioneer the new field of connectomics, "developing new computational technologies for mapping the connections between neurons," and has been described as the cartographer of the brain.
Since 2014, he has been a professor in computer science and neuroscience at Princeton University's Neuroscience Institute at the Jeff Bezos Center in Neural Dynamics, where he directs the Seung Labs. Before, he worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a full professor in computational neuroscience in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and as a professor in physics.
In the industry, he was a research scientist at the Bell Labs and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Since 2015, he has joined the board of advisors for Nara Logics, an MIT-based startup specializing in brain research and big data. Since 2018, he was hired as the Chief Research Scientist at Samsung.
He is most well known as a proponent of connectomics through his Ted talk "I am my Connectome" and his book Connectome which was named top 10 nonfiction books of the year 2012 by the Wall Street Journal and has been translated into dozens of languages.
He has also founded EyeWire, an online computer game that mobilizes social computing and machine learning on a mission to map the human brain. It has attracted hundreds of thousands of users from over a hundred countries, and it has recently partnered with KT Corporation to help spread the scientific mission and attract more players to the cause.
Seung is also known for his 1999 joint work on non-negative matrix factorization, an important algorithm used in AI and data science.
Biography
Seung was born in New York, NY. His father Thomas Seung is a philosophy professor at the University of Texas, Austin, and Korean-American immigrant who escaped North Korea as a teenager. Sebastian's mother is Kwihwan Hahn, a graduate of Juilliard, and he has two younger siblings, a brother, currently a professor at Harvard Medical School, and a sister, currently a psychiatrist.
By age five, he had taught himself how to read. Growing up, his passions were soccer, math, nonfiction (science and philosophy), and Greek myths. His interest in western philosophy and the classics appears in his books including Connectome. As a teenager, he was particularly inspired by Carl Sagan's "Cosmos" to become a physicist.
Education and physics career (1982-2005)
He studied theoretical physics as an undergraduate at Harvard University (enrolled 1982 when 16 years old), taking graduate courses as a sophomore when he was 17 years old. He then went straight into Harvard's graduate program and obtained his Ph.D. in 1990 under the supervision of David Robert Nelson.
Seung's 1990 doctoral dissertation is titled "Physics of Lines and Surfaces." It examines the statistical mechanics of vortex lines in high-temperature superconductors and uses tools such as the renormalization group perturbation theory. It then uses Monte Carlo simulations to analyze buckling phase transition behavior and critical phenomena, drawing comparisons with the Ising model and XY spin-glass model. Finally it introduces a continuum elastic theory for certain hexatic molecules.
During his Ph.D studies he briefly interned at the Bell Labs in 1989. There he was introduced to the mathematical problem of neural networks.
He completed his postdoctoral training at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He returned to the Bell Labs and was a member of the Theoretical Physics Department. In 2004, he joined the MIT faculty first as a professor in physics and then as a professor in neuroscience.
Switch to neuroscience and connectomics
It was near the end of 2005 when he made the switch from physics to neuroscience, which at the time was considered a risky career move. In November, one of his former mentors David Tank from the Bell Labs suggested a new problem to Seung: how does the brain work? He was invited to a neuroscience conference in Germany, and in January 2006 he brought two of his graduate students to learn about a new technology that imaged the brain in higher resolution built by Winfried Denk. It was then that Seung worked day and night writing grant proposals to fund computational research in connectomics, which at the time was seen as a "highly speculative engineering project."
Since 2014, Seung joined the faculty at Princeton as a professor in neuroscience at the Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics. Seung now leads a team working on an online citizen science project, EyeWire. It is human-based computation game about tracing neurons in the retina. The game was developed by MIT and the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research.
The Connectome Theory
The connectome is the map of the 100 trillion plus neural connections within the brain. Its name is based on the same way the genome is a map of a species' DNA. In simplest mathematical terms, it can be thought of as a graph network. Seung focuses on the potential implications of the Human Connectome Project and what it would mean to map the connectome of a human brain. He has popularized the connectome theory through his 2010 TED Conference speech titled “I Am My Connectome” as well as through his 2012 book Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are.
He proposes that every memory, skill, and passion is encoded somehow in the connectome. And when the brain is not wired properly it can result in mental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. Understanding the human connectome may not only help cure such diseases with treatments but also possibly help doctors prevent them from occurring in the first place. And if we can represent the sum of all human experiences and memories in the connectome, then we can download human brains on to flash drives, save them indefinitely, and replay those memories in the future, thereby granting humans a kind of immortality.
TED Talk: "I Am My Connectome"
In his 2010 TED Conference speech, Seung hypothesizes that the essence of a human being is his or her connectome. The complexities and vast amount of neural connections in the human brain has slowed the complete mapping of the human connectome. This is in comparison to the only completely mapped connectome to date, that of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a process that took over 12 years to complete despite the animal's hermaphrodite form only having a total of 302 neurons in its entire nervous system.
Seung proposes that a connectome is like a riverbed. As the water of a river, neural activity is constantly changing, never staying still. The connectome is the riverbed which both guides the neural activity while also being shaped by the water over time. Illustrating how thinking and neural activity alters the connectome adding to the difficulty of mapping the human connectome that is constantly changing.
Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are
In his 2012 book Connectome, Seung discusses his current views on neuroscience and the upcoming science of connectomics. The book expands on some of the concepts discussed in his Ted talk as well as discussing how the doctrine of the connectome can be tested. He states that in order to test and further our knowledge and unlock to potential of the connectome we must improve the scientific tools in existence. Also, he states that there needs to be new ways to promote the concept of the connectome using the four R's: reweighting, reconnection, rewiring, and regeneration.
EyeWire.org
EyeWire is a computer game developed by Seung designed to map neuron cells in the human brain. Users can sign up for free, and the game helps contribute to ongoing cutting-edge scientific research. In Seung's own words:We have this new site: Eyewire.org. It is a citizen science project. Our AI is not accurate enough to map the connectome by itself. We still need human intervention. So we have now created this website that allows anybody to do it.Thusfar site has recruited over 130,000 players from over 100 countries. KT Corporation, South Korea's largest telecom provider, recently partnered with EyeWire to advertise the game across the country and attract more players.
Essentially, in the game one has to identify and color connected components of neuron cells just from the 2d cross sections of brain tissue. As explained in his book "Connectome," up to now neuroscientists can only accurately image brain tissue using 2d sections (as opposed to 3d scans), which necessitates the need to splice these 2d pictures together to create a neural network map of the brain's inner connections. While artificial intelligence and computer vision can perform some of the manual work, it still takes a combined computer-human effort to map something as huge as the human brain, a computational endeavor that has perhaps never been attempted before at this scale in human history, hence the need for social computing.
Ongoing experiments
In the same way the Human Genome Project and the complete mapping of human DNA has helped reveal a lot about human biology, Seung and other connectomists hope that a complete map of the human brain can reveal a lot about how we humans think and perceive, how memory works, important questions that has been asked since the time of Aristotle, and with connectomics we could be on the verge of answering them scientifically.
A team at Janelia plans to map the connectome of Drosophila by around 2025. Seung also helped set up experiments with Tank and Nobel Laureate Richard Axel to find memories in the connectome.
Publications and books
His algorithms for nonnegative matrix factorization have been widely applied to problems in visual learning, semantic analysis, spectroscopy, and bioinformatics. He continues to study neural networks using mathematical models, computer algorithms, and circuits of biological neurons in vitro.
As aforementioned he authored the book Connectome (2012). It has been translated into at least 26 languages.
He has published many other scholarly papers. A selection is published on his website:
https://pni.princeton.edu/faculty/h.-sebastian-seung
Awards and honors
He has been a Sloan Research Fellow, a Packard Fellow, and a McKnight Scholar. He has also won the Ho-am Prize in Engineering and has been named top 10 non-fiction authors by the WSJ for his book Connectome. He is an External Member for the Max Planck Society.
Teaching
"He is a popular teacher who traveled the world—Zurich; Seoul, South Korea; Palo Alto, California—delivering lectures on his mathematical theories of how neurons might be wired together to form the engines of thought."
In the past few years, he's been teaching Princeton's COS 485 Neural Networks, a course taken by both undergraduates and graduate students.
Personal life
He currently lives with his wife and 3 daughters.
He was known to be "so naturally exuberant that he was known for staging ad hoc dance performances with Harvard Square's street musicians." He continues to enjoy playing soccer in the fields of Princeton. And he enjoys eating mixed nuts from Costco.
See also
https://pni.princeton.edu/faculty/h.-sebastian-seung
https://eyewire.org/explore
https://blog.eyewire.org/tag/sebastian-seung/
I am my connectome, a TED talk by Sebastian Seung, has been viewed over 1 million times
Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Who We Are
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/magazine/sebastian-seungs-quest-to-map-the-human-brain.html
References
Other references
MIT Faculty page on Brain & Cognitive Sciences
MIT Physics Faculty page
Howard Hughes Medical Institute announcement
21st-century American physicists
Living people
Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harvard University alumni
Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in Engineering
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6904629
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Auderset
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Alain Auderset
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Alain Auderset is a Swiss Christian author of bandes dessinées (Franco-Belgian comics) and is best known for his comics albums Willy Grunch, Marcel, and ROBI.
Biography
Born on 27 October 1968 in Grenchen, Switzerland, Auderset was converted to Christianity after reading the French comic magazine Tournesol as a child. Later, passionate for drawing, he studied graphic arts and began to draw comic strips. In 2001 he released his first book, Conventional Wisdom, which has been translated into six additional languages (German, English, Portuguese, Spanish, Chinese and Danish) since it was originally published in French.
His books ROBI (2005) and Willy Grunch (2008) have both won the International Prize for French Language Christian Comics at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Currently Auderset is self-publishing and claims he has sold approximately 110,000 copies of all his books.
Auderset is also a performance artist as well as a guitarist for the band Saahsal in which his wife Eliane is the lead singer. Since 2010 Auderset has been doing a stand-up comedy routine entitled "The Non-practicing Atheist," touring both in Europe and the Canadian province of Québec. During his last Québec tour in 2013 he was interviewed during a service at a church in Drummondville, QC, which was broadcast live through their website. He was also interviewed on CKZW radio in Montreal.
In 2012 Moondog Animation Studio in Charleston, South Carolina, raised US$117,534.00 through a crowd funding campaign on Kickstarter to produce five pilot episodes of The life and trials of Willy Grunch, based on Auderset's stories and art. The five pilots were completed and released in early 2013, and further episodes are slated to begin production in late 2016 as part of an additional Kickstarter project.
Currently Auderset lives in Saint-Imier with his wife and their four children.
Bibliography
Alain Auderset, Idées reçues (Conventional Wisdom), Atelier Auderset, 2001
Alain Auderset, Marcel Book 1, Atelier Auderset, 2004
Alain Auderset, ROBI, Atelier Auderset, 2005
Alain Auderset, Idées reçues II (Conventional Wisdom 2), Atelier Auderset, 2006
Alain Auderset, Willy Grunch, Atelier Auderset, 2008
Alain Auderset, Les vacances de Marcel (Marcel’s vacations – Marcel Book 2), Atelier Auderset, 2010
Alain Auderset, Idées reçues III (Conventional Wisdom 3), Atelier Auderset, 2012
Alain Auderset, Marcel Book 3, Atelier Auderset, 2014
Prizes
Angoulême 2006: Special jury distinction for Idées reçues
Angoulême 2007: International Prize for French Language Christian Comics for ROBI pour les intimes
Albuquerque 2007 : ICCC2 People's Choice Awards – 1st, 3rd and 4th places
Angoulême 2009: International Prize for French Language Christian Comics for Willy Grunch
References
External links
Alain Auderset's website
Migros Magazine (Switzerland) Alain Auderset: la foi qui déplace les bulles
L'Est Républicain (France) La foi et l’optimisme
1968 births
Living people
Converts to Christianity
Swiss-French people
Swiss comics artists
Swiss Christians
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6904630
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay%20River
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Ajay River
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Ajay (/ˈədʒɑɪ/) is a river which flows through the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The catchment area of Ajay River is .
See also
List of rivers of India
References
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477
Rivers of Bihar
Rivers of Jharkhand
Rivers of West Bengal
Rivers of India
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17338095
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Bodington
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Nicolas Bodington
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During the Second World War, Nicolas Redner Bodington OBE (6 June 1904 – 3 July 1974) served in the F section of the Special Operations Executive. He took part in four missions to France.
Life
Pre-war
Nicolas Bodington was the son of Oliver Bodington international lawyer and Mary (née Redner). He was born in Paris. His elder brother was Lieutenant Colonel John Redner Bodington DSO MC, a soldier who served in World War I and World War II. Nicolas Bodington studied at Cheltenham College and (for a year) at Lincoln College, Oxford before becoming a journalist, working from 1930 onwards for the Daily Express. He married Audrey Hoffmann in Cheltenham in September 1926. Before the war, he was Reuters's press correspondent in Paris. There he mixed with Karl Bömelburg, who was later head of the Gestapo in France, and Henri Déricourt, who was later a triple agent. He also worked for MI6 for a time.
In 1938 his novel Solo was published in England by Gollancz.
His name is misspelt frequently. Records of his birth, military service, marriage and death all show that his first name was Nicolas. This agrees with his name as given on the covers of both of his published books.
Wartime service
In 1940 he joined the F section as its General Staff Officer II, assisting Leslie Humphreys, then, from December, H.R. Marriott. At the start of 1941, he recruited Virginia Hall and at the start of summer that year, Maurice Buckmaster became Section F's head.
His various cover identities and code names were "NICK", "ANDRE EDOUARD", "JEAN PAUL", "PIERROT" and "PEDLAR".
At the start of 1942 Bodington participated in the landing by boat in Brittany which picked up Pierre de Vomécourt, codename Lucas, head of the AUTOGIRO network, and Mathilde Carré, codename Victoire, the famous spy nicknamed La Chatte.
1942 mission
On the night of 29/30 July 1942, he was sent to France to evaluate the value to F Section of collaborating with André Girard's CARTE network. Landing from the sailing ship Seadog at Golfe-Juan, shortly afterwards he made contact with Girard and Henri Frager at Cannes. He wished to meet with the head of the Armée d'armistice. André Girard put him in contact with colonel Vautrin, formerly head of Paul Reynaud's cabinet, and asked for large quantities of arms, which Bodington promised to supply. He met with Peter Churchill, and also went to Lyon to try to undo the chaos that was then reigning there. On the night of 31 August, Bodington re-embarked on Seadog and sailed for Gibraltar, arriving on 9 September. When he returned to England, his enthusiastic report on CARTE (delivered on 12 September) formed the foundation for the use of CARTE's file as the basis for recruitment for the Prosper – PHYSICIAN network by its heads Francis Suttill (Prosper) and Andrée Borrel (Denise) on their arrival in France.
Major General Colin Gubbins head of SOE wrote of his successful mission, "As a result of his ingenuity, resourcefulness and perseverance, it has been possible to establish close relations with a very important group of French patriots. This contact would not have been successfully made without the personal visit of this officer". He was recommended for the award of the MBE.
1943 mission to France
In 1943 Bodington supported the candidacy of Henri Déricourt a former civil airline pilot, who was engaged by F section and sent to France in February that year, codenamed Gilbert, to organise aerial rendezvous for F Section.
Special Operations Executive agent Francis Suttill had been chosen to establish a new network in and around Paris, called "Prosper" (also called "Physician"). In September 1942, Andrée Borrel was parachuted into France to prepare the way for Suttill who arrived on 1 October 1942. A wireless operator, Gilbert Norman arrived in November 1942 and a second operator, Jack Agazarian, arrived the following month. Transport for the Prosper network was mainly provided by Henri Déricourt. Suttill and Jack Agazarian became increasingly concerned about the loyalty of Déricourt. In May 1943, Francis Suttill returned to London and he passed on his fears to Nicolas Bodington and Maurice Buckmaster. However, they were unconvinced and refused to recall Déricourt to Britain.
Preparing to return to France Bodington discussed the situation with Maurice Buckmaster and left a note on record at SOE Headquarters dated 23 June 1943 concerning Dericourt, "we know he is in contact with the Germans and also how and why" (suggesting that he may have been feeding the Germans with false intelligence provided by London.
He was decorated as a Member of the Order of the British Empire Military Division (MBE) as Captain, Temporary Major, British Army, General List in the London Gazette dated 20 July 1943.
Bodington arrived in France aboard a special duties Lockheed Hudson aircraft of No. 161 Squadron RAF flown by Lewis Hodges DSO DFC AFC, which landed near Angers on the night of 22–23 July 1943.
He was to clarify the circumstances surrounding the collapse of the Prosper network in June and the role of Henri Déricourt (Gilbert), who was strongly suspected of having betrayed several agents. Jack Agazarian (Marcel, arrested later in this mission) and the Belgian Adelin Marissael accompanied him back to France. Oddly, it was Déricourt who welcomed them when they landed, in the field Achille 1 km to the southeast of Soucelles. Bodington and Agazarian travelled to Paris with Dericourt where they tried to establish if Gilbert Norman was active. Tossing a coin to choose who would visit Norman's address Agazarian lost and when he visited was arrested by the Gestapo. Having escaped the Germans, Bodington exonerated Déricourt (though he was dismissed from SOE) and tried to convince Noor Inayat Khan to return to England (she refused) [There is NO evidence for this]
, Bodington returned on the night of 16–17 August 1943 by Lysander flown by Hugh Verity DSO DFC, along with Lise and Claude de Baissac. He did not believe that Déricourt was betraying British agents as he had been active in Paris for some time himself and had not been arrested.
For the following six months he lectured and wrote reports on the intricacies of the French political situation for the forces preparing for D-Day.
1944 mission
On 11 February 1944 in London, he interrogated Henri Dericourt who had returned from France, to ascertain his loyalties.
In the spring of 1944 Bodington was due to return to France on an SOE mission to the southwest of France as the organiser of a resistance network but the mission was cancelled at the last moment, possibly due to concerns over an informant in France, later identified as BOUSQUET, following the arrest of Charles Skepper, Eliane Plewman and Arthur Steele (SOE agent).
SFHQ sent him back to France under the codename Jean. Knowing that the Gestapo had a photograph of him and a price on his head Bodington parachuted on the night of 10 July 1944 into the dangerous Chalons-sur-Marne district to reactivate the PROFESSOR network in its new identity as the PEDLAR network, and to assist the French Resistance. Accompanied by a small Special Air Service team of four men he provided useful information for RAF bombing objectives and, from 24 August, was attached to Operation Jedburgh with the "Arnold" team. It was a mission in which SOE and similar units operated in France with the SAS behind German lines carrying out acts of sabotage. In total, 93 Jedburgh teams operated in 54 French metropolitan départements between June and December 1944. They were known by codenames which usually were first names (such as "Hugh"), with some names of medicines (such as "Novocaine") and a few random names thrown in to confuse German intelligence.
Bodington was recommended for a gallantry award, the Military Cross for his service in France, the recommendation recorded his previous missions to France and his return despite knowing that the Gestapo had his photograph and adds that – In the short time at his disposal Bodington arranged several receptions of arms and stores (parachuted by the Royal Air Force) to the French resistance in the Marne Department and organised guerrilla warfare against enemy garrisons and convoys passing through the area. In the St. Dizier, and Chaumont regions he took part in several clashes with the enemy and showed great courage in dealing with German formations by the use of the BAZOOKA and the PIAT. After his positions had been over-run by the American advance he passed through enemy lines several times to obtain valuable intelligence. He was recommended for a Military Cross for gallantry in action in Normandy but eventually received an OBE instead.
1945
Bodington worked for both Special Operations Executive and also the "Secret Intelligence Service" MI6, possibly simultaneously, and as the result of internal rivalries appears to have been the victim of an internal smear campaign suggesting that he may have had wartime contact with the German Sicherheitsdienst which was not always in the best interest of his country. The National Archives in London hold a file KV2/830 documenting an investigation carried out into these claims from February to July 1945 which it classifies as :
Twice decorated for bravery Captain Bodington resigned his commission on 7 July 1945 and was granted permission to retain the rank of Major.
After the war
In June 1948 he was a witness at the trial of Henri Déricourt, a French agent of SOE who was known to have had contact with the German Sicherheitsdienst and Gestapo and is often regarded as having been a double or triple agent. Bodington's testimony was decisive in bringing about Dericourt's acquittal and suggests that Dericourt may have fed false intelligence to the Germans.
In 1961 his second book was published by Andre Deutsch, The Awakening Sahara.
Awards
UK : Member of the Order of the British Empire Military Division (MBE). Awarded as Captain, Temporary Major, British Army, General List in the London Gazette dated 20 July 1943.
UK : Officer of the Order of the British Empire Military Division (OBE). Awarded as a Major, British Army, General List in the London Gazette dated 21 January 1947.
France : Médaille de la Résistance
Recommended for the Military Cross for service with SAS Operation Jedburgh teams in Northern France in July 1944.
References
Sources and external links
Michael Richard Daniell Foot, SOE in France. An account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940–1944, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1966, 1968 ; Whitehall History Publishing, in association with Frank Cass, 2004. Official History of SOE in Europe..
André Gillois, L'Histoire secrète des Français à Londres, Le Cercle du nouveau Livre, Librairie Jules Taillandier, 1973.
1904 births
1974 deaths
Military personnel from Paris
British Army personnel of World War II
British Special Operations Executive personnel
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Cheltenham College
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Daily Express people
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
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6904656
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu-class%20destroyer%20escort
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Isuzu-class destroyer escort
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The Isuzu class destroyer escort was a destroyer escort (or frigate) class built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) in the early 1960s. The latter batch (Kitakami and Ōi) were quite different from the earlier two vessels in their propulsion and weaponry, so sometimes they were classified as the "Kitakami-class".
This class was the first JMSDF surface combatant adopted shelter-deck design. Propulsion systems varied in each vessels because the JMSDF tried to find the best way in the propulsion systems of future DEs. The design concept of this class and the CODAD propulsion system of the Kitakami-class became prototype of them of the latter DEs and DDKs such as and .
The gun system was a scale-down version of the , four 3"/50 caliber Mark 22 guns with two Mark 33 dual mounts controlled by a Mark 63 GFCS. Main air-search radar was a OPS-2, Japanese variant of the American AN/SPS-12.
In the earlier batch, the main Anti-submarine armament was a Mk.108 Weapon Alpha. The JMSDF desired this American brand-new ASW rocket launcher earnestly, but then, it became clear that it was not as good as it was supposed to be. So in the latter batch, it was changed with a M/50, Swedish 375mm quadruple ASW rocket launcher. And later, Weapon Alpha of the earlier batch was also replaced by a Type 71, Japanese version of the M/50.
Ships
References
See also
Frigate classes
Frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
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17338101
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laokam
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Laokam
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Laokam is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century%20Western%20painting
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20th-century Western painting
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20th-century Western painting begins with the heritage of late-19th-century painters Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and others who were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century, Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck, revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Matisse's second version of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting. It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.
Initially influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin, and other late-19th-century innovators, Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere, and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907; see gallery) Picasso created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new proto-Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism was followed by Synthetic cubism, characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter.
Crystal Cubism was a distilled form of Cubism consistent with a shift between 1915 and 1916 towards a strong emphasis on flat surface activity and large overlapping geometric planes, practised by Braque, Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Diego Rivera, Henri Laurens, Jacques Lipchitz, Alexander Archipenko, Fernand Léger, and several other artists into the 1920s.
During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne, where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne, where his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. Song of Love (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by André Breton in 1924.
In the first two decades of the 20th century, as Cubism evolved, several other important movements emerged; Futurism (Giacomo Balla), Abstract art (Wassily Kandinsky), Der Blaue Reiter (Kandinsky and Franz Marc), Bauhaus (Kandinsky and Paul Klee), Orphism, (Robert Delaunay and František Kupka), Synchromism (Morgan Russell and Stanton Macdonald-Wright), De Stijl (Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian), Suprematism (Kazimir Malevich), Constructivism (Vladimir Tatlin), Dadaism (Marcel Duchamp, Picabia and Jean Arp), and Surrealism (Giorgio de Chirico, André Breton, Joan Miró, René Magritte, Salvador Dalí and Max Ernst). Modern painting influenced all the visual arts, from Modernist architecture and design, to avant-garde film, theatre and modern dance, and became an experimental laboratory for the expression of visual experience, from photography and concrete poetry to advertising art and fashion. Van Gogh's paintings exerted great influence upon 20th-century Expressionism, as can be seen in the work of the Fauves, Die Brücke (a group led by German painter Ernst Kirchner), and the Expressionism of Edvard Munch, Egon Schiele, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani, Chaïm Soutine, and others.
Early 20th century
Pioneers of abstraction
Wassily Kandinsky, a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist, is generally considered the first important painter of modern abstract art. As an early modernist, in search of new modes of visual expression, and spiritual expression, he theorized—as did contemporary occultists and theosophists—that pure visual abstraction had corollary vibrations with sound and music. They posited that pure abstraction could express pure spirituality. His earliest abstractions were generally titled (as the example in the above gallery) Composition VII, making connection to the work of the composers of music. Kandinsky included many of his theories about abstract art in his book Concerning the Spiritual in Art. Piet Mondrian's art was also related to his spiritual and philosophical studies. In 1908 he became interested in the theosophical movement launched by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in the late 19th century. Blavatsky believed that it was possible to attain a knowledge of nature more profound than that provided by empirical means, and much of Mondrian's work for the rest of his life was inspired by his search for that spiritual knowledge. Other major pioneers of early abstraction include Swedish painter Hilma af Klint, Russian painter Kazimir Malevich, and Swiss painter Paul Klee. Robert Delaunay was a French artist who is associated with Orphism, (reminiscent of a link between pure abstraction and cubism). His later works were more abstract, reminiscent of Paul Klee. His key contributions to abstract painting refer to his bold use of color, and a clear love of experimentation of both depth and tone. At the invitation of Kandinsky, Delaunay and his wife the artist Sonia Delaunay, joined The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter), a Munich-based group of abstract artists, in 1911, and his art took a turn to the abstract. Still other important pioneers of abstract painting include Czech painter, František Kupka as well as American artists Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Morgan Russell who, in 1912, founded Synchromism, an art movement that closely resembles Orphism.
Fauvism, Der Blaue Reiter, Die Brücke
Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were early-20th-century painters, experimenting with freedom of expression through color. The name was given, humorously and not as a compliment, to the group by art critic Louis Vauxcelles. Fauvism was a short-lived and loose grouping of artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and the imaginative use of deep color over the representational values. Fauvists made the subject of the painting easy to read and exaggerated perspectives. A prescient prediction of the Fauves was expressed in 1888 by Paul Gauguin to Paul Sérusier:
"How do you see these trees? They are yellow. So, put in yellow; this shadow, rather blue, paint it with pure ultramarine; these red leaves? Put in vermilion."
The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain—friendly rivals of a sort, each with his own followers. Ultimately Matisse became the yang to Picasso's yin in the 20th century. Fauvist painters included Albert Marquet, Charles Camoin, Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, Othon Friesz, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen, and Picasso's partner in Cubism, Georges Braque amongst others.
Fauvism, as a movement, had no concrete theories, and was short lived, beginning in 1905 and ending in 1907. The Fauves had only three exhibitions. Matisse was seen as the leader of the movement, due to his seniority in age and prior self-establishment in the academic art world. His 1905 portrait of Mme. Matisse, The Green Line (above), caused a sensation in Paris when it was first exhibited. He said he wanted to create art to delight; art as a decoration was his purpose and it can be said that his use of bright colors tries to maintain serenity of composition. In 1906 at the suggestion of his dealer Ambroise Vollard, André Derain went to London and produced a series of paintings like Charing Cross Bridge, London (above) in the Fauvist style, paraphrasing the famous series by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet.
By 1907 Fauvism no longer was a shocking new movement, soon it was replaced by Cubism on the critics radar screen as the latest new development in Contemporary Art of the time. In 1907 Apollinaire, commenting about Matisse in an article published in La Falange, said, "We are not here in the presence of an extravagant or an extremist undertaking: Matisse's art is eminently reasonable."
Der Blaue Reiter was a German movement lasting from 1911 to 1914, fundamental to Expressionism, along with Die Brücke, a group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905. Founding members of Die Brücke were Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Later members included Max Pechstein, Otto Mueller and others. This was a seminal group, which in due course had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the 20th century and created the style of Expressionism.
Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, August Macke, Alexej von Jawlensky, whose psychically expressive painting of the Russian dancer Portrait of Alexander Sakharoff, 1909 is in the gallery above, Marianne von Werefkin, Lyonel Feininger and others founded the Der Blaue Reiter group in response to the rejection of Kandinsky's painting Last Judgement from an exhibition. Der Blaue Reiter lacked a central artistic manifesto, but was centered around Kandinsky and Marc. Artists Gabriele Münter and Paul Klee were also involved.
The name of the movement comes from a painting by Kandinsky created in 1903. It is also claimed that the name could have derived from Marc's enthusiasm for horses and Kandinsky's love of the colour blue. For Kandinsky, blue is the colour of spirituality: the darker the blue, the more it awakens human desire for the eternal.
Expressionism, Symbolism, American Modernism, Bauhaus
Expressionism and Symbolism are broad rubrics encompassing several important and related movements in 20th-century painting that dominated much of the avant-garde art being made in Western, Eastern, and Northern Europe. Expressionist works were painted largely between World War I and World War II, mostly in France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Belgium, and Austria. Expressionist styles are related to those of both Surrealism and Symbolism and are each uniquely and somewhat eccentrically personal. Fauvism, Die Brücke, and Der Blaue Reiter are three of the best known groups of Expressionist and Symbolist painters. Artists as interesting and diverse as Marc Chagall, whose painting I and the Village, (above) tells an autobiographical story that examines the relationship between the artist and his origins, with a lexicon of artistic Symbolism. Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Chaïm Soutine, James Ensor, Oskar Kokoschka, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel, Max Beckmann, Franz Marc, Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz, Georges Rouault, Amedeo Modigliani and some of the Americans abroad like Marsden Hartley, and Stuart Davis, were considered influential expressionist painters. Although Alberto Giacometti is primarily thought of as an intense Surrealist sculptor, he made intense expressionist paintings as well.
In the USA during the period between World War I and World War II painters tended to go to Europe for recognition. Modernist artists like Marsden Hartley, Patrick Henry Bruce, Gerald Murphy and Stuart Davis, created reputations abroad. While Patrick Henry Bruce, created cubist related paintings in Europe, both Stuart Davis and Gerald Murphy made paintings that were early inspirations for American pop art and Marsden Hartley experimented with expressionism. During the 1920s photographer Alfred Stieglitz exhibited Georgia O'Keeffe, Arthur Dove, Alfred Henry Maurer, Charles Demuth, John Marin and other artists including European Masters Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Henri Rousseau, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso, at his New York City gallery the 291. In Europe masters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard continued developing their narrative styles independent of any movement.
Dada and Surrealism
Marcel Duchamp came to international prominence in the wake of the New York City Armory Show in 1913 where his Nude Descending a Staircase became the cause célèbre. He subsequently created The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, Large Glass. The Large Glass pushed the art of painting to radical new limits being part painting, part collage, part construction. Duchamp (who was soon to renounce artmaking for chess) became closely associated with the Dada movement that began in neutral Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1920. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature (poetry, art manifestoes, art theory), theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Kurt Schwitters, Tristan Tzara, Hans Richter, Jean Arp, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, along with Duchamp and many others are associated with the Dadaist movement. Duchamp and several Dadaists are also associated with Surrealism, the movement that dominated European painting in the 1920s and 1930s.
In 1924 André Breton published the Surrealist Manifesto. The Surrealist movement in painting became synonymous with the avant-garde and which featured artists whose works varied from the abstract to the super-realist. With works on paper like Machine Turn Quickly (above) Francis Picabia continued his involvement in the Dada movement through 1919 in Zürich and Paris, before breaking away from it after developing an interest in Surrealist art. Yves Tanguy, René Magritte and Salvador Dalí are particularly known for their realistic depictions of dream imagery and fantastic manifestations of the imagination. Joan Miró's The Tilled Field of 1923–1924 verges on abstraction, this early painting of a complex of objects and figures, and arrangements of sexually active characters; was Miró's first Surrealist masterpiece. The more abstract Joan Miró, Jean Arp, André Masson, and Max Ernst were very influential, especially in the United States during the 1940s.
Throughout the 1930s, Surrealism continued to become more visible to the public at large. A Surrealist group developed in Britain and, according to Breton, their 1936 London International Surrealist Exhibition was a high-water mark of the period and became the model for international exhibitions. Surrealist groups in Japan, and especially in Latin America, the Caribbean and in Mexico produced innovative and original works.
Dalí and Magritte created some of the most widely recognized images of the movement. The 1928/1929 painting This Is Not A Pipe by Magritte is the subject of a Michel Foucault 1973 book, This is not a Pipe (English edition, 1991), that discusses the painting and its paradox. Dalí joined the group in 1929, and participated in the rapid establishment of the visual style between 1930 and 1935.
Surrealism as a visual movement had found a method: to expose psychological truth by stripping ordinary objects of their normal significance, in order to create a compelling image that was beyond ordinary formal organization, and perception, sometimes evoking empathy from the viewer, sometimes laughter and sometimes outrage and bewilderment.
1931 marked a year when several Surrealist painters produced works which marked turning points in their stylistic evolution: in one example liquid shapes become the trademark of Dalí, particularly in his The Persistence of Memory, which features the image of watches that sag as if they are melting. Evocations of time and its compelling mystery and absurdity.
The characteristics of this style – a combination of the depictive, the abstract, and the psychological – came to stand for the alienation which many people felt in the modernist period, combined with the sense of reaching more deeply into the psyche, to be "made whole with one's individuality."
Max Ernst studied philosophy and psychology in Bonn and was interested in the alternative realities experienced by the insane. His paintings, such as Murdering Airplane (1920), may have been inspired by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's study of the delusions of a paranoiac, Daniel Paul Schreber. Freud identified Schreber's fantasy of becoming a woman as a castration complex. The central image of two pairs of legs refers to Schreber's hermaphroditic desires. Ernst's inscription on the back of the painting reads: The picture is curious because of its symmetry. The two sexes balance one another.
During the 1920s André Masson's work was enormously influential in helping the young artist Joan Miró find his roots in the new Surrealist painting. Miró acknowledged in letters to his dealer Pierre Matisse the importance of Masson as an example to him in his early years in Paris.
Long after personal, political and professional tensions have fragmented the Surrealist group into thin air and ether, Magritte, Miró, Dalí and the other Surrealists continue to define a visual program in the arts. Other prominent surrealist artists include Giorgio de Chirico, Méret Oppenheim, Toyen, Grégoire Michonze, Roberto Matta, Kay Sage, Leonora Carrington, Dorothea Tanning, and Leonor Fini among others.
Neue Sachlichkeit, Social realism, regionalism, American Scene painting, Symbolism
During the 1920s and the 1930s and the Great Depression, the European art scene was characterized by Surrealism, late Cubism, the Bauhaus, De Stijl, Dada, Neue Sachlichkeit, and Expressionism; and was occupied by masterful modernist color painters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard.
American Scene painting and the Social Realism and Regionalism movements that contained both political and social commentary dominated the art world in the USA. Artists like Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, George Tooker, John Steuart Curry, Reginald Marsh, and others became prominent. In Latin America besides the Uruguayan painter Joaquín Torres García and Rufino Tamayo from Mexico, the muralist movement with Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, José Orozco, Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martinez Delgado and the Symbolist paintings by Frida Kahlo began a renaissance of the arts for the region, with a use of color and historic, and political messages. Frida Kahlo's Symbolist works also relate strongly to Surrealism and to the Magic Realism movement in literature. The psychological drama in many of Kahlo's self-portraits (above) underscore the vitality and relevance of her paintings to artists in the 21st century.
In Germany Neue Sachlichkeit ("New Objectivity") emerged as Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz and others associated with the Berlin Secession politicized their paintings. The work of these artists grew out of expressionism, and was a response to the political tensions of the Weimar Republic, and was often sharply satirical.
Diego Rivera is perhaps best known by the public for his 1933 mural, Man at the Crossroads, in the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. When his patron Nelson Rockefeller discovered that the mural included a portrait of Lenin and other communist imagery, he fired Rivera, and the unfinished work was eventually destroyed by Rockefeller's staff. The film Cradle Will Rock includes a dramatization of the controversy. Frida Kahlo (Rivera's wife's) works are often characterized by their stark portrayals of pain. Of her 143 paintings 55 are self-portraits, which frequently incorporate symbolic portrayals of her physical and psychological wounds. Kahlo was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which is apparent in her paintings' bright colors and dramatic symbolism. Christian and Jewish themes are often depicted in her work as well; she combined elements of the classic religious Mexican tradition—which were often bloody and violent—with surrealist renderings. While her paintings are not overtly Christian—she was an avowed communist—they certainly contain elements of the macabre Mexican Christian style of religious paintings.
During the 1930s radical leftist politics characterized many of the artists connected to Surrealism, including Pablo Picasso. On 26 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque town of Gernika was the scene of the "Bombing of Gernika" by the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. The Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Francisco Franco to overthrow the Basque Government and the Spanish Republican government. The town was devastated, though the Biscayan assembly and the Oak of Gernika survived. Picasso painted his mural sized Guernica to commemorate the horrors of the bombing.
In its final form, Guernica is an immense black and white, 3.5 metre (11 ft) tall and 7.8 metre (23 ft) wide mural painted in oil. The mural presents a scene of death, violence, brutality, suffering, and helplessness without portraying their immediate causes. The choice to paint in black and white contrasts with the intensity of the scene depicted and invokes the immediacy of a newspaper photograph.
Picasso painted the mural sized painting called Guernica in protest of the bombing. The painting was first exhibited in Paris in 1937, then Scandinavia, then London in 1938 and finally in 1939 at Picasso's request the painting was sent to the United States in an extended loan (for safekeeping) at MoMA. The painting went on a tour of museums throughout the U.S. until its final return to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City where it was exhibited for nearly thirty years. Finally in accord with Picasso's wish to give the painting to the people of Spain as a gift, it was sent to Spain in 1981.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, through the years of World War II American art was characterized by Social Realism and American Scene Painting (as seen above) in the work of Grant Wood, Edward Hopper, Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, and several others. Nighthawks (1942) is a painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people sitting in a downtown diner late at night. It is not only Hopper's most famous painting, but one of the most recognizable in American art. It is currently in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. The scene was inspired by a diner (since demolished) in Greenwich Village, Hopper's home neighborhood in Manhattan. Hopper began painting it immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After this event there was a large feeling of gloominess over the country, a feeling that is portrayed in the painting. The urban street is empty outside the diner, and inside none of the three patrons is apparently looking or talking to the others but instead is lost in their own thoughts. This portrayal of modern urban life as empty or lonely is a common theme throughout Hopper's work.
American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930. Portraying a pitchfork-holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art. Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting, like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend towards increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio, Sinclair Lewis' 1920 Main Street, and Carl Van Vechten's The Tattooed Countess in literature. However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.
Abstract expressionism
The 1940s in New York City heralded the triumph of American abstract expressionism, a modernist movement that combined lessons learned from Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Surrealism, Joan Miró, Cubism, Fauvism, and early Modernism via great teachers in America like Hans Hofmann and John D. Graham. American artists benefited from the presence of Piet Mondrian, Fernand Léger, Max Ernst and the André Breton group, Pierre Matisse's gallery, and Peggy Guggenheim's The Art of This Century Gallery, as well as other factors.
Post-Second World War American painting, called Abstract Expressionism, included artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Arshile Gorky, Mark Rothko, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Franz Kline, Adolph Gottlieb, Barnett Newman, Mark Tobey, James Brooks, Philip Guston, Robert Motherwell, Conrad Marca-Relli, Jack Tworkov, William Baziotes, Richard Pousette-Dart, Ad Reinhardt, Esteban Vicente, Hedda Sterne, Jimmy Ernst, Bradley Walker Tomlin, and Theodoros Stamos, among others. American Abstract Expressionism got its name in 1946 from the art critic Robert Coates. It is seen as combining the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism. Abstract Expressionism, Action painting, and Color Field painting are synonymous with the New York School.
Technically Surrealism was an important predecessor for Abstract expressionism with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic or subconscious creation. Jackson Pollock's dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a technique that has its roots in the work of André Masson. Another important early manifestation of what came to be abstract expressionism is the work of American Northwest artist Mark Tobey, especially his "white writing" canvases, which, though generally not large in scale, anticipate the "all over" look of Pollock's drip paintings.
Additionally, abstract expressionism has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, rather nihilistic. In practice, the term is applied to any number of artists working (mostly) in New York who had quite different styles, and even applied to work which is not especially abstract nor expressionist. Pollock's energetic "action paintings", with their "busy" feel, are different both technically and aesthetically, to the violent and grotesque Women series of Willem de Kooning. As seen above in the gallery Woman V is one of a series of six paintings made by de Kooning between 1950 and 1953 that depict a three-quarter-length female figure. He began the first of these paintings, Woman I collection: The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, in June 1950, repeatedly changing and painting out the image until January or February 1952, when the painting was abandoned unfinished. The art historian Meyer Schapiro saw the painting in de Kooning's studio soon afterwards and encouraged the artist to persist. De Kooning's response was to begin three other paintings on the same theme; Woman II, The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, Woman III, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Woman IV, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. During the summer of 1952, spent at East Hampton, de Kooning further explored the theme through drawings and pastels. He may have finished work on Woman I by the end of June, or possibly as late as November 1952, and probably the other three women pictures were concluded at much the same time. The Woman series are decidedly figurative paintings. Another important artist is Franz Kline, as demonstrated by his painting High Street, 1950 as with Jackson Pollock and other Abstract Expressionists, was labelled an action painter because of his seemingly spontaneous and intense style, focusing less, or not at all, on figures or imagery, but on the actual brush strokes and use of canvas.
Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, and the serenely shimmering blocks of color in Mark Rothko's work (which is not what would usually be called expressionist and which Rothko denied was abstract), are classified as abstract expressionists, albeit from what Clement Greenberg termed the Color field direction of abstract expressionism. Both Hans Hofmann and Robert Motherwell (gallery) can be comfortably described as practitioners of action painting and Color field painting.
Abstract expressionism has many stylistic similarities to the Russian artists of the early twentieth century such as Wassily Kandinsky. Although it is true that spontaneity or of the impression of spontaneity characterized many of the abstract expressionists works, most of these paintings involved careful planning, especially since their large size demanded it. An exception might be the drip paintings of Pollock.
Why this style gained mainstream acceptance in the 1950s is a matter of debate. American Social realism had been the mainstream in the 1930s. It had been influenced not only by the Great Depression but also by the Social Realists of Mexico such as David Alfaro Siqueiros and Diego Rivera. The political climate after World War II did not long tolerate the social protests of those painters. Abstract expressionism arose during World War II and began to be showcased during the early 1940s at galleries in New York like The Art of This Century Gallery. The late 1940s through the mid-1950s ushered in the McCarthy era. It was after World War II and a time of political conservatism and extreme artistic censorship in the United States. Some people have conjectured that since the subject matter was often totally abstract, Abstract expressionism became a safe strategy for artists to pursue this style. Abstract art could be seen as apolitical. Or if the art was political, the message was largely for the insiders. However those theorists are in the minority. As the first truly original school of painting in America, Abstract expressionism demonstrated the vitality and creativity of the country in the post-war years, as well as its ability (or need) to develop an aesthetic sense that was not constrained by the European standards of beauty.
Although Abstract expressionism spread quickly throughout the United States, the major centers of this style were New York City and California, especially in the New York School, and the San Francisco Bay area. Abstract expressionist paintings share certain characteristics, including the use of large canvases, an "all-over" approach, in which the whole canvas is treated with equal importance (as opposed to the center being of more interest than the edges). The canvas as the arena became a credo of Action painting, while the integrity of the picture plane became a credo of the Color Field painters. Many other artists began exhibiting their abstract expressionist related paintings during the 1950s including Alfred Leslie, Sam Francis, Joan Mitchell, Helen Frankenthaler, Cy Twombly, Milton Resnick, Michael Goldberg, Norman Bluhm, Ray Parker, Nicolas Carone, Grace Hartigan, Friedel Dzubas, and Robert Goodnough among others.
During the 1950s, Color Field painting initially referred to a particular type of abstract expressionism, especially the work of Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell and Adolph Gottlieb. It essentially involved abstract paintings with large, flat expanses of color that expressed the sensual, and visual feelings and properties of large areas of nuanced surface. Art critic Clement Greenberg perceived Color Field painting as related to but different from Action painting. The overall expanse and gestalt of the work of the early color field painters speaks of an almost religious experience, awestruck in the face of an expanding universe of sensuality, color and surface. During the early to mid-1960s, Color Field painting came to refer to the styles of artists like Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland, and Helen Frankenthaler, whose works were related to second-generation abstract expressionism, and to younger artists like Larry Zox, and Frank Stella – all moving in a new direction. Artists like Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko, Hans Hofmann, Morris Louis, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland, Helen Frankenthaler, Larry Zox, and others often used greatly reduced references to nature, and they painted with a highly articulated and psychological use of color. In general these artists eliminated recognizable imagery. In Mountains and Sea, from 1952, a seminal work of Colorfield painting by Helen Frankenthaler the artist used the stain technique for the first time.
In Europe there was the continuation of Surrealism, Cubism, Dada and the works of Matisse. Also in Europe, Tachisme (the European equivalent to Abstract expressionism) and Informalism took hold of the newest generation. Serge Poliakoff, Nicolas de Staël, Georges Mathieu, Vieira da Silva, Jean Dubuffet, Yves Klein and Pierre Soulages among others are considered important figures in post-war European painting.
Eventually abstract painting in America evolved into movements such as Neo-Dada, Color Field painting, Post painterly abstraction, Op art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, shaped canvas painting, Lyrical Abstraction, Neo-expressionism and the continuation of Abstract expressionism. As a response to the tendency toward abstraction imagery emerged through various new movements, notably Pop art.
Realism, Landscape, Figuration, Still-Life, Cityscape
During the 1930s through the 1960s as abstract painting in America and Europe evolved into movements such as Abstract Expressionism, Color Field painting, Post painterly abstraction, Op art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, shaped canvas painting, and Lyrical Abstraction. Other artists reacted as a response to the tendency toward abstraction allowing imagery to continue through various new contexts like the Bay Area Figurative Movement in the 1950s and new forms of expressionism from the 1940s through the 1960s. In Italy during this time, Giorgio Morandi was the foremost still life painter, exploring a wide variety of approaches to depicting everyday bottles and kitchen implements. Throughout the 20th century many painters practiced Realism and used expressive imagery; practicing landscape and figurative painting with contemporary subjects and solid technique, and unique expressivity like Milton Avery, John D. Graham, Fairfield Porter, Edward Hopper, Andrew Wyeth, Balthus, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Lucian Freud, Leon Kossoff, Philip Pearlstein, Willem de Kooning, Arshile Gorky, Grace Hartigan, Robert De Niro, Sr., Elaine de Kooning and others. Along with Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Pierre Bonnard, Georges Braque, and other 20th-century masters. The figurative work of Francis Bacon, Frida Kahlo, Edward Hopper, Lucian Freud Andrew Wyeth and others served as a kind of alternative to abstract expressionism. One of the most well-known images in 20th-century American art is Wyeth's painting, Christina's World, currently in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. It depicts a woman lying on the ground in a treeless, mostly tawny field, looking up at and crawling towards a gray house on the horizon; a barn and various other small outbuildings are adjacent to the house. This tempera work, done in a realist style, is nearly always on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
Arshile Gorky's portrait of what may be his friend Willem de Kooning (left) is an example of the evolution of Abstract Expressionism from the context of figure painting, cubism and surrealism. Along with his friends de Kooning and John D. Graham Gorky created bio-morphically shaped and abstracted figurative compositions that by the 1940s evolved into totally abstract paintings. Gorky's work seems to be a careful analysis of memory, emotion and shape, using line and color to express feeling and nature.
Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X, 1953 is a painting by the Irish born artist Francis Bacon and is an example of Post World War II European Expressionism. The work shows a distorted version of the Portrait of Innocent X painted by the Spanish artist Diego Velázquez in 1650. The work is one of a series of variants of the Velázquez painting which Bacon executed throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, over a total of forty-five works. When asked why he was compelled to revisit the subject so often, Bacon replied that he had nothing against the Popes, that he merely "wanted an excuse to use these colours, and you can't give ordinary clothes that purple colour without getting into a sort of false fauve manner." The Pope in this version seethes with anger and aggression, and the dark colors give the image a grotesque and nightmarish appearance. The pleated curtains of the backdrop are rendered transparent, and seem to fall through the Pope's face.
After World War II the term School of Paris often referred to Tachisme, the European equivalent of American Abstract expressionism and those artists are also related to Cobra. In 1952 Michel Tapié authored the book Un Autre art which gave name and voice to Informalism. Important proponents being Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Nicolas de Staël, Hans Hartung, Serge Poliakoff, and Georges Mathieu, among several others. During the early 1950s Dubuffet (who was always a figurative artist), and de Staël, abandoned abstraction, and returned to imagery via figuration and landscape. De Staël 's work was quickly recognised within the post-war art world, and he became one of the most influential artists of the 1950s. His return to representation (seascapes, footballers, jazz musicians, seagulls) during the early 1950s can be seen as an influential precedent for the American Bay Area Figurative Movement, as many of those abstract painters like Richard Diebenkorn, David Park, Elmer Bischoff, Wayne Thiebaud, Nathan Oliveira, Joan Brown and others made a similar move; returning to imagery during the mid-1950s. Much of de Staël 's late work – in particular his thinned, and diluted oil on canvas abstract landscapes of the mid-1950s predicts Color Field painting and Lyrical Abstraction of the 1960s and 1970s. Nicolas de Staël's bold and intensely vivid color in his last paintings predict the direction of much of contemporary painting that came after him including Pop art of the 1960s.
Pop art
Pop art in America was to a large degree initially inspired by the works of Jasper Johns, Larry Rivers, and Robert Rauschenberg. Although the paintings of Gerald Murphy, Stuart Davis and Charles Demuth during the 1920s and 1930s set the table for Pop art in America. In New York City during the mid-1950s Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns created works of art that at first seemed to be continuations of Abstract expressionist painting. Actually their works and the work of Larry Rivers, were radical departures from abstract expressionism especially in the use of banal and literal imagery and the inclusion and the combining of mundane materials into their work. The innovations of Johns' specific use of various images and objects like chairs, numbers, targets, beer cans and the American Flag; Rivers paintings of subjects drawn from popular culture such as George Washington crossing the Delaware, and his inclusions of images from advertisements like the camel from Camel cigarettes, and Rauschenberg's surprising constructions using inclusions of objects and pictures taken from popular culture, hardware stores, junkyards, the city streets, and taxidermy gave rise to a radical new movement in American art. Eventually by 1963 the movement came to be known worldwide as Pop art.
Pop art is exemplified by artists: Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Wayne Thiebaud, James Rosenquist, Jim Dine, Tom Wesselmann and Roy Lichtenstein among others. Lichtenstein used oil and Magna paint in his best known works, such as Drowning Girl (1963), which was appropriated from the lead story in DC Comics' Secret Hearts #83. (Drowning Girl now is in the collection of Museum of Modern Art, New York.) Also featuring thick outlines, bold colors and Ben-Day dots to represent certain colors, as if created by photographic reproduction. Lichtenstein would say of his own work: Abstract Expressionists "put things down on the canvas and responded to what they had done, to the color positions and sizes. My style looks completely different, but the nature of putting down lines pretty much is the same; mine just don't come out looking calligraphic, like Pollock's or Kline's." Pop art merges popular and mass culture with fine art, while injecting humor, irony, and recognizable imagery and content into the mix. In October 1962 the Sidney Janis Gallery mounted The New Realists the first major Pop art group exhibition in an uptown art gallery in New York City. Sidney Janis mounted the exhibition in a 57th Street storefront near his gallery at 15 E. 57th Street. The show sent shockwaves through the New York School and reverberated worldwide. Earlier in the fall of 1962 a historically important and ground-breaking New Painting of Common Objects exhibition of Pop art, curated by Walter Hopps at the Pasadena Art Museum sent shock waves across the Western United States. Campbell's Soup Cans (sometimes referred to as 32 Campbell's Soup Cans) is the title of an Andy Warhol work of art that was produced in 1962. It consists of thirty-two canvases, each measuring 20 inches in height x 16 inches in width (50.8 x 40.6 cm) and each consisting of a painting of a Campbell's Soup can—one of each canned soup variety the company offered at the time. The individual paintings were produced with a semi-mechanised silkscreen process, using a non-painterly style. They helped usher in Pop art as a major art movement that relied on themes from popular culture. These works by Andy Warhol are repetitive and they are made in a non-painterly commercial manner.
Earlier in England in 1956 the term Pop Art was used by Lawrence Alloway for paintings that celebrated consumerism of the post World War II era. This movement rejected Abstract expressionism and its focus on the hermeneutic and psychological interior, in favor of art which depicted, and often celebrated material consumer culture, advertising, and iconography of the mass production age. The early works of David Hockney whose paintings emerged from England during the 1960s like A Bigger Splash, and the works of Richard Hamilton, Peter Blake, and Eduardo Paolozzi, are considered seminal examples in the movement.
While in the downtown scene in New York's East Village 10th Street galleries artists were formulating an American version of Pop art. Claes Oldenburg had his storefront, and the Green Gallery on 57th Street began to show Tom Wesselmann and James Rosenquist. Later Leo Castelli exhibited other American artists including the bulk of the careers of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein and his use of Benday dots, a technique used in commercial reproduction and seen in ordinary comic books and in paintings like Drowning Girl, 1963, in the gallery above. There is a connection between the radical works of Duchamp, and Man Ray, the rebellious Dadaists – with a sense of humor; and Pop Artists like Alex Katz (who became known for his parodies of portrait photography and suburban life), Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and the others.
Art Brut, New Realism, Bay Area Figurative Movement, Neo-Dada, Photorealism
During the 1950s and 1960s as abstract painting in America and Europe evolved into movements such as Color Field painting, Post painterly abstraction, Op art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, shaped canvas painting, Lyrical Abstraction, and the continuation of Abstract expressionism. Other artists reacted as a response to the tendency toward abstraction with Art brut, as seen in Court les rues, 1962, by Jean Dubuffet, Fluxus, Neo-Dada, New Realism, allowing imagery to re-emerge through various new contexts like Pop art, the Bay Area Figurative Movement (a prime example is Diebenkorn's Cityscape I,(Landscape No. 1), 1963, Oil on canvas, 60 1/4 x 50 1/2 inches, collection: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art), and later in the 1970s Neo-expressionism. The Bay Area Figurative Movement of whom David Park, Elmer Bischoff, Nathan Oliveira and Richard Diebenkorn whose painting Cityscape 1, 1963 is a typical example were influential members flourished during the 1950s and 1960s in California. Although throughout the 20th-century painters continued to practice Realism and use imagery, practicing landscape and figurative painting with contemporary subjects and solid technique, and unique expressivity like Milton Avery, Edward Hopper, Jean Dubuffet, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Lucian Freud, Philip Pearlstein, and others. Younger painters practiced the use of imagery in new and radical ways. Yves Klein, Martial Raysse, Niki de Saint Phalle, David Hockney, Alex Katz, Antoni Tàpies, Malcolm Morley, Ralph Goings, Audrey Flack, Richard Estes, Chuck Close, Susan Rothenberg, Eric Fischl, John Baeder, and Vija Celmins were a few who became prominent between the 1960s and the 1980s. Fairfield Porter was largely self-taught, and produced representational work in the midst of the Abstract Expressionist movement. His subjects were primarily landscapes, domestic interiors and portraits of family, friends and fellow artists, many of them affiliated with the New York School of writers, including John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, and James Schuyler. Many of his paintings were set in or around the family summer house on Great Spruce Head Island, Maine.
Neo-Dada is a movement that started in the 1950s and 1960s and was related to Abstract expressionism only with imagery. Featuring the emergence of combined manufactured items, with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting. This trend in art is exemplified by the work of Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, whose "combines" in the 1950s were forerunners of Pop Art and Installation art, and made use of the assemblage of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photography. Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Larry Rivers, John Chamberlain, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Jim Dine, and Edward Kienholz among others were important pioneers of both abstraction and Pop Art; creating new conventions of art-making; they made acceptable in serious contemporary art circles the radical inclusion of unlikely materials as parts of their works of art.
Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Hard-Edge, Color field, Minimal Art, New Realism
During the 1960s and 1970s abstract painting continued to develop in America through varied styles. Geometric abstraction, Op art, hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and minimal painting, were some interrelated directions for advanced abstract painting as well as some other new movements. Morris Louis was an important pioneer in advanced Colorfield painting, his work can serve as a bridge between Abstract expressionism, Colorfield painting, and Minimal Art. Two influential teachers Josef Albers and Hans Hofmann introduced a new generation of American artists to their advanced theories of color and space. Josef Albers is best remembered for his work as a Geometric abstractionist painter and theorist. Most famous are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series Homage to the Square. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged concentrically on the canvas. Albers' theories on art and education were formative for the next generation of artists. His own paintings form the foundation of both hard-edge painting and Op art.
Josef Albers, Hans Hofmann, Ilya Bolotowsky, Burgoyne Diller, Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Frank Stella, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Ellsworth Kelly, Barnett Newman, Larry Poons, Ronald Davis, John Hoyland, Larry Zox, and Al Held are artists closely associated with Geometric abstraction, Op art, Color Field painting, and in the case of Hofmann and Newman Abstract expressionism as well. Agnes Martin, Robert Mangold, Brice Marden, Jo Baer, Robert Ryman, Richard Tuttle, Neil Williams, David Novros, Paul Mogenson, are examples of artists associated with Minimalism and (exceptions of Martin, Baer and Marden) the use of the shaped canvas also during the period beginning in the early 1960s. Many Geometric abstract artists, minimalists, and Hard-edge painters elected to use the edges of the image to define the shape of the painting rather than accepting the rectangular format. In fact, the use of the shaped canvas is primarily associated with paintings of the 1960s and 1970s that are coolly abstract, formalistic, geometrical, objective, rationalistic, clean-lined, brashly sharp-edged, or minimalist in character. The Bykert Gallery, and the Park Place Gallery were important showcases for Minimalism and shaped canvas painting in New York City during the 1960s.
In 1965, an exhibition called The Responsive Eye, curated by William C. Seitz, was held at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York City. The works shown were wide-ranging, encompassing the Minimalism of Frank Stella, the Op art of Larry Poons, the work of Alexander Liberman, alongside the masters of the Op Art movement: Victor Vasarely, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Bridget Riley and others. The exhibition focused on the perceptual aspects of art, which result both from the illusion of movement and the interaction of color relationships. Op art, also known as optical art, is a style present in some paintings and other works of art that use optical illusions. Op art is also closely akin to geometric abstraction and hard-edge painting. Although sometimes the term used for it is perceptual abstraction.
Op art is a method of painting concerning the interaction between illusion and picture plane, between understanding and seeing. Op art works are abstract, with many of the better known pieces made in only black and white. When the viewer looks at them, the impression is given of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibration, patterns, or alternatively, of swelling or warping.
Shaped canvas, Washington color school, abstract illusionism, lyrical abstraction
Color Field painting clearly pointed toward a new direction in American painting, away from abstract expressionism. Color Field painting is related to Post-painterly abstraction, Suprematism, Abstract Expressionism, Hard-edge painting and Lyrical Abstraction.
Color Field painting sought to rid art of superfluous rhetoric. Artists like Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko, Hans Hofmann, Morris Louis, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland, Helen Frankenthaler, Larry Zox, and others often used greatly reduced references to nature, and they painted with a highly articulated and psychological use of color. In general these artists eliminated recognizable imagery. Certain artists made references to past or present art, but in general color field painting presents abstraction as an end in itself. In pursuing this direction of modern art, artists wanted to present each painting as one unified, cohesive, monolithic image. Gene Davis along with Kenneth Noland, Morris Louis and several others was a member of the Washington Color School painters who began to create Color Field paintings in Washington, D.C. during the 1950s and 1960s, Black, Grey, Beatis a large vertical stripe painting and typical of Gene Davis's work.
Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ellsworth Kelly, Barnett Newman, Ronald Davis, Neil Williams, Robert Mangold, Charles Hinman, Richard Tuttle, David Novros, and Al Loving are examples of artists associated with the use of the shaped canvas during the period beginning in the early 1960s. Many Geometric abstract artists, minimalists, and Hard-edge painters elected to use the edges of the image to define the shape of the painting rather than accepting the rectangular format. In fact, the use of the shaped canvas is primarily associated with paintings of the 1960s and 1970s that are coolly abstract, formalistic, geometrical, objective, rationalistic, clean-lined, brashly sharp-edged, or minimalist in character. From 1960 Frank Stella produced paintings in aluminum and copper paint and are his first works using shaped canvases (canvases in a shape other than the traditional rectangle or square), often being in L, N, U or T-shapes. These later developed into more elaborate designs, in the Irregular Polygon series (67), for example. Also in the 1960s, Stella began to use a wider range of colors, typically arranged in straight or curved lines. Later he began his Protractor Series (71) of paintings, in which arcs, sometimes overlapping, within square borders are arranged side-by-side to produce full and half circles painted in rings of concentric color. Harran II, 1967, is an example of the Protractor Series. These paintings are named after circular cities he had visited while in the Middle East earlier in the 1960s. The Irregular Polygon canvases and Protractor series further extended the concept of the shaped canvas.
The Andre Emmerich Gallery, the Leo Castelli Gallery, the Richard Feigen Gallery, and the Park Place Gallery were important showcases for Color Field painting, shaped canvas painting and Lyrical Abstraction in New York City during the 1960s. There is a connection with post-painterly abstraction, which reacted against abstract expressionisms' mysticism, hyper-subjectivity, and emphasis on making the act of painting itself dramatically visible – as well as the solemn acceptance of the flat rectangle as an almost ritual prerequisite for serious painting. During the 1960s Color Field painting and Minimal art were often closely associated with each other. In actuality by the early 1970s both movements became decidedly diverse.
Another related movement of the late 1960s, Lyrical Abstraction (the term being coined by Larry Aldrich, the founder of the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield Connecticut), encompassed what Aldrich said he saw in the studios of many artists at that time. It is also the name of an exhibition that originated in the Aldrich Museum and traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art and other museums throughout the United States between 1969 and 1971.
Lyrical Abstraction in the late 1960s is characterized by the paintings of Dan Christensen, Ronnie Landfield, Peter Young and others, and along with the Fluxus movement and Postminimalism (a term first coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969) sought to expand the boundaries of abstract painting and Minimalism by focusing on process, new materials and new ways of expression. Postminimalism often incorporating industrial materials, raw materials, fabrications, found objects, installation, serial repetition, and often with references to Dada and Surrealism is best exemplified in the sculptures of Eva Hesse. Lyrical Abstraction, Conceptual Art, Postminimalism, Earth Art, Video, Performance art, Installation art, along with the continuation of Fluxus, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field painting, Hard-edge painting, Minimal Art, Op art, Pop art, Photorealism and New Realism extended the boundaries of Contemporary Art in the mid-1960s through the 1970s. Lyrical Abstraction is a type of freewheeling abstract painting that emerged in the mid-1960s when abstract painters returned to various forms of painterly, pictorial, expressionism with a predominate focus on process, gestalt and repetitive compositional strategies in general.
Lyrical Abstraction shares similarities with Color Field painting and Abstract Expressionism especially in the freewheeling usage of paint – texture and surface. Direct drawing, calligraphic use of line, the effects of brushed, splattered, stained, squeegeed, poured, and splashed paint superficially resemble the effects seen in Abstract Expressionism and Color Field painting. However the styles are markedly different. Setting it apart from Abstract Expressionism and Action Painting of the 1940s and 1950s is the approach to composition and drama. As seen in Action Painting there is an emphasis on brushstrokes, high compositional drama, dynamic compositional tension. While in Lyrical Abstraction as exemplified by the 1971 Ronnie Landfield painting Garden of Delight (above), there is a sense of compositional randomness, all over composition, low key and relaxed compositional drama and an emphasis on process, repetition, and an all over sensibility.
During the 1960s and 1970s artists as powerful and influential as Robert Motherwell, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston, Lee Krasner, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Richard Diebenkorn, Josef Albers, Elmer Bischoff, Agnes Martin, Al Held, Sam Francis, Ellsworth Kelly, Morris Louis, Helen Frankenthaler, Gene Davis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Joan Mitchell, Friedel Dzubas, and younger artists like Brice Marden, Robert Mangold, Sam Gilliam, John Hoyland, Sean Scully, Blinky Palermo, Pat Steir, Elizabeth Murray, Larry Poons, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Joan Snyder, Richard Tuttle, Ross Bleckner, Archie Rand, Susan Crile, Mino Argento and dozens of others produced vital and influential paintings.
Monochrome, minimalism, postminimalism
Artists such as Larry Poons—whose work related to Op Art with his emphasis on dots, ovals and after-images bouncing across color fields—Ellsworth Kelly, Kenneth Noland, Ralph Humphrey, Robert Motherwell and Robert Ryman had also begun to explore stripes, monochromatic and Hard-edge formats from the late 1950s through the 1960s.
Because of a tendency in Minimalism to exclude the pictorial, illusionistic and fictive in favor of the literal—as demonstrated by Robert Mangold, who understood the concept of the shape of the canvas and its relationship to objecthood—there was a movement away from painterly and toward sculptural concerns. Donald Judd had started as a painter, and ended as a creator of objects. His seminal essay, "Specific Objects" (published in Arts Yearbook 8, 1965), was a touchstone of theory for the formation of Minimalist aesthetics. In this essay, Judd found a starting point for a new territory for American art, and a simultaneous rejection of residual inherited European artistic values. He pointed to evidence of this development in the works of an array of artists active in New York at the time, including Jasper Johns, Dan Flavin and Lee Bontecou. Of "preliminary" importance for Judd was the work of George Earl Ortman, who had concretized and distilled painting's forms into blunt, tough, philosophically charged geometries. These Specific Objects inhabited a space not then comfortably classifiable as either painting or sculpture. That the categorical identity of such objects was itself in question, and that they avoided easy association with well-worn and over-familiar conventions, was a part of their value for Judd.
In a much more general sense, one might find European roots of Minimalism in the geometric abstractions painters in the Bauhaus, in the works of Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the movement DeStijl, in Russian Constructivists and in the work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. American painters such as Brice Marden and Cy Twombly show a clear European influence in their pure abstraction, minimalist painting of the 1960s. Ronald Davis polyurethane works from the late 1960s pay homage to the Broken Glass of Marcel Duchamp.
This movement was heavily criticised by high modernist formalist art critics and historians. Some anxious critics thought Minimalist art represented a misunderstanding of the modern dialectic of painting and sculpture as defined by critic Clement Greenberg, arguably the dominant American critic of painting in the period leading up to the 1960s. The most notable critique of Minimalism was produced by Michael Fried, a Greenbergian critic, who objected to the work on the basis of its "theatricality". In Art and Objecthood (published in Artforum in June 1967) he declared that the Minimalist work of art, particularly Minimalist sculpture, was based on an engagement with the physicality of the spectator. He argued that work like Robert Morris's transformed the act of viewing into a type of spectacle, in which the artifice of the act observation and the viewer's participation in the work were unveiled. Fried saw this displacement of the viewer's experience from an aesthetic engagement within, to an event outside of the artwork as a failure of Minimal art.
Ad Reinhardt, actually an artist of the Abstract Expressionist generation, but one whose reductive all-black paintings seemed to anticipate minimalism, had this to say about the value of a reductive approach to art: "The more stuff in it, the busier the work of art, the worse it is. More is less. Less is more. The eye is a menace to clear sight. The laying bare of oneself is obscene. Art begins with the getting rid of nature."
Still other important innovations in abstract painting took place during the 1960s and the 1970s characterized by monochrome painting and hard-edge painting inspired by Ad Reinhardt, Barnett Newman, Milton Resnick, and Ellsworth Kelly. Artists as diverse as Agnes Martin, Al Held, Larry Zox, Frank Stella, Larry Poons, Brice Marden and others explored the power of simplification. The convergence of Color Field painting, minimal art, hard-edge painting, Lyrical Abstraction, and postminimalism blurred the distinction between movements that became more apparent in the 1980s and 1990s. The neo-expressionism movement is related to earlier developments in abstract expressionism, neo-Dada, Lyrical Abstraction and postminimal painting.
Neo-expressionism
In the late 1960s the abstract expressionist painter Philip Guston helped to lead a transition from abstract expressionism to Neo-expressionism in painting, abandoning the so-called "pure abstraction" of abstract expressionism in favor of more cartoonish renderings of various personal symbols and objects. These works were inspirational to a new generation of painters interested in a revival of expressive imagery. His painting Painting, Smoking, Eating 1973, seen above in the gallery is an example of Guston's final and conclusive return to representation.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was also a return to painting that occurred almost simultaneously in Italy, Germany, France and Britain. These movements were called Transavantguardia, Neue Wilde, Figuration Libre, Neo-expressionism, the school of London, and in the late 1990s the Stuckists, a group that emerged late in 1990s respectively. These painting were characterized by large formats, free expressive mark making, figuration, myth and imagination. All work in this genre came to be labeled neo-expressionism. Critical reaction was divided. Some critics regarded it as driven by profit motivations by large commercial galleries. This type of art continues in popularity into the 21st century, even after the art crash of the late 1980s.
During the late 1970s in the United States painters who began working with invigorated surfaces and who returned to imagery like Susan Rothenberg gained in popularity, especially as seen above in paintings like Horse 2, 1979. During the 1980s American artists like Eric Fischl, David Salle, Jean-Michel Basquiat (who began as a graffiti artist), Julian Schnabel, and Keith Haring, and Italian painters like Mimmo Paladino, Sandro Chia, and Enzo Cucchi, among others defined the idea of Neo-expressionism in America.
Neo-expressionism was a style of modern painting that became popular in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid-1980s. It developed in Europe as a reaction against the conceptual and minimalistic art of the 1960s and 1970s. Neo-expressionists returned to portraying recognizable objects, such as the human body (although sometimes in a virtually abstract manner), in a rough and violently emotional way using vivid colours and banal colour harmonies. The veteran painters Philip Guston, Frank Auerbach, Leon Kossoff, Gerhard Richter, A. R. Penck and Georg Baselitz, along with slightly younger artists like Anselm Kiefer, Eric Fischl, Susan Rothenberg, Francesco Clemente, Damien Hirst, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, Keith Haring, and many others became known for working in this intense expressionist vein of painting.
Contemporary painting into the 21st century
At the beginning of the 21st century Contemporary painting and Contemporary art in general continues in several contiguous modes, characterized by the idea of pluralism.
Mainstream painting has been rejected by artists of the postmodern era in favor of artistic pluralism. According to art critic Arthur Danto there is an anything goes attitude that prevails; an "everything going on", and consequently "nothing going on" syndrome; this creates an aesthetic traffic jam with no firm and clear direction and with every lane on the artistic superhighway filled to capacity.
See also
Art periods
Australian art
Contemporary art
Hierarchy of genres
History of art
History of painting
History painting
Indian painting
Japonism
Lists of painters
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects''
Modern art
Modernism
Painting
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
Renaissance art
Self-portrait
Visual art of the United States
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
Western painting
References
Bibliography
External links
Painting
Painting
Painting
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6904662
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made%20to%20Love%20Magic
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Made to Love Magic
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Made to Love Magic is a 2004 compilation album of outtakes and remixes by English singer/songwriter Nick Drake. It features a previously unreleased solo acoustic version of "River Man", dating from early 1968, and the song "Tow the Line", a previously unheard song from Drake's final session in July 1974. The compilation reached #27 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
All songs are written by Nick Drake.
"Rider on the Wheel" – 2:38
"Magic – Orchestrated Version 2" – 2:45
"River Man – Cambridge Version" – 4:02
"Joey" – 3:04
"Thoughts of Mary Jane" – 3:39
"Mayfair – Cambridge Version" – 2:12
"Hanging on a Star" – 3:24
"Three Hours – Alternate Version" – 5:12
"Clothes of Sand" – 2:31
"Voices" – 3:45
"Time of No Reply – Orchestrated Version" – 2:47
"Black Eyed Dog" – 3:28
"Tow the Line" – 2:20
Notes
Tracks 1, 4, 5, 9 & 12 are stereo remasters from Time of No Reply; track 5 is usually titled "The Thoughts of Mary Jane" on other releases.
Track 2 is "I Was Made to Love Magic" from Time of No Reply, sped-up, with a posthumously added string arrangement by Robert Kirby
Tracks 3 and 6 are Cambridge-era dorm demos (spring 1968)
Track 7 is a different take than the version originally released on Time of No Reply (February 1974)
Track 8 is a different take than the version originally released on Five Leaves Left, and features Rebop Kwaku Baah on congas (March 1969)
Track 10 is a remastered version of "Voice from the Mountain" from Time of No Reply
Track 11 has a posthumously added string arrangement by Robert Kirby
Track 13 is possibly the last song Drake ever committed to tape (July 1974)
Personnel
Nick Drake performs vocals and Steel-string guitar on all songs, except where indicated otherwise.
References
Nick Drake compilation albums
Albums produced by Joe Boyd
2004 compilation albums
Island Records compilation albums
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17338108
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotiki
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Laotiki
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Laotiki is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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17338115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-tai
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La-tai
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La-tai is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580512
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban%20Valencia%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201972%29
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Esteban Valencia (footballer, born 1972)
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Esteban Andrés Valencia Bascuñán (born 8 January 1972) is a Chilean football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.
Nicknamed "Huevito", Valencia obtained a total number of 48 caps for the Chile national football team, scoring three goals between 1994 and 2001. He made his full international debut on 30 April 1994.
Managerial career
After working in the Universidad de Chile youth system, in 2021 he took the challenge of managing the first team as a caretaker after Rafael Dudamel was released. Later, he was confirmed until the end of the 2021 season. After this experience, he assumed as Technical Coordinator for the youth system.
Personal life
He is the father of the professional footballer Esteban Valencia Reyes.
Honours
Club
Universidad de Chile
Primera División (5): 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2004 Apertura
Copa Chile (2): 1998, 2000
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
Chilean expatriate footballers
Chile international footballers
1995 Copa América players
1997 Copa América players
1999 Copa América players
Universidad de Chile footballers
Provincial Osorno footballers
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Puerto Montt footballers
Club Deportivo Palestino footballers
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Argentine Primera División players
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Footballers from Santiago
Association football midfielders
Chilean football managers
Universidad de Chile managers
Chilean Primera División managers
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17338118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauhkang
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Lauhkang
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Lauhkang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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6904668
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%3A%20You%20Get%20What%20You%20Play%20For
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Live: You Get What You Play For
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Live: You Get What You Play For is a live album by rock band REO Speedwagon, released as a double-LP in 1977 (and years later as a single CD omitting "Gary's Guitar Solo" and "Little Queenie"). It was recorded at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building in Kansas City, Kansas, the Convention Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, Kiel Auditorium in Saint Louis, Missouri and Alex Cooley's Electric Ballroom in Atlanta, Georgia. It peaked at number #72 on the Billboard 200 chart in 1977. The song "Ridin' the Storm Out" reached #94 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart, but has since become a classic rock radio staple. The album went platinum on December 14, 1978.
The Japanese CD reissue, released in 2011, restores the album and songs to its original full length by including both "Gary's Guitar Solo" and "Little Queenie", which were omitted in the original single CD release due to time constraints. Sony Music also released the unedited double LP Epic master on its Legacy Label for Compact Disc in 2011 as well.
Track listing
All songs written by Gary Richrath, except where noted.
Side one
"Like You Do" – 6:43
"Lay Me Down" (Neal Doughty, Alan Gratzer, Terry Luttrell, Gregg Philbin, Richrath) – 3:34
"Any Kind of Love" – 3:33
"Being Kind (Can Hurt Someone Sometimes)" (Kevin Cronin) – 6:27
Side two
"Keep Pushin'" (Cronin) – 3:59
"(Only A) Summer Love" – 6:06
"Son of a Poor Man" – 5:25
"(I Believe) Our Time Is Gonna Come" (Cronin) – 4:46
Side three
"Flying Turkey Trot" – 2:34
"Gary's Guitar Solo"+ – 6:10
"157 Riverside Avenue (Doughty, Gratzer, Luttrell, Philbin, Richrath) – 7:35
"Ridin' the Storm Out" – 5:34
Side four Encores
"Music Man" (Cronin) – 2:29
"Little Queenie"+ (Chuck Berry) – 4:45
"Golden Country" – 8:12
Total length – 77:18
(+) Appeared on the original double-LP release of the album, but omitted from the original single CD release. They are included on the 2011 Japanese "remaster" two-CD release.
Personnel
Kevin Cronin – lead vocals (except on "Only a Summer Love"), rhythm guitar
Gary Richrath – lead guitar, lead vocals on "Any Kind of Love" and "Only a Summer Love"
Neal Doughty – keyboards
Gregg Philbin – bass, backing vocals
Alan Gratzer – drums, backing vocals
Production
Production as listed in album liner notes.
John Stronach - production, engineering
John Henning - production, engineering, mixing
Gary Richrath - production, mixing
Bruce Hensal - engineering
Pete Carlson - engineering
Jack Crymes - engineering
Kelly Kotera - engineering
Rick Sanchez - engineering
Mike Klink - engineering
Vartán Kurjian - illustration
Justin Carroll - illustration
Tom Steele - design
Lorrie Sullivan - photography
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
Release history
Notes
References
REO Speedwagon albums
1977 live albums
Epic Records live albums
Albums produced by Gary Richrath
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23580514
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiszer%20Musthapha
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Faiszer Musthapha
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Mohamed Faiszer Musthapha, PC, MP is a Sri Lankan lawyer and a politician. He was the Minister of Sports and Provincial Councils and Local Government and a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. Faiszer Musthapha is married to Fathima Rifa who is also a lawyer. They have two daughters.
Education
Musthapha received his primary and secondary education at Royal College, Colombo and graduated from the Ceylon Law College. He obtained his post-graduate degree, Master of Law (LLM) from the University of Aberdeen, U.K.
Legal career
Faiszer Musthapha, chose the legal profession as his career following in the foot-steps of his father Faisz Musthapha. Faiszer Musthapha had specialized in company law and established a very successful practice eventually earning the title of President's Counsel. It was the first time in the history of Sri Lanka that both father and son had attained the title of President's Counsel. He also held the position of Vice Chairman of Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC) 2002-2003 and subsequently, Vice Chairman of National Housing Development Authority (NHDA) 2002–2004.
Political career
He entered politics as member of the Ceylon Workers Congress (CWC) in 2004 and was elected as a Member of Parliament in the same year; representing the Kandy District. Following the Elections, the CWC announced its unconditional support to the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA), thereby allowing them to form Government.
In the subsequent Parliamentary General Election he contested from the Kandy District as a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) led UPFA. With Faiszer as its candidate, the SLFP, after a long period of fifty four years, was able to achieve Muslim representation in Parliament from the Central Province. He was then appointed a Central Committee Member of the SLFP, a position he continues to hold.
In 2005, he was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Tourism and later had functioned as the Minister of Tourism Promotion (Non Cabinet), the Deputy Minister of Environment, the Deputy Minister of Technology and Research and thereafter as the Deputy Minister of Investment Promotion.
As the Deputy Minister of Environment, in April 2010, the Hon. Faiszer Musthapha led the Sri Lanka delegation to the 34th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Brasilia, Brazil where he played a key role in winning the members of the World Heritage Committee to approve the inscription of Horton Plains, Knuckles Conservative Forest and Peak Wilderness (forest area around Sri-Pada) as a World Heritage Natural Reserve.
He had previously served as member of the Cabinet sub Committee appointed to look into and identify Laws and Regulations Obstructing Investments and as a Member of the Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE).
He was one of the Members of the SLFP who joined the opposition to campaign against former President Mahinda Rajapaksa in the Presidential Election 2015 eventually leading to the victory of Maithripala Sirisena who become the 7th President of Sri Lanka. In the cabinet reshuffle that followed, Musthapha was appointed as State Minister of Aviation from which he resigned barely a month later. Soon later, he was appointed as Legal Advisor to President Maithripala Sirisena.
Following the 2015 Parliamentary Elections, Faiszer Musthapha entered Parliament through the National List and was appointed Cabinet Minister of Provincial Councils and Local Government. He is also a member of the Public Accounts Committee among several Parliamentary Consultative Committees at present.
Controversy Surrounding Local Government Elections
Following his appointment as Minister of Provincial Councils and Local Government, Musthapha identified numerous flaws in the Delimitation Report which is to be the basis on which the forthcoming Local Government Elections are to be conducted according to the Local Authorities (Amendment) Act 2012. He postponed the Local Government Elections indefinitely until the Delimitation report was rectified, although it was beyond the legally permitted term. He defended his decision stating that the original Delimitation Report was designed to the whims and fancies of the previous Government and would have resulted in a mockery of the democratic process if remedial action was not taken. However, this decision had received much criticism from citizens and politicians alike.
References
20th-century Sri Lankan lawyers
Sri Lankan Muslims
Living people
President's Counsels (Sri Lanka)
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Government ministers of Sri Lanka
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
1969 births
State ministers of Sri Lanka
Local government and provincial councils ministers of Sri Lanka
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17338126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-uho
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La-uho
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La-uho is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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44505293
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20BeiDou%20satellites
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List of BeiDou satellites
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This is a list of past and present satellites of the BeiDou/Compass navigation satellite system. , 44 satellites are operational: 7 in geostationary orbits (GEO), 10 in 55° inclined geosynchronous orbits (IGSO) and 27 in Medium Earth orbits (MEO). Furthermore, 5 satellites (2 in Medium Earth orbit, 1 in geostationary orbit and 2 in inclined geosynchronous orbit) are undergoing testing or commissioning. The full constellation consists of 35 satellites and was completed on 23 June 2020.
Satellites
Summary table
Full list
Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Orbital slots
See also
List of Galileo satellites
List of GLONASS satellites
List of GPS satellites
List of NAVIC satellites
References
External links
BeiDou Constellation Status (Test and Assessment Research Center of China Satellite Navigation Office)
BeiDou
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6904674
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celina%20Jesionowska
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Celina Jesionowska
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Celina Jesionowska (later names Gerwin and Orzechowska, born 3 November 1933 in Łomża) is a Polish athlete who competed mainly in the 100 and 200 metres and, during the last part of her career, in the 400 metres. She competed for Poland in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy, in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the bronze medal with her team mates Teresa Wieczorek, Barbara Janiszewska and Halina Richter.
Jesionowska also competed in three European Championships:
1954 in Bern, where she was eliminated in the 100 metres semi-finals, and took fifth place in the 4 x 100 metres relay with her team mates Marią Ilwicką, Barbarą Lerczak and Marią Kusion.
1958 in Stockholm, where she won the bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay with the same team, and reached the semi-finals in the 200 and 100 metres.
1966 in Budapest, where she was eliminated in the first round qualifiers for the 100 metres.
Throughout her career, Jesionowska was a competitor with the Central Military Sports Club "Legia" Warsaw (CWKS "Legia" Warsaw), through which she attained seven Polish championships:
400 metres - 1964, 1965 and 1966.
4 × 100 metres relay - 1957, 1958, 1959 and 1960.
Cultural influence
In 1976, Jesionowska appeared in an episode of the TV series The Way It Was which showcased the 1960 Summer Olympics, in which she gained her bronze medal.
Personal bests
Jesionowska's published personal bests include:
100 metres - 11.8 seconds
200 metres - 23.8 seconds
400 metres - 55.4 seconds
80 meters hurdles - 11.0 seconds
Long jump - 5.85 metres
References
1933 births
Polish female sprinters
Olympic bronze medalists for Poland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Poland
Living people
People from Łomża
European Athletics Championships medalists
People from Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Sportspeople from Podlaskie Voivodeship
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Legia Warsaw athletes
20th-century Polish women
Olympic female sprinters
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23580522
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemasiri%20Manage
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Pemasiri Manage
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M. M. Pemasiri Manage is a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. A graduated university of ruhuna.he is a teacher ( political science ) He have 3 son.
Sapumal manage ; teacher ( maths )
Prabhashana manage ; politician ( 2018 - election )- sri lanka's younger politician. ( He got 62% votes - higher score in sri lanka )
Giwesh manage ; student ( vijitha national school )
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
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6904684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Helmet
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Golden Helmet
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Golden Helmet may refer to:
Golden Helmet (Poland), an annual Polish speedway event
Golden Helmet of Pardubice, an annual Czech speedway event
Kultainen kypärä, a Finnish ice hockey award given to the best player in Liiga.
Guldhjälmen, a Swedish ice hockey award
Casque d'Or (English: Golden Helmet), a 1952 French film
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17338127
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20L.%20Lane
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W. L. Lane
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William Lawrence Lane, more commonly known as W. L. Lane, was secretary-manager of the English football club Darlington from 1911 to 1912.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Darlington F.C. managers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
English football managers
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6904692
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt%20%26%20Company
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Hakluyt & Company
|
Hakluyt & Company is a British strategic advisory firm. The company is headquartered in London and has subsidiary offices in New York, Dallas, San Francisco, Tokyo, Frankfurt, Singapore, Mumbai, Chicago and Sydney.
Hakluyt avoids publicity, but is regarded as having a reputation for discretion and effectiveness among its client base. Hakluyt was founded by former officials of the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). The company has recruited several former British spies and journalists from The Financial Times.
The firm is chaired by Paul Deighton, and the other members of the board include managing partner Varun Chandra, Les Fagen, and Jean Tomlin.
Corporate governance
Hakluyt's international advisory board comprises senior figures with backgrounds in business and government. It is chaired by Niall FitzGerald, KBE, former CEO and chairman of Unilever, and its current members are:
M. S. Banga – partner at Clayton, Dubilier & Rice and former chairman and managing director, Hindustan Unilever
John Bell – Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford
Douglas Flint – chairman, Standard Life Aberdeen
Jurgen Grossmann – founder and shareholder, Georgsmarienhutte Holding GmbH
Muhtar Kent – former CEO and chairman, The Coca-Cola Company
Irene Lee – chairman, Hysan Development Co. Limited
Iain Lobban – former director, UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)
Trevor Manuel – former minister of finance, South Africa
Lubna Olayan – CEO and deputy chairperson, Olayan Financing Company
Sandi Peterson – former group worldwide chairman, Johnson & Johnson and independent director, Microsoft Corporation
Alfonso Prat-Gay – former minister of the economy and President of the Central Bank of Argentina
John Rose – former chairman, Hakluyt & Company
Shuzo Sumi – former president and chairman, Tokio Marine Holdings and chairman of the board, Sony Corporation
Ambassador Louis Susman – former US ambassador to the UK
Ratan Tata – chairman emeritus, Tata Sons
The former president and chairman of Mitsubishi Corporation, Minoru (Ben) Makihara, served on the advisory board of the firm from 2004 to 2020.
References
External links
Companies based in the City of Westminster
Consulting firms established in 1995
Management consulting firms
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17338132
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukkam
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Laukkam
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Laukkam is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580529
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Splidsboel
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Kim Splidsboel
|
Kim Michael Splidsboel (born 25 November 1955) is a Danish football manager and former professional player who played as a sweeper. He was most recently the manager of Danish 2nd Division side, BK Avarta.
Playing career
Splidsboel played professionally for Hvidovre IF and Herfølge BK.
Coaching career
Splidsboel has managed Denmark U16, Hvidovre IF, Brøndby IF U23, Holbæk B&I, Dragør BK, Malawi, Værløse BK, and FC Banants from August 2008 to October 2008.
He was named manager of B 1908 from January 2010. He left the club at the end of his contract on 31 December 2011.
On 30 April 2012, Splidsboel was brought in as manager of B93 in order to save the club from relegation. He left the club following the 2013–14-season. In January 2015 he became new manager of BK Avarta. He was sacked a few months later and replaced by Benny Gall.
References
1955 births
Living people
Danish footballers
Footballers from Copenhagen
Association football sweepers
Hvidovre IF players
Herfølge Boldklub players
Danish football managers
Holbæk B&I managers
Malawi national football team managers
FC Urartu managers
Boldklubben af 1893 managers
BK Avarta managers
Danish expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Malawi
Expatriate football managers in Armenia
Danish 1st Division players
|
17338148
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauksauk
|
Lauksauk
|
Lauksauk is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township
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23580530
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellawala%20Medhananda%20Thero
|
Ellawala Medhananda Thero
|
Ellawala Medhananda Thero (එල්ලාවල මේධානන්ද) is a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. He had also organized many charities and engaged himself in educational activities in under-prevailed rural communities. As an academic scholar (see Pieris, op. cit.) he has published 40 books of academic and archaeological research of which the book on the "Sinhala-Buddhist Heritage in the Northern and Eastern Provinces" published in 2003 by Jayakody Publishers in Colombo is most well known Medhananda was a parliamentarian elected by the Jathika hela Urumaya, a party which campaigned for the rights of Buddhists. As a consequence, many Marxist as well as minority Tamil writers have criticized him for his alleged right-wing political leanings and pro-majoritarian sentiments. He presented himself for elections twice first in 2004 then in 2010. Since then he has devoted himself to charitable works, teaching and scholarly activities in rural regions of Sri Lanka
References
Living people
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Jathika Hela Urumaya politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
1937 births
Sinhalese archaeologists
Sri Lankan Buddhist monks
|
17338163
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Whitaker
|
William Whitaker
|
William Whitaker may refer to:
William Whitaker (theologian) (1548–1595), English theologian
William Whitaker (Puritan ejected minister) (1629–1672), English ejected minister
William Whitaker (geologist) (1836–1925), British geologist
William Whitaker (pioneer) (1821–1888), American pioneer
William Whitaker (MP) (1580–1646), English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1646
William Whitaker (equestrian) (born 1989), English show jumper
Bill Whitaker (journalist) (born 1951), American journalist
Bill Whitaker (American football) (born 1959), American football defensive back
See also
William Whittaker (disambiguation)
Whitaker (disambiguation)
William Whitaker's Words, a computer program for Latin morphology
|
23580534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20R.%20Mithrapala
|
H. R. Mithrapala
|
H. R. Mithrapala (15 March 1946 – 18 September 2019) was a Sri Lankan politician, a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and a government deputy minister.
References
1946 births
2019 deaths
Members of the Sabaragamuwa Provincial Council
Provincial councillors of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Government ministers of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
Alumni of Bandaranayake College, Gampaha
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23580538
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Columba%27s%20Church%2C%20Ennis
|
St Columba's Church, Ennis
|
St Columba's Church is a congregation of the Church of Ireland, part of the Anglican Communion, in Ennis, County Clare, western Ireland.
St. Columba's was built between 1868 and 1871 as the new building for Drumcliffe Parish to the design by architect Francis Bindon. Previous locations for the parish include Ennis Friary which was vacated by the Franciscan Order in the early nineteenth century. The present building was the last Anglican Church to be built in Ireland before its disestablishment by the Irish Church Act 1869. It is an example of Gothic revival architecture, and its large size bears testimony to the fact that Anglicans were formerly more numerous than they are today, although they are now part of a growing minority of non-Catholics in Ennis and County Clare. Memorials in the church include a wooden grave cross from Ypres, a reminder of World War I (1914–1918).
The church hall is accommodated in the rear of the building. This was constructed around 1982-3 during the ministry of the former Dean of Limerick Maurice Talbot. A foyer and meeting hall, with kitchen and toilets were incorporated within the Church from space at the rear of St Columba’s.
Churches in County Clare
Church of Ireland church buildings in the Republic of Ireland
|
23580539
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Mussammil
|
Mohamed Mussammil
|
Mohamed Mussammil (Mohamadu Mohidin Musammil Mohidi) is a Sri Lankan politician and member of a Parliament of Sri Lanka.
References
Sri Lankan Muslims
Living people
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
Jathika Nidahas Peramuna politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka
1980 births
|
17338190
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Murtaza
|
Ali Murtaza
|
Ali Ghulam Murtaza (born 1 January 1990) is an Indian first-class cricketer. He plays for Uttar Pradesh. He was a member of Indian World Team in the Indian Cricket League Twenty20 competition. He bowled well in ICL and earned a reputation as a skilled left-arm spinner. In IPL 2010, he was a part of the Mumbai Indians squad which lost to Chennai Super Kings in the final. Since he played in ICL he has a one-year period during which he cannot represent the Indian cricket team. From the 2012 edition of IPL, he played for Pune Warriors India.
His father was cricket coach at Bishop Johnson School & College, Allahabad
References
1990 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
Uttar Pradesh cricketers
Mumbai Indians cricketers
Pune Warriors India cricketers
Delhi Giants cricketers
|
6904717
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Ludwig
|
Bob Ludwig
|
Robert C. Ludwig (born c. 1945) is an American mastering engineer. He has mastered recordings on all the major recording formats for all the major record labels, and on projects by more than 1,300 artists including Led Zeppelin, Lou Reed, Queen, Jimi Hendrix, Bryan Ferry, Paul McCartney, Nirvana, Bruce Springsteen and Daft Punk
resulting in over 3,000 credits. He is the recipient of numerous Grammy and TEC Awards.
Biography
At the age of eight in South Salem, New York, Ludwig was so fascinated with his first tape recorder, that he used to make recordings of whatever was on the radio. Ludwig is a classical musician by training, having obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in New York. He was also involved in the sound department at Eastman, as well as being principal trumpet of the Utica Symphony Orchestra. Inspired by Phil Ramone when he came to Eastman to teach a summer recording workshop, Ludwig ended up working as his assistant. Afterwards, he was contacted and offered work with Ramone at A&R Recording. Together, they did sessions on projects with The Band, Peter, Paul & Mary, Neil Diamond and Frank Sinatra.
After a few years at A&R, Ludwig received an offer from Sterling Sound, where he eventually became a vice president. After seven years at Sterling, he moved to its competitor, Masterdisk, where he was vice president and chief engineer. In December 1992, Ludwig left Masterdisk to start his own record mastering facility in Portland, Maine, named Gateway Mastering Studios, Inc. He, along with Adam Ayan are the two mastering engineers who work at Gateway Mastering.
Work
Ludwig's mastering credits include albums for many major classic artists, such as the Kronos Quartet, and rock acts, including Jimi Hendrix, Phish, Rush, Mötley Crüe, Megadeth, Metallica, Gloria Estefan, Nirvana, The Strokes, Queen, U2, Sting, The Police, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Beck, Guns N' Roses, Richie Sambora, Tool, Simple Minds, Bryan Ferry, Tori Amos, Bonnie Raitt, Mark Knopfler, Leonard Cohen, David Bowie, Paul McCartney, Bruce Springsteen, the Bee Gees, Madonna, Richard Wood, Supertramp, Will Ackerman, Pet Shop Boys, Radiohead, Elton John, Daft Punk and Alabama Shakes.
He has occasionally undertaken larger projects, such as remastering the entire back catalogues of Rush, Dire Straits, Creedence Clearwater Revival and the Rolling Stones.
Ludwig cites his most musically satisfying projects as: the CD reissue of Music From Big Pink (The Band), There's a Riot Goin' On (Sly and the Family Stone), Led Zeppelin II, Painted from Memory (Bacharach & Costello), Spirit (Jewel), Loreena McKennitt, and Ancient Voices of Children (George Crumb).
Ludwig remains an active influence in the music industry. As a judge for the 8th and 10th-14th annual Independent Music Awards, his contributions helped assist the careers of upcoming independent artists. Ludwig is active in the Audio Engineering Society and is a past chairman of the New York AES section. He was Co-Chair of the Producers and Engineers Wing for 5 years and is presently on the Advisory Council of the P&E Wing of National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
Awards and recognition
Grammy Awards
|-
|rowspan="1"|2003
|The Rising
|Album Of The Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2005
|Avalon
|rowspan="3"|Best Surround Sound Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|Brothers In Arms - 20th Anniversary Edition
|
|-
|In Your Honor
|
|-
|2008
|Lorraine Hunt Lieberson Sings Peter Lieberson: Neruda Songs
|Best Classical Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|In Rainbows
|rowspan="2"|Album of the Year
|
|-
|Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (Super Deluxe Edition)
|Best Surround Sound Album
|
|-
|Music Is Better Than Words
|rowspan="3"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013
|Ashes & Fire
|
|-
|Love Is a Four Letter Word
|
|-
|Babel
|rowspan="3"|Album of the Year
|
|-
|Blunderbuss
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2014
|rowspan="2"|Random Access Memories
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|Annie Up
|
|-
|"Get Lucky"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Charlie Is My Darling - Ireland 1965
|Best Historical Album
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|G I R L
|rowspan="2"|Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Morning Phase
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|Bass & Mandolin
|
|-
|Beyoncé
|Best Surround Sound Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|rowspan="2"|Sound & Color
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017
|Are You Serious
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2018
|Is This the Life We Really Want?
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2020
|Scenery
|
|-
|Riley: Sun Rings
|Best Engineered Album, Classical
|
|-
|Kverndokk: Symphonic Dances
|rowspan="2"|Best Immersive Audio Album
|
|-
|The Savior
|
|-
APRS
2012: Association of Professional Recording Services Sound Fellowship - received 27 October 2012
Audio Engineering Society
2015: AES Gold Medal
References
External links
SoundStage! interview
1940s births
Living people
American audio engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
Mastering engineers
People from South Salem, New York
University of Rochester alumni
|
23580540
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Carpenter%20%28judge%29
|
Louis Carpenter (judge)
|
Louis Carpenter (1829, New York – 1863, Kansas) was a Judge in Douglas County, Kansas and was the highest ranking civic member of the town of Lawrence to be murdered by Quantrill's raiders during the Lawrence Massacre.
Douglas County Kansas
Louis Carpenter was a lawyer, and was a Deputy Clerk of Douglas County, Kansas by June 14, 1859. In late 1860 or early 1861, he became Probate Judge of Douglas County, the first case bearing his name as judge being recorded on February 26, 1861, and on September 29, 1862, he was chosen by the Union Party as their candidate for the office of Attorney General of Kansas. He was enumerated in the 1860 federal census of the Kansas Territory as age 29, born in the state of New York.
Lawrence Massacre
Judge Carpenter was one of the 185-200 men and boys killed in the Lawrence Massacre on August 21, 1863. He was murdered in his home at 943 New Hampshire Street in Lawrence by members of Quantrill’s Raiders. A detailed account of Judge Carpenter's life and murder in Kansas, and a photograph of him, are posted at the Douglas County Law Library website.
Personal
Louis Carpenter was born December 14, 1829 in New York state. His parentage is currently unknown as well as most of his life before coming to Kansas.
Louis married on October 10, 1862 at the home of his bride’s sister and brother-in-law Abigail (Barber) and Grosvenor C. Morse at Emporia, Kansas to Mary E. Barber, who was born ca. 1838 in Massachusetts according to census records. In 1870, his widow was enumerated at Topeka, Kansas; she married second on January 5, 1871 at Emporia, Kansas to John C. Rankin, and was enumerated in Osage County, Kansas in 1900 and 1910. She was a sister of Harriet A. Barber, who never married, and Abigail Barber, who married Grosvenor C. Morse.
References
Further reading
Definitive biography and photograph of Judge Louis Carpenter by Kerry Altenbernd:http://www.douglascolawlibrary.org/Louis_Carpenter.html.
1829 births
1863 deaths
People of Kansas in the American Civil War
Civilians killed in the American Civil War
Politicians from Lawrence, Kansas
People murdered in Kansas
19th-century American lawyers
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6904730
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace%20Fiennes
|
Eustace Fiennes
|
Sir Eustace Edward Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 1st Baronet (29 February 1864 – 9 February 1943), known as Sir Eustace Fiennes, was a British soldier, Liberal politician and colonial administrator.
Background
Fiennes was born in Reading, Berkshire, the second son of John Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 17th Baron Saye and Sele and his wife, Lady Augusta Hay-Drummond, a daughter of the 11th Earl of Kinnoull. He was educated at Malvern College,
In 1894, Fiennes married Florence Agnes Fletcher née Rathfelder (from Constantia, Cape Town). They lived in Windlesham and Sunningdale and had two children: John Eustace (1895–1917, Battle of Arras) and Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 2nd Baronet (1902–1943).
Military career
Fiennes fought in the North-West Rebellion in 1885, was stationed in Egypt from 1888 to 1889, and took part in the expedition to Mashonaland in 1890. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars in 1895, and promoted Lieutenant on 29 April 1899. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, Fiennes volunteered for service in South Africa, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Imperial Yeomanry on 3 February 1900, serving in the 40th (Oxfordshire) company of the 10th Battalion. He left London the same day on board the SS Montfort. He was promoted captain in 1901, major in 1905, and lieutenant-colonel in 1918. He fought in Flanders and the Dardanelles during World War I.
Political career
At the 1906 general election, Fiennes was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Banbury and with a brief interruption in 1910, held the seat until the 1918 general election. He was also Parliamentary Private Secretary to Winston Churchill (then First Lord of the Admiralty) from 1912 to 1914. Created a baronet in 1916, Fiennes left the Commons two years later to become Governor of the Seychelles and was then Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1921 to 1929.
Fiennes died in 1943 aged 78 and his title was inherited by his son who died the same year. His grandson, the famous explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes, inherited the title on his birth in 1944. Through his grandfather the 16th Baron Saye and Sele, Fiennes is also related to the actors Ralph and Joseph Fiennes.
Notes
References
External links
Fiennes, Hon Eustace, Captain Oxfordshire Yeomanry. www.angloboerwar.com.
Leigh Rayment's : list of MP's by Constituency
Fiennes Family, 1100 – 2004
1864 births
1943 deaths
Military personnel from Reading, Berkshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Governors of the Leeward Islands
Eustace Fiennes
Governors of British Seychelles
Imperial Yeomanry officers
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People of the North-West Rebellion
People educated at Malvern College
People from Reading, Berkshire
People from Sunningdale
People from Surrey Heath (district)
Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars officers
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Younger sons of barons
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17338193
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stervik%20Speedway
|
Västervik Speedway
|
Västervik Speedway are a motorcycle speedway team from Västervik in Sweden. They were established as Skepparna in 1966 and have raced in the Elitserien, the top league division of Swedish speedway, since 1991, changing their name to Västervik in 1993. They were Elitserien Champions in 2005 and in 2007 they finished runners-up to Dackarna. The team is managed by Peter Helgesson and Marvyn Cox. Former riders include 1993 World Champion Sam Ermolenko and Australia national speedway team manager Craig Boyce.
2012 Team
References
External links
Official Website
Swedish speedway teams
Västervik
Sport in Kalmar County
|
23580542
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemakumara%20Nanayakkara
|
Hemakumara Nanayakkara
|
Hemakumara Wickramathilaka Nanayakkara is a Sri Lankan politician and was the 7th Governor of the Western Province of Sri Lanka, in office since 12 April 2018. He has also been a Governor of the Southern Province, a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and a former government minister. Nanayakkara played active roles for the United National Party victory at the 2001 General election. He was appointed as minister soon after the election. Later in 2007 he decided to support the UPFA. In 2012 Nanayakkara quit from the UPFA to form his own party called Ruhunu Janatha Party. The Party joined United National Party at the 2015 Presidential election to support the common candidate. Soon after the 2015 election victory he was appointed the Governor of Southern Province.
See also
List of political families in Sri Lanka
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Government ministers of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians
United National Party politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
Alumni of Richmond College, Galle
|
6904737
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachitomi
|
Rachitomi
|
The Rachitomi were a group of extinct Palaeozoic labyrinthodont amphibians, according to an earlier classification system. They are defined by the structure of the vertebrae, having large semi-circular intercentra below the notochord and smaller paired though prominent pleurocentra on each side above and behind, forming anchoring points for the ribs.
This form of complex backbone was found in some crossopterygian fish, the Ichthyostegalia, most Temnospondyli and some Reptiliomorpha. Primitive reptiles kept the complex rachitomous vertebrae, but with the pleurocentra being the more dominant. As a phylogenetic unit, the Rachitomi thus are a paraphyletic unit.
References
Prehistoric amphibians
|
44505317
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOG%20%28gas%20stations%29
|
WOG (gas stations)
|
WOG (West Oil Group) is a gas stations chain in Ukraine consisting of more than 400 Filling stations.
History
In 2000, the first gas station complex under the WOG brand was opened in the village of Tsuman in Volyn.
Filling stations were opened in Kyiv and Odesa (2006), Chernihiv, Zaporizhia, Poltava, Kherson, Luhansk, and Kharkiv regions (2007), Donetsk region (2009), Dnipro (2019).
In 2002, WOG had more than 200 filling stations.
In 2007, the first Sun Market stores appeared at WOG filling stations.
In 2008, WOG started cooperation with the international company Deloitte.
In 2009, WOG launched 100 MUSTANG fuel.
In 2010, the loyalty program for PRIDE regular customers started. The company won a number of tenders for the supply of fuel for large state and international enterprises, including SJSC "Motor Roads of Ukraine", "Ukrposhta", mining and processing plant "MetInvest", "ArcelorMittal", "Energoatom", "Ukrzaliznytsia".
In 2011, the chain had more than 400 filling stations in Ukraine.
In 2013, WOG started sales of diesel fuel of the new generation MUSTANG +.
In 2014, the project "The coffeest coffee" was launched.
The same year WOG held a presentation of a branded gas LPG MUSTANG.
In 2015, WOG Cafe in Kyiv was opened, which operates outside filling stations.
In 2017, the company launched the WOG Pay service, which allows to refuel a car without leaving it; WOG Cafe was opened at Kyiv Airport (Zhulyany).
In 2019, WOG Cafe was opened at the airports of Lviv and Odesa. At the end of the year, there were more than 150 electric chargers in the network, including 37 supercharges.
Chain
Filling stations are represented in 24 regions of Ukraine. As of 2020, the number of employees is 7,000.
Structure
WOG includes 20 oil depots and more than 400 filling stations in Ukraine, 368 WOG Cafe, 245 WOG Market. WOG Cafe is also available at 4 airports in Ukraine (Kyiv (Boryspil, Zhulyany), Odesa, Lviv) and on Intercity and Intercity + Ukrzaliznytsia trains.
Management
WOG belongs to the Continuum fuel and industrial group, which was owned by the main shareholder of WOG Igor Yeremeyev.
After his death in 2015, his children became shareholders of the company together with Stepan Ivakhiv and Sergii Lagur.
In 2018, Mykhailo Romaniv was appointed CEO.
Pavlo Shybaiev is the Head of stores management department WOG.
Production
In autumn 2010, the company began supplying diesel fuel under the Mustang brand. This fuel is imported from refineries in Romania, Greece, Lithuania, Poland, and Belarus.
Awards
2009 — WOG brand is recognized as the most expensive among national brands in the field of "Fuel and Energy" ($ 26.9 million).
2010 — the WOG brand was recognized as the most expensive among national brands in the field of "Fuel and Energy" ($ 33.2 million) according to MPP Consulting.
2010-2014 — winner of the nomination "Chain of gas stations of the year" according to the version of "Choice of the Year" in Ukraine.
2015 — WOG Cafe won the award in the nomination "Innovation of the Year" business award "Private Label 2015".
2016 — the highest capital index of the brand (3.11 - high) according to the marketing research of the international company Nielsen.
2018 — 30 position in the rating "TOP-100 most expensive brands of Ukraine" according to MPP Consulting.
2020 — victory in the nomination "Most Recognizable VTM of the Year" of the National Business Award "Private Label 2020".
Other activities
The company is implementing the charity project "Road of Good" (Ukrainian: Дорога добра) to help purchase and repair of equipment in medical institutions.
In 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic, the company participated in a joint program with the taxi service Uklon #TaxiForDonor and, with the assistance of the DonorUA and #WorthLife foundations, provided 20,000 donor trips to blood centers.
The same year WOG started providing 6-8 square meters at gas stations for the stands of small and medium-sized businesses within the project "Opening new opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses".
In 2021, the company supported the "Batteries, give up" (Ukrainian: Батарейки, здавайтесь) initiative to collect and recycle used batteries.
References
External links
WOG — official website
Interview with Vladlena Rusina
Zakhar Klyakhin
Yulia Pishachenko
Photo of the station in Kyiv Oblast. Panoramio. / Flickr.
Station futuristic design. Igloo architecture.
Locations of WOG gas stations by GeoDeg.
Convenience stores of Ukraine
Filling stations in Ukraine
Companies based in Lutsk
Energy companies established in 2000
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2000
Retail companies established in 2000
Ukrainian companies established in 2000
Privately held companies based in Volyn Oblast
Privately held companies in Ukraine
|
23580546
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20B.%20Nawinne
|
S. B. Nawinne
|
R. M. Seneviratne Bandara Nawinne (born 24 February 1946) is a member of United National Party and a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. He was long time member of Sri Lanka Freedom Party but cross to the United National Party in 2015 General elections. He was appointed as a cabinet minister under the National Government led by Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe.
Nawinne held key ministerial positions of the United People's Freedom Alliance and Peoples Alliance governments from 1994. Later in 2000 he was appointed as the Chief Minister of North Western Province
References
Living people
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Chief Ministers of North Western Province, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
1946 births
Labour ministers of Sri Lanka
Culture ministers of Sri Lanka
Internal affairs ministers of Sri Lanka
|
6904740
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Hermann%20Quincke
|
Georg Hermann Quincke
|
Georg Hermann Quincke FRSFor HFRSE (; November 19, 1834 – January 13, 1924) was a German physicist.
Biography
Born in Frankfurt-on-Oder, Quincke was the son of prominent physician Geheimer Medicinal-Rath Hermann Quincke and the older brother of physician Heinrich Quincke.
Quincke received his Ph. D. in 1858 at Berlin, having previously studied also at Königsberg and at Heidelberg. He became privatdocent at Berlin in 1859, professor at Berlin in 1865, professor at Würzburg in 1872, and in 1875 was called to be professor of physics at Heidelberg, where he remained until his retirement in 1907. His doctor's dissertation was on the subject of the capillary constant of mercury, and his investigations of all capillary phenomena are classical.
In September 1860, Quincke was one of the participants in the Karlsruhe Congress, the first international conference of chemistry worldwide. He and Adolf von Baeyer represented the University of Berlin in Congress.
Quincke also did important work in the experimental study of the reflection of light, especially from metallic surfaces, and carried on prolonged researches on the subject of the influence of electric forces upon the constants of different forms of matter, modifying the dissociation hypothesis of Clausius.
"Quincke's interference tube" is an apparatus used to demonstrate interference phenomena of sound waves.
Quincke received a D. C. L. from Oxford and an LL. D. from Cambridge and from Glasgow and was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1885 he published Geschichte des physikalischen Instituts der Universität Heidelberg.
Quincke died in Heidelberg at age 89. It is believed that Quincke was the last living participant of the Karlsruhe Congress.
See also
Streaming current
Notes
References
"Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke". Who Named It? (Retrieved January 23, 2007).
1834 births
1924 deaths
19th-century German physicists
People from Frankfurt (Oder)
People from the Province of Brandenburg
University of Königsberg alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Heidelberg University faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
University of Würzburg faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
|
6904746
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20to%20Find
|
Hard to Find
|
Hard to Find may refer to:
"Hard to Find", a song by The American Analog Set from their 2003 album Promise of Love
"Hard to Find", a song by Codeine from the EP Barely Real
"Hard to Find", a song by The National from their album Trouble Will Find Me
"Hard to Find", a song by Skillet from their 2013 album Rise
|
23580551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshman%20Nipuna%20Arachchi
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Lakshman Nipuna Arachchi
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Lakshman Nipuna Arachchi is a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. He is the replacement for former army chief Sarath Fonseka in Sri Lanka's parliament.He is currently the General Secretary of Leftiest Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna led National People's Power Alliance.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
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6904757
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett%20Strommen
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Garrett Strommen
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Garrett Strommen is an American actor, entrepreneur, author, and visual artist born on October 8, 1982 in St. Louis, Missouri.
Career
Before his big break in the movie I Dreamed of Africa with Daniel Craig and Kim Basinger in 2000, he got his start in Italy with school productions. He lived in Rome, for over 8 years where he attended St. Stephen's International School and went on to win the Reverend Wilbur C. Woodhams Medal for excellence in the arts. His father is Kim Strommen, who served as Dean of Temple University Rome's study abroad campus for 25 years and his mother is Genell Miller, a visual artist and art professor. In 2006 he graduated from the prestigious creative writing program at UCLA cum laude. He is currently the founder and president of Strommen Inc., a private language instruction and translation company and an angel investor in Rufus Labs. Acting roles include recurring roles in the TV drama 7th Heaven, an appearance as the victim in Cold Case and an appearance on Without a Trace. Recently, he was in an episode of CSI: NY, Heroes (TV series) and a cameo in "Dead of Night," a film based on the Italian comic book Dylan Dog.
He is fluent in English, Italian and Spanish. He likes painting and sculpting.
External links
Strommen
1982 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
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23580554
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udawatte%20Nanda%20Thero
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Udawatte Nanda Thero
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Udawatte Nanda Thero (or Udawatte Nanda) is a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
In the 2010 general election he contested from the Sri Lanka National Front in Kandy District but was not elected. During the campaign he criticized his former party, the JHU and said that it was hijacked by laymen.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Jathika Hela Urumaya politicians
United People's Freedom Alliance politicians
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