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6903037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigawa%20ethanol%20programme
|
Jigawa ethanol programme
|
The Jigawa ethanol program is a program to produce ethanol from agricultural products in Jigawa, Nigeria. The ethanol programme was initiated by the Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo, to process sugarcane into biofuel. Besides sugarcane, the Nigerian Government plans to start processing cassava as well.
External links
Jigawa to flag off ethanol programme, Vanguard, January 30, 2006
FG to make use of ethanol in fuel compulsory, Business Day, September 8, 2006
http://www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/2006Apr10.doc
Nigeria to create 1 million jobs in biofuels sector Biopact, April 7, 2006
Nigeria will use Brazilian blueprint to found its new biofuels industry Ecoworld, July 7, 2006
Natural Resources Incorporated homepage of the company investing in the project.
Ethanol fuel
Agriculture in Nigeria
Biofuel in Nigeria
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44502999
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20A.%20Halsey
|
Frederick A. Halsey
|
Frederick Arthur Halsey (July 12, 1856 – October 20, 1935) was an American mechanical engineer and economist, who was long-time editor of the American Machinist magazine, and particularly known for his 1891 article, entitled "The premium plan of paying for labor."
Biography
Halsey was born in Unadilla, New York to the physician Gaius Leonard Halsey, and Juliet Cartington Halsey. He was the younger brother of Francis Whiting Halsey (1851–1919), who became a noted American journalist, editor and historian. At the age of 22 in 1878 Frederick graduated from Cornell University with a degree in mechanical engineering.
Halsey was editor of the American Machinist. In his famous 1891 paper "The Premium Plan of Paying for Labor," he argued "against piecework payment and profit-sharing, and proposing an incentive wage system with an hourly wage, production requirements, and additional pay incentives for workers who exceed production goals -- had a major impact on the subsequent structure of labor pay in America and Britain."
In 1902 he was representative of the National Association of Manufacturers and successful opposed the metric system adoption in United States. In 1917 he was one of the founding members the American Institute of Weights and Measures to keep opposing the adoption of the metric system in the US.
In 1922 he was awarded the ASME Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for "eminently distinguished engineering achievement".
Work
The Premium Plan of Paying for Labor, 1891
At the June, 1891, meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Halsey presented a paper entitled "The Premium Plan of Paying for Labor." In this paper Halsey presents four types of labor payment:
The day's-work plan : the workman is paid for and in proportion to the time spent upon his work.
The piece-work plan : the workman is paid for and in proportion to the amount of work done.
The profit-sharing plan : in addition to regular wages, the employees are offered a certain percentage of the final profits of the business.
The premium plan : The time required to do a given piece of work is determined from previous experience, and the workman, in addition to his usual daily wages, is offered a premium for every hour by which he reduces that time on future work, the amount of the premium being less than his rate of wages.
Hugo Diemer (1904) summarized:
Halsey briefly outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the day-work plan, the piece-work plan, and the profit-sharing plan, and then describes the premium plan as used by himself, citing specific instances illustrating the working of the method. 'Under the day-work system, matters settle down to an easy-going pace, and the employer pays extravagantly for his product.' With regard to piece work, Halsey discusses at length the evils of rate-cutting. He presents as an objection to the piece-work plan an argument that may in many cases be a strong one in its favor, namely, that it requires a knowledge and record of the cost of each piece of a complicated machine, and oftentimes of each operation on each piece, thus limiting its application to products which are produced in considerable quantities...
And furthermore:
<blockquote>... With regard to profit-sharing, he objects that any system of profit distribution based on collective rather than individual efforts is unfair, that the remoteness of the reward is a disadvantage, that in bad business years there will be no distribution, and that the workmen have no check on the correctness of the employers' figures.
With regard to the premium system, he advocates varied hourly premium rates for time gained, depending on the character of the work, a detail that deserves more attention than it has generally received.
In the discussion, Mr. William Kent attests to the fact that Mr. Halsey spoke to him about the premium plan a year or so prior to Mr. Towne's discussion on gain-sharing. Mr. Kent introduced the method at that time in the shops of the Springer Torsion Balance Company.</blockquote>
This work contributed to the wider discussion among British and American engineers about the development of a costing system for factories. It was among the works of initial contributions as Captain Henry Metcalfe (1885/86), Emile Garcke (1887), Henry R. Towne (1891), etc., and notable further contributions came from Arnold, Sterling Bunnell, Alexander Hamilton Church, Hugo Diemer, Henry Laurence Gantt, Lingan S. Randolph, Oberlin Smith, Frederick Winslow Taylor, etc.
The time ticket
For the implementation of his "premium plan" for labor payment and production control, Halsey (1891) proposed the form of time ticket. He explains that this ticket should be:
...issued by the foreman, the blanks at the top being filled up by him. If desired as a check he punches a hole on the line, indicating the hour when the work is given out, repeating the same when the work and ticket are returned. The record of the time is kept by drawing a line between various hour marks, an operation which the most illiterate can perform.
It was the intention, that the ticket should be used over several days' work, and is not returned until the work is completed, and contains the record of the entire job. As such the card has similarities with the Shop Order Card, presented by Captain Henry Metcalfe in his "Card system for cost accounting and production control", presented six years earlier.
Halsey further explained, how his premium plan should work. In advance a standard time is set, and registered on the back of the ticket. On the back of the ticket was printed:
According to previous experience this work should require . . . hours. If completed in less time than that a premium of . . . cents will be paid for each hour saved.
And furthermore Halsey explained, that "when the ticket is returned, a comparison of the back with the front shows the premium earned. This is
entered opposite the workman's name, in a book kept for the purpose, which is a companion to the usual time book or payroll."
Selected publications
Frederick A. Halsey, "The Premium Plan of Paying for Labor," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, XXII (1891),
Halsey, Frederick Arthur. Slide Valve Gears: An Explanation of the Action and Construction of Plain and Cut-off Slide Valves. D. Van Nostrand Company, 1894.
Towne, Henry Robinson, Frederick Arthur Halsey, and Frederick Winslow Taylor. The adjustment of wages to efficiency: three papers... Vol. 1. No. 2. For the American economic association by the Macmillan company, 1896.
Halsey, Frederick Arthur. The locomotive link motion. Press of Railway and Locomotive Engineering, 1898.
Halsey, Frederick Arthur. The premium plan of paying for labor. Cornell University, Sibley Journal Press, 1902.
Halsey, Frederick Arthur. Worm and spiral gearing. No. 116. D. Van Nostrand Company, 1903.
Halsey, Frederick Arthur, and Samuel Sherman Dale. The metric fallacy. D. Van Nostrand Company, 1904.
Smith, Charles Follansbee, and Frederick Arthur Halsey. The Design and Construction of Cams. Hill Publishing Company, 1906.
Halsey, Frederick Arthur. Handbook for Machine Designers and Draftsmen. McGraw-Hill book Company, Incorporated, 1913.
Halsey, Frederick Arthur. Methods of machine shop work: for apprentices and students in technical and trade schools.'' McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc., 1914.
References
External links
1856 births
1935 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
People from Unadilla, New York
ASME Medal recipients
Engineers from New York (state)
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6903041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana%20Shchelkanova
|
Tatyana Shchelkanova
|
Tatyana Shchelkanova (, 18 April 1937 – 24 November 2011) was a Soviet long jumper, sprinter and pentathlete who won a bronze medal in the long jump at the 1964 Olympics. In 1961 she set a world record at 6.48 m and extended it to 6.53 m in 1962 to and 6.70 m in 1964. However, in the Olympic final she only managed 6.42 m, while the winner Mary Rand broke the world record at 6.76 m. Shchelkanova won two European titles in the long jump, in 1962 and 1966 (indoor).
Shchelkanova won five gold (long jump in 1961, 1963 and 1965; 100 m in 1961; and pentathlon in 1965) and one silver medal (80 hurdles in 1963) at the Summer Universiade, as well as 10 national titles in the long jump (1961–66), 4 × 100 m relay (1961-63), and pentathlon (1963). After retiring from competitions she headed a department at the St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications.
References
External links
Tatyana Shchelkanova's obituary
1937 births
2011 deaths
Russian female long jumpers
Russian heptathletes
Soviet female long jumpers
Soviet heptathletes
Burevestnik (sports society) athletes
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Universiade silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1961 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1963 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1965 Summer Universiade
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44503004
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20the%20Solomon%20Islands
|
Abortion in the Solomon Islands
|
Abortion in the Solomon Islands is only legal if the abortion will save the mother's life. In Solomon Islands, if an abortion is performed on a woman for any other reason, the violator is subject to a life sentence in prison. A woman who performs a self-induced abortion may also be imprisoned for life.
Any approved abortion requires consent from two physicians as well as the woman's husband or next of kin.
References
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands
Human rights abuses in the Solomon Islands
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23578267
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Swedish%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20doubles
|
2009 Swedish Open – Men's doubles
|
Jonas Björkman and Robin Söderling were the defending champions, but Björkman retired from tennis before being able to defend the title.
Söderling teamed up with Robert Lindstedt, but Jaroslav Levinský and Filip Polášek defeated them in the final 1–6, 6–3, [10–7].
Seeds
Draw
Draw
External links
Draw
Swedish Open - Men's Doubles
Swedish Open
Swedish
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44503005
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Radu
|
Kenneth Radu
|
Kenneth Radu is a Canadian writer. He was a shortlisted nominee for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 1988 Governor General's Awards for his short story collection The Cost of Living.
Originally from Windsor, Ontario, he resided in Quebec as an adult, where he taught at John Abbott College in Montreal.
He was a shortlisted nominee for the Books in Canada First Novel Award in 1989 for Distant Relations, and has won the Hugh Maclennan Prize for Fiction in 1989 for Distant Relations and in 1991 for A Private Performance.
He has also served as co-editor of Matrix, a literary magazine devoted to English-language writing in Montreal. He wrote the afterword for the New Canadian Library edition of Yves Beauchemin's novel The Alley Cat.
Works
Novels
Distant Relations (1989)
Home Fires (1992)
Strange and Familiar Places (1999)
Flesh and Blood (2001)
Purest of Human Pleasures (2004)
Short stories
The Cost of Living (1987)
A Private Performance (1990)
Snow Over Judaea (1994)
Sex in Russia (2010)
net worth (2018)
Poetry
Letter to a Distant Father (1987)
Treading Water (1992)
Romanian Suite (1996)
Memoir
The Devil Is Clever: A Memoir of My Romanian Mother (2004)
References
Living people
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Writers from Windsor, Ontario
Writers from Montreal
Canadian memoirists
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian people of Romanian descent
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
1945 births
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male non-fiction writers
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44503010
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Samoa
|
Abortion in Samoa
|
Abortion in Samoa is only legal if the abortion will save the mother's life or preserve her physical or mental health and only when the gestation period is less than 20 weeks. In Samoa, if an abortion is performed on a woman for any other reason, or if a woman performs a self-induced abortion, the violator is subject to seven years in prison.
History
Samoan abortion law was defined in the Crimes Ordinance 1961 and amended by the Crimes Amendment Act of 1969.
Crimes Ordinance 1961
The Crimes Ordinance 1961 implicitly defined abortion as an action which caused the death of an unborn child and was not taken in good faith for preservation of the life of the mother. This carried a prison term of up to fourteen years if the action was deemed to be murder, or five years if the action was deemed to be manslaughter.
Crimes Amendment Act of 1969
Crimes Amendment Act of 1969 inserted §§ 73A–73D into Crimes Ordinance 1961, explicitly defining abortion and stating that a violator of the following is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years.
Procuring abortion (§§73A)
Female procuring her own miscarriage (§§73B)
Supplying means of procuring abortion (§§73C)
Effectiveness of means used immaterial (§§73D)
Crimes Act 2013
Crimes Ordinance 1961 was replaced by the Crimes Act 2013, stating that the following are illegal and the violator is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years:
Procuring abortion by any means (§112)
Female procuring her own miscarriage (§113)
Supplying means of procuring abortion (§114)
Effectiveness of means used immaterial (§115)
Unless:
Current Events
National HIV, AIDS, and STI Policy 2017–2022
In 2017, the Samoan Ministry of Health produced a document entitled National HIV, AIDS, and STI Policy 2017–2022 containing an analysis of abortion law in the Crimes Act 2013. This argues that the term "serious danger to [...] mental health" would potentially apply to suicide risk, rape, incest, and childhood pregnancy. This analysis clashes with the WHO Abortion Policies Database on the subject.
The document called for the law the be amended to address abortion for HIV positive women as well as "a legal analysis to assess the law, the interpretation, the inconsistency of case law, and ultimate population access to quality services".
Prime Minister Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi opposed these recommendations stating
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
In 2018, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) recommended that the state party should amend the Crimes Act.
See also
Abortion law
Abortion debate
Religion and abortion
Societal attitudes towards abortion
References
Further reading
Health in Samoa
Samoa
Samoa
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6903046
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Bacri
|
Jean-Pierre Bacri
|
Jean-Pierre Bacri (24 May 1951 – 18 January 2021) was a French actor and screenwriter.
He frequently worked in collaboration with Agnès Jaoui.
Life and career
One of Bacri's earliest film appearances was Subway. He co-wrote with Jaoui Smoking/No Smoking, and co-wrote and starred in Un air de famille, On connaît la chanson, for which he won a César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in 1998, The Taste of Others and Look at Me. Together, he and Jaoui have won the César Award for Best Writing four times, the Best Screenplay Award at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival and the European Film Awards, and the René Clair Award in 2001.
He died of cancer in 2021 at the age of 69.
Filmography
As screenwriter
1977: Tout simplement
1978: Le Timbre
1979: Le Doux visage de l'amour (Prix de la fondation de la vocation)
1992: Cuisine et dépendances
1992: Smoking / No Smoking
1996: Un air de famille
1997: On connaît la chanson (Same Old Song)
2000: The Taste of Others (Le Goût des autres)
2004: Comme une image (Look at Me)
2008: Parlez-moi de la pluie (Let's Talk about the Rain)
As actor
1978: Le goût étrange de Juliette
1979: L'éblouissement (TV) - Jean-Pierre
1979: Le Toubib - L'anesthésiste
1979: Thanatos Palace Hôtel (TV) - Jean Monnier
1980: Le fourbe de Séville (TV) - Octavio
1980: La Vénus d'Ille (TV) - Alphonse
1980: La femme intégrale - Léonardo l'italien
1980: L'Aéropostale, courrier du ciel (TV series) - Beauregard
1981: Le cocu magnifique (TV) - Petrus
1981: Henri IV (TV) - Landolf
1982: Le Grand Pardon directed by Alexandre Arcady - Jacky Azoulay
1982: Au théâtre ce soir : Histoire de rire (TV) - Gérard
1983: Coup de foudre - Costa
1983: Édith et Marcel
1984: La Septième Cible - inspecteur Daniel Esperanza
1984: Batailles (TV)
1985: Subway directed by Luc Besson - inspecteur Batman
1985: Escalier C - Bruno
1985: On ne meurt que deux fois - barman
1986: Chère canaille - Francis Lebovic
1986: La galette du roi - L'élégant
1986: Suivez mon regard - L'ami des singes
1986: États d'âme - Romain
1986: Mort un dimanche de pluie - David Briand
1986: Rue du départ - homme à la BMW
1987: Sale temps - (voix)
1987: L'été en pente douce directed by Gérard Krawczyk - Stéphane Leheurt (Fane)
1988: Les Saisons du plaisir directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky - Jacques
1988: Bonjour l'angoisse - Desfontaines
1989: Mes meilleurs copains - Eric Guidolini (Guido)
1990: La Baule-les-Pins (film) directed by Diane Kurys - Léon
1991: - Roussel
1992: - L'homme à la rayure
1992: L'homme de ma vie - Malcolm
1993: Cuisine et dépendances - Georges
1994: Perle rare
1994: Bazooka (film)
1994: La Cité de la peur directed by Alain Berbérian - projectionniste #2
1996: Un air de famille directed by Cédric Klapisch - Henri
1997: La méthode - Paul
1997: Didier directed by Alain Chabat - Jean-Pierre Costa
1997: On connaît la chanson directed by Alain Resnais - Nicolas
1998: Un dimanche matin à Marseille : Béranger - Béranger
1998: Place Vendôme directed by Nicole Garcia - Jean-Pierre
1999: Peut-être - le père
1999: Kennedy et moi directed by Sam Karmann - Simon Polaris
2000: The Taste of Others (Le Goût des autres) directed by Agnès Jaoui - Castella
2002: Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra - (la voix du commentateur langouste)
2002: Une femme de ménage directed by Claude Berri - Jacques
2003: Les Sentiments directed by Noémie Lvovsky - Jacques
2004: Comme une image directed by Agnès Jaoui - Etienne Cassard
2006: Selon Charlie directed by Nicole Garcia
2008: Parlez-moi de la pluie (Let's Talk about the rain)
2012: Looking for Hortense
2013: Under the Rainbow
2015: The Very Private Life of Mister Sim
2016: Tout de suite maintenant
2017: C'est la vie!
2018: Place publique directed by Agnes Jaoui - Castro
References
External links
1951 births
2021 deaths
20th-century French male actors
21st-century French male actors
Best Supporting Actor César Award winners
European Film Award for Best Screenwriter winners
French male film actors
French male screenwriters
French male television actors
French people of Algerian-Jewish descent
20th-century French screenwriters
Jewish French male actors
People from Bou Ismaïl
Pieds-Noirs
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French screenwriters
21st-century French male writers
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Screenplay winners
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44503023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%20in%20Australian%20literature
|
1919 in Australian literature
|
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1919.
Books
Randolph Bedford — Aladdin and the Boss Cockie
Erle Cox — Out of the Silence
Edward Dyson — The Escapades of Ann
Mary Gaunt — A Wind from the Wilderness
Jack McLaren
Red Mountain
The Skipper of the Roaring Meg
The White Witch
Harrison Owen — The Mount Marunga Mystery
Arthur J. Rees — The Shrieking Pit
Steele Rudd — We Kaytons
Ethel Turner — Brigid and the Cub
Poetry
E. J. Brady — House of the Winds
John Le Gay Brereton — The Burning Marl
C. J. Dennis — Jim of the Hills
Edward Dyson — Hello, Soldier!: Khaki Verse
Will Dyson — "Death is but Death"
John Shaw Neilson — Heart of Spring
Vance Palmer
"The Dandenongs"
"Homecoming"
A. B. Paterson — "Boots"
Short stories
Basil Garstang — "Robson"
Sumner Locke — "The Tyranny of Love"
Dowell O'Reilly — "Twilight"
Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1919 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
6 January — Geoffrey C. Bingham, theological and short story writer (died 2009)
9 May — Nene Gare, novelist (died 1994)
28 May — Olga Masters, novelist (died 1986)
17 December — Charlotte Jay, suspense novelist (died 1996)
Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1919 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.
17 January — E. S. Emerson, poet (born 1870)
12 March — Ruby Lindsay, artist and writer (born 1885)
10 September — J. F. Archibald, editor (born 1856)
See also
1919 in poetry
List of years in literature
List of years in Australian literature
1919 in literature
1918 in Australian literature
1919 in Australia
1920 in Australian literature
References
Literature
Australian literature by year
20th-century Australian literature
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6903063
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingmaker%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Kingmaker (disambiguation)
|
A kingmaker is a person who can influence the selection of a monarch, without themself being a candidate for the (perhaps) figurative throne.
Kingmaker may also refer to:
Games
Kingmaker (board game) (1974), set in (English) Wars of the Roses
Kingmaker (video game), a 1994 strategy video game based on the board game
Neverwinter Nights: Kingmaker, a 2004 expansion pack for BioWare's Neverwinter Nights
Pathfinder: Kingmaker, a 2018 video game by Owlcat Games
Television
King Maker (TV series) (2012), TVB drama
Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny, a 2020 South Korean television series
"Kingmaker" (Law & Order) (2006), episode of NBC drama
"The Kingmaker" (The Blacklist) (2014), episode
Music
Kingmaker (band) (1990s), British indie rock
Kingmaker (album), a 2016 album by Pretty Maids
Kingmaker (song) (2013), by American band Megadeth from Super Collider
In cinema
The Kingmaker (film) a 2019 documentary film
The King Maker, a 2005 Thai film
Kingmaker (film), 2021 a South Korean political drama film
Other uses
The Kingmaker (audio drama) a (2006), Doctor Who audio drama
King Maker (novel) (2010), urban fantasy, by Maurice Broaddus
Kingmaker (comics), Marvel character related to X-Men
See also
Kingmaker scenario, in games, a situation where a losing player has the power to select the winner
|
6903069
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos%20Bible%20Software
|
Logos Bible Software
|
Logos Bible Software is a digital library application developed by Faithlife Corporation.It is designed for electronic Bible study. In addition to basic eBook functionality, it includes extensive resource linking, note-taking functionality, and linguistic analysis for study of the Bible both in translation and in its original languages.
History
Windows and Macintosh versions
Logos Bible Software was launched in 1992 by two Microsoft employees, Bob Pritchett and Kiernon Reiniger, along with Bob's father, Dale Pritchett. The three quit their jobs to develop Christian software. After acquiring data from the CDWordLibrary project at Dallas Theological Seminary (an earlier Bible software package for use on Windows 2), Logos released an updated version called the Logos Library System platform in 1995.
Mobile versions
An iPhone app was released alongside Logos 4 in November 2009.
An Android app was released in 2012. The initial release allowed little more than the reading of Logos books, so version 2.0 followed quickly in August 2012, which added notes, highlighting, reading plans, Bible Word Study, the Passage Guide and a split-screen view. This brought much closer parity with the iOS app.
Rebranded versions
Faithlife Corporation has also produced rebranded versions of Logos Bible Software with almost identical functionality. Verbum Catholic Software is aimed at Roman Catholics (and adds databases of Catholic topics and Saints, and more data from the Deuterocanonical Books). From 2014 to 2020, Faithlife produced Noet, which focused on scholarly work in the humanities, particularly the classics and philosophy.
Reception
It has been praised for being user-friendly, having the largest number of available resources of any comparable software, and offering unique tools and datasets not found in any comparable products. However, it has also received some criticisms for its high cost and lack of speed when compared with other Bible software packages.
Notes
References
External links
Logos Bible Software official websites:
Logos
Verbum
Electronic Bibles
Electronic publishing
Digital library software
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44503083
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Wilkinson
|
Tudor Wilkinson
|
William Tudor Wilkinson (December 18, 1879 – April 22, 1969), known as Tudor Wilkinson, was an American art collector and amateur art dealer who married "the loveliest showgirl in the world". It was said that he gave Hermann Göring a painting in exchange for his wife's freedom from an internment camp and stored weapons and radio equipment for the French resistance during the Second World War.
Early life
William Tudor Wilkinson was born in St. Louis, Missouri on December 18, 1879. He was the son of the wealthy merchant and banker John Cabell Wilkinson of Missouri (1846–1910) and Margaret D. Ewing (1852-1926). He was one of seven children of the marriage. With no need to work, he lived a life of leisure and fashion and was once described as the Beau Brummel of St. Louis. Wilkinson was a member of the Mercantile Club and the Algonquin Golf Club and known as a horseman, polo player and singer.
In 1905, Wilkinson was convicted of stealing a number of pieces of fishing equipment over several weeks from a St. Louis store. At the time of his arrest at the store he had been planning a fishing trip to Canada and his luggage had already been sent to the railway station. The police went to the station and found four stolen fishing reels in his baggage. According to the St. Louis Republican, Wilkinson told the police that he would not be prosecuted because of his standing in St. Louis. Wilkinson reportedly received a brief prison sentence and a fine. The campaigning political newspaper Appeal to Reason contrasted the light sentence that he received for the theft with the harsh justice meted out to the poor for lesser offenses.
World War I
During the First World War, Wilkinson served in the aviation corps from 1917.
Marriage
In 1923 in Paris, Tudor Wilkinson married the English model Dolores, once described as "the loveliest showgirl in the world". The ceremony took place in the mairie of the first arrondissement and later at the oratory of the Louvre. Mr and Mrs Dudley Field Malone were the witnesses. In 1925, the American press reported that the couple lived on the Île Saint-Louis in a house overlooking Notre-Dame Cathedral, most likely the three storey apartment at 18 Quai d'Orleans referred to in later sources.
Tax debts
In 1924, Wilkinson was charged with failing to file a U.S. tax return for five years. The U.S. Marshal had failed to file a criminal warrant against Wilkinson as he was now resident abroad. The amount that it was claimed Wilkinson owed was put at $85,841. A bank account and a farm of 350 acres near Eureka, Missouri, were attached by the U.S. government in respect of the alleged debt.
World War II
Paris was occupied by the Germans during World War II. Many Allied citizens were interned and Dolores (born in England and married to an American) was detained at the German internment camp at Vittel. The camp was a former hotel and spa and relatively comfortable as internment camps go.
Tudor Wilkinson, as far as is known, was not detained. After the war, the American Office of Strategic Services Art Looting Investigation Unit wrote that he kept a watch on the Paris art market for Sepp Angerer, Hermann Göring's art agent, and that Dolores had been released from Vittel after Göring made a personal visit to the Wilkinsons' apartment. In 1946, Tudor Wilkinson was placed on the OSS "red flag" list of people and organisations that were involved in the art trade under the Nazis, with the caveat that police reports indicated that he was active in the resistance.
In fact, according to the memoirs of Drue Tartière, the Wilkinsons were both heavily involved in the resistance. Tartière had also been in Vittel and had managed to obtain a release on the false grounds that she was dying of cancer. She went on to help in the smuggling out of occupied territory of at least 42 Allied airmen. She wrote that a short wave radio had been concealed at 18 Quai d'Orleans so that the Resistance could communicate with London, and machine guns were hidden behind the fireplace and elsewhere in the apartment. Wilkinson's secretary, who had been a professor at the Sorbonne, was active in organising sabotage by railway workers.
Even after the Americans liberated Paris, the situation in the city remained dangerous in the first few days. Isolated German units and snipers remained active. Dolores' sister Eva was shot in the stomach after standing in front of a window in the Wilkinson's apartment. On the evening of the same day, there was a German bombing raid and the apartment was hit by multiple incendiary bombs that started several fires. The Wilkinsons and Drue Tartière managed to throw the bombs out of the window or smother them in sand. As they were doing so a large bomb exploded near Notre Dame and water from the Seine splashed their faces. Dolores collapsed with a "heart attack" and her husband was burned on the arms and legs when he tried to extinguish an incendiary with water. The situation outside was just as bad with whole buildings collapsing from fire while German snipers shot and killed French firefighters attending to the blazes. Tartière left Paris immediately after this attack and her account provides no later information about the Wilkinsons or whether Eva survived.
Sylvia Beach
Wilkinson also managed to secure the release from Vittel in February 1942 of Sylvia Beach, the bookshop owner from whose premises James Joyce's Ulysses was published in 1922. Wilkinson wrote to Jacques Benoist-Méchin, who had been a member of Beach's library in 1919, and was now an official of the Vichy government, pleading her case. In gratitude for her release, Sylvia gave Wilkinson a first edition of Ulysses signed by Joyce. The episode is described in letters from Wilkinson to the bookseller Adrienne Monnier held in the Carlton Lake collection at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin.
Collecting
It is not clear to what extent Wilkinson's art collecting tipped over into dealing. As a man of independent means, he didn't need to work for a living. He was said to have had an excellent collection of paintings by Holbein but the works mentioned in published sources as belonging to him tend to be minor works. He was able to employ a highly qualified assistant to research on his behalf but there is no evidence that Wilkinson traded as a full time art dealer. The number of auction sales required to dispose of his collection in the 1960s up to 1971, however, indicate that it was extensive and that he had a large and valuable library. Art and books from his library were sold at auction in Paris between 1969 and 1971 in a series of sales at Hôtel Drouot. There was at least one sale of books in 1964 at the same location.
Donations
In 1952, Tudor Wilkinson donated the papers (1887–1914) of German-born Parisian antiques dealer Raoul Heilbronner to the Library of Congress. Heilbronner's home in Paris was confiscated and sold at auction by the French government not long after the start of the First World War. Wilkinson is thought to have acquired the papers at auction in the 1920s. They represent an insight into the working methods of an antiques dealer who supplied Sir Joseph Duveen, Henry E. Huntington and William Randolph Hearst.
Death
Tudor Wilkinson died at age 89 from natural causes on April 22, 1969 at his home in Croisy-sur-Eure, in the region of Haute-Normandie in France. His body was cremated and his ashes were interred at Cimetière du Père Lachaise in Paris, France. Dolores died in 1975.
References
External links
William Tudor WILKINSON b. 17 Dec 1880 d. Yes, date unknown: ClanMunroUSA Gen
Ephraim Brevard Ewing Family Information
1879 births
1969 deaths
American art collectors
People from St. Louis
American expatriates in France
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23578275
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%20Copa%20del%20Rey
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1925 Copa del Rey
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The King Alfonso XIII's Cup 1925 was the 25th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.
Teams
Two more teams were invited to play the tournament that year. Besides the ten regional champions, the champion of Castile and León was also invited. The Levante Championship was split in two tournaments: The Valencian Championship and the Murcian Championship. So twelve teams (record at that time) were invited to the tournament.
Biscay: Arenas Club
Gipuzkoa: Real Sociedad
Centre Region: Athletic Madrid
South Region: Sevilla FC
Galicia: Celta de Vigo
Asturias: Stadium Ovetense
Cantabria: Racing de Santander
Catalonia: FC Barcelona
Aragon: Stadium de Zaragoza
Valencia: Valencia CF
Castile and León: CD Español
Inscription of Real Murcia, champions of new Championship of Murcia, was not accepted.
Group stage
The winner of each group advanced to the semifinals.
Group I
Group II
Tie-break match
Group III
Group IV
Semifinals
First leg:
Final
Notes
References
Linguasport.com
RSSSF.com
Copa del Rey seasons
Copa Del Rey, 1925
Copa
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20471834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Lady%20of%20Brazil
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First Lady of Brazil
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First Lady of Brazil (Portuguese: Primeira-dama do Brasil) is a title given to the hostess of Alvorada Palace. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the current President of Brazil, but may apply to women who are not the president's wives, for instance, when the president is single or widowed. They do not have official functions within the government, but usually attend public ceremonies and organize social actions such as charity events. In addition, a charismatic first lady can help convey a positive image of her spouses to the population.
The role of the first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, social causes, and representation of the president on official and ceremonial occasions. In addition, over the years, first ladies have exerted influence in various sectors, from fashion to public opinion on politics.
To date, there have been thirty-seven first ladies, counting twice the wives of Getúlio Vargas and Ranieri Mazzilli, who served two non-consecutive terms each. President Hermes da Fonseca had two first ladies, as he became a widower and remarried while still in office. Presidents Rodrigues Alves and Castelo Branco were widowers, hence their daughters played such a role. Brazil has never had a first gentleman, as Dilma Rousseff, the first and only female president to date, had been divorced prior to taking office.
Following the inauguration of Jair Bolsonaro on 1 January 2019, his wife Michelle Bolsonaro became the thirty-seventh Brazilian first lady, succeeding Marcela Temer, wife of former president Michel Temer.
Wives who did not become first ladies
Alice Prestes, Julio Prestes's wife, did not officially become First Lady, as her husband was prevented from taking office, but he must be a former president under the Law.
Mariquita Aleixo, Pedro Aleixo's wife, did not officially become First Lady, as her husband was prevented from taking office, but he must be a former president under the Law.
Risoleta Neves, wife of Tancredo Neves, did not officially become First Lady, as her husband died before taking office, but he must be a former president under the law.
Social works
The first ladies occupy a highly visible position in Brazilian society, playing an evolutionary role over the centuries.
Assistance in the country under the command of the Brazilian first lady began in the 1940s, ahead of Darcy Vargas, with the creation of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance. Founded on 28 August 1942 to assist the families of soldiers who participated in World War II, but soon became comprehensive, with emphasis on mothers and families living in poverty. With an entirely feminine style, the LBA was governed in each state by the wives of the governors and, consequently, by the wives of the mayors. From then on, all the first ladies of the country assumed the presidency of honor of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance. But it was under Rosane Collor's management that the LBA plunged into scandals over embezzlement for the first lady's family, which resulted in her leaving the organ in 1991. The Brazilian Legion of Assistance was extinguished on 1 January 1995, under the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
Sarah Kubitschek innovated with the Foundation of Social Pioneers. The organization was created when it was still first lady of Minas Gerais, offering support to children, mothers and pregnant women, extending to the poorest families. The Foundation gained independence when her husband assumed the Presidency of the Republic, acquiring larger resources, originating from the Federal Government and some sectors such as: commerce, industry and individuals.
Ruth Cardoso assumed the presidency of the Solidarity Community Program, created in 1995 by the government to combat extreme poverty. The program replaced the extinct bodies of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance and the National Food Security Council. In 2000, she created the non-governmental organization Comunitas, in which she acted until her death, having been the forerunner of one of the largest social programs in the country's history, Bolsa Família. Ruth was still noted for her intellectuality, having been the first wife of a president to earn a university degree.
Shortly after becoming first lady of Brazil, it was announced that Marcela would be the ambassador for the "Happy Child" program, and was officially launched on 5 October 2016 with the Happy Child Program, with Marcela Temer as ambassador. Created by the Federal Government for the care of children from 0 to 3 years of age, with the purpose of accompanying visits to families linked to the Bolsa Familia Program, encouraging early childhood development in education, social assistance, health, human rights and culture.
Michelle Bolsonaro is committed to advocating for visibility of rare diseases, digital inclusion, awareness of autism, inclusion of LIBRAS (Brazilian Sign Language) in schools and other social projects.
First ladies' style
Among the first thirty-seven first ladies, some draw attention for style and elegance. Sarah Kubitschek is considered to this day one of the most elegant, favoring national stylists when the country was rising in the fashion market. Classic in style, elegant and discreet, Sarah used to wear various designers, including Zuzu Angel, Dener Pamplona, Guilherme Guimarães and Mena Fiala, responsible for almost all of Sarah's wardrobe.
Considered by People Magazine the most beautiful first lady in the country and one of the 10 most beautiful first ladies in the world, Maria Thereza Goulart became an icon of Brazilian fashion in the early 60s, and used to wear clothes designed by the then nascent Brazilian haute couture. She became a client of the designer Dener Pamplona de Abreu, who was ultimately responsible for her wardrobe. Her glamorous style drew the interest of Brazilian newspapers and became a trend amongst Brazilian women, who were inspired by her clothing. Maria Thereza was the youngest first lady in the country's history, at the age of twenty-one at the time of her inauguration, having been considered by Time magazine as one of the nine Reigning Beauties in the world. She was considered an icon of Brazilian fashion in the early 60s, with the rise of haute couture in the country, attracting national and international attention, printing several covers of Brazilian magazines such as Manchete, Fatos & Fotos and O Cruzeiro; and world famous such as the French Paris Match and the German Stern.
Becoming first lady, Marcela Temer also drew national attention and became a fashion reference. At the parade on 7 September 2016, she appeared in a simple white dress with a discreet neckline. In less than 24 hours, the dress was already sold out at the online store of Brazilian designer Luisa Farani. With a classic and romantic style, the same dress she wore in her first official act as first lady, repeated in her last official act as first lady, being highly praised and associated with the British Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.
Michelle Bolsonaro has a classic, simple and elegant style. On the day that her husband took office, Michelle was using a model considered simple, but that took 20 days to be made. The medium-length, shoulder-to-shoulder rosé model - inspired by the dresses of former United States First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and Monaco Princess Grace Kelly generated positive comments. In her everyday life, she usually sports a casual look, mostly wearing jeans, knit shirts and comfortable wearing. She seems to take a like on classic, discreet, neckless pieces, usually wearing black, a fact that made her choose a dress in the same color with round sleeves for the cocktail party at Itamaraty on the night that her husband became president of Brazil. Her stylist is the Paulistana Marie Lafayette, who dresses the first lady at all official events. At an event held by the Planalto Palace in April 2019, Michelle wore a tube and pearl necklace, drawing comparisons to Diana, Princess of Wales.
List of first ladies of Brazil
Other spouses of Brazilian Presidents
Two presidents were widowed before their presidencies:
Rodrigues Alves was married to Ana Guilhermina Alves from 1875 until her death in 1891.
Humberto Castello Branco was married to Argentina Castello Branco from 1922 until her death in 1963.
Three presidents were widowed and remarried before their presidencies:
Epitácio Pessoa was married to Francisca Pessoa from 1894 until her death in 1895. He was later married to Mary Pessoa from 1898 until 1942.
Carlos Luz was married to Maria José da Luz from 1920 until her death in 1924. He was later married to Graciema da Luz from 1927 until 1961.
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was married to Maria de Lurdes da Silva from 1969 until her death in 1971. He was later married to Marisa Letícia from 1974 until her death in 2017.
Five presidents were divorced before their presidencies:
Fernando Collor was married to Lilibeth Monteiro de Carvalho from 1975 to 1981.
Itamar Franco was married to Ana Elisa Surerus from 1968 to 1978.
Dilma Rousseff was married to Claudio Linhares from 1967 to 1969 and to Carlos Araújo from 1969 to 2000.
Michel Temer was married to Maria Célia de Toledo from 1969 to 1987.
Jair Bolsonaro was married to Rogéria Nantes Braga and Ana Cristina Valle.
Three presidents remarried after their presidencies:
Fernando Collor has been married to Caroline Medeiros since 2006.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso has been married to Patrícia Kundrát since 2014.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has been married to Rosângela Silva since 2022
Wives of the military of the provisional governing boards
Josefa Tasso Fragoso, wife of Augusto Tasso Fragoso, general of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930.
Leonor de Noronha, wife of Isaías de Noronha, admiral of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930.
Ernestina Menna Barreto, wife of João de Deus Menna Barreto, general of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1930.
Isolina of Lyra Tavares, wife of Aurélio de Lyra Tavares, general of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969.
Ruth Rademaker, wife of Augusto Rademaker, Admiral of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969.
Zilda de Souza Mello, wife of Márcio de Souza Mello, Brigadier of the Brazilian Military Junta of 1969.
Living former first ladies
To date, four former first ladies are alive. In order of service are:
The most recent former first lady to die was Marisa Leticia on 3 February 2017, aged 66. The largest number of former living first ladies were twelve, between 15 April 1964 and 17 July 1965, when Nair de Teffé, Francisca Ribeiro, Clelia Bernardes, Darcy Vargas, Luzia Linhares, Jandira Café, Graciema da Luz, Beatriz Ramos, Sarah Kubitschek, Eloá Quadros, Sylvia Mazzilli, and Maria Thereza Goulart were all alive; and between 15 March 1967 and 24 June 1968, when Nair de Teffé, Clélia Bernardes, Darcy Vargas, Luzia Linhares, Jandira Café, Graciema of Light, Beatriz Ramos, Sarah Kubitschek, Eloá Quadros, Sylvia Mazzilli, Maria Thereza Goulart and Antonietta Castello Branco were all alive.
Spouses of Presidents
Brazil
Spouses of the President
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44503106
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail%20Sports%20Arena
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Lusail Sports Arena
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Lusail Sports Arena, also known as Lusail Multipurpose Hall, is an indoor sports arena located in Lusail, Qatar. It occupies an area of 140,000 sq m in Al Ahli Sports Village. With a seating capacity of over 15,300, it is built to host sporting events including handball, volleyball and basketball tournaments, music concerts etc. One of the largest event hosted at the stadium was the 2015 World Men's Handball Championship.
On 18 January 2019, the arena hosted its biggest music event, a live concert by Arijit Singh presented by OneFM Radio in association with Shop Qatar and ticketing partner WanasaTime.
Construction
The construction of the spectator stadium began in 2012 with a cost of approximately US$318 Million. Dar Al-Handasah designed the sports arena having been commissioned by the Qatar Olympic Committee. The arena was designed to reflect the local Qatari culture featuring the colors of the sea, pearls and the desert sands blended with a central dome inspired by the classic Islamic architecture. The building is designed in a way to reduce the cooling demand by using fritting, shading and bright finishing to minimize the heat effects. It also optimizes the ratio of opaque and glazed walls.
Gallery
References
External links
Lusail Multipurpose Hall
Indoor arenas in Qatar
Handball venues in Qatar
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6903072
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jed%20Water
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Jed Water
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The Jed Water is a river and a tributary of the River Teviot in the Borders region of Scotland.
In total the Jed Water is over long and it falls . It flows into the Teviot near Jedfoot Bridge () two miles north of Jedburgh. Jed Water rises from a source on Carlin Tooth in the Cheviot Hills where it is first known as Raven Burn.
Description
The river in past times was the main source of water for the monks living in Jedburgh Abbey. It also powered a watermill in the town of Jedburgh although this no longer exists. It gives its name to Jedburgh and Jedforest. In the 1800s it had trout in the river. The Ordnance gazetteer said Jed Water "in the parts immediately above the town of Jedburgh ... more of the elements of fine landscape than during a whole day's ride in the most favourite Scottish haunts of tourists." The guide drew attention to the pure waters, the brisk currents, the steep landscapes and the contrasts which it thought picturesque.
The name Jed is of obscure origin. James has suggested that it may derive from Proto-Indo-European *wei(h1)- d- "a bend, something curved or twisted". He also notes that Scots Gedde- in Jedburgh may have been adopted from Cumbric gwï:δ "a wood", and that the river name may be a back-formation.
In 1787 James Hutton created modern geology when he discovered Hutton's Unconformity at Inchbonny, Jedburgh, in layers of sedimentary rock on the banks of the Jed Water. He later wrote of how he "rejoiced at my good fortune in stumbling upon an object so interesting in the natural history of the earth, and which I had been long looking for in vain".
Flooding
Jed Water is liable to flood, so the river levels are monitored near the old Canongate Bridge. The depth is usually between and metres deep but it has been as deep as which it reached in January 2016. In 2020 there was a problem when the flood defences in Jedburgh were breached by debris in one storm just before another storm hit. Luckily repairs were made and serious flooding was avoided.
See also
Borders Abbeys Way
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland
References
External links
RCAHMS record of the Jed Water
SCRAN image: The Jed Water, winter 1961/2
Gazetteer for Scotland: Jed Water
Streetmap of the Jed Water
GEOGRAPH: Mossburn Ford, Jed Water
Rivers of the Scottish Borders
2Jed
Jedburgh
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23578289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Register%20of%20Historic%20Places%20listings%20in%20Stanly%20County%2C%20North%20Carolina
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Stanly County, North Carolina
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This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Stanly County, North Carolina. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view an online map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.
Current listings
|}
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina
List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina
References
Stanly County, North Carolina
Stanly County
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23578353
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden%20Allure
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Eden Allure
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Eden Allure was the brand name of a line under Cultural Connections, LLC, an American manufacturer of argan oil based natural skin, hair, and body care products. It was founded in Orlando, FL in 2007. Cultural Connections is currently (as of 2015) on a worldwide basis re-branding its products for sale in the United States, Canada, and worldwide under a new name. The previous Eden Allure brand included premium skin, hair, and body care products, and its formulas utilize natural and organic ingredients and 100% Argan oil.
Products
Eden Allure's original product was pure argan oil. Although they mixed it in other products, the pure oil was the most popular seller. Other products in the Eden Allure skin care line included soaps.
Environmental Policy
Cultural Connections LLC contributed money to Global Fund for Women and to the Kiva microloan organization.
Distribution
The Eden Allure brand was distributed in South Korea, Canada, Bulgaria and the United States.
History of cosmetics
Cosmetics companies of the United States
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6903098
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurman
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Shurman
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Shurman is a rock band from Austin, TX, USA, founded by Aaron Beavers and Damon Allen.
Band history
It can be argued that Shurman unofficially started as a high school garage band in 1990 with Aaron Beavers and Damon Allen. The two met when Beavers' family moved from Texas to Allen's hometown outside of Atlanta. The band idea was put on the back burner for almost 10 years while Aaron headed to College and then Hawaii, and Allen moved to New York City to pursue acting after high school. Remaining friends, Beavers and Allen kept contact and Aaron sent Damon demos of close to 100 songs he had written (& recorded on an old 4 track) while in Hawaii. Soon after Aaron moved to Los Angeles, California, he called Damon and told him to buy a drum kit because he needed a drummer, and Shurman was formed. Two EPs were released 2001's Songs to Tell Your Friends About and 2002's Superfecta. They toured the U.S. relentlessly playing some 200 shows a year. Bassist Keith Hanna, a Clevelander formerly from the band Rosavelt, joined them in 2004. Their first full length Vanguard Records release titled "Jubilee" released in 2005. In 2006 the band returned with a live CD called "A Week in the Life".
After deciding the traditional record label route was not the best idea for the band they left Vanguard Records and recorded "Waiting for the Sunset" independently with producer Danny White at famed 16 Ton Studios in Nashville. Not long after finishing the CD, drummer Damon Allen left the band.
In 2008, Shurman performed 50 shows in the UK/Europe and completed an extensive North American tour supporting the release of "Waiting for the Sunset". In November 2008, Shurman announced on their Myspace page that they were relocating to Austin, TX, from L.A. As part of the move, drummer Jerry Angel left the band to remain in California.
The band moved to Austin TX in January 2009 and worked briefly with drummer Craig Bagby. Los Angeles drummer Nick Amoroso, who played 4 dates with the band in November 2008, became Shurman's full-time drummer in May 2009. He toured with the band from May 2009 to March 2010, and recorded 2 songs for the album, "Still Waiting for the Sunset," which was released on January 26, 2010. In early 2009, the band signed a deal with Sustain Records/Universal. Recent Austin, TX performances have included such artists as John Popper (of Blues Traveler) as well as Josh Zee and Teal Collins (from The Mother Truckers). The band also toured frequently with Blues Traveler and Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers.
In 2012 the band teamed up with European record labels Blue Rose & Rootsy (in Scandinavia) for their release "Inspiration" and hired drummer Clint Short. The band found themselves climbing the charts in Europe and subsequently found themselves headlining tours through Europe with great success.
In early 2014 the band entered famed Cedar Creek Studios in South Austin to prepare for a new recording to be released mid-2014
Current lineup
Aaron Beavers—Lead Vocals, Electric & Acoustic guitars, Mandolin, Harmonica
Mike Therieau—Bass, Background Vocals
Clint Short - Drums, Percussion
Harley Husbands - Lead Guitar, Banjo, Lap Steel
Former members
Jesse Duke - Guitar, Background Vocals
Nelson Blanton - Guitar, Background Vocals
Rich Mahan - Guitar, Background Vocals
Johnny Davis - Bass, Background Vocals
Dave Phenicie - Bass, Background Vocals
Keith Hanna - Bass, Background Vocals
Damon Allen - Drums, Background Vocals
Nick Amoroso - Drums, Background Vocals
Craig Bagby - Drums, Background Vocals
Discography
Songs to Tell Your Friends About EP (2001)
Superfecta EP (2002)
Cleanin' Out The Garage (2003)
Jubilee (2005)
A Week in the Life (2006)
Waiting for the Sunset (2008)
Still Waiting for the Sunset (2010)
Shurman & Family Holiday Album Vol. 1 (2012)
Inspiration (2012)
East Side of Love (2016)
References
External links
[ Allmusic.com: Biography]
Official Site
Shurman Myspace
Shurman on CMT
Shurman on Youtube
Aaron Beavers on Facebook
Starpulse
Rock music groups from Texas
Country music groups from Texas
Musical groups from Austin, Texas
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6903103
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of%20Long%20Duration%20Anguish
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Of Long Duration Anguish
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Of Long Duration Anguish is the second album by Estonian death metal band Aggressor. This was the last album the band did under the name Aggressor before being renamed to "No-Big-Silence" in 1996.
In 1993 their second album "Of Long Duration Anguish" was released as MC and in 1994 as CD. Korrozia Metalla cover "Russian Vodka" on that album was sung by bassist Cram which resulted in the idea of changing their style. In 1995 Aggressor performed at the biggest rock-festival in Estonia, "Rock Summer '95". After that they went into studio (still as Aggressor) where they were suggested a name-change. So in 1996 they wrote lyrics to a song titled "No-Big-Silence 99" (a street in the U.S. where a massmurder was committed). So the album was titled "99" and the band was renamed to "No-Big-Silence".
Track listing
"Path of the Lost God"
"Unholy Trinity"
"The Dark Tower"
"Sanctimonious"
"Fled into Immunity"
"Enchantress of Desires"
"Immaculate Conception"
"Those Who Leave in the End"
"Of Long Duration Anguish"
"Russian Vodka" (Korrozia Metalla cover)
Credits
Villem Tarvas - vocals, guitar
Marek Piliste - bass, lead vocals on Russian Vodka
Kristo Kotkas - guitar
Marko Atso - drums
References
1993 albums
No-Big-Silence albums
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44503117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danheiser%20benzannulation
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Danheiser benzannulation
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The Danheiser benzannulation is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry to generate highly substituted phenols in a single step. It is named after Rick L. Danheiser who developed the reaction.
Annulation
An annulation is defined as a transformation of one or more acyclic precursors resulting in the fusion of a new ring via two newly generated bonds. These strategies can be used to create aromatic systems from acyclic precursors in a single step, with many substituents already in place. A common synthetic annulation reaction is the Robinson annulation. It is a useful reactions for forming six-membered rings and generating polycyclic compounds. It is the combination of the Michael Addition and the Aldol Condensation reaction.
Reaction development
Polysubstituted benzenes were originally synthesized by substitution reactions on aromatic precursors. However, these reactions can have low regioselectivity and are prone to over substitution. Directed ortho metalation requires precursors that are often unstable to metallating reagents. Both these synthetic routes pose issues in total synthesis. In 1984 a new synthetic strategy was developed by Rick Danheiser to address these shortcomings.
Reaction
The Danheiser benzannulation is a regiocontrolled phenol annulation. This annulation provides an efficient route to form an aromatic ring in one step. It is a thermal combination of a substituted cyclobutenones with heterosubstituted acetylenes to produce highly substituted aromatic compounds, specifically phenols or resorcinols (Scheme 1). This benzannulation reaction creates previously unaccessed aromatic substitution patterns. A variety of substituted aromatic rings can be prepared using this method including: phenols, naphthalenes, benzofurans, benzothiophenes, indoles, and carbazoles.
The modified Danheiser benzannulation allows the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic systems. This also includes napthalenes, benzofurans and indoles. This second generation aromatic annulation is achieved by irradiation of a solution of acetylene and a vinyl or aryl α-diazo ketone in dichloroethane. This reaction utilizes the photochemical Wolff rearrangement of a diazoketone to generate an aryl or vinylketene. These ketene intermediates cannot be isolated due to their high reactivity to form diketenes. These rearrangements are performed in the presence of unsaturated compounds which undergo [2+2] cycloadditions with the in situ generated ketenes. When ketenes are formed in the presence of alkynes they proceed through pericyclic reactions to generate a substituted aromatic ring (Scheme 2). Avoiding the use of the high energy cyclobutenone starting materials provides access to a wider variety of substituted aromatic compounds.
This reaction is quite complementary to the Wulff–Dötz reaction. This is a [2+1] cycloaddition of a carbene to an alkyne or alkene (more specifically in the Dӧtz reaction a carbene coordinated to a metal carbonyl group) to produce substituted aromatic phenols.
Mechanism
The reaction proceeds via a cascade of four subsequent pericyclic reactions (Scheme 3). Heating a cyclobutenone above 80 °C initiates a four-electron electrocyclic cleavage generating a vinyl ketene which reacts with an acetylene in a regiospecific [2+2] cycloaddition (Scheme 4). Reversible electrocyclic cleavage of the 2-vinylcyclobutenone yields a dienylketene. The dienylketene then undergoes a six-electron electrocyclization to give a hexadienone intermediate which rapidly tautomerizes to yield a highly substituted phenol or naphthol structures.
In the case of the modified benzannulation reaction (Scheme 5); irradiation of the diazoketones induces the Wolff rearrangement yielding the vinyl ketene intermediate which reacts with the acetylene in a [2+2] cycloaddition then a four-electron cleavage of the resulting 4-substituted cyclobutenone produces a dienylketene which then undergoes a six-electron electrocyclization to give the 2,4-cyclohexanedione which tautomerizes to the final aromatic product.
Reaction conditions
A typical Danheiser benzannulation reaction is run with a 0.4-2.0 M solution of the cyclobutenone in toluene heated at 80-160 °C with a slight excess of the cyclobutenone. Upon addition of the alkyne a [2+2] cycloaddition occurs. The crude annulation product is treated with 10% potassium hydroxide in methanol to saponify the ester side product formed from the reaction of the phenolic product with excess vinylketene (Scheme 6).
For the second generation reaction starting with the diazoketone, the reaction is performed by irradiation of a 0.7 M solution of the ketone with 1.0-1.2 equivalents of acetylene. A low-pressure mercury-vapor lamp at 254 nm in a photochemical reactor is used for 5–8 hours until all the diazoketone has been consumed as determined by TLC analysis. Dichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane, are all appropriate solvents for the annulation reaction.
Reagent Preparations
Cyclobutenone was originally synthesized from the 3-bromocyclobutanone and 3-chlorocyclobutanone precursors which were prepared from an allene and a ketene via two independent routes. Scheme 7 shows the preparation from cyclobutenone from an allene.
Activated alkyoxyacetylenes can be synthesized in a single-pot preparation of triisopropylsilyloxyacetylenes from esters. The silyloxyacetylenes are useful substitutes for alkoxyacetylenes in [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with ketenes and vinylketenes affording cyclobutenones (Scheme 8).
Diazoketones can be synthesized in one-step from readily available ketones or carboxylic acid precursors by the addition of diazomethane to acyl chlorides. A diazo group transfer method can be used to produce α,β-unsaturated ketones. The traditional method of the deformylative diazo transfer approach has been improved upon by substituting the trifluoroacetylation of generated lithium enolates for the Claisen formylation step. The key step in this procedure is activation of the ketone starting material to the corresponding α-trifluoroacetyl derivative using trifluoroethyltrifluoroacetate (TFEA) (Scheme 9).
Alkynes or ketenophiles can be synthesized by various methods. Trialkylsilyloxyalkynes have proven to be excellent ketenophiles. These alkynes react in the annulation reaction to form resorcinol monosilyl ethers which can be de-protected under mild reaction conditions.
Base-promoted dehydrohalogenation of (Z)-2-halovinyl ethers to form alkoxyacetylenes is one of the most well established routes of alkyne synthesis (Scheme 10).
The synthesized alkynes are then heated in benzene or toluene in presence of excess cyclobutenone initiating the benzannulation reaction. Treatment with n-Bu4NF in tetrahydrofuran removes the siloxy groups to form the desired diols.
Scope
Alkynyl ethers and siloxyacetylenes have proven to be the ideal pair for aromatic annulations. The reactions can be run with both activated heterosubstituted alkynes and un-activated acetlyenes. Alkynyl thioethers and ynamines have been used as reactants in the annulation reaction.
Conjugated enynes have also been used for benzannulation reactions catalyzed by cobalt. This type of benzannulation involves a [4+2] cycloaddition followed by a 1,3-hydrogen shift. In dichloromethane, the symmetrical benzannulation products are yielded but in tetrahydrofuran (THF), unsymmetrical benzannulation products were obtained with good regioselectivity. These reactions utilize 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) substituted cobalt catalyst in the presence of powdered zinc and zinc iodide for a solvent dependent benzannulation reaction (Scheme 11). In dichloromethane the ratio of A:B is 78:22 with an overall combined yield of 90% and in THF the ratio has switched to 7:93 (A:B) with a combined yield of 85%.
Palladium-catalyzed benzannulations have been developed using allylic compounds and alkynes. This palladium catalyzed reaction has been performed in both inter- and intramolecular forms. The cationic palladium complex [(η3-C3H5)Pd(CH3CN)2](BF4) reacts with an excess of 4-octyne when heated to 80 °C in the presence of triphenylphosphine forming the aromatic compound 1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrapropylbenzene (Scheme 12). It was determined that the presence of exactly one equivalent of palladium catalyst (from which the allyl group adds into the final aromatic structure) is crucial for the catalyzed benzannulation to occur in good yield.
This catalyzed reaction was also optimized for allyl substrates with catalytic [Pd2(dba)3]CHCl3 and triphenylphosphine (dba =dibenzylideneacetone) (Scheme 13).
Applications in Total Synthesis
Mycophenolic acid is a Penicillium metabolite that was originally prepared via a key benzannulation step. An alkyne and a cyclobutenone were reacted to form a substituted phenol in a single step in a 73% yield (Scheme 14). Mycophenolic acid was prepared in nine steps in an overall yield of 17-19%.
In the synthesis of highly substituted indoles performed by Danheiser, the key step was a benzannulation reaction using cyclobutenone and ynamides to produce highly substituted aniline derivatives. In this case, the ortho position can be functionalized with various substituents. Following the benzannulation reaction with various heterocyclization reactions can provide access to substituted indoles (Scheme 15).
Danheiser also used the benzannulation with ynamides for the synthesis of polycyclic benzofused nitrogen heterocycles followed by ring-closing metathesis (Scheme 16) for the total synthesis of (+)-FR900482, an anticancer agent.
Kowalski used the benzannulation reaction with siloxyacetylenes for the first time, reacting them with cyclobutenones to synthesize a substituted phenol for the total synthesis of Δ-6-tetrahydrocannabinol (Scheme 17).
The benzannulation reaction was used by Smith in the total synthesis of cylindrocyclophanes specifically (−)-Cylindrocyclophane F. He utilized the reaction of a siloxyalkyne and a cyclobutenone to construct the dihydroxyl aromatic intermediate for an olefin metathesis reaction to access the target (Scheme 18).
An outstanding application of Danheiser benzannulation in 6-step synthesis of dictyodendrins was demonstrated by Zhang and Ready. They obtained the cyclobutenone substrate using a hetero-[2+2] cycloaddition between aryl ynol ethers (aryl ketene precursors), and the following benzannulation enabled the rapid construction of the carbazole cole of dictyodendrins F, H and I. The successful usage of Danheiser benzannulation allows Zhang and Ready to achieve the so-far shortest synthesis of dictyodendrin natural products.
References
Organic reactions
Name reactions
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44503217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao%20%28surname%29
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Bao (surname)
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Bao or Pao is the pinyin romanization of two Chinese surnames, 包 () and 鮑/鲍 (). It could also be a sinification of the Mongolian surname Borjigin. It is also a Vietnamese surname.
List of people with surname 包
Bao Zheng (999–1062), government official during the Song dynasty and the Chinese cultural icon of justice
Bao Daoyi, fictional Song dynasty outlaw from the novel Water Margin
Bao Zunxin (1937–2007), Chinese historian and dissident
Bao Yingying (born 1983), Chinese sabre fencer
Bao Bei'er (born 1984), Chinese actor
Bao Yixin (born 1992), Chinese badminton player
List of people with surname 鮑/鲍
It is the 62nd name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.
Bao Shuya (died 644 BC), official under the Qi during the Spring and Autumn period
Bao Xin (152–192), general during the Han dynasty
Bao Xun (died 224), government official during the Han dynasty and later under the Wei during the Three Kingdoms period
Bao Sanniang, fictional character during the Three Kingdoms period
Bao Xu, fictional Song dynasty outlaw from the novel Water Margin
Bao Chao (1828–1886), Qing dynasty general and official
Bao Tong (born 1932), former Chinese politician
Bao Guo'an (born 1946), Chinese actor
Bao Xishun (born 1951), ethnic Mongolian man from China recognized as the tallest man on earth
Yih-Ho Michael Pao, American engineer
Ellen Pao, American lawyer and corporate executive
Bao Chunlai (born 1983), Chinese badminton player
References
Individual Chinese surnames
Chinese-language surnames
Multiple Chinese surnames
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23578360
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20singles%20of%201970%20%28France%29
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List of number-one singles of 1970 (France)
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This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews number-ones of 1970.
Summary
Singles Chart
See also
1970 in music
List of number-one hits (France)
References
1970 in France
1970 record charts
Lists of number-one songs in France
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6903110
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ferguson%20%28police%20officer%29
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John Ferguson (police officer)
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Major Sir John Frederick Ferguson (23 August 1891 – 27 May 1975) was a senior British police officer.
Ferguson was the son of a Major in the Indian Army. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen. He passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, was commissioned into the Durham Light Infantry on 14 February 1912, and was immediately posted to the North-West Frontier of India. During the First World War he remained in India until 1916, when he received a temporary Captaincy and spent the rest of the war in Mesopotamia and Palestine.
He served as regimental adjutant until 1917 and again from 1919 to 1922. He attended Staff College in 1925. He served as a GSO3 (Staff Officer) with the Shanghai Defence Force from 24 January 1927 to 17 December 1927. He was Brigade Major of the 14th Infantry Brigade from 10 March 1928 to 15 April 1931. During this period he received a Brevet promotion to Major in 1930, and received the regimental rank in 1931. He attended the Royal Naval College in 1932.
Ferguson retired from the Army in 1933 and joined the Metropolitan Police, being appointed Chief Constable in the Commissioner's Office on 1 November 1933. On 1 September 1935 he was promoted to Deputy Assistant Commissioner and took command of No.4 District (South London). From 1 September 1938 to 1939 he was Commandant of the Metropolitan Police College. He rejoined the Army in 1940 after the outbreak of World War II as a GSO1 at the War Office, but soon returned to the Metropolitan Police in September 1940, as he had reached the maximum age for reserve officers.
On 1 April 1943 he was appointed first Chief Constable of the new Sussex Joint Police, the short-lived result of an amalgamation between the forces of East Sussex, West Sussex, Brighton, Eastbourne, Hastings and Hove.
On 1 November 1945 he returned to the Metropolitan Police as Assistant Commissioner "A", in charge of administration and uniformed policing. He stayed for less than a year before being appointed Chief Constable of Kent in July 1946. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1948 Queen's Birthday Honours and was knighted in the 1953 Coronation Honours. On 1 July 1955 he was appointed Officer of the Order of St John. He was awarded the Queen's Police Medal (QPM) in the 1957 New Year Honours. He retired on 31 October 1958, and was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Kent.
In 1961 he was appointed, along with Lord Bridges, to investigate the theft of Goya's portrait of the Duke of Wellington from the National Gallery. He was also promoted to Commander in the Order of St John.
Footnotes
References
The Times
Who Was Who
1891 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
British Army personnel of World War I
British Chief Constables
Deputy Lieutenants of Kent
Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Durham Light Infantry officers
Knights Bachelor
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Commanders of the Order of St John
Scottish recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
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44503270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellanor%20C.%20Lawrence%20Park
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Ellanor C. Lawrence Park
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Ellanor C. Lawrence Park is located in Chantilly, Virginia, just north of Centreville, on Route 28. The park preserves the cultural and natural resources of western Fairfax County and has a long and complex history lasting 8,000 years. The land was originally inhabited by Native Americans, but as Europeans settled in Virginia, the land was shaped by only three families: the Browns, Machens and Lawrences. Through these periods, the land was used as a tenant farm, family homestead, and country estate until it was deeded to Fairfax County Park Authority as a 640-acre nature park in 1971.
On the eastern side of Route 28, visitors can learn about the site’s natural and cultural history at Walney Visitor Center, where visitors can see the park’s several significant structures including Walney, an 18th-century farmhouse, and 19th century outbuildings and features, including a smokehouse, dairy, ice house and ice pond remnants. Cabell's Mill and Middlegate stand in the southeastern end of the park. Middlegate is an early 19th-century stone house associated with Cabell’s Mill, which was built in the 18th century. Cabell's Mill is a popular setting for weddings and is available for rent through the Fairfax County Park Authority. Middlegate is used for park administrative offices.
Approximately four miles of mostly earthen trails are accessible from the Visitor Center, the pond, Cabell's Mill and the park's northern terminus on Poplar Tree Road. The trails pass through the park's diverse habitats and are popular with birders, runners, dog walkers, and families. Trail maps are available at the Walney Visitor Center. Bicycles are not permitted on most park trails except the paved or gravel Big Rocky Run Stream Trail, which begins near Cabell's Mill and ends at the Fairfax County Parkway.
Fishing under state regulations and licensing is permitted in the pond and Big Rocky Run.
On the western site of Route 28, the park houses playgrounds, athletic fields (including soccer, baseball, and softball fields), and a fitness trail with stations.
History
Brown family
In 1739, Willoughby Newton purchased a series of properties surrounding the Centreville area totaling to 2,500 acres. Newton never settled in western Fairfax County, but instead leased the property to tenant farmers. Thomas Brown received a “three-lives lease” from Willoughby Newton in 1742 for 150 acres. This meant his lease would be valid through his life, as well as that of his wife, Elizabeth, and first son, Joseph. Through the lease, Brown was required to have a 200-tree apple orchard and pay an annual rent of 530 pounds of dried and cured tobacco.
Thomas Brown farmed tobacco as well as crops and vegetables to help support his family. As Brown worked the land, he began build up his wealth and purchased acres outside of his lease. By 1776, Thomas Brown and his youngest son Coleman had acquired some 630 acres, sold the “three-lives lease” and may have built the stone house that would become Walney Visitor Center. As tobacco depleted the soil, Thomas and Coleman switched from tobacco monoculture to mixed crops including wheat, corn, and rye.
At Thomas Brown’s death in 1793, the property was given to his son Coleman who operated the farm until his death. Coleman left the bulk of the farm to the children of his daughter, Mary Lewis, with the expectation that it would be sold and the proceeds divided among them. But he stipulated that his wife Elizabeth be allowed to reside there for the remainder of her life. For the next ten years, until her death in 1840, Elizabeth had legal oversight of the farm. There are few records pertaining to this period. It is possible she turned over management to her son-in-law, Coleman Lewis. Advertisements for the sale of the farm noted the presence of tenant houses, so it may be that she left management to them. Whoever was responsible, the farm was in poor condition in 1843 when, following Elizabeth's death, it was sold to Lewis H. Machen, one of Thomas Brown's great-grandchildren.
Machen family
In 1843 Lewis H. Machen purchased 725 acres from Coleman Brown's grandchildren for $10,879 and moved to the property with his wife Caroline, daughter Emmeline, and sons Arthur and James. The Machens moved into a framed house that was located near the stone house that still remains on the property. Lewis Machen had a large and valuable collection of books and he converted the small stone house into a library and study. Lewis Machen was not a farmer, but instead served as a clerk for the United States Senate. Lewis was aware that maintaining his position required a political adroitness that did not come easily to him. He hoped the farm would be a source of economic security for him and his family when he chose to retire, or if he lost his position. The Machens also expected that the sale of their home in Washington would help to pay for the farm. Unfortunately, no one was interested in buying the DC property. As a result, Machen was forced to rely on his Senate income to maintain the farm and he remained in DC much of the time, leaving the farm in the care of his wife and two sons.
The farm was in poor condition when it was purchased, but Lewis had an avid interest in revitalizing the farm and making it profitable. A participant of the scientific farming movement of the 1840s and 1850s, Lewis experimented with crop rotation and the use of fertilizer including Peruvian guano. Because Lewis was not always on the farm, he wrote extensive letters giving directions to Arthur and James and kept records of the farm in workbooks. These workbooks contain detailed information about the operation of the farm including what tasks were completed each day, who completed them, and what the weather was.
The eldest son, Arthur, lived at Walney in his teen years, operating the farm alongside his brother James. It was Arthur who named the farm Walney, a name that referred to the walnut trees that grew in front of the house. Arthur did not, however, have much interest in farming. He was a scholar and entered Harvard Law School in 1849 and settled in Baltimore, Maryland as a lawyer.
On the farm, the Machens grew a variety of crops for market or to supply the needs of farm animals, including oats and wheat, corn, radishes and potatoes. They also raised cattle, sheep, and milk cows for market as well as personal use. The Machens also had a kitchen vegetable garden, chickens and hogs which they harvested for their own use. In the winter of 1853, the Machens constructed an ice pond and ice house to harvest and store their own ice. To help them manage the farm, the Machens hired white farmhands and rented enslaved African Americans from slave-owners.
In 1859, Lewis finally retired from service as a clerk for the United States Senate. However, Lewis was not able to have a peaceful retirement with the coming of the American Civil War.
American Civil War
Walney witnessed extensive troop movement during the American Civil War due to its proximity to Washington D.C. In the winter of 1861-1862, over 40,000 troops camped in the Centreville area, cutting down local trees for firewood, fortifications and shelter, damaging woods, fields, and gardens. During this winter, Walney was used to house a few of the sick soldiers in the area to be cared for by the Machen women.
In August 1862, directly following the Battle of Second Manassas, Walney was right in the path of the Union retreat. Union soldiers passed through Walney and stole oxen, horses, food and supplies. They also plundered the stone house and tried to break into the frame house in which Lewis Machen was lying ill. Union soldiers were stopped from entering by Caroline Machen, who stood, barricading the door, until a passing Union officer ordered the men away and stopped the assault. The next day, on September 1st, 1862, the Battle of Ox Hill occurred on a portion of the property in the Machen’s cornfield.
Despite the troop movements and action seen during the war, Walney survived with less property loss than many of the neighboring farms. However, the war had taken a toll on the Machens. Lewis Machen died in 1863, shortly after leaving Walney to take refuge in Baltimore with Arthur. Caroline and daughter Emmeline would remain in Baltimore for the rest of their lives, returning to Walney only for family visits. James returned from service with the Confederate Army to try to rebuild his family's farm despite the losses of war.
Postbellum
James Machen took over Walney after the war. He struggled to replace animals and equipment that had been lost during the war. In December 1874, a faulty chimney caused the frame house in which James and his family lived to burn, forcing James to move his family into the stone house after renovations in 1875. But James persevered and transformed the farm from growing crops to a dairy farm. By 1880, James was producing 3000 pounds of butter a year. In 1881 he expanded his dairy and began to produce cheese as well as butter. As James grew older he began to abandon farming. While historians do not know for certain why James did this, contributing factors could be the death of his wife Georgie in 1895, or the fact that none of his children were interested in taking over the farm. After James' death in 1913, his children rented the farm until the 1920s. Throughout this period, the farm deteriorated significantly and was abandoned until the 1930s.
Lawrence family
In 1935, Ellanor C. Lawrence purchased the property from Machen descendants for $16,500. Ellanor and her husband David Lawrence had lived in Washington D.C. since 1916. Her husband was a columnist and founder of U.S. News & World Report. Though the property would become part of their country estate and retreat from Washington D.C., the Lawrences rented the Walney stone house to various tenants and never lived there. In 1942, Ellanor purchased the adjoining Cabell’s Mill property, increasing her landholdings by 20 acres. The Lawrences lived at Middlegate, which had been the miller's house, when staying at their Walney estate. Both Cabell's Mill and Middlegate remain as features of Ellanor C. Lawrence Park.
Ellanor made several changes to the old Walney farm. She tore down several of the original farm and tenant structures and renovated the Walney house and Middlegate. She was also an avid gardener and added landscape features and flowers, many of which were imported from Japan. Old farm field and pastures were left to return to wild fields and forests.
When Ellanor C. Lawrence died in 1969, she willed the property to her husband with the intent that it be given to a public agency so that its natural and cultural resources could be preserved. In 1971, David Lawrence deeded 640 acres including Walney and Cabell’s Mill to the Fairfax County Park Authority in memory of Ellanor. In 1982, the little stone house that was built by the Browns, had housed the Machen library, and was James' home, became the Walney Visitor Center, interpreting the site’s natural and cultural history and greeting visitors who visit the park.
Chain of title
NORTH OF ROCKY RUN
1728 Richard Brett/Britt granted land north of Rocky Run
circa 1739 Scarlett and Lettice Hancock inherit from Brett/Britt
1741 John Hancock inherits from Scarlett Hancock
1761 Thomas Brown purchases from John Hancock
1769 Coleman Brown purchases from Lettice Hancock Langfitt
1793 Coleman Brown inherits from Thomas Brown
1830 children of Mary Lewis inherit from Coleman Brown, except 2 acres & house granted to Mary Lewis
1843 Lewis Machen purchases from children of Mary Lewis, includes Mary Lewis 2 acres & house
1863 James, Arthur, and Emmeline inherit from Lewis Machen
1935 Ellanor C. Lawrence purchases from Machen heirs
1971 Fairfax County Park Authority receives donation from estate of Ellanor C. Lawrence
SOUTH OF ROCKY RUN: THOMAS BROWN LEASE
1727 Francis Awbrey granted land south of Rocky Run
unknown John Tayloe purchases from Francis Awbrey
1740 Willoughby Newton purchases from John Tayloe
1742 Thomas Brown leases 150 acres from Willoughby Newton
1767 Katherine and John Lane inherit 350 acres from Willoughby Newton
1769 James Hardage Lane purchases from Katherine and John Lane
1776 Thomas Brown assigns lease to William Fintch
1776 William Fintch assigns lease to James Hardage Lane
1810 Coleman Brown purchases approx. 135 acres from estate of James Hardage Lane, consolidating with property north of Rocky Run
SOUTH OF ROCKY RUN: MILL PROPERTY
1727 Francis Awbrey granted land south of Rocky Run
unknown John Tayloe purchases from Francis Awbrey
1740 Willoughby Newton purchases from John Tayloe
1767 Katherine and John Lane inherit 350 acres from Willoughby Newton
1769 William Carr Lane leases mill property from Katherine and John Lane
1770 Wilson Carr Lane inherits from William Carr Lane
1772 Wilson Carr Lane purchases 20 acres, including 4 inherited from Willam from Katherince & John Lane
1791 Samuel Love purchases from Wilson Carr Lane
1800 Charles Love inherits from Samuel Love
1808 Daniel Harrington purchases from Charles Love
1811 Carr Wilson Lane purchases from Daniel Harrington
1816 George Brittan purchases from Wilson Carr Lane
1818 James Lane Triplett purchases from estate of George Brittan
1846 Edward Caple purchases from estate of James Lane Triplett
1866 James Caple inherits from Edward Caple
1875 E. M. Pittman purchases from James Caple
1906 Carrie Settle inherits from E. M. Pittman
1908 Singelton & Mary Copper purchase from Carrie Settle Kemper
1909 W. I. and May Marsteller purchase from Coopers
1911 Louie and James May purchase from Marstellers
1914 Harvey and Olive Nichols purchase from May & May
1916 Louie May purchases from Nichols
1918 Amos and Martha Kendall purchase from May
1926 W. T. Harris purchases from Kendalls
1929 John Rixey-Smith purchases from Harris
1932 Dorothy and Arthur Radford purchase from Rixey-Smith
1944 Herbert and Claire Weiller purchase from Dorothy Radford
1944 Ellanor C. Lawrence purchase from Weillers, consolidating with property north of Rocky Run
Natural resources
Nestled in Virginia’s Piedmont region, Ellanor C. Lawrence Park contains oak-hickory and cedar forests, streams, meadows and a pond that help support the local ecosystem. Streams inside the park, including Big Rocky Run, Walney Creek, and Round Lick Run, drain into the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Native animals can be found inside the park including a robust number of reptiles and amphibians, 133 document species of birds, and more than 30 species of mammals including white-tailed deer and coyotes. More than 300 plant species have been identified. A complete list of the plants and animals found inside the park can be found on the park’s website.
References
Agricultural Census for Fairfax County, Virginia, 1880, National Archives, Washington. D.C.
Fairfax News, January 8, 1875, http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/library_newsindex/NewsImage.aspx?title=FairfaxNews&newsDate=1/8/1875&pageNumber=3
Mauro, Charles V. The Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill): A Monumental Storm. Fairfax, Virginia: Fairfax County History Commission, 2002.
Elizabeth Brown Pryor. Walney: Two Centuries of a Northern Virginia Plantation. Fairfax, VA: Office of Comprehensive Planning, 1984.
Eugenia B. Smith. Centreville, Virginia: Its History and Architecture. Fairfax, VA: Fairfax County Board of Supervisor, 1973.
"Ellanor C. Lawrence Park, Natural History", http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/eclawrence/natural_history.htm
External links
Ellanor C. Lawrence Park - Fairfax County Park Authority
Parks in Fairfax County, Virginia
Nature centers in Virginia
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6903111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Tyler-Odam
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Dorothy Tyler-Odam
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Dorothy Jennifer Beatrice Tyler, MBE (née Odam; 14 March 1920 – 25 September 2014) was a British athlete who competed mainly in the high jump. She was born in Stockwell, London.
Odam competed for Great Britain in the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany where she won the silver medal behind Ibolya Csák. She jumped the highest and was the first to clear 1.60 meters, and would have won under modern countback rules, but under the 1936 rulebook a jump-off was called for, and Csák won the gold.
In 1939 she broke the world record in the high jump with 1.66m, but Germany's Dora Ratjen allegedly broke her record quickly. Odam was suspicious of Ratjen and, according to Odam, "They wrote to me telling me I didn't hold the record, so I wrote to them saying, 'She's not a woman, she's a man'. They did some research and found 'her' serving as a waiter called Hermann Ratjen. So I got my world record back." Odam’s world record was formally recognized by the sport's world governing body, the IAAF, in 1957.
She won the silver medal again in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, making her the only woman to win Olympic athletics medals before and after the war. Her 1936 win also made her the first British woman to win an individual Olympic medal in athletics.
Odam was also twice a gold medallist at the British Empire Games, winning at Sydney in 1938 and Auckland in 1950. In Sydney she was the only Englishwoman to win athletics gold, setting a Games record of 5 ft 3 in, which is the same as 1.60 meters.
She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to athletics.
In 2012, she was the official starter for the London Marathon.
She died on 25 September 2014 aged 94 following a long illness.
References
External links
New Years Honours
1920 births
2014 deaths
People from Stockwell
Athletes from London
British female high jumpers
English female high jumpers
Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
English Olympic medallists
Athletes (track and field) at the 1938 British Empire Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
European Athletics Championships medalists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
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44503279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Alcorn%20State%20Braves%20football%20team
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1994 Alcorn State Braves football team
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The 1994 Alcorn State Braves foottball team represented Alcorn State University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1994 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by head fourth-year head coach Cardell Jones, the Braves compiled an overall record of 8–3–1 with a mark of 6–1 in conference play, sharing the SWAC title with Grambling State. Alcorn State advanced to the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship playoffs, where they lost to the eventual national champion, Youngstown State, in the first round.
Quarterback Steve McNair won the Walter Payton Award as most outstanding offensive player in NCAA Divison I-AA. He was the second, following Jerry Rice, and most recent I-AA player to earn a trip to New York City as a finalist for presentation of the Heisman Trophy. McNair finished third in the voting for the Heisman behind the winner, Rashaan Salaam, and runner-up Ki-Jana Carter.
Schedule
References
Alcorn State
Alcorn State Braves football seasons
Southwestern Athletic Conference football champion seasons
Alcorn State Braves football
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6903112
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede%20Kaun
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Elfriede Kaun
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Elfriede Kaun (5 October 1914 – 5 March 2008) was a German high jumper.
Born in Büttel, Steinburg, she won the bronze medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Her personal best jump was 1.63 metres.
She competed for the sports club Kieler TV, and died in 2008 in Kiel. She was the last living German athlete who won a medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
Obituary
1914 births
2008 deaths
German female high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Steinburg
Sportspeople from Schleswig-Holstein
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6903114
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Shirley
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Dorothy Shirley
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Dorothy Ada Emerson (nee Shirley) (born 15 May 1939 in Manchester, Great Britain) is a British athlete, who mainly competed in the women's high jump event.
Athletics career
She competed for Great Britain in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy, where she won the silver medal in the high jump jointly with Jarosława Jóźwiakowska. It was the fifth straight silver medal for Britain in this event.
She represented England in the high jump at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales. Four years later she competed in the high jump again at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia and then won a silver medal at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. A fourth consecutive Games appearance came in 1970 during the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh.
Personal life
She later went into teaching and worked as a PE teacher at Bentham Grammar School in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the early 1970s.
And later continued a successful and influential teaching career as a Primary School Teacher at St. Michael's Primary School in Alkrington, Middleton.
References
External links
1939 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Manchester
British female high jumpers
English female high jumpers
Olympic athletes of Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
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20471881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Moodie
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Alma Moodie
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Alma Mary Templeton Moodie (12 September 18987 March 1943) was an Australian violinist who established an excellent reputation in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. She was regarded as the foremost female violinist during the inter-war years, and she premiered violin concertos by Kurt Atterberg, Hans Pfitzner and Ernst Krenek. She and Max Rostal were regarded as the greatest proponents of the Carl Flesch tradition. She became a teacher at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt. However, Alma Moodie made no recordings, and she appears in very few reference sources. Despite her former renown, her name became virtually unknown for many years. She appeared in earlier editions of Grove's and Baker's Dictionaries, but does not appear in the more recent editions.
Biography
Alma Mary Templeton Moodie was born on 12 September 1898 in regional Queensland, Australia, the daughter of William Templeton Moodie and his wife Susan (née McClafferty). Some sources say she was born in Mount Morgan, others in Rockhampton.
She was an only child. Her father, an ironmonger from Ayrshire, Scotland, died on 9 July 1899, when she was less than one year old. Her mother, a music teacher, was the daughter of Irish immigrants.
She studied violin at Mount Morgan, being taught initially by her widowed mother from a very young age, and from the age of 5 by Louis D’Hage in Rockhampton. She appeared in public recitals at age 6 – a performance in Rockhampton in October 1904 was described by a local reporter from The Morning Bulletin, "Her rendering of Renard's 'Berceuse,' accompanied on the piano by Herr Hage, showed the possibility of surprising musical gifts being developed at an extremely young age. The executive ability displayed in this, and an encore piece – 'Canzonetta' (Daube) – was certainly remarkable." In 1905 she passed her violin examinations with distinction achieving the maximum score.
In 1907, aged 9, she gained a scholarship to the Brussels Conservatory, where she studied with Oskar Back for three years, under the general guidance of César Thomson (later, when she had achieved fame, Back and Thomson would both claim to have been her primary teacher). She was accompanied by her mother, who remained with her until her death when Alma was aged 20. In 1913 she was recommended to Max Reger, who, after hearing her play, wrote to his patron Duke George of Sachsen-Meiningen:
In Meiningen, Eisenach and Hildburghausen Alma Moodie played concertos with Reger conducting, and she appeared in recital with him. Reger also recommended her to other concert organisers. In 1914, he dedicated to her his Präludium und Fuge for solo violin, Op. 131a, No. 4. The Regers had no children, and Max and Alma became like father and daughter for some time. Her mother had planned to return to Australia, leaving Alma in the care of Max and Elsa Reger, but the start of World War I meant she could not leave Europe. The Moodies stayed in Meiningen for the first few months of the war, and then moved to Brussels. Reger died in 1916, without ever seeing Alma again. Times were very hard in Brussels for Alma and her mother. Alma became thin and ill, and claimed she did not touch her violin for four years. Her mother died of consumption or influenza in the spring of 1918.
Alma returned to Germany in October 1918, where she lived in a 12th-century castle in the Harz mountains as ward of Fürst Christian Ernst zu Stolberg und Wernigerode. It is not known how she came to be associated with him. However, it was while here that she met her future husband. She wanted to resume her violin playing, which had badly deteriorated during the war, and made contact with Carl Flesch in November 1919, who agreed to accept her as a pupil. She continued having lessons with Flesch throughout her travelling career and after the birth of her son. Flesch had a special fondness for Alma Moodie (he wrote 'amongst all the pupils in my course I liked Alma Moodie best').
She made Germany her home, and never returned to Australia. In Berlin on 6 November 1919, with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under Max von Schillings, she premiered the Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 7 of Kurt Atterberg. In the 1922–23 season, she played ninety concerts, seventy of them in seven months, in a tour that took her to Switzerland, Italy, Paris, Berlin, and 'the Orient'.
From 1922 (or earlier), the Swiss businessman Werner Reinhart became a driving force in her career and she became a regular visitor to his homes in Winterthur and other places, where she came into contact with most of the prominent names in the contemporary music scene of the day. It was Reinhart who gave her a Guarnerius violin that had previously been owned by Fritz Kreisler. Through Reinhart, in 1923 she met the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who was greatly impressed with her playing. He wrote in a letter: "What a sound, what richness, what determination. That and the "Sonnets to Orpheus", those were two strings of the same voice. And she plays mostly Bach! Muzot has received its musical christening...." And it was through Reinhart that she attended and performed at many of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM)'s festivals.
She championed the music of Hans Pfitzner and he dedicated his Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 34 (1923) to her. She premiered it in Nuremberg, on 4 June 1924, with the composer conducting. Moodie became its leading exponent, and performed it over 50 times in Germany with conductors such as Pfitzner, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Hans Knappertsbusch, Hermann Scherchen, Karl Muck, Carl Schuricht, and Fritz Busch. At that time, the Pfitzner concerto was considered the most important addition to the violin concerto repertoire since the first concerto of Max Bruch, although it has slipped from the repertoire of most violinists these days.
Between 1921 and her death in 1943, Alma Moodie often appeared with the Latvian pianist and composer Eduard Erdmann, for example in Pfitzner's Violin Sonata, which was dedicated to Moodie. Erdmann's own Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 12 (1921) was dedicated to her, and she premiered it in Berlin in October 1921. The Australian-English critic Walter J. Turner wrote of a recital he heard them play in London in April 1934, 'it was the best violin piano duo that I have ever heard'. Their last concert together was given on 4 March 1943, three days before her death, when they were in the middle of the cycle of Beethoven sonatas.
Ernst Krenek married Anna Mahler (the daughter of Gustav Mahler) in March 1924, when Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. Alma Moodie assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from Werner Reinhart at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on 5 January 1925, in Dessau. In the meantime, Krenek's marriage to Anna Mahler had collapsed, and their divorce became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie which has been described as "short-lived and complicated". He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera Jonny spielt auf". Krenek also dedicated his Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 33 to Alma Moodie in 1924.
Igor Stravinsky arranged a suite of excerpts from Pulcinella for violin and piano, calling it "Suite from themes, fragments and pieces by Pergolesi". Alma Moodie premiered it with the composer in Frankfurt on 25 November 1925, and they played it on a number of other public occasions. They also played it at Werner Reinhart's home in Winterthur. Stravinsky described her as "excellent". He may also have intended a pair of arrangements from The Firebird with Moodie in mind.
Arthur Nikisch wrote of her to Carl Flesch from Leipzig in December 1925: "For me, this girl is a phenomenon artistically so delightful that I regard it as my natural duty to promote the interests of this blessed creature as much as I am able". Leopold Auer also heard her and held her in very high regard.
Alma Moodie was considered one of the most important interpreters of Brahms's works for violin. Hermann Reutter quotes her as saying "One must be at least forty to understand the greatness and depth of expression in Brahms' music." Reutter participated in many concerts with Alma Moodie, and dedicated his Rhapsodie for violin and piano, Op. 51 (1939), to her.
On 18 December 1927, she married Alexander Balthasar Alfred Spengler, a German lawyer, becoming the third of his six wives, and they had two children. They initially lived in Cologne. He was indifferent to her career, and she was tired from incessant travelling, so she performed less often after that. She taught violin at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, where she continued Carl Flesch's teaching tradition. Her students included Günter Kehr, Maria Thomán (daughter of István Thomán), Leah Luboschutz, May Harrison, Irma Seyde and Thelma Given.
Spengler was often travelling abroad; when he was home, he was demanding and unfaithful. Alma took to drinking and smoking, and found that she needed sleeping pills; later, her bow arm started to tremble uncontrollably, leading to more drinking and more sleeping pills.
Alma Moodie died on 7 March 1943, aged 44, during an air raid on Frankfurt, although the bombs were not the cause of her death. A doctor reported that she died accidentally of a thrombosis brought on by the mixture of alcohol and pills she had taken, but a number of her close friends believed her death to be suicide. Her obituary by the critic Karl Holl concluded: "Her violin playing has been silenced. But it leaves behind a ring of rare purity. Her name will always remain as that of a feminine personality in the history of music".
Concerto performances
In addition to the performances mentioned above, Alma Moodie's appearances included:
Bach Double Violin Concerto in D minor
with Georg Kulenkampff and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (BPO) (15 December 1927)
with Riele Queling and the BPO under Wilhelm Furtwängler (Berlin, December 1933)
Bach Concerto in E major
at the Musikkollegium (Winterthur, 25 October 1922)
with Furtwängler (Hamburg, 1933)
Brahms Concerto in D major:
with the Meininger Hofkapelle under Max Reger (Eisenach, 6 December 1913; Hildburghausen, 7 December; Meiningen, 9 December; at these concerts she also played Reger's Suite im alten Stil, Op. 93, with the composer at the piano)
under Volkmar Andreae (Zürich, November 1921)
with the London Symphony Orchestra under Bruno Walter (London)
Busoni concerto (London, 1934) (this is possibly the same occasion as her appearance in London on 12 April 1934 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Thomas Beecham)
Dvořák Concerto in A minor (Duisburg, October 1921; Carl Flesch made a detour in his own touring schedule just to hear her)
Glazunov Concerto in A minor with Furtwängler (Vienna, November 1921)
Lalo Symphonie espagnole, BPO (Berlin, 12 December 1919)
Mendelssohn Concerto in E minor with Furtwängler (Leipzig, 1923)
Mozart "D major concerto" (this could refer to either No. 2 or No. 4) under Peter Hagel, BPO (Berlin, 12 December 1919)
Paganini D major concerto under Max von Schillings, BPO (Berlin, 6 November 1919)
Pfitzner Concerto in B minor (Berlin and Leipzig 1924; her 50th performance was in Flensburg, March 1929; Gewandhaus, Leipzig, January 1935)
Max von Schillings's Violin Concerto, Op. 25, composer conducting BPO (Berlin, 12 December 1919)
Posthumous recognition
In 1943, Karl Höller wrote his Violin Sonata No. 2 in G minor, Op. 33 in memory of Alma Moodie.
The Australian composer David Osborne wrote a violin concerto titled Pictures of Alma, which was premiered on 30 May 2010 by Rochelle Bryson and the Raga Dolls Salon Orchestra, at the Iwaki Auditorium, ABC Southbank Centre, Melbourne. Osborne explained in a pre-performance interview broadcast on ABC Classic FM that the work sought to depict Alma Moodie in music at various stages of her life. He named it Pictures of Alma as he understood there were no surviving pictures of her, but he has since learned there are.
References
Further reading
Dreyfus, Kay (2013). Bluebeard's Bride: Alma Moodie, violinist. Parkwood, Victoria: Lyrebird Press. .
External links
1898 births
1943 deaths
People from Rockhampton
Australian classical violinists
Australian expatriates in Germany
Royal Conservatory of Brussels alumni
Hoch Conservatory faculty
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Australian musicians
Women classical violinists
20th-century women musicians
Drug-related deaths in Germany
Deaths from thrombosis
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20471882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Jones%20%28cricketer%29
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Ronald Jones (cricketer)
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Ronald Jones (9 September 1938 – 30 April 2019) was an English cricketer who played a single game of first-class cricket, for Worcestershire against Cambridge University in 1955, in which he scored 2 and 23.
Notes
References
English cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
1938 births
2019 deaths
Cricketers from Wolverhampton
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6903161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone%20Association%20of%20Municipalities%20of%20Ontario
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Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario
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The Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario (or AFMO, from its French name, Association française des municipalités d'Ontario) is a Canadian political organization of municipalities in the province of Ontario which have significant Franco-Ontarian communities. The organization oversees the maintenance and development of municipal government services in French, and works with other levels of government, as well as organizations in other Canadian provinces, on issues unique to francophone and bilingual communities.
The organization was founded in 1989, after a group of francophone mayors and councillors attending the annual conference of the Association of Municipalities of Ontario met to discuss the need for collaboration on the special issues unique to francophone and bilingual communities. Founding members included Vanier mayor Gisèle Lalonde, Russell mayor Gaston Patenaude, Rockland mayor Jean-Marc Lalonde, Hawkesbury mayor Yves Drouin, and Rayside-Balfour mayor Lionel Lalonde.
In addition to the organization's 40 member municipalities, a number of other non-municipal organizations and individuals have associate member status, including one municipal government in Quebec. Associate membership is most commonly held by organizations such as school boards in bilingual areas, provincial government agencies or non-governmental organizations that serve the francophone community; in the case of some provincial government ministries, however, it is held on an individual basis by a senior civil servant who is directly responsible for the ministry's French language programs, rather than by the ministry as a whole.
Member municipalities
The district social services boards of Algoma, Cochrane, Timiskaming and Sudbury-Manitoulin also have municipal member status.
The municipal government of Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec is also a member of the organization, but has associate member status since it is outside of Ontario.
Associate members
See also
Association of Municipalities of Ontario
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
List of micro-regional organizations
Joint Council of Municipalities
List of francophone communities in Ontario
References
External links
AFMO
Franco-Ontarian organizations
Local government in Ontario
Local government organizations
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44503282
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20end-of-year%20rugby%20union%20internationals
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2000 end-of-year rugby union internationals
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The 2000 end-of-year tests, known in the northern hemisphere as the 2000 Autumn Internationals, was a series of international rugby union matches played in November and December 2000. The hosts were Six Nations Championship countries England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Wales, and Southern Hemisphere side Argentina. Argentina also participated as a touring side, along with Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Romania, Samoa, South Africa and the USA.
France and New Zealand contested the Dave Gallaher Trophy for the first time, in a two-match series. New Zealand took a 1–0 series lead in the first match at the Stade de France in Paris, with France levelling the series after a 42–33 win in Marseille – the first ever test match in the Stade Vélodrome. New Zealand won the trophy on account of their higher aggregate score over the two matches.
The match between England and Australia saw the Six Nations champions play the Tri-Nations champions. England won thanks to an injury-time try by Dan Luger, and claimed the Cook Cup for the first time. It was England's first victory over Australia in the professional era.
Days later, England's players went on strike over a dispute with the Rugby Football Union over pay. This nearly led to coach Clive Woodward selecting a second-choice squad for the following weekend's match against Argentina, but the disagreement was ultimately resolved and the strike ended in time for the affected players to be selected.
Matches
Week 1
First test match between Scotland and the United States.
Week 2
Australia retain the Hopetoun Cup.
Week 3
England win the Cook Cup.
Series drawn 1–1. New Zealand won the inaugural Dave Gallaher Trophy.
Week 4
Week 5
References
2000
2000–01 in European rugby union
2000 in Oceanian rugby union
2000 in North American rugby union
2000 in South American rugby union
2000 in South African rugby union
2000–01 in Japanese rugby union
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23578367
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Anglo-Catholic%20Theology
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Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology
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The Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (published by John Henry Parker) was a series of 19th-century editions of theological works by writers in the Church of England, devoted as the title suggests to significant Anglo-Catholic figures. It brought back into print a number of works from the 17th century, concentrating though not exclusively on the Caroline Divines. The publication of the Library, from 1841, was connected with the Oxford Movement which had begun in 1833; some of the editors, such as William John Copeland and Charles Crawley were clearly identified with the movement. However the interests of the Library diverged early from those of the Tractarians. A total of 95 volumes by 20 writers was published over a dozen years; the plan, originally, had been to include 53 authors. The Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology was founded in response to the Parker Society.
Authors
Lancelot Andrewes (1555-1626), 11 volumes, edited by J. P. Wilson and James Bliss
William Beveridge (1637-1708), 12 volumes, edited by James Bliss
John Bramhall, 5 volumes, edited by Arthur West Haddan
George Bull, 7 volumes
John Cosin (1594-1672), 5 volumes
Richard Crakanthorp, edited by Christopher Wordsworth
William Forbes
Mark Frank, 2 volumes
Peter Gunning, edited by Charles Page Eden
Henry Hammond edited by Nicholas Pocock
George Hickes
John Johnson (1662-1726), editor John Baron
William Laud (1573-1645) edited by William Scott and James Bliss
Hamon L'Estrange
Nathaniel Marshall
William Nicholson
John Overall (1559-1619)
John Pearson (1613-1686), edited by Edward Churton (minor works)
Herbert Thorndike, 6 volumes, edited by Arthur West Haddan
Thomas Wilson (1663-1755) edited by John Keble
Committee
The committee members for the Library project were the following (serving 1840 to 1845 unless otherwise marked):
R. S. Barton
Edward Churton
William John Copeland (1844-5)
John Goulter Dowling (1840-1)
William Gresley
Walter Farquhar Hook
Richard William Jelf
John Keble
Samuel Roffey Maitland (1840)
Henry Edward Manning (1845)
William Hodge Mill
George Moberly
John Henry Newman
Henry Handley Norris (1840-3)
William Palmer
Arthur Philip Perceval (1840-4)
Edward Bouverie Pusey
Robert Isaac Wilberforce (1845)
Christopher Wordsworth (1845)
See also
Library of the Fathers
Parker Society
References
External links
Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology from Project Canterbury
Christian theology books
Anglican liturgy
Anglican theology and doctrine
Anglo-Catholicism
History of the Church of England
16th-century Christian texts
17th-century Christian texts
18th-century Christian texts
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44503295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilacinia%20ligulata
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Vermilacinia ligulata
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Vermilacinia ligulata is an infrequent lichen found along the foggy Pacific Coast of Baja California in rock-walled narrow arroyos, on rocky peninsulas and on ridges within the Northern Vizcaíno Desert region, ranging from Punta Cono to just north of Punta Canoas, and along the east coast of Cedros Island. The species was first collected in May 1985 in the southern part of the northern peninsula of Baja California, about 100 km north of Guerrero Negro, 400 meters inland from the ocean on rocky walls with a northern exposure in a narrow estuary. The type is from the same locality but collected one year later, 19 May 1986.
Distinguishing features
Vermilacinia ligulata is distinguished by its thallus divided into relatively few basal branches, generally less than 10, although it may appear to have more by its gregarious habit, and by lacking a blackened base, not reaching more than 3 cm in height, appearing strongly crinkled and twisted with wavy branch margins (when dry), and by having lichen substances of triterpenes, referred to as T1 and T2, along with zeorin and (-)-16 α-hydroxykaurane; T3, which occurs in most related species, was not noted. Salazinic acid and usnic acid were also not reported.
The branches are often partly tubular near base, and strap shaped above, initially creeping along the substrate for a short distance before ascending upwards, and frequently divided more or less in a digitate (palmate) fashion. The overall appearance is much like Niebla contorta as exemplified by the image of its type from near Bahía Asunción. These species are distinguished by the presence or absence of chondroid strands in the medulla, and by their chemistry, N. contorta has divaricatic acid and triterpenes not found in Vermilacinia.
Taxonomic History
Vermilacinia ligulata is only known from collections made by Richard Spjut during the years 1985–1996. Peter Bowler and Janet Marsh included the species, along with five others of Vermilacinia, under their Niebla laevigata,) which is regarded a synonym of V. laevigata. Vermilacinia laevigata differs by its larger thallus that often has blackened parts, is more uniformly compressed with blade-like branches that are mostly simple, and by the presence of the T3 compound, instead of the T1 and T2 triterpenes, and
is geographically confined to the California Floristic Province. The triterpenes of V. ligulata, commonly referred to as T1 and T2 by their Rf values on thin-layer chromatography plates, have formulas of C30H50O2 (T1) and C30H50OO (T2) as determined by mass spectrometry of a sample of V. reptilioderma. They are known from several other species, all endemic to the central region of Baja California.
References
External links
World Botanical Associates, Vermilacinia subgenus Vermilacinia, retrieved 24 Nov 2014, http://www.worldbotanical.com/vermilacinia_subgenus_vermilacin.htm
Ramalinaceae
Lichen species
Lichens described in 1996
Taxa named by Richard Wayne Spjut
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44503296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea%20Fleming
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Thea Fleming
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Thea Fleming (also Flemming; born 1942 in Sittard) is a Dutch film actress who spent much of her career in Italy, sometimes credited as Isabella Biancini. She started her career in 1960 as the Dutch Brigitte Bardot. Besides her career as an actress and photo model she also starred in and directed several fotonovelas.
Fleming has a brother in the Netherlands.
Selected filmography
1960 From a Roman Balcony (uncredited)
1961 Letto a tre piazze – Thea (uncredited)
1961 Mariti a congresso
1963 I mostri – Marilina street walker (segment "Vernissage", uncredited)
1963 Il Successo
1963 Taur, il re della forza bruta – Illa
1964 I marziani hanno 12 mani
1965 Operation Counterspy
1965 Salome '73
1966 Our Man in Casablanca – Ingrid van Heufen
1966 Mondo pazzo... gente matta! – Anna (Maurizio's fiancée)
1967 The Million Dollar Countdown – Huguette
1969 Kill Rommel! -Woman auxiliary
1972 Come fu che Masuccio Salernitano, fuggendo con le brache in mano, riuscì a conservarlo sano
References
External sources
1942 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch actresses
Dutch film actresses
People from Sittard
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23578376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%20Saghiri
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Akbar Saghiri
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Akbar Saghiri (; born 27 June 1982) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a striker for Mes Rafsanjan in the Azadegan League.
Club career
He was one of the top scorers in Azadegan League for Petrochimi and moved to Persepolis in June 2009.
Club career statistics
External links
Persian League Profile
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tehran
Iranian footballers
Association football forwards
Niroye Zamini players
Petrochimi Tabriz F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. players
Naft Tehran F.C. players
Machine Sazi F.C. players
Rah Ahan players
Nassaji Mazandaran players
Aluminium Hormozgan F.C. players
Sanat Naft Abadan F.C. players
Mes Rafsanjan players
Azadegan League players
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23578390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiomano
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Leiomano
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The leiomano is a shark-toothed club used by various Polynesian cultures, but mostly by the native Hawaiians.
Leiomano is a word in the Hawaiian language and may have been derived from lei o manō, which means "a shark's lei."
The weapon resembles a thick ping-pong paddle inset with shark teeth. The tiger shark is the preferred source. These teeth are placed into grooves in the club and sewn into place. The tip of the handle also may utilize a marlin bill as a dagger. The weapon functions as a bladed club similar to the obsidian-studded macuahuitl of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.
North America
A culturally unrelated weapon of similar form was discovered in pieces at Cahokia, Illinois, in 1948 by Gregory Perino. Greatly damaged by a plow, the weapon was composed of eight chert imitation shark teeth, and tipped with five actual shark teeth. In both cases, the teeth were related to the great white.
See also
Macuahuitl
References
Clubs (weapon)
Hawaii culture
Polynesian culture
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44503384
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20W.%20Agnes%20Jr.
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Peter W. Agnes Jr.
|
Judge Peter W. Agnes Jr. (born April 12, 1950) is a former justice of the Massachusetts Appeals Court as an Associate Justice, having been appointed by Governor Deval Patrick in 2011 and serving until reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70 in 2020. In addition to being an active member of the legal community in providing "…service on numerous Supreme Judicial Court and Bar Association committees, commissions[,]…task forces, [et al.]…," Justice Agnes has also been passionate about education, having taught at the Massachusetts School of Law for the past fifteen years, and continuing to do so currently. Agnes presently resides in Wayland, MA with his wife Eileen Agnes (a family law attorney). They have four children and three grandchildren, boasting a passionate relationship with their extensive family outside of their legal careers.
Early life and education
Born and raised in Somerville, MA, he spent his undergraduate career at Boston University, from which he graduated in 1972 cum laude, and subsequently attended Suffolk University Law School, graduating (again, cum laude) in 1975 with his Juris Doctor. Immediately upon entering the legal world, Justice Agnes was hired as a law clerk under New Hampshire Supreme Court Justice Edward Lampron. From 1976 through 1982, he served an Assistant District Attorney in two districts: Middlesex County (MA), — becoming Chief of the Appellate Division there — and Norfolk County (MA). The remainer of his pre-judicial career consisted of serving as "…both the Assistant Secretary for Public Safety and Acting Director of the Massachusetts Criminal Justice Training Council," for the next three years, and then "Chief of Operations for Governor Michael Dukakis until 1991."
Justice Agnes presided over the final competition of the 2010 Massachusetts Bar Association's Mock Trial Program, held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, among two of his legal peers. It is likely that his ongoing public affiliation with various legal committees, associations, and task groups has had more of an influence than anything with which he may have been engaged during his time at Suffolk Law.
Judicial career
Justice Agnes's judicial career has been both meaningful and exemplary. Appointed to the Charlestown District Court in 1991 by Governor Michael Dukakis, — likely as the result of the time he spent working under Dukakis as his Chief of Operations — Agnes remained there for nine years. There have been no notable, publicized rulings of Agnes' during his time at the district court. During this nine-year period, Justice Agnes built his respectable, yet very local reputation among his peers — a reputation which soon led to a promotion.
The majority of Agnes' legal career has been spent on the Worcester Superior Court in Massachusetts, to which he was appointed in 2000 by then-Governor Paul Cellucci. It was on this seat that Justice Agnes molded his reputation, as Worcester Superior Court Judge John McCann notes, "…as a judge who does not shy away from 'the tough calls' and is fair and thoughtful in all his rulings". One such case involves a 59-year-old man twice convicted of child rape. Loran D. Scott, admitting, during a jury-waived trial in front of Judge Agnes, that he was "likely to re-offend if released from custody" due to "a long-standing substance abuse problem," and recurring "sexual 'thoughts and fantasies.'" Admitting, among other things, psychological evaluations — which ultimately diagnosed Scott with schizophrenia and a personality disorder — Justice Agnes found that Scott is a "sexually dangerous person as defined by the law" and committed him to the Massachusetts Treatment Center for Sex Offenders. Straight interpretation and appropriate rulings in cases such as these were what elevated Agnes' ability as a jurist in the eyes of his peers and in the eyes of those among the public who paid attention.
At his Governor's Council Appeals Court hearing, according to the Lawyers Weekly, “…the only sticking point that could defeat Agnes may be buried in a case filed in Worcester Superior Court in 2006. Where a couple attending the hearing … [stated] the judge ignored a Rule 59(e) motion to amend the judgment in their case, thus preventing a final decision and their subsequent right to appeal.” Councilor Mary-Ellen Manning told the couple that the council would investigate. Nothing significant was found.
It is worth noting that during his time on the Worcester Superior Court, Judge Agnes ultimately became a specialized Regional Administrative Justice, remaining as such for the remainder of his time there, and, further, that throughout that eleven-year period, Agnes was considered to be appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court — a position which he has yet to attain — on three separate occasions.
In 2011 Agnes left the Worcester Superior Court, having been appointed to the state Appeals Court by Governor Deval Patrick. In what seemed to have been "the most intensive questioning of a judicial nominee in the past 10 years," according to Governor's Council member Marilyn Devaney, Judge Agnes was confirmed to the state Appeals Court, on which he currently serves. Admitting that becoming an appellate judge was "'something that I've had an interest in for a long time,'" Agnes described himself as having "'mixed feelings'" and that he had built a passionate connection with Worcester over the past eleven years, which, despite the promotion, he hoped to preserve.
Awards and honors
Justice Agnes was the recipient of the Order of St. Michael the Archangel Award for the year 2011 from the Massachusetts Association of Italian-American Police Officers, being recognized "with distinction as the President of the Massachusetts Judges Association, the President of the Justinian Law Society of Massachusetts, the Chairman of the Board of the Dante Alighieri Society, and [as being] one of the founders of October as Italian-American Heritage Month." Agnes's late father, Peter W. Agnes Sr., was a retired police officer — Lieutenant Colonel — of the Massachusetts State Police, and to whom Judge Agnes ascribes the basis for the development of his own values and his active service to the public.
References
1950 births
People from Somerville, Massachusetts
Living people
Boston University alumni
Suffolk University Law School alumni
Judges of the Massachusetts Appeals Court
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6903165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Isernia
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List of municipalities of the Province of Isernia
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The following is a list of the 52 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Isernia, Molise, Italy.
List
See also
List of municipalities of Italy
References
Isernia
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6903175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capas%20National%20Shrine
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Capas National Shrine
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The Capas National Shrine () in Barangay Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac, Philippines was built by the Philippine government as a memorial to Allied soldiers who died at Camp O'Donnell at the end of the Bataan Death March during the Second World War.
The site, which was the former concentration camp, is a focus for commemorations on Araw ng Kagitingan (Valour Day), an annual observance held on 9 April—the anniversary of the surrender of US and Philippine forces to the Imperial Japan in 1942. There is also a memorial to the Czechs who died fighting alongside the Filipinos and US soldiers.
Description
The area where the Bataan Death March ended was proclaimed as "Capas National Shrine" by President Corazon Aquino on 7 December 1991. The shrine encompasses of parkland, of which have been planted with rows of trees to represent each of the dead, at the former location of the camp. Prior to the construction, the location was under the control of the United States Navy as U.S. Naval Radio Station, Tarlac until 1989.
On 9 April 2003, a obelisk symbolizing peace and new memorial wall were unveiled on the grounds of the former internment camp. The obelisk is surrounded by a three-segmented, black marble wall engraved with the names of more than 30,000 Filipinos who were incarcerated in the camp. There are also statistics about the total numbers of prisoners and deaths, together with poems for peace.
Nearby, on the western side of the shrine, there are three smaller memorials to the countries whose nationals died at the camp: the Philippines, the United States, and the Czech Republic (then Czechoslovakia). A small museum and monument is also on the site, built by an American group called the "Battling Bastards of Bataan". Included here are also the roster of Filipino officers who were appointed by the Camp Commandant to manage the POWs. It also memorializes the daily sufferings of the POWs under the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army camp wards. Records have indicated that around 400 Filipino POWs died daily until August 1942.
A few hundred meters from the Obelisk is a garden separated from the rest of the shrine by a creek that can be crossed via a hanging bridge. The relics of an old livestock wagon or Boxcar of the Philippine National Railway and railings are also located in the shrine complex. This display would be similar to the SNCF wagon displayed at the Auschwitz concentration camp, giving visitors an idea the difficulties faced by POWs – who were hearded 80 in a wagon during the hot summer conditions without food, water, or facilities for sanitation.
The Shrine will be a part of the New Clark City, according to the master plan.
Gallery
References
External links
Capas page of the Pacific Wreck database, which has information relating to the Capas National Shrine (with pictures).
Battling Bastards of Bataan
Military history of the Philippines
World War II memorials in the Philippines
Buildings and structures in Tarlac
World War II sites in the Philippines
Tourist attractions in Tarlac
Monuments and memorials in the Philippines
Military and war museums in the Philippines
National Shrines of the Philippines
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6903182
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary%20Radford%20Ruether
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Rosemary Radford Ruether
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Rosemary Radford Ruether (1936–2022) was an American feminist scholar and Roman Catholic theologian known for her significant contributions to the fields of feminist theology and ecofeminist theology. Her teaching and her writings helped establish these areas of theology as distinct fields of study; she is recognized as one of the first scholars to bring women's perspectives on Christian theology into mainstream academic discourse. She was active in the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and her own work was influenced by liberation and black theologies. She taught at Howard University for ten years, and later at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Over the course of her career, she wrote on a wide range of topics, including antisemitism and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Ruether was an advocate of women's ordination, a movement among Catholics who affirm women's capacity to serve as priests, despite official church prohibition. Since 1985 Ruether served as a board member for the pro-choice group Catholics for Choice. Her public stance on these topics was criticized by some leaders in the Roman Catholic Church.
Biography
Ruether was born Rosemary Radford on November 2, 1936, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. She was the youngest of three daughters born to her parents, Rebecca Cresap Radford (née Ord) and Robert Radford. Her father, an Episcopalian, worked as a civil engineer. Her mother worked as a secretary, and was a Roman Catholic.
Ruether's father died when she was 12 and afterwards Ruether and her mother moved to California. Ruether attended several Catholic schools staffed by the Sisters of Providence from St. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, who, in conjunction with her mother's friend group, offered Ruether a strong feminist and activist foundation that informed her later work. She pursued a college education at Scripps College from 1954 to 1958. She entered with an intention to study art, but one professor, Robert Palmer, influenced her decision to switch to classics. Palmer's passion for classical Greek and Roman culture introduced Ruether to the philosophies and histories of the era. She received an MA in classics and Roman history, and later a doctorate in classics and patristics at Claremont School of Theology.
Education and career
Ruether held a BA in philosophy from Scripps College (1958), an MA in ancient history (1960) and a PhD in classics and patristics (1965) from Claremont Graduate School in Claremont, California.On January 22, 2000, Ruether received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University, Sweden. In 2012, Ruether received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (LHD) degree from Whittier College.
She was Visiting Professor of Religion and Feminist Theology at Claremont School of Theology and Claremont Graduate University. Her first appointment was as professor at Howard University in Washington, DC, from 1965 to 1975. She was Carpenter Professor of Feminist Theology at the Pacific School of Religion and Graduate Theological Union, and retired from her long-term post as Georgia Harkness Professor of Applied Theology at the Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Ruether was the author of 36 books and over 600 articles on feminism, eco-feminism, the Bible, and Christianity.
In 1977, Ruether became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.
Feminist theology
According to Ruether, women are excluded in academic and leadership roles within theology, which has led to the proliferation of male-centric attitudes and beliefs. Without women able to contribute to the important discussions and decisions surrounding Christian theology and practice, there will never be an equal representation of women's experience in theological beliefs and traditions. Ruether believed that classical theology and its traditions ignore the female experience, which perpetuates the idea that women are secondary in relation to men. As stated by Ruether, feminist theology can expose and work to change the inherently discriminatory system. Her belief is that anything that lessens the humanity of women must not be a reflection of divine intent. The most important principle of feminist theology, according to Ruether, is the promotion of the full humanity of women in Christian theology and traditions. To do this, not only does the female experience have to be acknowledged and codified, but the very understanding of things such as experience and humanity must be reevaluated. Ruether's work has been influential in the field of feminist theology, influencing scholars such as Beverly Wildung Harrison and Pauli Murray.
Civil rights activism
Ruether participated in civil rights activism during the 1960s in Mississippi and Washington, DC. She worked for the Delta Ministry in Mississippi where she was exposed to the struggles of African American communities and the realities of racism. She became immersed in black liberation theology literature during her time of teaching at the Howard University, School of Religion. She dedicated her time to the peace movement in Washington, DC, and she often went to jail with other radical Catholics and Protestants because of marches and demonstrations.
Despite her radicalism, Ruether remained in the Catholic Church alongside other religious activists. Her first book, The Church Against Itself (1967), criticizes the doctrine of the church and the church's views of sexuality and reproduction.
Personal life
She married Herman Ruether, a political scientist, during her last year of college. They had three children together. Ruether had a love for growing tomatoes, and was known for the small plot of land where she grew tomatoes in front of her office window at Garrett-Evangelical.
Ruether died on May 21, 2022, in Pomona, California, after suffering a long-term illness.
Selected writings
The Church Against Itself. New York: 1967, Herder and Herder, ISBN 9780722005040
Gregory of Nazianzus. Oxford: 1969, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198266198
The Radical Kingdom, The Western Experience of Messianic Hope, New York: Paulist Press, 1970
Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism. New York 1974, Seabury Press, .
"Courage as a Christian Virtue" in Cross Currents, Spring 1983, 8-16,
Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology, Beacon Press (1983)
Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing, Harper-Collins (1994) , ASIN 0-06-066967-5
In Our Own Voices: Four Centuries of American Women's Religious Writing (ed. with Rosemary Skinner Keller), Harper-Collins (1996)
Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion. New York, March 1996, ISBN 978-1570750571
Introducing Redemption in Christian Feminism (editor), Continuum (1998)
Christianity and Ecology, Rosemary Radford Ruether and Dieter T Hessel, eds, Harvard University Press, 2000 ISBN 0-945454-20-1
Christianity and the Making of the Modern Family, Beacon Press (2001),
Fifth chapter of Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion, edited by Ann Braude. (2004)
The Wrath of Jonah: The Crisis of Religious Nationalism in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Augsburg Fortress (2002)
Integrating Ecofeminism Globalization and World Religions, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. (2005)
Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2005, University of California Press.
America, Amerikkka: Elect Nation & Imperial Violence, Equinox (2007)
Women and Redemption: A Theological History. Fortress Press. Minnesota, (2012), ISBN 978-0800629458
My Quests for Hope and Meaning: An Autobiography. Wipf & Stock. Oregon (2013), ISBN 978-1620327128
Feminism and Religion in the 21st Century: Technology, Dialogue, and Expanding Borders (ed. with Gina Messina-Dysert), Routledge (2014). .
References
Further reading
Also see biographical information in Emily Leah Silverman, Whitney Bauman, and Dirk Von der Horst, ed., Voices of Feminist Liberation: Celebratory Writings in Honor of Rosemary Radford Ruether (London: Equinox Press, 2012).
External links
Sexism and God-Talk: Toward A Feminist Theology
“Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.; 106; The Rib Uncaged: Women and the Church,” 1968-06-24, Hoover Institution Library & Archives, Stanford University, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed December 22, 2020, <http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-514-2r3nv99x4j>
Firing Line with William F. Buckley, Jr., Episode # 106, "The Rib Uncaged: Women in the Church," June 24, 1969, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxdBLDmBT6k
1936 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians
American Christian socialists
American women philosophers
Catholic socialists
Christian feminist theologians
Christian socialist theologians
Ecofeminists
Ecotheology
Female Christian socialists
Feminist philosophers
Liberation theologians
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Philosophers of religion
American socialist feminists
Women Christian theologians
21st-century American women writers
Catholic feminism
Catholic feminists
20th-century American women
Scripps College alumni
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary faculty
Howard University faculty
Pacific School of Religion faculty
Graduate Theological Union
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23578393
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes%20and%20other%20water%20bodies%20of%20Victoria%20%28Australia%29
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Lakes and other water bodies of Victoria (Australia)
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The following is a list of naturally occurring lakes and other water bodies in Victoria, Australia; outside the Greater Melbourne area, in alphabetical order, for those lakes with a surface area greater than :
See also
Lakes and Reservoirs in Melbourne
References
Victoria
Victoria
Lakes
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17335975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Argentina
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Climate of Argentina
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The climate of Argentina varies from region to region, as the vast size of the country and wide variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types. Summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of Argentina except in most of Patagonia where it is the driest season. Warm in the north, cool in the center and cold in the southern parts experiencing frequent frost and snow. Because southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans, the cold is less intense and prolonged than areas at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather.
Many regions have different, often contrasting, microclimates. In general, northern parts of the country are characterized by hot, humid, rainy summers and mild winters with periodic droughts. Mesopotamia, in the northeast is characterized by high temperatures and abundant precipitation throughout the year with droughts being uncommon. West of this lies the Chaco region, which is the warmest region in Argentina. Precipitation in the Chaco region decreases westwards, resulting in the vegetation changing from forests in the east to shrubs in the west. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot although the rugged topography makes it climatically diverse, ranging from the cold, dry Puna to thick jungles. The center of the country, which includes the Pampas to the east and the drier Cuyo region to the west has hot summers with frequent tornadoes and thunderstorms, and cool, dry winters. Patagonia, in the southern parts of the country has a dry climate with warm summers and cold winters characterized by strong winds throughout the year and one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world. High elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions, and the mountainous zones can see heavy snowfall.
The geographic and geomorphic characteristics of Argentina tend to create extreme weather conditions, often leading to natural disasters that negatively impact the country both economically and socially. The Pampas, where many of the large cities are located, has a flat topography and poor water drainage, making it vulnerable to flooding. Severe storms can lead to tornadoes, damaging hail, storm surges, and high winds, causing extensive damage to houses and infrastructure, displacing thousands of people and causing significant loss of life. Extreme temperature events such as heat waves and cold waves impact rural and urban areas by negatively impacting agriculture, one of the main economic activities of the country, and by increasing energy demand, which can lead to energy shortages.
Argentina is vulnerable and will likely be significantly impacted by climate change. Temperatures have increased in the last century while the observed changes in precipitation are variable, with some areas receiving more and other areas less. These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers. Based on the projections for both precipitation and temperatures, these climatic events are likely to increase in severity and create new problems associated with climate change in the country.
Seasons
In Argentina, the climate is divided into four, well defined seasons, those being winter, spring, summer and autumn.
Winter
In winter (June–August), the northern parts of Argentina are generally warm, the central parts mild, and the southern parts cold with frequent frost and snow. The climate of the southern parts of the country is moderated by the surrounding oceans, resulting in cold weather that is less intense and prolonged than at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The northern parts of the country have the warmest temperatures, with an average of ; the central parts are cooler, with an average of . In the extreme south, mean temperatures are below . At higher altitudes in the Andes, average winter temperatures are below . June and July temperatures are normally similar to each other; however, in August temperatures see a rise of about .
Precipitation varies a lot during the winter months. The highest are in the extreme northern part of the Littoral region and northwestern parts of Patagonia, where mean winter precipitation exceeds . Most of the humid Pampas, averages between while in the north, in areas bordering the Andes, it averages less than .
Spring
Spring (September–November) is similar to autumn, with mild days and cool nights. During mid-October a large variety of wild and urban flora are in bloom. Temperatures range from in the north to in the center, and in most of Patagonia. Tierra del Fuego Province and the higher altitudes of the Andes have the coolest springs, with mean temperatures below . Temperatures grow warmer as spring progresses.
During spring, precipitation in the country varies, with the greatest amounts being in northern Buenos Aires Province and the Littoral region, where the average precipitation exceeds . Arid regions (Arid Diagonal) have the lowest spring precipitation, with an average precipitation of less than .
Summer
In summer (December–February), temperatures range from an average of in the north to a mean of in the center of the country except for the southeastern parts of Buenos Aires Province, where temperatures are cooler in summer due to the maritime influence. In the extreme south of the country, the temperature averages ; at very high altitudes, the average is below .
During summer, mean precipitation varies throughout the country: the eastern parts of Salta Province, Jujuy Province, northern Tucumán Province and all of Misiones Province are the wettest, receiving more than of precipitation during the season. Most of the Littoral region and Buenos Aires Province, average between . On the other hand, the Patagonia region is dry, with precipitation averaging less than – and occasionally below – much lower than other regions; Patagonia receives a monthly precipitation of . In the central and northern parts of the country, January is usually the wettest month, with an average monthly precipitation of in most places, even exceeding in some places.
Autumn
Autumn (March–May) is generally mild. Some southern natives forests and vineyards display red and orange autumn foliage, especially in mid-April. Frost arrives notably earlier in the south and later in the north. Mean temperatures can exceed in the northern parts of the country, while they can touch in most of the central parts of the country, and less than at the higher altitudes. As autumn progresses, mean temperatures fall in all regions, with March warmer than May. In the north, mean temperatures range from in March to in May. In the central parts of the country, mean temperatures in March are between , dropping to in May. The mean temperature in Tierra del Fuego Province in the extreme south is , and occasionally lower.
Precipitation is highest in northeast Argentina and lowest in the Patagonia and Cuyo regions. In northeast Argentina, mean precipitation can exceed while in most of Buenos Aires Province and northwest Argentina, mean autumn precipitation ranges between . In most of the western parts of northwest Argentina, Patagonia (except for western Patagonia where precipitation is higher, averaging ) and Cuyo regions, precipitation can average less than . In the northwest, precipitation decreases as autumn progresses, ushering in the dry season. For example, in Tucuman Province, March averages more than of precipitation while May averages less than . In contrast, precipitation increases in Patagonia, particularly in the western parts where May precipitation can exceed .
Factors that influence the climate
Different meteorological factors affect the Argentine climate. Some of these factors are local while others come from other countries.
Geographic factors
The most important geographical factors that influence the climate of Argentina are latitude, elevation, and distance from the sea. With Argentina extending from 22oS to 55oS, there are differences in the amount of incoming solar radiation and the amount of daylight received in each season, which affects temperature. Thus, temperatures decrease from north to south due to the differences in latitudes.
Although the centre and the eastern parts of the country are mostly flat, the west is mountainous. Both the Andes and Sierras Pampeanas affect the climate of Argentina, leading to differences in temperature, pressure, and spatial distribution of precipitation depending on the topography and altitude. Here, the Andes exert an important influence on the climate. Owing to the higher altitudes of the Andes north of 40oS, they completely block the normal westerly flow, preventing low pressure systems containing moisture from the Pacific Ocean from coming in. Thus, much of Argentina north of 40oS is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. South of 40oS, the Andes are lower in altitude, allowing much of Patagonia to be dominated by westerly winds and air masses from the Pacific Ocean. However, the north–south orientation of the Andes creates a barrier for humid air masses originating from the Pacific Ocean. This is because they force these air masses upwards, cooling adiabactically. Most of the moisture is dropped on the Chilean side, causing abundant precipitation and cloudiness while on the Argentine side, the air warms adiabatically, causing it to become drier as it descends. Thus, an extensive rain–shadow is present in much of Patagonia, causing it to receive very little precipitation. The Sierras Pampeanas influences the climate on a much smaller scale than the Andes.
Distance from the sea is another important geographic factor. Owing to the shape of the country, the close proximity to the ocean means that most of the country, excluding the north is moderated by the surrounding oceans, leading to lower thermal amplitudes than comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The two main currents that impact the climate of Argentina are the Brazil Current from the north and the Malvinas Current from the south (a branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current). The Brazil Current transports warm subtropical waters southwards while the Malvinas Current transports cold, subantarctic waters northwards. The Malvinas Current cools the coastal areas, particularly during winter when the current is stronger. Thus, coastal areas of the Pampas have cooler summers and a longer frost period owing to the cold Malvinas Current. As well, it is the main factor in making Tierra del Fuego colder than at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere in Europe since it is influenced by the cold Malvinas Current rather than the warm North Atlantic Current.
Atmospheric Circulation
The South Atlantic High and the South Pacific High both influence the pattern of winds and precipitations in Argentina. Owing to the greater high of the Andes at latitudes north of 40oS, much of Argentina is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. The South Atlantic High transports moisture from the Atlantic Ocean to Argentina. This occurs throughout the year due to the atmospheric pressure being lower on land than in the ocean. Much of the north and central parts of the country are affected by the South Atlantic High, with a strong influence in the eastern parts than in the west. This is due to the eastern parts being more frequently affected by the South Atlantic High, causing precipitation to decrease westwards.
Throughout the year, the South Pacific High influences the climate by bringing cold, moist air masses originating from Patagonia. During the most intense cold waves, they form when a transient high pressure system located in the South Pacific Ocean moves eastwards to the southern tip of South America. As it begins to move, this high pressure system strengthens the South Pacific High and is forced to move southwards to south of 40oS where the Andes are shorter in height. As well, an upper-level ridge forms over the South Pacific Ocean along with an upper-level trough extending from subtropical latitudes to the South Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, a low pressure system forms over the South Atlantic Ocean which eventually strengthens. The formation a cold front associated with it moves to the northeast owing to the topographic barrier that the Andes forms. The passage of the cold front to the northeast leads to the movement of the high pressure system from the South Pacific Ocean into the southern tip of South America. All of these conditions lead to strong anticyclogenesis to the east of the Andes and thus, the high pressure system intensifies as it enters southern Argentina. When both the high pressure system (over southern Argentina) and low pressure system strengthen, it creates a very strong pressure gradient that draws cold air from the south, strengthening southerly winds. Owing to the topographic barrier of the Andes, it forces and channels the cold air to accumulate on the eastern side of the Andes. This generates an ageostropic component from the south (due to a reduction in the Coriolis force caused by accumulation of cold air on the eastern side of the Andes) that draw this cold air northwards, which is driven by this pressure gradient. Cold air can move northwards until 18oS when the blocking effect of the Andes is smaller due to a change in its orientation. Overall, these conditions results in the coldest temperatures due to the cold masses from high latitudes being pulled northwards. A weaker cold wave occurs when the South Pacific High remains over the ocean and does not have a migratory high pressure system originating from the South Pacific High that moves east of the Andes (it builds over the Andes). Although this occurs throughout the year, during winters, it leads to cold temperatures while during summer, it leads to strong and deep convections. These convections are responsible for about 50% of summer precipitation south of 25oS.
The Chaco Low is a semi–permanent low pressure system situated east of the Andes that is approximately located between 20oS and 30oS during summer (displaced to the north in winter). It is stronger in the summer than in winter due to a combination of high insolation, dry surface conditions, and southward displacement of the South Atlantic and South Pacific High (this makes it difficult for cold fronts to enter at lower latitudes). The Chaco Low interacts with the South Atlantic High, generating a pressure gradient that draws moist air from the northeast to coastal and central regions of Argentina. It also forces easterly winds from the Amazon basin to move southward, which is reinforced by the funneling effect from both the Andes and the Brazilian Plateau. The Chaco Low brings large amounts of moisture that favour the development of convective thunderstorms during summer, reaching as far south as 35oS. This movement of air from the north owing to the interaction between the Chaco Low and the South Atlantic high is the strongest in summer when the Chaco Low is at its strongest. These winds bring hot, humid tropical air from the north. Sustained and intense winds from the north are responsible for severe weather events such as heat waves and severe convection. During winter, the Chaco Low weakens as a result of lower insolation. This is partly responsible for the decrease in winter precipitation over much of Argentina (in addition to northward displacement of westerlies) due to a weaker transport of air masses from the tropics. This excludes areas south of 40oS where it is dominated by westerlies.
El Niño and La Niña
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation leads to changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns (also known as teleconnections). Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, the impacts of the changes in atmospheric circulation patterns caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are more clearly observed in the more humid eastern parts of the country (between Uruguay and southern Brazil). During El Niño events, precipitation is more higher than normal while during La Niña events, precipitation is lower than normal in the Pampas. In general, El Niño tends to increase precipitation during late spring and summer, particularly in the north. The impacts of La Niña in the eastern parts of the country (northeast and the Pampas) are observed in winter where precipitation is lower. In Northwest Argentina, El Niño events are associated with a strong reduction in rainfall during summer. In contrast, La Niña events increase precipitation in northwest Argentina. In the central–western parts of Patagonia, spring precipitation tends to be lower during La Niña events and higher during El Niño events. Summer precipitation exhibits an opposite pattern where La Niña years involve wetter summers while El Niño years featuring drier summers. On the Andes in central western Argentina, precipitation is higher during El Niño year.
In general, La Niña events are associated with lower temperatures (particularly colder winters) in the Pampas. During winter, frosts are more common during La Niña events compared to El Niño events. This is due to a stronger southerly flow during La Niña events caused by a higher concentration of high pressure systems in the South Pacific and an increase in cyclonic activity (more low pressure systems) in the South Atlantic. This creates conditions that are favourable for bringing cold air from the south, particularly when there is a formation of a high pressure system over Patagonia (associated with the passage of a front) that is responsible for bringing cold air from the south. Thus, invasions of cold air from the south are more common during La Niña events. In contrast, warm spells in the Pampas and northern parts of the country are more intense and frequent during El Niño events. This is due to stronger westerly winds south of 40oS, leading to less frequent incursions of cold air from the south while enhancing winds from the north that bring in warm air. Although La Niña events lead to colder winters with more frequent incursions of cold air in both the north and central parts of the country, it leads to more frequent and intense warm spells in the last months of the year. In other regions, El Niño events lead to more frequent and intense warm spells in Northwest Argentina (during autumn), northeast Argentina (during spring) and central Argentina (during summer). Cold air anomalies arising from El Niño events are observed during spring and are the result of an increase in rainfall that lead to reductions in insolation. For the southern parts of the country, El Niño events are associated with more intense and frequent cold spells during the coldest months. In summer, El Niño events are associated with warmer summer temperatures in the southern parts of the country.
Antarctic Oscillation
The Antarctic Oscillation, also known as the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode is the main factor in tropospheric circulation variability south of 20oS and is characterized by pressure anomalies with one situated in the Antarctic and one situated in a band at around 40–50oS around the globe. It mainly affects middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. It is characterized by the north–south displacement of the westerly wind belt that circle around Antarctica. Such variation in the position of the westerly wind belt affects the intensity and position of cold fronts and mid latitude storm systems and is partly responsible for variation in precipitation in the southern parts of Argentina. The Antarctic Oscillation is characterized by two phases: a positive and a negative phase. A positive phase is when the westerly wind belt is displaced to the south. The positive phase occurs when there is increased surface pressure over the southern parts of the South American continent and decreased pressure in Antarctica. This results in stronger westerly winds in the southern parts of the country while preventing cold fronts from penetrating inland, producing more stable conditions. Furthermore, the positive phase leads to warmer conditions south of 40oS, particularly during the summer in areas between 40 and 60oS. Precipitation is lower due to less frontal and orographic precipitation resulting from reduced westerly wind flow between 40 and 60OS. Opposite conditions occur in the negative phase when the westerly wind belt is shifted equatorward. Cold fronts moving northwards from the south penetrate more frequently, leading to more precipitation and cooler temperatures during the negative phase. The major effect of negative phase of the Antarctic Oscillation occurs in spring when it increases precipitation over southeastern South America.
Indian Ocean Dipole
The Indian Ocean Dipole is an atmospheric–oceanic phenomenon characterized by differences in sea surface temperatures between the eastern and western sections of the tropical Indian Ocean. Similar to the Antarctic Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole is characterized by two phases: a positive and a negative phase. In the positive phase, the eastern section of the tropical Indian Ocean is cooler (lower sea surface temperature) and the western section is warmer than normal (higher sea surface temperature). On the other hand, the negative phase is characterized by warmer sea surface temperatures on the eastern section and cooler sea surface temperatures on the western section of the tropical Indian Ocean. Studies have shown that the Indian Ocean Dipole is partly responsible for variations in precipitation in Argentina and South America in general. During a positive phase, precipitation is higher in the Río de la Plata Basin due to teleconnections.
Regional climate
In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features. The arid and cold climates predominate in the west and south while the warm and moderate climates predominate in the center and north. The Arid Diagonal traverses the country from the northwest to the southeast. The vast size, and wide range of altitudes, contribute to Argentina's diverse climate. Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, which features a mild and humid climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Argentina has 11 different climate types: Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), moderate oceanic (Cfb), warm semi-arid (BSh), subtropical highland oceanic (Cwb), warm desert (BWh), cold semi–arid (BSk), cold desert (BWk), moderate Mediterranean (Csb), cold oceanic (Cfc), and tundra (ET). Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south. However, despite the diversity of biomes, about two-thirds of Argentina is arid or semi-arid. Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole. From north to south, these regions are Northwest, Chaco, Northeast, Cuyo/Monte, Pampas, and Patagonia. Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation.
Temperatures are the highest in the northern parts, averaging around during summer. Precipitation ranges from in driest and western parts of the Chaco to around in the extreme east. The center and east of Argentina have a temperate climate with annual precipitation between and mean annual temperatures between . The climate in the center of the country becomes more arid towards the west. In the south (Patagonia), most precipitation falls in the Bosque Andino Patagónico located in the Andes while the in the east on the Patagonian Steppe, the climate is arid with mean annual precipitation around . Temperatures in Patagonia exceed during winter months and owing to the maritime influences of the surrounding Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the thermal amplitude is smaller than at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.
Mesopotamia
The region of Mesopotamia includes the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes. It has a subtropical climate with no dry season. Under the Köppen climate classification, it has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The main features of the climate are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year; this abundant rainfall makes water scarcity and extended periods of drought uncommon; most of the region has a positive water balance.
Average annual precipitation ranges from less than in the southern parts of the Province to approximately in the eastern parts. Precipitation is slightly higher in the summer than in the winter and generally decreases from east to west and from north to south. Summer precipitation levels range from a low of to a high of . In this season, most rain falls during convective thunderstorms. Autumn is one of the rainiest seasons, with many places receiving over . As in summer, precipitation falls mainly during convective thunderstorms. Winter is the driest season, with precipitation ranging from less than in the west to over in the east. Most of the precipitation during winter comes from frontal systems, particularly the sudestada (Spanish for strong southeasterly winds), bringing long periods of rain, cloudiness, cooler temperatures, and strong winds. Spring is similar to autumn, with a mean precipitation of .
Summers are very hot while winters are mild to warm. The northern parts of the region are warmer than the southern parts. During heat waves, temperatures can exceed in the summer months, while in the winter months, cold air masses from the south can push temperatures below freezing, resulting in frost. However, such cold fronts are brief and are less intense than areas further south or at higher altitudes. Snowfall is extremely rare and mainly confined to the uplands of Misiones Province, where the last significant snowfall occurred in 1975 in Bernardo de Irigoyen.
Chaco
The Chaco region in the center-north completely includes the provinces of Chaco, and Formosa. Eastern parts of Jujuy Province, Salta Province, and Tucumán Province, and northern parts of Córdoba Province and Santa Fe Province are part of the region. As well, most of Santiago del Estero Province lies within the region. This region, located in the center-north has a subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild, dry winters. Under the Köppen climate classification, the west has a semi-arid climate (Bs) while the east has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert. Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from in the eastern parts of Formosa Province to a low of in the west and southwest. Summer witnesses the maximum precipitation. Summer rains are intense, and torrential rain is common, occasionally causing floods and soil erosion. During the winter months, precipitation is sparse. Eastern areas receive more precipitation than western areas since they are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean, which penetrates the eastern areas more than the west, bringing in more precipitation. As a result, the vegetation differs: eastern areas are covered by forests, savannas, marshes and subtropical wet forest, and western areas are dominated by medium and low forests of mesophytic and xerophytic trees and a dense understory of shrubs and grasses. In all parts of the region, precipitation is highly variable from year to year.
The Chaco region is the hottest in Argentina, with a mean annual temperature of . With mean summer temperatures occasionally reaching , the region has the hottest summers in the country. Winters are mild and brief, with mean temperatures in July ranging from in the northern parts to in the southernmost parts. Temperatures can reach as high has in summer, and during cold waves can fall to .
Northwest
Northwest Argentina consists of the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, and western parts of Salta Province, and Tucumán Province. Although Santiago del Estero Province is part of northwest Argentina, much of the province lies in the Chaco region. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry, hot, and subtropical. Owing to its rugged and varied topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on the altitude, temperature and distribution of precipitation. Consequently, the vegetation will also differ. Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has five different climate types: semi–arid (BS), arid (BW), temperate without a dry season and temperate with a dry season (Cf and CW respectively), and, at the highest altitudes, an alpine.
Precipitation is highly seasonal and mostly concentrated in the summer months. It is distributed irregularly due to the country's topography although it generally decreases from east to west. The eastern slopes of the mountains receives between of precipitation a year, though some places receive up to annually owing to orographic precipitation. The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges. The temperate valleys, the location of major cities such as Salta and Jujuy, have an average precipitation ranging between , with rainfall mainly concentrated in the summer months, often falling in short but heavy bursts. Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than those in the north due to the greater height of the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas on the eastern slopes than the northern mountains, presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. These valleys receive less than of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate. The area further west in the Puna region, with an average altitude of , is mostly a desert due to the blocking of the easterly winds by the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas. Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than a year while high isolation, strong winds, and low humidity exacerbate the dry conditions.
Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary by altitude. The temperate valleys have a temperate climate, with mild summers and dry and cool winters with regular frosts.In the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley, mean annual temperatures range from , depending on altitude. In the Calchaquí Valleys in Salta Province, the climate is temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes, long summers, and a long frost-free period. In the valleys in the south in La Rioja Province, Catamarca Province and the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province, which is part of the arid Chaco ecoregion, temperatures during the summer are very high, averaging in January while winters are mild, averaging . Cold fronts from the south bringing cold Antarctic air can cause severe frosts in the valleys of La Rioja Province and Catamarca Province. In contrast, the Zonda wind, which occurs more often during the winter months, can raise temperatures up to with strong gusts, sometimes causing crop damage. Temperatures in the Puna region are much colder, with a mean annual temperature of less than owing to the high altitude. The Puna region is characterized by being cold with a large diurnal range but sunny throughout the year.
Cuyo
The Cuyo region includes the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis. Western parts of La Pampa Province (as shown in map) also belong in this region, having similar climatic and soil characteristics to it. It has an arid or a semi-arid climate. The region's wide range in latitude, combined with altitudes ranging from to nearly , means that it has a variety of different climate types. In general, most of the region has a temperate climate, with valleys at higher altitudes having a milder climate. At the highest altitudes (over ), icy conditions persist year round.
Average annual precipitation ranges from , though it is generally unpredictable. More than 85% of annual rainfall occurs from October to March, which constitutes the warm season. In contrast, the winter months are dry. Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than the western areas since they receive more summer rainfall. Precipitation is highly variable from year to year and appears to follow a cycle between dry and wet years in periods of about 2, 4–5, 6–8, and 16–22 years. In wet years, easterly winds caused by the subtropical South Atlantic High are stronger, causing moisture to flow towards this region; during dry years, these winds are weaker.
Summers in the region are hot and generally sunny; winters are dry and cold. Since this region has a wide range of altitudes, ranging from to nearly , temperatures can vary widely. The Sierras Pampeanas, which cross into both San Juan Province and San Luis Province, have a milder climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from . Throughout the region, the diurnal range is great, with very high temperatures during the day followed by cold nights. In all locations, at altitudes over , permafrost is present; icy conditions persist year round at altitudes over .
The Zonda, a Foehn wind characterized by warm, dry air, can cause temperatures to exceed and occasionally , as occurred in 2003. However, cold waves are also common, caused by the channeling by the Andes of cold air from the south, making for frequent cold fronts during the winter months and bringing temperatures that can fall below freezing, and occasionally below at higher altitudes.
Pampas
The Pampas includes all of Buenos Aires Province, eastern and southern Córdoba Province, eastern La Pampa Province, and southern Santa Fe Province. It is subdivided into two parts: the humid Pampas to the east, and the dry/semi–arid Pampas to the west.
The Pampas has land that is appropriate for agriculture and raising livestock. It is a mostly flat area, interrupted only by the Tandil and Ventana sierras in its southern portion. The climate of the Pampas is characterized as temperate and humid with no dry season, featuring hot summers and mild winters (Cfa/Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification). The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region. Annual temperatures range from in the north to in the south. Precipitation increases toward the east and ranges from under in the south and west to in the northeast. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year in the easternmost parts of the Pampas; in the western parts, most of the precipitation is concentrated during the summer months, and winters are drier. The Pampas are influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which is responsible for variation in annual precipitation. An El Niño year leads to higher precipitation while a La Niña year leads to lower precipitation.
Summers in the Pampas are hot and humid with coastal areas being modified by the cold Malvinas Current. Afternoon thunderstorms, which can bring intense amounts of precipitation, are common, as are heat waves that can bring temperatures in the range for a few days. These thunderstorms are known to have the most frequent lightning and highest convective cloud tops in the world. The severe thunderstorms produce intense hailstorms, floods, including flash floods, as well as the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern US. These are usually followed a day or two of strong Pampero winds from the south, which bring cool, dry air. Precipitation in the summer is high, with monthly amounts averaging between and in most places.
Autumn arrives in March and brings periods of very rainy weather followed by dry, mild stretches and cool nights. Some places in the east receive rainfall throughout autumn whereas in the west, after the rains, the weather quickly becomes very dry. Generally, frost arrives in early April in the southernmost areas, in late May in the north, and ends by mid-September, although the dates of the first and last frosts can vary from year to year. Frost is rarely intense or prolonged and may not occur each year.
Winters are mild with frequent frosts and cold spells. Temperatures are usually mild during the day and cold during the night. Most precipitation results from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and sudestada, which bring long periods of precipitation, cloudiness and cooler temperatures, particularly in the southern and eastern parts. Dull, gray and damp weather characterize winters in the Pampas. Occasionally, tropical air masses from the north may move southward, providing relief from the cool, damp temperatures. Snowfall is extremely rare. When it does snow, it usually lasts for only a day or two.
Patagonia
Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego are the provinces that make up Patagonia. The Patagonian climate is classified as arid to semi-arid and temperate to cool temperate. One defining characteristic are the strong winds from the west which blow year round (stronger in summer than in winter), which favors evaporation and is a factor in making the region mostly arid. There are three major factors that influence the climate of the region: the Andes, the South Pacific High and South Atlantic High, and an isolation that is more pronounced in eastern than western areas.
The north–south orientation of the Andes creates a barrier for humid air masses coming from the Pacific Ocean, forming an extensive rain shadow and causing most of the region to be arid. South of 52°S, the Andes are lower in elevation, reducing the rain shadow effect in Tierra del Fuego Province and allowing forests to thrive on the Atlantic coast. Patagonia is located between the subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure zone, meaning it is exposed to westerly winds that are strong, since south of 40°S there is little land to block these winds. Because Patagonia is located between the semi-permanent anticyclones of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean at around 30°S, and the Subpolar Low at around 60°S, the movement of the high and low pressure systems along with ocean currents determine the precipitation pattern.
The influence of the Pacific Ocean, general circulation patterns, and the topographic barrier caused by the Andes results in one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world. Precipitation steeply decreases from west to east, ranging from in the west on the Andean foothills at 41°S to in the central plateaus. The high precipitation in the Andes in this region allows forests to thrive as well as glaciers and permanent snowfields. Most of the region receives less than of precipitation per year. The aridity of the region is due to the combination of low precipitation, strong winds, and high temperatures in the summer months, all of which cause high evaporation rates. In most of Patagonia, precipitation is concentrated in the winter months, except for the northeastern and southern parts, where precipitation is more evenly distributed. Thunderstorms are infrequent, occurring only during summer. Snowfall occurs mainly in the west and south, which can result in strong snowstorms.
Patagonia's temperatures are relatively cold for its latitude due to the cold Malvinas Current (also called the Falkland(s) Current) and the high altitude. A characteristic of the temperature pattern is the NW–SE distribution of isotherms due to the presence of the Andes. The warmest parts of the region are in northern parts of Rio Negro Province and Neuquén Province, where mean annual temperatures range from , while the coldest are in western Santa Cruz Province and Tierra del Fuego Province, where mean temperatures range from . At higher altitudes in the Andes stretching from Neuquén Province to Tierra del Fuego Province, mean annual temperatures are below . Strong westerly winds can decrease the perception of temperature (wind chill), particularly in summer. The annual range of temperatures in Patagonia is lower than at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere owing to the narrowness of the region at higher latitudes and the stronger maritime influence.
Statistics
The average annual precipitation ranges from less than in the Atacama Desert near the border with Chile to over in the northeast and along the eastern slopes of the Andes in the northern parts of the country. The Andean foothils of Patagonia in the western parts of the region can receive up to per year. Mean annual temperatures range from in the far south to in the north. Shown below are the mean monthly temperature and precipitation for selected places in Argentina along with the overall averages for the country (based on a 0.5o latitude/longitude grid). Year-round averages and totals are displayed along with conversions to imperial units.
Temperature
Precipitation
Overall averages
Extremes
High
In general, the highest temperatures in Argentina are recorded in the northern Chaco region where temperatures of have been recorded. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the highest temperature ever recorded in Argentina and South America was in Rivadavia, Salta Province on 11 December 1905. Since 1961 when nationwide temperature monitoring began, the warmest year on record is 2017 when mean temperatures nationally were above the mean national temperatures based on the 1981–2010 reference period.
Low
Patagonia and the Puna region register the lowest temperatures in Argentina where temperatures lower than have been recorded. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Argentina and South America was in Sarmiento, Chubut Province on 1 June 1907. This was recorded under standard conditions. On a national scale, the coldest year on record is 1975 when mean temperatures nationally were below the mean national temperatures based on the 1981–2010 reference period.
Precipitation
With an average annual precipitation of , Lago Frías in Río Negro Province is considered to be the wettest place in Argentina. Although an average annual precipitation of has been recorded in Lago Tromen in Neuquén Province, the validity of the data is dubious owing to fewer years of data. Lago Frías also has the record for wettest monthly precipitation in Argentina: of precipitation was recorded in May 1951. In contrast, the driest place is La Casualidad, Salta Province, which has received as low as only a of precipitation in a year. The highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 2 April 2013, when of rain fell in La Plata at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, causing massive flooding and power outages.
On a national scale, the wettest year on record is 1985 when annual precipitation in the country was 29.6% higher than the mean annual precipitation (based on a reference period of 1981–2010). The driest year on record in the country is 1988 when annual precipitation was 29.9% lower than the mean annual precipitation (based on a reference period of 1981–2010).
Other severe weather
The longest duration for a single lightning flash globally was recorded in Argentina on 18 June 2020 along the Argentina–Uruguay border, when it lasted for 17.1 seconds.
Natural disasters
Floods
Argentina's geomorphic characteristics make the country highly vulnerable to floods. These floods can damage infrastructure, cause loss of life, increase the risk of diseases, and negatively impact agricultural productivity, which is one of the main economic activities of the country. Many of the large Argentinean cities and agriculturally productive areas lie near rivers. The plains are at highest risk for flooding, particularly in the northeastern and central parts of the country, including Greater Buenos Aires. This is because these plains, which cover 35% of the land area in the country (including the Chaco and Pampean areas), are characterized by a flat landscape, which can impede proper water drainage. Both the Parana and Paraguay basins have a flat landscape and are thus highly susceptible to flooding due to river overflows following high rainfall. These floods can last for months, particularly in the Parana River, owing to its large basin. In the most extreme case, during the year 1982–1983, the floods in the Parana River persisted for more than a year, negatively impacting the area both socially and economically. Major flooding events in the Parana River include those of 1992 and 1997 and have been more frequent since the 1980s due to higher precipitation trends. Similarly, in Buenos Aires Province, flooding occurs due to river overflows and poor water drainage; major flooding events in the province occurred in 1987, 2002/2003, 2012 and in 2014, causing damage to agriculture production. Most of the flooding events occur in El Niño years owing to higher rainfall. Flooding can also affect Patagonia and urban centers in the northwest, but the number of people affected and economic losses are lower than those in the Pampas owing to lower population densities. Flooding can jeopardize access to safe water. A leptospirosis outbreak occurred following a flood in 1998.
Droughts and dust storms
Droughts are the most harmful natural disasters that are difficult to monitor, identify, analyse, and to manage. Events of droughts have considerable and serious negative impacts socially and economically. In the case of Argentina, it is highly dependent on rainfall in order to sustain production related to cereals and oilseeds. Argentina is highly dependent on water supplies originating outside its borders, making it highly vulnerable to changes in water supply due to climate change. In arid parts of the country, agricultural production is highly dependent on irrigation, making it vulnerable to droughts as they can reduce the availability of water which can negatively affect the commercial production of agricultural products or food security for smaller producers that depend on agriculture to feed their families. Droughts are frequent and devastating. Several years of droughts during the last decade have severely affected agricultural production and reduced economic growth. In 2018, a severe drought affected the country from the final months of 2017 to April 2018 was the worst in the last 50 years and one of the 10 most destructive climate related events in the world in 2018. Rainfall in some parts of the country were 50% below normal from December to February. As a result of this, yields of soybeans and maize were reduced by 31% and 20% respectively, both of which make up 37% of all of Argentina's exports. The drought lead to $6 billion in losses and caused the country to enter into a recession. It was labelled by some to be the most expensive disaster on record. Before the drought in 2018, a drought in 2009 was previously the worst drought in more than 50 years. Many cattle died of hunger, and huge swaths of soy, corn and wheat fields were affected. It was estimated that the country lost more than US$5 billion from the drought. A drought in 2011 affected farming of soy and corn, causing losses of US$2.5 billion.
Drier parts of the country are highly prone to dust storms. These include areas west of Buenos Aires, which can average more than eight dust storms per year, and parts of Patagonia, owing to its aridity and windy climate. Certain areas in the Altiplano are also highly prone to dust storms owing to extensive areas of closed depressions and the presence of salt flats that erode the rock, which becomes a source of fine material that can travel large distances during periods of strong wind. Dust storms are more frequent during droughts, particularly in agricultural areas. Dust storms can effect large areas, leading to numerous impacts. These dust storms can lead to loss of crop and livestock, affecting the local economy. Productive topsoil may be lost during dust storms, leading to loss in soil productivity, which can increase soil erosion and negatively affect crop productivity in the long term. In addition to the impact on agriculture, dust storms can damage cars and buildings, lower visibility on roads, affect air quality, and affect water quality in rivers and lakes.
Tornadoes and severe weather
Argentina experiences frequent tornadoes each year. Tornadoes occur in the South American "tornado alley" (Spanish: Pasillo de los Tornados), which includes the provinces of Entre Ríos, Córdoba Province, Santa Fe, La Pampa and Greater Buenos Aires. The frequency of tornadoes is similar to the one found in Tornado Alley in North America. However, there is no exact number of tornado occurrences per year, owing to the lack of data. These regions have the most frequent and intense mesoscale convective systems. Tornadoes occur between November and April. In this region, which occupies most of the Pampas, cold air from Patagonia meets warm, humid air from Brazil with dry air coming from the Andes. When these air masses collide, they can produce intense storms, frequently becoming supercells that can produce tornadoes. With a larger number of convective storms, there is a higher chance that some of these storms will produce tornadoes. Most tornadoes are relatively weak and rarely cause deaths. The strongest tornado recorded in Argentina occurred in 1973 when a tornado struck San Justo, Santa Fe. The tornado was an F5 on the Fujita scale, with winds up to , making it the worst tornado in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Severe storms impact large cities more often and can damage cars, houses and disrupt public services such as transportation and collection and disposal of urban solid waste. The foothills of the Andes and the Sierras de Cordoba are vulnerable to hail. This is because the Andes force humid air from the Atlantic upwards, intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms, making hail more likely. Mendoza, a city located in the Andean foothills, experiences frequent hailstorms that can impact the agriculture of the region. Hailstorms have caused serious losses in both urban and rural areas. It is estimated that wine and fruit production experience yearly losses of US$50 million and US$30 million, respectively, due to hail. Most of these hailstorms occur in the summer although they can occur in winter, particularly in the east where warm and humid air from the north frequently collides with cold air from the south, leading to convective thunderstorms that can produce hail.
Storm surges caused by extratropical cyclones have been recorded along the coastal areas. These storm surges are formed from strong winds that blow towards the land. They are formed due to the interaction between the semi-permanent South Pacific High and a low pressure system over the Atlantic, southeast of Argentina, creating strong winds from the south or southwest. The sudestada, which brings the worst storm surges, occurs when there is a high pressure system over southern Argentina in the Atlantic Ocean that interacts with a low pressure over Uruguay and southern Brazil, causing strong winds from the southeast. Storm surges have caused flooding of coastal areas, leading to extensive property loss and other damage. It is also the main natural factor in the erosion of coastlines. The flooding as a result of storm surges are particularly destructive in flat coastal areas such as the Rio de La Plata shores, and the Salado Basin.
Snowstorms and cold waves
Argentina regularly receives cold air from the south that can reach low latitudes owing to the influence of the Andes. Cold waves are usually accompanied with severe snowstorms or extremely cold conditions that can have a devastating impact on the country's economy. These snowstorms and/or extremely cold conditions can partially or completely paralyze activities in large areas of Patagonia and the center of the country. In addition, cold conditions can lead to energy shortages during the winter months due to increased demand. The low temperatures brought by these cold waves can cause frosts that can damage plants, severely affecting agricultural production and devastating the local economy.
Climate change
According to the national government and scientists, climate change is predicted to have a significant effect on the climate of Argentina. There has been an increase in annual precipitation in almost all of Argentina during the 20th century, particularly in the northeast and the center of the country, where agricultural production has expanded to the west by more than in areas that were previously too dry during middle of the 20th century. In contrast, the Andean part of Patagonia, along with the Cuyo region, has seen a decrease in precipitation, leading to a reduction in river flow in the last 100 years. These trends were observed with an increase in the river–stream flows in most of the country, excluding rivers originating from the Andes, and an increase in extreme precipitation events that led to considerable socioeconomic losses.
Mean temperatures have increased by between 1901 and 2012, slightly lower than the global average. Temperatures in the Andean part of Patagonia have increased by more than , which has caused the retreat of almost all of the glaciers. This is affecting water availability to the arid areas of the country that depend on glacier meltwater. Higher temperatures can reduce winter snowfall, causing river flow to decrease, which in turn can reduce hydroelectric energy production; losses of up to 40% have been observed. There has been a decrease in the number of days with frost, and there have been increases in the frequency of hot nights and heat waves throughout the country.
Within the next two or three decades (2016–2035), mean temperatures are predicted to increase by under the two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. In both scenarios, the projected warming will be more pronounced during the summer months. The predicted trend for precipitation is not as clear as the one for temperature. In the northern and central regions, precipitation is predicted to increase while in most of central–western Argentina and Patagonia, precipitation is predicted to decrease.
Scientists predict that glaciers will continue to recede and melt or, in some areas, disappear. It is also predicted that the Cuyo region could face a potential water crisis due to an increase in water demand caused by a reduction in river streamflows. In the north and central parts of the country, the higher temperatures and lower precipitation projected for this region will lead to higher evaporation, intensifying droughts and leading to desertification. Heat waves could become more frequent and intense, negatively impacting agricultural production while placing more demand on energy needs. Intense precipitation could become more common, increasing the likelihood of suffering from events such as flooding, since most of its population lives in urban areas near a body of water (rivers, lakes and oceans). Though most of the coastal regions of Argentina will not suffer permanent flooding associated with sea level rise, it is predicted that storm surges will become more frequent in coastal areas, affecting locations such as Buenos Aires.
See also
Agriculture in Argentina
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)
Climate of Buenos Aires
Geography of Argentina
Geographical regions of Argentina
Environment of Argentina
Glaciers of Argentina
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
General overview
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Descriptions of the climate in most provinces of Argentina
Centro Regional del Clima para el Sur de América del Sur
Maps and imagery
Climatic Atlas from Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Climatic Atlas from Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
Mean temperatures of Argentina by month
Mean precipitation of Argentina by month
Climate statistics
WMO climate normals of various stations in Argentina from the period 1981–2010 (list of stations)
WMO climate normals of various stations in Argentina from the period 1961–1990 (list of stations)
Bioclimatic data for 173 stations in Argentina
Estadísticas meteorológicas decadiales
Daily weather data in the last 365 days for stations operated by Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Agrometeorological data for stations operated by Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
Argentina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Trinity%20Cathedral%2C%20Karachi
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Holy Trinity Cathedral, Karachi
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Holy Trinity Cathedral is the seat of the Church of Pakistan, Diocese of Karachi, situated on Fatima Jinnah Road, near Zainab Market, in Karachi, Pakistan.
History
Established in 1844 and built in 1855, the Holy Trinity Church located on Fatima Jinnah Road, Karachi, is one of the first major churches built in the area. Designed by the Captain of the Bombay Engineers, John Hill, the church had a nave stretching 115 feet, followed by a tower standing at 150 feet tall. The church was built with buff colored Gizri stone and the architectural design made it unique. The church followed a Romanesque layout which made it stand out compared to the buildings located around. At the top of the tower, since there were no lighthouses, it was given beacons to help ships in the Karachi Harbour. In 1904, Captain John Hill and Chief Engineer John Brunton, reviewed the cathedral and found that the foundation was showing signs of weakness and removed the top two stories, giving the tower a new height of 115 feet. During World War I, the churches tower was used as a signaling station, and soon in 1970 the pitched roof from the original design was replaced with barrel vaulted roof. Since the church is a former garrison church for the British military, it was designed to accommodate 800 worshipers and memorialize British servicemen who died in various campaigns and their history.
References
External links
Church of Pakistan
Circa-1890 photos of Trinity church at Sindhisaan.com
Trinity Church, Karachi at the British Archives
Churches in Karachi
Karachi
Heritage sites in Karachi
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6903187
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20by%20the%20Salley%20Gardens
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Down by the Salley Gardens
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"Down by the Salley Gardens" (Irish: Gort na Saileán) is a poem by William Butler Yeats published in The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems in 1889.
History
Yeats indicated in a note that it was "an attempt to reconstruct an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballisodare, Sligo, who often sings them to herself." The "old song" may have been the ballad The Rambling Boys of Pleasure which contains the following verse:
"Down by yon flowery garden my love and I we first did meet.
I took her in my arms and to her I gave kisses sweet
She bade me take life easy just as the leaves fall from the tree.
But I being young and foolish, with my darling did not agree."
The similarity to the first verse of the Yeats version is unmistakable and would suggest that this was indeed the song Yeats remembered the old woman singing. The rest of the song, however, is quite different.
Yeats's original title, "An Old Song Re-Sung", reflected his debt to The Rambling Boys of Pleasure. It first appeared under its present title when it was reprinted in Poems in 1895.
Poem
Down by the salley gardens my love and I did meet;
She passed the salley gardens with little snow-white feet.
She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;
But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.
In a field by the river my love and I did stand,
And on my leaning shoulder she laid her snow-white hand.
She bid me take life easy, as the grass grows on the weirs;
But I was young and foolish, and now am full of tears.
Location
It has been suggested that the location of the "Salley Gardens" was on the banks of the river at Ballysadare near Sligo where the residents cultivated trees to provide roof thatching materials. "Salley" or "sally" is a form of the Standard English word "sallow", i.e., a tree of the genus Salix. It is close in sound to the Irish word saileach, meaning willow.
Musical settings
The verse was subsequently set to music by Herbert Hughes to the traditional air "The Maids of Mourne Shore" in 1909. In the 1920s composer Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979) set the text to her own music. The composer John Ireland (18791962) set the words to an original melody in his song cycle Songs Sacred and Profane, written in 192931. There is also a vocal setting by the poet and composer Ivor Gurney, which was published in 1938. Benjamin Britten published a setting of the poem in 1943, using the tune Hughes collected. In 1988, the American composer John Corigliano wrote and published his setting with the G. Schirmer Inc. publishing company.
Recordings
The poem has been part of the repertoire of many singers and groups, mostly set on "The Maids of Mourne Shore"'s melody. Notable recordings include:
Peter Pears on his 10-inch 78rpm Decca set (LA 30), with piano accompaniment by Benjamin Britten
John McCormack in 1941, by EMI, reissued on Pearl's "Final Recordings 1941-42" (1995)
Kathleen Ferrier in 1949
Alfred Deller his album Western Wind (1958)
Kenneth McKellar on his album The Songs of Ireland (1960)
Marianne Faithfull on her joint-debut album of folk songs, Come My Way (1965)
Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy on their album, Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy (listed as "Sally Gardens") (1976)
Andy Irvine on Planxty's album After The Break sang the "old song" "You Rambling Boys of Pleasure" set to the poem's usual melody (1979)
Clannad on their live albums Clannad in Concert (1979) and Clannad Live in Concert (2005), and on the compilation album Celtic Myst (1997)
James Galway recorded a flute instrumental version which has appeared on several of his albums
Angelo Branduardi on his album Branduardi canta Yeats (1986)
Soprano Arleen Auger recorded Benjamin Britten's arrangement on her album Love Songs (1988)
Male soprano Aris Christofellis accompanied by Theodore Kotepanos on piano, on the album Recital (1989)
Tomás Mac Eoin, who recorded it with instrumental accompaniment by The Waterboys, released by Mac Eoin as a single in 1989 and also on the 2008 collectors' edition of the Waterboys album Room to Roam
Kathryn Roberts on the Album intuition (1993)
The Rankin Family on their greatest hits album Collection (1996)
Maura O'Connell on her album Wandering Home (1997) and with Karen Matheson during Transatlantic Sessions 2 (1998)
Tamalin, who recorded an Irish language version of the song on the 1997 compilation album Now and in a Time to Be, a collection of Yeats' poems set to music
Bardic, on her album Greenish (1998)
Dolores Keane, in a recording used during the end credits to the 1998 film Dancing at Lughnasa
Órla Fallon of Celtic Woman on her solo CD The Water is Wide (2000)
Andreas Scholl on the CD Wayfaring Stranger (2001)
Kathy Kelly on her album Straight from My Heart (2002)
Jim McCann on the album Ireland's Greatest Love Songs (2003)
South Korean operatic pop (popera) singer Lim Hyung Joo on his album Salley Garden (2003)
Jeffrey Foucault, Kris Delmhorst, and Peter Mulvey on the album Redbird (2003)
Josephine Foster on A Diadem (2005)
Méav Ní Mhaolchatha, also from Celtic Woman, sung it on her solo CD A Celtic Journey (2006)
The Whiffenpoofs have released a number of recordings of a John Kelley arrangement of the Hughes melody (with lyrics for an additional middle verse written by Channing Hughes)
Soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø on her album Into Paradise (2006)
Black 47 on 40 Shades of Blue
Cambridge Singers in an arrangement by John Rutter
Tangerine Dream, who recorded an instrumental version for their Choice EP (2008)
Judith Owen who performed the song as part of Richard Thompson's 1000 Years of Popular Music in a live DVD (2008)
The Waterboys on their album Room to roam – collectors edition (2008)
The Canadian singer and songwriter Loreena McKennitt on her album The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2010)
Laura Wright recorded a version, featured on her album The Last Rose (2011)
Japanese singer Hitomi Azuma, for the ending theme of the anime series Fractale (2011)
Grace Knight on her album Keep Cool Fool (2012)
The South Korean opera singer Lim Hyung-joo on his album Oriental Love (2012)
Peter Hollens, a famous a capella singer, on his YouTube channel (2014)
Alexander Armstrong, on his album A Year of Songs (2015)
Sam Kelly on his album The Lost Boys (2015)
Emma Thompson as Mrs Justice Fiona Maye in The Children Act (2017)
Steve Forbert on his album More Young, Guitar Days (2002) and also on Best Of The Downloads, Vols.1&2 (2008)
Celtic Woman on their album Postcards from Ireland (2021)
See also
1889 in poetry
List of works by William Butler Yeats
Down in the Willow Garden, a traditional folk song with similar lyrics
Notes
External links
Ariella Uliano: 'Salley Gardens' song from the album 'A.U. (almost) a Compilation', 2009.
Poetry by W. B. Yeats
Irish songs
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6903189
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA%20Flight%20840%20bombing
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TWA Flight 840 bombing
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Trans World Airlines Flight 840 was a regularly scheduled flight from Los Angeles to Cairo via New York City, Rome, and Athens on April 2, 1986. About 20 minutes before landing in Athens, a bomb was detonated on the aircraft while it was over Argos, Greece, blasting a hole in the plane's starboard side. Four passengers died after being blown out, while another seven were injured by flying shrapnel and debris. The aircraft then made a successful emergency landing with no further loss of life.
Aircraft
The Boeing 727-231 involved in the incident was delivered to TWA in 1974, with the registration N54340. It was fitted with 3 P&W JT8D-5 turbofan engines.
Flight
The flight originated in Los Angeles on a Boeing 747 and transferred to a Boeing 727 in Rome for the remainder of the flight. After taking off from Rome, Italy, the flight remained uneventful until around 20 minutes before landing at Athens, when the aircraft was at around . A bomb hidden underneath seat 10F during an earlier leg of the flight detonated, blasting a hole in the starboard side of the fuselage in front of the wing.
Four American passengers, including an eight-month-old infant, were ejected through the hole to their deaths below. The victims were identified as a Colombian-American man; and a woman, her daughter, and her infant granddaughter. Seven others on the aircraft were injured by shrapnel as the cabin suffered a rapid decompression. However, as the aircraft was in the middle of its approach to Athens, the explosion wasn't as catastrophic as it would have been at a higher altitude. The remaining 110 passengers survived the incident as pilot Richard "Pete" Petersen made an emergency landing.
Aftermath
The bodies of three of the four victims were later recovered from an unused Greek Air Force landing strip near Argos; the fourth was found in the sea.
A group calling itself the Arab Revolutionary Cells claimed responsibility, saying it was committed in retaliation for American imperialism and clashes with Libya in the Gulf of Sidra the week before.
The aircraft was substantially damaged but was repaired and returned to service until TWA ceased operations in 2001. The aircraft was later scrapped in 2002
Investigation
Investigators concluded that the bomb contained one pound of plastic explosive. As the bomb was placed on by the floor of the cabin, the explosion tore a hole downward, where the fuselage absorbed the most damage. It is suspected it had been placed beneath the seat on a previous journey by a Lebanese woman (later arrested, never convicted) who worked for the Abu Nidal Organisation, which was dedicated to the destruction of the state of Israel. They had previously hijacked and bombed several other aircraft, as well as committing various terrorist attacks in parts of the Middle East.
See also
Daallo Airlines Flight 159 - Similar incident in which a suicide bomber detonated a bomb on board, whereafter the plane managed to make a successful emergency landing
Philippine Airlines Flight 434 - A 747 where a bomb went off, followed by a successful emergency landing
Pan Am Flight 830 - Another 747 that landed safely after a bomb exploded
United Airlines Flight 811 - Experienced an explosion after the cargo door opened in mid-flight, causing several passengers to be blown out of the aircraft
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
References
External links
"Hell on Athens Flight 840" by Nancy Locke Hauser (now Capers), July 1986, Cosmopolitan Magazine
Mass murder in 1986
Failed airliner bombings
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986
840
Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece
Abu Nidal attacks
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe
1986 in Greece
1986 in the United States
1986 in international relations
1986 crimes in Greece
Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1986
Terrorist incidents in Greece
April 1986 events in Europe
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727
Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups
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23578429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%20Aghazamani
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Saman Aghazamani
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Saman Aghazamani (, born January 14, 1989) ) is a retired Iranian footballer who last played for Aluminium Arak and Perspolis among other clubs in Persian Gulf Pro League.
He has played for Saipa Tehran, Persepolis Tehran, Rah Ahan , Ararat Yerevan, Saba Qom, Naft Tehran.
Aghazamani was born in Tehran and participated in Iranian youth teams and Omid Iran.
Club career
He started his professional career with Saipa and moved to Persepolis June 2009 and was used as defensive midfielder, right back. He extended his contract with Persepolis for three years, kepping him in the team till 2015.
On 13 January 2014, Aghazamani joined Rah Ahan with signing a two-and-half-year contract.
Club career statistics
Last Update: 10 May 2016
International career
Aghazamani is also part of Iran U23. He was captain of Iran U20.
Honours
Persepolis
Hazfi Cup: 2009–10, 2010–11
References
External links
Saman Aghazamani at PersianLeague.com
1989 births
Saipa F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. players
Rah Ahan players
Iranian expatriate footballers
Living people
Iranian footballers
Association football fullbacks
Association football midfielders
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23578438
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20C.%20Verma
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K. C. Verma
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Krishan Chander Verma (born 30 March 1949) was the Director of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), the external intelligence agency of India, his official designation was Secretary (R). He did his schooling from Mayo College, Ajmer. He belongs to the 1971 Jharkhand IPS cadre. He started his career at the Intelligence Bureau, was appointed as head of the Narcotics Control Bureau in 2005, and was later elevated to the position of Secretary (Security) and also served as Internal Security Adviser to Home Minister. He was laterally transferred to head R&AW after Ashok Chaturvedi retired from the post on 31 January 2009. One of the major challenges for K. C. Verma had been professionalise and streamline the agency, which has been in news in recent times for various scandals and controversies.
Verma was scheduled to superannuate on 31 January 2011, whereas his No. 2, Sanjeev Tripathi was due to retire on 31 December 2010. Verma had relinquished charge of Secretary (R) on 30 December 2010 on voluntary retirement, to allow Tripathi to take over, under an informal government promise to post him as Chairman, NTRO, because of Tripathi's influential lobby (his father-in-law being Gauri Shankar Bajpai, former R&AW chief); but the government did not post Verma to NTRO. Subsequently, P. Vijay Kumar was made NTRO chief.
References
1949 births
Living people
Indian police officers
Spymasters
People of the Research and Analysis Wing
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6903196
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni%20Huntley
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Joni Huntley
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Joni Luann Huntley (born August 4, 1956) is an American high jumper. She competed at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1984, placing fifth in 1976. At the Pan American Games she won a gold medal in 1975 and a bronze in 1983. She was ranked as third-best high jumper in the world in 1975. Domestically she won the national title in 1974–77 and set four American records in 1974–75.
Prep
Huntley was born in McMinnville, Oregon, and raised in Sheridan, Oregon, where she attended Sheridan High School. While there she was the first high school girl over 6 feet, setting the NFHS national high school record.
College
Huntley is a graduate of Oregon State University graduate school and Long Beach State undergraduate. Huntley set an OSU high jump record of 6 feet 2 3/4 inches, which still stands. Huntley graduated from Long Beach State in California to work with 1988 Summer Olympics assistant coach Dave Rodda.
Professional
Huntley served as an assistant track and field coach at Oregon State Beavers starting in 1981 when she started her masters of education program at Oregon State University College of Education.
Huntley spent her professional career as a kindergarten teacher in the Portland Public Schools and as a coach, including leading workshops for young athletes and coaching for the Portland Track Club.
Personal
Huntley is a retired teacher at Forest Park Elementary and she lives in the in Portland Metro area and has two daughters.
References
External links
Joni Huntley (1956–) By Christine Chute Oregon Encyclopedia
Living people
1956 births
American female high jumpers
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Oregon State University alumni
Track and field athletes from Oregon
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
21st-century American women
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23578439
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20MercedesCup
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2009 MercedesCup
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The 2009 Mercedes Cup was a man's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 32nd edition of the Stuttgart Open and was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It was held at the Tennis Club Weissenhof in Stuttgart, Germany, from 11 July 11 until 19 July 2009. Jérémy Chardy won the singles title.
ATP entrants
Seeds
Seedings are based on the rankings of July 6, 2009.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw
Simon Greul
Stefan Koubek
Michael Berrer
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Łukasz Kubot
Pablo Andújar
Daniel Muñoz-de la Nava
Dominik Meffert
Finals
Singles
Jérémy Chardy defeated Victor Hănescu, 1–6, 6–3, 6–4
It was Chardy's first career title.
Doubles
František Čermák / Michal Mertiňák defeated Victor Hănescu / Horia Tecău, 7–5, 6–4
References
External links
Official website
Stuttgart Open
Stuttgart Open
2009 in German tennis
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6903212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahway%20Public%20Schools
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Rahway Public Schools
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The Rahway Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade from Rahway, in Union County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2017-18 school year, the district, comprising six schools, had an enrollment of 3,922 students and 328.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "CD", the sixth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Grover Cleveland Elementary School (559 students; in grades PreK-6)
Al Giambrone, Principal
Franklin Elementary School (647; PreK-6)
Aleya Shoieb, Principal
Madison Elementary School (349; PreK-6)
Arina Robinson, Principal
Roosevelt Elementary School (608; PreK-6)
Dr. Cary Fields, Principal
Middle school
Rahway 7th & 8th Grade Academy (599; 7-8)
Alan Johnson, Principal
High school
Rahway High School (1,090; 9-12)
John Farinella, Principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Tricia Camp, Superintendent
Albert DiGiorgio, Business Administrator / Board Secretary
The district's board of education has nine members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election.
References
External links
Rahway Public Schools
School Data for the Rahway Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
New Jersey District Factor Group CD
Rahway, New Jersey
School districts in Union County, New Jersey
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6903214
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA%20Flight%20840%20hijacking
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TWA Flight 840 hijacking
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TWA Flight 840 was a Trans World Airlines flight from Leonardo da Vinci International Airport in Rome, Italy to Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel, that was hijacked on 29 August 1969. There were no fatalities although at least two passengers were lightly wounded and the aircraft was significantly damaged. Two hostages were held for two months.
Hijacking
In August 1969, leaders in the Palestinian left-wing organization Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) learned that Yitzhak Rabin, then Israeli Ambassador to the United States, was scheduled to be aboard a Trans World Airlines (TWA) Rome-Athens-Tel Aviv flight. Late that month (on the 29th), two operatives, Leila Khaled and Salim Issawi, hijacked the aircraft. Rabin was not aboard, but American diplomat Thomas D. Boyatt was. The hijackers made the pilots land the aircraft at Damascus International Airport in Syria. They evacuated the aircraft, a Boeing 707, and blew up the nose section of the aircraft. The Syrian authorities arrested the hijackers and immediately released the 12 crew members and 95 passengers, retaining at first six Israeli passengers. Of those, four were released on the 30th. The remaining two Israeli passengers were released in December in return for 71 Syrian and Egyptian soldiers released by Israel. The two Palestinian hijackers had been released without charges in mid-October.
The aircraft sustained $4 million in damage. Boeing repaired the aircraft, fitting the nose section diverted from the production line at Renton and outfitted to the aircraft's specifications. The aircraft was re-registered N28714 and returned to service. In March 1980, the aircraft was withdrawn from service and flown to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for use as spares for the KC-135 Stratotanker fleet of the United States Air Force. The aircraft's registration was canceled in March 1984.
Thomas Boyatt has received many medals and awards for his bravery and heroism during the hijacking, including a Meritorious Honor Award.
References
See also
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
Aircraft hijackings
840
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1969
1969 crimes
Aviation accidents and incidents in Syria
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe
1969 in Syria
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups
Terrorist incidents in Greece
August 1969 events in Europe
1969 crimes in Greece
Terrorist incidents in Greece in the 1960s
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1969
Greece–State of Palestine relations
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23578454
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20censorship%20in%20New%20Zealand
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Internet censorship in New Zealand
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Internet censorship in New Zealand refers to the Government of New Zealand's system for filtering website traffic to prevent Internet users from accessing certain selected sites and material. While there are many types of objectionable content under New Zealand law, the filter specifically targets content depicting the sexual abuse or exploitation of children and young persons. The Department of Internal Affairs runs the filtering system, dubbed the Digital Child Exploitation Filtering System (DCEFS). It is voluntary for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to join.
History
In August 1993, the New Zealand Parliament passed the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993, which made it the responsibility of the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) to restrict objectionable content in the country. It didn't include any provisions for Internet content. Then, in February 2005, the New Zealand Parliament amended the 1993 act to explicitly prevent ISPs from being prosecuted for their users transmitted objectionable content.
In March 2009, the Minister for Communications and IT, Steven Joyce, stated that the government had been following the controversy surrounding Internet censorship in Australia, and had no plans to introduce something similar in New Zealand. He acknowledged that filtering can cause delays for all Internet users, and that those who are determined to get around any filter will find a way to do so. Later in July of the same year, it was reported that the Department of Internal Affairs had plans to introduce Internet filtering in New Zealand. The project, using Swedish software, cost $150,000. February 2010 saw the first meeting of the Independent Reference Group, who are tasked with overseeing the responsible implementation of the DCEFS. In March 2010, a year after Joyce stated that there were no plans to do so, the Department of Internal Affairs stated that the filter was operational and in use. Tech Liberty NZ objected to the launch of the filter, but DIA defended the system and noted that trials over two years showed that the filter did not affect the speed or stability of the internet.
In March 2019, several websites disseminating footage of the Christchurch mosque shooting were censored by major ISPs in Australia and New Zealand, including 4chan, 8chan, and LiveLeak.
Technical details
The Department of Internal Affairs maintains a hidden list of banned URLs and their internet addresses on a NetClean WhiteBox server, which as of 2009 contained over 7000 websites. The DIA then uses the Border Gateway Protocol to tell ISPs that they have the best connection to those internet addresses.
When a user tries to access a website, the ISP will automatically send their data through the best connection possible. If the user is trying to access a website hosted at an internet address that the DIA claims to have the best connection to, the ISP will divert the traffic to the DIA.
If the website the user is trying to access is on the DIA's list of banned URLs, then the connection is blocked by the WhiteBox server. The user instead sees a filter notice page and has the option of getting counselling or anonymously appealing the ban.
If the website is not on the list of banned URLs, then the DIA transparently passes on the data to the actual website and the user is left unaware that the request was checked.
ISPs using the system
Some of the largest ISPs in New Zealand, including Spark New Zealand, Vodafone, 2degrees, Compass, Kordia, Maxnet, Now, and Xtreme Networks are using the DCEFS, which as of 2017 make up over 75% of the domestic market, as well as 100% of cellular carriers.
Legal backing
The Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act of 1993 (FVPC Act) makes it the responsibility of the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) to administer the restriction of objectionable content in the country. This includes the power to seize the offending publication, which was later interpreted to include images and video posted online, given that the original FVPC Act gave no guidelines for Internet content.
However, while the FVPC Act was interpreted to include the search and seizure of Internet content hosted in New Zealand, it wasn't possible for the DIA to directly take down the website in another jurisdiction. Furthermore, the FVPC Act doesn't give the DIA the right to mandate a block of objectionable content hosted in other jurisdictions, meaning that they can't create a compulsory filter.
The FVPC Act defines many forms of objectionable content, such as depictions of torture, degrading sexual acts, bestiality, sexual violence, abuse of children, and necrophilia, especially in conjunction with the promotion of discrimination, crime, terrorism or dehumanization. Given the fact that the DIA couldn't make the filter compulsory for ISPs, they chose to choose to limit the filter to block the exploitation of children rather than targeting all objectionable content, as it is easy to garner public support for fighting child abuse.
Positions
Support
The DIA implemented the DCEFS with that stated intent of preventing child predators from accessing child abuse images, thereby preventing their spread as much as possible. Proponents of the system tout its over one million blocks per month as evidence of its necessity as part of a multifaceted approach to combating child exploitation.
The DIA claims the system is helpful in educating users about this type of child abuse. The system also prevents innocent users from accidentally accessing images of child abuse, which the DIA claims is a public expectation of the government and ISPs.
In addition, supporters of the system argue that there is nothing inherently bad in ISPs offering internet filtering, as many ISPs offered it before the DCEFS was even built.
Against
Critics of the DCEFS have cited numerous problems including performance, transparency, and security concerns. While the DIA claims that the filter will not cause issues, opponents of the system claimed that it has made major missteps, such as catching a Google-owned internet address in the filter, causing significant slowdowns. There are also concerns that the filter simply won't work, as it can be bypassed by commonly available technologies such as using encryption or non-HTTP based file sharing methods.
Civil rights groups, such as TechLibertyNZ have criticized the system for its lack of transparency due to their refusal to release the list of what is being banned, as well as what they view as a purposefully hidden launch of the system. TechLibertyNZ claims that the government could secretly add other sites they want to restrict to the hidden list.
Finally, there are concerns over the security of such a system, mainly due to its use of the trust-based BGP protocol. If someone got access to the system, they could redirect any internet traffic in between New Zealand ISPs. The DIA argues this is not a vulnerability unique to the DCEFS and that their security is industry standard.
See also
Internet censorship
Internet in New Zealand
Censorship in New Zealand
References
External links
Internet and website filter - Department of Internal Affairs
Internet Filtering FAQ - Tech Liberty NZ
The filtered notice page
New Zealand
New Zealand
Censorship
Censorship in New Zealand
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23578469
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroomi%20Fujita
|
Hiroomi Fujita
|
is a Japanese judoka.
Fujita is from Goshogawara, Aomori. He began judo at the junior high school days and won gold medal at World Junior Championships in 1994, World University Championships in 1996, East Asian Games in 1997, and so on.
After graduation from Tokai University, He belonged to Asahi Kasei.
Fujita retired in 2000.
References
Japanese male judoka
People from Goshogawara
Sportspeople from Aomori Prefecture
1976 births
Living people
Tokai University alumni
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23578479
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassytha%20melantha
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Cassytha melantha
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Cassytha melantha is a parasitic vine. Common names include coarse dodder-laurel and large dodder-laurel. The fruits are about in diameter and are green, drying to black. These are edible and are harvested in the wild.
The species occurs in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales in Australia.
The name has sometimes been misapplied to Cassytha filiformis.
References
melantha
Laurales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Victoria (Australia)
Flora of Tasmania
Angiosperms of Western Australia
Parasitic plants
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)
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23578483
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clouds%20%28composition%29
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The Clouds (composition)
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"The Clouds" is a 1959 instrumental by The Spacemen, an instrumental studio group. The single released on the Alton label, was the only chart hit by The Spacemen. "The Clouds" hit number one on the R&B chart for three non consecutive weeks, and also peaked at number forty-one on the Hot 100.
References
1959 singles
1950s instrumentals
1959 songs
Song articles with missing songwriters
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23578492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalmann
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Thalmann
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Thalmann is a surname of:
Alexander E. Thalmann (1992-2014), American police officer
(1919–1975), German politician (LDPD)
Carmen Thalmann (born 1989), Austrian female alpine skier
Clara Thalmann, née Enser (1910–1987), Swiss female anarchist
Dionysius "Dionys" Thalmann (born 1953), Swiss sprint canoeist
Edward D. Thalmann (1945–2004), American Naval officer and hyperbaric medicine specialist who developed algorithms for deep-sea diving
Ernst Thälmann (1886–1944), German communist politician
Gaëlle Thalmann (born 1986), Swiss footballer
(born 1963), German motocross racer
(born 1953), German musician, musicologist and journalist
Kerry L. Thalmann, American landscape photographer
(1890–1944), German painter, woodcarver, graphic artist, illustrator and book artist
Paul Thalmann (anarchist) (1901–1980), Swiss author, editor, resistant, communist and anarchist
Paul Thalmann (footballer) (born 1884), Swiss footballer
(1915–2002), Swiss Catholic theologian and priest
Sophie Thalmann (born 1976), French model, Miss France (1998)
Other
Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services, NYSE Amex-listed company (LTS), a diversified financial services company
Thalmann algorithm (VVAL 18), a decompression model originally designed for the U.S. Navy, in wide use by military and civilian dive computers
Thalmann Mountains, group of mountains in the Muhlig-Hofmann Mountains
See also
Thalman
Thälmann
German-language surnames
Jewish surnames
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23578527
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Stock
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James Stock
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James Stock may refer to:
James H. Stock (born 1955), American economist
James Henry Stock (1855–1907), British Member of Parliament for Liverpool Walton
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6903219
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Dee%20Graham
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Jon Dee Graham
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Jon Dee Graham is an American musician, guitarist and songwriter from Austin, Texas, United States. Graham was named the Austin Musician of the Year during the South by Southwest (SXSW) music conference in 2006. He was inducted into the Austin Music Hall of Fame three times: as a solo artist in 2000, again in 2008 as a member of The Skunks, and again in 2009 as a member of the True Believers.
The Skunks formed in 1978, with a lineup featuring Jesse Sublett on bass and vocals and Bill Blackmon on drums. Graham joined as their new guitarist (replacing Eddie Munoz, who departed to join The Plimsouls) in 1979. Graham's guitar can be heard on the band's live CD, Live: Earthquake Shake, released in 2000.
The True Believers, which included Alejandro Escovedo and his brother, Javier Escovedo, are widely considered by critics to be seminal figures in the fusion of literary songwriting and punk rock, a sound often referred to as cowpunk, a subset of alternative country.
Jon Dee Graham went on to play with John Doe, Exene Cervenka, James McMurtry, Eliza Gilkyson, Kelly Willis, John Hiatt, Michelle Shocked, Patty Griffin, Calvin Russell, and Lone Justice.
His music has been featured in soundtracks such as Ladder 49 and Veronica Mars. In 1992, Patty Smyth covered Graham's song, "One Moment to Another" on her album, Patty Smyth.
Career
To date, Graham has released ten solo albums: Escape from Monster Island (1997, Freedom Records); Summerland (1999, New West Records); Hooray for the Moon (2002, New West Records); The Great Battle (2004, New West Records); Full (2006, Freedom Records); Swept Away (Film Soundtrack) (2008, Freedom Records) It's Not As Bad As It Looks (2010, Freedom Records), and Garage Sale (2012, Freedom Records), "Do Not Forget" (2015 Freedom Records), and "Knoxville Skyline" (2016, South Central). His 2004 record, The Great Battle, was produced by Austin guitarist Charlie Sexton, a longtime member of Bob Dylan's band.
Graham's music generally explores the struggles adults face as they work to raise their children, maintain marriages and jobs, and grapple with the quick passage of time. Despite the heaviness of such themes, Graham's music is infused with a strong sense of the joys of life and the need to remain optimistic.
Graham's second son, Willie, suffered from a chronic, rare childhood disease called Legg-Perthes. In 2005, the Austin music community banded together in an effort to raise money for Willie's treatment. The resulting benefit concert at Austin's Continental Club became a CD/DVD release called "Big Sweet Life: The Songs of Jon Dee Graham." Musicians like Alejandro Escovedo, Bob Schneider, David Garza, Ray Wylie Hubbard, Ian McLagan, and Steve Poltz all contributed by covering Graham's tunes. An additional benefit concert, held the same night at the Saxon Pub, featured performances by Roky Erickson and the Skunks. Graham commuted the short distance between clubs to participate in both shows.
Over the years, Graham has been backed by Jim Keltner, Rafael Gayol, Mark Andes, Michael Hardwick, and Andrew Duplantis, who went on to play in Son Volt with Jay Farrar.
In early 2006, production began on a feature-length documentary on Graham and his music. Entitled, Jon Dee Graham: Swept Away, it was released on DVD on May 20, 2008 and later made available to stream on Amazon Prime. The film was directed by a friend of Graham's, Mark Finkelpearl, who happens to be a documentary television professional with a background on the staffs of the Discovery Channel and National Geographic Television.
In August 2008, Graham underwent emergency surgery after being injured in a one-car accident.
In 2012, Susan Cowsill, Freedy Johnston, and Graham, working together as The Hobart Brothers and Lil' Sis Hobart, released a collaborative album on Freedom Records entitled At Least We Have Each Other.
Dreamer: A Tribute to Kent Finlay, released in early 2016 on Austin-based Eight 30 Records, features Graham's version of Finlay's "Taken Better Care of Myself." That year Graham performed at FitzGerald's American Music Festival.
In 2019, Graham announced plans and launched a fan-funding campaign to record a new album in conjunction with his 60th birthday.
Discography
Albums
Escape From Monster Island – 1997 (Freedom)
Summerland – 1999 (New West)
Hooray For The Moon – 2002 (New West)
The Great Battle – 2004 (New West)
First Bear On The Moon – 2005 (Freedom)
Big Sweet Life: The Songs of Jon Dee Graham – 2005 (Freedom)
FULL – 2006 (Freedom)
Swept Away (Music from the documentary film by Mark Finkelpearl) – 2008 (Freedom)
It's Not As Bad As It Looks – 2010 (Freedom)
At Least We Have Each Other - The Hobart Brothers with Lil' Sis – 2012 (Freedom)
Garage Sale – 2012 (Freedom)
Do Not Forget – 2015 (Freedom)
Knoxville Skyline – 2016 (South Central Music)
Guitar, producer, vocals
1986 "Blue City", Ry Cooder, Guitar
1986 "True Believers", True Believers, Guitar, Guitar (Steel), Vocals
1990 "Meet John Doe", John Doe, Guitar
1990 "Running Sacred", Exene Cervenka, Guitar (Electric)
1992 Edge of the Valley, Terry Garland Guitar (Acoustic), Bass, Guitar, Arranger, Guitar (Electric), Guitar (Steel), Tambourine, Lap Steel Guitar
1992 Forever Simon Bonney Dobro, Lap Steel Guitar, Bottleneck Guitar
1993 13 Ribs Susan Voelz Bass, Guitar, Vocals (background)
1993 Hasta La Victoria! The Silos
1994 Adequate Desire Michael Hall Lap Steel Guitar
1994 "Hard Road", The True Believers, Guitar, Guitar (Steel), Vocals
1994 Susan Across the Ocean The Silos Lap Steel Guitar
1995 Can O' Worms Dan Stuart Guitar, Vocals, Lap Steel Guitar
1997 Anchorless Kacy Crowley Guitar (Electric)
1997 Dream of the Dog Calvin Russell Guitar, Arranger, Producer, Lap Steel Guitar
1997 Glad I'm a Girl Various Artists Bass, Guitar, Vocals (background)
1997 Too Much Is Not Enough Too Much TV Slide Guitar
1997 Way Things Are Polk, Barton and Towhead Lap Steel Guitar
1998 "One Possible Explanation" Roberto Moreno, Wicked Lead Guitar, Lap Steel, Vocals
1998 Anchorless [Bonus Track] Kacy Crowley Guitar (Electric)
1998 Crooked Mile Trish Murphy Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar (Electric), Multi Instruments, Lap Steel Guitar, Guitar (Baritone)
1998 Gogitchyershinebox The Gourds, Guitar
1998 Plebeians The Plebeians Guitar, Lap Steel Guitar
1998 Stadium Blitzer The Gourds Lap Steel Guitar
1998 This Is My Life Calvin Russell Guitar
1998 Uprooted: The Best of Roots Country Singer/Songwriter Various Artists Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Guitar (Electric), Lap Steel Guitar
1998 We All Fall Down Gerald Bair Guitar (Electric)
1999 What I Deserve Kelly Willis, Guitar (Electric), Lap Steel Guitar
2000 And All The Colors... Ian Moore Lap Steel Guitar
2000 Bolsa de Agua The Gourds, Lap Steel Guitar
2000 Lunette Jim Roll Guitar, Lap Steel Guitar
2000 Young Guitar Slingers: Texas Blues Evolution Various Artists Lap Steel Guitar
2001 "Attacks" Roberto Moreno, Lap Steel
2001 Earthquake Shake Skunks Guitar
2001 Midnight Pumpkin Toni Price Lap Steel Guitar
2001 Slinky Presents Superclub DJ's Guy Ornadel Producer
2002 Buttermilk & Rifles Kevin Russell's Junker Lap Steel Guitar
2002 Electric Jack Ingram Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Guitar (Electric)
2002 Everybody Loves a Winner Jeff Klein Guitar (Electric), Choir, Chorus
2002 From Hell to Breakfast: A Taste of Sugar Hill's Te Various Artists Lap Steel Guitar
2003 Growl Ray Wylie Hubbard Vocals, Lap Steel Guitar
2003 Patricia Vonne [Bandolera] Patricia Vonne Lap Steel Guitar
2004 Boogie Man Omar & The Howlers Guitar
2004 Land of Milk and Honey Eliza Gilkyson Guitar (Electric), Harmony Vocals
2004 Moodswing Kacy Crowley Guitar, Producer, Mixing, Mando-Guitar
2004 "Por Vida: A Tribute to the Songs of Alejandro Escovedo", Various Artists, Guitar, Vocals
2004 "Resentments", The Resentments Guitar (Acoustic), Dobro, Guitar (Electric), Vocals, Organ (Pump), Lap Steel Guitar, Group Member
2005 Guitars & Castanets Patricia Vonne Lap Steel Guitar
2006 Big Star Small World Various Artists Guitar, Lap Steel Guitar
2006 "Boxing Mirror", Alejandro Escovedo, Guitar
2006 Tales from the Tavern, Vol. 1
2009 Live In Europe CD and DVD (James McMurtry), Guitar on Laredo
See also
Music of Austin
References
Further reading
External links
KUT FM: "Swept Away"
KUT FM: Jon Dee Graham Live - November 28, 2007
KUT FM: Austin's Reluctant Rock Star
James McMurtry with John Dee Graham album note
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male songwriters
Guitarists from Texas
Musicians from Austin, Texas
New West Records artists
Songwriters from Texas
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17336021
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mavericks%20discography
|
The Mavericks discography
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American country music band The Mavericks have released eleven studio albums, four six compilation albums, three live albums and one EP album. The band's highest-certified album is 1994's What a Crying Shame, certified platinum by the RIAA and double platinum by the CRIA. 1995's Music for All Occasions was certified gold in the US and platinum in Canada, while Trampoline and It's Now! It's Live!, both from 1998, earned gold certification in Canada.
The Mavericks also released twenty singles. Although fourteen of these charted on the Billboard country singles charts, none reached Top Ten on that chart, with the highest-peaking being the number 13 "All You Ever Do Is Bring Me Down", a collaboration with accordionist Flaco Jiménez. "What a Crying Shame", "O What a Thrill", and "Here Comes the Rain" all reached top ten on the former RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada. "Dance the Night Away" and "I've Got This Feeling" both entered the UK Singles Chart, with the former peaking at number four.
Studio albums
1990s
2000s–2020s
Compilation albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
1990s
2000s–2010s
Music videos
Notes
References
Country music discographies
Discographies of American artists
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6903225
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%20Lydeard%20railway%20station
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Bishops Lydeard railway station
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Bishops Lydeard railway station is a heritage railway station in the village of Bishops Lydeard, Somerset, England. It is the southern terminus for regular trains on the West Somerset Railway.
History
B&ER/GWR
The station was first opened on 31 March 1862 when the West Somerset Railway was opened from Norton Junction to , operated by the Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER). On opening the station had just one platform on the line's west side, with goods facilities consisting of a siding to a goods shed on the west, and a passing loop plus two sidings on the northeast was served by a passing loop and two sidings. There was also a house for the station master.
The B&ER became part of the Great Western Railway in 1876, but the West Somerset Railway remained an independent company until 1922 when the Great Western absorbed it.
The second eastern platform was not added until 1906, together with a connecting foot bridge. The standard-pattern GWR medium-scale signal box was also added at the end of the platform, operated via a 25 lever stud-locking frame. On 10 June 1936 the line was doubled from here to Norton Fitzwarren, resulting in the signal box being upgraded to a 32 lever frame.
British Railways
Nationalisation in 1948 saw it become a part of the Western Region of British Railways. On 1 March 1970 the signal box was closed and its frame removed, and the track from Norton Fitzwarren through Bishop’s Lydeard and as far as Williton was operated as a single track. The station was closed by BR, along with the entire line, on 4 January 1971.
West Somerset Railway
After the entire line and its trackbed were bought by Somerset County Council, the West Somerset Railway agreed to lease the line as a heritage railway, with the later possibility of operating timetabled service trains into via operating company, the WSR plc. Track remains to Norton Fitzwarren, controlled through a single token and colour light signals, to allow special trains and occasional goods trains to operate through from Network Rail to the WSR.
The WSR revived the line from its western end, starting at Minehead and operating to , before extending operations through to Bishops Lyeard on 9 June 1979. Initially the section west of Williton was operated as one-train-only, before the WSR began operating Bishops Lydeard as a terminus. After the society secured a new 33 lever frame in 1981, following extensive fund-raising, the station's loop was extended to its current length of , to allow for dual-platform arrival/departures. HM Railway Inspectorate approved the new plans in 1997, and the full system including control of the Norton Fitzwarren section came into use from August 1998.
Description
Today the station has two operational platforms. It is the headquarters of the West Somerset Railway Association which provides volunteer support for the railway and the Associations's Quantock Belle dining car train is based here.
The original south western No.1 platform, was extended yet further towards Taunton by the WSR to allow for dual-platform departure. The old goods shed has been restored and is used as a visitor centre and museum; its artefacts includes a GWR sleeping car, and the Taunton Model Railway Club’s model railway layout. The original station offices with modern toilets are now used by the West Somerset Railway Association.
The northern 1906-built platform, No.2, is today the stations main operating platform. Accessed via a carpark to its rear, it contains the ticket office, toilets and a shop, and the now enclosed signal box, with a similar platform extension towards Taunton. This extension provided for the inclusion of the Taunton-facing platform No.3 but this is only operated as a siding as it has no direct connection to the running lines. It is normally used to house the "Quantock Belle" dining cars.
The northern locomotive stabling yard is also based here (northeast of No.2, not accessible to the public), which is where visiting locomotives arriving by road are unloaded onto the WSR.
Services
Trains run between and at weekends and on some other days from March to October, daily during the late spring and summer, and on certain days during the winter. During special events a shuttle service runs between Bishops Lydeard and and from time to time special trains also run through onto Network Rail's tracks at .
In 2019, the WSR entered into a partnership with the modern Great Western Railway (GWR) to operate services to Bishops Lydeard on occasional summer Saturdays from beginning on 27 July 2019 which ended on October 5th 2019. In May 2022 it was announced that the "Reconnecting Bishops Lydeard to Taunton Working Group" has been established to explore the possibility of reconnecting on the West Somerset Railway to for the purpose of reinstating scheduled trains.
Access
For those outside the area, Bishops Lydeard is the WSR main access point:
Train: the nearest national rail station is , served by Great Western Railway and CrossCountry trains.
Bus: Service from Taunton serves Bishops Lydeard station directly.
Car: Sign posted from junctions 25 or 26 of the M5 motorway, the station is located just off the A358 road on the opposite side to the village. There is a large free car park adjacent to station platform 2.
References
External links
Bishops Lydeard Station on West Somerset Railway official website
West Somerset Railway
Heritage railway stations in Somerset
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1971
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1979
Former Great Western Railway stations
Museums in Somerset
Railway museums in England
1862 establishments in England
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23578552
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20singles%20of%201971%20%28France%29
|
List of number-one singles of 1971 (France)
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This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews number-ones of 1971.
Summary
Singles Chart
See also
1971 in music
List of number-one hits (France)
References
1971 in France
1971 record charts
Lists of number-one songs in France
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20471890
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-%20and%20polyfluoroalkyl%20substances
|
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
|
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. An early definition, from 2011, required that they contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety, –CnF2n+1–.
More recently (2021) the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) expanded the definition, stating that
"PFASs are defined as fluorinated substances that contain at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I atom attached to it), i.e. with a few noted exceptions, any chemical with at least a perfluorinated methyl group (–CF3) or a perfluorinated methylene group (–CF2–) is a PFAS."
According to the OECD, at least 4,730 distinct PFASs are known with at least three perfluorinated carbon atoms. A United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicity database, DSSTox, lists 10776 PFASs. A subgroup, the fluorosurfactants or fluorinated surfactants, have a fluorinated "tail" and a hydrophilic "head" and are thus surfactants. They are more effective at reducing the surface tension of water than comparable hydrocarbon surfactants. They include the perfluorosulfonic acids such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and the perfluorocarboxylic acids such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
Many PFAS were used in the mid 20th century as products or precursors for materials due to their enhanced water-resistant properties, such as within Teflon or aqueous film forming foam. Only since the start of the 21st century had the environmental impact and toxicity to human and mammalian life of PFAS has been studied in depth. PFOS, PFOA and other PFASs are known to persist in the environment and are commonly described as persistent organic pollutants, also known as "forever chemicals". Residues have been detected in humans and wildlife prompting concern. According to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine PFAS exposure is linked to increased risk of decreased antibody response, dyslipidemia (abnormally high cholesterol), decreased infant and fetal growth, and increased risk of kidney cancer. Health concerns resulted in numerous litigations (Timeline of events related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). In 2021, Maine became the first U.S. state to ban these compounds in all products by 2030, except in instances deemed "currently unavoidable".
Fluorosurfactants
Fluorosurfactants are surfactants that containing fluorocarbon chains such as those in PFASs. They can reduce the surface tension of water below what is attainable by using hydrocarbon surfactants. This ability is due to the hydrophobic nature of fluorocarbons, so fluorosurfactants tend to concentrate at the liquid-air interface. Fluorocarbons are lipophobic, as well as hydrophobic, allowing them to repel both oil and water. This lipophobicity results from the lack of attractive London dispersion forces in fluorocarbons compared to hydrocarbons, a consequence of fluorine's large electronegativity and small bond length, which reduce the polarizability of the surfactants' fluorinated molecular surface. Fluorosurfactants are more stable and fit for harsh conditions than hydrocarbon surfactants because of the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond. Likewise, perfluorinated surfactants persist in the environment for that reason.
Economic role
PFASs play a key economic role for companies such as DuPont, 3M, and W. L. Gore & Associates because they are used in emulsion polymerization to produce fluoropolymers. They have two main markets: a $1 billion annual market for use in stain repellents, and a $100 million annual market for use in polishes, paints, and coatings.
Health and environmental concerns
Human health concerns associated with PFASs
On their introduction in the 1940s, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were considered inert. In fact, early occupational studies revealed elevated levels of fluorochemicals, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8), in the blood of exposed industrial workers, but cited no ill health effects. These results were consistent with the measured serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in 3M plant workers ranging from 0.04 to 10.06 ppm and 0.01–12.70 ppm respectively, well below toxic and carcinogenic levels cited in animal studies. Given, however, the "forever chemical" property of PFASs (serum elimination half-life 4–5 years) and widespread environmental contamination, molecules have been shown to accumulate in humans to such a degree that adverse health outcomes have resulted.
Hormone-disrupting chemicals, including PFASs, are linked with rapid declines in human fertility. In a metanalysis for associations between PFASs and human clinical biomarkers for liver injury, authors considered both PFAS effects on liver biomarkers and histological data from rodent experimental studies and concluded that evidence exists showing that PFOA, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) are hepatotoxic to humans.
Many comprehensive epidemiological studies linking adverse human health effects to PFASs, particularly PFOA, come from the C8 Science Panel, formed as part of a contingency to a class action lawsuit brought by communities in the Ohio River Valley against DuPont in response to landfill and wastewater dumping of PFAS-laden material from DuPont's West Virginia Washington Works Plant. The panel measured PFOA (also known as C8) serum concentrations in 69,000 individuals from around DuPont's Washington Works Plant and found a mean concentration of 83.0 ng/mL, compared to 4 ng/mL in a standard population of Americans. This panel reported probable links between elevated PFOA blood concentration and hypercholesterolemia, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, testicular cancer, kidney cancer as well as pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia.
In a report by the Nordic Council of Ministers the total annual health-related costs associated with human exposure to PFASs were estimated to be at least €52-€84 billion in the European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Aggregated annual costs covering environmental screening, monitoring where contamination is found, water treatment, soil remediation and health assessment total €821 million-€170 billion in the EEA plus Switzerland.
Proposed mechanisms of PFAS-related adverse health outcomes
Hypercholesterolemia
Animal studies in the 1990s and early 2000s primarily aimed to investigate the effect of two widely used long-chain PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8) and perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS, C8), on peroxisome proliferation in rat livers. These studies determined that PFOA and PFOS acted as Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, increasing lipid metabolism. A paradoxical response is observed in humans where elevated PFOS levels were significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, highlighting significantly reduced PPAR expression and alluding to PPAR independent pathways predominating over lipid metabolism in humans compared to rodents.
Ulcerative colitis
PFOA and PFOS have been shown to significantly alter immune and inflammatory responses in human and animal species. In particular, IgA, IgE (in females only) and C-reactive protein have been shown to decrease whereas antinuclear antibodies increase as PFOA serum concentrations increase. These cytokine variations allude to immune response aberrations resulting in autoimmunity. One proposed mechanism is a shift towards anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and/or (TH2) response in intestinal epithelial tissue which allows sulfate-reducing bacteria to flourish. Elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide result which reduce beta-oxidation and thus nutrient production leading to a breakdown of the colonic epithelial barrier.
Thyroid disease
Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid abnormality associated with PFAS exposure. PFASs have been shown to decrease thyroid peroxidase, resulting in decreased production and activation of thyroid hormones in vivo. Other proposed mechanisms include alterations in thyroid hormone signaling, metabolism and excretion as well as function of nuclear hormone receptor.
Cancer
Rat studies investigating the carcinogenicity of PFASs reported significant correlation with liver adenomas, Leydig cell tumors of the testis and pancreatic acinar cell tumors and dietary PFOA consumption. The C8 Science Panel investigated the potential relationship between PFAS exposure and these three cancer types as well as 18 other cancer types in their epidemiological studies. Contrary to the animal studies, the C8 studies did not find a probable link between elevated C8 exposure and liver adenomas or pancreatic acinar cell tumors; however, a probable link was found with regards to testis and kidney cancer. Two mechanisms have been proposed by which PFOA could cause Leydig cell tumors. Both mechanisms start by proposing that PROA exposure results in increased PPAR alpha activation in the liver which increases hepatic aromatase concentration and subsequent serum estrogen levels. The mechanisms now diverge, with one pathway suggesting elevated estradiol levels increase Tissue Growth Factor alpha (TGF alpha) which prompts Leydig cell proliferation. The other pathway suggests that aromatization of testosterone to estradiol reduces serum testosterone levels resulting in increased release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland which directly results in Leydig Cell tumorgenesis. A mechanism has not yet been proposed to explain how kidney cancer could be caused by C8 exposure as no in vivo animal studies have been able to model this epidemiological outcome.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia
Pregnancy-induced hypertension is diagnosed when maternal systolic blood pressure exceeds 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure exceeds 90mmHg after 20 weeks gestation. Diagnostic criteria are the same for pre-eclampsia as pregnancy-induced hypertension; however, it also confers proteinuria. Mechanisms by which pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia could be caused by PFAS exposure have remained elusive and are largely speculative to date. One proposed mechanism highlights alterations in immune function leading to disruption of placentation, specifically as it pertains to natural killer (NK) cell infiltration of the placenta to facilitate trophoblastic integration with placental blood supply. Another mechanism refers to agonism of PPARs contributing to alterations in cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid levels which may lead to vascular inflammation and elevated blood pressure.
Other adverse health outcomes that have been attributed to elevated PFAS exposure but were not found to be probable links in the C8 studies are decreased antibody response to vaccines, asthma, decreased mammary gland development, low birth weight (-0.7oz per 1 ng/mL increase in blood PFOA or PFOS level), decreased bone mineral density and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
Environmental concerns
Forever chemicals
Fluorosurfactants such as PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA have caught the attention of regulatory agencies because of their persistence, toxicity, and widespread occurrence in the blood of general populations and wildlife. In 2009, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride were listed as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, due to their ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic nature. PFAS chemicals were dubbed the "Forever Chemicals" following a 2018 op-ed in the Washington Post. The nickname was derived by combining the two dominant attributes of this class of chemicals: 1) PFAS chemicals are characterized by a carbon-fluorine (C-F) backbone (the "F-C" in "Forever Chemicals"); and 2) the carbon fluorine bond is one of the strongest bonds in organic chemistry, which gives these chemicals an extremely long environmental half-life (the "Forever" in "Forever Chemicals"). The Forever Chemicals name is now commonly used in media outlets in addition to the more technical name of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, or PFASs. Their production has been regulated or phased out by manufacturers, such as 3M, DuPont, Daikin, and Miteni in the US, Japan, and Europe. In 2006 3M replaced PFOS and PFOA with short-chain PFASs, such as perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). Shorter fluorosurfactants may be less prone to accumulating in mammals; there is still concern that they may be harmful to both humans, and the environment. A majority of PFASs are either not covered by European legislation or are excluded from registration obligations under the EU REACH chemical regulation. Several PFASs have been detected in drinking water, municipal wastewater and landfill leachates, worldwide.
It had been thought that perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but a field study published in 2021 by researchers at Stockholm University found that they are significantly transferred from water to air when waves break on land, and are a significant source of air pollution, and eventually get into the rain. The researchers concluded that pollution "may impact large areas of inland Europe and other continents, in addition to coastal areas". In 2022 it was found that levels of at least four PFAAs in rainwater worldwide exceeded the EPA's lifetime drinking water health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and European Union standards, leading the researchers to conclude that "the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the planetary boundary for chemical pollution being exceeded."
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation is the process by which PFASs are transferred into the tissue of any exposed organisms where PFASs accumulate over time since organisms lack natural excretion mechanisms. PFASs can accumulate in marine species by a variety of pathways. They can be absorbed from the environment, such as contaminated sediments or PFASs dissolved in water. PFASs can partition into the organs and tissues of marine organisms from these environmental compartments. They have been shown to bind to blood proteins and accumulate in the livers of marine animals. Another pathway for bioaccumulation is predation. As larger marine animals feed on smaller organisms that have been exposed to PFASs, the larger animals absorb the PFASs contained in their prey.
Biomagnification is the process by which the amount of PFAS contamination increases with increasing trophic level, due to predation by the species at the higher trophic level. Top predators have higher levels of PFASs than species lower down the food chain. Seabirds that feed on fish have among the highest levels of PFAS contamination. Perfluorosulfonic acids, which have a sulfonic acid functional group attached to the fluorinated "tail", have a greater tendency to bioaccumulate than perfluorocarboxylic acids, which contain a carboxylic acid function group. Longer chain PFAS compounds, which have 6, 7, or more fluorinated carbons, bioaccumulate in greater quantities than shorter chain PFAS compounds. The concentration of PFOS, a long chain sulfonic acid, was found at the highest concentrations relative to other PFASs measured in fish and birds in Northern seas such as the Barents Sea and the Canadian Arctic.
Australia
In 2017, the ABC's current affairs programme Four Corners reported that the storage and use of firefighting foams containing perfluorinated surfactants at Australian Defence Force facilities around Australia had contaminated nearby water resources. In 2019, remediation efforts at RAAF Base Tindal and the adjacent town of Katherine were ongoing. In the 2022 Australian federal budget $428million was allocated for works at HMAS Albatross, RAAF Base Amberley, RAAF Base Pearce and RAAF Base Richmond including funding to remediate PFAS contamination.
Canada
Although PFASs are not manufactured in Canada, they may be present in imported goods and products. In 2008, Canada prohibited the import, sale, or use of PFOS or PFOS-containing products, with some exceptions for products used in firefighting, in the military, and some forms of ink and photo media.
Health Canada has published drinking water guidelines for maximum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA. The guidelines were established to protect the health of Canadians, including children, over a lifetime's exposure to these substances. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOS under the guidelines is 0.0002 milligrams per litre. The maximum allowable concentration for PFOA is 0.0006 milligrams per litre.
United Kingdom
Although it is recognized that they may also cause disease, for example through absorption via drinking water, water companies in the United Kingdom do not test for PFASs.
Italy
Over 350,000 residents in Veneto are estimated to have been exposed to contamination through tap water, it is Europe's biggest PFAS-related environmental disaster.
While Italy's National Health Institute (ISS, Istituto Superiore di Sanità) set the threshold limit of PFOA in the bloodstream at 8 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), some residents had reached 262 and some industrial employees reach 91,900 ng/mL.
In 2021 some data has been disclosed by Greenpeace and other local citizens after a long legal battle against the Veneto Region and ISS, which for years has denied access to data that despite the alarming values known since or even before 2017 the Veneto Region has not carried out further monitoring or taken resolutive actions to eliminate pollution and reduce, at least gradually, the contamination of water not intended for drinking.
Furthermore, as far as is known, it appears that the Region has so far ignored the risk for the entire national community and beyond, given that some of these foods could also be sold abroad.
Although in 2020 the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has reduced by more than four times the maximum tolerable limit of PSAS that can be taken through the diet, the Region has not carried out new assessments or implemented concrete actions to protect the population and the agri-food and livestock sectors. To this are added some limits on the monitoring of the monitored geographical area, which does not include the orange zone and other areas affected by contamination, as well as the insufficiency of analysis on important productions widespread in the areas concerned: eggs (up to 37600 ng\kg), fish (18600 ng\kg) spinach and radicchio (only one sampling carried out), kiwis, melons, watermelons, cereals (only one spelled sample was analyzed), soy, wines (very famous from the region) and apples.
The most polluted area is near the Lombardia region which has no data public for this kind of pollutant.
United States
In products
Certain PFASs are no longer manufactured in the United States, as a result of phase-outs including the PFOA Stewardship Program (2010-2015), in which eight major chemical manufacturers agreed to eliminate the use of PFOA and PFOA-related chemicals in their products and as emissions from their facilities. Although PFOA and PFOS are no longer manufactured in the United States, they are still produced internationally and are imported into the US in consumer goods such as carpet, leather and apparel, textiles, paper and packaging, coatings, rubber and plastics.
In 2020, manufacturers and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an agreement to phase out some types of PFAS which are used in food packaging by 2024.
PFASs are also used by major companies of the cosmetics industry in a wide range of cosmetics, including lipstick, eye liner, mascara, foundation, concealer, lip balm, blush, nail polish and other such products. A 2021 study tested 231 makeup and personal care products and found organic fluorine, an indicator of PFASs, in more than half of the samples. High levels of fluorine were most commonly identified in waterproof mascara (82% of brands tested), foundations (63%), and liquid lipstick (62%). As many as 13 types of individual PFAS compounds were found in each product. Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFASs, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFASs. In response, Senators Susan Collins of Maine and Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut proposed the No PFAS in Cosmetics Act in the United States Senate. It was also introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Michigan Representative Debbie Dingell.
Contaminated sites, drinking water and wastewater
An estimated 26,000 U.S. sites are contaminated with PFASs. At least six million Americans are estimated to have drinking water containing PFASs above the existing safe limits recommended by the U.S. EPA.
EPA published non-enforceable drinking water health advisories for PFOA and PFOS in 2016. In March 2021 EPA announced that it will develop national drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS. On December 27, 2021, EPA published a regulation requiring drinking water utilities to conduct monitoring for 29 compounds. The data are to be collected during 2023 to 2025. EPA will pay for the monitoring costs for small drinking water systems (those serving a population of 10,000 or fewer). The agency may use the monitoring data to develop additional regulations.
In mid-2021 EPA announced plans to revise federal wastewater regulations (effluent guidelines) for several industries that manufacture PFASs or use PFASs in fabricating various products.
In October 2021 EPA announced the PFAS Strategic Roadmap. This initiative is a "whole-of-EPA" strategy and considers the full lifecycle of PFAS—including drinking water monitoring and risk assessment for PFOA and PFOS in biosolids (processed wastewater sludge used as fertilizer).
The EPA issued health advisories for four specific PFASs in June 2022, significantly lowering their safe threshold levels for drinking water. PFOA was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.004 ppt, while PFOS was reduced from 70 ppt to 0.02 ppt. GenX's safe levels were set at 10 ppt, while PFBS were set to 2000 ppt. While not enforceable, these health advisories are intended to be acted on by states in setting their own drinking water standards.
A formal EPA rule to add PFOA and PFAS as hazardous chemicals was first issued for comment on August 26, 2022. This would require those discharging waste to monitor and restrict the release of these PFAS to set levels, and report when the wastewater exceeds it. It would also make grounds affected by high levels of PFIA or PFAS to be treated as Superfund cleanup sites.
EPA has listed recommended steps that consumers may take to reduce possible exposure to PFAS chemicals.
California
In 2021 California banned PFASs for use in food packaging and from infant and children's products and also required PFAS cookware in the state to carry a warning label.
Maine
A program licensed and promoted by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection that provided free municipal wastewater sludge (biosolids) to farmers as fertilizer has resulted in PFAS contamination of local drinking water and farm-grown produce.
Michigan
Launched in 2017, the Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART) is the first multi-agency action team of its kind in the nation. Agencies representing health, environment, and other branches of state government have joined together to investigate sources and locations of PFAS contamination in the state, take action to protect people's drinking water, and keep the public informed.
Groundwater is tested at locations throughout the state by various parties to ensure safety, compliance with regulations, and proactively detect and remedy potential problems. In 2010, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) discovered levels of PFASs in groundwater monitoring wells at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base. As additional information became available from other national testing, Michigan expanded its investigations into other locations where PFAS compounds were potentially used.
In 2018, the MDEQ's Remediation and Redevelopment Division (RRD) established cleanup criteria for groundwater used as drinking water of 70 ppt of PFOA and PFOS, individually or combined. The RRD staff are responsible for implementing these criteria as part of their ongoing efforts to clean up sites of environmental contamination. The RRD staff are the lead investigators at most of the PFAS sites on the MPART website and also conduct interim response activities, such as coordinating bottled water or filter installations with local health departments at sites under investigation or with known PFAS concerns. Most of the groundwater sampling at PFAS sites under RRD's lead is conducted by contractors familiar with PFAS sampling techniques. The RRD also has a Geologic Services Unit, with staff who install monitoring wells and are also well versed with PFAS sampling techniques.
The MDEQ has been conducting environmental clean-up of regulated contaminants for decades. Due to the evolving nature of PFAS regulations as new science becomes available, the RRD is evaluating the need for regular PFAS sampling at Superfund sites and is including an evaluation of PFAS sampling needs as part of a Baseline Environmental Assessment review.
Earlier in 2018, the RRD purchased lab equipment that will allow the MDEQ Environmental Lab to conduct analyses of certain PFAS samples. (Currently, most samples are shipped to one of the few labs in the country that conduct PFAS analysis, in California, although private labs in other parts of the country, including Michigan, are starting to offer these services.) As of August 2018, RRD has hired additional staff to work on developing the methodology and conducting PFAS analyses.
In 2020 Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel filed a lawsuit against 17 companies, including 3M, Chemours, and DuPont, for hiding known health and environmental risks from the state and its residents. Nessel's complaint identifies 37 sites with known contamination.
In 2020 the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) introduced some of the strictest drinking water standards in the country for PFAS, setting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for PFOA and PFOS to 8 and 16 ppt respectively (down from previous existing groundwater cleanup standards of 70 ppt for both), and introducing MCLs for 5 other previously unregulated PFAS compounds, limiting PFNA to 6 ppt, PFHxA to 400,000 ppt, PFHxS to 51 ppt, PFBS to 420 ppt and HFPO-DA to 370 ppt. The change adds 38 additional sites to the state's list of known PFAS contaminated areas, bringing the total number of known sites to 137. About half of these sites are landfills and 13 are former plating facilities.
In 2022 PFOS was found in beef produced at a Michigan farm. The cattle had been fed crops fertilized with contaminated biosolids. State agencies issued a consumption advisory, but did not order a recall, because there currently is no PFOS contamination in beef government standards.
Minnesota
In February 2018, 3M settled a lawsuit for $850 million related to contaminated drinking water in Minnesota.
New Jersey
In 2018 the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) published a drinking water standard for PFNA. Public water systems in New Jersey are required to meet a maximum contaminant level (MCL) standard of 13 ppt. In 2020 the state set a PFOA standard at 14 ppt and a PFOS standard at 13 ppt.
In 2019 NJDEP filed lawsuits against the owners of two plants that had manufactured PFASs, and two plants that were cited for water pollution from other chemicals. The companies cited are DuPont, Chemours and 3M. NJDEP also declared five companies to be financially responsible for statewide remediation of the chemicals. Among the companies accused were Arkema and Solvay regarding a West Deptford Facility in Gloucester County, where Arkema manufactured PFASs, but Solvay claims to have never manufactured but only handled PFASs. The companies denied liability and contested the directive. In June 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency and NJ Department of Environmental Protection published a paper reporting that a unique family of PFAS used by Solvay, chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (ClPFPECAs), were contaminating the soils of New Jersey as far from the Solvay facility as 150 km and the ClPFPECAs were found in water as well. Later in 2020, the New Jersey state attorney general filed suit in the New Jersey Superior Court against Solvey regarding PFAS contamination of the state's environment. In May 2021, Solvay issued a press release that the company is "discontinuing the use of fluorosurfactants in the U.S.".
Washington
Washington State has a history of PFAS releases to the environment. In addition, five military installations in Washington State have been identified by the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works as having PFAS contamination. Toward environmental and consumer protections, the Washington State Department of Ecology published a Chemical Action Plan in November 2021, and in June 2022 the governor tasked the Washington State Department of Ecology with phasing out manufacture and import of products containing PFASs. Initial steps taken by the Washington State Department of Health to protect the public from exposure through drinking water have included setting State Action Levels for five PFASs (PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFBS), which were implemented in November 2021.
Class action lawsuits
In February 2017, DuPont and Chemours (a DuPont spin-off) agreed to pay $671 million to settle lawsuits arising from 3,550 personal injury claims related to releasing of PFASs from their Parkersburg, West Virginia plant, into the drinking water of several thousand residents. This was after a court-created independent scientific panel, the "C8 Science Panel", found a "probable link" between C8 exposure and six illnesses: kidney and testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy-induced hypertension and high cholesterol.
In October 2018, a class action suit was filed by an Ohio firefighter against several producers of fluorosurfactants, including the 3M and DuPont corporations, on behalf of all US residents who may have adverse health effects from exposure to PFASs.
This story is told in the film Dark Waters, released in November 2019, produced by the actor Mark Ruffalo and directed by Todd Haynes.
Corporate and federal government suppression of information
Starting in the 1970s, 3M scientists learned that PFOS and PFOA were toxic to humans, documenting damage to the human immune system. Also in the 1970s, 3M scientists found that these substances accumulate over time in the human body. However, 3M suppressed revelation of these facts to the public or to regulators.
In 2018 White House staff and EPA pressured the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to suppress a study that showed PFASs to be even more dangerous than previously thought.
Water contamination by U.S. military bases
The water in and around at least 126 U.S. military bases has been contaminated by high levels of PFASs because of their use of firefighting foams since the 1970s, according to a study by the U.S. Department of Defense. Of these, 90 bases reported PFAS contamination that had spread to drinking water or groundwater off the base.
Occupational exposure
Occupational exposure to PFASs occurs in numerous industries due to the widespread use of PFASs in products and as an element of industrial process streams. PFASs are used in more than 200 different ways in industries as diverse as electronics and equipment manufacturing, plastic and rubber production, food and textile production, and building and construction. Occupational exposure to PFASs can occur at fluorochemical facilities that produce PFASs and other manufacturing facilities that use PFASs for industrial processing like the chrome plating industry. Workers who handle PFAS-containing products can also be exposed during their work. Examples include people who install PFAS-containing carpets and leather furniture with PFAS coatings, professional ski-waxers using PFAS-based waxes, and fire-fighters who use PFAS-containing foam and wear flame-resistant protective gear impregnated with PFASs.
People who are exposed to PFASs through their jobs typically have higher levels of PFASs in their blood than the general population. Additionally, while the general population is exposed to PFASs through ingested food and water, occupational exposure includes both accidental ingestion and inhalation exposure in settings where a PFAS becomes volatilized. There has been increased attention to the health risks associated with exposure to PFASs, which can affect the immune system, increase cholesterol, and increase the risk of cancer. The severity of PFAS-associated health effects can vary based on the length of exposure, level of exposure, and health status. In 2009, under decision SC-4/17, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride were listed in Annex B of the 2009 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, dictating acceptable purposes and specific exemptions to the chemical usage. Among these exemptions are numerous uses in manufacturing as well as firefighting foams.
Professional ski wax technicians
Professional ski wax technicians are disproportionately exposed to PFASs from the glide wax used to coat the bottom of skis to reduce the friction between the skis and snow. During this process, the wax is heated to 130-220 °C, which releases fumes and airborne fluorinated compounds. Exposure to aerosolized PFASs is associated with alveolic edema, polymer fume fever, severe dyspnea, decreased pulmonary function, and respiratory distress syndrome in those chronically exposed. In a 2010 study, blood serum levels of PFOA were significantly higher in ski wax technicians compared to levels of the general Swedish population. Serum levels of PFOA in ski wax technicians were positively correlated with years spent working, suggesting bioaccumulation of PFOA over time.
Manufacturing workers
People who work at fluorochemical production plants and in manufacturing industries that use PFASs in the industrial process can be exposed to PFASs in the workplace. Much of what we know about PFASs exposure and health effects began with medical surveillance studies of workers exposed to PFASs at fluorochemical production facilities. These studies began in the 1940s and were conducted primarily at U.S. and European manufacturing sites. Between the 1940s and 2000s, thousands of workers exposed to PFASs participated in research studies that advanced scientific understanding of exposure pathways, toxicokinetic properties, and adverse health effects associated with exposure.
The first research study to report elevated organic fluorine levels in the blood of fluorochemical workers was published in 1980. This study established inhalation as a potential route of occupational PFAS exposure by reporting measurable levels of organic fluorine in air samples at the facility. Workers at fluorochemical production facilities have higher levels of PFOA and PFOS in their blood than the general population. Serum PFOA levels in fluorochemical workers are generally below 20,000 ng/mL but have been reported as high as 100,000 ng/mL whereas the mean PFOA concentration among non-occupationally exposed cohorts in the same time frame was 4.9 ng/mL. Among fluorochemical workers, those with direct contact with PFASs have higher PFAS concentrations in their blood than those with intermittent contact and those with no direct PFAS contact. Further, blood PFAS levels decline when direct contact ceases. Levels of PFOA and PFOS have declined in US and European fluorochemical workers due to improved facilities, increased usage of personal protective equipment, and the phase out of these chemicals from production. However, occupational exposure to PFASs in manufacturing continues to be an active area of study in China with numerous investigations linking worker exposure to various PFASs.
Firefighters
PFASs are commonly used in Class B firefighting foams due to their hydrophobic and lipophobic properties as well as the stability of the chemicals when exposed to high heat. Due to firefighters' potential for exposure to PFASs through these aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), studies raise concerns that firefighters are especially prone to high concentrations of serum PFASs.
Research into occupational exposure for firefighters is emergent, though frequently limited by underpowered study designs. A 2011 cross-sectional analysis of the C8 Health Studies found higher levels of PFHxS in firefighters compared to the sample group of the region, with other PFASs at elevated levels, without reaching statistical significance. A 2014 study in Finland studying eight firefighters over three training sessions observed select PFASs (PFHxS and PFNA) increase in blood samples following each training event. Due to this small sample size, a test of significance was not conducted. A 2015 cross-sectional study conducted in Australia found that accumulation of PFOS and PFHxS was positively associated with years of occupational AFFF exposure through firefighting.
Due to their use in training and testing, recent studies indicate occupational risk for military members and firefighters, as higher levels of PFASs in exposure were indicated in military members and firefighters when compared to the general population. Further, exposure to PFASs is prevalent among firefighters not only due to its use in emergencies but because it is also used in personal protective equipment. In support of these findings, states like Washington and Colorado have moved to restrict and penalize the use of Class B firefighting foam which contains PFASs for firefighter training and testing.
Exposure after World Trade Center terrorist attacks
The September 11, 2001 collapse of the World Trade Center buildings in New York City resulted in the release of chemicals from the destruction of construction and electrical material and long-term chemical fires. This collapse caused the release of several toxic chemicals, including fluorinated surfactants used as soil- and stain-resistant coatings on various materials. First responders to this incident were exposed to PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS, through inhalation of dust and smoke released during and after the collapse of the World Trade Center.
Fire responders who were working at or near ground zero were assessed for respiratory and other health effects from exposure to emissions at the World Trade Center. Early clinical testing showed a high prevalence of respiratory health effects. Early symptoms of exposure often presented with persistent coughing and wheezing. PFOA and PFHxS levels were present in both smoke and dust exposure. Yet, first responders with smoke exposures had higher concentrations of PFOA and PFHxS than those with dust exposures.
Remediation solutions
Water treatment
Several technologies are currently available for remediating PFASs in liquids. These technologies can be applied to drinking water supplies, groundwater, industrial wastewater, surface water, and other miscellaneous applications (such as landfill leachate). Influent concentrations of PFASs can vary by orders of magnitude for specific media or applications. These influent values, along with other general water quality parameters (for example, pH) can influence the performance and operating costs of the treatment technologies. The technologies are:
Sorption
Granular activated carbon
Biochar
Ion exchange
Precipitation/flocculation/coagulation
Redox manipulation (chemical oxidation and reduction technologies)
Membrane filtration
Reverse osmosis
Nanofiltration
Supercritical water oxidation
Private and public sector applications of one or more of these methodologies above are being applied to remediation sites throughout the United States and other international locations. Most solutions involve on-site treatment systems, while others are leveraging off-site infrastructure and facilities, such as a centralized waste treatment facility, to treat and dispose of the PFAS pool of compounds.
Most recently, a 2022 study published in the Journal of Environmental Engineering found that a heat-and pressure-based technique known as supercritical water oxidation destroyed 99% of the PFASs present in a water sample. During this process, oxidizing substances are added to PFAS-contaminated water and then the liquid is heated above its critical temperature of 374 degrees Celsius at a pressure of more than 220 bars. The water becomes supercritical (being neither gas nor liquid), and, in this state, water-repellent substances such as PFASs dissolve much more readily.
Theoretical and early-stage solutions
The Michigan State University-Fraunhofer team has a viable solution to treat PFAS-contaminated wastewater that, in 2018, was reported to be ready for a pilot-scale investigation. The electrochemical oxidation system used boron-doped diamond electrodes, in a process breaking down the contaminants' formidable molecular bonds and cleaning the water while systematically destroying the hazardous compounds.
"EO, or electrochemical oxidation, is a simple, clean, and effective method for destruction of PFASs and other co-contaminants as a complementary procedure to other wastewater treatment processes," said Cory Rusinek, an electrochemist at MSU-Fraunhofer. "If we can remove it from wastewater, we can reduce its occurrence in surface waters."
In September 2019, it was reported Acidimicrobium sp. strain A6 could be a potential remediator of PFAS, including saturated ones such as PFOS. PFAS with unsaturated bonds are easier to break down: the commercial dechlorination culture KB1 (contains Dehalococcoides) is capable of breaking down such substances, but not saturated PFAS. When alternative, easier-to-digest substrates are present, microbes may prefer them over PFAS.
Chemical treatment
A study published in the journal Science in August 2022 indicated that perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are able to be "mineralized" via heating in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide. The study reported that heating PFCAs in an 8 to 1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and water at in the presence of sodium hydroxide, caused the removal of the carboxylic acid group at the end of the carbon chain, creating a perfluoroanion. The perfluoroanion then "mineralizes" into sodium fluoride and other salts such as sodium trifluoroacetate, formate, carbonate, oxalate and glycolate. The process does not work on perfluorosulfonic acids.
Example chemicals
Some common per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances:
Polytetrafluoroethylene aka PTFE aka Teflon
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids
Fluorotelomers
Perfluorosulfonic acids
Others:
Films
The Devil We Know (2018)
Dark Waters (2019)
See also
Timeline of events related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Entegris, formerly Fluoroware, of Chaska, MN, manufacturer of teflon components for health and semiconductor Fabs
FSI International, now TEL FSI
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Fluoropolymer - another class of polyfluoroalkyl substances
References
Further reading
OECD: Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Recommendations and Practical Guidance , OECD Series on Risk Management, No. 61, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2021.
External links
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at the National Toxicology Program
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Your Health at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFAS) at the European Chemicals Agency
PFAS Contamination [map] in the U.S. by the Environmental Working Group
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Organofluorides
Pollutants
Surfactants
Environment and health
Occupational safety and health
Hazardous air pollutants
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6903233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Wiley
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Mildred Wiley
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Mildred Olive Wiley (December 3, 1901 – February 7, 2000) was an American high jumper who won a bronze medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
After marriage she changed her last name to Dee and gave birth to five children. One of them, Bob Dee, was a prominent professional footballer at the Boston Patriots in the 1960s.
References
1901 births
2000 deaths
People from Taunton, Massachusetts
American female high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
20th-century American women
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6903234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya%20Pisareva
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Mariya Pisareva
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Mariya Pisareva (; born 9 April 1934) is a retired Soviet Union athlete who competed mainly in the High Jump. She trained at Zenit in Moscow
She competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia in the High Jump where she won the silver medal jointly with Thelma Hopkins.
After her athletic career she married discus thrower Oto Grigalka.
External links
Profile at Sports-Reference.com
References
1934 births
Living people
Soviet female high jumpers
Russian female high jumpers
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
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17336029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindass
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Bindass
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Bindass is an Indian pay television Hindi-language Music channel owned by Disney Star, targeted at young people. It was launched on 24 September 2007.
History
UTV Software Communications launched Bindass as a youth-oriented entertainment channel on 24 September 2007 along with movie channel Bindass Movies (which was later rebranded as UTV Action). Initial programming consisted of a sitcoms Sun Yaar Chill Maar and Lagegi, action series Shakira - The End of Evil, 3rd Degree with Ugesh Sarcar and six international shows The Benny Hill Show, Japanese Pro Wrestling Show, Gotcha, Motorrad Cops, Whacked Out Sports and Challenges of Fire.
In February 2010, Bindass launched a new campaign titled "What I Am" which aimed at speaking for the youth of India, and dispel popular misconceptions about their attitude towards responsibilities.
The Walt Disney Company acquired UTV in 2012 and Bindass along with other UTV channels became part of Disney India Media Networks.
The channel launched Halla Bol in 2014, first show under the new brand campaign. The show showcased stories inspired by various real life instances and celebrates the victories of women who stood their ground to emerge as heroes. The show was hosted by television actor Karan Tacker.
In 2016 Disney Media Networks India started producing Web television series which will be simulcast on Bindass as well digital platforms like Facebook and YouTube. The first series under this multi-platform strategy was The Girl in the City which was followed by The Trip, Girl in the City Chapter 2, Dil Buffering and Tere Liye Bro.
In 2017 Disney India closed Bindass Play, a music channel and its content was merged with Bindass.
In October 2021, it was reported that Bindass would be shut down on 30 November 2021. The shut down was later postponed.
Bindass India concert
On 13 January 2008, Bindass presented a two-hour live concert starring popular Bollywood star Shahrukh Khan at MMRDA Grounds, Mumbai. The entourage included stars Priyanka Chopra, Dia Mirza, Rakhi Sawant and Dino Morea. The concert was hosted by Sajid Khan, and choreographed by Ganesh Hegde.
Prior to the contest Bindass organized a nationwide contest called "Dance with SRK", where the lucky winners would get to dance with Shah Rukh Khan on stage. Through a lucky dip, three winners, Andrew from Kolkatta, Richa from Lucknow and 9 year old Vidhi from Mumbai, were chosen. The concert was telecast on Bindass on 26 January 2008 on Indian Republic Day.
Programming
3rd Degree with Ugesh Sarcar (2007–2009)
Beg Borrow Steal (2011–2017)
The Benny Hill Show (2007–2008)
Big Switch (2009–2015)
Cash Cab-Meter Chalu Hai' (2008–2010)
The Chair (2010)
Challenges of Fire (2007–2008)
Change Aaeyga Hum Laayenge (2014)
Dadagiri (2008–2011)
Destination Love (2010)
Dil Buffering (2017)
Emotional Atyachar (2009–2015)
Fear Less (2012)
Halla Bol (2015)
Hass Ley India (2007–2008)
Girl in the City (2016)
Girl in the City: Chapter 2 (2017)
Girl in the City: Chapter 3 (2018)
Ishq Messenger (2017–2021)
Japanese Wrestling Show (2007–2008)
The Khan Sisters (2011–2013)
Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (2008)
Kota Toppers (2015–2016)
Lagegi (2007)
Life Lafde Aur Bandiyan (2016)
Live out Loud – It’s Now or Never (2012)
Love by Chance (2014–2015)
Love Lock Up (2011)
Meri Toh Lag Gayi.... Naukri (2011)
Motorrad Cops (2007–2008)
Pyar Ka The End (2014)
Road Diaries (2016)
Selfie Wala Show (2017–2021)
Shakira - The End of Evil (2007–2008)
Sun Yaar Chill Maar (2007–2008)
Sun Yaar Try Maar (2015)
Surprise Surprise Gotcha (2007–2008)
Superdude (2011–2013)
Tere Liye Bro (2017–2018)
Tia's Request Show (2017–2021)
The Trip (2016–2018)
Tu Con Main Con (2015)
Whacked Out Sports (2007–2008)
Yeh Hai Aashiqui (2013–2016)
Zabaan Sambhalke (2007–2008)
Zindagi Wins'' (2015)
References
External links
Official website
Television stations in Mumbai
Hindi-language television channels in India
Television channels and stations established in 2007
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2021
UTV Software Communications
Disney India Media Networks
Bindass original programming
Disney Star
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6903244
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderlust%20%28disambiguation%29
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Wanderlust (disambiguation)
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Wanderlust is a strong desire for or impulse to wander or travel and explore the world.
Wanderlust may also refer to:
Film and television
Wanderlust (2006 film), a documentary
Wanderlust (2012 film), an American comedy starring Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd
Wanderlust (Irish TV series), an Irish television show hosted by Brendan Courtney
Wanderlust (UK TV series), a BBC One/Netflix TV series starring Toni Collette
Gerhard Reinke's Wanderlust, a television show
Music
Wanderlust (band), an American power pop band in the mid-1990s
Wanderlust (jazz band), an Australian contemporary jazz band
Songs
"Wanderlust", by Johnny Hodges and Duke Ellington from the 1963 album Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins
"Wanderlust", by Paul McCartney from the 1982 album Tug of War
"Wanderlust", by Claire Voyant from the 1995 album Claire Voyant
"Wanderlust", by David Sylvian from the 1999 album Dead Bees on a Cake
"Wanderlust", by Megadeth from the 1999 album Risk
"Wanderlust", by Nightwish from the 2000 album Wishmaster
"Wanderlust", by Mark Knopfler from the 2000 album Sailing to Philadelphia
"Wanderlust", by Delays from the 2004 album Faded Seaside Glamour
"Wanderlust", by Flogging Molly from the 2004 album Within a Mile of Home
"Wanderlust" (R.E.M. song), by R.E.M. from the 2004 album Around the Sun
"Wanderlust", by Fozzy from the 2005 album All That Remains
"Wanderlust", by Frank Black from the 2006 album Fast Man Raider Man
"Wanderlust", by Baroness from the 2007 album Red Album
"Wanderlust" (Björk song), by Björk from the 2007 album Volta
"Wanderlust", by Every Time I Die from the 2009 album New Junk Aesthetic
"Wanderlust", by The Upwelling from the 2009 album An American Stranger
"Wanderlust", by Frank Turner, a bonus track from the 2011 album England Keep My Bones
"The Wanderlust", by Metric from the 2012 album Synthetica, featuring Lou Reed
"Wanderlust" (The Weeknd song), by The Weeknd from the 2013 album Kiss Land
"Wanderlust II", by the Scottish band Love and Money
"Wanderlust", by Polly Scattergood released both as a single and on the 2013 album Arrows
"Wanderlust" by Wild Beasts from the 2014 album Present Tense
"Wanderlust" by James Bay from the 2018 album Electric Light
Albums
Wanderlust (Frankie Laine album), a 1963 album by Frankie Laine
Wanderlust (Bill Leverty album), a 2004 album by FireHouse guitarist Bill Leverty
WANDERlust (Gavin Rossdale album), a 2008 album by Gavin Rossdale
Wanderlust (Finnr's Cane album), a 2010 album by Finnr's Cane
Wanderlust (Mike Bukovsky album), a 1993 album by Miroslav Bukovsky
Wanderlust (Sophie Ellis-Bextor album), a 2014 album by Sophie Ellis-Bextor
Wanderlust (Little Big Town album), a 2016 album by Little Big Town
Wanderlust (Blancmange album), a 2018 album by Blancmange
Literature
Wanderlust (Steel novel), a 1986 romantic novel by Danielle Steel
Wanderlust (Dragonlance novel), a fantasy novel set in the Dragonlance universe
Wanderlust: A History of Walking, a 2002 book by Rebecca Solnit
Video games
Wanderlust Interactive, a video game developer and publisher that made The Pink Panther: Passport to Peril
Wanderlust: Rebirth, a video game published by Chucklefish
Wanderlust Adventures, a sequel to Wanderlust: Rebirth, also published by Chucklefish
Wanderlust Travel Stories, a 2019 adventure game
Other
Wanderlust (magazine), a UK-based travel magazine and website offering travel advice and inspiration
USS Wanderlust (SP-923), a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919
Wanderlust, a cream ale made by Pete's Brewing Company
Wanderlust Festival, a summer festival featuring yoga and leading rock musicians
Wanderlust, a mail client for Emacs
See also
Wonderlust, a 2000 album by Heather Nova
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23578557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20MercedesCup%20%E2%80%93%20Doubles
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2009 MercedesCup – Doubles
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Christopher Kas and Philipp Kohlschreiber were the defending champions, but Kohlschreiber chose not to compete that year.Kas partnered with Mischa Zverev, but lost in the first round to František Čermák and Michal Mertiňák.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
External links
Draw
Stuttgart Open Doubles
Doubles 2009
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23578583
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20Insurance
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Allied Insurance
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Allied Insurance provides insurance to individuals, families and businesses. Headquarters are located in Des Moines, Iowa. They are represented by independent insurance agents through their regional offices and staff in Des Moines, Iowa; Lincoln, Nebraska, Denver, Colorado, and Sacramento, California. Allied employs more than 4,100 people throughout the U.S.
History
It was formed as ALLIED Mutual Automobile Association in 1929 by Harold Evans. In 1998, Allied merged with Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. A Fortune 500 company based in Columbus, Ohio, Nationwide is one of the country's largest diversified insurance and financial services organizations. Nationwide is one of the country's largest auto and home insurer and employs more than 35,000 people throughout the country.
In 1998, Nationwide merged with Allied and assumed responsibility for Allied's independent agency network. In 1999, CalFarm Insurance in Sacramento, California joined Nationwide as well. These organizations, along with several others, now all operate as Nationwide.
References
External links
Financial services companies established in 1929
Insurance companies of the United States
1998 mergers and acquisitions
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23578585
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Quilcene%20River
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Little Quilcene River
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The Little Quilcene River is a river on the Olympic Peninsula in the U.S. state of Washington. It rises in Clallam County, near Mount Townsend of the Olympic Mountains.
Etymology
The name "Quilcene" comes from the Twana word /qʷəʔlsíd/, referring to a tribal group and the name of an aboriginal Twana village and community on Quilcene Bay.
Course
The river flows generally east through the Olympic National Forest. After exiting the higher mountains and the national forest the Little Quilcene River flows east and southeast through rolling terrain. It enters Jefferson County and flows more directly south to Quilcene, where it empties into the northern end of Quilcene Bay, part of Hood Canal.
The Big Quilcene River enters Quilcene Bay less than a mile to the south.
See also
Big Quilcene River
List of rivers of Washington
Quilcene, Washington
References
Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers of Clallam County, Washington
Rivers of Jefferson County, Washington
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6903250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%20Ramyun
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Shin Ramyun
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Shin Ramyun is a brand of instant noodle (including cup ramyeon) that has been produced by the South Korean food company Nongshim since 1 October 1986. It is now exported to over 100 countries, and is the best-selling instant noodle brand in South Korea.
Shin Ramyun, well known for its spicy flavor, is produced in at least four varieties: the original Shin Ramyun and Shin Ramyun Black, which was introduced in 2011 as well as Super Spicy, which was released in 2019, and, finally, a shrimp flavor that is only available in China. A standard package of Shin Ramyun consists of noodles, a packet of flavoring powder (soup base), and a packet of vegetable flakes. Shin Ramyun Black contains an extra packet of beef stock soup, which gives the soup a more intensely savory flavor.
History
Shin Ramyun was introduced in October 1986 by Nongshim. The Nongshim R&D team came up with the idea of Sogogijanguk, a cabbage and beef stew, which is one of the most popular traditional South Korean dishes.
After Shin Ramyun was introduced, Nongshim's market share hit 46.3% in 1987, and exceeded 50% for the first time in 1988 (53.8%). With the market share of over 20% just by itself, Shin Ramyun is a leading brand of the instant noodles in Korea.
In August 2014, Nongshim revised its recipe for noodle blocks across its line for a chewier consistency, along with a revamped external packaging.
In 2007 Nongshim launched a Kimchi Flavour version of Shin Ramyun.
In 2019 Nongshim launched a non-fried version of its packet noodle which has almost half a reduction on calories.
In 2015, Shin Ramyun achieved 28 billion units sold since it was first introduced. Shin Ramyun is listed on the National Brand Consumption Index (NBCI) as the number 1 brand in South Korea (2012–2016) for its brand awareness and brand power.
Name and package
"Shin Ramyun" is the English transliteration of the Korean words for "spicy instant noodles". Shin Ramyun uses red and black packaging with the emphasized calligraphic form of the Hanja character "辛", which means "spicy". Additionally, the character is the surname of both the founder of Nongshim, Shin Choon-ho, and his elder brother, Shin Kyuk-ho, who started Lotte.
Products
Shin Ramyun was first introduced in 1986. There are two types of Shin Ramyun in the U.S., one is packaged and the other cup noodle. A package of Shin Ramyun is 120g, and there are 4 sizes of Shin Ramyun cup/bowls: Shin Cup Noodle Soup (68g), Shin Bowl Noodle Soup (86g), Shin Ramyun M-Cup (75g) and Shin Big Bowl Noodle Soup (114g). In Japan, there is the Shin Ramyun mini cup.
Shin Ramyun Black was introduced in April 2011, which was 25 years after Shin Ramyun was first introduced to the market. Shin Ramyun Black is a slightly different version of Shin Ramyun with an additional seolleongtang powder on top of its flavor. Other ingredients include boiled beef slices, garlic and shiitake mushrooms. In the U.S. there are two types of Shin Ramyun Black: a Package type (130g) and a cup/bowl type (Shin Black Cup Noodle, 101g). There is also a Shin Black M-Cup (75g).
Shin Ramyun Red "Super Spicy" was launched in late 2019, in both standard packet form and the smaller instant cup size, using the same noodle blocks and vegetable packet but a much spicier soup base.
A shrimp flavor is also available in China.
International distribution
Shin Ramyun is the most popular instant noodle brand to date in South Korea. It is now accounting for one quarter of the Korean instant noodle market. Shin Ramyun is now exported to over 100 countries around the world, and is produced in three countries: the United States, China and South Korea. As of 2015, accumulated sold units of Shin Ramyun in the world reached 28 billion units.
Marketing and advertising
Marketing in South Korea
As part of the marketing strategies, Nongshim uses "사나이 울리는 신라면" (romanization: Sanai Ullineun Shin Ramyun; translation: "Shin Ramyun can make a man cry"). The word sanai (Hangul: 사나이) is used to describe the man while emphasizing the masculinity.
Most of its commercials include a famous male celebrity, frequently with his family, who is eating Shin Ramyun at home. These commercials emphasize being family friendly, being Korean, and folksiness. Psy, a South Korean singer who is well known for his song "Gangnam Style," and Park Ji-Sung, a South Korean footballer, also filmed Shin Ramyun commercials.
Nongshim has many jingles for their products. Adding a simple yet catchy jingle at the end of their commercials is one of Nongshim’s important marketing strategies. They are easy to remember, and most people in South Korea are aware of them.
Marketing in China
In China, Nongshim uses a slogan: 사나이라면 매운맛을 먹을 줄 알아야지 (Traditional Chinese: 吃不了辣味非好漢; Translation: (He who cannot handle spice is not a true man). This slogan is from a famous phrase in China “不到長城非好漢 (He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man)” by Mao Zedong.
Being aware of the historical importance of Baduk, or "Go", (Traditional Chinese: 圍棋; Japanese: 囲碁) in China, Nongshim has been sponsoring an annual Baduk Championship, the Nongshim Cup, as part of their marketing strategies since 1999.
Marketing in Japan
In Japan, Nongshim has set 10 April as a Shin Ramyun day since 2010. The date was chosen for its similarity in pronunciation with “Hot (Japanese: ホット)” when a Japanese pronounces 4 and 10 in English.
A Japanese word “うまからっ” (Romanization: umakara'; Translation: Spicy yet tasty; Etymology: Portmanteau of two Japanese words “うまい (Romanization: umai; Translation: Tasty)" and “からい (Romanization: karai; Translation: Spicy)”) is used to describe the flavor of Shin Ramyun.
As part of the main marketing projects, Nongshim offers “Shin Ramyun Kitchen Car,” a food truck that offers consumers a chance to taste Shin Ramyun, since 2013. Every year, the truck travels across Japan for seven months, promoting Shin Ramyun to Japanese consumers. As of April 2016, the truck has hosted a total of 150 tasting sessions, and travelled more than 100,000 kilometers.
See also
List of instant noodle brands
Noodle soup
References
External links
The official website of Nongshim
Shin Ramyun, Ramen of Choice in North Korea
South Korean brands
Instant noodle brands
Korean noodles
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6903279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence%20Rafferty
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Terrence Rafferty
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Terrence Rafferty is a film critic who wrote regularly for The New Yorker during the 1990s. His writing has also appeared in Slate, The Atlantic Monthly, The Village Voice, The Nation, and The New York Times. For a number of years he served as critic at large for GQ. He has a particular penchant for horror fiction and has reviewed collections by Richard Matheson, Joe Hill, and the Spanish author Cristina Fernández Cubas.
Bibliography
The Thing Happens: Ten Years of Writing About the Movies (1993)
Unnatural Acts (1992)
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American film critics
The New Yorker critics
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
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23578603
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Oldenburg
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MS Oldenburg
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MS Oldenburg is a British passenger ferry serving the island of Lundy in the Bristol Channel.
The Oldenburg was named after the former grand duchy of Oldenburg, Germany, and launched on 29 March 1958 in Bremen. On 6 August she was delivered to Deutsche Bundesbahn Schiffsdienst Wangerooge, and used for a ferry service between the mainland and the Frisian island of Wangerooge.
She was first chartered in winter of 1975 by Reederei Warrings for duty-free shopping cruises in East Frisia. In 1982 she was sold to Harle-Reederei Warrings in Carolinensiel, Lower Saxony, Germany.
In November 1985 she was sold to the Lundy Co. Ltd. to replace Lundy's transport boat, the Polar Bear. After a refurbishment at Appledore Shipyard including fitting a new crane and bringing the ship up to modern British shipping standards, she began her journeys for passengers and supplies to the island of Lundy in May 1986.
In 1999, the Lundy Co. Ltd received a Heritage Lottery Fund Grant which was used to upgrade the ship with two new 6-cylinder Cummins KT19-M425 Diesel Engines, each capable of producing 317kW (425HP) at 1800RPM, increasing her top speed from 11.5 to 12.5 Knots. The grant was also used to construct a new aft canopy and undertake a refurbishment programme, bringing the total passenger capacity count to 267.
Every year, the MS Oldenburg enters Sharpness docks for her annual refit. During these refits, essential maintenance is carried out in dry dock which are not possible during the sailing season. During the late 2019 refit, MS Oldenburg was fitted with a new rudder stock and foredeck crane, replacing the crane installed at the beginning of her Lundy tenure in 1986.
Gallery
References
External links
Oldenburg on Lundy Island
Dates on faktacomfartyg
Pictures on Flickr
Ferries of England
1958 ships
Ferries of South West England
Water transport in Devon
Lundy
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17336032
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato%20cannon
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Potato cannon
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A potato cannon is a pipe-based cannon that uses air pressure (pneumatic), or combustion of a flammable gas (aerosol, propane, etc.), to launch projectiles at high speeds. They are built to fire chunks of potato, as a hobby, or to fire other sorts of projectiles, for practical use. Projectiles or failing guns can be dangerous and result in life-threatening injuries, including cranial fractures, enucleation, and blindness if a person is hit.
The potato cannon can trace its origin to the World War II-era Holman Projector, which was a shipboard anti-aircraft weapon.
Launcher types
All spud guns propel projectiles down their barrels using pressurised gas in the same manner as a firearm (although at a much lower pressure). There are four basic ways that spud guns may achieve this:
By the combustion of a gaseous fuel-air mixture; this is generally called a combustion launcher, and its pressure is limited primarily by the energy density of the fuel-air mixture (less than with all safe fuels).
By the release of compressed gas (normally air) through a valve; such a launcher is typically referred to as a pneumatic launcher, and its power is limited primarily by the pressure of the air supply, be that from a compressor, manual pump or bottled gas.
By the explosion of a dry ice bomb placed in the pipe before the projectile, generally referred to as a dry ice bomb cannon, these are limited in power by the materials and size of the dry ice bomb but firing pressures can be around .
By the combustion of a pre-pressurised fuel-air mixture; this is called a hybrid launcher, and yields higher pressures than that of a normal combustion spud gun, limited only by the construction of the launcher (generally a few hundred pounds-force per square inch).
Combustion launchers
Combustion powered spud guns typically have the least complex designs, the four basic elements of which are:
A fuel system
A combustion chamber
An ignition source
A barrel
In order to fire, the operator loads a projectile into the barrel, adds fuel to the combustion chamber (for example aerosols or propane), and triggers the ignition source (often using a piezoelectric barbecue igniter). The fuel then ignites, creating hot expanding gases, and forcing the projectile out of the barrel. Distances vary greatly depending on many factors, including the type of fuel used, the efficiency of the fuel/air ratio, the combustion chamber/barrel ratio, and the flight characteristics of the projectile. Common distances vary from 100 to 200 meters, and there is a reported case of a cannon exceeding 500 meters of range.
Advanced combustion launchers may include metered propane or calcium carbide (acetylene) injection to ensure proper fueling, chamber fans to mix the fuel with the air and accelerate venting of the chamber after firing, multiple spark gaps (spark strips) to decrease combustion time, and high-voltage ignition sources (flyback circuits, stun guns, camera flashes, etc.).
Combustion launchers are usually less powerful than their pneumatic or hybrid counterparts, especially when hairspray / alcohol is used as a propellant. Bottled oxygen can be added to the firing chamber, though this can cause an explosion of the pipe when firing, potentially injuring anyone nearby.
Pneumatic launchers
Pneumatic launchers are considered a little more difficult to build due to the need of a completely airtight construction. These cannons have four basic components:
A filling valve
An air chamber
A pressure release valve
A barrel
In a pneumatic spud gun, air is pumped into the pressure chamber. After the desired chamber pressure is reached, the pressure release valve is opened, allowing the gas to expand down the barrel, propelling the projectile forwards.
The filling valve is usually a commonly available type such as a Schrader or Presta valve but other assemblies to pressurise the cannon such as quick release connections with ball or check valves have been used.
The pressure release valve is often one of a variety of commercially available types such as a plumbing ball valve, an irrigation sprinkler valve or a quick exhaust valve. Experienced builders often make their own valves for this purpose to gain greater flow and faster actuation. The most common custom design used is the piston valve. Multiple valves arranged to be triggered together are occasionally used as an alternative to a single larger valve.
The range of pneumatic cannons is more variable than the range of combustion spud guns due to the increased variation possible in the components. Typical ranges are slightly higher because of the greater power, but the maximum range of some high power pneumatic cannons has been said to be over .
Pneumatic spud guns are generally more powerful than combustion spud guns. A typical combustion gun generates average chamber pressures of about with peaks of around , while the average pneumatic gun can operate at pressures in the vicinity of . In recent times, it has become increasingly common for metal pneumatic launchers to use even higher pressures, sometimes up to or higher.
Dry ice launchers
A dry ice cannon uses the sublimation of solid carbon dioxide to generate the gas pressure to propel a projectile and is a variation of the burst disk cannon.
The oldest examples simply involve dropping pieces of dry ice into a tube closed at one end and sealing the other end by jamming the projectile in. When the pressure of the carbon dioxide from the subliming dry ice builds high enough, the projectile will be blown out of the tube. The pressures of such devices are not very high as it only needs to build enough to overcome the static friction of the projectile jammed in the barrel. Tens of psi is most likely. The range is likely restricted to 100- yards.
A more modern example is the dry ice bomb launcher. A plastic bottle containing water has some dry ice added and is quickly sealed and dropped down a tube closed at one end. A projectile is inserted in after it. The water accelerates the sublimation of the dry ice and the pressure from the carbon dioxide gas produced eventually ruptures the plastic bottle and launches the projectile. The rupturing pressure of a 0.5 L plastic soda bottle is between in the open air but when confined in a pipe, it could be higher.
Due to the operation of a dry ice bomb cannon extra safety issues are present:
The dry ice bomb used for propulsion can achieve bursting pressure in a matter of seconds to hours depending on the quantity of water and dry ice. If too little dry ice, it also may not achieve bursting pressure at all. These timing issues can cause belief that the cannon has failed to fire but attempting to unload the cannon may then provide the extra stress on the bottle needed for it to rupture.
The piping and any reinforcement may be insufficiently strong for the high pressure spike when the dry ice bomb explodes and consequently rupture.
The recoil of such cannons can be very great due to the high pressure combined with the large internal diameter piping needed for the bottles (5–9 cm; 2–3½ in) resulting in them being ill-suited for hand held firing.
Compared to the operation of other spud guns, dry ice bomb cannons are similar in firing principle to a light-gas gun of the pneumatic type; the plastic bottle performing the task of the burst disk albeit in a less controlled manner.
Another means of utilising dry ice in spud guns is to use the sublimation of dry ice to create substantial pressure behind a valve, and placing a barrel on the other side of that valve with a projectile loaded into it. Pressures behind the valve can reach upwards of , and by quickly releasing the valve, the projectile can be launched. Whilst this method is more controllable and in many means safer than utilising a soda bottle as a burst disk (provided pressure rated valves and piping are used), it is limited in that quick release valves, such as ball valves, are generally not bigger in diameter than 1 or 2 inches. Additionally, they cannot be opened as rapidly as a soda bottle will rupture, and consequently there is less immediate airflow. However, this is offset by the fact that such a design can operate at more than double the pressure of a typical dry ice bomb launcher, as soda bottles will rupture at only .
Hybrid launchers
A hybrid launcher consists of seven basic elements:
A fuel system (usually metered propane)
An air filling valve (see pneumatic launchers)
One or more pressure gauges
A high-pressure combustion chamber
A pressure-triggered main valve (burst disk)
A barrel
An ignition source (see combustion launchers)
A hybrid combines principles of combustion and pneumatic spud gun. It uses a pre-pressurised mixture of fuel and air to get more power out of a given chamber volume.
In order to fire, the operator first readies the pressure-triggered valve then injects several times the normal amount of fuel and appropriately more air. When the ignition source is triggered, the pressure from the combustion causes the main valve to open and propels the projectile out of the barrel with the released combustion gases. The hybrid is capable of higher velocities than a combustion or pneumatic spud gun because the pressure generated is higher than that in a combustion gun (for most fuels), and the shock wave moves faster than it can in a pneumatic (for most gases), due to the higher temperature. Projectiles fired by a hybrid have broken the sound barrier.
A hybrid using a fuel and air mix at twice atmospheric pressure is said to be using a 2X mix. Higher mixtures can be used and will produce even higher pressures. The fuel and air need to be measured and matched carefully to ensure reliable operation; hence the use of accurate air pressure gauges and fuel meters.
Vacuum cannons
Vacuum cannons differ from typical pneumatic cannons in that they apply a negative pressure to the front of the projectile in order to "pull" it out of the barrel. They typically fire light projectiles and do not have any practical applications outside of demonstrating air pressure theory.
Primary materials
Plastics
PVC-U (Polyvinyl chloride, unplasticized): Highly popular due to its availability and relatively low cost. PVC pipes are available in a wide variety of sizes and pressure ratings. In industry, however, they are illegal for compressed air applications—if they are damaged under pressure the plastic can fail explosively. PVC should not be used in this application without extensive experience and understanding of the forces at play.
ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene): Another popular plastic piping material, more expensive and less common than PVC but available in the same sizes and pressure ratings. Unlike PVC it is used in compressed air systems as it splits rather than shatters on failure. It also has a greater temperature tolerance (−40 °C to +80 °C, or −40 to 175 °F) compared to 0 °C to +60 °C or 30 to 140 °F for PVC).
Both PVC and ABS piping are also available in forms that are not pressure rated. The use of unrated plastic piping and fittings is a common source of cannon failure and poses a much greater risk to a cannon operator.
Metals
Steel: The very high-pressure rating of steel piping makes it a familiar sight on high-powered hybrid cannons. It is however much more expensive than any other common piping material. The extra weight and joining difficulties are also a consideration.
Copper: As a common plumbing material, copper pipes and associated fittings are readily available. They have higher pressure ratings and flow compared to similar plastic piping. The drawbacks are that copper is heavier, and up to four times the cost of PVC or ABS pipes of similar external diameters.
Aluminium: Aluminium is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. Aluminium pipes are sometimes used as barrels on spud guns on their own and machined aluminium is a popular material for particularly unique designs.
Brass: Often brass fittings are used on spud guns for small parts of the construction like fuel systems, because it is one of the most common materials for small pipe fittings. Occasionally large parts of spud guns are machined entirely out of brass.
Valve types
Manual
Ball Valve: Made out of either plastic or metal, ball valves are considered inferior by many enthusiasts due to their slow opening times. For those on a tight budget or in low-power setups, ball valves are ideal. Some choose to modify their valves by attaching a pneumatic actuator or spring to achieve a faster opening speed.
Blowgun: A blowgun is a small handheld device used to blow away debris from a work area and is designed to be used attached to a compressed air line. It uses a sprung poppet valve operated by a lever to allow air through its body and out through a specially shaped nozzle. In spudgunning, it’s used to pilot larger valves—releasing a small volume of air to allow a piston or diaphragm to fly back and release a much larger volume of air into the barrel. It is also used as the primary valve for small cannons that fire airsoft pellets and so do not require high airflow. Blowguns can be modified to increase airflow.
Electric
Sprinkler valve (otherwise known as a solenoid valve): The use of irrigation sprinkler valves as pneumatic valves has become increasingly popular for spudgunning. These valves are intended to be electrically triggered causing a solenoid to depressurise a diaphragm and allow airflow through. It is also possible to remove the solenoid and, instead, to actuate the valve manually with a blowgun to depressurise the diaphragm. Such modifications allow the valve to open as much as 3 to 5 times faster.
Pneumatic
Diaphragm valve: A diaphragm valve is used in pneumatic cannons where the barrel is within the air chamber. It is a disk of flexible material mounted directly behind the barrel that seals it when pressure is increased behind the disk. The design is such that air leaks past the diaphragm from behind it to the chamber around the barrel, sealing the soft rubber against the butt of the barrel. Once the chamber is fully pressurised the compressed air behind the diaphragm is quickly vented, causing the centre of the diaphragm to flex backwards, exposing the butt of the barrel to the compressed air inside the chamber, which rapidly exhausts through the barrel, launching the projectile. Sprinkler valves have also been modified to act in the same manner a diaphragm valve operates; changing the triggering of the valve to a release of air controlled by a blowgun valve, rather than electronically.
Piston valve: The gold standard of pneumatic spudgunning is the piston valve, due to its extremely high rate of flow and opening speed. It works in an almost identical fashion to a diaphragm valve but replaces the flexible diaphragm with a hard rubber-faced piston. The valve opening is generally as wide as or wider than the barrel diameter, so there is very little constriction of airflow. Piston valves also open much faster than either ball or solenoid valves. However, construction of this type of valve is inherently complex, and some choose to order pre-built valves through the internet.
Quick Exhaust Valve (QEV): a commercial piston or diaphragm valve in a metal body intended for the quick venting of pneumatic cylinders. In spudgunning they are ideal barrel sealing valves with faster opening times than custom piston valves and high flow rates. They can be commonly found in sizes from ⅛ inch to 1½ inches (3–40 mm) and sometimes even larger models. It provides an easy option for inexperienced spud-gun builders but the cost is usually greater than for any other valve type.
The Quick Dump Valve is a recent addition to the choices of valves for spudding. A QDV is a spool valve that is balanced under pressure with one end of the spool oriented toward the barrel. The spool is manually unbalanced allowing pressure between the end of the spool and the projectile in the barrel. The air pressure then forces the spool back and the projectile forward. Since the valve is triggered with no pilot pressure, the valve snaps open with no pilot pressure to hinder it. Currently it is not commercially for sale and must be hand built by the hobbyist like most piston valves.
Burst Disk Valve: Used in a few pneumatics but primarily in hybrid cannons, burst valves are considered the ideal pressure release mechanism as they allow an unobstructed flow of high pressure air. Burst disks have no moving parts, making them very reliable. They are very appealing for hybrid cannons because they can withstand the low pressure gas mix in the chamber before ignition, yet fail as planned upon successful ignition. The high pressure combustion gases are released into the barrel at a rate which generates greater velocities than a mechanical valve could allow. Pneumatic cannon burst discs work similarly. The disc and projectile are loaded, and the chamber is pressurised until the disc ruptures. Unfortunately, this usually does not give the operators much in the way of control over timing, although a puncturing mechanism can be used. Burst disks are of no specific material and may consist of plastic or thin sheet metal or foil.
Alternate designs have also been used which use a sharp projectile to puncture the burst disk, like a mortar or using a manual puncturing device to trigger failure of the disk. These allow total control over burst disk cannons without the need for hybrid technology and materials as simple as plastic tape can be used for the disk.
Burst disk cannons have also been made which are fired electrically, using a nichrome wire to trigger failure by heating.
Connections
Welding, soldering and gluing
Solvent welding: used for similar plastic connections using solvent fittings, the solvent temporarily dissolves the polymer chains of the plastic and the parts to be joined are brought together. On rehardening, the polymer chains from each part are entangled and so form a solid weld.
Metal welding: used to form strong joints between similar metals by melting the points of connection together. It is an uncommon process in spudgun construction due to the equipment necessary to make the welds.
Soldering: commonly used in the construction of copper pipe based spudguns, a solder with a lower melting point than the copper is melted and drawn into the gaps between pipe and fitting with capillary action, holding to pipe and fitting with a wetting action before hardening.
Gluing: the use of epoxy resin in small designs is common for the making of custom parts but it is rare to see glues used for structural connections. Epoxy resin is mostly used in applications where normal fittings would limit the possibilities.
Duct tape: sometimes used in simple cannons, it is unsuitable for sealing any significant pneumatic pressure and if used on a combustion cannon the heat produced can soften the adhesive and melt the tape, greatly weakening any seal or joint it creates.
Mechanical joints
Compression Fittings: primarily seen on copper pipe spudguns, the compression fitting squeezes a metal ring against the pipe between a nut and the fitting body to form the connection. Easier than solder fittings and requiring only a spanner they are much more expensive and are of greater weight.
Threaded Fittings: commonly available in BSP or NPT (not interchangeable) they generally require a fitting attached to a pipe by other means to allow screwing into another threaded fitting. The exception to this is steel pipe, the ends of which can have the appropriate thread cut into them.
Flange joints: on large steel spudguns, pipe and fittings are sometimes bolted together by means of flanges with a gasket sandwiched between them to provide an airtight joint.
Cam Locks: on spudguns with interchangeable barrels a cam lock is sometimes used to connect barrels to the cannon as it provides a quick and simple solution to switching barrels. Two levers either side of the socket side of the fitting rotate internal cams to lock in or release the plug side of the fitting to which a barrel is attached.
The sound barrier
It is rare for a spud gun to be powerful enough to break the sound barrier, although there are some cases of this happening using specialized designs. The spud guns used are typically hybrids; but some pneumatic cannons have achieved the feat, either by using a special low-density gas, such as helium, or high pressures combined with a fast valve. There is also one reported case of a combustion design achieving super-sonic velocities.
The difficulty in breaking the barrier arises from the speed of the particles within the gas. The projectile cannot travel faster than the gas particles, which are limited to travel at the speed of sound. The problem is solved by increasing the speed of the particles, either by:
Using lighter molecules, as occurs when helium is used in a pneumatic.
Heating the gases to far higher temperatures, and thus giving them more energy. This allows hybrids and combustions to achieve supersonic velocities.
Using steel and much higher pressures of or more, but achieving these pressures is difficult. CO2 gas, although it can reach these pressures, is not suitable due to its high density.
Supersonic velocities may theoretically be attained by pneumatics with a sufficiently large "dead space" between the main valve and projectile. The incoming air can raise the pressure rapidly in this dead space, creating high temperatures sometimes sufficient to achieve supersonic velocities. This particular effect has not yet been successfully used, but has been discussed, as both adiabatic and shock heating are documented phenomena in gases.
The highest projectile speed recorded from a spud gun is (approximately 2.7 times the speed of sound) with a 20 mm plastic slug from a hybrid using a pre-ignition mixture of air and propane.
Supersonic velocities have been obtained using the related vacuum bazooka with a de Laval nozzle. This also relies on significantly lowering the density of the gas.
Practical uses
Although spudguns are created and used for the purpose of recreation there are other devices which work on identical principles in many other fields with more serious uses.
Entertainment
Promotional sports cannons: Portable pneumatic cannons which run on bottled CO2 are common at large sports games in the U.S. where they are used to project items such as T-shirts or wrapped food into the audience. Such cannons can be dangerous: the Phillie Phanatic injured a fan with a hot dog cannon in June 2018. Such "air cannons", as they are often called, tend to be made of higher-quality materials than an average pneumatic spudgun, but they use the same methods of operation.
Special effects cannons: In film and theatre productions, pneumatic cannons (such as an air mortar) are often used as a pyrotechnic-free method of material projection. These can vary from simple ball valve, manually operated models to electronically triggered designs operated from a remote control panel depending on the exact requirements.
Golf ball launchers: at some charity outings players can make a donation and launch a golf ball over 300 yards and use that as their tee shot. Usually the vendor hired by the event organizer launches the ball for safety and liability reasons.
Industry
Hail cannons: these are very large devices which consist of a combustion chamber and a large funnel shape mounted on top of it. A gas mix is ignited in the combustion chamber and the funnel directs the blast wave upwards. They are intended to protect crops from hail damage by disrupting hail formation with the shock waves. There has however been no scientific proof of their effectiveness.
Air cannons: This can mean:
A pneumatic spudgun
Air cannon (mechanics), a compressed air device for creating high pressure shock waves under water
Bird scarers: these devices are essentially automatic combustion cannons. They require bottled propane gas and a lead-acid battery. At intervals they ignite a propane/air mix to produce a loud explosion (up to 150 decibels close to the device) to scare birds from crop fields or near airport runways.
Chicken cannons: Many aircraft parts must be able to survive the impact of a bird in flight, known as a birdstrike. Pneumatic guns are used to project a bird, typically a dead chicken, into a product designed to imitate a birdstrike. Aircraft canopies, engines, and critical flight control surfaces will normally undergo this type of stress testing to determine whether they are strong enough to withstand a birdstrike in flight.
Shock tubes: used to test hypersonic and supersonic combustion ramjets.
Pneumatic line throwers for launching lines for rescue missions or between ships for replenishment at sea as well as a number of other applications.
Military
Combustion light-gas guns are weaponised combustion cannons which burn a low-molecular-weight gas such as hydrogen to provide a higher specific impulse than relatively high-molecular-weight conventional solid propellants.
Safety
Spud guns by nature are hazardous and can present safety issues if poorly constructed or used.
Users should follow the same rules as if handling a conventional firearm (see gun safety), but given the frequently improvised materials and construction used in spudguns, it is particularly important for the user to use basic ear and eye protection when operating a spudgun.
Legal issues
In some jurisdictions spud guns are outlawed or have restrictions on their use and may require licenses and certification of the gun.
In popular culture
In the "Workaholics" episode "To Friend a Predator", a Potato Gun is used in an attempt to stop the protagonist, but instead hits Blake in the back.
In The Trailer Park Boys, Julian, Ricky, Bubbles, Corey and Trevor use spud guns to investigate the enormous damage to their crops of cannabis. This was because real guns would attract too much attention.
In the film Tremors 3: Back to Perfection, Jack Sawyer suggested to Burt Gummer that they build a potato gun to fight the Ass-Blasters. Using parts from a junkyard, they formed a variant of a potato gun that shot makeshift flaming arrows that were deadly to the Ass Blasters and killed two.
In an episode of Nickelodeon's Drake & Josh, Drake buys a potato gun, accidentally hitting Josh, making him drop the weights he was lifting, causing him to break his foot.
Dwight Schrute on the U.S. version of The Office has mentioned owning a spud gun in more than one episode.
In 14th episode of Season 4 of Prison Break, a combustion potato gun is used by Michael Scofield to launch 40 mm smoke grenades.
The Simpsons character Maude Flanders was killed by air-cannon launched T-shirts in the eleventh season episode, "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily".
In Duct Tape Forever (the movie based on The Red Green Show) Edgar K. B. Montrose says to sell them as toys to the kids to raise money.
In the movie Aliens in the Attic the kids build a spud gun that they use to fight aliens invading Earth.
A MythBusters episode tested a potato cannon held together by duct tape compared to one held together using PVC bonding agent. Another episode, testing MacGyver myths, supplied Adam and Jamie with the materials to build a potato cannon as part of a challenge to "MacGyver" up a way to signal a rescue helicopter; however, they used the piping and other supplies present to build a large kite instead.
In the TV series House, M.D. episode "The Dig", House is attending a spud gun show with Thirteen, where he uses the spud gun to threaten a teenage competitor who taunts House.
A spud gun was one of the many different weapons used in Bully, a game made by Rockstar Games. There were two types. One can be carried around the map, but could only fire eight potatoes before having to get more ammunition. The other one was a mounted gun that the Nerds used at the observatory during a story mission facing a second boss.
In Iron Man 3, Tony meets a boy named Harley, who owns a potato gun which he uses to threaten Tony. At the end of the movie, as thanks for his help, Tony builds Harley a newer and better potato gun.
The game Scrap Mechanic has 4 variants of spud guns: a single shot spud gun, a double barrel spud shot gun which fires French fries, a 'spudling' gun which is a triple barrel Gatling gun, and a mountable spud gun which can be mounted on your creations
See also
Airgun
FN 303
Paintball gun
Plastic pressure pipe systems
Pneumatic gun
Pumpkin chucking
Vacuum bazooka
References
External links
How Pneumatic Potato Cannons Work —Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Spud gun building instructions — Spud Gun plans, animations, construction how-tos
Air guns
Pneumatic weapons
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17336034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Island%20Light
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Dutch Island Light
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Dutch Island Light is a historic lighthouse on Dutch Island off Jamestown, Rhode Island.
In 1825 the federal government acquired at the southern end of the island, and on January 1, 1827, Dutch Island Light was established to mark the west passage of Narragansett Bay and to aid vessels entering Dutch Island Harbor. The first tower was built of stones found on the island. The government constructed a new brick tower in 1857 with a fog bell added in 1878.
Additional history
Dutch Island is located in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay between Jamestown and Saunderstown, Rhode Island. Originally it was called "Quetenis" by the Narragansett people, who sold it to the Dutch West India Company about 1636. The Dutch from New Amsterdam (later New York) used the island as a safe place to trade their goods to the Narragansett for meat, fish and furs. Later the English settlers of Rhode Island used the island to graze sheep.
For many years it was fortified to protect the West Passage from sea invasion. It is not known whether this included the Revolutionary War era when the Conanicut Battery was activated further south on the western shore of Conanicut (Jamestown) Island. Dutch Island was later heavily fortified with massive concrete gun emplacements. These were started with large granite store structures near the southern end of the island during the Civil War. In the late 19th century there was a battery of Rodman guns (25-ton cannon which used a 50-pound charge of black powder to fire a 300-pound cannonball as far as ) on the point at the southern end of the island.
In the late 1890s the Army established Fort Greble on Dutch Island. Fort Greble was an Endicott-era coastal fortification which featured long-range rifled artillery pieces and could house as many as 495 officers and men. Fort Greble was an active post until 1924 and was used for National Guard training up to World War II.
In 1825, the U.S. government bought on the southern tip of the island with the purpose of establishing a "light station". The first tower was built in 1826 using native stone from the island. It was tall. One of the first keepers was Robert Dennis, whose father had fought in the Revolution and who was also present at the Boston Tea Party. Dennis was 78 years old when he became keeper and apparently remained keeper until he was well into his nineties. His son, Robert, took his position when his father died.
According to Jeremy D'Entremont, a member of the American Lighthouse Foundation and the first Board of Directors of the Dutch Island Lighthouse Society, the lighthouse and keeper's house were described in the mid-19th century as "the worst construction of any in the state", and the lantern was described as "wretched".
In 1857, the old tower and the Keeper's House were demolished and replaced by the present brick tower and a four-room Keeper's House. The basic structure of this tower was described in 2007 as still being "very sound". The cost of these two structures in the 1850s was $4,000, and included a "fourth-order" Fresnel lens and a fixed white light. In 1878, a fog bell was installed on the west side of the tower to be activated by a clockwork mechanism.
In 1924, a flashing red kerosene light was installed, the lens for which was rotated by "…a very big weight on pulleys", recalls a local resident.
Keepers:
William Dennis (1827–1843)
Robert H. Weeden (1843–1844)
William P. Babcock (1844–1846)
Robert Dennis (1846–1853)
Benjamin Congdon (1853–1859)
M. M. Trundy (1859–1865)
Lewis T. King (Nov. 24, 1885 to Sept. 20, 1901)
John Paul was one of the last keepers (1929–1931), and his son Louis remembered that this father kept a vegetable garden and a flock of ducks. He said that the fishing off the rocks was "excellent" and that his father would catch "…a bushel of blackfish before breakfast." He would buy a whole side of beef in Jamestown or Saunderstown, salt it thoroughly and keep it for prolonged use.
In 1947, the light was automated and lit by electricity, as a flashing red beacon. The military left the island, and in 1950 the Keeper's House was demolished because of vandalism and because toadstools and moss were growing in the house.
In 1972, the Coast Guard proposed discontinuing the light altogether. This was followed by at least 40-50 letters of protest written to the Rhode Island Department of Natural Resources and to the Coast Guard. As a result, the Coast Guard not only retained the light but even increased its intensity. Extensive vandalism, however, continued and again the proposition to discontinue the light was made in 1977. This time it was discontinued and was replaced by a flashing red buoy off the tip of the island in 1979.
Dutch Island Lighthouse Society is formed
The Dutch Island Lighthouse Society was born in 2000 as a Chapter of the American Lighthouse Foundation and with the objective of restoring the lighthouse and hopefully a functioning light.
In May 2000, the lighthouse was visited by Dave Lombardi, Keith Fornal, Jeremy D'Entremont and Chris Powell of the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (which had jurisdiction over the island). In June 2000, Ginger Hesse and Roberta Randall of the Rhode Island State Historic Preservation Office also visited the lighthouse. The building, though needing extensive repairs, was found to be basically very sound, and they named it an Historic Building.
In the summer of 2001, DILS filed an application for funds for restoration and reactivation with an estimated cost of $120,000, and the application was "accepted". It took another 7 years to complete all the many details of design, planning, restoration and activation along with endless encounters with "red tape". Meanwhile, a set of by-laws was approved which established a board of directors.
In January 2004, DILS was accepted as a non-profit organization in the state of Rhode Island. The DILS treasurer, Betty Aschman, reported that there was $16,000 from "big donors" including the Kimball Foundation, BankNewport's Community Fund, and several family foundations. There were 188 "small" donors, and on May 21, 2004, Al Potter reported that the Society had an easement agreement with the state and the necessary insurance and project agreement. On July 1, 2004, the visitors to the island included key people from the Rhode Island Department of Transportation and Keith Lescarbeau, who was the president and owner of the Abcore Restoration Company that was already at work on Plum Beach Light.
By the spring of 2005, DILS negotiated a long-term lease from the DEM, which was in charge of the island for the state, including the lighthouse. In July of that year, engineering firm Vanasse Hangen and Brustlin (VHB) visited the lighthouse with Bill DeSantis of RIDOT, architect Richard Ventrone, Jr., and planner Arnold Robinson of the Newport Collaborative Architects. (Campbell Construction Co. had already had a site visit). Their charge was to come up with drawings and specifications that would get the job done and relight the light, and if possible, to stay within the $120,000 grant from RIDOT.
The details of their specifications had to be cleared by the DILS Building Committee, RIDOT, the town of Jamestown, the US Coast Guard and RIDEM (Parks Department) before the Society could advertise for bids. After a short time, RIDOT gave DILS permission to advertise for bids; the Building Committee reviewed the four bids. The winning bidder was Abcore Restoration of Narragansett, which had a very good reputation and had recently completed the restoration of the Plum Beach Lighthouse, also in Narragansett Bay. Keith Lescarbeau, the president and owner of Abcore, was also well known and admired in the area. The Building Committee's choice of Abcore was approved by the Board of Directors, and on July 3, 2007, Craig Amerigian agreed to serve as the DILS Project Manager and Owner Representative.
Abcore started July 25. They made a temporary landing area on the rock near the lighthouse of about 20 tires tied together and built a plywood walkway from this landing area to the lighthouse. They had a small launch with a hoist which transported all the scaffolding, ladders and supplies to the island from Jamestown. It was heartening to see the scaffolding in place and to watch the exterior gradually change from mottled brown to gleaming white with the final parging.
Another detail in the rebuilding was the fabrication and testing of a solar-powered workable light, as well as chipping away all loose material on the exterior of the tower, repairing with tuck pointing, coating with a parging (tested in Newport for appropriate whiteness) and then coating with an antifungal material. The roof had to be replaced. The glass in the tower had to be replaced with double glazing. The brass window frames needed repair and replacement, and much of the walkway also needed repair and replacement. Considerable work had to be done to the inside staircase, wooden window boards were replaced with metal ones, and the door was replaced.
The separate small "oil house" was cleaned out and fitted with a new roof and door, and the exterior was refinished.
The grant from RIDOT specifically stated that the grant money could not be used for maintenance, nor would RIDOT or the Enhancement Program pay for maintenance. The final field report was received from the Newport Collaborative Architects on November 20, 2007.
On November 17, 2007, many gathered at vantage points to see the great occasion. At the appointed time (7:00 p.m.) the "count-down" was started, the cannon fired, and founding member Shirley Sheldon pushed the button, and for the first time in 28 years Dutch Island had a flashing red light and a gleaming white lighthouse.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
Notes
References
Dutch Island Lighthouse History (Dutch Island Lighthouse Society, P.O. Box 435, Saunderstown, RI 02874)
Lighthouse Details
Frederic Denlson, Narragansett Sea and Shore, (J.A. & R.A. Reid, Providence, RI., 1879)
George L. Seavey, Rhode Island's Coastal Natural Areas.
Lighthouses completed in 1857
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Lighthouses in Newport County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Jamestown, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
1857 establishments in Rhode Island
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17336037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion%20Rules%20Licence
|
Dominion Rules Licence
|
The Dominion Rules Licence (or DRL) is the open gaming licence under which the Dominion Rules role-playing game system is distributed. It is notable for being one of the earliest examples of an open gaming licence, predating the better known Open Game License.
Legal provisions
The main rights granted by the DRL are (1) the right to distribute Dominion Rules, (2) the right to modify Dominion Rules, (3) the rights to create and distribute "Larger Works" and "Compatible Works".
The main right licensees grant under the DRL is the right of others to copy, modify and distribute any modifications to Dominion Rules a licensee makes.
These provisions resemble those found in many open-source licences.
Versions
Version 1.1 of the DRL is the most prominent previous version. It was under this version of the DRL that Dominion Rules 2.0 was released in 2002.
The current version of the DRL is 2.0. It closely resembles version 1.1 but has been simplified in some respects. DRL v. 2.0 is the version under which Dominion Rules 3.0 was released in 2008.
References
Role-playing game systems
Free content licenses
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17336069
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallopodidae
|
Hallopodidae
|
Hallopodidae is a family of Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs. They have been recovered as the closest relatives of the Crocodyliformes.
References
Prehistoric reptile families
Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs
Fossil taxa described in 1881
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17336073
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Fink
|
Margaret Fink
|
Margaret Fink (born Margaret Elliott on March 3, 1933) is an Australian film producer, noted for her important role in the revival of Australian cinema in the 1970s.
She was educated at Sydney Girls High School, East Sydney Technical College, Sydney Teachers College and the Sydney Conservatorium. She worked as an art teacher at various high schools in Sydney from 1956 to 1961.
Her productions include The Removalists (1975), My Brilliant Career (1979), For Love Alone (1986), Edens Lost (1988) (for TV), and Candy (2006).
She was a member of the Sydney Push, a Sydney bohemian group of the 1950s and 1960s that boasted among its membership Lillian Roxon, Germaine Greer, Clive James, and Frank Moorhouse. While still known as Margaret Elliott, she published Harry Hooton's last book, It Is Great To Be Alive. Her former husband, Leon Fink, is a prominent Sydney businessman and property developer. They married in 1961 and had three children together: Hannah, John and Ben. After their divorce in 1978, they remained living in the same house for a number of years. She has also had relationships with Barry Humphries, Jim McNeil, Bill Harding and Richard Neville.
Her daughter, Hannah Fink, is an arts writer. John Fink is a restaurateur and filmmaker. Ben Fink was a member of the band The Whitlams.
References
Australian film producers
1933 births
Living people
People educated at Sydney Girls High School
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17336077
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynir%20B%C3%B6%C3%B0varsson
|
Reynir Böðvarsson
|
Reynir Böðvarsson is an Icelandic seismologist working at Uppsala University in Sweden. He is responsible for the Swedish National Seismology Network.
External
Seismology Institute Uppsala University
Swedish National Seismology Net Homepage
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Uppsala University faculty
Seismologists
Reynir Bodvarsson
Reynir Bodvarsson
Reynir Bodvarsson
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17336117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ALMA%20de%20M%C3%A9xico%20destinations
|
List of ALMA de México destinations
|
This is a list of cities and airports that ALMA de México served (as of June 2008):
Mexico
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes (Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo International Airport)
Baja California
Tijuana (General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport) focus city
Baja California Sur
La Paz (Manuel Márquez de León International Airport)
Campeche
Campeche (Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport)
Chiapas
Tuxtla Gutierrez (Angel Albino Corzo International Airport)
Chihuahua
Chihuahua (General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport)
Ciudad Juárez (Abraham González International Airport)
Coahuila
Torreón (Francisco Sarabia International Airport)
Guanajuato
León (Del Bajío International Airport)
Estado de México
Toluca (Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport)
Jalisco
Guadalajara (Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport) Hub
Puerto Vallarta (Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport)
Michoacan
Morelia (General Francisco J. Mujica International Airport)
Nuevo León
Monterrey (General Mariano Escobedo International Airport)
Oaxaca
Oaxaca (Xoxocotlán International Airport)
Puebla
Puebla (Hermanos Serdán International Airport)
Querétaro
Querétaro (Querétaro International Airport)
Quintana Roo
Cancún (Cancún International Airport)
Chetumal (Chetumal International Airport)
Sinaloa
Los Mochis (Federal del Valle del Fuerte International Airport)
Mazatlán (General Rafael Buelna International Airport)
Tabasco
Villahermosa (Carlos Rovirosa Pérez International Airport)
Tamaulipas
Ciudad Victoria (General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport)
Reynosa (General Lucio Blanco International Airport)
Tampico (General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport)
Veracruz
Poza Rica (El Tajín National Airport)
Veracruz (General Heriberto Jara International Airport)
Yucatán
Mérida (Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport)
References
ALMA de Mexico
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17336122
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camayenne%20Sofa
|
Camayenne Sofa
|
Camayenne Sofa were one of the most influential popular music groups in Guinea, West Africa in the 1970s. They recorded on the national Syliphone label.
Discography
La Percee (Syllart)
Attaque (Syllart)
A Grands Pas
References
Guinean musical groups
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
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17336137
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Mass%20Krakow%202004
|
Black Mass Krakow 2004
|
Black Mass Krakow 2004 is a live concert DVD by Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth. It was released by Metal Mind on 9 June 2008 in Europe, and on 8 July 2008 in the US. The DVD featured the band's controversial 2004 concert that was filmed in a TV studio in Kraków, Poland. The DVD also included live footage from the Full Force Festival Leipzig 2000, band biography, discography, photo gallery, desktop images and web links, and was compatible with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound.
Controversy
The concert featured sheep heads on stakes, "crucified" nude models, Satanic symbols and eighty litres of sheep blood. The band came under fire for violating Polish anti-blasphemy laws as well as Polish animal rights laws. A police investigation took place with allegations of religious offence (which is prosecutable under Polish law) and cruelty to animals. Though these charges were considered, the band was not charged as it was ruled that they were unaware of the fact that what they were doing was illegal, although the concert organiser was eventually fined 10,000zł in 2007, as he knew about it and neither informed the band that it was against the law nor intervened. The whole controversy led to the band being dropped from the roster of the Nuclear Blast Tour and the footage of the concert being confiscated by the police.
Track listing
Personnel
Gaahl – vocals
Infernus – guitar
King ov Hell – bass
Kvitrafn – drums
Apollyon – guitar
See also
Gorgoroth discography
References
Gorgoroth albums
Black metal controversies
2008 live albums
2008 video albums
Live video albums
Metal Mind Productions video albums
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17336162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20Park%2C%20New%20Westminster
|
Queen's Park, New Westminster
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Queen's Park is a neighbourhood and community park in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada.
The recreational area and tourist attraction dates from 1887. The park is in extent, and is located north east of the city hall. The park houses Queen's Park Arena, current home of the New Westminster Salmonbellies, a stadium, seasonal animal petting farm, spray park, tennis courts, sports fields and band shell.
Queen's Park residential area is to the southwest of the park, bounded on the northwest by 6th Avenue, on the southwest by 6th Street, on the southeast by Royal Avenue, and on the north by the park itself.
History
1859 to 1900
Queen's Park was the first established public park in British Columbia, as New Westminster was established in 1859. Originally, the park was named 'Queen's Ravine' by Colonel Richard Clement Moody. In the 1870s, the reserve in which the park was in was split into an area for a penitentiary, asylum, and the park itself. The park was officially declared open in 1887 as a celebration of Queen Victoria's 50th year as a monarch. In 1890, an exhibition building was built which could house up to 5,000 people. The building was created for viewing of the athletic fields and race track.
1901 to 1945
The first zoo was built in the park in 1906 by the local firemen, which contained animals such as bears and cougars. The New Westminster Arena was built in 1914 with the original intention of housing horse competitions, but was transformed into an ice rink instead. During the First World War, the park was used as a training site for the Royal Expeditionary Force. The buildings were also transformed into barracks to house the soldiers in training. In 1929, there was a large fire which destroyed most of the buildings in Queen's Park, and the area was not restored until much later, due to the Great Depression. The park was later turned again into training grounds and housing for soldiers in the Westminster Regiment during the Second World War.
See also
Tipperary Park
References
External links
New Westminster Parks, Culture & Recreation
Neighbourhoods in New Westminster
Parks in Greater Vancouver
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23578615
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Ottawa%20Rough%20Riders%20season
|
1993 Ottawa Rough Riders season
|
The 1993 Ottawa Rough Riders finished 3rd place in the East Division with a 4–14 record. They were defeated in the East Semi-Final by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
Offseason
CFL Draft
Preseason
Regular season
Season standings
Regular season
Schedule
Postseason
Awards and honours
1993 CFL All-Stars
None
References
Ottawa Rough Riders seasons
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17336212
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Silver%20Chamber%20of%20Sorrows
|
The Silver Chamber of Sorrows
|
The Silver Chamber of Sorrows (Traditional Chinese: 銀樓金粉) is a TVB period drama series broadcast in April 2008. It stars Nancy Sit, Paul Chun, Ng Wai Kwok, Christine Ng, Shirley Yeung, Winnie Young, Jack Wu, Rebecca Chan & Nancy Wu.
Synopsis
A rich family is ruled by lust
A hymn is mourned over by feuds
Sheung's Silver Chamber, the largest jewel company in Foshan, Guangdong, is facing serious financial difficulties. In order to obtain a loan from Shum’s family, Sheung Hang (Paul Chun), owner of the Chamber, together with his primary wife, Choi Siu-Tip (Nancy Sit), plot to arrange marriage between Sheung Wan (Ng Wai Kwok), Hang’s younger brother, and Shum Wing-Tung (Winnie Young), daughter of Shum’s family. Fueled by hatred, Ching Sau-Hang (Christine Ng), Wan’s lover, marries Hang and ironically becomes Wan’s sister-in-law. Wan falls out with Hang, and opts to live abroad and disconnects from his family.
After leaving home for years, Wan does not return home until the occasion to celebrate his father’s birthday. Unfortunately on the night before the occasion, Sheung Shai Jo, the only son of Hang, steals his grandfather's present for his greed and as a result causes his grandfather to agitate and pass away while his mother pushed the blame to Hang, Wan and Sau-Hang. As a result, all the evil deeds and secrets of the family are revealed one by one as the dark age of the family approaches...
Cast
Viewership ratings
Awards and nominations
41st TVB Anniversary Awards (2008)
Nominations
"Best Drama"
"Best Actress in a Leading Role" (Nancy Sit - Choi Siu-Dip)
"Best Actress in a Supporting Role" (Nancy Wu - Ha Fei-Fei)
"My Favourite Female Character" (Christine Ng - Ching Sau-Hang)
References
External links
TVB.com The Silver Chamber of Sorrows - Official Website
Review
TVB dramas
2008 Hong Kong television series debuts
2008 Hong Kong television series endings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Nicholas%27%20Church%2C%20Ipswich
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St Nicholas' Church, Ipswich
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St Nicholas' Church, Ipswich is a medieval church in Ipswich. It is currently used by the Diocese of St Edmundsbury & Ipswich as a conference centre and is adjacent to the diocesan offices, and the bishops' offices. The church dates from 1300 and was substantially refitted in 1849. The fifteenth century tower was rebuilt in 1886.
St Nicholas Parish
St Nicholas was a parish church and in the late medieval times this parish was part of Ipswich south ward, along with the parish of St Peters.
Bells
The church has a ring of 5 bells all but the 2nd were cast by Henry Pleasant of Sudbury in 1706. The second was cast by Miles I Graye of Colchester in 1630. All 5 bells hang in oak frame dating from c.1706.
Notable people buried in St Nicholas' graveyard
Peyton Ventris (1645 – 1691), judge and politician.
References
Church of England church buildings in Ipswich
Grade II* listed buildings in Ipswich
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene%20extinction%20event
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Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
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The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction) was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago. With the exception of some ectothermic species such as sea turtles and crocodilians, no tetrapods weighing more than survived. It marked the end of the Cretaceous Period, and with it the Mesozoic era, while heralding the beginning of the Cenozoic era, which continues to this day.
In the geologic record, the K–Pg event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K–Pg boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks. The boundary clay shows unusually high levels of the metal iridium, which is more common in asteroids than in the Earth's crust.
As originally proposed in 1980 by a team of scientists led by Luis Alvarez and his son Walter, it is now generally thought that the K–Pg extinction was caused by the impact of a massive asteroid , 66 million years ago, which devastated the global environment, mainly through a lingering impact winter which halted photosynthesis in plants and plankton. The impact hypothesis, also known as the Alvarez hypothesis, was bolstered by the discovery of the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula in the early 1990s, which provided conclusive evidence that the K–Pg boundary clay represented debris from an asteroid impact. The fact that the extinctions occurred simultaneously provides strong evidence that they were caused by the asteroid. A 2016 drilling project into the Chicxulub peak ring confirmed that the peak ring comprised granite ejected within minutes from deep in the earth, but contained hardly any gypsum, the usual sulfate-containing sea floor rock in the region: the gypsum would have vaporized and dispersed as an aerosol into the atmosphere, causing longer-term effects on the climate and food chain. In October 2019, researchers reported that the event rapidly acidified the oceans, producing ecological collapse and, in this way as well, produced long-lasting effects on the climate, and accordingly was a key reason for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change. However, in January 2020, scientists reported that climate-modeling of the extinction event favors the asteroid impact and not volcanism.
A wide range of species perished in the K–Pg extinction, the best-known being the non-avian dinosaurs. It also destroyed myriad other terrestrial organisms, including some mammals, birds, lizards, insects, plants, and all the pterosaurs. In the oceans, the K–Pg extinction killed off plesiosaurs and mosasaurs and devastated teleost fish, sharks, mollusks (especially ammonites, which became extinct), and many species of plankton. It is estimated that 75% or more of all species on Earth vanished. Yet the extinction also provided evolutionary opportunities: in its wake, many groups underwent remarkable adaptive radiation—sudden and prolific divergence into new forms and species within the disrupted and emptied ecological niches. Mammals in particular diversified in the Paleogene, evolving new forms such as horses, whales, bats, and primates. The surviving group of dinosaurs were avians, ground and water fowl who radiated into all modern species of bird. Among other groups, teleost fish and perhaps lizards also radiated.
Extinction patterns
The K–Pg extinction event was severe, global, rapid, and selective, eliminating a vast number of species. Based on marine fossils, it is estimated that 75% or more of all species were made extinct.
The event appears to have affected all continents at the same time. Non-avian dinosaurs, for example, are known from the Maastrichtian of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Antarctica, but are unknown from the Cenozoic anywhere in the world. Similarly, fossil pollen shows devastation of the plant communities in areas as far apart as New Mexico, Alaska, China, and New Zealand.
Despite the event's severity, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different clades. Species that depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct as atmospheric particles blocked sunlight and reduced the solar energy reaching the ground. This plant extinction caused a major reshuffling of the dominant plant groups. Omnivores, insectivores, and carrion-eaters survived the extinction event, perhaps because of the increased availability of their food sources. No purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals seem to have survived. Rather, the surviving mammals and birds fed on insects, worms, and snails, which in turn fed on detritus (dead plant and animal matter).
In stream communities, few animal groups became extinct, because such communities rely less directly on food from living plants, and more on detritus washed in from the land, protecting them from extinction. Similar, but more complex patterns have been found in the oceans. Extinction was more severe among animals living in the water column than among animals living on or in the sea floor. Animals in the water column are almost entirely dependent on primary production from living phytoplankton, while animals on the ocean floor always or sometimes feed on detritus. Coccolithophorids and mollusks (including ammonites, rudists, freshwater snails, and mussels), and those organisms whose food chain included these shell builders, became extinct or suffered heavy losses. For example, it is thought that ammonites were the principal food of mosasaurs, a group of giant marine reptiles that became extinct at the boundary. The largest air-breathing survivors of the event, crocodyliforms and champsosaurs, were semi-aquatic and had access to detritus. Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and survive for months without food, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms for their first few years. These characteristics have been linked to crocodilian survival at the end of the Cretaceous.
After the K–Pg extinction event, biodiversity required substantial time to recover, despite the existence of abundant vacant ecological niches.
Microbiota
The K–Pg boundary represents one of the most dramatic turnovers in the fossil record for various calcareous nanoplankton that formed the calcium deposits for which the Cretaceous is named. The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level. Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation. The K–Pg boundary record of dinoflagellates is not so well understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, which likely causes diversity to be underestimated. Recent studies indicate that there were no major shifts in dinoflagellates through the boundary layer.
Radiolaria have left a geological record since at least the Ordovician times, and their mineral fossil skeletons can be tracked across the K–Pg boundary. There is no evidence of mass extinction of these organisms, and there is support for high productivity of these species in southern high latitudes as a result of cooling temperatures in the early Paleocene. Approximately 46% of diatom species survived the transition from the Cretaceous to the Upper Paleocene, a significant turnover in species but not a catastrophic extinction.
The occurrence of planktonic foraminifera across the K–Pg boundary has been studied since the 1930s. Research spurred by the possibility of an impact event at the K–Pg boundary resulted in numerous publications detailing planktonic foraminiferal extinction at the boundary; there is ongoing debate between groups which think the evidence indicates substantial extinction of these species at the K–Pg boundary, and those who think the evidence supports multiple extinctions and expansions through the boundary.
Numerous species of benthic foraminifera became extinct during the event, presumably because they depend on organic debris for nutrients, while biomass in the ocean is thought to have decreased. As the marine microbiota recovered, it is thought that increased speciation of benthic foraminifera resulted from the increase in food sources. Phytoplankton recovery in the early Paleocene provided the food source to support large benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which are mainly detritus-feeding. Ultimate recovery of the benthic populations occurred over several stages lasting several hundred thousand years into the early Paleocene.
Marine invertebrates
There is significant variation in the fossil record as to the extinction rate of marine invertebrates across the K–Pg boundary. The apparent rate is influenced by a lack of fossil records, rather than extinctions.
Ostracods, a class of small crustaceans that were prevalent in the upper Maastrichtian, left fossil deposits in a variety of locations. A review of these fossils shows that ostracod diversity was lower in the Paleocene than any other time in the Cenozoic. Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.
Approximately 60% of late-Cretaceous Scleractinia coral genera failed to cross the K–Pg boundary into the Paleocene. Further analysis of the coral extinctions shows that approximately 98% of colonial species, ones that inhabit warm, shallow tropical waters, became extinct. The solitary corals, which generally do not form reefs and inhabit colder and deeper (below the photic zone) areas of the ocean were less impacted by the K–Pg boundary. Colonial coral species rely upon symbiosis with photosynthetic algae, which collapsed due to the events surrounding the K–Pg boundary, but the use of data from coral fossils to support K–Pg extinction and subsequent Paleocene recovery, must be weighed against the changes that occurred in coral ecosystems through the K–Pg boundary.
The numbers of cephalopod, echinoderm, and bivalve genera exhibited significant diminution after the K–Pg boundary. Most species of brachiopods, a small phylum of marine invertebrates, survived the K–Pg extinction event and diversified during the early Paleocene.
Except for nautiloids (represented by the modern order Nautilida) and coleoids (which had already diverged into modern octopodes, squids, and cuttlefish) all other species of the molluscan class Cephalopoda became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. These included the ecologically significant belemnoids, as well as the ammonoids, a group of highly diverse, numerous, and widely distributed shelled cephalopods. Researchers have pointed out that the reproductive strategy of the surviving nautiloids, which rely upon few and larger eggs, played a role in outsurviving their ammonoid counterparts through the extinction event. The ammonoids utilized a planktonic strategy of reproduction (numerous eggs and planktonic larvae), which would have been devastated by the K–Pg extinction event. Additional research has shown that subsequent to this elimination of ammonoids from the global biota, nautiloids began an evolutionary radiation into shell shapes and complexities theretofore known only from ammonoids.
Approximately 35% of echinoderm genera became extinct at the K–Pg boundary, although taxa that thrived in low-latitude, shallow-water environments during the late Cretaceous had the highest extinction rate. Mid-latitude, deep-water echinoderms were much less affected at the K–Pg boundary. The pattern of extinction points to habitat loss, specifically the drowning of carbonate platforms, the shallow-water reefs in existence at that time, by the extinction event.
Other invertebrate groups, including rudists (reef-building clams) and inoceramids (giant relatives of modern scallops), also became extinct at the K–Pg boundary.
Fish
There are fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–Pg boundary, which provide good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. While the deep-sea realm was able to remain seemingly unaffected, there was an equal loss between the open marine apex predators and the durophagous demersal feeders on the continental shelf. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 7 out of the 41 families of neoselachians (modern sharks, skates, and rays) disappeared after this event and batoids (skates and rays) lost nearly all the identifiable species, while more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.
In the Maastrichtian age, 28 shark families and 13 batoid families thrived, of which 25 and 9, respectively, survived the K–T boundary event. Forty-seven of all neoselachian genera cross the K–T boundary, with 85% being sharks. Batoids display with 15%, a comparably low survival rate.
There is evidence of a mass extinction of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–Pg boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event; the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated the environmental effects of the extinction event.
Terrestrial invertebrates
Insect damage to the fossilized leaves of flowering plants from fourteen sites in North America was used as a proxy for insect diversity across the K–Pg boundary and analyzed to determine the rate of extinction. Researchers found that Cretaceous sites, prior to the extinction event, had rich plant and insect-feeding diversity. During the early Paleocene, flora were relatively diverse with little predation from insects, even 1.7 million years after the extinction event.
Terrestrial plants
There is overwhelming evidence of global disruption of plant communities at the K–Pg boundary. Extinctions are seen both in studies of fossil pollen, and fossil leaves. In North America, the data suggests massive devastation and mass extinction of plants at the K–Pg boundary sections, although there were substantial megafloral changes before the boundary. In North America, approximately 57% of plant species became extinct. In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica, the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups. In some regions, the Paleocene recovery of plants began with recolonizations by fern species, represented as a fern spike in the geologic record; this same pattern of fern recolonization was observed after the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.
Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K–Pg boundary, there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms, such as fungi, that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation. The dominance of fungal species lasted only a few years while the atmosphere cleared and plenty of organic matter to feed on was present. Once the atmosphere cleared, photosynthetic organisms, initially ferns and other ground-level plants, returned. Just two species of fern appear to have dominated the landscape for centuries after the event.
Polyploidy appears to have enhanced the ability of flowering plants to survive the extinction, probably because the additional copies of the genome such plants possessed allowed them to more readily adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions that followed the impact.
Fungi
While it appears that many fungi were wiped out at the K-Pg boundary, it is worth noting that evidence has been found indicating that some fungal species thrived in the years after the extinction event. Microfossils from that period indicate a great increase in fungal spores, long before the resumption of plentiful fern spores in the recovery after the impact. Monoporisporites and hypha are almost exclusive microfossils for a short span during and after the iridium boundary. These saprophytes would not need sunlight, allowing them to survive during a period when the atmosphere was likely clogged with dust and sulfur aerosols.
The proliferation of fungi has occurred after several extinction events, including the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest known mass extinction in Earth's history, with up to 96% of all species suffering extinction.
Amphibians
There is limited evidence for extinction of amphibians at the K–Pg boundary. A study of fossil vertebrates across the K–Pg boundary in Montana concluded that no species of amphibian became extinct. Yet there are several species of Maastrichtian amphibian, not included as part of this study, which are unknown from the Paleocene. These include the frog Theatonius lancensis and the albanerpetontid Albanerpeton galaktion; therefore, some amphibians do seem to have become extinct at the boundary. The relatively low levels of extinction seen among amphibians probably reflect the low extinction rates seen in freshwater animals.
Non-archosaurs
Turtles
More than 80% of Cretaceous turtle species passed through the K–Pg boundary. All six turtle families in existence at the end of the Cretaceous survived into the Paleogene and are represented by living species.
Lepidosauria
The living non-archosaurian reptile taxa, lepidosaurians (snakes, lizards and tuataras), survived across the K–Pg boundary.
The rhynchocephalians were a widespread and relatively successful group of lepidosaurians during the early Mesozoic, but began to decline by the mid-Cretaceous, although they were very successful in South America. They are represented today by a single genus (the Tuatara), located exclusively in New Zealand.
The order Squamata, which is represented today by lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians (worm lizards), radiated into various ecological niches during the Jurassic and was successful throughout the Cretaceous. They survived through the K–Pg boundary and are currently the most successful and diverse group of living reptiles, with more than 6,000 extant species. Many families of terrestrial squamates became extinct at the boundary, such as monstersaurians and polyglyphanodonts, and fossil evidence indicates they suffered very heavy losses in the K–Pg event, only recovering 10 million years after it.
Non-archosaurian marine reptiles
Giant non-archosaurian aquatic reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, which were the top marine predators of their time, became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous. The ichthyosaurs had disappeared from fossil records before the mass extinction occurred.
Archosaurs
The archosaur clade includes two surviving groups, crocodilians and birds, along with the various extinct groups of non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
Crocodyliforms
Ten families of crocodilians or their close relatives are represented in the Maastrichtian fossil records, of which five died out prior to the K–Pg boundary. Five families have both Maastrichtian and Paleocene fossil representatives. All of the surviving families of crocodyliforms inhabited freshwater and terrestrial environments—except for the Dyrosauridae, which lived in freshwater and marine locations. Approximately 50% of crocodyliform representatives survived across the K–Pg boundary, the only apparent trend being that no large crocodiles survived. Crocodyliform survivability across the boundary may have resulted from their aquatic niche and ability to burrow, which reduced susceptibility to negative environmental effects at the boundary. Jouve and colleagues suggested in 2008 that juvenile marine crocodyliforms lived in freshwater environments as do modern marine crocodile juveniles, which would have helped them survive where other marine reptiles became extinct; freshwater environments were not so strongly affected by the K–Pg extinction event as marine environments were.
Pterosaurs
Two families of pterosaurs, Azhdarchidae and Nyctosauridae, were definitely present in the Maastrichtian, and they likely became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. Several other pterosaur lineages may have been present during the Maastrichtian, such as the ornithocheirids, pteranodontids, nyctosaurids, a possible tapejarid, a possible thalassodromid and a basal toothed taxon of uncertain affinities, though they are represented by fragmentary remains that are difficult to assign to any given group. While this was occurring, modern birds were undergoing diversification; traditionally it was thought that they replaced archaic birds and pterosaur groups, possibly due to direct competition, or they simply filled empty niches, but there is no correlation between pterosaur and avian diversities that are conclusive to a competition hypothesis, and small pterosaurs were present in the Late Cretaceous. At least some niches previously held by birds were reclaimed by pterosaurs prior to the K–Pg event.
Birds
Most paleontologists regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs (see Origin of birds). It is thought that all non-avian theropods became extinct, including then-flourishing groups such as enantiornithines and hesperornithiforms. Several analyses of bird fossils show divergence of species prior to the K–Pg boundary, and that duck, chicken, and ratite bird relatives coexisted with non-avian dinosaurs. Large collections of bird fossils representing a range of different species provides definitive evidence for the persistence of archaic birds to within 300,000 years of the K–Pg boundary. The absence of these birds in the Paleogene is evidence that a mass extinction of archaic birds took place there.
The most successful and dominant group of avialans, enantiornithes, were wiped out. Only a small fraction of ground and water-dwelling Cretaceous bird species survived the impact, giving rise to today's birds. The only bird group known for certain to have survived the K–Pg boundary is the Aves. Avians may have been able to survive the extinction as a result of their abilities to dive, swim, or seek shelter in water and marshlands. Many species of avians can build burrows, or nest in tree holes, or termite nests, all of which provided shelter from the environmental effects at the K–Pg boundary. Long-term survival past the boundary was assured as a result of filling ecological niches left empty by extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The open niche space and relative scarcity of predators following the K-Pg extinction allowed for adaptive radiation of various avian groups. Ratites, for example, rapidly diversified in the early Paleogene and are believed to have convergently developed flightlessness at least three to six times, often fulfilling the niche space for large herbivores once occupied by non-avian dinosaurs.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Excluding a few controversial claims, scientists agree that all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. The dinosaur fossil record has been interpreted to show both a decline in diversity and no decline in diversity during the last few million years of the Cretaceous, and it may be that the quality of the dinosaur fossil record is simply not good enough to permit researchers to distinguish between the options. There is no evidence that late Maastrichtian non-avian dinosaurs could burrow, swim, or dive, which suggests they were unable to shelter themselves from the worst parts of any environmental stress that occurred at the K–Pg boundary. It is possible that small dinosaurs (other than birds) did survive, but they would have been deprived of food, as herbivorous dinosaurs would have found plant material scarce and carnivores would have quickly found prey in short supply.
The growing consensus about the endothermy of dinosaurs (see dinosaur physiology) helps to understand their full extinction in contrast with their close relatives, the crocodilians. Ectothermic ("cold-blooded") crocodiles have very limited needs for food (they can survive several months without eating), while endothermic ("warm-blooded") animals of similar size need much more food to sustain their faster metabolism. Thus, under the circumstances of food chain disruption previously mentioned, non-avian dinosaurs died out, while some crocodiles survived. In this context, the survival of other endothermic animals, such as some birds and mammals, could be due, among other reasons, to their smaller needs for food, related to their small size at the extinction epoch.
Whether the extinction occurred gradually or suddenly has been debated, as both views have support from the fossil record. A study of 29 fossil sites in Catalan Pyrenees of Europe in 2010 supports the view that dinosaurs there had great diversity until the asteroid impact, with more than 100 living species. More recent research indicates that this figure is obscured by taphonomic biases and the sparsity of the continental fossil record. The results of this study, which were based on estimated real global biodiversity, showed that between 628 and 1,078 non-avian dinosaur species were alive at the end of the Cretaceous and underwent sudden extinction after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Alternatively, interpretation based on the fossil-bearing rocks along the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada, supports the gradual extinction of non-avian dinosaurs; during the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous layers there, the number of dinosaur species seems to have decreased from about 45 to approximately 12. Other scientists have made the same assessment following their research.
Several researchers support the existence of Paleocene non-avian dinosaurs. Evidence of this existence is based on the discovery of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to above and 40,000 years later than the K–Pg boundary. Pollen samples recovered near a fossilized hadrosaur femur recovered in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone at the San Juan River in Colorado, indicate that the animal lived during the Cenozoic, approximately (about 1 million years after the K–Pg extinction event). If their existence past the K–Pg boundary can be confirmed, these hadrosaurids would be considered a dead clade walking. The scientific consensus is that these fossils were eroded from their original locations and then re-buried in much later sediments (also known as reworked fossils).
Choristodere
The choristoderes (semi-aquatic archosauromorphs) survived across the K–Pg boundary but would die out in the early Miocene. Studies on Champsosaurus palatal teeth suggest that there were dietary changes among the various species across the K–Pg event.
Mammals
All major Cretaceous mammalian lineages, including monotremes (egg-laying mammals), multituberculates, metatherians, eutherians, dryolestoideans, and gondwanatheres survived the K–Pg extinction event, although they suffered losses. In particular, metatherians largely disappeared from North America, and the Asian deltatheroidans became extinct (aside from the lineage leading to Gurbanodelta). In the Hell Creek beds of North America, at least half of the ten known multituberculate species and all eleven metatherians species are not found above the boundary. Multituberculates in Europe and North America survived relatively unscathed and quickly bounced back in the Paleocene, but Asian forms were devastated, never again to represent a significant component of mammalian fauna. A recent study indicates that metatherians suffered the heaviest losses at the K–Pg event, followed by multituberculates, while eutherians recovered the quickest.
Mammalian species began diversifying approximately 30 million years prior to the K–Pg boundary. Diversification of mammals stalled across the boundary.
Current research indicates that mammals did not explosively diversify across the K–Pg boundary, despite the ecological niches made available by the extinction of dinosaurs. Several mammalian orders have been interpreted as diversifying immediately after the K–Pg boundary, including Chiroptera (bats) and Cetartiodactyla (a diverse group that today includes whales and dolphins and even-toed ungulates), although recent research concludes that only marsupial orders diversified soon after the K–Pg boundary.
K–Pg boundary mammalian species were generally small, comparable in size to rats; this small size would have helped them find shelter in protected environments. It is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from K–Pg boundary environmental stresses.
Evidence
North American fossils
In North American terrestrial sequences, the extinction event is best represented by the marked discrepancy between the rich and relatively abundant late-Maastrichtian pollen record and the post-boundary fern spike.
At present the most informative sequence of dinosaur-bearing rocks in the world from the K–Pg boundary is found in western North America, particularly the late Maastrichtian-age Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Comparison with the older Judith River Formation (Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (Alberta), which both date from approximately 75 Ma, provides information on the changes in dinosaur populations over the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous. These fossil beds are geographically limited, covering only part of one continent.
The middle–late Campanian formations show a greater diversity of dinosaurs than any other single group of rocks. The late Maastrichtian rocks contain the largest members of several major clades: Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, Triceratops, and Torosaurus, which suggests food was plentiful immediately prior to the extinction.
In addition to rich dinosaur fossils, there are also plant fossils that illustrate the reduction in plant species across the K–Pg boundary. In the sediments below the K–Pg boundary the dominant plant remains are angiosperm pollen grains, but the boundary layer contains little pollen and is dominated by fern spores. More usual pollen levels gradually resume above the boundary layer. This is reminiscent of areas blighted by modern volcanic eruptions, where the recovery is led by ferns, which are later replaced by larger angiosperm plants.
According to a high-resolution study of fossilized fish bones found at Tanis in North Dakota published in 2022, the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction happened during the Northern Hemisphere spring.
Marine fossils
The mass extinction of marine plankton appears to have been abrupt and right at the K–Pg boundary. Ammonite genera became extinct at or near the K–Pg boundary; there was a smaller and slower extinction of ammonite genera prior to the boundary associated with a late Cretaceous marine regression. The gradual extinction of most inoceramid bivalves began well before the K–Pg boundary, and a small, gradual reduction in ammonite diversity occurred throughout the very late Cretaceous.
Further analysis shows that several processes were in progress in the late Cretaceous seas and partially overlapped in time, then ended with the abrupt mass extinction. The diversity of marine life decreased when the climate near the K–Pg boundary increased in temperature. The temperature increased about three to four degrees very rapidly between 65.4 and 65.2 million years ago, which is very near the time of the extinction event. Not only did the climate temperature increase, but the water temperature decreased, causing a drastic decrease in marine diversity.
Megatsunamis
The scientific consensus is that the asteroid impact at the K–Pg boundary left megatsunami deposits and sediments around the area of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, from the colossal waves created by the impact. These deposits have been identified in the La Popa basin in northeastern Mexico, platform carbonates in northeastern Brazil, in Atlantic deep-sea sediments, and in the form of the thickest-known layer of graded sand deposits, around , in the Chicxulub crater itself, directly above the shocked granite ejecta.
The megatsunami has been estimated at more than tall, as the asteroid fell into relatively shallow seas; in deep seas it would have been tall.
Fossils in sedimentary rocks deposited during the impact
Fossiliferous sedimentary rocks deposited during the K–Pg impact have been found in the Gulf of Mexico area, including tsunami wash deposits carrying remains of a mangrove-type ecosystem, evidence that after the impact water sloshed back and forth repeatedly in the Gulf of Mexico, and dead fish left in shallow water but not disturbed by scavengers.
Duration
The rapidity of the extinction is a controversial issue, because some theories about its causes imply a rapid extinction over a relatively short period (from a few years to a few thousand years), while others imply longer periods. The issue is difficult to resolve because of the Signor–Lipps effect, where the fossil record is so incomplete that most extinct species probably died out long after the most recent fossil that has been found. Scientists have also found very few continuous beds of fossil-bearing rock that cover a time range from several million years before the K–Pg extinction to several million years after it. The sedimentation rate and thickness of K–Pg clay from three sites suggest rapid extinction, perhaps over a period of less than 10,000 years. At one site in the Denver Basin of Colorado, after the K–Pg boundary layer was deposited, the fern spike lasted approximately 1,000 years, and no more than 71,000 years; at the same location, the earliest appearance of Cenozoic mammals occurred after approximately 185,000 years, and no more than 570,000 years, "indicating rapid rates of biotic extinction and initial recovery in the Denver Basin during this event."
Chicxulub impact
Evidence for impact
In 1980, a team of researchers consisting of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen Michel discovered that sedimentary layers found all over the world at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary contain a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal (30, 160, and 20 times in three sections originally studied). Iridium is extremely rare in Earth's crust because it is a siderophile element which mostly sank along with iron into Earth's core during planetary differentiation. As iridium remains abundant in most asteroids and comets, the Alvarez team suggested that an asteroid struck the Earth at the time of the K–Pg boundary. There were earlier speculations on the possibility of an impact event, but this was the first hard evidence.
This hypothesis was viewed as radical when first proposed, but additional evidence soon emerged. The boundary clay was found to be full of minute spherules of rock, crystallized from droplets of molten rock formed by the impact. Shocked quartz and other minerals were also identified in the K–Pg boundary. The identification of giant tsunami beds along the Gulf Coast and the Caribbean provided more evidence, and suggested that the impact may have occurred nearby—as did the discovery that the K–Pg boundary became thicker in the southern United States, with meter-thick beds of debris occurring in northern New Mexico.
Further research identified the giant Chicxulub crater, buried under Chicxulub on the coast of Yucatán, as the source of the K–Pg boundary clay. Identified in 1990 based on work by geophysicist Glen Penfield in 1978, the crater is oval, with an average diameter of roughly , about the size calculated by the Alvarez team. The discovery of the crater—a prediction of the impact hypothesis—provided conclusive evidence for a K–Pg impact, and strengthened the hypothesis that it caused the extinction.
In a 2013 paper, Paul Renne of the Berkeley Geochronology Center dated the impact at years ago, based on argon–argon dating. He further posits that the mass extinction occurred within 32,000 years of this date.
In 2007, it was proposed that the impactor belonged to the Baptistina family of asteroids. This link has been doubted, though not disproved, in part because of a lack of observations of the asteroid and its family. It was reported in 2009 that 298 Baptistina does not share the chemical signature of the K–Pg impactor. Further, a 2011 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) study of reflected light from the asteroids of the family estimated their break-up at 80 Ma, giving them insufficient time to shift orbits and impact Earth by 66 Ma.
Additional evidence for the impact event is found at the Tanis site in southwestern North Dakota, United States. Tanis is part of the heavily studied Hell Creek Formation, a group of rocks spanning four states in North America renowned for many significant fossil discoveries from the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene. Tanis is an extraordinary and unique site because it appears to record the events from the first minutes until a few hours after the impact of the giant Chicxulub asteroid in extreme detail. Amber from the site has been reported to contain microtektites matching those of the Chicxulub impact event. Some researchers question the interpretation of the findings at the site or are skeptical of the team leader, Robert DePalma, who had not yet received his Ph.D. in geology at the time of the discovery and whose commercial activities have been regarded with suspicion.
Effects of impact
In March 2010, an international panel of 41 scientists reviewed 20 years of scientific literature and endorsed the asteroid hypothesis, specifically the Chicxulub impact, as the cause of the extinction, ruling out other theories such as massive volcanism. They had determined that a asteroid hurtled into Earth at Chicxulub on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The collision would have released the same energy as —more than a billion times the energy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Chicxulub impact caused a global catastrophe. Some of the phenomena were brief occurrences immediately following the impact, but there were also long-term geochemical and climatic disruptions that devastated the ecology.
The re-entry of ejecta into Earth's atmosphere would include a brief (hours-long) but intense pulse of infrared radiation, cooking exposed organisms. This is debated, with opponents arguing that local ferocious fires, probably limited to North America, fall short of global firestorms. This is the "Cretaceous–Paleogene firestorm debate". A paper in 2013 by a prominent modeler of nuclear winter suggested that, based on the amount of soot in the global debris layer, the entire terrestrial biosphere might have burned, implying a global soot-cloud blocking out the sun and creating an impact winter effect. If widespread fires occurred this would have exterminated the most vulnerable organisms that survived the period immediately after the impact.
Aside from the hypothesized fire and/or impact winter effects, the impact would have created a dust cloud that blocked sunlight for up to a year, inhibiting photosynthesis. Freezing temperatures probably lasted for at least three years. At Brazos section, the sea surface temperature dropped as much as for decades after the impact. It would take at least ten years for such aerosols to dissipate, and would account for the extinction of plants and phytoplankton, and subsequently herbivores and their predators. Creatures whose food chains were based on detritus would have a reasonable chance of survival.
The asteroid hit an area of carbonate rock containing a large amount of combustible hydrocarbons and sulphur, much of which was vaporized, thereby injecting sulfuric acid aerosols into the stratosphere, which might have reduced sunlight reaching the Earth's surface by more than 50%, and would have caused acid rain. The resulting acidification of the oceans would kill many organisms that grow shells of calcium carbonate.
Beyond extinction impacts, the event also caused more general changes of flora and fauna such as giving rise to neotropical rainforest biomes like the Amazonia, replacing species composition and structure of local forests during ~6 million years of recovery to former levels of plant diversity.
2016 Chicxulub crater drilling project
In 2016, a scientific drilling project obtained deep rock-core samples from the peak ring around the Chicxulub impact crater. The discoveries confirmed that the rock comprising the peak ring had been shocked by immense pressure and melted in just minutes from its usual state into its present form. Unlike sea-floor deposits, the peak ring was made of granite originating much deeper in the earth, which had been ejected to the surface by the impact. Gypsum is a sulfate-containing rock usually present in the shallow seabed of the region; it had been almost entirely removed, vaporized into the atmosphere. Further, the event was immediately followed by a megatsunami sufficient to lay down the largest known layer of sand separated by grain size directly above the peak ring.
These findings strongly support the impact's role in the extinction event. The impactor was large enough to create a peak ring, to melt, shock, and eject deep granite, to create colossal water movements, and to eject an immense quantity of vaporized rock and sulfates into the atmosphere, where they would have persisted for several years. This worldwide dispersal of dust and sulfates would have affected climate catastrophically, led to large temperature drops, and devastated the food chain.
Alternative hypotheses
Although the concurrence of the end-Cretaceous extinctions with the Chicxulub asteroid impact strongly supports the impact hypothesis, some scientists continue to support other contributing causes: volcanic eruptions, climate change, sea level change, and other impact events. The end-Cretaceous event is the only mass extinction known to be associated with an impact, and other large impacts, such as the Manicouagan Reservoir impact, do not coincide with any noticeable extinction events.
Deccan Traps
Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps flood basalts caused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual, as the flood basalt events were thought to have started around 68 Mya and lasted more than 2 million years. The most recent evidence shows that the traps erupted over a period of only 800,000 years spanning the K–Pg boundary, and therefore may be responsible for the extinction and the delayed biotic recovery thereafter.
The Deccan Traps could have caused extinction through several mechanisms, including the release of dust and sulfuric aerosols into the air, which might have blocked sunlight and thereby reduced photosynthesis in plants. In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions that increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere.
In the years when the Deccan Traps hypothesis was linked to a slower extinction, Luis Alvarez (d. 1988) replied that paleontologists were being misled by sparse data. While his assertion was not initially well-received, later intensive field studies of fossil beds lent weight to his claim. Eventually, most paleontologists began to accept the idea that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were largely or at least partly due to a massive Earth impact. Even Walter Alvarez acknowledged that other major changes may have contributed to the extinctions.
Combining these theories, some geophysical models suggest that the impact contributed to the Deccan Traps.
These models, combined with high-precision radiometric dating, suggest that the Chicxulub impact could have triggered some of the largest Deccan eruptions, as well as eruptions at active volcanoes anywhere on Earth.
Multiple impact event
Other crater-like topographic features have also been proposed as impact craters formed in connection with Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. This suggests the possibility of near-simultaneous multiple impacts, perhaps from a fragmented asteroidal object similar to the Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact with Jupiter. In addition to the Chicxulub crater, there is the Boltysh crater in Ukraine (), the Silverpit crater in the North Sea () possibly formed by bolide impact, and the controversial and much larger Shiva crater. Any other craters that might have formed in the Tethys Ocean would since have been obscured by the northward tectonic drift of Africa and India.
Maastrichtian sea-level regression
There is clear evidence that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the Mesozoic era. In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later layers are terrestrial; earlier layers represent shorelines and the earliest layers represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building, therefore the likeliest explanation is a regression, a drop in sea level. There is no direct evidence for the cause of the regression, but the currently accepted explanation is that the mid-ocean ridges became less active and sank under their own weight.
A severe regression would have greatly reduced the continental shelf area, the most species-rich part of the sea, and therefore could have been enough to cause a marine mass extinction, but this change would not have caused the extinction of the ammonites. The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.
Marine regression also resulted in the loss of epeiric seas, such as the Western Interior Seaway of North America. The loss of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing coastal plains that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Another consequence was an expansion of freshwater environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to freshwater vertebrates, those that prefer marine environments, such as sharks, suffered.
Multiple causes
Proponents of multiple causation view the suggested single causes as either too small to produce the vast scale of the extinction, or not likely to produce its observed taxonomic pattern. In a review article, J. David Archibald and David E. Fastovsky discussed a scenario combining three major postulated causes: volcanism, marine regression, and extraterrestrial impact. In this scenario, terrestrial and marine communities were stressed by the changes in, and loss of, habitats. Dinosaurs, as the largest vertebrates, were the first affected by environmental changes, and their diversity declined. At the same time, particulate materials from volcanism cooled and dried areas of the globe. Then an impact event occurred, causing collapses in photosynthesis-based food chains, both in the already-stressed terrestrial food chains and in the marine food chains.
Based on studies at Seymour Island in Antarctica, Sierra Petersen and colleagues argue that there were two separate extinction events near the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with one correlating to Deccan Trap volcanism and one correlated with the Chicxulub impact. The team analyzed combined extinction patterns using a new clumped isotope temperature record from a hiatus-free, expanded K–Pg boundary section. They documented a 7.8±3.3 °C warming synchronous with the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and a second, smaller warming at the time of meteorite impact. They suggest local warming may have been amplified due to the simultaneous disappearance of continental or sea ice. Intra-shell variability indicates a possible reduction in seasonality after Deccan eruptions began, continuing through the meteorite event. Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.
Recovery and diversification
The K–Pg extinction had a profound effect on the evolution of life on Earth. The elimination of dominant Cretaceous groups allowed other organisms to take their place, causing a remarkable amount of species diversification during the Paleogene Period. The most striking example is the replacement of dinosaurs by mammals. After the K–Pg extinction, mammals evolved rapidly to fill the niches left vacant by the dinosaurs. Also significant, within the mammalian genera, new species were approximately 9.1% larger after the K–Pg boundary.
Other groups also substantially diversified. Based on molecular sequencing and fossil dating, many species of birds (the Neoaves group in particular) appeared to radiate after the K–Pg boundary. They even produced giant, flightless forms, such as the herbivorous Gastornis and Dromornithidae, and the predatory Phorusrhacidae. The extinction of Cretaceous lizards and snakes may have led to the evolution of modern groups such as iguanas, monitor lizards, and boas. On land, giant boid and enormous madtsoiid snakes appeared, and in the seas, giant sea snakes evolved. Teleost fish diversified explosively, filling the niches left vacant by the extinction. Groups appearing in the Paleocene and Eocene epochs include billfish, tunas, eels, and flatfish. Major changes are also seen in Paleogene insect communities. Many groups of ants were present in the Cretaceous, but in the Eocene ants became dominant and diverse, with larger colonies. Butterflies diversified as well, perhaps to take the place of leaf-eating insects wiped out by the extinction. The advanced mound-building termites, Termitidae, also appear to have risen in importance.
It is thought that body sizes of placental mammalian survivors evolutionarily increased first, allowing them to fill niches after the extinctions, with brain sizes increasing later in the Eocene.
See also
Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Late Devonian extinction
List of possible impact structures on Earth
Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
Explanatory notes
Citations
Further reading
Papers and presentations resulting from the 2016 Chicxulub drilling project—The Geological Society of America, GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017, Session No. 192
External links
What killed the dinosaurs?—University of California Museum of Paleontology (1995)
The Great Chicxulub Debate 2004—Geological Society of London
Cenozoic volcanism
Events in the geological history of Earth
Events that forced the climate
Evolution of mammals
Hypothetical impact events
Megatsunamis
Mesozoic volcanism
Meteorological hypotheses
Prehistoric dinosaurs
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17336221
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20J.%20H.%20Wright
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Christopher J. H. Wright
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Christopher J. H. Wright (born 1947) is a missiologist, an Anglican clergyman and an Old Testament scholar. He is currently the International Ministries Director of Langham Partnership International. He was the principal of All Nations Christian College. He is an honorary member of All Souls Church, Langham Place in London, UK.
Life
Childhood and education
Wright was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in 1947. His parents were missionaries in Brazil, though Chris as the youngest son was born after they came back at the end of the Second World War. He grew up in Belfast and was nurtured as an Irish Presbyterian. He studied classics at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge in the 1960s, and then started his career as a high-school teacher in Grosvenor High School, Belfast. In the 1970s he studied for his PhD at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England, in the field of Theology, specialising in Old Testament economic ethics; his book from this work was published as God's People in God's Land (Eerdmans and Paternoster).
Early professional experience
Wright was ordained in the Anglican Church of England in 1977 and served as an assistant pastor in the Parish Church of St. Peter & St. Paul, Tonbridge, Kent, England.
Foreign mission service
In 1983 Wright moved to India with his wife, Liz, and four children to teach at Union Biblical Seminary (UBS) in Pune for five years. At this time he and Liz were mission partners with Crosslinks, an evangelical Anglican mission agency. While at UBS he taught a variety of Old Testament courses at B.D. and M.Th. levels.
All Nations Christian College
In 1988 Wright returned to the UK as academic dean at All Nations Christian College, an international training centre for crosscultural mission. He was appointed principal there in September 1993 and held that post for eight years.
Current role
In September 2001 Wright was appointed to his present role as the International Ministries Director of the Langham Partnership International (LPI).
Wright and his wife belong to All Souls Church, Langham Place, where he enjoys preaching from time to time as a member of the ministry team. This is also the church, of course, where LPI's founder, John Stott, was rector emeritus.
Personal life
Wright enjoys running, birding and watching rugby football. He has a passion to bring to life the relevance of the Old Testament to Christian mission and ethics. He has written several books mostly on that area. He loves preaching and teaching the Bible, which he does now mostly through the Langham Preaching seminars in different parts of the world. When not travelling around the world for this ministry, and giving international leadership to LPI, Chris gives about three months of each year to his continuing writing projects.
Wright and his wife Liz live in London and have four adult children, one of whom is the Principal of Hebron School, Ooty and 11 grandchildren, one of whom is IZZY who is a student at this school.
He is of no relation to N.T. Wright
Writing
User's Guide to the Bible (Lion Manuals), Chariot Victor, 1984
God's People in God's Land: Family, Land and Property in the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Exeter, UK: Paternoster, 1990
Knowing Jesus through the Old Testament, Harpercollins, 1990
Tested by Fire. Daniel 1-6: Solid Faith in today’s world, Scripture Union, 1993
Walking in the Ways of the Lord: The Ethical Authority of the Old Testament, Intervarsity Press, 1995
Deuteronomy (New International Biblical Commentary),Hendrickson, 1996
The Uniqueness of Jesus. Thinking Clearly Series. Mill Hill, London and Grand Rapids: Monarch. Reprint 2001. Available in the United States through Kregel Publications, P.O. Box 2607, Grand Rapids, MI 49501), 1997
The Message of Ezekiel (The Bible Speaks Today), Intervarsity Press, 2001
Old Testament Ethics for the People of God. Leicester, England, and Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter-Varsity Press. Revised, updated and expanded version of Living as the People of God and An Eye for an Eye, 2004
The Mission of God: Unlocking the Bible's Grand Narrative, IVP Academic, 2006
Life Through God's Word: Psalm 119, Milton Keynes, Authentic and Keswick Ministries, 2006
Knowing the Holy Spirit through the Old Testament, Oxford: Monarch Press; Downers Grove: IVP, 2006
Knowing God the Father Through the Old Testament, IVP Academic, 2007
Salvation Belongs to Our God: Celebrating the Bible's Central Story, Global Christian Library, Nottingham: IVP; Christian Doctrine in Global Perspective, Downers Grove: IVP, 2008
The God I Don't Understand: Reflections on Tough Questions of Faith, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009
Mission of God's People The (Biblical Theology for Life), Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010
Sweeter than Honey, Langham Preaching Resources, 2015
Becoming like Jesus, Langham Preaching Resources, 2016
How to Preach and Teach the Old Testament for All Its Worth, Zondervan Academic, 2016
Let the Gospels Preach the Gospel, Langham Preaching Resources, 2017
References
External links
Langham Partnership International
All Souls Church
1947 births
20th-century Anglican theologians
20th-century Church of England clergy
20th-century English theologians
British biblical scholars
English Anglican theologians
Evangelical Anglican biblical scholars
Evangelical Anglican clergy
Living people
Old Testament scholars
Clergy from Belfast
Bible commentators
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44503426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-4485
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DR-4485
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DR-4485 is a compound which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-HT7 receptor, with good oral bioavailability. It has been used to research the function of this still comparatively little studied serotonin receptor subtype.
References
Serotonin receptor antagonists
5-HT7 antagonists
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44503428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isehan%20Cosmetics
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Isehan Cosmetics
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Isehan Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 伊勢半) is a Japanese cosmetics manufacturer founded as a family shop in 1825. The company was one of the first to market a branded cosmetics product in 1935 with a saffron-based beni lip-gloss sold in china pots as "Kiss Me" (Japanese キス・ミー). The brand developed to include western style lipsticks, and a larger cosmetics range still marketed today but with English lettering as Kiss Me. The Minato-ku, Tokyo, main branch of Isehan has a small museum on the company's history.
References
External links
Isehan-Honten Museum of Beni at Google Cultural Institute
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies established in 1825
Cosmetics companies of Japan
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1825
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44503442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman%20Color%20Positive
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Eastman Color Positive
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Eastman Color Positive (ECP) is a photographic processing system created by Kodak in the 1950s for the development of monopack color positive print for direct projection motion picture film stock. It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Kodak.
ECP is not used for positive intermediate films because these are "pre-print" elements (e.g. archival or "protection" elements) and are never used for direct projection. One essential difference is the presence of an orange "mask" (i.e., effectively an orange base) on all films processed by ECN, and no "mask" (i.e., effectively a clear base) on all films processed by ECP.
The original process, known as ECP-1, was used from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25°C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and environmentally friendlier film and process (and thus quicker photo lab turnaround time).
This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1°C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECP-2. It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color print developing, including Fuji and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECP-1 film could not be put into an ECP-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.
Originally, all Eastman Color films, ECN and ECP alike, were on triacetate base (no Eastman Color films were ever made on nitrate base), but recent practice has been for ECN elements to be on triacetate base, so these may be easily spliceable (using lap-type cemented splices, also called "negative assembly" splices), and for ECP elements to be on polyester base, so these are not spliceable (except by using butt-type splices with polyester splicing tapes).
References
Hanson, Wesley T. Jr. "Color Negative and Color Positive Film for Motion Picture Use." Journal of the SMPTE, March 1952, Volume 58, pages 223–238.
Kodak
Photographic film processes
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20471895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Dallas%20Cowboys%20season
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1979 Dallas Cowboys season
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The 1979 Dallas Cowboys season was their 20th in the league. The team was unable to improve on their previous output of 12–4, winning only eleven games. They qualified for the playoffs, but lost in the Divisional round.
The Cowboys still possessed a great offense, but suffered defensive losses as defensive tackle Jethro Pugh retired, safety Charlie Waters missed the season with injury, Ed "Too Tall" Jones left the team while he embarked on a professional boxing career (Jones would return in 1980), and Thomas "Hollywood" Henderson was cut in November for erratic play and behavior. The season began 8–2 before a three-game losing streak placed the season in jeopardy (one of the three being a 30–24 loss to Houston in which Oilers coach Bum Phillips declared the Oilers as "Texas's Team"). The team rallied to win their final three to finish at 11–5 and gain the number one seed in the NFC.
Playing in his final season, Roger Staubach proceeded to have the best year of his career completing 267 passes out of 461 attempts for 3,586 yards and 27 touchdowns with only 11 interceptions with a passer rating of 92.3 and a completion percentage of 57.9.
In the season's final regular season game against the Washington Redskins, with the NFC East Title at issue, Staubach rallied the Cowboys from a 34–21 deficit in the last four minutes to win, 35–34. It turned out to be Staubach's last win. The Cowboys were upset at home in the divisional playoff by the Los Angeles Rams 19–21 and Staubach retired after the season.
Offseason
NFL Draft
Schedule
Division opponents are in bold text
Season summary
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14
Week 15
Week 16: Washington Redskins at Dallas Cowboys
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
Vegas Spread
Vegas Line= Dal -8.0
Over/Under= 39.5(over)
Flashback, Cowboys vs Redskins – 1979
It was December 16, 1979, when the Washington Redskins came to Texas Stadium tied with the Cowboys for first place in the NFC East with 10-5 records. This game would turn out to be one of Roger Staubach's finest moments as well as his last great comeback in his Cowboys career.
The NFC East showdown between these heated rivals did not start out the way the Cowboys had wanted. On the Cowboys first two possessions of the game they fumbled and the Redskins took full advantage of the recoveries
It took only two plays on the Cowboys first possession before rookie Ron Springs fumbled at the Cowboys 34 yard line. The Redskins took over and drove to the Cowboys three yard line. On third and goal Larry Cole sacked Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann and forced the Redskins to kick a field goal by Mark Mosley for an early 3-0 lead.
On the Cowboys second possession they once again fumbled the ball away. This time it was Robert Newhouse who gave the ball to the Redskins on the Cowboys 45 yard line. The Redskins drove to the Cowboys one yard line, but this time Theismann made sure there would be no field goal attempt as he scored himself, giving the Redskins a 10-0 lead.
With the Redskins leading 10-0 going into the second quarter and the Cowboys offense showing no signs of life, the Redskins offense went back to work with an 80-yard, 7 play drive. They finished the drive when Theismann connected with running back Benny Malone who eluded a tackle by D.D. Lewis. Malone raced down the right sideline for a 55-yard touchdown giving the Redskins a commanding 17-0 lead.
The Cowboys offense seemed to wake up on their next possession. They put together a 13 play, 70 yard drive. From the Redskins one yard line it was Ron Springs who would make up for his earlier fumble as he scored the Cowboys first touchdown of the game. The Redskins were now leading 17-7 with a little more than four minutes left in the first half.
With only 1:48 left in the first half the Cowboys got the ball back on their own 15 yard line. Staubach went to work as he connected with Tony Hill three times and Drew Pearson once to get to the Redskins 26 yard line. With only nine seconds remaining Staubach connected with Preston Pearson for the touchdown as Pearson made a diving catch in the end zone. The Cowboys had fought their way back into the game with two second quarter touchdowns. They went into the half down 17-14.
In the third quarter the Cowboys defense shutdown the Redskins offense. The Cowboys offense took advantage and scored the only touchdown of the quarter, which gave them their first lead of the game. After a short Redskins punt the Cowboys took over at their own 48 yard line. They needed only nine plays, which included a Butch Johnson reverse that gained 13 yards. Preston Pearson took a short pass from Staubach and got the Cowboys to the two yard line. Like Ron Springs in the first half, it was now Newhouse's turn to make up for his earlier fumble. He scored from the two yard line, giving the Cowboys a 21-17 lead.
Early in the fourth quarter the Redskins drove to the Cowboys 7 yard line where they would have to settle for a Mark Mosley 24 yard field goal. That made the score 21-20 Cowboys.
Staubach threw his only interception of the game when he went deep over the middle from his own 13 yard line where there was no receiver in sight. Redskins safety Mark Murphy came down with the ball and returned it down to the Cowboys 25 yard line. On the Redskins first play Theismann threw into the end zone for receiver Ricky Thompson. Cowboys safety Cliff Harris bumped Thompson and was called for pass interference. The penalty placed the ball at the Cowboys one yard line where John Riggins scored to give the lead back to the Redskins, 27-21.
With less than seven minutes to play in the game, it was Riggins who seemed to put the game out of reach for the Cowboys. Riggins broke to the outside at his own 34 yard line as he outran Cowboys linebacker Mike Hegman and then broke a tackle by Cliff Harris. Riggins then raced away from Cowboys cornerback Dennis Thurman down the right sideline and scored from 66 yards for a 34-21 Redskins lead.
With 3:49 left in the game, Randy White recovered a Redskins fumble. Roger Staubach only needed three plays to get the Cowboys closer as he connected with Ron Springs for a 26-yard touchdown. Springs caught the pass at the five yard line and dragged Redskins cornerback Ray Waddy into the end zone. The Redskins still had a 34-28 lead with 2:20 left in the game.
With time running out and the Redskins facing a third and one, veteran Larry Cole threw Riggins for a two-yard loss and forced the Redskins to punt.
The Cowboys stood 75 yards away from an NFC Eastern Division title. Roger Staubach went back to work like he had done so many times in his career. He drove the Cowboys in only seven plays. During the drive he connected with Tony Hill for 20 yards, then to Preston Pearson for 22 yards. With 1:01 left in the game Staubach went back to Preston Pearson for a 25-yard gain to the Redskins 8 yard line. From there Staubach lofted a pass into the end zone that Tony Hill came down with.
The Cowboys won the game 35-34 over the Redskins and also won their 11th Eastern title in the teams 20-year history. The win also gave the Cowboys a week off and home field advantage in the playoffs. With the win it also knocked the Redskins out of the playoffs
Roger Staubach finished the game with 336 yards passing and three touchdown passes. It was also the 21st time he guided the Cowboys to a fourth quarter win and the 14th time he turned defeat into victory for the Cowboys in the final two minutes of a game.
Tony Hill led all receivers with eight receptions for 113 yards and the game-winning touchdown. Preston Pearson followed Hill with five receptions for 108 yards and one touchdown. Rookie Ron Springs who started in place of the injured Tony Dorsett, rushed for 79 yards and a touchdown. He also added 58 receiving yards with one touchdown.
"What can I say about him?" asked Tom Landry. "Roger is simply super in these kinds of situations. He's done it before and knows he can do it."
Playoffs
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
Vegas Spread
Vegas Line= Dal -8.5
Dallas Cowboys 1979 Flashback: Roger and Out!
Two weeks after beating the Redskins the Cowboys were back in Texas Stadium for the divisional round of the playoffs against the Los Angeles Rams. Way back in week 7 of the 1979 season the Rams had come to Texas Stadium and were destroyed by the Cowboys 30-6. Now it was the playoffs and the winner would advance to the NFC Championship game with hopes of making it to Super Bowl XIV.
The Cowboys first three possessions of the game ended in punts. Roger Staubach and the offense couldn't get anything going against the Rams defense to start the game, except for a 27-yard rush by tight end Billy Joe Dupree. The same could be said for the Rams offense who punted on their first two possessions.
The Rams started their third possession from their own 12 yard line and then a five-yard penalty pushed them back to the 7 yard line. On second down Rams quarterback Vince Ferragamo dropped back into the end zone. While trying to avoid the rush from Harvey Martin, Ferragamo stepped up in the pocket and then tried to avoid Randy White. He tried to spin and then slipped and fell in the end zone where White sacked him for a safety. The Cowboys took a 2-0 lead on the Rams.
On the Rams free kick after the safety the Cowboys took over at their 46-yard line. On third down Staubach was rushed, but was never hit. His pass seemed to slip out of his hands and floated high like it was tipped. The Rams came down with an easy interception and returned it to the Cowboys 32 yard line. Once again the Rams could not put a drive together and lined up for a Frank Corral field goal attempt that he missed from 44 yards.
The second quarter started with more punts from both teams. One of Danny White's punts went out of bounds at the Rams 7 yard line. The Cowboys defense figured they had the Rams in trouble again so close to their goal line. But behind the running of Wendell Tyler and Cullen Bryant the Rams quickly were able to drive to the Cowboys 36 yard line where they faced a 4th and 1. The Rams decided to go for it instead and attempting another field goal. They were successful on fourth down and then made the Cowboys pay on the next play. From the 32 yard line Ferragamo threw over Cowboys linebacker DD Lewis who was covering Tyler. Tyler caught the pass at the 15 yard line and outraced the Cowboys defense to the end zone for the score. The Rams took the lead 7-2.
The Cowboys offense had been shut down by the Rams defense for just about the entire first half. They couldn't run the ball and Staubach seemed out of rhythm with his receivers. But like so many times before, Staubach could not be counted out for long. As the first half was coming to a close it was Staubach who connected with Drew Pearson for 17 yards and then with Dupree for 16 yards as the Cowboys drove to the Rams 19 yard line. The drive stalled at the 16 yard line and Rafael Septién connected on a 33-yard field goal to get the Cowboys closer, 7-5.
On two straight kickoffs by Septién he kicked both out of bounds. Back in 1979 this was a five-yard penalty and a re kick. With two penalties it pushed the Cowboys kickoff back to the 25 yard line. The Rams returned Septién's third kickoff to the 31 yard line with time winding down in the first half. Ferragamo quickly completed two straight passes and the Rams found themselves at the Cowboys 43 yard line with 17 seconds left. Then with only 11 seconds left Ferragamo was able to get a pass off as Randy White hit him hard and took him down. The pass made its way into the end zone where Rams wide receiver Ron Smith came down with the ball while covered by two Cowboys defenders. The Rams went into halftime leading the Cowboys 14-5.
The Rams defense in the first half was able to control the Cowboys running game and was able to limit any big plays from Staubach. The Cowboys defense played well, but the Rams offense was able to make a few more plays then the Cowboys and that led to their nine-point lead going into the third quarter. But this was the Cowboys who were America's team. They had Roger Staubach and the Doomsday defense and were known for exciting games and great comebacks. As the second half got started it seemed as though everyone was waiting for that moment that the Cowboys would come alive and make their move.
It didn't take the Cowboys defense very long to make a play as the third quarter got under way. Dennis Thurman intercepted Ferragamo at the Cowboys 46 yard line and returned it to the Rams 34 yard line. But once again the Cowboys offense could not put a drive together and could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt.
The Cowboys defense was able to force the Rams to punt and the Cowboys offense took over with great field position at their 46-yard line. Staubach connected with Drew Pearson for 29 yards and got to the Rams 25 yard line. On the next play Tom Landry went to his bag of tricks and ran a halfback option with Ron Springs. Springs threw into the end zone and found Tony Hill for a touchdown, but one official over ruled the one who signaled touchdown, saying that Hill didn't have both feet in bounds before stepping out the back of the end zone. Then Staubach threw into the end zone for Tony Dorsett and was intercepted, but the Rams were called for pass interference and that put the Cowboys at the one yard line. From there Ron Springs scored on the next play and the Cowboys closed to within 14-12.
On the Rams next possession they drove to the Cowboys 43 yard line. Then the Cowboys defense came up with another turnover as Cliff Harris intercepted Ferragamo. The Cowboys offense took over at the 43 yard line as the third quarter came to an end.
The Cowboys offense in the third quarter was playing much better than they were in the first half. They were able to gain yards in the running game and Staubach was now able to find open receivers, but it just didn't seem like the Cowboys that everyone was used to seeing. As the fourth quarter started the Cowboys offense quickly drove inside the Rams 10 yard line off the Harris interception. Then, from the 2 yard line, Staubach found tight end Jay Saldi wide open for the go ahead score with 12:46 left in the game. Staubach was hit hard on the play and was shaken up, but was able to walk to the sideline. From that point on Danny White was seen warming up just in case he was needed. The Cowboys now led the Rams 19-14.
The Rams once again were able to drive the ball on the Cowboys defense. They reached the Cowboys 32 yard line where they faced a 4th and 8. Instead of attempting a field goal they decided to go for the first down. Ferragamo threw to wide receiver Drew Hill and the pass fell incomplete. A flag was thrown for pass interference, but after a discussion between the officials it was ruled that there was no interference and the flag was picked up.
The Cowboys offense took over at the 32 yard line with 6:59 left. On the first play Dorsett hit a hole and raced up the middle for a 26-yard gain to the Rams 42 yard line. From there the Cowboys could not go any further and had to punt.
The Rams got the ball with 4:22 left and Ferragamo connected with wide receiver Billy Waddy for a 36-yard gain to the Cowboys 44 yard line. A holding penalty on the Rams pushed them back to the 46 yard line and they ended up punting back to the Cowboys.
With only 2:45 left and the Cowboys sitting at their 21-yard line all they needed to do was get a first down to seal the game, but they were not able to move the ball like they had done during the third quarter and the beginning of the fourth quarter. On first down, Robert Newhouse lost a yard. On second down, a screen pass to Tony Hill only gained a yard. On third down Staubach was rushed and he rolled out to his right and was tackled for no gain. In the process of stopping the Cowboys from getting a first down the Rams also used their last two timeouts and the Cowboys were forced to punt for the eighth time in the game.
The Rams got the ball back at midfield with 2:16 left and no timeouts. On the first play Ferragamo fired a pass over the middle to Billy Waddy who caught it on the run at the Cowboys 28 yard line. Waddy then out raced the Cowboys defense and scored easily to take the lead 21-19.
After the kickoff the Cowboys took over at the 21 yard line. The Cowboys and their fans had seen this type of situation countless times in Cowboys history. There was only 1:57 remaining, the Cowboys had two timeouts, any kind of score wins the game and the great Roger Staubach was under center to work his magic that he had done so many times before in his career. The script couldn't have been written any better for the Cowboys. But there was something was different about this game. The moment where the Cowboys took control of the game never seemed to come even after they took a 19-14 lead. If that moment was ever going to come it had to be this moment with 1:57 left in the game.
On first down, Dorsett gained 12 yard to the 33 yard line. On the next play, Staubach over threw Tony Hill. Then, on second down, Staubach once again over threw Hill. Everyone seemed to be waiting for that one play that got the Cowboys rolling towards victory. What happened on third down has become Dallas Cowboys trivia for years. Staubach dropped back and threw a pass directly at offensive lineman Herbert Scott, who caught the ball. A flag was thrown for ineligible receiver and the Cowboys now faced a 4th and 20. It was the last chance for that Staubach magic to come through so that the Cowboys could advance to the NFC Championship game. Staubach dropped back and threw for Drew Pearson. The pass sailed high on Pearson and fell incomplete.
The Rams offense took over with 1:07 left. They played it safe and on fourth down they lined up for a field goal attempt with 13 seconds remaining. The Rams faked the field goal as holder Nolan Cromwell kept the ball and ran for the first down. The Rams won the game 21-19 and shattered the Cowboys hopes of a 6th Super Bowl in the 1970s.
The loss to the Rams in 1979 was one of the worst playoff defeats in Cowboys history. Some say the loss had to do with the dramatic game against the Redskins that put the Cowboys in the playoffs. Others believe that the Cowboys just overlooked the Rams. Whatever the reasons were, the Cowboys season ended that Sunday in Texas Stadium. The Staubach magic also ended that day and on March 31, 1980, he announced his retirement from the Cowboys and the NFL after 11 seasons and two Super Bowl Championships.
Standings
Roster
Statistics
Passing
Rushing
Receiving
References
Dallas Cowboys seasons
NFC East championship seasons
Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys
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20471935
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaksan%20%28Gangwon%29
|
Gamaksan (Gangwon)
|
Gamaksan is a South Korean mountain that extends across the city of Wonju, Gangwon-do, and Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do. It has an elevation of .
See also
List of mountains in Korea
Notes
References
Mountains of Gangwon Province, South Korea
Wonju
Jecheon
Mountains of North Chungcheong Province
Mountains of South Korea
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44503476
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream%20Believer%20and%20Other%20Hits
|
Daydream Believer and Other Hits
|
Daydream Believer and Other Hits is a budget-price Monkees compilation released in 1998. It contained 10 of The Monkees' greatest hits, plus lesser-known classics. The album did not include any material from the 1980s or 1990s reunions, focusing strictly on the band's 1960s output.
The contents of this release include both sides to the "Pleasant Valley Sunday", "Valleri" and "D.W. Washburn" 45 singles, as well as the A-sides of the "Daydream Believer", "Good Clean Fun" and "Oh, My, My" 7" single releases. "You Can't Tie a Mustang Down" is a bubblegum rocker that makes its debut here. The track was recorded during the "A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You" sessions in January 1967, their last with music supervisor Don Kirshner.
By the time these later singles were issued, most of the album mixes were also used on the 45 singles. There are a few differences, however. The most obvious are on "Pleasant Valley Sunday", "Tapioca Tundra" and the title track, "Daydream Believer". In these cases, subtle yet significant alterations can be heard - evident mainly on the vocals, as they were usually cut long after the instrumental backing tracks. While its companion I'm a Believer & Other Hits remained in print for several years, Daydream Believer and Other Hits was deleted from Flashback's catalog not long after it was released.
Track listing
"Daydream Believer" (John Stewart) – 3:02
"D.W. Washburn" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) - 2:48
"Tapioca Tundra" (Michael Nesmith) - 3:07
"Words" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart) - 2:51
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) - 3:18
"Valleri" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:21
"It's Nice to Be with You" (Jerry Goldstein) - 2:55
"Good Clean Fun" (Nesmith) - 2:18
"Oh, My, My" (Jeff Barry, Andy Kim) - 3:02
"You Can't Tie a Mustang Down" (Barry, Leiber, Stoller) - 2:53
References
1998 greatest hits albums
The Monkees compilation albums
Rhino Records compilation albums
|
17336241
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandid%20Jaiyen
|
Bandid Jaiyen
|
Bandid Jaiyen is a former badminton player who won numerous Thai national titles and also excelled internationally between the late 1960s and the early 1980s.
Career
Thailand's leading singles player for a decade, the diminutive Jaiyen performed exceptionally well in Thomas Cup (men's international team) competition. He played a leading role in Thailand's upset win over Malaysia in Asian zone final of the 1973 Thomas Cup series. Noted for his exquisite strokes and tactical astuteness, he was the only player to win a match against an Indonesian opponent in the 1976 Thomas Cup series, and was one of only two to do so in the 1973 series. Among other international tournaments, Jaiyen won the South East Asian Peninsular singles title in 1975, the Canadian Open singles title in 1976, and the Auckland International singles title in 1977.
Achievements
Asian Games
Mixed doubles
Asian Championships
Men's singles
Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
Men's singles
Men's doubles
International tournaments
Men's singles
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
References
Bandid Jaiyen
Living people
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Badminton players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 1970 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1974 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1978 Asian Games
Bandid Jaiyen
Bandid Jaiyen
Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Bandid Jaiyen
Southeast Asian Games medalists in badminton
Competitors at the 1973 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
1950 births
|
20471947
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Democracy%2C%20Human%20Rights%2C%20and%20Labor
|
Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|
The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor is the head of the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor within the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor reports to the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, 1976—1993
While Ernest W. Lefever was nominated for the office by Reagan in 1981, his nomination was rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and he withdrew from consideration.
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 1993—Present
References
External links
History of Assistant Secretaries of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor from the State Department Historian
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Website
Human rights in the United States
|
17336267
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Mike
|
Mrs. Mike
|
Mrs. Mike, the Story of Katherine Mary Flannigan is a novel by Benedict and Nancy Freedman set in the Canadian wilderness during the early 1900s. Considered by some a young-adult classic, Mrs. Mike was initially serialized in the Atlantic Monthly and was the March 1947 selection of the Literary Guild. It was a critical and popular success, with 27 non-US editions, and it was published as an Armed Services Edition for U.S. servicemen abroad. The work combines the landscape and hardships of the Canadian North with the love story of Royal Canadian Mounted Police Sergeant Mike Flannigan and the young Katherine Mary O'Fallon, newly arrived from Boston, Massachusetts.
Plot
The novel is based on the stories of Katherine Mary O'Fallon Flannigan (1899-1954). According to her fictionalized account, in 1907 at age 16 O'Fallon travels to Calgary to visit her uncle and recover from pleurisy. There she meets and marries Mike Flannigan, a sergeant with the Royal North-West Mounted Police, moving with him to isolated posts in the mountain and lake regions of British Columbia and northern Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake). In the novel the Flannigans' two children die of diphtheria, and they adopt three orphaned children.
Reception
Feeling that her story should be made into a film, Flannigan went to Los Angeles in 1945. Although it attracted little attention, an agent felt the story might be suitable for a book and introduced her to the Freedmans. Based on a five-page outline, extended interviews and their research, they wrote a novel based on Flannigan's story. Late in life they reaffirmed that aspects of Flannigan's life were fictionalized, including her adoption of three children, and after Sgt. Flannigan's death in 1944 from a ruptured appendix Katherine Mary Flannigan left the North. According to Benedict Freedman, "The most important scenes—for example, when she leaves Mike and goes back to Boston—we didn't invent that. But we also didn't check her account of things."
A 1947 review of Mrs. Mike by RCMP member C.D. LaNauze, stationed in Grouard at the time of the story, noted a number of discrepancies. A journey allegedly requiring "weeks on the trail" was actually an "easy five-day journey", according to LaNauze; there was no diphtheria epidemic (and Grouard was served by a doctor at the time), and confirmed bachelor George Adams—not a Michael Flannigan—was the RCMP sergeant. LaNauze said, "Nothing in [the book] even approaches the truth".
A film version, with Evelyn Keyes as Katherine Mary and Dick Powell as Mike, was released in 1949. Flannigan sued its producers and the Freedmans for $25,000, but the suit was dismissed because she had a legal claim against the authors only (not the producers). The Freedmans published two sequels to Mrs. Mike: The Search for Joyful in 2002 and Kathy Little Bird in 2003.
Katherine Mary Flannigan married John P. Knox, and lived in Vancouver. In 1951 she published The Faith of Mrs. Kelleen, set in 1880s Ireland and based on the life of her great-aunt. Flannigan died on August 8, 1954, while visiting family and friends in Calgary.
John Henry Crosman adapted the novel into a newspaper comic adaptation, in the 1940s.
Publication history
Mrs. Mike, the Story of Katherine Mary Flannigan, Coward-McCann & Geoghegan (January 1, 1947), ASIN: B0007F29J8
Mrs. Mike, the Story of Katherine Mary Flannigan. Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1947.
Mrs. Mike, Paperback, Berkley (MM); Reissue edition (Jan 17 2002),
References
1947 American novels
Biographical novels
Canadian young adult novels
Fiction set in the 1900s
Novels set in Alberta
American novels adapted into films
Novels adapted into comics
Novels set in British Columbia
Coward-McCann books
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44503482
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugazh%20%28film%29
|
Pugazh (film)
|
Pugazh () is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Manimaran and co-produced by Varun Manian. The film stars Jai and Surbhi, while Karunas, RJ Balaji, G. Marimuthu, and Piraisoodan play supporting roles. Vivek-Mervin composed the film's music. The film was released on 18 March 2016 and received mixed reviews from critics.
Cast
Jai as Pugazhendhi (a) Pugazh
Surbhi as Bhuvana
Karunas as Pugazh's brother
RJ Balaji as Balaji
G. Marimuthu as Dass
Piraisoodan as Selvanayagam
Vikram as Venkat
Supergood Subramani as Venkat's father
Kannan as Bhuvana's brother
Vijayamuthu as Muthu
Kamal Hassan
Ravisankar
Valliappan
Rajani
Velraj in a cameo appearance
AC Gaayathri in a cameo appearance
Production
The film was first reported in November 2013, when it was revealed that Manimaran had cast Jai and Priya Anand to star in his second directorial venture. Anirudh Ravichander was suggested as the film's music composer, while a simultaneously shot Telugu version with Siddharth and Hansika Motwani was also considered. Manimaran added that his first choice was initially Dhanush, but his busy schedule prompted him to select Jai, while the film would be titled Podiyan, and that filming would begin in 2014.
Varun Manian announced in July 2014, that he would produce the Tamil film alongside Sushant Prasad and Govindaraj of Film Department Studios, while Velraj was revealed as the cinematographer. Reports suggested that the film may be re-titled as Pugazh, after the title became re-available following a shelved venture by Aascar Films and actor Vijay. The title Pugazh was also wanted by Sarathkumar, who later permitted the film to take it. In August 2014, reports emerged that Trisha had liked the script of the film and was re-allocating her dates to try and fit the film into her schedule. However, following the end of her engagement with producer Varun Manian, she opted out of the project. Manimaran later stated that he was not interested in casting Trisha, as she did not suit the role, but the producer had been adamant. By November 2014, the film was launched as Pugazh with Surabhi revealed to be the film's lead heroine.
Release
At the Chennai Box Office, Pugazh took an average opening, with collections of Rs. from 171 shows in the first weekend. However, the film's collections dropped drastically in the second week, and the total collection at the Chennai Box Office was Rs. from 18 shows, settling for a below average verdict.
Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu wrote, "Pugazh is a collection of good bits of writing, good intentions, but they don't add up to a consistently good film because it wants to be both a rooted ensemble drama and a masala-style solo-hero narrative. We get neither."
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Vivek-Mervin in their second venture and collaboration with Jai after Vadacurry.
References
External links
2016 films
Indian political thriller films
Indian action drama films
Indian action thriller films
2010s Tamil-language films
2016 action drama films
2016 action thriller films
Political action films
2010s political thriller films
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17336319
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntheath
|
Burntheath
|
Burntheath is a hamlet in Derbyshire, England. It is located 1 mile north of Hilton, and adjacent to the A50 road.
Hamlets in Derbyshire
South Derbyshire District
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