id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
23576616
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Precious%20Prize%20of%20Gravity
|
The Precious Prize of Gravity
|
The Precious Prize of Gravity is the third studio album by international indie rock band Bellini.
Track listing
"Wake Up Under a Truck" – 3:34
"Numbers" – 3:04
"Daughter Leaving" – 3:08
"Susie" – 3:50
"Tiger's Milk" – 3:03
"The Man Who Lost His Wings" – 4:26
"Save The Greyhounds"- 2:41
"The Thin Line"-4:18
"The Painter"-2:44
"A Deep Wound"-3:14
References
Bellini (band) albums
2009 albums
|
44500460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Corinthians%201
|
1 Corinthians 1
|
1 Corinthians 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52–55 CE, and sent to the church in Corinth.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Codex Vaticanus (AD 325–350)
Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
Codex Alexandrinus (400–440)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; extant verses 3–31)
Papyrus 14 (6th century; extant verses 25–27)
Papyrus 11 (7th century; extant verses 17–22)
Old Testament references
1 Corinthians 1:19 references Isaiah 29:14
1 Corinthians 1:31 references Jeremiah 9:24
Opening greeting (1:1–3)
Verse 1
Most English translations refer to Sosthenes as "our brother", but the actual text reads , , which literally means "Sosthenes brother". "The salutation with my own hand—Paul's" in 1 Corinthians 16:21 suggests that the majority of the letter may have actually been scribed by someone else, and therefore many interpreters suggest that Sosthenes was the amanuensis of the Epistle.
The address and greeting which open the Epistle conclude with the words "Grace be unto you, and peace".
Thanksgiving for Christ's total sufficiency (1:4–9)
In the section of thanksgiving, Paul usually signals the issues to be dealt later in the letter, but he can always give thanks because God's sufficiency can resolve all problem in the person of his Son, Jesus Christ.
The divisiveness of idolizing Christian teachers (1:10–17a)
The disciples or pupils of a secular teacher must give exclusive loyalty to the teacher, and the Corinthians who were converted and baptized through the ministry of different teachers also perceived themselves in the secular way, that they engaged in quarrels over the merits of those teachers. Paul states this loyalty as idolatrous and wants them to follow the Messiah, not his servants.
Verse 12
"Each of you says": Gill notes that Paul may have gotten the report from "the house of Chloe" regarding the schism among the church members.
"I am of Paul": Paul had been instrumental in the conversion and baptism of some members of the Corinthian church, as he was the first to lay the foundation of a Gospel church in this city.
"I am of Apollos": Apollos came to Corinth after Paul left. As an eloquent man with good knowledge of the Scriptures, he may have attracted many church members with his way of preaching.
"I am of Cephas" (or Simon Peter): Unlike Paul and Apollos, Peter was with Christ from the beginning, witnessing his miracles, hearing his doctrines, and having the apostleship. On these accounts, the church members highly valued him and the converted Jews among them, who still retained a regard to the ceremonies of the law, may have fixed on Peter as their minister.
"I am of Christ": taking Paul's words, some may have declared that they should not "be called by any other name than that of Christ". These people were "for Christ", not of Paul, Apollos, Cephas, or any other ministers of the word, but could still be "blame worthy" when they use Christ's name to deceive men or divide his interest. Some authorities to the contrary have suggested that the Christ of this passage is a copying error and for example the noted Jewish historian Graetz says that that person is really Chrestus of Suetonius in Claudius 25 who provoked a "tumult" in Rome near the 49th year of the Christian era.
Boasting in the Lord and not in the educated elite (1:17b–31)
Orators or public speakers in the first century generally produce carefully crafted speeches to draw the attention or bewitch the hearers, based on the performance only, not the content, but Paul used none of the tricks ("with words of human wisdom", ) when he preach the gospel of Christ. Jesus sent Paul to preach the gospel, with its content "the cross of Christ", not to secure a personal following. Paul asks the Corinthians to reflect on the secular status or class of the messengers of God's wisdom, who are 'the foolish', whom secular society regarded as 'nobodies' as opposed to the 'elite' who in the first century were described as 'wise, influential in political sphere and well-born'.
The power of God
Paul speaks of the power of God in this letter (1 Corinthians 1:18, 25) and in his letter to the Romans (Romans 1:16), mirroring Jesus' debates on the subject of the resurrection with the Sadducees in the gospels, who he says "do not know the scriptures [or] the power of God" (Matthew 22:29; Mark 12:24).
Verse 31
Other texts replace "glories" (KJV: "glorieth") with "boasts". Paul quotes from the Septuagint version of Jeremiah 9:23–24 in the Old Testament, "abbreviating quite freely" from the longer text:
See also
Related Bible parts: Psalm 34, Psalm 44, Isaiah 29, Jeremiah 9, Acts 18, 2 Corinthians 10
References
Sources
External links
King James Bible - Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
01
|
6901665
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainwashed
|
Brainwashed
|
Brainwashed may refer to:
Brainwashing, to affect a person's mind by using extreme mental pressure or any other mind-affecting process
Music
Albums
Brainwashed (George Harrison album), 2002, or the title song
Brainwashed (While She Sleeps album), 2015, or the title song
Songs
"Brainwashed", a song by The Kinks from their 1969 concept album Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)
"Brainwash", a song by Rick Danko from his 1977 eponymous debut album, Rick Danko
"Brainwashed", a song by Iced Earth from their 1995 album Burnt Offerings
"Brainwash", a song by Simon Curtis from his 2010 debut album 8Bit Heart
"Brainwashed" (Devlin song), from the 2011 album Bud, Sweat and Beers
"Brainwashed" (Tom MacDonald song), a song by Tom MacDonald
Other
Brainwashed (film), originally titled Die Schachnovelle, a chess movie based on Stefan Zweig's novella The Royal Game
Brainwashed (website), a non-profit online music publication that specializes in the review of and news relating to eclectic music
Brainwashed is a 4th season story arc of Pinky and the Brain
Brainwash, a novel by British author John Wainwright, upon which the movies Garde à Vue and Under Suspicion are based
|
23576624
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Top%2050%20Index
|
Russell Top 50 Index
|
The Russell Top 50 Index measures the performance of the largest companies in the Russell 3000 Index. It includes approximately 50 of the largest securities based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership and represents approximately 40% of the total market capitalization of the Russell 3000.
The index, which was launched on January 1, 2005, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RU50.
Investing
Prior to January 27, 2016, the index was tracked by an exchange-traded fund, the Guggenheim Russell Top 50 Mega Cap ETF (). The ETF switched to the S&P 500 Top 50 Index.
Top 10 holdings
Apple Inc. ()
Microsoft Corp ()
Amazon.com ()
Meta Platforms ()
Alphabet Inc Cl A ()
Alphabet Inc Cl C ()
Berkshire Hathaway Inc ()
Johnson & Johnson ()
Procter & Gamble ()
Visa Inc. ()
(as of October 31, 2020)
Top sectors by weight
Technology
Consumer Discretionary
Health Care
Industrials
Financials
See also
S&P 100
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
Russell Top 200 Index
References
External links
Russell Indexes
Russell Investment Group
Index Construction and Methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RU50
American stock market indices
|
17333155
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper%20Niesiecki
|
Kasper Niesiecki
|
Kasper Niesiecki (31 December 1682 – 9 July 1744), also known as Kacper Niesiecki, was a Polish heraldist, Jesuit, lexicographer, writer, theologian and preacher.
Biography
Niesiecki was born in Greater Poland to a burgher family. In 1699 he began training as a Jesuit in Kraków. From 1701 to 1704 he studied philosophy in Lublin, earning a master's degree. In 1707 Niesiecki started his studies in theology at the Jagiellonian University, graduating in 1711. He undertook further study in Lutsk, Krosno, Bydgoszcz, Chojnice and Kalisz.
Between 1715 and 1723 Niesiecki worked as a preacher in Masovia, Greater Poland, Lesser Poland and Ruthenia. He taught rhetoric in Bydgoszcz and Chojnice, and ethics and mathematics in Kalisz. From 1724 he lived in the monastery of Krasnystaw, where he engaged in his life's work, compiling the Herbarz Polski (Polish Armorial). Niesiecki died there on 9 July 1744.
The first volume of Herbarz Polski was published in 1728 in Lwów. Niesiecki wanted to write it in Latin, but his patron, Marianna from Potocki-Tarłowa, specified that it was to be published in Polish. Because Niesiecki tried to not use unverified sources and legends, he was opposed by the szlachta (Polish nobility). He continued with the work; however, there were delays in printing the next volumes. After the fourth volume was published attacks by the nobles increased; they sent letters of protest to his Polish and Roman superiors. Work on the fifth volume was interrupted by his death; it was completed by Stanisław Czapliński, but never published. In the opinion of historians, the work of Niesiecki obeys all world-standards of genealogy.
In the 19th century the armorial was expanded by several authors and published by Jan Nepomucen de Bobrowicz in Leipzig.
Polish Armorial
Herbarz Polski (Polish Armorial) full title: "Korona Polska przy złotey wolnosci starożytnemi Rycerstwa Polskiego y Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskiego kleynotami naywyższymi Honorami Heroicznym, Męstwem y odwagą, Wytworną Nauką a naypierwey Cnotą, nauką Pobożnością, y Swiątobliwością ozdobiona Potomnym zaś wiekom na zaszczyt y nieśmiertelną sławę Pamiętnych w tey Oyczyźnie Synow podana TOM ... Przez X. Kaspra Niesieckego Societatis Jesu", Lviv, 1738.
"Korona Polska..." vol. 1
"Korona Polska..." vol. 2
"Korona Polska..." vol. 3
"Korona Polska..." vol. 4
edition expanded by other authors: Herbarz Polski... vol. 4-10, published by Jan Nepomucen de Bobrowicz, Leipzig, 1841
Herbarz Polski... - some volumes
See also
Polish literature
Polish heraldry
References
Coats of arms pictures from Herbarz Polski
18th-century Polish Jesuits
Polish male writers
Polish genealogists
1682 births
1744 deaths
Polish heraldists
Polish lexicographers
18th-century lexicographers
|
23576626
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%20and%20Harrisburg%20Railway
|
Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway
|
The Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway was a railroad that operated in Maryland and Pennsylvania in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The 59 miles (95 km) main line ran from Emory Grove, Maryland to Orrtanna, Pennsylvania, with a 6 miles (9.7 km) branch from Valley Junction, Pennsylvania (east of Hanover) to Hanover Junction, Pennsylvania; and later extensions to Highfield, Maryland and York, Pennsylvania.
The railroad was formed from a merger of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad, the Bachman Valley Railroad and the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad in 1886. It was acquired by the Western Maryland Railway in 1917.
History
The railroad was chartered by the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania in 1886. In 1889 the railroad constructed a western extension from Orrtanna to Highfield, Maryland, where it connected with the Western Maryland Railway. In 1893 it completed a eastern extension from Porters Sideling, Pennsylvania (east of Hanover) to York.
At its formation, the company was controlled by the Western Maryland Railway by means of a 99-year lease, and the Western Maryland bought the company in 1917. The original Hanover Branch Railroad portion of track between Hanover Junction and Valley Junction was abandoned and removed circa 1930.
See also
List of defunct Maryland railroads
List of defunct Pennsylvania railroads
References
Bibliography
Defunct Maryland railroads
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Predecessors of the Western Maryland Railway
Railway companies established in 1886
Railway companies disestablished in 1917
American companies established in 1886
American companies disestablished in 1917
|
6901687
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivin%27%20%28Pearl%20Harbor%20and%20the%20Explosions%20song%29
|
Drivin' (Pearl Harbor and the Explosions song)
|
"Drivin'" was a moderately successful hit single for San Francisco band Pearl Harbor and the Explosions. It first was released on 415 Records, November 21, 1979. Shortly after, it was re-recorded for the band's self-titled debut LP on Warner Bros, and that version was also released as a single.
After hearing the 415 single, the band Jane Aire and the Belvederes recorded a cover version of "Drivin'", which was released almost at the same time as Pearl Harbor's own WB version.
Track listing
7" (415 Version)
"Drivin'"
"Release It"
7" (Warner Bros. Version)
"Drivin'"
"The Big One"
References
1980 singles
1979 songs
Song recordings produced by David Kahne
Warner Records singles
|
23576643
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koras%E2%80%93Russell%20cubic%20threefold
|
Koras–Russell cubic threefold
|
In algebraic geometry, the Koras–Russell cubic threefolds are smooth affine complex threefolds diffeomorphic to studied by . They have a hyperbolic action of a one-dimensional torus with a unique fixed point, such that the quotients of the threefold and the tangent space of the fixed point by this action are isomorphic. They were discovered in the process of proving the Linearization Conjecture in dimension 3. A linear action of on the affine space is one of the form , where and . The Linearization Conjecture in dimension says that every algebraic action of on the complex affine space is linear in some algebraic coordinates on . M. Koras and P. Russell made a key step towards the solution in dimension 3, providing a list of threefolds (now called Koras-Russell threefolds) and proving that the Linearization Conjecture for n=3 holds if all those threefolds are exotic affine 3-spaces, that is, none of them is isomorphic to . This was later shown by Kaliman and Makar-Limanov using the ML-invariant of an affine variety, which has in fact been invented exactly for this purpose.
Earlier than the above referred paper, Russell noticed that the hypersurface has properties very similar to the affine 3-space like contractibility and was interested in distinguishing them as algebraic varieties. This now follows from the computation that and .
References
3-folds
|
17333177
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Barton%20Site
|
Fort Barton Site
|
The Fort Barton Site is the site of an historic American Revolutionary War fort, now located in a public park at Lawton and Highland Avenues in Tiverton, Rhode Island. All that remains of the fort are its earthworks, a roughly oblong structure about long and deep. The site was a defensive post overlooking the main ferry crossing between Tiverton and Aquidneck Island, which was under British control at the time of its construction in 1777. The ferry was used as a launching position for American forces during the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778. The site was named after Lt. Col. William Barton who successfully captured the British General Prescott during a midnight raid on the British headquarters at Prescott Farm in what is now Portsmouth.
Fort Barton was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Fort History information
Barton
Buildings and structures in Tiverton, Rhode Island
Barton
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
|
23576651
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%202500%20Index
|
Russell 2500 Index
|
The Russell 2500 Index measures the performance of the 2,500 smallest companies (19% of total capitalization) in the Russell 3000 Index, with a weighted average market capitalization of approximately $4.3 billion, median capitalization of $1.2 billion and market capitalization of the largest company of $18.7 billion.
The index, which was launched on June 1, 1990, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^R25I.
Top 10 holdings
Huntington Bancshares ()
Hologic ()
Mid-America Apartments ()
Quintiles IMS Holdings ()
Alaska Air Group ()
Idexx Laboratories ()
Snap-on ()
Arch Capital Group ()
Lear Corporation ()
E-Trade Financial ()
(as of December 31, 2016)
Top sectors by weight
Financial Services
Producer Durables
Consumer Discretionary
Technology
Health Care
See also
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
References
External links
Russell page for Russell 2500 index
Russell Indexes
Russell Investment Group
Index Construction and Methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^R25I
American stock market indices
|
44500469
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%20Annen
|
Blake Annen
|
Blake David Annen (born May 28, 1991) is an American football coach and former tight end. He played college football at the University of Cincinnati and attended Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio. He has been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, Chicago Bears, New Orleans Saints, Green Bay Packers and Buffalo Bills.
Early years
Annen played high school football for the Upper Arlington High School Golden Bears in Upper Arlington, Ohio. He helped the Golden Bears win the Ohio Capital Conference Central Division Championship in 2008. He recorded 30 receptions for 800 yards and 12 touchdowns in his high school career. He was named the top tight end in the state by OhioVarsity.com.
College career
Annen played for the Cincinnati Bearcats from 2009 to 2013. He was redshirted in 2009.
Professional career
Annen ran his 40-yard dash time at 4.41 seconds at Cincinnati's 2014 Pro Day in addition to posting 25 reps on the bench press, which ultimately made him a priority UDFA.
Philadelphia Eagles
Annen signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on May 10, 2014 after going undrafted in the 2014 NFL draft. He was released by the Eagles on August 23, 2014.
Chicago Bears
Annen was signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad on September 18, 2014. He was promoted to the active roster on November 8, 2014. He made his NFL debut on November 23, 2014 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Annen was released by the Bears on September 2, 2015.
New Orleans Saints
On September 7, 2015, the New Orleans Saints signed Annen to their practice squad. On September 15, 2015, he was released by the Saints.
Green Bay Packers
On September 30, 2015, the Green Bay Packers signed Annen to their practice squad. On October 16, 2015, he was released by the Packers.
Buffalo Bills
On December 15, 2015, the Buffalo Bills signed Annen to their practice squad. He was waived/injured by the Bills on September 2, 2016 and was placed on injured reserve after clearing waivers.
On June 13, 2017, Annen was waived by the Bills.
Post-playing career
In 2018, Annen was hired as the head football coach at Carmel High School. As assistant coaches, he hired former Bears Johnny Knox and Nathan Vasher; the three had worked together at EFT Football Academy in Highland Park, Illinois. In Annen's first year, the Corsairs improved from their 1–8 record in 2017 to 4–5. Another ex-Bear in Jason McKie became running backs coach in 2019. Annen resigned in October to return to his family in Ohio.
References
External links
NFL Draft Scout
College stats
Living people
1991 births
Players of American football from Ohio
People from Upper Arlington, Ohio
American football tight ends
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Chicago Bears players
New Orleans Saints players
Green Bay Packers players
Buffalo Bills players
|
23576657
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%20the%20Drift
|
Mind the Drift
|
Mind the Drift is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Big Business.
Track listing
"Found Art" - 3:34
"Gold and Final" - 3:32
"Cats, Mice." - 3:52
"I Got It Online" - 3:59
"The Drift" - 3:40
"Ayes Have It" - 4:17
"Cold Lunch" - 3:33
"Theme From Big Business II" - 8:43
"Cold Lunch (Demo)" (Bonus Track) - 3:40
"The Drift (Demo)" (Bonus Track) - 3:48
"Send Me A Postcard" (Bonus Track) - 2:45
Personnel
Big Business
Jared Warren - bass, lead vocals
Coady Willis - drums
Toshi Kasai - guitar, backing vocals, keyboards
Technical personnel
Phil Elk and Big Business – recording
Cameron Nicklaus - second engineer
Sadaharu Yagi - second engineer
JJ Golden - mastering
James O'Mara - layout and execution
References
2009 albums
Hydra Head Records albums
Big Business (band) albums
|
17333184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20G.%20Heider
|
Karl G. Heider
|
Karl Heider (born January 21, 1935) is an American visual anthropologist.
Life and education
Heider was born in Northampton, Massachusetts. Heider is the son of psychologists Fritz and Grace (née Moore) Heider. He had two brothers; John and Stephan.
After spending two years at Williams College, Heider transferred to Harvard College where he earned his B.A. in anthropology. Heider then spent a year touring Asia on a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship provided by Harvard. Returning to Harvard in 1958, Heider went on to earn an M.A. in 1959 and Ph.D. in 1966.
He was married to the psychologist Eleanor Rosch with whom he studied the Dani people. The couple divorced in the late 1970s.
Career
Heider's work ranged from psychological anthropology to visual anthropology.
It has included going into the West Papua region in the 1960s and 1990s, as well as producing works on ethnographic film making and writing on Indonesian cinema.
Filmography
Tikal (1961)
Dani Sweet Potatoes (1974)
Dani Houses (1974)
See also
Visual anthropology
Seeing Anthropology written by Karl G. Heider
Rashomon effect
External links
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 30th June 2007 (video)
Notes
1935 births
Williams College alumni
Harvard College alumni
Living people
American anthropologists
|
23576672
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Microcap%20Index
|
Russell Microcap Index
|
The Russell Microcap Index measures the performance of the microcap segment of the U.S. equity market. It makes up less than 3% of the U.S. equity market. It includes 1,000 of the smallest securities in the Russell 2000 Index based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership and it also includes up to the next 1,000 stocks. , the weighted average market capitalization for a company in the index was $535 million; the median market cap was $228 million. The market cap of the largest company in the index was $3.6 billion.
The index, which was launched on June 1, 2005, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RUMIC.
Records
In February 2021, during the everything bubble, a record 14 members of the index exceeded the market capitalization of the smallest member of the S&P 500 Index.
Investing
The Russell Microcap Index is tracked by the iShares Micro-Cap ETF ().
Top 10 holdings
Mercury Systems ()
Centerstate Banks ()
Lakeland Financial ()
Merit Medical Systems ()
Team Inc ()
Patrick Industries ()
Synergy Pharmaceuticals ()
Hanmi Financial ()
Aerie Pharmaceuticals ()
Stewart Information Services ()
(as of December 31, 2016)
Top sectors by weight
Financial Services
Health Care
Consumer Discretionary
Technology
Producer Durables
See also
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
References
External links
FTSE Russell Index Fact Sheet
FTSE Russell Indexes
FTSE Russell Investment Group
Index Construction and Methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RUMIC
American stock market indices
Financial services companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in the United States
|
44500472
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%20Gate%20VoIP%20Softswitch
|
Dial Gate VoIP Softswitch
|
Dial-Gate VoIP Softswitch is a SIP-based IP-PBX software for businesses, first released in 2006 by Canadian VoIP PBX solution provider Dialexia. The software serves as a web-based softswitch and billing server for VoIP and PSTN networks. On June 3, 2014, the Dialexia development team announced in a client newsletter that support for Dial-Gate Softswitch versions 3.9 and earlier would cease effective September 1, 2014. The company advised customers to migrate to a currently-supported operating system in order to receive future security updates & technical support.
Software overview
The Dial-Gate billing platform provides users with advanced real-time monitoring, pre-/post-paid billing, rate/route table management, and CDR report generation. It is integrated with Microsoft Exchange Server to provide voicemail unification, instant messaging and VideoOverIP. On November 19, 2014, Dialexia issued a press release announcing the integration of WebRTC capabilities to Dial Gate Softswitch PBX.
References
External links
2006 software
VoIP software
|
6901696
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20McKelvey
|
Joe McKelvey
|
Joseph McKelvey (17 June 1898 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War. He participated in the anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected to the IRA Army Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the civil war, between pro- and anti-Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff.
Background
McKelvey was born in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, the only son of Patrick McKelvey, a Royal Irish Constabulary constable who later became a sergeant, and Rose O’Neill, a post office employee. During World War I, McKelvey Snr enlisted in the special reserve of the British Army and, in 1917, was posted to the Northumberland Fusiliers. He died in 1919 in Belfast, due to a perforation of his stomach, at the age of 57.
Joe McKelvey had a keen interest in the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Irish language. He studied as an accountant and gained some of the qualifications necessary for this profession, but never fully qualified. He worked for a time at the Income Tax Office on Queen's Square in Belfast and later found work in the city's engineering industry with Mackies on the Springfield road. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers, which during 1919 became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
He was a founder member of the O'Donovan Rossa Club, Belfast – established in 1916 on the Falls Road. Each year the club honour him with a juvenile hurling blitz, an invitational competition which is participated in by clubs throughout Ireland.
War of Independence
McKelvey participated in the Irish War of Independence 1919–1921 against the British, in which he commanded the IRA's 1st Battalion, Belfast Brigade. In April 1920, he and other Volunteers burned the tax office in Belfast Customs House and two other Income Tax Offices. In July 1920, during a wave of violence in the wake of the IRA assassination of a northern police inspector (Gerard Smyth) in Cork, McKelvey was expelled from his job by loyalist intimidation. Roughly 7,000 other Catholics and left-wing Protestant political activists also lost their jobs in this manner at the time. Many of these unemployed Catholics were later recruited into the IRA. McKelvey later wrote to the IRA leadership that 75% of his volunteers were unemployed. In July 1920 McKelvey defended catholics during the ‘Belfast pogroms’. On 22 August 1920, McKelvey helped to organise the killing of RIC Detective Oswald Swanzy in Lisburn. The killing itself was carried out by IRA men from Cork, but McKelvey arranged a taxi to carry the assassins to and from the scene and disposed of their weapons. In reprisal for this shooting, 300 Catholic homes in Lisburn were burned out (see The Troubles (1920–1922)). McKelvey was forced to lie low in Dublin for some time after these events.
In March 1921, the IRA was re-organised by GHQ into divisions, and McKelvey was appointed commander of the Third Northern Division, responsible for Belfast and the surrounding area. McKelveys three brigades covered Belfast, County Antrim and north County Down. He was criticized by some of the younger, more radical Volunteers in the IRA Belfast Brigade (led by Roger McCorley), for being reluctant to sanction the killing of police and British Army personnel in Belfast. McKelvey feared (and was proved correct) that such actions would provoke retaliatory attacks on the Catholic and Irish nationalist community by loyalists. Nevertheless, he was unable to control some of his younger volunteers, who formed an "active service unit" on their own initiative and killed policemen and soldiers on a regular basis. When such attacks occurred, loyalists, generally supported by the Ulster Special Constabulary, attacked Catholic areas in reprisal. The IRA was then forced to try to defend Catholic areas, and McKelvey feared that the organisation was being drawn into sectarian conflict as opposed to what he saw as the "real" struggle for Irish independence. In May 1921, McKelvey's command suffered a severe setback when fifty of his best men were sent to County Cavan to train and link up with the IRA units there, only to be surrounded and captured by the British Army on Lappanduff hill on 9 May.
In most of Ireland, hostilities were ended with a truce declared on 11 July 1921. However, in the north and particularly in Belfast, violence intensified over the following year. McKelvey wrote to GHQ at this time that his command was very short of both arms and money. In March 1922, many of his papers, detailing the names and units of the roughly 1,000 IRA members in Belfast, were captured by the B-Specials in a raid on St Mary's Hall in Belfast.
Civil War
McKelvey was alone among the leadership of the Belfast IRA in going against the acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Most of his comrades supported Michael Collins' assurances that, although the Treaty accepted the partition of Northern Ireland from the rest of the country, this was only a temporary concession which would be dealt with later. McKelvey did not accept this. As a result, he left his command as head of the IRA Third Northern Division and joined the Anti-Treaty IRA in Dublin. McKelvey was replaced by Seamus Woods as O/C of the Third Northern Division. Seamus Woods would go on to senior positions within the Free State Army (Assistant Chief of Staff).
McKelvey participated in the Anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dáil (civil government of the Irish Republic declared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected as the IRA Army Chief of Staff of the Executive. In April 1922 he helped command the occupation of the Four Courts in defiance of the new Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the Irish Civil War, between pro and anti Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff, replacing Liam Lynch.
On 28 June 1922, the new Irish Free State government shelled the Four Courts to assert its authority over the militants defending it. The Republicans in the Four Courts surrendered after two days of fighting and McKelvey was captured. He was held for the following five months in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin.
Execution
On 8 December 1922, Joe McKelvey was executed by firing squad along with three other Anti-Treaty militants, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows and Richard Barrett. The executions had been ordered in reprisal for the Anti-Treaty IRA's murder of Sean Hales, a Pro-Treaty member of the Third Dáil. McKelvey was a well respected Irish Republican leader and many Pro-Treaty Officers and men took his execution very badly.
On the morning of his execution, he wrote this letter to Mrs Isabella Sullivan (née Letson) of Walmer, Andersonstown, Belfast: Letter written by McKelvey to Mrs Sullivan, 8 December 1922.
See also
Executions during the Irish Civil War,
References
External links
Irish Independent, 17 February 2002, The truth behind the murder of Sean Hales.
1898 births
1922 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)
People executed by Ireland by firing squad
Executed Irish people
People executed by the Irish Free State
|
44500483
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil%20Ahmed%20Khan
|
Jamil Ahmed Khan
|
Jamil Ahmed Khan was the Ambassador of Pakistan to the United Arab Emirates from November 2010 to June 2013. Previously, he was the Pakistan Ambassador to Libya from April 2009 to November 2010. A former captain in the Pakistan Army, Khan holds a Bachelors in Economics and Political Science from the Government College University, Lahore; a Masters in History from the University of the Punjab, Lahore; a postgraduate diploma in diplomacy from the Institut International d’Administration Publique, Paris; and a Bachelors in International Relations from the University of London. As a diplomat, he has also held positions in the United Nations and as the Head of Country in East Timor, Yemen, Somalia and Botswana.
References
Ambassadors of Pakistan to Libya
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United Arab Emirates
Pakistan Army officers
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Alumni of the University of London
University of the Punjab alumni
|
17333217
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Sladen
|
Percy Sladen
|
Walter Percy Sladen (30 June 1849 – 11 June 1900) was an English biologist who specialised in starfish.
The son of a wealthy leather merchant, Sladen was born near Halifax, Yorkshire on 30 June 1849. He was educated at Hipperholme Grammar School and Marlborough College, but received no university training. As a young man he indulged his hobby of natural history, but soon become fascinated with echinoderms. In 1876 he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and the following year became a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London. 1877 also saw the publication of his first paper, in which he split the sea-lily genus Poteriocrinus into four; in his lifetime, Sladen would gain a reputation as a "splitter" because of his proclivity for declaring specimens to belong to new genera or species. Late that year he began a long and fruitful collaboration with Duncan; which would see the publication of some 15 co-authored papers, many on fossils, over the course of twelve years.
From December 1878, Sladen spent three month at Naples under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. His work there, on echinoderm pedicellariae, established his reputation as a leading authority on echinoderms, and in 1881 he was invited to organise and write up an account of the starfishes collected during the Challenger expedition. This would take him a decade to complete, and comprise nearly 1000 pages and 118 plates.
By 1890, Sladen married Constance Anderson of York. She was sister of Tempest Anderson the volcanologist, and Yarborough Anderson, a barrister.
Her father William Charles Anderson was a surgeon and Sheriff of York.
By that time Sladen was on the Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Zoological Secretary of the Linnean Society of London, and also active in the Zoological Society of London and the Geological Society of London. He therefore relocated to London, at least temporarily. Unfortunately much of Sladen's later life was interrupted by poor health. In 1895 he was elected Vice-President of the Linnean Society, but only a few months later he gave up both this and his secretarial position because of health problems. He completed only two more papers before retiring in 1898 to an Exeter estate inherited on the death of his uncle. He died there two years later, on 11 June 1900.
Following his death, Sladen's wife helped preserve her husband's memory by donating his large collection of echinoderms to the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter, and endowing the Percy Sladen Memorial Trust, to be administered by the Linnean Society to support scientific research.
Honoria
The hatchetfish Argyropelecus sladeni was named after him.
See also
:Category:Taxa named by Percy Sladen
Notes
References
(alternative; retrieved 2016-12-15)
External links
1849 births
1900 deaths
English zoologists
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People educated at Marlborough College
|
44500485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyricaFest
|
LyricaFest
|
LyricaFest is an annual chamber music festival held in Lincoln, Massachusetts. This festival is part of Lyrica Boston Inc., a 501 (c)(3) not-for profit educational and performance corporation. Lyricafest was founded in 2000 by violinist/violist Laura Bossert and cellist Terry King. Every year 35 participants from conservatories and colleges throughout the United States and abroad, come together for a two-week workshop. The faculty includes Laura Bossert, Terry King and violinist/violist Paula Majerfeld. Lyricafest was featured in a documentary in 2009, The Sound of Character, produced by HawkFinn Production.
Guest artists
LyricaFest welcomes guest artists every year to give chamber coachings and masterclasses, previous guest artists have been Roger Tapping, William Preucil, Natasha Brofsky, Joseph Kalichstein, Lawrence Dutton, Pamela Frank, Laura Goldberg, Martin Perry.
Notable alumni
Neave Piano Trio, Hausmann Quartet, Alturas Duo, A Far Cry, Vox 4 String Quartet, Ashley Vandiver, Andrew Eng, Russell Wilson, Min-Jeong Koh, Jeremy Harmen, and John Richards.
References
External links
Classical music festivals in the United States
|
17333229
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyanosaka%20Station%20%28Osaka%29
|
Miyanosaka Station (Osaka)
|
is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Miyanosaka Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 1.0 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two elevated opposed side platforms with the station building underneath.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on September 11, 1940 as . It was renamed to its present name on June 20, 1971.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 6,153 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Kudara-dera ruins
Kudara Shrine
Osaka Prefectural Psychiatric Medical Center
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1940
Hirakata, Osaka
|
44500497
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenterie%20Pagotto
|
Carpenterie Pagotto
|
Carpenterie Pagotto Srl (), also sometimes called Pagotto Carpenterie, is an Italian aircraft manufacturer based in Pianzano. The company was founded by designer Enio Pagotto and specializes in the design and manufacture of autogyros and ultralight trikes.
Pagotto established his company initially to produce trikes and built his reputation on them, he then expanded into autogyro design.
Aircraft
References
External links
Aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Autogyros
Ultralight trikes
Homebuilt aircraft
|
44500505
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20I%20Love%20I%20Love
|
When I Love I Love
|
"When I Love I Love" is a song written by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon and recorded by Carmen Miranda for the film Week-End in Havana in 1941.
References
External links
When I Love I Love on iTunes Music
1941 songs
Samba songs
Songs with lyrics by Mack Gordon
Songs with music by Harry Warren
Carmen Miranda songs
|
17333261
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshigaoka%20Station%20%28Osaka%29
|
Hoshigaoka Station (Osaka)
|
is a passenger railway station in the city of Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Hoshigaoka Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line and is located from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by an elevated station building.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on November 1, 1938.
Passenger statistics
In the 2009 fiscal year, the station was used by an average of 4,885 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Amano River
Hirakata Hoshigaoka Post Office
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1938
Hirakata, Osaka
|
23576687
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Aleynikov
|
Sergey Aleynikov
|
Sergey Aleynikov (born 1970) is a former Goldman Sachs computer programmer. Between 2009 and 2016, he was prosecuted by NY Federal and State jurisdictions for the same conduct of allegedly copying proprietary computer source code from his employer, Goldman Sachs, before joining a competing firm. His first prosecution in federal court in New York ultimately resulted in acquittal by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The outcome of his second prosecution and trial in New York state court was a split verdict dismissed by court, which acquitted him on all counts. One count in that order of dismissal was later overturned by New York Court of Appeals, which took a very broad interpretation of the statute, and on recommendation of prosecutors he was sentenced to time served without punishment. The same New York Court of Appeals denied his petition to appeal on double jeopardy grounds. His story inspired Michael Lewis's bestseller Flash Boys.
Career
Around 1990, Sergey Aleynikov emigrated from the Soviet Union to the United States. From 1998 to 2007, he worked at IDT Corporation, writing software to better handle high volumes of phone calls.
He authored a telecommunications patent and contributed to a number of open-source Erlang and C++ projects. He also published several Perl modules on CPAN.
Aleynikov was employed for two years, from May 2007 to June 2009, at Goldman at an ultimate salary of $400,000. He left to join Misha Malyshev's Teza Technologies, a competing high-frequency trading firm which offered to triple his pay.
In May 2010, Aleynikov founded Omnibius, LLC, a consulting services firm for financial clients.
Federal prosecution and acquittal
On July 3, 2009, he was arrested by FBI agents at Newark Liberty International Airport after Goldman raised the alarm over a suspected policy violation reported by Goldman on July 1, 2009, two days prior to his arrest. He was accused by the FBI of improperly copying computer source code that performs "sophisticated, high-speed and high-volume trades on various stock and commodity markets", as described by Goldman. The events leading to his arrest are covered by Michael Lewis in his 2014 book Flash Boys. According to Assistant United States Attorney Joseph Facciponti, "the bank has raised the possibility that there is a danger that somebody who knew how to use this program could use it to manipulate markets in unfair ways.". Facciponti's words in the courtroom contradicted to what David Viniar, Goldman's CFO, said a few days later on the earnings call that the sustained losses would be "very, very immaterial". Aleynikov acknowledged downloading some source code, but maintained that his intent was to collect exclusively open-source software that is not proprietary to his then-employer.
On February 10, 2010, a 3-count indictment was handed down by a federal grand jury in Manhattan. The counts included theft of trade secrets (count 1), transportation of stolen goods (count 2), and illicit obtainment of data from a protected computer (count 3).
On July 16, 2010, Aleynikov moved to dismiss the indictment for failure to state an offense under any of the three statutes invoked: the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, the National Stolen Property Act, and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. He argued that the acts he was accused of did not constitute a crime. On September 3, 2010, the federal judge, Denise Cote, dismissed the count 3 but denied the rest of the motion.
In December 2010, Aleynikov had a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Certain trial proceedings were not public. On December 10, he was convicted of the remaining two counts, including theft of trade secrets and transportation of stolen property. Later, he was sentenced to 97 months (8 years) in prison, three years of supervised release following his prison sentence, and a $12,500 fine, despite the recommendation of the Federal Probation Service of suggesting a 24 month (2 years) sentence.
Three weeks before sentencing, Aleynikov was incarcerated on request of the government, as he was judged to be more of a after separating from his wife.
In March 2011, Aleynikov appealed the conviction, asking the Second Circuit to review the District Court's decision denying his original motion to dismiss the indictment for failure to state a claim.
On February 16, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit heard oral argument on his appeal and, later that day, unanimously ordered his conviction reversed and a judgment of acquittal entered, with opinion to follow. Aleynikov was released from custody the next morning.
On April 11, 2012, Dennis Jacobs, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals, published a unanimous decision in a written opinion stating:
In the course of these events, Aleynikov has spent a year in prison for crimes he did not commit, has divorced, has lost his savings, and, according to his lawyer, "[his] life has been all but ruined" as a result.
The government did not seek reconsideration of the Second Circuit's ruling, thus ending federal action against Aleynikov.
Later, on December 18, 2012, the Congress enhanced the 1996 Economic Espionage Act, in order to cover similar acts in future rulings, in a law referred to as the "Theft of trade secrets clarification act of 2012".
NY State prosecution
Arrest, trial, and acquittal
On August 9, 2012, Aleynikov was re-arrested and charged by Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr., on behalf of New York State, with "unlawful use of secret scientific material" (2 counts) and "unlawful duplication of computer-related material" (1 count) based on the same conduct. The state prosecution was initiated based on a complaint signed by the same federal agent, Michael McSwain, who led the investigation underlying the failed federal prosecution. Aleynikov's lawyer, Kevin Marino, accused Goldman Sachs of being behind the government's aggressive prosecution. Marino sharply criticized the Manhattan District Attorney's office for charging Aleynikov after his federal conviction had been overturned and he had already served a year in prison:
On September 27, 2012, Aleynikov pleaded not guilty to all state charges and rejected the prosecutors' plea offer of accepting a single count offense and serving no jail time. On April 5, 2013, Aleynikov lost his motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy. In rendering the decision, New York State Supreme Court Justice Ronald Zweibel stated that Aleynikov's acquittal in federal court only precluded the federal government from retrying Aleynikov. The state of New York, as a separate sovereign, could continue pursuing charges against him.
On June 20, 2014, upon reviewing the evidence, Justice Ronald Zweibel published a 71-page opinion in which the court ruled that the FBI "did not have probable cause to arrest defendant, let alone search him or his home." The arrest was "illegal", and Aleynikov's "Fourth Amendment rights were violated as a result of a mistake of law." Besides finding that he was arrested illegally without probable cause, the court excluded the majority of evidence passed by the FBI to state prosecutors, as that property was supposed to be returned to Mr. Aleynikov upon acquittal.
On May 1, 2015, following a trial before a New York state jury, he was cleared of the unlawful computer-related material duplication charge but found guilty of one count of unlawfully using secret scientific material. The jury deadlocked on the third count. On July 6, 2015, Justice Daniel P. Conviser dismissed the two remaining charges finding that, as a matter of law, Aleynikov did not violate the statute, and no rational jury could convict him of those charges. In his opinion, he wrote:
The statute criminalizing unlawful use of secret scientific material was enacted in 1967 but rarely utilized. The word "tangible" had never been defined by the New York Penal Law or in any reported court decision involving that statute. The one reported decision in which the statute did receive legal scrutiny — People v Russo (131 Misc 2d 677 [Suffolk County Ct 1986, Copertino, J.]) — was not informative with respect to the issues here.
NY State Appeal
On April 4, 2016, almost nine months after Aleynikov was acquitted by the NY Supreme Court, the Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance's office filed an appeal seeking to reinstate the guilty verdict, arguing that
Defense attorney Kevin Marino denounced Mr. Vance's actions:
On January 24, 2017, Aleynikov's conviction was reinstated by the First Department of the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court. The appellate court found the trial court's reasoning—that an electronic copy of the code was not a "tangible" reproduction—made "little sense," as a compact disc and a thumb drive are both "unquestionably tangible." The appellate court also found that the trial court erred in concluding that Aleynikov lacked "intent to appropriate," holding that the evidence "permits a rational inference that defendant intended to exercise permanent control over the use of Goldman's source code, as opposed to a short-term borrowing." Aleynikov's lawyer has stated that he will seek "immediate leave to appeal" the decision.
In the opinion on the 330.30 motion, the trial court's judge criticized decision of the appellate court:
On April 20, 2017 New York Court of Appeals granted Aleynikov's motion to appeal the reversal decision of the intermediate New York's appellate court. The New York Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the Appellate Division on May 3, 2018, and he was sentenced to time served. Aleynikov's lawyer, Kevin Marino, criticized the conviction, and indicated that he will appeal the outcome:
Malicious prosecution lawsuit
Aleynikov sued the FBI agents who arrested him for malicious prosecution. The judge dismissed the case with respect to Aleynikov's federal prosecution, finding that the agents were warranted in believing that Aleynikov had violated the National Stolen Property Act and the Economic Espionage Act. Aleynikov's malicious prosecution claims in connection with his prosecution in New York state court were stayed pending the District Attorney's appeal of the New York trial court's decision to set aside his conviction.
See also
United States v. Agrawal
References
External links
United States of America v. Sergey Aleynikov Complaint
Reuters Special Coverage on Sergey Aleynikov
The Guardian
Former Goldman Sachs employee charged with stealing trade secrets
Goldman grabs hi-tech hacker
Bloomberg News
Goldman Sachs Loses Grip on Its Doomsday Machine by Jonathan Weil
Ex-Goldman Programmer Described Code Downloads to FBI
What's The Deal With That Goldman Sachs Programmer? by NPR Planet Money.
Did Goldman Sachs Overstep in Criminally Charging Its Ex-Programmer? by Michael Lewis, VanityFair
Conviction Overturned & Complete Acquittal
Acquittal Order
Ex-Goldman programmer's conviction overturned
Court overturns conviction of ex-Goldman's programmer
Goldman secrets
Computer programmers
Living people
Goldman Sachs people
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Russian businesspeople in the United States
1970 births
|
23576690
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20microchilum
|
Trichocentrum microchilum
|
Trichocentrum microchilum is a species of orchid found from Mexico (Chiapas) to El Salvador.
References
External links
microchilum
Orchids of Chiapas
Orchids of El Salvador
|
23576694
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Small%20Cap%20Completeness%20Index
|
Russell Small Cap Completeness Index
|
The Russell Small Cap Completeness Index measures the performance of the companies in the Russell 3000 Index excluding the companies in the S&P 500. , the index contains 2,561 holdings. It provides a performance standard for active money managers seeking a liquid extended benchmark, and can be used for a passive investment strategy in the extended market. Weighted average market capitalization is approximately $15.4 billion.
The index, which was launched on April 1, 2000, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RSCC.
Top 10 holdings
Square Inc. ()
Uber Technologies ()
Zoom Video Communications ()
Twilio Inc. ()
Moderna ()
Workday Inc. ()
DocuSign ()
Veeva Systems ()
Lululemon Athletica ()
Roku Inc. ()
()
Top sectors by weight
Financial Services
Consumer Discretionary
Technology
Producer Durables
Health Care
See also
Russell Indexes
Russell 2500 Index
Wilshire 4500
References
External links
Russell Index Fact Sheet
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RSCC
American stock market indices
|
44500510
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20%28gesture%29
|
O (gesture)
|
The "O" is a gesture used predominantly at the University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene, Oregon, United States, and especially at events in which the school's athletic teams, the Oregon Ducks, are taking part. The gesture is used to show support for the team or university, and is formed by an individual matching up the fingertips of each hand after making the letter "C" with both hands. First used by University of Oregon band directors as a cue to indicate the song to be played, it gained its current meaning after a photograph of quarterback Joey Harrington appeared on the front page of The Oregonian making the "O" sign with his hands.
Origin
The gesture was first used by University of Oregon band directors, who relied on visual cues to direct the ensemble due to crowd noise. Steven Paul, who served as band director from 1983 to 1989, used the sign to prompt musicians to begin performing the fight song "Mighty Oregon". It was one of several gestures used by Paul and subsequent band directors, including Todd Zimbelman, who served as the band director from 1999 to 2005. It became popularized after a photograph of quarterback Joey Harrington making the "O" appeared on the front page of The Oregonian one day following the Civil War game in 2001. Harrington had made the gesture at the band, hoping to hear the fight song one more time. In 2014, Harrington recalled:
The moment was photographed by Bruce Ely, photographer at The Oregonian, and Thomas Boyd, who worked for the Eugene Register-Guard at the time. Ely recalled, "I remember calling editors and telling them it would be a cool picture for the front page. It took off from there. I think Tom and I are the only two people that happened to be in position."
Harrington displayed the gesture again at the Fiesta Bowl.
Adoption
Fans continued displaying the "O" at sporting events following the 2001 game. Nike gloves and other merchandise have been produced showing the symbol. According to John Canzano, sports writer for The Oregonian, the gesture has become "a universal non-verbal rally cry for the university".
The Winter 2014 edition of the Oregon Quarterly includes a photograph of Lady Gaga "throwing the O" with a UO alumna.
Controversy
As Oregon players began to use the gesture on the field after a good play, Fox Sports rules analyst Mike Pereira, a former NFL and college football official, indicated that he thought the use of the sign bordered on unsportsmanlike conduct, which could lead to a 15-yard penalty. Pereira later clarified his comments, indicating that the sign should be allowed, as long as it was not "prolonged" or "directed at an opponent."
Teachers in an American Sign Language class at Oregon have cautioned that, since the gesture often ends up being improperly formed, it ends up having more of the spade-like shape of the sign for "vagina" rather than the letter "O". Former Ducks player LaMichael James, who took the class, avoided making the sign for fear of being misinterpreted.
See also
Big "O", a hillside letter representing the University of Oregon, located at Skinner Butte in Eugene, Oregon
References
2001 establishments in Oregon
Hand gestures
Oregon Ducks
University of Oregon
|
17333322
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruman%20railway%20accident
|
Peruman railway accident
|
The Peruman railway accident occurred on 8 July 1988, when a train derailed on the Peruman bridge over Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala, India and fell into the water, killing 105 people. The cause was never established, but was blamed on track alignment and faulty wheels, possibly compounded by failure to notify maintenance workers about the approach of a delayed train that had been making-up time by travelling at excessive speed.
Derailment
The accident occurred at Peruman bridge over Ashtamudi Lake, Perinadu, Kollam, Kerala, on 8 July 1988 at around 13:15 Hrs. Ten bogie carriages of the Train Number:26 Island Express, travelling from Bangalore to Thiruvananthapuram Central, derailed and fell into the lake. Of the 14 coaches, only the engine, the parcel van and a second class compartment had crossed the bridge when the derailment occurred. Two of the nine coaches that fell into the water turned upside down.
Rescue operations
The rescue operations were started immediately by the local people of Perumon and Munrothuruthu who were residing near the bridge. The injured were rushed to Kollam's district hospital and nearby private clinics. Realising the scale of the tragedy, three helicopters and over 100 navy divers were also pressed into service from Cochin, 140 km away. Union Minister of State for Railways Madhavrao Scindia, accompanied by Railway Board members, flew down in a chartered plane to supervise the rescue operations. Scindia announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs. 1 lakh (100,000) each to relatives of each of the dead.105 people lost their lives and around 200 people were injured.
Cause
The exact cause of the accident is still unknown.
Tornado
A first inquiry conducted by the Commissioner for Railway Safety attributed the cause of train accident to a tornado. This finding has been widely disputed by the general public.
As per P. Venugopal, The Hindu newspaper's correspondent for Alappuzha district then
Track alignment and faulty wheels
A second inquiry, prompted by public outrage, revealed that problems in track alignment and faulty wheels of coaches were responsible for the tragedy.
The following possible causes, even though not officially acknowledged, have received widespread attention in media.
Speed
Some eyewitness are quoted saying that the train was running too fast for the bridge at the time of accident.
Track maintenance work
Some track maintenance may have been going on at the railway bridge. A report alleges the maintenance workers called up the nearest station and inquired about the passing trains. They were told that the Island Express which was due to pass is running late. The blog asserts the workers had lifted a section of rail and the repair was underway, then the workers went for a break, leaving the separated rail, assured that the train was not due. The train kept the right time and derailed on the bridge.
Observation of Arunkumar (18-07-2022):
I was traveling by road that night from Kozhikode to Trivandrum and was surprised by the number of Police vehicles and Ambulances on the road at that time of the night. It was only after reaching Trivandrum that I came to know about the nature & extent of the tragedy.
To me,the possibility of track maintenance and taking a work-break by the workers (under the mistaken impression that the Island Express was running late) sounds more probable.
In popular culture
Perumon tragedy was featured in the 1990 Malayalam movie Iyer the Great. There is a short movie by Shankar Ramakrishnan that has been titled as "Island Express". The movie describes the connection of different people and their journey after the accident.
External links
https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/818678/1/08_XI_27-07-1988_p146_p147_PII.pdf
https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/818710/1/08_XI_11-08-1988_p216_p252_PII.pdf
See also
List of Indian rail accidents
Lists of rail accidents
References
Derailments in India
1988 in India
Railway accidents in 1988
Transport in Kollam district
History of Kerala (1947–present)
Rail transport in Kerala
History of Kollam district
Disasters in Kerala
Railway accidents and incidents in Kerala
|
23576699
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizoner
|
Horizoner
|
Horizoner is the debut studio album by American metal band Bloodhorse.
Track listing
"A Good Son" - 9:55
"A Passing Thought to the Contrary" - 4:29
"The Old Man" - 6:58
"Nonhossono" - 4:32
"Close, But Never So" - 2:53
"Aphoristic" - 2:38
"Morning Burial" - 7:26
"Paranoiac" - 3:46
"In Horror" - 6:49
References
2009 debut albums
Bloodhorse (band) albums
|
44500540
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena%20Macedo%20Dom%C3%ADnguez
|
Magdalena Macedo Domínguez
|
María Magdalena Macedo Domínguez (born 25 May 1955) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. In 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.
References
1955 births
Living people
Politicians from the State of Mexico
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for the State of Mexico
|
44500543
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Kreiner
|
Philip Kreiner
|
Philip Kreiner (born 1950 in Timmins, Ontario) is a Canadian writer, whose short story collection People Like Us in a Place Like This was a nominee for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 1983 Governor General's Awards.
He published two further novels, Heartlands and Contact Prints, in the 1980s. All three works were drawn from Kreiner's own experience as a teacher who had worked in Cree communities in far Northern Ontario and in Jamaica.
Works
People Like Us in a Place Like This (1983, )
Heartlands (1984, )
Contact Prints (1987, )
References
1950 births
Living people
Canadian male novelists
20th-century Canadian novelists
Canadian male short story writers
Writers from Timmins
20th-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
|
23576713
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20Gear%20Solid%3A%20Philanthropy
|
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy
|
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy is a 2009 Italian non-profit fan made film series created by Hive Division, a team of Italian students and filmmakers. It is a film based on the highly successful Metal Gear video game series. It is written, directed and edited by Giacomo Talamini, a 27-year-old Italian student filmmaker who also stars in the movie as Solid Snake.
History
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was conceived in 2002 when Talamini and school friend Gianluca were playing Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. The game had a significant impact on the two and they decided to create a film based on the series. Using equipment they had lying around, they started work on what is now known as the Old Project. After two years, production came to a halt. They had released a trailer but interest in the project was dying.
In 2005, the group (who was then known as Shamrock Creations) met in Venice to discuss the direction of the project. They refocused their aim and renamed themselves Hive Division after Gianluca left the group. The new project was called the New Project. Recruiting almost 40 people, Hive Division continued work on the film and started shooting at different locations around Italy, until July 2008 when the building used in the final scene was demolished. In winter 2008, they found an alternate location and filming continued. In March 2009, filming was complete and post-processing began. Aoife Ní Fhearraigh, whose song "The Best is Yet to Come" was used for the Metal Gear Solid Soundtrack, came into the studio towards the end of production to offer her vocal talent for use in "Will There Be an End", the ending theme to the movie.
The movie features a number of Italian actors, and the script was dubbed by voice actors to recreate the game's iconic style of voice work (in particular, an imitation of David Hayter's Solid Snake).
Plot
The movie is divided into three parts, the first part entitled "The Overnight Nation" is sixty-nine minutes long and follows Snake as he joins Philanthropy, an organization created in order to stop Metal Gears around the world. Snake (Giacomo Talamini) teams up with Elizabeth Laeken (Patrizia Liccardi) and Pierre Leclerc (Nicola Cecconi) as they attempt to find out what's really going on in "The Overnight Nation". The movie is set in 2007, taking place before or right after the first part of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.
A quote from Hive Division states:
Philanthropy explores ideas such as genetics, which is a recurring theme in the Metal Gear series; memetics, the study of how culture, habits, and information evolve, expand, how it is used and abused.
Parts two and three were planned for a release in 2014, but due to licensing issues with Konami it was announced to be cancelled. The first twelve minutes of Part 2 are viewable on the network.
Cast
Starring
Giacomo Talamini as Solid Snake and Armstech PMC Trooper
Patrizia Liccaridi as Elizabeth Laeken
Nicola Cecconi as Pierre Leclerc
Marco Saran as Harrison Bishop
Giovanni Contessotto as Abraham Bishop
Andrea Furlan as Vitalij
Enrico Pasotti as Aran
Voice Acting
Philipp Sacramento as Solid Snake
Lucien Dodge as Pierre Leclerc and Harrison Bishop
Laura Post as Elizabeth Laeken
Adam Behr as Abraham Bishop
Glenn X Govan as Vitalij
William Martin as Otacon
Alessandro Schiassi as Russian Pilot
Alberto Vazzola as Russian Pilot
Jonathan Ealam as Newscaster
Post Production
Visual Effects Supervisor: Alessandro Schiassi
3D Lead Artist: Alberto Vazzola
Concept Artist: Lamberto Azzariti
Budget
Metal Gear Solid: Philanthropy was funded entirely by Hive Division who invested almost €10,000 (£9,000 GBP/$13,000 USD) in the production. Most of this went towards obtaining equipment and props.
Reception
PlayStation Official Magazine UK praised the CGI work and remarked at the locations of scenes within the movie while Destructoid.com claims the movie will be better than its Hollywood counterpart.
Game series' creator Hideo Kojima has stated that he has watched the movie and was moved by the love of the film makers towards Metal Gear Solid, commenting that it was very well made and he's anxious to watch the next part.
This stands in contrast to Konami's decision to decline the authorization of the sequel on licensing grounds.
Availability
Released 27 September 2009 the movie is available as a free download from the website and is also available for online stream through Vimeo, an online video sharing website.
References
External links
Recent project: In Memoria
Metal Gear
Live-action films based on video games
Fan films
2000s science fiction films
2009 films
Italian science fiction films
Films set in 2007
Works based on Konami video games
2000s English-language films
|
23576725
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9368%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1966–68 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1966–68 Libyan Premier League was the 4th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi won the championship.
League standings
Final
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi 2-0 Al-Ittihad Tripoli
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi won the championship.
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Libya
Premier League
Premier League
|
44500544
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Education%20Academy
|
Pakistan Education Academy
|
Pakistan Education Academy is a Pakistani international school in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It provides education to the children of Pakistani expatriates residing in Dubai. The school was founded in 1968.
On 4th November 2020, Pakistan Education Academy started offering CAIE curriculum.
References
External links
1968 establishments in the Trucial States
Educational institutions established in 1968
Pakistani international schools in the United Arab Emirates
International schools in Dubai
Schools in Dubai
|
23576726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodamnia%20rubescens
|
Rhodamnia rubescens
|
Rhodamnia rubescens, the scrub stringybark, brush turpentine, or brown malletwood, is an evergreen rainforest tree of the myrtle family Myrtaceae, that is native to Eastern Australia. Identified by a stringy type of bark and triple-veined leaves, it grows in a variety of different rainforests from the Batemans Bay region (35° S) of southeastern New South Wales to Gympie (27° S) in southeastern Queensland. It is not seen in the cool temperate rainforests. The pathogen myrtle rust threatens the existence of Rhodamnia rubescens.
Description
This small to medium tree can attain a height of up to and a trunk diameter of . The bark is reddish brown, brittle, scaly and "stringy", similar to its relative, Syncarpia glomulifera (the turpentine tree). Its base is channelled, fluted or somewhat buttressed.
The opposite leaves are simple, not toothed, pointed, elliptical in shape, and around long. They are clearly triple-veined, with one central vein and two curved veins closely following the outline of the leaf. The net venation is visible on both sides. The leaves are downy underneath and have a greyish colour. The oil dots are transparent and visible with a hand lens. The tree's small branches are scaly with the same reddish bark as the trunk; the new shoots are covered in minute hairs.
White fragrant flowers form on panicled cymes from August to October. The fruit is a small berry, initially red then turning to shiny black as it matures from October to December. The berries can measure up to in diameter. The fruit is eaten by various birds, including the brown cuckoo dove, figbird, green catbird and rainbow lorikeet. Removing the seed from the fleshy aril is advised to assist germination. Regeneration with cuttings is possible.
References
(other publication details, included in citation)
Rhodamnia rubescens at NSW Flora Online Retrieved 12 July 2009
External links
Myrtales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
rubescens
Taxa named by George Bentham
|
44500545
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Powers%20Laird
|
Warren Powers Laird
|
Warren Powers Laird, FAIA (August 8, 1861 – February 18, 1948) was an American architect from Minnesota. He was Dean of the School of Fine Arts of the University of Pennsylvania from 1920 to his retirement in 1932.
Biography
Laird was born in Winona, Minnesota, on August 8, 1861. He attended public schools in Winona, followed by study at the Winona Normal School. From 1885 to 1887, Laird took an architecture course at Cornell University. He then practiced for six years in architectural offices in Minnesota, Boston, and New York City, then studied in Paris. Near the end of his Cornell coursework, he was named an instructor of architecture. In January 1891, he was named a Professor of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.
In 1911, Laird was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Pennsylvania. He was elevated to Dean of the School of Fine Arts there in 1920. He retired in 1932 and was named professor emeritus. Laird frequently consulted for state and municipal governments. He was on the national advisory council of Lingnan University in Canton, China, and was a trustee there for seventeen years. He served on the architectural jury of the art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Laird married Clara Elizabeth Tuller on November 15, 1893. They had two children: Mary Hall and Helen Powers, the latter not surviving to adulthood. Laird served a term as president of the Fine Arts League of Philadelphia and served the American Institute of Architects on its Committee of Education. He died at his home in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, on February 18, 1948.
Works
Winona Free Public Library (1899), Winona, Minnesota
Stock Pavilion (1908) (with Paul Philippe Cret), Madison, Wisconsin
Winona Masonic Temple (1909), Winona
Lathrop Hall (1910) (with Cret), Madison
Agricultural Chemistry Building (1912) (with Cret), Madison
References
1861 births
1948 deaths
Architects from Minnesota
Architects from Pennsylvania
Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning alumni
Cornell University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
People from Winona, Minnesota
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
|
23576733
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%AAs
|
Drês
|
Drês is the sixth album released by Brazilian band Nando Reis e os Infernais. The singer Ana Cañas guest appeared on the track "Pra Você Guardei o Amor". The song "Ainda Não Passou" nominated for the 2009 Latin Grammy Award of Best Brazilian Song (Portuguese Language). As of August 2010, the album sold around 18,000 copies.
The name of the album is a portmanteau of the words "Dri" (nickname of his ex-girlfriend
Adriana Lotaif) and "três" (three, the number of songs dedicated to her in the album: "Hi, Dri!", "Driamante" and the title-track).
Track listing
"Hi Dri"
"Ainda Não Passou" (It Still Didn't Pass) - 3:16
"Drês" - 4:16
"Conta" (Account) - 4:42
"Só Pra So" (Only for So) - 3:25
"Mosaico Abstrato" (Abstract Mosaic) - 4:38
"Pra Você Guardei o Amor" (For You I Kept Love) (featuring Ana Cañas) - 5:43
"Livre Como um Deus" (Free as a God) - 5:11
"Driamante" (Driamond) - 2:39
"Hoje Eu te Pedi em Casamento" (Today I Proposed to You) - 3:19
"Mil Galáxias" (A Thousand Galaxies) - 3:33
"Baby, Eu Queria" (Baby, I Wanted to) - 3:00
Personnel
Nando Reis – Lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Carlos Pontual – Electric guitar
Alex Veley – Keyboards
Felipe Cambraia – Bass guitar
Diogo Gameiro – drums
References
External links
2009 albums
Nando Reis e os Infernais albums
|
23576753
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20pumilum
|
Trichocentrum pumilum
|
Trichocentrum pumilum is a species of orchid found from Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
References
External links
pumilum
Orchids of Argentina
Orchids of Brazil
|
23576754
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1969–70 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1969–70 Libyan Premier League was the 6th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
Al-Ahly Benghazi won the championship.
Final
Al-Ahly Tripoli 1-2 ; 1-2 Al-Ahly Benghazi
Al-Ahly Benghazi won the championship.
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League
|
44500562
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous%20Number
|
Dangerous Number
|
Dangerous Number is a 1937 American comedy film directed by Richard Thorpe and written by Carey Wilson. The film stars Robert Young, Ann Sothern, Reginald Owen, and Cora Witherspoon, and features Dean Jagger. The film was released on January 22, 1937, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot
A clothing manufacturer, Hank (Robert Young) returns from a year in Japan, learning about a new formula for synthetic silk, to discover that his girlfriend Eleanor (Ann Sothern) is engaged to marry another man. Hank persuades her to jilt the new man at the altar.
After he and Eleanor get married, Hank comes to dislike the show-business friends of his wife and mother-in-law Gypsy (Cora Witherspoon) who pop up at all hours. And a man named Dillman (Dean Jagger) turns up who claims that Eleanor is actually his legal wife, not Hank's.
Hank is distracted by Vera (Maria Shelton), a friend of Eleanor's, but in the end pretends to be a cab driver and steers his taxi into a lake, with passenger Eleanor wearing a silk dress Hank gave her that disintegrates in the water.
Cast
Production
The role of "Eleanor" was originally slated to be played by Myrna Loy. In August 1936, it was reported that Madge Evans was taking the role, but it eventually went to Ann Sothern, who was on loan from RKO.
References
External links
1937 films
1930s English-language films
American comedy films
1937 comedy films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Richard Thorpe
American black-and-white films
1930s American films
|
23576778
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neihu%20metro%20station
|
Neihu metro station
|
The Taipei Metro Neihu station () is located in the Neihu District in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on Wenhu line.
Station overview
This two-level, elevated station features two side platforms, two exits, and platform elevators located on the north and south sides of the concourse level.
History
22 February 2009: Neihu station construction is completed.
4 July 2009: Begins service with the opening of Brown Line.
Station layout
Around the station
Lake Square
Qingbai Park
Huguang Open-air Market
American Institute in Taiwan (new planned location)
Bihu Elementary School
Kangning Elementary School
Jinbi Temple
References
Wenhu line stations
Railway stations opened in 2009
|
23576785
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Botella
|
Juan Botella
|
Juan Botella Medina (4 July 1941 – 17 July 1970) was a Mexican diver. He was born in Mexico City.
He competed for Mexico at the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, where he won the bronze medal in the men's springboard event.
He died on July 17, 1970 in Basurto, Mexico City, working on his thesis on architecture, because of hypertension suffering for a long time.
References
External links
Juan Botella's profile at Sports Reference.com
1941 births
1970 deaths
Mexican male divers
Olympic bronze medalists for Mexico
Divers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers of Mexico
Divers from Mexico City
Olympic medalists in diving
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in diving
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Divers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people
|
44500576
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20and%20Bones%20%28Lyriel%20album%29
|
Skin and Bones (Lyriel album)
|
Skin and Bones is the fifth studio album by the German band Lyriel. Containing a mix of folk rock, gothic metal and symphonic metal, it was recorded without former band member Steffen Feldmann and published in September 2014.
Style
Skin and Bones has been described as more powerful and harder than the band's previous releases. The musical genres include folk rock and celtic rock as well as gothic and symphonic metal. Swedish vocalist Christian Älvestam contributed harsh vocals as a guest singer on the track "Black and white".
Reception
According to the Sonic Seducer, Lyriel had managed to combine the emotional aspects of the various tracks on Skin and Bones with a pressing sound, which was harder than their earlier albums. The reviewer noted singer Jessica Thierjung's skills and concluded that the album had been produced well. Also the Rock Hard magazine stated that Lyriel had now learned from past criticism that their sound was lacking harder components. At the same time though the reviewer remarked that the band had not yet gotten rid of kitschy and "arbitrary" songs.
Track listing
Personnel
The production personnel for Skin and Bones include the following:
Lyriel
Jessica Thierjung – vocals
Tim Sonnenstuhl – guitars
Joon Laukamp – violin
Oliver Thierjung – bass, backing vocals
Marcus Fidorra – drums
Linda Laukamp – cello, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Christian Älvestam – vocals on "Black and white"
Hiko – cover art, layout
Thomas Plec Johansson – mixing
Robert Schuller – acoustic guitar
Sebastian Sonntag – backing vocals
Alexander Wenk – backing vocals
Martin Ahman – keyboards and fx
References
2014 albums
Lyriel albums
AFM Records albums
|
44500585
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente%20Mart%C3%ADnez
|
Vicente Martínez
|
Vicente Martínez may refer to:
Vicente Martínez (footballer) (1895–1963), Spanish footballer
Vicente Martínez (wrestler) (born 1946), Mexican wrestler
Vicente Martínez-Pujalte (born 1956), Spanish politician
Vicente Martinez Ybor (1818–1896), Spanish cigar manufacturer in Cuba and Florida
|
23576795
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori%20Middle%20School
|
Montessori Middle School
|
Montessori Middle School is a Montessori school, grades 5 through 8, located in Louisville, Tennessee. The facility was built in 2008 on a rural property once a cattle farm. It is the first Montessori school for adolescents in East Tennessee and one of the first in the Southeast.
Teaching philosophy
The land-based school follows the "erdkinder" or "earth children" philosophy of Maria Montessori. In keeping with this land-based model, Montessori Middle is a producing member of the Maryville Farmers' Market
Events
Events at the school have included a six-week summer day camp program in June and July 2009 and a Farm Festival in May 2008.
References
External links
Montessori Middle School blog
Montessori schools in the United States
Private middle schools in Tennessee
Schools in Blount County, Tennessee
|
44500588
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20lace
|
Princess lace
|
Princess lace is a tape lace. It is made of straight machine-made lace tapes also called princess lace. The lacemaker bends and folds these into the shape of flowers and leaves, and sews them into position.
History
Princess lace was introduced at the end of the 19th century in Belgium. The most famous cities for princess lace were Aalst, Ninove, Geraardsbergen, Dendermonde and Liedekerke. It is reputed to be called Princess lace because the Belgium Royal Family used it.
Princess lace was mostly a home industry. In 1993, there were still 15 lace merchants who asked lacemakers to make princess lace.
References
Tape lace
|
17333325
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3131%20Mason-Dixon
|
3131 Mason-Dixon
|
3131 Mason–Dixon (prov. designation: ) is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 January 1982, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Arizona, United States. The likely S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.7 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named for English astronomers Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon.
Orbit and classification
Mason–Dixon is a core member of the Koronis family (), a very large asteroid family of almost 6,000 known asteroids with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.1 AU once every 5 years (1,825 days; semi-major axis of 2.92 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory in February 1922. Its observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in July 1954. On 1 February 1907, Mason–Dixon made a close approach to one of the larger asteroids, 52 Europa. At its closest, it passed Europa within 1.1 million kilometers.
Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in memory of English astronomers Charles Mason (1728–1786) and Jeremiah Dixon (1733–1779), who observed the 1761 transit of Venus from the Cape of Good Hope. Between 1763 and 1767 they surveyed the so-called Mason–Dixon line, the boundary between the US States of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 June 1986 ().
Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type has not been determined. Due its membership to the stony Koronis family, Mason–Dixon is likely a common S-type asteroid.
Rotation period
In January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Mason–Dixon was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a high brightness variation of 0.70 magnitude (), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. Another fragmentary lightcurve by Maurice Clark at Preston Gott Observatory in September 2014 gave a less accurate period of 10.20 hours with an amplitude of 0.75 magnitude.
Diameter and albedo
Assuming a typical albedo of 0.15 for members of the Koronis family, Mason–Dixon measures 14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.00. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 18.6 kilometers.
References
External links
Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
003131
Discoveries by Edward L. G. Bowell
Minor planets named for people
Named minor planets
19820124
|
44500589
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamb%C3%BA%2C%20Bamb%C3%BA
|
Bambú, Bambú
|
Bambú, Bambú is a song written by Patrick Teixeira and Donga and recorded by Carmen Miranda in 1939 for the film Down Argentine Way.
References
External links
Gravações americanas de Carmen Miranda
Samba songs
1939 songs
Carmen Miranda songs
Portuguese-language songs
Brazilian songs
|
20469392
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen%20Rider%20Decade
|
Kamen Rider Decade
|
is the title of the first installment of the 2009 editions of the long-running Kamen Rider Series of tokusatsu dramas. Decade, as its title suggests, is the tenth of the Heisei Rider special anniversary Series, having begun with Kamen Rider Kuuga in 2000. Its protagonists are able to transform into not only their own unique, but also all of the previous 9 Heisei Kamen Rider phase 1 "Kamen Rider Kuuga - Kamen Rider Kiva" (Also able to Heisei phase 2 "Kamen Rider W - Kamen Rider Zi-O" with the Neo DecaDriver in twentieth of the Heisei Rider special anniversary series "Kamen Rider Zi-O") and All Showa Kamen Rider, each of which have their own unique power that the Decade can access. It began broadcasting the week following the finale of Kamen Rider Kiva and was featured in Super Hero Time alongside the 2009 edition of the Super Sentai Series, Samurai Sentai Shinkenger. The series ties in with the arcade game Kamen Rider Battle: Ganbaride, with Kamen Riders Decade and Diend using cards resembling those used in the game to transform and access various weapons. Inspiration for this series was very likely to have been the fact that Toei had successfully ensured that the Kamen Rider series lasted a whole decade (2000-2009) without the show going into a period of hiatus which had always occurred since the franchise began in the 1970s. The series' English dub aired on October 20, 2012, 5:30 p.m. at Singapore's Okto Channel, Mediacorp. Kamen Rider Zi-O, the last Heisei era series of 2018-2019, acts as a spiritual sequel, where both Decade and Diend play prominent roles as re-occurring side characters who are directly involved in that series plotline.
Production And Casting
The Kamen Rider Decade trademark was registered by Toei on July 29, 2008.
Masahiro Inoue, who portrayed Keigo Atobe in the Prince of Tennis musicals, was cast in the lead role for Decade as Tsukasa Kadoya/Kamen Rider Decade. Also involved were Kanna Mori as Natsumi Hikari/Kamen Rider Kivala, and Renji Ishibashi as Natsumi's grandfather Eijiro Hikari. Another member of the cast was Tatsuhito Okuda as the mysterious Narutaki. The world of Kamen Rider Kuuga, as well as most of the other Rider Worlds, sport several characters who have been renamed and cast with different actors. Ryota Murai was cast as Yusuke Onodera who is the series' version of Kamen Rider Kuuga. Rounding up the cast was Kimito Totani who portrayed the thief Daiki Kaito/Kamen Rider Diend.
Synopsis
The story follows Tsukasa Kadoya, an amnesiac photographer in the World of Natsumi. During an attack of many different Kaijin from throughout the Heisei Kamen Rider history Tsukasa becomes Kamen Rider Decade. He then learns that he needs to save the World of Natsumi by traveling to the nine AR worlds, meaning another rider worlds or alternate reality worlds. He begins traveling through the worlds with his friend Natsumi and her grandfather though he later begins traveling with Yusuke Onodera from the World of Kuuga, Kivala from the World of Kiva, and Daiki Kaito from the World of DiEnd. While journeying through the worlds Tsukasa and his companions meet Narutaki, a man who believes Tsukasa is the destroyer of worlds. They also begin running into Dai-Shocker, an alliance of terrorist organizations from across the many worlds. Will Tsukasa and his companions save the many worlds and stop Dai-Shocker, or will Tsukasa become the prophesied destroyer of worlds?
To fit with the printing motif of the series, the main Kamen Riders of the series follow the CMYK color model: Decade is magenta, Diend is cyan, and Kuuga ((Rising) Ultimate Form) is black and yellow. In the Cho-Den-O Trilogy film Episode Yellow: Treasure de End Pirates, Diend is the primary character, emphasizing the yellow accents on his DienDriver and the enhanced Kamen Rider Diend card.
Rider War
The , first revealed in Natsumi Hikari's dream, is a predestined event composed of many Kamen Riders called the , all of whom were seemingly defeated by Kamen Rider Decade. However, Kamen Rider Kuuga survived the initial battle, assuming Ultimate Form to confront Decade once again with the two seemingly destroying each other in the ensuing battle. As Narutaki explains to Natsumi, the dream is a predestined event in which Decade will destroy all the worlds.
Episodes
Generally, episodes of Decade are titled similarly to the episodes of the series that they reference. Kamen Rider Kuugas episodes were titled with only two kanji and episodes of Kamen Rider Kiva have a musical reference and musical notation in the title. For the World of Hibiki story arc, the episode title cards are stylized in calligraphy similar to the styles featured in Kamen Rider Hibiki. For the World of Amazon story arc, the episode title had a reference from Kamen Rider Amazon episode 3. An episode arc also features a crossover with Samurai Sentai Shinkenger.
In an interview in the March 2009 issue of Kindai Magazine, Masahiro Inoue stated that Decade was slated as having only 30 episodes. A subsequent interview in Otonafami magazine confirmed that only 30 episodes were filmed, with 31 episodes airing in total.
Films
The Onigashima Warship
was released on May 1, 2009. The film takes place between episodes 15 and 16 of Decade and primarily features the cast characters from Kamen Rider Den-O in their new media franchise, the Cho-Den-O Series.
All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker
The film opened in Japanese theaters on August 8, 2009, double-booked with the Shinkenger film. The film is billed as featuring twenty-six Kamen Riders: the original ten Showa Riders, Black, Black RX, Shin, ZO, J, the previous nine titular Heisei Riders, Decade, and Diend, serving as a tribute to the entire Kamen Rider franchise as a whole. It also features the first on-screen appearance of the 11th Heisei Kamen Rider: Kamen Rider Double. The film provides light to Tsukasa's past and Decade's relation with the mysterious Dai-Shocker organization, whose membership is composed of the various villains and monsters that previous Kamen Riders battled with. The events of the movie take place between episodes 29 and 30.
Movie War 2010
As part of the triple feature, Decades film tells the story of what happens following the television series' cliffhanger finale, and was released in Japanese theaters on December 12, 2009 (initially hinted during a post credits trailer after All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker). Kamen Rider W was also featured in the sequence. The October issue of TV-Kun also makes reference to this movie, stating that . Gackt once again performed the film's theme song, "Stay the Ride Alive" that was released on January 1, 2010.
Super Hero Taisen
is a film which features a crossover between the characters of the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai Series, including the protagonists of Kamen Rider Decade and Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger alongside the casts of Kamen Rider Fourze, Kamen Rider OOO, and Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters. Masahiro Inoue and Kimito Totani reprised their roles as Tsukasa Kadoya and Daiki Kaito, along with Tatsuhito Okuda as Narutaki and Doktor G.
Kamen Rider Taisen
made its theater debut on March 29, 2014. Masahiro Inoue, playing Kamen Rider Decade, alongside many other lead actors of other series appear in the film, including Gaku Sano of Kamen Rider Gaim, Renn Kiriyama of Kamen Rider W, Kohei Murakami and Kento Handa of Kamen Rider 555, Shunya Shiraishi from Kamen Rider Wizard, Ryo Hayami of Kamen Rider X, and Hiroshi Fujioka of the original Kamen Rider. The Sentai teams' Ressha Sentai ToQger and Ryo Ryusei as Daigo Kiryu from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger are also in the movie. Shun Sugata playing Kamen Rider ZX from the Birth of the 10th! Kamen Riders All Together!! TV special returns, also performing as Ambassador Darkness. Itsuji Itao of Kamen Rider The First plays Ren Aoi, Kamen Rider Fifteen, a main antagonist of the film.
Kamen Rider G
In addition to commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Heisei Kamen Rider Series, Kamen Rider Decade was broadcast during the 50th anniversary of TV Asahi broadcasting. In a collaboration with popular band SMAP, TV Asahi and Ishimori Productions put forward a special production for SMAP's SmaSTATION talk show titled . It premiered on January 31, 2009.
Kamen Rider G featured several actors from previous Kamen Rider programs in cameos. Kohei Murakami of Kamen Rider 555 fame played a medical experiment subject. Mitsuru Karahashi (also from 555) and Kenji Matsuda (from Hibiki and Kiva) portrayed members of the Shade terrorist cell. Kazutoshi Yokoyama and Eitoku, two suit actors commonly used by the Kamen Rider production team portrayed security guards in the TV Asahi building. Voice actor Katsumi Shiono provides vocal effects for the Phylloxera Worm, as he often does for Kamen Rider monsters. Popular TV Asahi announcer Yoko Ooshita also makes an appearance in Kamen Rider G as herself.
The original characters for Kamen Rider G are all wine-themed. The titular character's transformation requires a bottle of wine to be inserted into a transformation belt that acts as a wine opener, and he is armed with a sword that resembles a corkscrew as well as a sommelier knife. His Rider Kick finisher is also wine-based, as it is called the . The letter "G" in the title is taken to either meaning "Good", referring to the actor Goro Inagaki, or as an onomatopoeia of the sound of wine being poured out of a bottle (). The antagonist of the piece is a Worm called the ; the phylloxera fly is a grapevine pest. The Phylloxera Worm would later be used as the antagonist for the Kamen Rider Kabuto episodes of Decade.
Within the small production, a terrorist organization known as takes over the TV Asahi studios in Tokyo. The group led by Daidō Oda (Yusuke Kamiji) demands that the Japanese government release their leader Seizan Tokugawa (Show Aikawa), who was arrested after the group's human experimentations came to light. The Shade cell is assisted by the brainwashed Goro (SMAP's Goro Inagaki), but when he sees that his girlfriend Eri Hinata (Yumiko Shaku) is amongst the hostages, he regains his memories and turns on the Shade terrorists. Oda is forced to reveal himself as the Phylloxera Worm, and reveals that several other Shade members have been converted into Worms. Goro transforms into Kamen Rider G to take on the Worms, defeating them all save for Phylloxera who is much too strong for him. Just then, Kamen Rider Decade and the other Heisei Kamen Riders appear to give Kamen Rider G the confidence he needs to destroy the Phylloxera Worm with his Swirling Rider Kick. As the Phylloxera Worm says in his last breath that the war is not over, Goro reunites with Eri before proclaiming he will protect the world from Shade's evil influence.
Super Adventure DVD
The called is the Hyper Battle DVD for Decade. Like Kivas DVD, it is another "Choose Your Own Adventure" style story. The viewer's choices throughout the DVD affect how Decade and Diend's fight against Dai-Shocker's as well as Yusuke Onodera's completion of the Decade Bazooka weapon from a punch out sheet in the back of a Televi-Kun magazine. The events of the specials take place between episodes 29 and 30.
World of Stronger
For Decades S.I.C Hero Saga side story tells of how Tsukasa and the Hikari Studio crew enter the reality in which Kamen Rider Stronger takes place and meet up with the characters within, such as the original Yuriko Misaki. The first episode was published in Hobby Japan, June 2010.
Novel
, written by Aki Kanehiro and supervised by Toshiki Inoue, is part of a series of spin-off novel adaptions of the Heisei Era Kamen Riders. The novel was released on April 12, 2013.
Cast
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
DecaDriver Voice, DienDriver Voice, K-Touch Voice:
Narration:
Guest stars
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
, :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Songs
Opening theme
"Journey Through the Decade"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition: Ryo (of defspiral)
Arrangement: Kōtarō Nakagawa, Ryo
Artist: Gackt
Episodes: Nine Worlds arc (first verse), New Worlds arc (second verse)
In its first week on the Oricon Weekly Charts, "Journey Through the Decade" reached the #2 spot, having sold approximately 51,666 records in that time.
Insert themes
"Ride the Wind"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse
Artist: Tsukasa Kadoya (Masahiro Inoue)
Episodes: 10 - 22, 28
Masahiro Inoue had been recording "Ride the Wind" with Shuhei Naruse released on April 22, 2009. Prior to its appearance in the series, Inoue announced the song on his blog and that he would record it under his character's name.
"Treasure Sniper"
Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi
Composition & Arrangement: Ryo
Artist: Daiki Kaito (Kimito Totani)
Episodes: 23 - 27, 29 - 31
On June 23, 2009, Kimito Totani announced on his personal blog that he was recording a new song for Decade. The Toei blog for Decade announced its title was "Treasure Sniper". Although "Treasure Sniper" did not have a release as a single, it and its instrumental are included on the MASKED RIDER DECADE COMPLETE CD-BOX boxed set. It was later released as the B-side to the single "Climax-Action ~The Den-O History~", the theme song for the Cho-Den-O Trilogy film in which Kamen Rider Diend is the main character.
Avex Group, as part of Decades soundtrack, released a series of albums featuring the songs of the previous nine Heisei Rider series titled the Masked Rider series Theme song Re-Product CD SONG ATTACK RIDE series. Each album features the original opening theme song, as well as a rearrangement of each by "Kamen Rider's official band" Rider Chips and by "Climax Jump" composer Shuhei Naruse. The first album, released on May 20, 2009, features originally performed by Masayuki Tanaka for Kamen Rider Kuuga, "Break the Chain" originally performed by Tourbillon for Kamen Rider Kiva, and "Alive A life" originally performed by Rica Matsumoto for Kamen Rider Ryuki. The second album, released on June 24, 2009, features "Round ZERO~BLADE BRAVE" originally performed by Nanase Aikawa for Kamen Rider Blade, "Justiφ's" originally performed by Issa of Da Pump for Kamen Rider 555, and originally performed by Shinichi Ishihara for Kamen Rider Agito. The third album was released on July 22, 2009, and features the "Climax Jump" by AAA DEN-O form for Kamen Rider Den-O, "NEXT LEVEL" by YU-KI for Kamen Rider Kabuto, and by Akira Fuse for Kamen Rider Hibiki.
Gackt performed the theme to the film Kamen Rider Decade: All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker. The song is titled "The Next Decade", and was released on August 11, 2009.
References
External links
at Toei Company
at Avex Group
2009 Japanese television series debuts
2009 Japanese television series endings
Crossover tokusatsu television series
Decade
Television series about parallel universes
Fiction about amnesia
|
44500595
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscitum%20Ovinium
|
Plebiscitum Ovinium
|
The Plebiscitum Ovinium (often called the Lex Ovinia) was an initiative by the Plebeian Council that transferred the power to revise the list of members of the Roman Senate (the lectio senatus) from consuls to censors.
Date
Since Appius Claudius Caecus is said to have changed the membership of the senate during his censorship in 312 BCE, the law must have been passed by then, but not much earlier because the censors of 319 removed a man from his tribe, but not from the Senate.
Reaction
The patricians did not recognize the validity of the Plebiscitum Ovinium, but nevertheless did not attempt to prevent the lectio senatus being carried out by the censors rather than the consuls.
See also
Conflict of the Orders
Ovinia gens
References
Roman law
Initiatives
|
17333366
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBUR
|
KBUR
|
KBUR (1490 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Burlington, Iowa. The station primarily broadcasts a talk radio format. KBUR is owned by Pritchard Broadcasting Corporation. It was first licensed on September 11, 1941.
Pritchard Broadcasting Corporation (owned by John T. Pritchard) agreed to purchase the station from GAP West (owned by Skip Weller) in late 2007. The station was owned by Clear Channel prior to GAP West.
References
External links
KBUR website
FCC History Cards for KBUR
BUR
Talk radio stations in the United States
Burlington, Iowa
Radio stations established in 2007
|
44500612
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenni%20Montiel
|
Lenni Montiel
|
Lenni Montiel is the United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Prior to this appointment of 18 November 2014, Mr. Montiel was an Assistant Secretary-General of Social, Economic and Development Affairs.
Biographical Information
Mr. Montiel has a wide range of experience and expertise with the United Nations in the area of Development. He worked with the United Nations Development Programme as a Resident Coordinator in Turkmenistan and as a Senior Technical Adviser in Vietnam and Ukraine. Mr. Montiel studied at the University of Birmingham where he obtained a PhD in Public Policy, and at the Belarusian Institute for National Economy where he obtained an MSc in Economics.
References
Venezuelan officials of the United Nations
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Belarus State Economic University alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
|
17333398
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurocyon
|
Nurocyon
|
Nurocyon is an extinct member of the dog family (Canidae) from the Pliocene of Mongolia. Nurocyon chonokhariensis is the only species in the genus. The teeth of Nurocyon show adaptations to an omnivorous diet, comparable to the living raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). The overall structure of the skull and dentition of Nurocyon are intermediate between the living genus Canis (dogs, wolves, and jackals) and the more primitive Eucyon.
References
Canini (tribe)
Prehistoric canines
Pliocene carnivorans
Pliocene mammals of Asia
Prehistoric monotypic mammal genera
Fossil taxa described in 2006
Prehistoric carnivoran genera
|
23576831
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Swedish%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
|
2009 Swedish Open – Men's singles
|
Tommy Robredo was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Juan Mónaco.
Robin Söderling won in the final 6–3, 7–6(7–4), against Juan Mónaco.
Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
Swedish Open - Men's Singles
Swedish Open
Swedish
|
23576832
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1970–71 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1970–71 Libyan Premier League was the 7th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and Al-Ahly Tripoli won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League
|
20469399
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200259
|
Uncial 0259
|
Uncial 0259 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 7th century. The codex contains some parts of the 1 Timothy 1:4-5.6-7, on 2 parchment leaves (12 cm by 10 cm). Written in one column per page, 11 lines per page, in uncial letters.
Text
[transcribed by Kurt Treu]
According to Elliott Treu wrongly deciphered reading οικονομιαν, according to him the manuscript reads οικοδομη.
The nomina sacra contracted. It has two singular readings:
εξετραπτησαν instead of εξετραπησαν
νοσουντης instead of νοουντης.
The text-type of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.
History
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 7th century.
Currently the codex is housed at the Berlin State Museums (P. 3605) in Berlin.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
Uncial 0262
References
Further reading
Peter Head, Two Parchments Witnessing First Timothy 1 (2007)
G. H. R. Horseley, "New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity" 2 (Macquarie University, 1982), pp. 125-140.
Elliott, J.K., The Greek Text of the Epistles to Timothy and Titus. (Studies and Documents 26). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1968. p. 19.
Kurt Treu, "Neue Neutestamentliche Fragmente der Berliner Papyrussammlung", APF 18 (Berlin: 1966), pp. 23-38.
Greek New Testament uncials
7th-century biblical manuscripts
|
20469403
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunobiki%20Dam
|
Nunobiki Dam
|
Nunobiki Dam is a dam in Kobe, in Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan. It is the first concrete gravity dam in Japan. It is situated in Chuo-ku, Kobe, at the foot of the mountain stream Nunohiki and waterfall of the same name. In 2006 with the modernization of water resources and water supply, the dam was designated as important heritage site.
History
The modern water supply plan in Japan was originally drawn up in 1887 but in 1892, Professor William Barton from the British Ministry of Engineering proposed an earth-fill dam with a reservoir capacity of about 31 million tons. Construction began in 1897 and it was completed in 1900. In 2005, the dam was partly reconstructed to incorporate seismic strengthening and sediment dredging was completed.
Gallery
Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Dams completed in 1900
Buildings of the Meiji period
Important Cultural Properties of Japan
|
20469414
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20D%27Ambrosio
|
Paul D'Ambrosio
|
Paul D'Ambrosio is an American journalist and novelist. He is the executive editor of the Asbury Park Press, and creator of DataUniverse.com, a public records site used by multiple Gannett newspapers.
Education
D'Ambrosio graduated from The George Washington University. In 2018, he received an M.A. in journalism and strategic communications from the University of Memphis.
Career
Journalism
In October 1981, D'Ambrosio joined the Asbury Park Press as a reporter responsible for covering Jackson Township, New Jersey. He was later promoted to an investigations editor, senior regional news strategist, and director of investigations and news director for the newspaper before becoming the executive editor in 2019.
D'Ambrosio works in a field of journalism called computer-assisted reporting, which uses various programs to analyze government data. An unnamed precursor to DataUniverse was launched in the Spring of 2005 by D'Ambrosio, and the full DataUniverse was launched on the Asbury Park Press's website, on December 1, 2006. The site is programmed and maintained by D'Ambrosio. DataUniverse contains more than two dozen databases from crime records to property sale information, and garners about 1 million page views a week. The DataUniverse model has been widely duplicated throughout the Gannett newspaper chain and other news outlets.
As both editor and writer, he has won and shared in the Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, the Farfel Prize for Excellence in Investigative Reporting, the National Headliner awards for Public Service and Series Writing, two Associated Press Managing Editors' awards for Public Service, the Clark Mollenhoff Memorial Award for Investigative Reporting, three National Press Club awards for consumer journalism, and three Brechner Freedom of Information awards.
"Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush" (2009), which D'Ambrosio edited and co-wrote, was named a finalist for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service.
Fiction writing
D'Ambrosio's debut novel, Cold Rolled Dead, was a finalist for the Eric Hoffer Award in 2008, and was a best-seller for several weeks on Amazon.com's Techno-thriller list. His work has been compared to Tom Clancy by The SandPaper news magazine. The Asbury Park Press, D'Ambrosio's employer, called the novel "... a page-turner with hefty detail on police procedure ... and human nature at its darkest....
Selected works
News articles
Vital Signs (1996) (D'Ambrosio, Linsk, McEnry, Becker)
House of Cards (1997–98) (Asbury Park Press Staff)
Right to Know Nothing (1999) (D'Ambrosio)
Profiting from Public Service (2003–2004) (D'Ambrosio and Gannett New Jersey staff)
Pay to Play and The Power Brokers (2004) (D'Ambrosio, Prado Roberts, and Gannett Staff)
Fighting New Jersey's Tax Crush (2009) (D'Ambrosio, Mikle, Clurfeld, Bates, Mullen)
Novels
Cold Rolled Dead (2007), Down the Shore Publishing Inc.
Easy Squeezy (2013), Down the Shore Publishing Inc.
References
20th-century American novelists
American thriller writers
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American investigative journalists
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
Syracuse University faculty
21st-century American novelists
American expatriates in Thailand
American male novelists
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
|
23576842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung%20Wing-fat
|
Cheung Wing-fat
|
Cheung Wing-fat (), also known as Mars (), is a Hong Kong actor, action director, stuntman and martial artist. He is one of Jackie Chan's best friends.
Early life
Cheung Wing-fat was born in Hong Kong in 1954. He got the nickname "Weird Fire Star" after being involved in a car accident leaving him with two scars on his head. While working as a stuntman on a film in Thailand he got promoted to a supporting actor and needed a stage name. He picked "Mars" based on his nickname. He became a student of Madame Fan Fok Wah (粉菊花, aka Fen Juhua) in The Spring and Autumn Drama School. He practiced every day from 5am to 9pm.
Film career
Mars started acting in 1966 at the age of 12. He started out as an extra and later in supporting roles. Lackey and the Lady Tiger (1980) is only the film in which he played the leading role.
In 1971, Mars got his nickname "Mars" from a stunt co-ordinator who suggested it to him since his nickname on stage was Martian Monster, and he ended up with the name Mars after filming The Rescue.
In 1979, he joined the Jackie Chan Stunt Team and focused more on being a stuntman and action director rather than an actor. Being a very close friend of Chan, Mars has worked with Chan in numerous films starting with The Young Master (1980). He played a major supporting role in Chan's hit films, Project A, Project A II, Police Story and Police Story 2. Mars also had minor villain roles in Chan's other hit films, Crime Story, Drunken Master II and Thunderbolt. He also acted in many of Chan's other films and was also a stuntman in his films.
Ever since working in Jackie Chan's 1996 film Mr. Nice Guy, he has been using his real name instead. He had become a senior member in both Jackie Chan's and Sammo Hung's stunt team.
Filmography
Young and Furious (Part 1) (1966) - young child (uncredited)
The Golden Cup, the Wandering Dragon and the Decree to Kill (1966) - young child
The Monkey Goes West (1966) - Little Underwater Turtle Demon Child
The Golden Cup and the Wandering Dragon (1966) - young child (extra)
Come Drink With Me (1966) - one of the little kids (uncredited)
The One Armed-Swordsman (1967) - street kid that gets mask stolen
Blue Skies (1967) - musical troupe dancing child (extra)
Golden Swallow (1968) - Chang Shun's son
The Rescue (1971) - Tartar soldier (extra)
The Eunuch (1971) - soldier (extra) / (uncredited)
Trilogy of Swordsmanship (1972) - Shi's soldier fellow (cameo)
The Black Tavern (1972) - Officer Hai's servant
The Casino (1972) - casino thug (extra) (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
The Hurricane (1972) - Neng's thug / stunts
The Brutal Boxer (1972) - Chin / stunts
Tough Guy (1972) - extra (uncredited)
Fist of Fury (1972) - Japanese Person (uncredited) / stunts
Fist of Unicorn (1972) - Stuttering boy
Back Alley Princess (1973) - extra (uncredited)
Honor and Love (1973) - cameo
Dynamite Brothers (1973) - Tuen's henchman in the final fight (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Fist to Fist (1973) - extra (uncredited)
Enter the Dragon (1973) - Han traitor (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
The Rendezvous of Warriors (1973) - extra (uncredited)
The Awaken Punch (1973) - (uncredited)
Little Tiger of Canton (1973) - cameo / stunts (as Fo Sing)
The Bastard (1973) - Gu's thug (extra) / stunts
The Rats (1973) - cameo
Village on Fire (1973)
The Young Tiger (1973) - Angry Thug in army pants (as Huo Hsing)
Ambush (1973) - Lao Er of Ximen Tigers
Village of Tigers (1974) - Ba clan member
Virgins of the Seven Seas (1974) - Pirate killed on ship
The Thunder Kick (1974) - (as Fo Sing)
The Shaolin Boxer (1974) - Chuan's student
Supermen Against the Orient (1974) - Thug (uncredited) / stunts
Super Kung Fu Kid (1974) - cameo / stunts
Village of Tigers (1974) - Hero Bao's Friend
Bloody Ring (1974) - cameo
The Mandarin Magician (1974) - (as Fo Sing)
The Skyhawk (1974) - woodland attacker / stunts (as Fo Sing)
The Bod Squad (1974) - (as Huo Shing)
Hong Kong Superman (1975) - extra(uncredited) / cameo / stunts
The Young Dragons (1975) - Lui Fu's thug / stunts
The Valiant Ones (1975) - Japanese swordsman pirate
The Golden Lion (1975) - Golden Lion gang member
Bruce Lee and I (1976) - Little Boy
Bruce Lee - True Story (1976) - Charlie
The Private Eyes (1976) - robber (as Fo Sing)
The Magic Blade (1976) - stunts
Shaolin Plot (1977) - Monk (as Fo Sing)
Last Strike (1977) - extra (uncredited)
The Iron Fisted Monk (1977) - Shu-Liu worker
Broken Oath (1977) - One of Chou's Guards
Soul Brothers of Kung Fu (1977) - cameo
The Pilferer's Progress (1977) - Hitman
He Has Nothing But Kung Fu (1977)
Strife for Mastery (1977) - cameo / stunts
The Amsterdam Kill (1977) - cameo
Enter the Fat Dragon (1978) - opening dream sequence fighter / stunts
Strike and Sword (1978) - thug
Bruce Li - The Invincible Chinatown Connection (1978) - teacher with mask
Warriors Two (1978) - Thunder's men/Civilian (2 roles) / stunts
The Legendary Strike (1978)Game of Death (1978) - Thug (extra) (uncredited) / stunts / stunt doubleIron Maiden - (as Fo Sing)Dirty Tiger, Crazy Frog (1978) - 3 Tricks Kid partner / Casino FighterNaked Comes the Huntress (1978) - MonkFists and Guts (1979) - extra (uncredited)Last Hurrah for Chivalry (1979) - Pak Chung Tong's manHis Name Is Nobody (1979) - person in restaurant (cameo)The Challenger (1979) - Fair croupier (as Fo Sing)Odd Couple (1979) - PotatoCrazy Couple (1979) - extra (uncredited) / stuntsThe Wickedness in Poverty (1979) - Toilet waste carrier (cameo)The Incredible Kung Fu Master (1979) - one of Yang Wei's men (cameo) / stunts Crazy Partner (1979) - cameoThe Dragon, the Hero (1979) - Defeated Fighter (cameo) / stuntsKnockabout (1979) - Tiger (as Fo Sing)Itchy Fingers (1979) - Mr Liu's thug / stunts (uncredited)Lackey and the Lady Tiger (1980) - Big BrotherThe Young Master (1980) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)The Legal Illegal (1981) - cameoReturn of the Deadly Blade (1981) - One of the Tun brothersGame of Death II (1981) - guard in the cave / stunts (uncredited)Dragon Lord (1982) - Chin / CowboyThe Trail (1983) - Fatty / action director / stunt co-ordinatorProject A (1983) - Mars / Jaws / stunts / stunt double for Jackie Chan / assistant action directorWinners and Sinners (1983) - Robber stealing Archie's briefcase (cameo)Wheels on Meals (1984) - extra (uncredited) / action director / stunt co-ordinator / stunt double for Jackie ChanPom Pom (1984) - Motorcycle Cop (cameo)The Protector - martial arts co-ordinator
Police Story (1985) - Inspector Kim / action director / stunt unit / stunts (uncredited)
Armour of God (1986) - extra (uncredited) / stunts(uncredited) / stunt double for Jackie Chan (uncredited)
Naughty Boys (1986) - Sheng
Project A Part II (1987) - Mars / Jaws / stunts / stunt double for Jackie Chan / action director
Magic Story (1987) - Taoist priest
The Inspector Wears Skirts (1988) - Member of Tiger Squad
Spooky, Spooky (1988) - East Bay Cop Mars
Police Story 2 (1988) - Inspector Kim
Dragons Forever (1988) - stunts / stunt double for Benny Urquidez
Miracles (1989) - Police Sergeant / stunts
The Inspector Wears Skirts II (1989) - Mars
Undeclared War (1990) - Tiger (as Fo Sing) / stunts
Stage Door Johnny (1990) - Kuo
The Banquet (1991) - Man at Table (as Sing Feng)
Armour of God II: Operation Condor (1991) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Angry Ranger (1991) - extra (uncredited) / stunts
Twin Dragons (1992) - Street Goon (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Police Story 3: Super Cop (1992) - Hsiung (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Crime Story (1993) - Bank Robber (uncredited) / stunts
Once a Cop (1993) - Jewelry store customer (as Fo Sing) / stunts (uncredited)
Drunken Master II (1994) - Fight Spectator in the crowd/Thug in final fight (2 roles)(uncredited) / stunts (as Fo Sing) / assistant action director
The Wrath of Silence (1994) - Detective / action director
Red Zone (1995) - Prison Guard with Food
Thunderbolt (1995) - Saw's thug (uncredited) / stunts (as Chiang Wing Fat)
Rumble in the Bronx (1995) - stunts (uncredited)
How to Meet the Lucky Stars (1996) - Mahjong Player / action director
Police Story 4: First Strike (1996) - stunts (uncredited) / stunt double for Jackie Chan (uncredited)
Once Upon a Time in China and America (1997) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (as Chiang Wing Fat)
Mr. Nice Guy (1997) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (as Chiang Wing Fat) / stunt double for Jackie Chan / action director
Double Team (1997) - stunts (uncredited)
Till Death Do Us Part (1998) - Bill's man / stunts
Rush Hour (1998) - Juntao's Man in Hong Kong (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Knock Off (1998) - stunts (uncredited) / assistant action director (uncredited)
Gorgeous (1999) - Masked Metal Bat Thug (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Jackie Chan: My Stunts (1999) - Himself (Jackie Chan Stunt Team) / stunts (uncredited)
Moonlight Express (1999) - Officer Tung's detective
No Problem (1999) - cameo / stunts
Prostitute Killers (2000) - One of Brother Shark's men / stunts
Rush Hour 2 (2001) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Virtues of Harmony (TV series) (2002) - Chan Wan (cameo)
Born Wild (2001) - action director
Inner Senses (2002) - action director
No Problem 2 (2002) - stunts (as Jiang Wing-Fat) / assistant action director
Give Them a Chance (2003) - action director
Shanghai Knights (2003) - Torch Thug (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Around the World in 80 Days (2004) - Scorpion / stunts (uncredited)
New Police Story (2004) - extra (uncredited) / stunts (uncredited)
Kung Fu Mahjong 3 - The Final Duel (2007) - Uncle Pao / action director
Bullet & Brain (2007) - Inspector Wong / action director
I Corrupt All Cops (2009) - Det. Sgt Major at meeting / action director
72 Tenants of Prosperity (2010) - action director
The Other Truth (TV series) (2011) - Lo Yiu Fat (Episode 20–25)
When Heaven Burns (TV series) (2011) - Leslie (cameo) (Episode 10)
Brother's Keeper (TV series) (2013) - Brother Babi
Bet Hur (TV series) (2017) - Slaughter city bodyguard
See also
Jackie Chan Stunt Team
Jackie Chan
References
External links
Hong Kong Cinemagic: Mars
Mars
1954 births
Living people
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong martial artists
|
6901697
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Farjeon
|
Harry Farjeon
|
Harry Farjeon (6 May 1878 – 29 December 1948) was a British composer and an influential teacher of harmony and composition at the Royal Academy of Music for more than 45 years.
Early life and studies
Harry Farjeon was born in Hohokus Township, New Jersey, United States, the eldest son of author Benjamin Farjeon, who was from the East End of London, and Margaret, the daughter of American actor Joseph Jefferson. His parents returned to Britain when he was a baby, and he lived in Hampstead in London for the rest of his life. His younger sister, Eleanor Farjeon (b. 1881), with whom he shared a rich imaginary life, wrote children's books and poetry, including the hymn, Morning Has Broken. His younger brothers were J. Jefferson Farjeon (b. 1883), novelist, and Herbert Farjeon (b. 1887), writer of theatrical revues.
Harry studied music privately with Landon Ronald and John Storer, then in 1895 he entered the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he studied composition with Battison Haynes and Frederick Corder, and piano with Septimus Webbe. There he was a contemporary of Arnold Bax, York Bowen, Adam Carse, Eric Coates, Benjamin Dale and Percy Hilder Miles. An opera, Floretta, to a libretto by his sister, Eleanor, was produced at the Academy in 1899, and two operettas were performed at St George's Hall in 1901 and 1902.
Career in music
Farjeon left the Royal Academy of Music in 1900, but in 1901 he returned to teach composition. Two years later, at the age of 25, he became the Academy's youngest ever professor, having become the family wage-earner after the death of his father. Among his pupils were Mary Chandler, George Lloyd, Christian Darnton, Geraldine Mucha, Phyllis Tate, Daniel Jones and Steve Race. He also taught at the Blackheath Conservatoire.
Harry Farjeon composed music throughout most of his life. His compositions are mostly for piano (many grouped into suites and collections, some also published separately) with the illustrative pieces mostly intended to appeal to amateur home pianists. But he also wrote a piano sonata, chamber music (including four string quartets), full scale orchestral works and many separate songs, song cycles and dramatic works, often setting texts by his sister Eleanor. He also wrote about music for the Daily Telegraph, the Musical Times and other periodicals.
On 3 September 1903 his Piano Concerto in D minor was performed at the Proms. His Hans Andersen suite for small orchestra was played with great success at a Patron's Fund concert of the Royal College of Music in 1905, and also played by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and elsewhere. The song cycle The Lute of Jade, which sets classical Chinese poetry from the popular translations by Launcelot Cranmer-Byng, was premiered in July 1917 by the Welsh mezzo-soprano and composer Morfydd Owen at the Birkenhead National Eisteddfod. His Phantasy Piano Concerto and the St. Dominic Mass were both published as part of the Carnegie Collection of British Music in 1925 and 1926 respectively, and both were frequently performed.
In 1937 Farjeon's close friend, the pianist Eileen Joyce, recorded the Tarantella in A minor in what became one of her most successful gramophone records. It seems likely that he composed it especially for Joyce and gave her the manuscript, as it wasn't published and doesn't appear in any catalogue entries. The Christmas Masque A Room at the Inn (written by Herbert and Eleanor Farjeon with music by Harry Farjeon) was broadcast five times between 1932 and 1945. And on 10 July 1942 his symphonic poem Pannychis (inspired by Eleanor Farjeon's short story of the same name) was played at The Proms, conducted by Basil Cameron. Farjeon regarded the symphonic poem Summer Vision as his best work, but the score was sent to Germany shortly before World War I and was lost.
His eyesight had been bad since childhood, and it grew worse as he became older. His students wrote their compositions on specially printed brown paper. Steve Race has said that writing on this paper cured him of writing long rambling compositions. Farjeon taught at the Academy for 47 years, despite developing Parkinson's disease in later life. He was still teaching thirty students a week when, at the end of the July 1948 term, he fell and broke his hip. He died in Hampstead on 29 December 1948.
Selected works
Orchestral
1903 - Characteristic Variations for orchestra
1905 - Hans Andersen Suite for small orchestra
1907 - Mowgli, symphonic poem
1913 - Summer Vision, symphonic poem (score lost)
1915 - The Ballet of the Trees for orchestra
1929 - Caldicot Suite for orchestra
1942 - Pannychis, symphonic poem
Symphony in D major
Elegy for strings
Air on a Ground Bass for strings
Pantomime, suite for strings
Concertante
1903 - Piano Concerto in D minor
1924-5 - Phantasy Piano Concerto (also version for 2 pianos)
1925? Idyll for oboe and orchestra (fp 7 January 1926, Bournemouth, soloist Leon Goossens)
Chamber
1901 - Two Romances for violin and piano (pub. Boosey)
1906 - Chant d'Ete and Berceuse for violin and piano, Op.14 (pub. Augener)
Suite for violin and piano Op. 20
1911 - Deaux morceaux for viola and piano (pub. Schott)
1915 - Air for violins upon a ground bass for violin and piano, Op.38 (pub. Augener)
1917 - Poem for violins and violas
1925 - Three tone pictures for violin and piano, Op.57
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/2 for flute, cello and piano
1927 - String Quartet No.4 in C major Op.65 (pub. W Paxton)
1928 - Humoresque for cello and piano
1928 Two Italian Sketches for piano duet (Recorded by Christopher Howell and Ermanno de Stefani)
1931 Vignettes Op. 72 for two pianos
Cello Sonata in G minor
Cello Sonata in D
Piano Trio in B minor
Piano Trio in G minor
String Quartet No.1 In G
String Quartet No.2 in B flat
String Quartet No.3
Violin Sonata No.1
Violin Sonata No.2 in F sharp minor
Violin Sonata No.3 in E flat Op.69 (publ. Joseph Williams, 1931)
Opera and Dramatic
1899 - Floretta (text by Eleanor Farjeon)
1900 - The Registry Office, operetta
1902 - A Gentleman of the Road, operetta in 1 act, Op. 6
1932 - A Room at the Inn, Christmas Masque (with Herbert Farjeon and Eleanor Farjeon)
Choral
1923 - St Dominic Mass, Op. 51
1924 - Salvator Mundi (anthem)
1925 - Down-adown-Derry for women's voices, flute and strings
1925? - The Sleeping Beauty Op.60/1, choral ballad for female voices and piano (words Walter de la Mare) Op.60/1
Lament for women's choir
Piano
1905 - Night Music Op. 11, piano suite, 7 pieces (pub. Augener)
1905 - Swan Song (pub. Augener)
1906 - Miniature Sonata Op. 12 (pub. Augener)
1906 - Pictures from Greece Op. 13, piano suite, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Two Bohemian Sketches, Op. 16
1906 - The Four Winds Op. 18, piano suite, 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
1907 - Musical Sketch Book 4 pieces (pub. Augener)
Tone-Pictures Opp. 19, 23, 29 and 31, piano pieces, four volumes (pub. Augener)
Three Venetian Idylls Op. 20 (pub. Augener). (Recorded by Christopher Howell)
A Summer Suite Op. 21, six pieces (pub. Augener)
3 Moments Musicaux Op. 24 (pub. Augener)
Aquarelles- Five idylls in Water Colour Op. 25 (pub. Ricordi)
1909? - Prelude From The Forest of Andaine Op. 27 (pub. Augener)
1910 - Two Idylls, Op. 28 (pub. Vincent)
From the Three-Cornered Kingdom Op.30, 6 pieces (pub. Augener)
Four Twilight Pieces Op. 34 (pub. Augener)
1914 - Variations in A Op. 35, theme and 5 variations (pub. Augener)
Lyric Pieces, Op. 40
1918 - Peter Pan Sketches Op. 44, piano suite, 5 pieces (pub. Newman)
1920 - Piano Sonata Op.43 (pub. Edwin Ashdown)
1923 - The Art of Piano Pedalling 2 volumes
1923 - Tunes Without Tales Op. 53, piano suite, 10 pieces
Two Free Fugues, Op 54
1925 - Six Preludes, Op 56
1926 - Contrasts, suite
1930 - Sports, suite
1931 - The Art of Piano Phrasing, Op. 66
1931 - Five Love Poems for Piano Op. 67
1931 - Rhapsody for two pianos Op. 70
193? - Tarantella in A minor (recorded by Eileen Joyce, 1937)
Song Cycles
1900 - Vagrant Songs for baritone and piano, Op. 26 (E.Farjeon)
1906 - Three Toy Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1908 - Child Songs, (E.Farjeon)
1917 - The Lute of Jade
1924 - A Sussex Alphabet, (26 songs)
Peacock Pie (Walter de la Mare)
Further reading
Eleanor Farjeon: A Nursery in the Nineties (Gollancz, 1935)
Annabel Farjeon: Morning has broken: a biography of Eleanor Farjeon (Julia MacRae, 1986)
Harry Farjeon: Musical Words Explained (OUP, 1933)
"The Music of Harry Farjeon: A short survey of his work", in The Musical Mirror VII/6, London, 1927, p. 137
References
External links
Harry Farjeon website
Herbert Farjeon archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
Eileen Joyce plays Tarantella in A minor by Harry Farjeon
Daniel Kasparian plays A Swan Song, 3 December, 2009
Royal Academy of Music: Portrait of Harry Farjeon by William Townsend. Pencil drawing, 1946
1878 births
1948 deaths
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British Jews
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Jewish American classical composers
Harry
People from Bergen County, New Jersey
People from Hampstead
Musicians from London
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
American emigrants to England
American people of English descent
American people of English-Jewish descent
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century British composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New Jersey
20th-century American male musicians
|
20469418
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J.%20Ritchie%20Hut
|
R.J. Ritchie Hut
|
The R.J. Ritchie Hut (Balfour Hut) is an alpine hut located at an altitude of between the southern tip of the Wapta Icefield and the northern tip of the Waputik Icefield in Banff National Park. The hut is at the half-way mark for the Wapta traverse and is usually used in conjunction with the other huts in this chain while attempting a cross-glacier ski trip. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
The hut sleeps 18 in the summer and 16 in the winter. It is equipped with propane-powered lamps and stovetop.
The hut requires approximately three to five hours of glacier travel to get to from the Bow Hut, or six to eight hours from the Scott Duncan Hut.
Location
The hut is found on low, rocky hills at the toe of the Vulture Glacier. It is east of Balfour Pass and the continental divide, just inside the boundary of Banff National Park.
History
The original Balfour Hut, a fibreglass igloo built in 1965 at Balfour Pass in Banff National Park, was the first hut on the Wapta Icefield. Construction was undertaken by the Alpine Club of Canada and the Calgary Ski Club. It survived until 1971, having been disassembled and reassembled entirely with Swiss Army Knives, airlifted by helicopter, and inadvertently dropped onto a glacial moraine. Eventually, marauding bands of wolverines destroyed it.
The second Balfour Hut was constructed in 1971 of cedar logs on the south side of Mount Olive to the west of the continental divide in Yoho National Park. It lasted for 18 years.
In 1989, the current metal hut was built at a new location in Banff National Park: the toe of the Vulture Glacier.
Nearby
Wapta Icefield
Waputik Icefield
Bow Hut
Scott Duncan Hut
References
Mountain huts in Canada
Buildings and structures in Banff National Park
|
23576855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro%20Gaxiola
|
Álvaro Gaxiola
|
Juan Álvaro José Gaxiola Robles (26 January 1937 – 18 August 2003) was a Mexican diver. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics in the 3 m springboard and 10 m platform and won a silver medal in the platform in 1968, in Mexico City. He also finished fourth in the springboard in 1960.
Gaxiola lived for many years in the United States and returned to Mexico only in the 1990s. He competed in diving for Ann Arbor High School and then for the University of Michigan, where he studied civil engineering.
Gaxiola died of cancer in his native Guadalajara, aged 66. He was survived by wife Sylvia Wydell and three children, Ingi, Michelle, and Annika.
References
1937 births
2003 deaths
Mexican male divers
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
Sportspeople from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Divers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers of Mexico
Michigan Wolverines men's swimmers
Olympic medalists in diving
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in diving
Divers at the 1963 Pan American Games
Divers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people
21st-century Mexican people
|
20469477
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano%20Ciano
|
Ivano Ciano
|
Ivano Ciano (born 3 May 1983 in San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy) is an Italian footballer. He plays as a defender. He is currently playing for Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Catanzaro.
External links
Career statistics
Italian footballers
Vastese Calcio 1902 players
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
Living people
1983 births
Association football defenders
|
23576863
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1971–72 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1971–72 Libyan Premier League was the 8th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Al-Ahly (Benghazi) won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League
|
20469504
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20P.%20Freeman
|
Snow P. Freeman
|
Snow Parker Freeman (1805–1862) was a lawyer and political figure from Liverpool, Nova Scotia. He represented Queen's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1843 to 1855. He married Annie Head Mitchell in Halifax on March 24, 1846. She was the daughter of George Mitchell, Esq., of Halifax, a former merchant.
He was the son of Joseph Freeman. Freeman served as a judge in the probate court and also as consular agent for the United States. He died in Liverpool.
References
More, James F The History of Queens County, N.S (1972)
1805 births
1862 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
|
23576876
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codes%20in%20the%20Clouds
|
Codes in the Clouds
|
Codes in the Clouds are an English post-rock band formed in July 2007. Consisting of Dartford, Kent natives Stephen Peeling, Ciaran Morahan, Jack Major and Joe Power, the group's music is instrumental post-rock. They are signed with the independent London-based label Erased Tapes Records.
Discography
Studio albums
Paper Canyon (2009)
Paper Canyon Recycled (2010)
As the Spirit Wanes (2011)
Codes in the Clouds (2019)
Piano Re-Works (2020)
Demos and EPs
Distant Street Lights / Fractures (2007)
Members
Stephen Peeling (guitar)
Ciaran Morahan (guitar)
Jack Major (drums)
Joe Power (bass)
Pete Lambrou (guitar)
See also
List of post-rock bands
References
External links
Facebook page
Bandcamp page
Tumblr site
Musical groups established in 2007
English post-rock groups
Erased Tapes Records artists
2007 establishments in England
|
23576884
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar%20Rold%C3%A1n
|
Pilar Roldán
|
María del Pilar Roldán Tapia (born 18 November 1939 in Mexico City) is a Mexican former foil fencer and the first Mexican woman to win an olympic medal in the history of Olympic fencing. During the 1968 Mexican Olympic Games she was a silver medalist; she was a champion in singles. She competed for Mexico at the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, Mexico, where she won the silver medal in the women's foil event.
Family
Her parents were Ángel Roldán ("El Güero"), one of the best tennis players in the national field, selected for the Davis Cup (1934), and María Tapia ("La Chata"), a triple medalist in the Central American and Caribbean Games in El Salvador (1935).
Early life
Pilar Roldán was born in Mexico City, Mexico. At a young age Pilar began playing tennis, but her passion for fencing was born, thanks to the work of Alejandro Dumas "the three musketeers". At first, she only played with a cape to pretend to be a musketeer, but for her third birthday (1952), Pilar asked her parents for fencing lessons. At the end of that year, the world renowned Italian Professor Eduardo Alajmo decided to move to Mexico, and Pilar was one of his first graduates. Recognizing the passion of his daughter, he decided to install a small fencing court in their house and buy her high quality protective masks, gloves, and a vest. And so that without realizing, the so-called "white sport" ceased to be the main focus of this tennis family.
At 15 years of old, Pilar was the undefeated national champion in foil fencing. On March 12, 1955, in Mexico, father and daughter (Ángel Roldán and Pilar Roldán) participated in fencing en the second Pan-American Games. This was an unprecedented feat, and since that day, no one father and daughter pair has ever competed for their country at the Pan-American Games. Neither won a medal, but Pilar had some victories in singles. She was defeated by the Venezuelan, Igrid Sanders, finishing in fourth place after defeating Maxime Mitchel.
References
1939 births
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
Fencers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic fencers of Mexico
Mexican female foil fencers
Fencers from Mexico City
Olympic medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Fencers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games
|
44500614
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collet%20%28Belize%20House%20constituency%29
|
Collet (Belize House constituency)
|
Collet is an electoral constituency in the Belize District represented in the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of Belize since 2003 by Patrick Faber of the United Democratic Party.
Profile
The Collet constituency was created for the 1961 general election as part of a major nationwide redistricting. The constituency is based in areas of Belize City west of the city center, bordered by the Lake Independence, Port Loyola, Pickstock, Albert, Mesopotamia and Queen's Square constituencies.
Although less competitive in recent years, Collet has historically been the scene of several very close elections. Between 1965 and 1993 the winner was decided with less than one percent of the vote on four occasions.
Area Representatives
Elections
References
Political divisions in Belize
Collet (Belize House constituency)
British Honduras Legislative Assembly constituencies established in 1961
1961 establishments in British Honduras
|
23576887
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1972–73 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1972–73 Libyan Premier League was the 9th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Al-Ahly (Tripoli) won the championship.
League standings
Final
Al-Ahly (Tripoli) 1-0 Al-Ahly (Benghazi)
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League
|
23576895
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20Canyon
|
Paper Canyon
|
Paper Canyon is the debut studio album by English post-rock band Codes in the Clouds. It was produced by Justin Lockey and released on Erased Tapes Records in June 2009.
Background
The album was recorded over five days in Doncaster with producer Justin Lockey. According to guitarist Stephen Peeling, the title of the album is a metaphor for the band's music. "The idea is that a canyon is a big, grand indestructible thing. But if you had a paper canyon it'd be fragile in its detail, like our music."
Music
The music of Paper Canyon has been compared to post-rock bands such as Explosions in the Sky and Mono, along with 65daysofstatic, whom the band have called their "idols". Chris Hidden of Rock Sound noted that the songs are "slow burners" that are "not as immediate or obviously melodic as the likes of Explosions in the Sky or This Will Destroy You," but instead build to a "crescendo".
Critical reception
Paper Canyon was released on 1 June 2009 in the UK, Ireland, and Benelux on Erased Tapes Records. It was released on 4 June 2009 in Japan. German and American releases are planned for later in the year. The album received positive critical reviews. Hidden wrote that the album "might not be a classic post-rock record," but that "it brims with potential and suggests what's to come next should be something really special."
Track list
"Fractures" (5:20)
"Don't Go Awash in This Digital Landscape" (3:21)
"Distant Street Lights" (5:06)
"We Anchor in Hope" (5:42)
"You Are Not What You Think You Are" (9:55)
"The Distance Between Us" (10:00)
Personnel
Codes in the Clouds
Stephen Peeling (guitar)
Ciaran Morahan (guitar)
Rob Smith (guitar)
Jack Major (drums)
Joe Power (bass)
Additional personnel
Justin Lockey (production)
Robert Raths (cover art)
References
2009 debut albums
Codes in the Clouds albums
Erased Tapes Records albums
|
44500615
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sumichrast
|
Robert Sumichrast
|
Robert T. Sumichrast is an academic administrator currently serving as dean of the Pamplin College of Business at Virginia Tech.
Academic career
Virginia Tech
Sumichrast began his career as an assistant professor of management science at Virginia Tech in 1984. After 6 years, he rose to associate professor, and then a professor of management science and information technology in 1996. Sumichrast was named the associate dean of graduate and international programs at Virginia Tech's Pamplin College of Business in 1998.
Louisiana State University
After nearly twenty years at Virginia Tech, Sumichrast left to become the dean of the E.J. Ourso College of Business at Louisiana State University in 2003. During this time Sumichrast expanded their international programs and increased development efforts.
University of Georgia
In 2007, Sumichrast became the dean of the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia. During this time Dr. Sumichrast increased research programs, expanded alumni relations, and led efforts to fund a new classroom building and meeting space. In 2008, Sumichrast presented alongside Steve Forbes at the Georgia Economic Outlook luncheon, warning of three recession triggers. In 2011, Sumichrast was appointed to the board of directors of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
Virginia Tech
In 2013, Sumichrast returned to Virginia Tech to serve as Dean for the Pamplin College of Business.
Since coming to Virginia Tech, Sumichrast implemented the Innovate Entrepreneurial Living Community, established the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, increased the amount of furniture available in public spaces around Pamplin Hall, and managed the college's response to controversies surrounding the Finance Department's BB&T Distinguished Lecture Series. Sumichrast also chaired the Doctoral Education Task Force of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, which published “The Promise of Doctoral Education” in 2013.
In the strategic plans for 2014–2019, Sumichrast laid out the framework for the construction of Pamplin College's Business Learning Community. The GBAC will grow the college's footprint on campus, while establishing collaborative spaces, growing the three college centers, and developing a residential community. In 2016, Virginia Tech announced plans for the construction of a new Global Business and Data Analytics Complex.
The Distinguished Lecture Series, established in 2007 with a $1 million gift from BB&T Charitable Foundation, features an invited speaker each semester discussing the foundations of capitalism and freedom. Announcement of the March 2016 speaker, Charles Murray, sparked campus protests. Sumichrast decided not to disinvite Murray or cancel the lecture. Addressing protestors' concerns, he transferred responsibility for speaker invitations from finance professor and program director Douglas Patterson to a newly formed committee, hosted a two-hour Teach In with students and faculty members, and arranged for a publicly funded counter-lecture.
In May 2016, Sumichrast's statements concerning an alleged speaking invitation and disinvitation to Manhattan Institute senior fellow and Wall Street Journal columnist Jason Riley garnered controversy. Following clarifying statements from the lecture series committee - its selected speaker for the fall lecture was Harvard economics professor Robert Barro - Sumichrast and Virginia Tech President Tim Sands apologized for the misunderstanding and invited Riley to speak at the university at a future date.
References
Clemson University alumni
Purdue University alumni
Virginia Tech faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
44500634
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Meltsner
|
Michael Meltsner
|
Michael Meltsner (born 1937) is an American lawyer, the George J. and Kathleen Waters Matthews distinguished University Professor of law (and former dean) at Northeastern University School of Law and author. Meltsner was educated at Oberlin College and the Yale Law School.
As first assistant counsel to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund he served as counsel in many leading civil rights cases of the 1960s, including those that led to the integration of Southern hospitals and medical facilities, and a moratorium on capital punishment. He represented Mohammad Ali in the litigation that enabled his return to the boxing ring.
Meltsner sits on the board of the Legal Action Center. He is a winner of many awards including a Berlin American Academy prize Fellowship, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Hugo Bedau Award for capital punishment scholarship and an American Bar Association Silver Gabel media award. In 2012 John Jay College (CUNY) conferred an Honorary Doctor of Laws calling him "the principal architect of the death penalty abolition movement in the United States."
Selected publications
Philip G Schrag and Michael Meltsner, Reflections on Clinical Education, Northeastern University Press, 1998,
Cruel and Unusual: The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment, (Quid Pro Books Section Edition, 2011)
The Making of a Civil Rights Lawyer, University of Virginia Press, 2006,
In Our Name: A Play of the Torture Years, Norwood Press, 2010
Short Takes, A Novel, Random House, 1979Race Rape and Injustice, University of Tennessee Press, 2012
References
External links
Gallery
Article
Snowden Article
Papers
Article
American lawyers
1937 births
Living people
Northeastern University faculty
|
23576897
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Builders%20and%20the%20Butchers
|
The Builders and the Butchers
|
The Builders and The Butchers are a Folk Rock band based in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is fronted by singer/guitar player Ryan Sollee. The other members of the band are Willy Kunkle (bass guitar, vocals, percussion), Justin Baier (drums, backup vocals, percussion), Ray Rude (drums, piano, clarinet, backup vocals, percussion), and Harvey Tumbleson (mandolin, banjo, guitar, vocals, percussion).
The band's debut self-titled album was released in 2007 by Bladen County Records.
To date, the band has 6 full-length albums, 2 live album and 2 EP splits.
History
The Builders and The Butchers formed on October 31, 2005. They came together because "a lot of bands were all breaking up around the same time, and we were looking to get into something new--so it just worked out."
Each member is originally from Anchorage, Alaska and migrated separately to Portland, Oregon to start a career in music.
Initially they called themselves "The Funeral Band", performing in the streets and outside of music venues. The name eventually changed to The Builders and The Butchers, "for no other reason than it was the only name all five members liked." The first year of acoustic performances were mostly street shows until opening for the experimental band Man Man in 2006. “We very slowly started plugging [our instruments] in.” Sollee says, but the group had to figure out how to utilize its two percussionists on stage. They found that by splitting one drum kit between Seely and Rude, with one handling the kick drum and another playing the snare, they developed what the group calls a “deconstructed” drumming style.
The band's song-writing process involves Sollee writing the lyrics out and presenting it to the other members, who then start playing and putting the music around these lyrics.
In May 2008 the band won the Willamette Week’s “Best New Band of 2008” and Seattle Sound’s “Best Live Performers 2008”.
In late 2010, The Builders and the Butchers signed with Badman Recording Co. and released their third album, Dead Reckoning on February 22, 2011.
Artwork
The Builders and The Butchers' album artwork is produced by Portland, Oregon artist Lukas Ketner.
Members
Current
Justin Baier (drums, backup vocals, percussion)
Willy Kunkle (bass guitar, vocals, percussion)
Ray Rude (drums, piano, clarinet, backup vocals, percussion)
Ryan Sollee (lead vocals, guitar, percussion)
Harvey Tumbleson (mandolin, banjo, guitar, vocals, percussion)
Former
Alex Ellis (bass guitar, vocals, percussion) - "The Builders and The Butchers", "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well","Dead Reckoning"
Brandon Hafer (drums, trumpet, melodica, backup vocals, percussion)
Adrienne Hatkin (mandolin, banjo, accordion, vocals, percussion) - live shows
Paul Seely (drums, trumpet, melodica, backup vocals, percussion) - "The Builders and The Butchers", "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Guests
Annalisa Tornfelt (violin, backup vocals) for "The Builders and The Butchers", "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Emily Tornfelt (cello) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Tyler Tornfelt (cello) for "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split
Skip Von Kuske (cello) for "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split
Douglas Jenkins (cello) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Justin Kagen (cello) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Joe Bowden (backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Sean Flynn (backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Jesse Bettis (backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Scott Magee (bass clarinet, backup vocals) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Sebastian Bibb Barrett (trumpet) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Victor Nash (trumpet, french horn) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Amanda Lawrence (viola) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Chris Funk ([backup vocals]) for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
Mike Anzalone (castanets, backup vocals)for "Loch Lomond/The Builders and The Butchers" 12-inch Split, "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
The Flash Choir for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
The Gospel Choir for "Salvation is a Deep Dark Well"
The Portland Cello Project - live shows
Discography
Albums
References
External links
Official The Builders and The Butchers Sites: Website· YouTube · Twitter · MySpace · Facebook
2005 establishments in Oregon
Indie rock musical groups from Oregon
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from Portland, Oregon
|
23576902
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyang%20Cyber%20University
|
Hanyang Cyber University
|
Hanyang Cyber University is a virtual university in South Korea, founded in 2002.
External links
Korean website
English website
Universities and colleges in Seoul
Distance education institutions based in South Korea
|
23576903
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar%20cell
|
Cigar cell
|
Cigar cells (also referred to as pencil cells) are red blood cells that are cigar- or pencil-shaped on peripheral blood smear. Cigar cells are commonly associated with hereditary elliptocytosis. However, they may also be seen in iron deficiency anemia, sepsis, malaria and other pathological states that decrease red blood cell turnover and or production. In the case of iron deficiency anemia, microcytosis and hypochromia would also be expected.
References
External links
Blood cells
Human cells
Hematology
|
23576907
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1973–74 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1973–74 Libyan Premier League was the 10th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Al-Ahly (Tripoli) won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League
|
23576912
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpang
|
Simpang
|
Simpang, is a planning area located in the North Region of Singapore. The word Simpang means junction or intersection in Malay. It is situated north of Yishun, east of Sembawang and west of Seletar. Pulau Seletar is classified under Simpang planning area. Jalan Kuala Simpang was the main road serving the area. Sungei Simpang Kiri, Sungei Simpang Kanan and Simpang Kiri Park Connector retain and reflect the name of the area.
Simpang is currently a swamp area which is used by the Singapore Armed Forces as a training ground since the early 1996, after the plan of developing a "Simpang New Town" was rejected. In the original 1993 plan, the area was slated for 20,000 housing units in a low density. After the rejection and lull, there are plans for it to be converted into a high-density housing estate.
North Region, Singapore
Places in Singapore
|
23576913
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20splendidum
|
Trichocentrum splendidum
|
Trichocentrum splendidum is a species of orchid endemic to Guatemala.
References
External links
splendidum
Orchids of Guatemala
Endemic flora of Guatemala
|
44500662
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrier%20Trailertri%2018
|
Farrier Trailertri 18
|
The Farrier Trailertri 18 is a trailerable 1976 trimaran sailboat designed by Ian Farrier that was sold in plan form, targeted at owner builders assembling from marine plywood, and marketed as a day sailer.
See also
List of multihulls
Farrier Marine
References
Trimarans
Sailboat type designs by Ian Farrier
Sailboat types built by Farrier Marine
|
23576915
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiog%C5%8D%20Dam
|
Shiogō Dam
|
The is a dam on the main stream of the Ōi River, in the town of Kawanehon, Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū, Japan.
History
The potential of the Ōi River valley for hydroelectric power development was realized by the Meiji government at the start of the 20th century. The Ōi River was characterized by a high volume of flow and a fast current. Its mountainous upper reaches and tributaries were areas of steep valleys and abundant rainfall, and were sparsely populated. From the 1930s through the 1960s, numerous concrete gravity dams had been constructed on the main flow of the Ōi River, and to its various tributary streams.
The Shiogō Dam and neighboring Sasamagawa Dam were constructed to provide water for the 58,000 KW Kawaguchi Hydroelectric Plant built by the Shimada city government. Construction work began in 1958 and was completed by 1961. Although styled as a "dam", the structure is in fact a weir, as it does not meet the 15-meter height stipulated in Japanese construction regulations to qualify as a "dam".
Controversy
The Shiogō Dam was built in an area where the Ōi River made a number of turns over swift rapids. The area was a popular fishery for ayu and Japanese dace, which the dam replaced with an area of stagnant, algae-polluted water with an offensive smell. The dam also reduced the amount of sand and silt reaching the mouth of the Ōi River, thus further contributing to shoreline erosion. Legal efforts by local municipalities and landowners to recover water rights over the Ōi River and force the dismantling of the dam have consistently failed in courts.
References
Japan Commission on Large Dams. Dams in Japan:Past, Present and Future. CRC Press (2009).
photo page with data
Weirs
Dams in Shizuoka Prefecture
Hydroelectric power stations in Japan
Dams completed in 1961
|
44500671
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef%20Benali
|
Youssef Benali
|
Youssef Benali (born 4 February 1995) is a French footballer of Moroccan descent who plays for Moroccan club IR Tanger as a winger.
Club career
Benali began his career at the Toulouse FC youth academy, where he most commonly played as an attacking midfielder. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 23 November 2014 against Montpellier HSC, replacing Étienne Didot after 81 minutes in a 2-0 away defeat. During his time at Toulouse, Benali appeared in four Ligue 1 matches and a single match in the Coupe de la Ligue. After falling out of contract with Toulouse, he moved to Moroccan club Chabab Rif Al Hoceima on 29 August 2016 with a two year deal.
During the summer 2018, he moved to Concarneau.
International career
Benali made five appearances for the France national U-16 team and one appearance for the France national U-18 team.
Career statistics
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
French footballers
French sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Ligue 1 players
Championnat National players
Toulouse FC players
US Concarneau players
Chabab Rif Al Hoceima players
Association football forwards
|
44500679
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innerworld
|
Innerworld
|
Innerworld is the first full-length studio album by synth-pop band Electric Youth. The album was released in Canada by Last Gang Records and in the rest of the world by Secretly Canadian on September 30, 2014.
NPR premiered the album via their "First Listen" program on September 20, 2014.
The album was recorded in Toronto and Los Angeles and was produced by Electric Youth. Vince Clarke and Peter Mayes provided additional production and Mayes also mixed the album.
The album artwork features Electric Youth's Austin Garrick and Bronwyn Griffin, as painted by English painter Paul Roberts.
Track listing
References
2014 debut albums
Electric Youth albums
|
44500684
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Robert%20Poole
|
Gerald Robert Poole
|
Lieutenant General Gerald Robert Poole, (17 January 1868 – 20 October 1937) was a heavy artillery commander during the First World War with the Royal Marine Artillery and the Royal Garrison Artillery. He was Colonel Commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery between 1921 and 1922, and during this period also served as Marine aide-de-camp to King George V.
Early life
Gerald Poole was born on 17 January 1868 at Clifton. He was educated at Bedford Modern School where his father, Reverend Canon Robert Burton Poole became headmaster. From school he went to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and then proceeded to the Royal Marine Artillery as a probationary lieutenant.
Early career
Poole served as a gunnery officer on-board a number of Royal Navy ships including; HMS Imperious (Mediterranean and Vancouver Island 1894–99), HMS Irresistible (Mediterranean 1902–04), HMS Victory (Scapa Flow, 1912) and HMS Inflexible (Mediterranean 1912–14). He was promoted to captain in 1896 and major in 1908. From 1906–12 he was seconded to the Canadian Government as a gunnery instructor and commanded No. 3 (Heavy) Battery of the Royal Canadian Artillery.
First World War
In 1915 Poole was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed Commander of the Royal Marine Howitzer Brigade in France. From May 1916 he took command of the 26th Heavy Artillery Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery although he maintained administrative command of the Royal Marine Brigade for the duration of the war. On occasions he would incorporate the Marine howitzers within the RGA battery, for example at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917. He was mentioned three times in the Despatches of the Commander in Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1917 and awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918.
Later career
Poole was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery at Eastney in 1921, and ADC to the King in the same year. He was promoted to major general in 1922 and also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was made lieutenant general in 1924 and retired in 1925.
Personal life
On retirement Poole settled on Vancouver with his Canadian wife Gertrude; they had one son and one daughter. Poole was a keen musician and had served as Superintendent of the Royal Navy School of Music. He was also a fine horseman and became a proficient backwoodsman during his time in Canada. Gerald Poole died on 20 October 1937 in Vancouver.
References
1868 births
1937 deaths
People educated at Bedford Modern School
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Royal Marines generals of World War I
Royal Marines generals
Royal Garrison Artillery officers
Military personnel from Bristol
|
44500691
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio%20Sala
|
Emilio Sala
|
Emilio Sala may refer to:
Emilio Sala (painter) (1850–1910), Spanish painter
Emilio Sala (sculptor) (1864–1920), Italian-born Ukrainian sculptor
Emilio Grau Sala (1911–1975), Catalan painter
|
6901703
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20characterizations
|
Algorithm characterizations
|
Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.
The problem of definition
Over the last 200 years the definition of algorithm has become more complicated and detailed as researchers have tried to pin down the term. Indeed, there may be more than one type of "algorithm". But most agree that algorithm has something to do with defining generalized processes for the creation of "output" integers from other "input" integers – "input parameters" arbitrary and infinite in extent, or limited in extent but still variable—by the manipulation of distinguishable symbols (counting numbers) with finite collections of rules that a person can perform with paper and pencil.
The most common number-manipulation schemes—both in formal mathematics and in routine life—are: (1) the recursive functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access stored-program machine model (RASP) and its functional equivalent "the computer".
When we are doing "arithmetic" we are really calculating by the use of "recursive functions" in the shorthand algorithms we learned in grade-school, for example, adding and subtracting.
The proofs that every "recursive function" we can calculate by hand we can compute by machine and vice versa—note the usage of the words calculate versus compute—is remarkable. But this equivalence together with the thesis (unproven assertion) that this includes every calculation/computation indicates why so much emphasis has been placed upon the use of Turing-equivalent machines in the definition of specific algorithms, and why the definition of "algorithm" itself often refers back to "the Turing machine". This is discussed in more detail under Stephen Kleene's characterization.
The following are summaries of the more famous characterizations (Kleene, Markov, Knuth) together with those that introduce novel elements—elements that further expand the definition or contribute to a more precise definition.
[
A mathematical problem and its result can be considered as two points in a space, and the solution consists of a sequence of steps or a path linking them. Quality of the solution is a function of the path. There might be more than one attribute defined for the path, e.g. length, complexity of shape, an ease of generalizing, difficulty, and so on.
]
Chomsky hierarchy
There is more consensus on the "characterization" of the notion of "simple algorithm".
All algorithms need to be specified in a formal language, and the "simplicity notion" arises from the simplicity of the language. The Chomsky (1956) hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages. It is used for classifying of programming languages and abstract machines.
From the Chomsky hierarchy perspective, if the algorithm can be specified on a simpler language (than unrestricted), it can be characterized by this kind of language, else it is a typical "unrestricted algorithm".
Examples: a "general purpose" macro language, like M4 is unrestricted (Turing complete), but the C preprocessor macro language is not, so any algorithm expressed in C preprocessor is a "simple algorithm".
See also Relationships between complexity classes.
Features of a good algorithm
The following are desirable features of a well-defined algorithm, as discussed in Scheider and Gersting (1995):
Unambiguous Operations: an algorithm must have specific, outlined steps. The steps should be exact enough to precisely specify what to do at each step.
Well-Ordered: The exact order of operations performed in an algorithm should be concretely defined.
Feasibility: All steps of an algorithm should be possible (also known as effectively computable).
Input: an algorithm should be able to accept a well-defined set of inputs.
Output: an algorithm should produce some result as an output, so that its correctness can be reasoned about.
Finiteness: an algorithm should terminate after a finite number of instructions.
Properties of specific algorithms that may be desirable include space and time efficiency, generality (i.e. being able to handle many inputs), or determinism.
1881 John Venn's negative reaction to W. Stanley Jevons's Logical Machine of 1870
In early 1870 W. Stanley Jevons presented a "Logical Machine" (Jevons 1880:200) for analyzing a syllogism or other logical form e.g. an argument reduced to a Boolean equation. By means of what Couturat (1914) called a "sort of logical piano [,] ... the equalities which represent the premises ... are "played" on a keyboard like that of a typewriter. ... When all the premises have been "played", the panel shows only those constituents whose sum is equal to 1, that is, ... its logical whole. This mechanical method has the advantage over VENN's geometrical method..." (Couturat 1914:75).
For his part John Venn, a logician contemporary to Jevons, was less than thrilled, opining that "it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines" (italics added, Venn 1881:120). But of historical use to the developing notion of "algorithm" is his explanation for his negative reaction with respect to a machine that "may subserve a really valuable purpose by enabling us to avoid otherwise inevitable labor":
(1) "There is, first, the statement of our data in accurate logical language",
(2) "Then secondly, we have to throw these statements into a form fit for the engine to work with – in this case the reduction of each proposition to its elementary denials",
(3) "Thirdly, there is the combination or further treatment of our premises after such reduction,"
(4) "Finally, the results have to be interpreted or read off. This last generally gives rise to much opening for skill and sagacity."
He concludes that "I cannot see that any machine can hope to help us except in the third of these steps; so that it seems very doubtful whether any thing of this sort really deserves the name of a logical engine."(Venn 1881:119–121).
1943, 1952 Stephen Kleene's characterization
This section is longer and more detailed than the others because of its importance to the topic: Kleene was the first to propose that all calculations/computations—of every sort, the totality of—can equivalently be (i) calculated by use of five "primitive recursive operators" plus one special operator called the mu-operator, or be (ii) computed by the actions of a Turing machine or an equivalent model.
Furthermore, he opined that either of these would stand as a definition of algorithm.
A reader first confronting the words that follow may well be confused, so a brief explanation is in order. Calculation means done by hand, computation means done by Turing machine (or equivalent). (Sometimes an author slips and interchanges the words). A "function" can be thought of as an "input-output box" into which a person puts natural numbers called "arguments" or "parameters" (but only the counting numbers including 0—the nonnegative integers) and gets out a single nonnegative integer (conventionally called "the answer"). Think of the "function-box" as a little man either calculating by hand using "general recursion" or computing by Turing machine (or an equivalent machine).
"Effectively calculable/computable" is more generic and means "calculable/computable by some procedure, method, technique ... whatever...". "General recursive" was Kleene's way of writing what today is called just "recursion"; however, "primitive recursion"—calculation by use of the five recursive operators—is a lesser form of recursion that lacks access to the sixth, additional, mu-operator that is needed only in rare instances. Thus most of life goes on requiring only the "primitive recursive functions."
1943 "Thesis I", 1952 "Church's Thesis"
In 1943 Kleene proposed what has come to be known as Church's thesis:
"Thesis I. Every effectively calculable function (effectively decidable predicate) is general recursive" (First stated by Kleene in 1943 (reprinted page 274 in Davis, ed. The Undecidable; appears also verbatim in Kleene (1952) p.300)
In a nutshell: to calculate any function the only operations a person needs (technically, formally) are the 6 primitive operators of "general" recursion (nowadays called the operators of the mu recursive functions).
Kleene's first statement of this was under the section title "12. Algorithmic theories". He would later amplify it in his text (1952) as follows:
"Thesis I and its converse provide the exact definition of the notion of a calculation (decision) procedure or algorithm, for the case of a function (predicate) of natural numbers" (p. 301, boldface added for emphasis)
(His use of the word "decision" and "predicate" extends the notion of calculability to the more general manipulation of symbols such as occurs in mathematical "proofs".)
This is not as daunting as it may sound – "general" recursion is just a way of making our everyday arithmetic operations from the five "operators" of the primitive recursive functions together with the additional mu-operator as needed. Indeed, Kleene gives 13 examples of primitive recursive functions and Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey add some more, most of which will be familiar to the reader—e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, exponentiation, the CASE function, concatenation, etc., etc.; for a list see Some common primitive recursive functions.
Why general-recursive functions rather than primitive-recursive functions?
Kleene et al. (cf §55 General recursive functions p. 270 in Kleene 1952) had to add a sixth recursion operator called the minimization-operator (written as μ-operator or mu-operator) because Ackermann (1925) produced a hugely growing function—the Ackermann function—and Rózsa Péter (1935) produced a general method of creating recursive functions using Cantor's diagonal argument, neither of which could be described by the 5 primitive-recursive-function operators. With respect to the Ackermann function:
"...in a certain sense, the length of the computation algorithm of a recursive function which is not also primitive recursive grows faster with the arguments than the value of any primitive recursive function" (Kleene (1935) reprinted p. 246 in The Undecidable, plus footnote 13 with regards to the need for an additional operator, boldface added).
But the need for the mu-operator is a rarity. As indicated above by Kleene's list of common calculations, a person goes about their life happily computing primitive recursive functions without fear of encountering the monster numbers created by Ackermann's function (e.g. super-exponentiation).
1952 "Turing's thesis"
Turing's Thesis hypothesizes the computability of "all computable functions" by the Turing machine model and its equivalents.
To do this in an effective manner, Kleene extended the notion of "computable" by casting the net wider—by allowing into the notion of "functions" both "total functions" and "partial functions". A total function is one that is defined for all natural numbers (positive integers including 0). A partial function is defined for some natural numbers but not all—the specification of "some" has to come "up front". Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or computed by machine.
Examples:
"Functions": include "common subtraction m − n" and "addition m + n"
"Partial function": "Common subtraction" m − n is undefined when only natural numbers (positive integers and zero) are allowed as input – e.g. 6 − 7 is undefined
Total function: "Addition" m + n is defined for all positive integers and zero.
We now observe Kleene's definition of "computable" in a formal sense:
Definition: "A partial function φ is computable, if there is a machine M which computes it" (Kleene (1952) p. 360)
"Definition 2.5. An n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) is partially computable if there exists a Turing machine Z such that
f(x1, ..., xn) = ΨZ(n)(x1, ..., [xn)
In this case we say that [machine] Z computes f. If, in addition, f(x1, ..., xn) is a total function, then it is called computable" (Davis (1958) p. 10)
Thus we have arrived at Turing's Thesis:
"Every function which would naturally be regarded as computable is computable ... by one of his machines..." (Kleene (1952) p.376)
Although Kleene did not give examples of "computable functions" others have. For example, Davis (1958) gives Turing tables for the Constant, Successor and Identity functions, three of the five operators of the primitive recursive functions:
Computable by Turing machine:
Addition (also is the Constant function if one operand is 0)
Increment (Successor function)
Common subtraction (defined only if x ≥ y). Thus "x − y" is an example of a partially computable function.
Proper subtraction x┴y (as defined above)
The identity function: for each i, a function UZn = ΨZn(x1, ..., xn) exists that plucks xi out of the set of arguments (x1, ..., xn)
Multiplication
Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002) give the following as prose descriptions of Turing machines for:
Doubling: 2p
Parity
Addition
Multiplication
With regards to the counter machine, an abstract machine model equivalent to the Turing machine:
Examples Computable by Abacus machine (cf Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002))
Addition
Multiplication
Exponention: (a flow-chart/block diagram description of the algorithm)
Demonstrations of computability by abacus machine (Boolos–Burgess–Jeffrey (2002)) and by counter machine (Minsky 1967):
The six recursive function operators:
Zero function
Successor function
Identity function
Composition function
Primitive recursion (induction)
Minimization
The fact that the abacus/counter-machine models can simulate the recursive functions provides the proof that: If a function is "machine computable" then it is "hand-calculable by partial recursion". Kleene's Theorem XXIX :
"Theorem XXIX: "Every computable partial function φ is partial recursive..." (italics in original, p. 374).
The converse appears as his Theorem XXVIII. Together these form the proof of their equivalence, Kleene's Theorem XXX.
1952 Church–Turing Thesis
With his Theorem XXX Kleene proves the equivalence of the two "Theses"—the Church Thesis and the Turing Thesis. (Kleene can only hypothesize (conjecture) the truth of both thesis – these he has not proven):
THEOREM XXX: The following classes of partial functions ... have the same members: (a) the partial recursive functions, (b) the computable functions ..."(p. 376)
Definition of "partial recursive function": "A partial function φ is partial recursive in [the partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn if there is a system of equations E which defines φ recursively from [partial functions] ψ1, ... ψn" (p. 326)
Thus by Kleene's Theorem XXX: either method of making numbers from input-numbers—recursive functions calculated by hand or computated by Turing-machine or equivalent—results in an "effectively calculable/computable function". If we accept the hypothesis that every calculation/computation can be done by either method equivalently we have accepted both Kleene's Theorem XXX (the equivalence) and the Church–Turing Thesis (the hypothesis of "every").
A note of dissent: "There's more to algorithm..." Blass and Gurevich (2003)
The notion of separating out Church's and Turing's theses from the "Church–Turing thesis" appears not only in Kleene (1952) but in Blass-Gurevich (2003) as well. But while there are agreements, there are disagreements too:
"...we disagree with Kleene that the notion of algorithm is that well understood. In fact the notion of algorithm is richer these days than it was in Turing's days. And there are algorithms, of modern and classical varieties, not covered directly by Turing's analysis, for example, algorithms that interact with their environments, algorithms whose inputs are abstract structures, and geometric or, more generally, non-discrete algorithms" (Blass-Gurevich (2003) p. 8, boldface added)
1954 A. A. Markov Jr.'s characterization
Andrey Markov Jr. (1954) provided the following definition of algorithm:
"1. In mathematics, "algorithm" is commonly understood to be an exact prescription, defining a computational process, leading from various initial data to the desired result...."
"The following three features are characteristic of algorithms and determine their role in mathematics:
"a) the precision of the prescription, leaving no place to arbitrariness, and its universal comprehensibility -- the definiteness of the algorithm;
"b) the possibility of starting out with initial data, which may vary within given limits -- the generality of the algorithm;
"c) the orientation of the algorithm toward obtaining some desired result, which is indeed obtained in the end with proper initial data -- the conclusiveness of the algorithm." (p.1)
He admitted that this definition "does not pretend to mathematical precision" (p. 1). His 1954 monograph was his attempt to define algorithm more accurately; he saw his resulting definition—his "normal" algorithm—as "equivalent to the concept of a recursive function" (p. 3). His definition included four major components (Chapter II.3 pp. 63ff):
"1. Separate elementary steps, each of which will be performed according to one of [the substitution] rules... [rules given at the outset]
"2. ... steps of local nature ... [Thus the algorithm won't change more than a certain number of symbols to the left or right of the observed word/symbol]
"3. Rules for the substitution formulas ... [he called the list of these "the scheme" of the algorithm]
"4. ...a means to distinguish a "concluding substitution" [i.e. a distinguishable "terminal/final" state or states]
In his Introduction Markov observed that "the entire significance for mathematics" of efforts to define algorithm more precisely would be "in connection with the problem of a constructive foundation for mathematics" (p. 2). Ian Stewart (cf Encyclopædia Britannica) shares a similar belief: "...constructive analysis is very much in the same algorithmic spirit as computer science...". For more see constructive mathematics and Intuitionism.
Distinguishability and Locality: Both notions first appeared with Turing (1936–1937) --
"The new observed squares must be immediately recognizable by the computer [sic: a computer was a person in 1936]. I think it reasonable to suppose that they can only be squares whose distance from the closest of the immediately observed squares does not exceed a certain fixed amount. Let us stay that each of the new observed squares is within L squares of one of the previously observed squares." (Turing (1936) p. 136 in Davis ed. Undecidable)
Locality appears prominently in the work of Gurevich and Gandy (1980) (whom Gurevich cites). Gandy's "Fourth Principle for Mechanisms" is "The Principle of Local Causality":
"We now come to the most important of our principles. In Turing's analysis the requirement that the action depend only on a bounded portion of the record was based on a human limitiation. We replace this by a physical limitation which we call the principle of local causation. Its justification lies in the finite velocity of propagation of effects and signals: contemporary physics rejects the possibility of instantaneous action at a distance." (Gandy (1980) p. 135 in J. Barwise et al.)
1936, 1963, 1964 Gödel's characterization
1936: A rather famous quote from Kurt Gödel appears in a "Remark added in proof [of the original German publication] in his paper "On the Length of Proofs" translated by Martin Davis appearing on pp. 82–83 of The Undecidable. A number of authors—Kleene, Gurevich, Gandy etc. -- have quoted the following:
"Thus, the concept of "computable" is in a certain definite sense "absolute," while practically all other familiar metamathematical concepts (e.g. provable, definable, etc.) depend quite essentially on the system with respect to which they are defined." (p. 83)
1963: In a "Note" dated 28 August 1963 added to his famous paper On Formally Undecidable Propositions (1931) Gödel states (in a footnote) his belief that "formal systems" have "the characteristic property that reasoning in them, in principle, can be completely replaced by mechanical devices" (p. 616 in van Heijenoort). ". . . due to "A. M. Turing's work a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general notion of formal system can now be given [and] a completely general version of Theorems VI and XI is now possible." (p. 616). In a 1964 note to another work he expresses the same opinion more strongly and in more detail.
1964: In a Postscriptum, dated 1964, to a paper presented to the Institute for Advanced Study in spring 1934, Gödel amplified his conviction that "formal systems" are those that can be mechanized:
"In consequence of later advances, in particular of the fact that, due to A. M. Turing's work, a precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the general concept of formal system can now be given . . . Turing's work gives an analysis of the concept of "mechanical procedure" (alias "algorithm" or "computational procedure" or "finite combinatorial procedure"). This concept is shown to be equivalent with that of a "Turing machine".* A formal system can simply be defined to be any mechanical procedure for producing formulas, called provable formulas . . . ." (p. 72 in Martin Davis ed. The Undecidable: "Postscriptum" to "On Undecidable Propositions of Formal Mathematical Systems" appearing on p. 39, loc. cit.)
The * indicates a footnote in which Gödel cites the papers by Alan Turing (1937) and Emil Post (1936) and then goes on to make the following intriguing statement:
"As for previous equivalent definitions of computability, which however, are much less suitable for our purpose, see Alonzo Church, Am. J. Math., vol. 58 (1936) [appearing in The Undecidable pp. 100-102]).
Church's definitions encompass so-called "recursion" and the "lambda calculus" (i.e. the λ-definable functions). His footnote 18 says that he discussed the relationship of "effective calculatibility" and "recursiveness" with Gödel but that he independently questioned "effectively calculability" and "λ-definability":
"We now define the notion . . . of an effectively calculable function of positive integers by identifying it with the notion of a recursive function of positive integers18 (or of a λ-definable function of positive integers.
"It has already been pointed out that, for every function of positive integers which is effectively calculable in the sense just defined, there exists an algorithm for the calculation of its value.
"Conversely it is true . . ." (p. 100, The Undecidable).
It would appear from this, and the following, that far as Gödel was concerned, the Turing machine was sufficient and the lambda calculus was "much less suitable." He goes on to make the point that, with regards to limitations on human reason, the jury is still out:
("Note that the question of whether there exist finite non-mechanical procedures** not equivalent with any algorithm, has nothing whatsoever to do with the adequacy of the definition of "formal system" and of "mechanical procedure.") (p. 72, loc. cit.)
"(For theories and procedures in the more general sense indicated in footnote ** the situation may be different. Note that the results mentioned in the postscript do not establish any bounds for the powers of human reason, but rather for the potentialities of pure formalism in mathematics.) (p. 73 loc. cit.)
Footnote **: "I.e., such as involve the use of abstract terms on the basis of their meaning. See my paper in Dial. 12(1958), p. 280." (this footnote appears on p. 72, loc. cit).
1967 Minsky's characterization
Minsky (1967) baldly asserts that "an algorithm is "an effective procedure" and declines to use the word "algorithm" further in his text; in fact his index makes it clear what he feels about "Algorithm, synonym for Effective procedure"(p. 311):
"We will use the latter term [an effective procedure] in the sequel. The terms are roughly synonymous, but there are a number of shades of meaning used in different contexts, especially for 'algorithm'" (italics in original, p. 105)
Other writers (see Knuth below) use the word "effective procedure". This leads one to wonder: What is Minsky's notion of "an effective procedure"? He starts off with:
"...a set of rules which tell us, from moment to moment, precisely how to behave" (p. 106)
But he recognizes that this is subject to a criticism:
"... the criticism that the interpretation of the rules is left to depend on some person or agent" (p. 106)
His refinement? To "specify, along with the statement of the rules, the details of the mechanism that is to interpret them". To avoid the "cumbersome" process of "having to do this over again for each individual procedure" he hopes to identify a "reasonably uniform family of rule-obeying mechanisms". His "formulation":
"(1) a language in which sets of behavioral rules are to be expressed, and
"(2) a single machine which can interpret statements in the language and thus carry out the steps of each specified process." (italics in original, all quotes this para. p. 107)
In the end, though, he still worries that "there remains a subjective aspect to the matter. Different people may not agree on whether a certain procedure should be called effective" (p. 107)
But Minsky is undeterred. He immediately introduces "Turing's Analysis of Computation Process" (his chapter 5.2). He quotes what he calls "Turing's thesis"
"Any process which could naturally be called an effective procedure can be realized by a Turing machine" (p. 108. (Minsky comments that in a more general form this is called "Church's thesis").
After an analysis of "Turing's Argument" (his chapter 5.3)
he observes that "equivalence of many intuitive formulations" of Turing, Church, Kleene, Post, and Smullyan "...leads us to suppose that there is really here an 'objective' or 'absolute' notion. As Rogers [1959] put it:
"In this sense, the notion of effectively computable function is one of the few 'absolute' concepts produced by modern work in the foundations of mathematics'" (Minsky p. 111 quoting Rogers, Hartley Jr (1959) The present theory of Turing machine computability, J. SIAM 7, 114-130.)
1967 Rogers' characterization
In his 1967 Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability Hartley Rogers' characterizes "algorithm" roughly as "a clerical (i.e., deterministic, bookkeeping) procedure . . . applied to . . . symbolic inputs and which will eventually yield, for each such input, a corresponding symbolic output"(p. 1). He then goes on to describe the notion "in approximate and intuitive terms" as having 10 "features", 5 of which he asserts that "virtually all mathematicians would agree [to]" (p. 2). The remaining 5 he asserts "are less obvious than *1 to *5 and about which we might find less general agreement" (p. 3).
The 5 "obvious" are:
1 An algorithm is a set of instructions of finite size,
2 There is a capable computing agent,
3 "There are facilities for making, storing, and retrieving steps in a computation"
4 Given #1 and #2 the agent computes in "discrete stepwise fashion" without use of continuous methods or analogue devices",
5 The computing agent carries the computation forward "without resort to random methods or devices, e.g. , dice" (in a footnote Rogers wonders if #4 and #5 are really the same)
The remaining 5 that he opens to debate, are:
6 No fixed bound on the size of the inputs,
7 No fixed bound on the size of the set of instructions,
8 No fixed bound on the amount of memory storage available,
9 A fixed finite bound on the capacity or ability of the computing agent (Rogers illustrates with example simple mechanisms similar to a Post–Turing machine or a counter machine),
10 A bound on the length of the computation -- "should we have some idea, 'ahead of time', how long the computationwill take?" (p. 5). Rogers requires "only that a computation terminate after some finite number of steps; we do not insist on an a priori ability to estimate this number." (p. 5).
1968, 1973 Knuth's characterization
Knuth (1968, 1973) has given a list of five properties that are widely accepted as requirements for an algorithm:
Finiteness: "An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps ... a very finite number, a reasonable number"
Definiteness: "Each step of an algorithm must be precisely defined; the actions to be carried out must be rigorously and unambiguously specified for each case"
Input: "...quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins. These inputs are taken from specified sets of objects"
Output: "...quantities which have a specified relation to the inputs"
Effectiveness: "... all of the operations to be performed in the algorithm must be sufficiently basic that they can in principle be done exactly and in a finite length of time by a man using paper and pencil"
Knuth offers as an example the Euclidean algorithm for determining the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers (cf. Knuth Vol. 1 p. 2).
Knuth admits that, while his description of an algorithm may be intuitively clear, it lacks formal rigor, since it is not exactly clear what "precisely defined" means, or "rigorously and unambiguously specified" means, or "sufficiently basic", and so forth. He makes an effort in this direction in his first volume where he defines in detail what he calls the "machine language" for his "mythical MIX...the world's first polyunsaturated computer" (pp. 120ff). Many of the algorithms in his books are written in the MIX language. He also uses tree diagrams, flow diagrams and state diagrams.
"Goodness" of an algorithm, "best" algorithms: Knuth states that "In practice, we not only want algorithms, we want good algorithms...." He suggests that some criteria of an algorithm's goodness are the number of steps to perform the algorithm, its "adaptability to computers, its simplicity and elegance, etc." Given a number of algorithms to perform the same computation, which one is "best"? He calls this sort of inquiry "algorithmic analysis: given an algorithm, to determine its performance characteristcis" (all quotes this paragraph: Knuth Vol. 1 p. 7)
1972 Stone's characterization
Stone (1972) and Knuth (1968, 1973) were professors at Stanford University at the same time so it is not surprising if there are similarities in their definitions (boldface added for emphasis):
"To summarize ... we define an algorithm to be a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations such that each rule is effective and definite and such that the sequence terminates in a finite time." (boldface added, p. 8)
Stone is noteworthy because of his detailed discussion of what constitutes an “effective” rule – his robot, or person-acting-as-robot, must have some information and abilities within them, and if not the information and the ability must be provided in "the algorithm":
"For people to follow the rules of an algorithm, the rules must be formulated so that they can be followed in a robot-like manner, that is, without the need for thought... however, if the instructions [to solve the quadratic equation, his example] are to be obeyed by someone who knows how to perform arithmetic operations but does not know how to extract a square root, then we must also provide a set of rules for extracting a square root in order to satisfy the definition of algorithm" (p. 4-5)
Furthermore, "...not all instructions are acceptable, because they may require the robot to have abilities beyond those that we consider reasonable.” He gives the example of a robot confronted with the question is “Henry VIII a King of England?” and to print 1 if yes and 0 if no, but the robot has not been previously provided with this information. And worse, if the robot is asked if Aristotle was a King of England and the robot only had been provided with five names, it would not know how to answer. Thus:
“an intuitive definition of an acceptable sequence of instructions is one in which each instruction is precisely defined so that the robot is guaranteed to be able to obey it” (p. 6)
After providing us with his definition, Stone introduces the Turing machine model and states that the set of five-tuples that are the machine’s instructions are “an algorithm ... known as a Turing machine program” (p. 9). Immediately thereafter he goes on say that a “computation of a Turing machine is described by stating:
"1. The tape alphabet
"2. The form in which the [input] parameters are presented on the tape
"3. The initial state of the Turing machine
"4. The form in which answers [output] will be represented on the tape when the Turing machine halts
"5. The machine program" (italics added, p. 10)
This precise prescription of what is required for "a computation" is in the spirit of what will follow in the work of Blass and Gurevich.
1995 Soare's characterization
"A computation is a process whereby we proceed from initially given objects, called inputs, according to a fixed set of rules, called a program, procedure, or algorithm, through a series of steps and arrive at the end of these steps with a final result, called the output. The algorithm, as a set of rules proceeding from inputs to output, must be precise and definite with each successive step clearly determined. The concept of computability concerns those objects which may be specified in principle by computations . . ."(italics in original, boldface added p. 3)
2000 Berlinski's characterization
While a student at Princeton in the mid-1960s, David Berlinski was a student of Alonzo Church (cf p. 160). His year-2000 book The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-year Journey from an Idea to the Computer contains the following definition of algorithm:
"In the logician's voice:
"an algorithm is
a finite procedure,
written in a fixed symbolic vocabulary,
governed by precise instructions,
moving in discrete steps, 1, 2, 3, . . .,
whose execution requires no insight, cleverness,
intuition, intelligence, or perspicuity,
and that sooner or later comes to an end." (boldface and italics in the original, p. xviii)
2000, 2002 Gurevich's characterization
A careful reading of Gurevich 2000 leads one to conclude (infer?) that he believes that "an algorithm" is actually "a Turing machine" or "a pointer machine" doing a computation. An "algorithm" is not just the symbol-table that guides the behavior of the machine, nor is it just one instance of a machine doing a computation given a particular set of input parameters, nor is it a suitably programmed machine with the power off; rather an algorithm is the machine actually doing any computation of which it is capable. Gurevich does not come right out and say this, so as worded above this conclusion (inference?) is certainly open to debate:
" . . . every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine . . . a program can be simulated and therefore given a precise meaning by a Turing machine." (p. 1)
" It is often thought that the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm was solved by Church [1936] and Turing [1936]. For example, according to Savage [1987], an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine. Church and Turing did not solve the problem of formalizing the notion of sequential algorithm. Instead they gave (different but equivalent) formalizations of the notion of computable function, and there is more to an algorithm than the function it computes. (italics added p. 3)
"Of course, the notions of algorithm and computable function are intimately related: by definition, a computable function is a function computable by an algorithm. . . . (p. 4)
In Blass and Gurevich 2002 the authors invoke a dialog between "Quisani" ("Q") and "Authors" (A), using Yiannis Moshovakis as a foil, where they come right out and flatly state:
"A: To localize the disagreement, let's first mention two points of agreement. First, there are some things that are obviously algorithms by anyone's definition -- Turing machines , sequential-time ASMs [Abstract State Machines], and the like. . . .Second, at the other extreme are specifications that would not be regarded as algorithms under anyone's definition, since they give no indication of how to compute anything . . . The issue is how detailed the information has to be in order to count as an algorithm. . . . Moshovakis allows some things that we would call only declarative specifications, and he would probably use the word "implementation" for things that we call algorithms." (paragraphs joined for ease of readability, 2002:22)
This use of the word "implementation" cuts straight to the heart of the question. Early in the paper, Q states his reading of Moshovakis:
"...[H]e would probably think that your practical work [Gurevich works for Microsoft] forces you to think of implementations more than of algorithms. He is quite willing to identify implementations with machines, but he says that algorithms are something more general. What it boils down to is that you say an algorithm is a machine and Moschovakis says it is not." (2002:3)
But the authors waffle here, saying "[L]et's stick to "algorithm" and "machine", and the reader is left, again, confused. We have to wait until Dershowitz and Gurevich 2007 to get the following footnote comment:
" . . . Nevertheless, if one accepts Moshovakis's point of view, then it is the "implementation" of algorithms that we have set out to characterize."(cf Footnote 9 2007:6)
2003 Blass and Gurevich's characterization
Blass and Gurevich describe their work as evolved from consideration of Turing machines and pointer machines, specifically Kolmogorov-Uspensky machines (KU machines), Schönhage Storage Modification Machines (SMM), and linking automata as defined by Knuth. The work of Gandy and Markov are also described as influential precursors.
Gurevich offers a 'strong' definition of an algorithm (boldface added):
"...Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine....In practice, it would be ridiculous...[Nevertheless,] [c]an one generalize Turing machines so that any algorithm, never mind how abstract, can be modeled by a generalized machine?...But suppose such generalized Turing machines exist. What would their states be?...a first-order structure ... a particular small instruction set suffices in all cases ... computation as an evolution of the state ... could be nondeterministic... can interact with their environment ... [could be] parallel and multi-agent ... [could have] dynamic semantics ... [the two underpinings of their work are:] Turing's thesis ...[and] the notion of (first order) structure of [Tarski 1933]" (Gurevich 2000, p. 1-2)
The above phrase computation as an evolution of the state differs markedly from the definition of Knuth and Stone—the "algorithm" as a Turing machine program. Rather, it corresponds to what Turing called the complete configuration (cf Turing's definition in Undecidable, p. 118) -- and includes both the current instruction (state) and the status of the tape. [cf Kleene (1952) p. 375 where he shows an example of a tape with 6 symbols on it—all other squares are blank—and how to Gödelize its combined table-tape status].
In Algorithm examples we see the evolution of the state first-hand.
1995 – Daniel Dennett: evolution as an algorithmic process
Philosopher Daniel Dennett analyses the importance of evolution as an algorithmic process in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Dennett identifies three key features of an algorithm:
Substrate neutrality: an algorithm relies on its logical structure. Thus, the particular form in which an algorithm is manifested is not important (Dennett's example is long division: it works equally well on paper, on parchment, on a computer screen, or using neon lights or in skywriting). (p. 51)
Underlying mindlessness: no matter how complicated the end-product of the algorithmic process may be, each step in the algorithm is sufficiently simple to be performed by a non-sentient, mechanical device. The algorithm does not require a "brain" to maintain or operate it. "The standard textbook analogy notes that algorithms are recipes of sorts, designed to be followed by novice cooks."(p. 51)
Guaranteed results: If the algorithm is executed correctly, it will always produce the same results. "An algorithm is a foolproof recipe." (p. 51)
It is on the basis of this analysis that Dennett concludes that "According to Darwin, evolution is an algorithmic process". (p. 60).
However, in the previous page he has gone out on a much-further limb. In the context of his chapter titled "Processes as Algorithms", he states:
"But then . . are there any limits at all on what may be considered an algorithmic process? I guess the answer is NO; if you wanted to, you can treat any process at the abstract level as an algorithmic process. . . If what strikes you as puzzling is the uniformity of the [ocean's] sand grains or the strength of the [tempered-steel] blade, an algorithmic explanation is what will satisfy your curiosity -- and it will be the truth. . . .
"No matter how impressive the products of an algorithm, the underlying process always consists of nothing but a set of mindless steps succeeding each other without the help of any intelligent supervision; they are 'automatic' by definition: the workings of an automaton." (p. 59)
It is unclear from the above whether Dennett is stating that the physical world by itself and without observers is intrinsically algorithmic (computational) or whether a symbol-processing observer is what is adding "meaning" to the observations.
2002 John Searle adds a clarifying caveat to Dennett's characterization
Daniel Dennett is a proponent of strong artificial intelligence: the idea that the logical structure of an algorithm is sufficient to explain mind. John Searle, the creator of the Chinese room thought experiment, claims that "syntax [that is, logical structure] is by itself not sufficient for semantic content [that is, meaning]" . In other words, the "meaning" of symbols is relative to the mind that is using them; an algorithm—a logical construct—by itself is insufficient for a mind.
Searle cautions those who claim that algorithmic (computational) processes are intrinsic to nature (for example, cosmologists, physicists, chemists, etc.):
2002: Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey specification of Turing machine calculation
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
An example in Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey (2002) (pp. 31–32) demonstrates the precision required in a complete specification of an algorithm, in this case to add two numbers: m+n. It is similar to the Stone requirements above.
(i) They have discussed the role of "number format" in the computation and selected the "tally notation" to represent numbers:
"Certainly computation can be harder in practice with some notations than others... But... it is possible in principle to do in any other notation, simply by translating the data... For purposes of framing a rigorously defined notion of computability, it is convenient to use monadic or tally notation" (p. 25-26)
(ii) At the outset of their example they specify the machine to be used in the computation as a Turing machine. They have previously specified (p. 26) that the Turing-machine will be of the 4-tuple, rather than 5-tuple, variety. For more on this convention see Turing machine.
(iii) Previously the authors have specified that the tape-head's position will be indicated by a subscript to the right of the scanned symbol. For more on this convention see Turing machine. (In the following, boldface is added for emphasis):
"We have not given an official definition of what it is for a numerical function to be computable by a Turing machine, specifying how inputs or arguments are to be represented on the machine, and how outputs or values represented. Our specifications for a k-place function from positive integers to positive integers are as follows:
"(a) [Initial number format:] The arguments m1, ... mk, ... will be represented in monadic [unary] notation by blocks of those numbers of strokes, each block separated from the next by a single blank, on an otherwise blank tape.
Example: 3+2, 111B11
"(b) [Initial head location, initial state:] Initially, the machine will be scanning the leftmost 1 on the tape, and will be in its initial state, state 1.
Example: 3+2, 11111B11
"(c) [Successful computation -- number format at Halt:] If the function to be computed assigns a value n to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine will eventually halt on a tape containing a block of strokes, and otherwise blank...
Example: 3+2, 11111
"(d) [Successful computation -- head location at Halt:] In this case [c] the machine will halt scanning the left-most 1 on the tape...
Example: 3+2, 1n1111
"(e) [Unsuccessful computation -- failure to Halt or Halt with non-standard number format:] If the function that is to be computed assigns no value to the arguments that are represented initially on the tape, then the machine either will never halt, or will halt in some nonstandard configuration..."(ibid)
Example: Bn11111 or B11n111 or B11111n
This specification is incomplete: it requires the location of where the instructions are to be placed and their format in the machine--
(iv) in the finite state machine's TABLE or, in the case of a Universal Turing machine on the tape, and
(v) the Table of instructions in a specified format
This later point is important. Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey give a demonstration (p. 36) that the predictability of the entries in the table allow one to "shrink" the table by putting the entries in sequence and omitting the input state and the symbol. Indeed, the example Turing machine computation required only the 4 columns as shown in the table below (but note: these were presented to the machine in rows):
2006: Sipser's assertion and his three levels of description
For examples of this specification-method applied to the addition algorithm "m+n" see Algorithm examples.
Sipser begins by defining '"algorithm" as follows:
"Informally speaking, an algorithm is a collection of simple instructions for carrying out some task. Commonplace in everyday life, algorithms sometimes are called procedures or recipes (italics in original, p. 154)
"...our real focus from now on is on algorithms. That is, the Turing machine merely serves as a precise model for the definition of algorithm .... we need only to be comfortable enough with Turing machines to believe that they capture all algorithms" ( p. 156)
Does Sipser mean that "algorithm" is just "instructions" for a Turing machine, or is the combination of "instructions + a (specific variety of) Turing machine"? For example, he defines the two standard variants (multi-tape and non-deterministic) of his particular variant (not the same as Turing's original) and goes on, in his Problems (pages 160-161), to describe four more variants (write-once, doubly infinite tape (i.e. left- and right-infinite), left reset, and "stay put instead of left). In addition, he imposes some constraints. First, the input must be encoded as a string (p. 157) and says of numeric encodings in the context of complexity theory:
"But note that unary notation for encoding numbers (as in the number 17 encoded by the unary number 11111111111111111) isn't reasonable because it is exponentially larger than truly reasonable encodings, such as base k notation for any k ≥ 2." (p. 259)
Van Emde Boas comments on a similar problem with respect to the random-access machine (RAM) abstract model of computation sometimes used in place of the Turing machine when doing "analysis of algorithms":
"The absence or presence of multiplicative and parallel bit manipulation operations is of relevance for the correct understanding of some results in the analysis of algorithms.
". . . [T]here hardly exists such as a thing as an "innocent" extension of the standard RAM model in the uniform time measures; either one only has additive arithmetic or one might as well include all reasonable multiplicative and/or bitwise Boolean instructions on small operands." (Van Emde Boas, 1990:26)
With regard to a "description language" for algorithms Sipser finishes the job that Stone and Boolos-Burgess-Jeffrey started (boldface added). He offers us three levels of description of Turing machine algorithms (p. 157):
High-level description: "wherein we use ... prose to describe an algorithm, ignoring the implementation details. At this level we do not need to mention how the machine manages its tape or head."
Implementation description: "in which we use ... prose to describe the way that the Turing machine moves its head and the way that it stores data on its tape. At this level we do not give details of states or transition function."
Formal description: "... the lowest, most detailed, level of description... that spells out in full the Turing machine's states, transition function, and so on."
2011: Yanofsky
In Yanofsky (2011) an algorithm is defined to be the set of programs that implement that algorithm: the set of all programs is partitioned into equivalence classes. Although the set of programs does not form a category, the set of algorithms form a category with extra structure. The conditions that describe when two programs are equivalent turn out to be coherence relations which give the extra structure to the category of algorithms.
Notes
References
David Berlinski (2000), The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer, Harcourt, Inc., San Diego, (pbk.)
George Boolos, John P. Burgess, Richard Jeffrey (2002), Computability and Logic: Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (pbk).
Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich (2003), Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions, Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81, 2003. Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references.
Burgin, M. Super-recursive algorithms, Monographs in computer science, Springer, 2005.
. A source of important definitions and some Turing machine-based algorithms for a few recursive functions.
Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of Gödel, Alonzo Church, Turing, Rosser, Kleene, and Emil Post are included.
Robin Gandy, Church's Thesis and principles for Mechanisms, in J. Barwise, H. J. Keisler and K. Kunen, eds., The Kleene Symposium, North-Holland Publishing Company 1980) pp. 123–148. Gandy's famous "4 principles of [computational] mechanisms" includes "Principle IV -- The Principle of Local Causality".
Yuri Gurevich, Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources.
Reprinted in The Undecidable, p. 255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p. 274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the Church Thesis).
Excellent — accessible, readable — reference source for mathematical "foundations".
The first of Knuth's famous series of three texts.
Lewis, H.R. and Papadimitriou, C.H. Elements of the Theory of Computation, Prentice-Hall, Uppre Saddle River, N.J., 1998
A. A. Markov (1954) Theory of algorithms. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e. Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p. 28 cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.]
Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm — an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 Computability, Effective Procedues and Algorithms. Infinite machines.
Hartley Rogers, Jr, (1967), Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, MIT Press (1987), Cambridge MA, (pbk.)
Robert Soare, (1995 to appear in Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, August 19–25, 1995, Florence Italy), Computability and Recursion), on the web at ??.
Michael Sipser, (2006), Introduction to the Theory of Computation: Second Edition, Thompson Course Technology div. of Thompson Learning, Inc. Boston, MA. .
Ian Stewart, Algorithm, Encyclopædia Britannica 2006.
Cf in particular the first chapter titled: Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an algorithm" (p. 4).
Peter van Emde Boas (1990), "Machine Models and Simulations" pp 3–66, appearing in Jan van Leeuwen (1990), Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms & Complexity, The MIT Press/Elsevier, 1990, (Volume A)
Computability theory
Models of computation
Formal methods
Algorithms
|
23576921
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz%20Hakyemez
|
Deniz Hakyemez
|
Deniz Hakyemez Çetin Saraç (born 3 February 1983) is a Turkish volleyball player. She is tall and plays as an outside hitter. She studied at Marmara University.
Hakyemez plays for Galatasaray Medical Park. She signed 1-year contract with the team in July 2009.
Awards
Club
2011-12 Turkish Cup - Runner-up, with Galatasaray Daikin
2011-12 CEV Cup - Runner-up, with Galatasaray Daikin
See also
Turkish women in sports
References
External links
FIVB Profile
Deniz Hakyemez Çetinsaraç at WorldofVolley
Deniz Hakyemez (Çetinsaraç) at Volleybox.net
1983 births
Living people
Turkish women's volleyball players
Eczacıbaşı volleyball players
Beşiktaş volleyballers
VakıfBank S.K. volleyballers
Galatasaray S.K. (women's volleyball) players
Marmara University alumni
Mediterranean Games medalists in volleyball
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Turkey
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Turkey
Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
|
23576934
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375%20Libyan%20Premier%20League
|
1974–75 Libyan Premier League
|
The 1974–75 Libyan Premier League was the 11th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Al-Ahly (Benghazi) won the championship.
League standings
References
Libya - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League
|
23576941
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Ignagni
|
Karen Ignagni
|
Karen Ignagni (b. 1954, Providence, RI) is the President and Chief Executive Officer of EmblemHealth as of 9/1/2015, until which time she was the President and Chief Executive Officer of America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), formerly HIAA (Health Insurance Association of America). She is often mentioned as one of the most effective lobbyists and the most powerful people in healthcare. She is involved in health care reform in the United States, working to benefit health insurance companies.
Background
Ignagni grew up in Providence, where her father was a fireman and mother worked at the city hall, her brother Robert currently resides in South Windsor, CT. She graduated from the Providence College, where she majored in political science, and from Loyola College Executive MBA program.
Ignagni led the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP) from 1993 until 2003 when it merged with the Health Insurance Association of America. Before joining AAHP, she was a director of the AFL-CIO's Department of Employee Benefits. Previously she worked in the U.S. Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and as a staffer for Senator Claiborne Pell.
Ignagni wrote articles on health care policy issues in The New York Times, USA Today, the New York Daily News, and New England Journal of Medicine, among others. She sits advisory groups and boards including the Board of the National Academy of Social Insurance, the Partnership for Prevention, and the Bryce Harlow Foundation.
Recognition
She received the Second Century Award for Excellence in Health Care. George Magazine listed her among 50 Most Powerful People in Politics. The New York Times wrote in 1999 that "in a city teeming with health care lobbyists, Ms. Ignagni is widely considered one of the most effective. She blends a detailed knowledge of health policy with an intuitive feel for politics." The Hill newspaper included her among Washington's most effective lobbyists in 2004. She is also an occasional object of derision, such as when Health Care for America Now group awarded Ignagni a "protector of profits" award.
2009 health care reform debate
In June 2009, Ignagni addressed President Barack Obama: "You have our commitment to play, to contribute and to help pass health care reform this year". In October 2009, AHIP issued a report projecting sharply rising costs with or without reform. The study was conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers. As described by Ignagni, "The report makes clear that several major provisions in the current legislative proposal will cause healthcare costs to increase far faster and higher than they would under the current system". Ignagni defended the report on PBS Newshour against the accusation by Nancy-Ann DeParle, the director of the White House Office of Health Reform, that the "industry puts their special interest ahead of the national interests here".
References
External links
American lobbyists
1954 births
Living people
AFL–CIO people
Health policy in the United States
Providence College alumni
Loyola University Maryland alumni
Businesspeople from Providence, Rhode Island
|
6901706
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YoungArts
|
YoungArts
|
YoungArts (previously National YoungArts Foundation and National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, or NFAA) is an American charity established in 1981 by Lin and Ted Arison to help nurture emerging high-school artists. The foundation is based in Miami, Florida. Alumni of the program include Timothée Chalamet, Jessica Darrow, Kerry Washington, Matt Bomer, Billy Porter, Anna Gunn, Andrew Rannells, Kimiko Glenn, Ben Levi Ross, Sam Lipsyte, Chris Young, Neal Dodson, Viola Davis, Nicki Minaj, Doug Aitken, and Max Schneider.
In 1981, Ted Arison gave $5 million to launch the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts.
YoungArts nominates up to 60 candidates for consideration as U.S. Presidential Scholars in the Arts following participation in YoungArts week.
YoungArts disciplines
The YoungArts application consists of ten disciplines across the visual, literary, design and performing arts:
Classical Music – composition and instrumental
Dance – ballet, choreography, hip hop, jazz, modern, tap, and world dance forms
Design Arts - architecture, interior, product, graphic, fashion and theater design
Film – narrative, documentary, experimental, and animation
Jazz – composers and instrumentalists
Photography
Theater – musical, classical and contemporary spoken theater
Visual Arts
Voice – classical, jazz, popular and singer/songwriter
Writing – creative non-fiction, novel, play or script, poetry, short story, spoken word
Other programs and activities
Several documentaries have been produced highlighting this unique program and its award recipients. Most notably, Rehearsing a Dream, produced by the Simon and Goodman Picture Company, was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. A documentary television series entitled YoungArts MasterClass, in which program alumni are teamed with famous mentors, is in its second season on HBO. YoungArts has developed a study guide, based on the HBO series, for high school teachers with Teachers College, Columbia University.
Alumni opportunities
Every YoungArts winner becomes a part of the YoungArts alumni community, an artistic family of more than 20,000 alumni. YoungArts makes open calls to alumni to provide opportunities and inclusion in its programming and events.
Budget
YoungArts has an endowment of $42 million. Its $6 million annual budget is expected to increase as much as 40 percent as its operating expenses grow.
References
External links
YoungArts website
Presidential Scholars Program
Arts foundations based in the United States
Educational foundations in the United States
Scholarships in the United States
|
23576943
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfoyle%20River
|
Aberfoyle River
|
Aberfoyle River, a watercourse that is part of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the New England and Northern Tablelands districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Aberfoyle River rises on the slopes of the Great Dividing Range, at Llangothlin, north of Guyra, and flows generally south southeast, east southeast, northeast, and east northeast, joined by three minor tributaries towards its confluence with the Guy Fawkes River, below Chaelundi Mountain, within Guy Fawkes River National Park. The river descends over its course.
The Devils Chimney in the Aberfoyle River gorge was declared an Aboriginal Place on 8 August 1980. An Aboriginal Place is an area of special significance to Aboriginal culture and declaration provides recognition of the significance of the area and its heritage values which relate to traditions, observances, customs, beliefs or history of Aboriginal people.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Rivers
New England (New South Wales)
|
6901745
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Stember
|
Jeff Stember
|
Jeffrey Alan Stember (born March 2, 1958) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
Biography
The right-hander was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, is Jewish, and attended Westfield High School. He was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 26th round of the 1976 amateur draft, and appeared in one game for the Giants in 1980.
Stember's only outing was a start against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome on August 5, 1980. He pitched the first three innings and gave up three runs, but only one earned run. In the top of the fourth, trailing 3-1, the Giants loaded the bases with one out and the pitcher's spot due up. Manager Dave Bristol decided to pinch-hit for Stember, and it worked out as the Giants scored four runs in the inning and ended up with a 9-3 win. Stember, however, had to take his 0-0 record and 3.00 earned run average back to Triple-A Phoenix, and never again pitched in a big league game.
References
External links
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New Jersey
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey
1958 births
Living people
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
21st-century American Jews
|
23576946
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Collector%20%282009%20film%29
|
The Collector (2009 film)
|
The Collector is a 2009 American horror film written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan, and directed by Dunstan. It stars Josh Stewart, Michael Reilly Burke, Andrea Roth, Juan Fernandez, Karley Scott Collins, Madeline Zima, and Robert Wisdom. The film follows a man who, in order to pay a debt, decides to rob a house, only to find out somebody with far more sinister intentions has already broken in.
The original script, titled The Midnight Man, was at one point shopped as a prequel to the Saw franchise, as an origin story for the villain John Kramer/Jigsaw, but the producers opposed the idea and dismissed it, leading to the script getting reworked to an original story.
The Collector was released on July 31, 2009, by LD Entertainment. It received generally negative reviews from critics. A sequel, The Collection, was released in 2012.
Plot
Married couple Larry and Gena Wharton return home to find the power is out. They discover a large trunk upstairs, and are horrified by its contents. They are then attacked by an unseen assailant.
Former convict Arkin O'Brien works as a handyman for the Chase family. He is generally well-liked by the Chases, especially the younger daughter Hannah. After work, Arkin meets his wife, whose debt to several loan sharks is due by midnight. To protect her and their daughter, Arkin plans to steal a valuable ruby from the Chase home.
As Arkin attempts to crack the safe, a masked figure locks the door. Michael, the father, appears with several injuries. Mistaking Arkin for the perpetrator, he grabs a golf club. Michael's action triggers a trap that incapacitates him, and the masked man drags Michael into the basement. Arkin attempts to call 911, but the phone is rigged with a spike that punctures his ear. The windows have been boarded up and lined with razors, making escape impossible.
Arkin retreats to the basement, where Michael informs him that his wife Victoria has also been captured, his older daughter Jill is out, and Hannah is hiding somewhere in the house. Michael gives Arkin the combination to the safe, which contains a gun. Arkin finds Victoria and has her distract the intruder in order for him to get to the safe. Arkin grabs the gun (which has no bullets) and pockets the ruby.
While searching for Hannah, he finds a trunk containing a bloodied Larry. Larry explains that the masked man is a "collector" of people; he only collects one person in a household and kills everyone else. Horrified, Arkin flees, while the Collector locks Larry back in the trunk. Back in the basement, Arkin discovers that Michael is now dead. He frees Victoria, who had been tortured. As they make their way out of the basement, Victoria sees Michael's corpse and panics, alerting the Collector, who stabs her several times.
Jill arrives home with her boyfriend Chad. As the two prepare to have sex on the kitchen table, they notice the Collector watching them. Chad attacks him but is killed when he is pushed into a room filled with several bear traps. Jill manages to make a 911 call before being captured. Arkin frees Jill, but she doesn't trust him and reaches for a pair of scissors, only to be killed by a trap. Arkin escapes the house alone, but sees the Collector approaching Hannah. Changing his mind, he reenters the house.
Arkin prepares a trap to kill the Collector, but the trap kills Larry instead. Arkin gets to Hannah, and sends her down a laundry chute to the basement to hide. Before Arkin can do the same, the Collector knocks him out, ties him up and brutally tortures him.
A police officer responding to Jill's 911 call is killed by the Collector's dog. Taking advantage of the distraction, Arkin frees himself and discovers a dead Victoria and armed explosives in the basement. After killing the Collector's dog with a flaming bucket and trapping the Collector in one of his own traps, Arkin escapes with Hannah.
Seeing approaching police cars, Arkin runs into the road to get their attention and is hit by one of the cars. He sees Hannah carried away by the police. He tells the police that the Collector was an exterminator working at the Chase house. The explosives detonate and destroy the house, but the Collector gets away unharmed. While Arkin is being taken to the hospital, The Collector ambushes the ambulance and kills everyone except Arkin, whom he kidnaps.
In a post-credits scene, the Collector watches film slides on the trunk containing Arkin, who threatens to kill him.
Cast
Josh Stewart as Arkin O’Brien
Michael Reilly Burke as Michael Chase
Andrea Roth as Victoria Chase
Juan Fernández as The Collector
Karley Scott Collins as Hannah Chase
Daniella Alonso as Lisa
Haley Pullos as Cindy
William Prael as Larry Wharton
Diane Ayala Goldner as Gena Wharton
Alex Feldman as Chad
Madeline Zima as Jill Chase
Robert Wisdom as Roy
Production
The Collector was shot in Shreveport, Louisiana in the spring of 2008 over 19 days. It used 16mm film stock. The final scene (featuring the van in the rain) was part of a reshoot in Los Angeles' Griffith Park.
When Dunstan announced to his producing team he wanted to direct, he set off to make a sizzle reel – a prolonged trailer of the proposed film. He reunited with many of his friends from Feast (his first writing credit) and employed John Gulager as his cinematographer, and used actors Clu Gulager to play Roy and Tom Gulager as Arkin. It was this reel that was used to sell the pitch to Dimension Films, who put up the money to produce the film. Before its release, Dimension chose not to put a P&A budget into the movie and opted to release it direct to DVD. However, Dimension gave the filmmakers a chance to sell the film. In the end, Mickey Liddell bought the movie from Dimension. Liddell organized the reshoots and changed the title from The Midnight Man to The Collector.
Release
The film was theatrically released on July 31, 2009, in the United States, and on DVD on April 6, 2010. A rental version was made available February 12, 2010, through Blockbuster Video's Exclusive Line. The DVD includes two deleted scenes, and also an alternative ending which is Arkin leaving after seeing Hannah in the windowthus cutting off the remaining 25 minutes of the film.
Reception
Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 29% of 74 critics gave the film a positive reviews, with an average rating of 4.12/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Increasingly tedious displays of gore makes this torture porn home-invasion-horror more programmatic than provocative." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Clay Clane of BET noted that, "You will squirm, but aren't we getting a bit desensitized to these routine torture flicks? It's like seeing a pop songstress get naked for the billionth time – yeah, she's hot, but we have all seen it before." Bloody Disgusting gave the film a 3.5/5 and wrote that The Collector is "a raw, gritty and uncompromising horror film that puts the previous Saw film to shame." The reviewer also believed that the character of the Collector had the potential to become a new horror icon.
Box office
On the opening day, the film opened in 1,325 theaters, grossing $1,325,000. The film has grossed $7,712,114.
Sequels
Speaking about a sequel, Patrick Melton said in an interview:
I didn't think it necessarily would happen because while the movie did well for its budget, it certainly wasn't a blockbuster, but it did well enough that the film's producer, Mickey Liddell, wants to make a sequel and of course wants me and Marcus to be involved again.
So we are seeing if we can work out some sort of a deal for us to write it and for Marcus to direct, but right now it's just in the deal stage. It is a possibility. I couldn't imagine it being made without Marcus directing it."
Shooting on the second film, The Collection, began in October 2010, and the film was released on November 30, 2012. Josh Stewart reprised his role as Arkin.
On May 2, 2019, Josh Stewart tweeted that another sequel titled The Collected, stylized as The Coll3cted, was happening along with a poster.
In April 2021, writers Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton admitted that the third film may not happen due to "creative disinterest".
See also
List of films featuring home invasions
Notes
References
External links
2009 films
2000s horror thriller films
2009 independent films
2000s serial killer films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American serial killer films
Films set in 2011
Films set in Illinois
Films shot in Alabama
Films shot in Louisiana
Home invasions in film
Torture in films
2009 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
|
23576956
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster%20Face
|
Monster Face
|
Monster Face was a toy set launched by Hasbro in 1992, in the style of Mr. Potato Head. The toy consisted of a skull like head with holes to which you could attach several accessories such as bugs, fangs, noses and blisters, to create a new monster based in altering the original face. The toy came with green slime that could drip out of the face's nose and mouth.
The toy had 30 different accessories, and a mannequin sized monster head attached to a base that could also store the pieces. Part of the appeal of the toy was also the possibility of animating the monster by moving his eyes and jaw which was achieved by moving two small arm like sticks in the base, it also had a small air pump to inflate the attachable blisters in the center of the base.
References
1990s toys
Hasbro products
Products introduced in 1992
|
23576958
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph%20at%20Hallucinatory%20Mountain
|
Aleph at Hallucinatory Mountain
|
Aleph at Hallucinatory Mountain is a studio album by the British experimental band Current 93, released in May 2009 on Coptic Cat Records.
After collaborating with Om on a split EP, there is a notably heavy sound on this record, citing doom metal and stoner rock as influences. There was also a limited edition of the recording for subscribers who paid in advance including a second CD with a rough mix of the tracks and also a monophonic version that was released for the band's concert at German Wave Gotik Treffen 2009 with all of the tracks titled differently, though the music remains the same.
Track listing
"Invocation of Almost" – 8:49
"Poppyskins" – 5:17
"On Docetic Mountain" – 8:14
"26 April 2007" – 5:13
"Aleph is the Butterfly Net" – 5:54
"Not Because the Fox Barks" – 10:14
"UrShadow" – 4:37
"As Real as Rainbows" – 5:23
Personnel
David Tibet – vocals, july guitar, gorgon guitar, mixing, production
James Blackshaw – 12-string guitar, piano
William Breeze – electric viola, viola controlled sampler
Ossian Brown – synthesizers, treated organ, electronics
John Contreras – cello, synthesizers
Baby Dee – piano, hammond organ
Andria Degens – vocals
Sasha Grey – vocals
Andrew Liles – electronics, guitars, mixing, production
Alex Neilson – drums, percussion
Rickie Lee Jones – vocals
Alice Rousham – vocals
Henry Rousham – vocals
Steven Stapleton – electronics, mixing, production
Matt Sweeney – electric guitar, vocals
Andrew WK – bass, piano, vocals, finger bells
Keith Wood – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, slide guitar, bass
References
2009 albums
Current 93 albums
|
23576970
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcoongere%20River
|
Barcoongere River
|
Barcoongere River, a watercourse of the Wooli Wooli River catchment, is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Barcoongere River rises below Browns Knob near Milleara, and flows generally north northeast before reaching its confluence with the Wooli Wooli River west of Wooli; descending over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers in Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Rivers
|
23576973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargo%20River
|
Bargo River
|
The Bargo River, a watercourse of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Highlands and Macarthur districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course
The Bargo River rises in the southern slopes of Southern Highlands, north of Colo Vale, and flows generally north-east, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Nepean River, near Bargo.
In its upper catchment, the river runs through Bargo River State Conservation Area, a nature reserve located between Hill Top and Yerrinbool.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
List of rivers in New South Wales (A-K)
Rivers of New South Wales
References
Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
Macarthur (New South Wales)
Bargo, New South Wales
|
23576981
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%20River
|
Barnard River
|
Barnard River, a perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Barnard River rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, near Hanging Rock, east of Nundle, and flows generally east southeast, joined by seven tributaries including the Bank and Curricabark rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Manning River, near Bretti. The river descends over its course.
The river was first explored in 1825 by European explorer Henry Dangar, and named by Thomas Mitchell in honour of Lt. Col. Andrew Barnard.
River diversion
The Barnard River Scheme, an inter-basin water transfer system, enables the transfer of up to of water per annum from the Barnard River and the upper catchment of the Manning River into the Hunter River. The diversion involves the transfer of water from Orham Dam, impounded at Barnard Weir, and pumped over the Mount Royal Range and gravity fed into the Glenbawn Dam. The diverted water then feeds into the Hunter River above its confluence with the Goulburn River. Water is accessed from the Barnard River to meet any shortfall from the Hunter River system in order to feed Plashett Dam and Lake Liddell, that are needed for the cooling of the Bayswater and Liddell electric power stations. The scheme operates under a water licence issued by the NSW Government to Macquarie Generation.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (A-K)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands
Mid North Coast
Rivers of the Hunter Region
|
23576984
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardy%20River
|
Beardy River
|
Beardy River, a perennial river that is part of the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course
The river rises north–north–west of Deepwater and flows south–west, west–north–west and then north–north-west, before its confluence with the Dumaresq River, about south–east of Bonshaw. The river generally runs south of Torrington State Recreation Area, descending over its course.
Wildlife in Beardy River region
The Beardy River region, particularly the Beardy River Hill Catchment Management Authority sub-region, is rich in rare flora and fauna. Endangered plants such as the MacNutt's wattle, velvet wattle and Torrington pea have been found here. The area is also home to endangered birds such as the glossy black-cockatoo, brown treecreeper, swift parrot, square-tailed kite and barking owl. The area also has a few marsupials, including the spotted-tailed quoll, squirrel glider and koala.
Gallery
References
External links
Tributaries of the Darling River
|
17333539
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan
|
Political positions of Ronald Reagan
|
Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed.
In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.
Leadership
"Ronald Reagan was convivial, upbeat, courteous, respectful, self-confident, and humble. But he was
also opaque, remote, distant, and inscrutable," says historian Melvyn P. Leffler According to James P. Pfiffner, University Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, Reagan was a larger-than-life character, a formidable politician, and an important president. His complexity produced a "presidency of paradoxes," in which dramatic successes mingled with unfortunate failures. His strengths included broad vision and clear direction. Voters appreciated his optimism, geniality, and gracious nature, which made his ideals seem all that more attractive. He believed that all national problems were simple problems and had faith in simple solutions. That strengthened his resolve but also led to failures when there were deep complications. Paradoxically, his victories depended on his willingness to make pragmatic compromises without forsaking his ideals.
Reagan himself made the major policy decisions and often overruled his top advisers in cases such as the Reykjavík Summit in 1986, and his 1987 speech calling for tearing down the Berlin wall. He was concerned with very broad issues, as well as anecdotal evidence to support his beliefs. He paid very little attention to details and elaborate briefings. When senior officials did not work out, such as Secretary of State Alexander Haig, they were fired. Reagan went through a series of six national security advisers before settling on people he trusted. Indeed, one of them, John Poindexter, was trusted too much. Poindexter and his aide Oliver North engaged in a secret deal with Iran called the Iran–Contra affair that seriously damaged Reagan's reputation. Reagan had rarely travelled abroad and relied on an inner circle of advisers who were not foreign policy experts, including his wife, James Baker, Edwin Meese and Michael Deaver. Haig had the credentials to be Secretary of State, but he was arrogant and unable to get along with the other top aides. He was replaced by George P. Shultz, who proved much more collaborative and has been generally admired by historians. Other key players included William J. Casey, director of the CIA, William P. Clark, national security advisor, and Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to the United Nations. Casper W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, successfully rebuilt and expanded the military but did not coordinate well with the foreign policy leadership.
Foreign policy
Cold War
Reagan served as President during the last part of the Cold War, an era of escalating ideological disagreements and preparations for war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Reagan in 1982 denounced the enemy as an "evil empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history" and he later predicted that communism would collapse.
He reversed the policy of détente and massively built up the United States military.
He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a defense project that planned to use ground and space-based missile defense systems to protect the United States from attack. Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible. Reagan was convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with.
Policy toward USSR
Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the détente observed by his predecessors Nixon, Ford, and Carter. Under the assumption that the Soviet Union was financially unable to match the United States in a renewed arms race, he accelerated increases in defense spending begun during the Carter Administration and strove to make the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot.
Reagan had three motivations. First he agreed with the neoconservatives who argued that the Soviets had pulled ahead in military power and the U.S. had to race to catch up. Stansfield Turner, CIA director under Carter, warned in 1981 that, "in the last several years all of the best studies have shown that the balance of strategic nuclear capabilities has been tipping in favor of the Soviet Union." Second, Reagan believed the decrepit Soviet economy could not handle a high-tech weapons race based on computers; it was imperative to block them from gaining western technology.
Third, was the moral certainty that Communism was evil and doomed to failure. Reagan was the first major world leader to declare that Communism would soon collapse. On March 3, 1983, he was blunt to a religious group: the Soviet Union is "the focus of evil in the modern world" and could not last: "I believe that communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose — last pages even now are being written." His most detailed analysis came on June 8, 1982, to the British Parliament, stunning the Soviets and allies alike. Most experts assumed that the Soviet Union would be around for generations to come, and it was essential to recognize that and work with them. But Reagan ridiculed the USSR as an "evil empire" and argued that it was suffering a deep economic crisis, which he intended to make worse by cutting off western technology. He stated the Soviet Union "runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens."
A year later in 1983 Reagan stunned the world with a totally new idea: the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), labeled "star wars" by the media, after the current movie. Reagan, following the ideas of Edward Teller (who invented the H-Bomb in 1950) called for a defensive missile umbrella over the U.S. that would intercept and destroy in space any hostile missiles. It was an unexpected, new idea, and supporters cheered, as SDI seemed to promise protection from nuclear destruction. To opponents, SDI meant a new arms race and the end of the Mutual Assured Destruction ("MAD") strategy that they believed had so far prevented nuclear war. The Soviets were stunned—they lacked basic computers and were unable to say whether it would work or not. Critics said it would cost a trillion dollars; yes said supporters, and the Soviets will go bankrupt if they try to match it. The SDI was in fact funded but was never operational.
Defense spending
The Reagan administration made dramatic increases in defense spending one of their three main priorities on taking office. The transition to the new professional all-professional force was finalized, and the draft forgotten. A dramatic expansion of salary bases and benefits for both enlisted and officers made career service much more attractive. Under the aggressive leadership of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, the development of the B-1 bomber was reinstated, and there was funding for a new B-2 bomber, as well as cruise missiles, the MX missile, and a 600 ship Navy. The new weaponry was designed with Soviet targets in mind. In terms of real dollars after taxation, defense spending jump 34 percent between 1981 in 1985. Reagan's two terms, defense spending totaled about 2 trillion dollars, but even so it was a lower percentage of the federal budget or have the GDP, then before 1976.<ref>James T. Patterson, Restless Giant pp 200-203.</ref> There were arms sales to build up allies as well. The most notable came in 1981, a $8.5 billion sale to Saudi Arabia involving aircraft, tanks, and Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS). Israel protested, since the AWACS would undermine its strategic attack capabilities. To mollify Israel and its powerful lobby in Washington, the United States promised to supply it with an additional F-15 squadron, a $600 million loan, and permission to export Israeli-made Kfir fighting aircraft to Latin American armies.Arnon Gutfeld, "The 1981 AWACS Deal: AIPAC and Israel Challenge Reagan" (The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2018) online
In its first term administration looked at arms control measures with deep suspicion. However, after the massive buildup, and the second term it looked at them with favor and achieve major arms reductions with Mikhail Gorbachev.
Nuclear weapons
According to several scholars and Reagan biographers, including, John Lewis Gaddis, Richard Reeves, Lou Cannon and Reagan himself in his autobiography, Reagan earnestly desired the abolition of all nuclear weapons. He proposed to Mikhail Gorbachev that if a missile shield could be built, all nuclear weapons be eliminated and the missile shield technology shared, the world would be much better off. Paul Lettow has argued that Reagan's opposition to nuclear weapons started at the dawn of the nuclear age and in December 1945 he was only prevented from leading an anti-nuclear rally in Hollywood by pressure from the Warner Brothers studio.
Reagan believed the mutually assured destruction policy formulated in the 1950s to be morally wrong. In his autobiography, Reagan wrote:
The Pentagon said at least 150 million American lives would be lost in a nuclear war with the Soviet Union—even if we 'won.' For Americans who survived such a war, I couldn't imagine what life would be like. The planet would be so poisoned the 'survivors' would have no place to live. Even if a nuclear war did not mean the extinction of mankind, it would certainly mean the end of civilization as we knew it. No one could 'win' a nuclear war. Yet as long as nuclear weapons were in existence, there would always be risks they would be used, and once the first nuclear weapon was unleashed, who knew where it would end? My dream, then, became a world free of nuclear weapons. ... For the eight years I was president I never let my dream of a nuclear-free world fade from my mind.
Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 (and ratified in 1988), which was the first in Cold War history to mandate the destruction of an entire class of nuclear weapons.
Iran-Iraq
Originally neutral in the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 to 1988, the Reagan administration began supporting Iraq because an Iranian victory would not serve the interests of the United States. In 1983, Reagan issued a National Security Decision Directive memo which called for heightened regional military cooperation to defend oil facilities, measures to improve U.S. military capabilities in the Persian Gulf, directed the secretaries of state and defense and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to take appropriate measures to respond to tensions in the area.
Economic policy
Economic plans, taxes and deficit
Reagan believed in policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a laissez-faire philosophy, seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts.Appleby, Joyce (2003), pp. 923–24 Reagan pointed to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success. The policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment, which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages.
Reagan did not believe in raising income taxes. During his presidential tenure, the top federal income tax rates were lowered from 70% to 28%. However, it has also been acknowledged that Reagan did raise taxes on eleven occasions during his presidency in an effort to both preserve his defense agenda and combat the growing national debt and budget deficit.
In order to cover the growing federal budget deficits and the decreased revenue that resulted from the cuts, the U.S. borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $1.1 trillion to $2.7 trillion. Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency.
Free Trade
Reagan was a supporter of free trade. When running for President in 1979, Reagan proposed a "North American accord", in which goods could move freely throughout the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Largely dismissed then, Reagan was serious in his proposal and once in office he signed an agreement with Canada to that effect. His "North American accord" later became the official North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by President George H. W. Bush and ratified by President Bill Clinton.
Reagan understood free trade as including the use of tariffs to protect American jobs and industry against foreign competition. He imposed a temporary 100% tariff on Japanese electronics as well as other tariffs on a variety of industrial products, which resulted in some free market advocates criticizing his policies as protectionist in practice.
Healthcare
Reagan was opposed to socialized healthcare, universal health care, or publicly funded health care. In 1961, while still a member of the Democratic Party, Reagan voiced his opposition to single-payer healthcare in an 11-minute recording. The idea was beginning to be advocated by the Democratic Party. In it, Reagan stated:
One of the traditional methods of imposing statism or socialism on a people has been by way of medicine. It is very easy to describe a medical program as a humanitarian project ... Under the Truman administration, it was proposed that we have a compulsory health insurance program for all people in the United States, and of course, the American people unhesitatingly rejected this ... In the last decade, 127 million of our citizens, in just ten years, have come under the protection of some owned medical or hospital insurance. The advocates of [socialized healthcare], when you try to oppose it, challenge you on an emotional basis ... What can we do about this? Well you and I can do a great deal. We can write to our [
Congressmen, to our Senators. We can say right now that we want no further encroachment on these individual liberties and freedoms. And at the moment, the key issue is we do not want socialized medicine ... If you don't, this program I promise you will pass just as surely as the sun will come up tomorrow. And behind it will come other federal programs that will invade every area of freedom as well have known it in this country, until one day, as Norman Thomas said, we will awake to find that we have socialism. If you don't do this and if I don't do it, one of these days you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free.
Social Security
Reagan was in favor of making Social Security benefits voluntary. According to Reagan biographer Lou Cannon: "I have no doubt that he shared the view that Social Security was a Ponzi scheme. He was intrigued with the idea of a voluntary plan that would have allowed workers to make their own investments. This idea would have undermined the system by depriving Social Security of the contributions of millions of the nation's highest-paid workers".
Although Reagan was for a limited government and against the idea of a welfare state, Reagan continued to fully fund Social Security and Medicare because the elderly were dependent on those programs.
Mounting concerns that rising Social Security benefits were causing a long-term deficit and were growing too fast resulted in a bipartisan compromise in 1983. Brokered by conservative Alan Greenspan and liberal Congressman Claude Pepper, the agreement lowered benefits over the next 75 years and brought the system into balance. Key provisions included a gradual increase over 25 years in the retirement age from 65 to 67, to take account of longer life expectancy. (People could retire younger, but at a reduced rate of benefits.) Millions of people were added to the system, especially employees of state governments and of nonprofit organizations.Paul Charles Light, Artful Work: The Politics of Social Security Reform (1985)
New Deal
Reagan wrote that he was never trying to undo the New Deal as he admired President Franklin D. Roosevelt and voted for him all four times.
Social policy
Environment
Reagan dismissed acid rain and proposals to halt it as burdensome to industry. In the early 1980s, pollution had become an issue in Canada, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau objected to the pollution originating in U.S. factory smokestacks in the midwest. The Environmental Protection Agency implored Reagan to make a major budget commitment to reduce acid rain, but Reagan rejected the proposal and deemed it as wasteful government spending. He questioned scientific evidence on the causes of acid rain.
Abortion
Reagan was opposed to abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, and threats to the life of the mother. He was quoted as saying: "If there is a question as to whether there is life or death, the doubt should be resolved in favor of life". In 1982, he stated: "Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness".
As Governor of California, Reagan signed into law the Therapeutic Abortion Act in May 1967 in an effort to reduce the number of "back room abortions" performed in California. It was one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country and allowed for pregnancy terminations if the mother was in physical or mental distress as a result, or if the pregnancy was a product of rape or incest. As a result, approximately one million abortions would be performed and Reagan blamed this on doctors, arguing that they had deliberately misinterpreted the law. Just when the law was signed, Reagan stated that had he been more experienced as Governor, he would not have signed it. Reagan then declared himself to be opposed to abortion rights. During his presidency Reagan never introduced legislation to Congress regarding abortion. However, in a way, he played a role in protecting legalized abortion after he left office. His first judicial appointee for the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O’Connor, led the effort to uphold Roe v. Wade in a 1992 case over restrictive abortion laws in Pennsylvania.
Crime and capital punishment
Reagan was a supporter of capital punishment. As California's Governor, Reagan was beseeched to grant executive clemency to Aaron Mitchell, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of a Sacramento police officer, but he refused. Mitchell was executed the following morning. It was the only execution during his eight years as Governor—he had previously granted executive clemency to one man on death row who had a history of brain damage. He also stayed the execution of convicted murderer Robert Lee Massie in 1967 because he wanted Massie to attend the trial of his alleged accomplice. Massie would be executed over three decades later for a separate murder in 2001.
He approved the construction of three new prisons as President in 1982 as recommended by Attorney General William French Smith.
Drugs
Reagan firmly sought opposition to illegal drugs. He and his wife sought to reduce the use of illegal drugs through the Just Say No Drug Awareness campaign, an organization Nancy Reagan founded as first lady. In a 1986 address to the nation by Ronald and Nancy Reagan, the President said: "[W]hile drug and alcohol abuse cuts across all generations, it's especially damaging to the young people on whom our future depends ... Drugs are menacing our society. They're threatening our values and undercutting our institutions. They're killing our children."
Reagan also reacted to illegal drugs outside of Just Say No as the Federal Bureau Investigation added five hundred drug enforcement agents, began record drug crackdowns nationwide and established thirteen regional anti-drug task forces under Reagan. In the address with the first lady, President Reagan reported on the progress of his administration, saying:Thirty-seven Federal agencies are working together in a vigorous national effort, and by next year our spending for drug law enforcement will have more than tripled from its 1981 levels. We have increased seizures of illegal drugs. Shortages of marijuana are now being reported. Last year alone over 10,000 drug criminals were convicted and nearly $250 million of their assets were seized by the DEA, the Drug Enforcement Administration. And in the most important area, individual use, we see progress. In 4 years the number of high school seniors using marijuana on a daily basis has dropped from 1 in 14 to 1 in 20. The U.S. military has cut the use of illegal drugs among its personnel by 67 percent since 1980. These are a measure of our commitment and emerging signs that we can defeat this enemy.
Civil rights
Women
While running for President, Reagan pledged that if given the chance, he would appoint a woman to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1981, he appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court. As President, Reagan opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) because he thought that women were already protected by the 14th Amendment, although he had supported the amendment and offered to help women's groups achieve its ratification while serving as Governor of California. Reagan pulled his support for the ERA shortly before announcing his 1976 candidacy for President. The 1976 Republican National Convention renewed the party's support for the amendment, but in 1980 the party qualified its 40-year support for ERA. Despite opposing the ERA, Reagan did not actively work against the amendment, which his daughter Maureen (who advised her father on various issues including women's rights) and most prominent Republicans supported.
Reagan established a "Fifty States Project" and councils and commissions on women designed to find existing statutes at the federal and state levels and eradicate them, the latter through a liaison with the various state governors. Elizabeth Dole, a Republican feminist and former Federal Trade Commissioner and advisor to Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (who would go on to become Reagan's Transportation Secretary) headed up his women's rights project.
Black people
Reagan did not consider himself a racist and dismissed any attacks aimed at him relating to racism as attacks on his personal character and integrity. Biographer Lou Cannon also believes that Reagan wasn't racist, or racially prejudiced. According to him, Reagan had been taught by his parents that racial intolerance was abhorrent and people who knew him were sure that Reagan absorbed his parents' lesson.
Reagan volunteered to take Eureka College's two black football players into his home after they were refused admission at a hotel on one of the team's trips. One of them was William Franklin Burghardt, who Reagan befriended and corresponded regularly until Burghardt's death in 1981. Recalling the incident, Burghardt had stated that "I just don't think he [Reagan] was conscious of race at all".
Reagan was opposed to racial segregation.
Reagan did not support many civil rights bills throughout the years on a federal level. He opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that specific provisions of the law infringed upon the individual's right to private property and to do business with whomever they chose, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on constitutional grounds, but some have speculated that his position involved "an element of political calculation". In 1965 however, Reagan stated that he favors the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that "it must be enforced at gunpoint, if necessary". In 1980, Reagan said the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was "humiliating to the South", but in 1982 he signed a bill extending it for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions. In 1988, he vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but his veto was overridden by Congress. This was especially notable as it was the first Civil Rights bill to be both vetoed and to be overridden since President Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 followed by Congress overriding the veto and making it law. Reagan had argued that the legislation infringed on states' rights and the rights of churches and small business owners. Reagan's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, as well as his Justice Department, prosecuted fewer civil rights cases per year than they had under his predecessor.
In 1967, Reagan signed the Mulford Act into law which banned the carrying of loaded weapons in public in the state of California. While California was an open carry state, when the Black Panther Party began lawfully open carrying and monitoring law enforcement for police brutality, bipartisan calls for increased gun control came from the California State Legislature. The law was controversial, as it was clearly retaliatory against the Black Panthers, but Reagan defended the law, saying that he saw "no reason why on the street today a citizen should be carrying loaded weapons".
Critics have claimed that Reagan gave his 1980 presidential campaign speech about states' rights in Philadelphia, Mississippi in a calculated attempt to appeal to racist southern voters. This location is near the place where three civil rights workers were killed in 1964. However, others have pointed out that Reagan had given it at the Neshoba County Fair some distance away from where the murders took place. They also said that the vast majority of his speech had nothing to do with "states' rights" and that the fair was a popular campaigning spot. Presidential candidates John Glenn and Michael Dukakis both campaigned there as well years later. While campaigning in Georgia, Reagan mentioned Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an example of someone who used the line-item veto, which Reagan supported. However, Reagan was offended that some accused him of racism.
Reagan initially opposed Fair Housing legislation in California (specifically the Rumford Fair Housing Act), however in 1988 he signed a law expanding the Fair Housing Act of 1968. While signing the expanding of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, he said, among other things, that "[the bill was a] step closer to realizing Martin Luther King's dream", "[the bill was the] most important civil rights legislation in 20 years", and "[the passage of the Civil Rights of 1968 bill] was a major achievement, one that many members of Congress, including a young Congressman named George Bush, had to show enormous courage to vote for". Congressman John Lewis stated that Reagan "dramatized in a very open fashion that he is supportive of efforts to end discrimination in housing" and that Reagan's statements were blatantly meant for political gain as it was an election year. Reagan had previously stated in 1966 that, "If an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, he has a right to do so [...] even though such prejudice is morally wrong." Nevertheless, Reagan supported the statute which prohibits racial discrimination on public accommodations and facilities, promised that he would use the "power and prestige" of the governor's office to ensure civil rights for everyone and sought to put an end to "the cancer of racial discrimination".
Reagan engaged in a policy of Constructive engagement with South Africa in spite of apartheid due to the nation being a valuable anti-communist ally. He opposed pressure from Congress and his own party for tougher sanctions until his veto was overridden.
Reagan opposed the Martin Luther King holiday at first, despite noting that King should be honored for freeing the United States from "the burden of racism", however he accepted and signed it after an overwhelming veto-proof majority (338 to 90 in the House of Representatives and 78 to 22 in the Senate) voted in favor of it.
In July 2019, newly unearthed tapes were released of a 1971 phone call between Reagan, then Governor of California, and President Richard Nixon. Angered by African delegates at the United Nations siding against the U.S. in the vote to expel Taiwan from the UN and recognize the People's Republic of China, Reagan stated, "To see those, those monkeys from those African countries - damn them, they're still uncomfortable wearing shoes!" Reagan's son-in-law, Dennis C. Revell, responded that Reagan’s remarks reflected the attitudes of his era, and that some African nations had only recently gained independence from European countries when Reagan spoke with Nixon. Revell also noted that Reagan enjoyed a great relationship with his oldest daughter’s adopted girl from Uganda and also with several African politicians, such as Samora Machel and Yoweri Museveni.
Education
School prayer
Reagan was a supporter of prayer in U.S. schools. On February 25, 1984 in his weekly radio address, he said: "Sometimes I can't help but feel the first amendment is being turned on its head. Because ask yourselves: Can it really be true that the first amendment can permit Nazis and Ku Klux Klansmen to march on public property, advocate the extermination of people of the Jewish faith and the subjugation of blacks, while the same amendment forbids our children from saying a prayer in school?". However, Reagan did not pursue a constitutional amendment requiring school prayer in public schools.
Reagan was particularly opposed to the establishment of the Department of Education, which had occurred under his predecessor, President Jimmy Carter. This view stemmed from his less-government intervention views. He had pledged to abolish the department, but did not pursue that goal as President.
Energy and oil
As President, Reagan removed controls on oil prices, resulting in lower prices and an oil glut. He did not reduce U.S. dependency on oil by imposing an oil-importing fee because of his opposition to taxation. He trusted the free marketplace. Lower global oil prices had the effect of reducing the income that the Soviet Union could earn from its oil exports.
Footnotes
References and further reading
Bell, Coral. The Reagan Paradox: U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1989) short overview by Australian scholar excerpt
Brands, H.W. Reagan: The Life (2015), scholarly biography; 810pp
Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27#3 (1997). pp. 451+
; scholarly biography, 953pp
Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009), strongly pro-Reagan
Johns, Andrew L., ed. A Companion to Ronald Reagan (Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). xiv, 682 pp.; topical essays by scholars emphasizing historiography; contents free at many libraries
Kyvig, David. ed. Reagan and the World (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy.
, autobiography; primary source
Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders online edition
Ronald Reagan
Reagan, Ronald
Reagan, Ronald
Reagan, Ronald
|
23576992
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belubula%20River
|
Belubula River
|
Belubula River, a perennial river that is part of the Lachlan catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the central west region of New South Wales, Australia.
Location and features
The river rises south of Vittoria, midway between Bathurst and Orange and generally flows south and west, joined by eight minor tributaries, flowing through Carcoar Lake where its flow is regulated, before reaching its mouth at the Lachlan River, east of Gooloogong; dropping over its course of .
The name is derived from the Australian Aboriginal meaning for stony river or big lagoon. The original inhabitants of the land alongside the Belubula River are the Indigenous Australians of the Wiradjuri clan.
Towns on the Belubula River, from its source towards its mouth, include Blayney, Carcoar, and Canowindra.
The New South Wales government the potential for a new dam of up to 700 gigalitres at Cranky Rock on the Belubula River. However, in 2018 the proposal was shelved due to environmental concerns.
Gallery
See also
List of rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Tributaries of the Lachlan River
Rivers of New South Wales
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.