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23577388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroo%20River | Meroo River | Meroo River, also called Meroo Creek, a watercourse that is part of the Macquarie catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the central western district of New South Wales, Australia.
The river rises on the western slopes of the Capertee Valley, near Triangle Swamp, and flows generally north, west, and north-west, joined by three minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Cudgegong River, where it is impounded as Lake Burrendong; descending over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Murray-Darling basin |
17337882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications%20training | Communications training | Communications training or communication skills training refers to various types of training to develop necessary skills for communication. Effective communication is vital for the success in various situations. Individuals undergo communications training to develop and improve communication skills related to various roles in organizations.
Purpose
In organizations, it is necessary to communicate with different sub-groups and overcome difficulties in effective communication. Since each sub-group has a unique sub-culture, an effective communications trainer may assist organizational members in improving communications between sub-groups of the organization. It is necessary to ensure that communications between individuals the various sub-cultures serve to meet the mission and goals of the organization. Communications training can assist leaders to develop the ability to perceive how various individuals and subgroups relate to each other and make appropriate interventions
Types of skill development
Listening skills
Influence Skills
Responding to conflict
Customer service
Assertiveness skills
Negotiation
Facilitation
Report writing; business and technical writing
Public speaking, effective presentation
Speaking skills
Interacting skills
Benefits
Business communication training: It is possible for developing the skills needed for business networking and enhance their communication skills. It helps in communicating the apt message to the appropriate person at the most right time and to effectively manage and develop assertive skills. It enable candidates to manage competently, maintain long-term relationships, form new alliances, meet new people and establish contact with them and develop relationship with them
Corporate communications training: It is useful for corporate events and help in dealing with other corporate participants, besides being helpful for routine dealings.
Executive communication training: It focuses on how to conduct meetings by helping to develop facilitation skills and through exceptional executive communication coaching, candidates learn how to open, manage, as well as end meetings.
Crisis communication training: It enables candidates to communicate while dealing with the various difficulties and emergencies that can arise including conflict management and change management. With training, candidates will be fit to come up with beneficial solutions for solving the crisis or conflict or make change/transition easier.
Public speaking training: It is very useful to make presentations, for developing their verbal communication skills so that it is possible to express their facts publicly with great confidence. This is useful for even sales and marketing personnel who need to express things in the best possible way.
Effective Training
In order to maximize the benefits of instruction, some key points such as management training, identifying your audience, and up to date use of technology can be used to fully profit the managers as well as the members of the organization.
Training for management must be done on a regular basis gives an advantage to any institution since they can provide ongoing feedback to personnel in order to ensure the good function of the different components of an association. Leadership instruction as well as communication skills education are some examples of management training.
Identifying your audience, in this case, the format of the organization such as family business, small business, event, charity group, or simply meetings enables you to apply the required techniques get the most out of your training and preparation sessions.
As technology grows, its important to keep your preparation up-to-date by using all means necessary. The Internet, computers as well as E-learning provide new insights to effective training and can be adapted to fit different needs for different companies. It's also very important to get constant feedback from the members as well as having assessment strategies to ensure that the training that is being provided is useful and productive to not waste time and resources.
In the medical field, recent research draws on available evidence from general educational literature, as well as specific literature on communication skills training (CST). These studies "delineate how educational interventions should be organized in order to enhance clinicians’ communication skills learning and practice. CST interventions need to be learner- and practice-centered and include core conceptual knowledge and experiential opportunities for practice, reflection, feedback, and rehearsal".
See also
POWERtalk International
Toastmasters International
Association of Speakers Clubs
Notes
Communication skills training |
17337893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20littoralis | Amara littoralis | Amara littoralis is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae. It is native to parts of Asia.
References
Notes
Citations
littoralis
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1828
Taxa named by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean |
17337898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20aeneopolita | Amara aeneopolita | Amara aeneopolita is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae that is native to Asia.
References
aeneopolita
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1918
Taxa named by Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr. |
23577390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrica%20River | Merrica River | The Merrica River is an intermediate intermittently closed saline coastal lagoon or perennial river located in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Merrica River rises on the northern slopes of Mount Nadgee within the Nadgee Nature Reserve; located about southwest of Tumbledown Mountain. The river flows generally northeast before reaching its mouth with the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, emptying into Disaster Bay. The river descends over its course.
The catchment area of the river is with a volume of over a surface area of , at an average depth of .
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
South Coast (New South Wales)
Coastline of New South Wales |
6905419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20American%20Le%20Mans%20Series | 2002 American Le Mans Series | The 2002 American Le Mans Series season was the 32nd season for the IMSA GT Championship, and the fourth under the American Le Mans Series banner. It was a series for Le Mans Prototypes (LMP) and Grand Touring (GT) race cars divided into 4 classes: LMP900, LMP675, GTS, and GT. It began March 16, 2002 and ended October 12, 2002 after 10 races.
Schedule
Following the demise of the European Le Mans Series, the North American schedule was greatly expanded to ten races. Several temporary street courses were added in cities such as Miami, Florida and Washington D. C., while the Portland International Raceway and Texas Motor Speedway did not return, leaving the ALMS without any road course ovals on the schedule. Circuit Trois-Rivières joined Mosport as a second Canadian event, and Road America was also scheduled for the first time.
Season results
Overall winner in bold.
Teams Championship
Points are awarded to the finishers in the following order:
25-21-19-17-15-14-13-12-11-10-...
Exceptions being for the 12 Hours of Sebring and Petit Le Mans which awarded in the following order:
30-26-24-22-20-19-18-17-16-15-...
Cars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance are not awarded points. Teams only score the points of their highest finishing entry in each race.
LMP900 Standings
LMP675 Standings
GTS Standings
GT Standings
External links
American Le Mans Series homepage
IMSA Archived ALMS Results and Points
American Le Mans
Le Mans
American Le Mans Series seasons |
17337901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Jackson | Dick Jackson | Dick Jackson (born c. 1878) was an English footballer and manager who played for Middlesbrough and Sunderland as a Central defender and later managed the English football club Darlington from 1912 to 1919. Under his management, Darlington won the North Eastern League title in 1913.
References
External links
Dicky Jackson's careers stats at The Stat Cat
1870s births
English footballers
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Darlington F.C. managers
Year of death missing
Association football defenders
English football managers |
17337902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20alpestris | Amara alpestris | Amara alpestris is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae that is native to Asia.
Subspecies
There are seven subspecies of A. alpestris:
Amara alpestris alpestris A. Villa & G.B. Villa, 1833
Amara alpestris baldensis K. & J. Daniel, 1898
Amara alpestris bonomii Holdhaus, 1942
Amara alpestris dolomitana K. & J. Daniel, 1898
Amara alpestris interjecta Holdhaus, 1942
Amara alpestris munda Holdhaus, 1942
Amara alpestris pasubiana K. & J. Daniel, 1898
References
alpestris
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1833 |
23577394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriwa%20River | Merriwa River | Merriwa River, a perennial river of the Hunter River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Merriwa River rises on the southern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Oxleys Peak, north of Merriwa and flows generally south, joined by eight minor tributaries before reaching its confluence with the Goulburn River below Mount Kerrabee. The river descends over its course.
At the town of Merriwa, the Golden Highway crosses the Merriwa River.
Merriwa is thought to be derived from the Aboriginal word meaning "grass seeds."
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Goulburn River National Park
References
External links
Merriwa online community website
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers of the Hunter Region
Upper Hunter Shire |
23577397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20Creek%20%28New%20South%20Wales%29 | Middle Creek (New South Wales) | Middle Creek (New South Wales) is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales |
17337906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20alpina | Amara alpina | Amara alpina is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae. It is native to northern parts of Europe and Asia. It was first described by the Swedish entomologist Gustaf von Paykull in 1790.
Description
The adult length is . This beetle is mainly black and the elytra are reddish-black and etched with fine longitudinal striations. The legs are often red.
Distribution
Amara alpina is a beetle of cold regions at high altitudes and high latitudes. Its range includes Norway, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, Siberia and Mongolia. It is also present in Alaska, and it recolonised Canada after the end of the last ice age. It is believed to have survived further south in western Beringia and the northern part of the contiguous United States, and moved northwards when conditions ameliorated and the ice retreated.
Behaviour
In Scandinavia this beetle is often found on dwarf birch (Betula nana), dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), glacier buttercup (Ranunculus glacialis), alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina), moss bell heather (Harrimanella hypnoides), crowberry (Empetrum) and arctic wood-rush (Luzula nivalis).
Amara alpina was one of three species of beetle that has been observed in Finland eating the dead bodies of other insects on snowfields.
References
alpina
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1790
Insects of the Arctic
Taxa named by Gustaf von Paykull |
23577414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moppy%20River | Moppy River | Moppy River, a perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter district of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Moppy River rises in the Barrington Tops, on the eastern slopes of Mount Royal Range, south of Tunderbolts Lookout in the Barrington Tops National Park, and flows generally east before reaching its confluence with the Barrington River, near the village of Moppy. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers of the Hunter Region
Mid-Coast Council |
17337910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20ambulans | Amara ambulans | Amara ambulans is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae that is native to Asia.
References
ambulans
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1832 |
17337913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20americana | Amara americana | Amara americana is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
americana
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1929
Taxa named by Ernő Csíki |
23577417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moredun%20Creek | Moredun Creek | Moredun Creek is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Murray-Darling basin
Northern Tablelands |
23577418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowamba%20River | Mowamba River | The Mowamba River, a perennial river of the Snowy River catchment, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Mowamba River rises within The Snowy Mountains Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, contained within the Kosciuszko National Park, on the northeastern slopes of Mount Terrible. The river flows generally south then northeast by east, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Snowy River approximately south of Jindabyne, in the Jindabyne Gorge. The river descends over its course.
Water management
Water from the Mowamba River is diverted to Jindabyne Dam via the Mowamba weir and aqueduct; that is part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.
On 28 August 2002, the Mowamba Weir was "turned out" allowing environmental water to over top the weir. Environmental water releases occurred until January 2006. Since January 2006, environmental water releases to the Snowy River have occurred from Jindabyne Dam as the infrastructure upgrades to the dam wall had been completed.
See also
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Snowy Flow Response Monitoring and Modelling
Rivers of New South Wales
Snowy Mountains Scheme
Snowy Mountains |
6905428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Catanzaro | List of municipalities of the Province of Catanzaro | The following is a list of the 80 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy.
List
References
Catanzaro |
23577423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterplan%20%28Soviet%20planning%29 | Counterplan (Soviet planning) | In the economy of the Soviet Union and other communist states of the Soviet Bloc, the counterplan () was a plan put forth by workers of an enterprise (or its structural unit) to exceed the expectations of the state plan allocated for the enterprise/unit. It was an important part of the socialist competition.
According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the idea of the counterplan was put forth by the workers of the Karl Marx Plant, Leningrad, in June 1930, during the first five-year plan.
Since the 1960s, counterplans, in the form of obligations as part of Socialist emulation, to execute state plans (annual, quarterly, monthly) ahead of schedule were common in the Soviet Union and other communist states.
References
Economy of the Soviet Union
Soviet phraseology
Planning |
23577424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulga%20Creek | Mulga Creek | Mulga Creek is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales |
6905429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanton%2C%20California | Swanton, California | Swanton is a small community in an unincorporated area of Santa Cruz County on the Pacific coast, situated about north of the town of Davenport, to the east of State Route 1 on Swanton Road. The US Geological Survey designates Swanton as a populated place located at latitude and longitude with an elevation of . The ZIP Code is 95017 and the community is inside area code 831.
The community has numerous small residences and two big occupants – Big Creek Lumber Company and the Swanton Pacific Ranch campus of California Polytechnic State University. Swanton is home to Swanton Pacific Railroad, a one-third-scale small-gauge railroad that runs on of track through the Scott Creek valley using locomotives and cars from the San Francisco Panama Pacific Exposition of 1915.
History
Ranched with dairy cattle since the California Gold Rush, the area was named after Fred Swanton, builder of the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. It was the northern terminus of the southern branch of the Ocean Shore Railroad until it closed in 1922. Swanton had its own post office from 1897 to 1930, and its own elementary, Seaside School, until 1960.
In 2009, Swanton was heavily impacted by the Lockheed Fire that burned for two weeks and consumed nearly , forcing the evacuation of hundreds of residents. It was the first major fire since 1948, $26 million was spent fighting it and it destroyed 13 structures and many millions of dollars of prime timber land, but no houses.
In August 2020, Swanton suffered major damage from the CZU Lightning Complex fires.
Further information
Davenport oral history, (video-recording, series), Community Action Board, (Santa Cruz: Community Television of Santa Cruz County, 1998).
References
Further reading
External links
Oral History of Swanton Pacific Ranch
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Santa Cruz County, California
Populated coastal places in California |
23577426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla%20Mulla%20Creek | Mulla Mulla Creek | Mulla Mulla Creek is a river of the state of New South Wales in Australia.
See also
List of rivers of Australia
References
Rivers of New South Wales |
23577429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulwaree%20River | Mulwaree River | The Mulwaree River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
The Mulwaree River rises east of the Lake George Escarpment, below Mount Fairy, near the locality of Hammonds Hill, and flows generally north northeast, joined by two minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Wollondilly River at North Goulburn. The river descends over its course.
Tributaries include Bongaralaby Creek and Crisps Creek.
The Mulwaree and its associated wetlands are important breeding grounds and drought refuge for Australian birds. These wetlands are listed on the directory of Important Wetlands of Australia.
See also
Lake Bathurst (New South Wales)
Lake George (New South Wales)
List of rivers of New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
Rivers of New South Wales
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Goulburn Mulwaree Council |
20478355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mayors%20of%20the%2050%20largest%20cities%20in%20the%20United%20States | List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States | This is a list of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States, ordered by their estimated populations as of the 2020 Census. These 50 cities have a combined population of 49.6 million, or 15% of the national population. Louisville, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Nashville, and Honolulu have consolidated city-county governments where the mayor is elected by residents of the entire county, not just that of the main city; in these cases the population and respective rank are for the county.
In some states, mayors are officially elected on a nonpartisan basis; however, their party affiliation or preference is generally known, and where it is known it is shown in the list below.
The breakdown of mayoral political parties is 36 Democrats, 11 Republicans, and 3 Independents (two elected with state Democratic support).
List
See also
List of longest-serving mayors in the United States
List of United States cities by population
Mayoralty in the United States
United States Conference of Mayors
References
Cities
United States demography-related lists |
20478372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmonali%20Barotov | Rahmonali Barotov | Rahmonali Barotov (born 10 March 1987) is a Tajikistani footballer who plays for Regar-TadAZ Tursunzoda. He is a member of the Tajikistan national football team in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign.
International goals
External links
1987 births
Living people
Tajikistani footballers
Tajikistan international footballers
Association football midfielders |
23577433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummel%20River | Mummel River | Mummel River, a watercourse of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Mummel River rises on the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Sugarloaf, southeast of Walcha and flows generally south by west, southeast, and then south southeast, joined by one minor tributary, before reaching its confluence with the Cooplacurripa River, north of Giro, northwest of Taree. The river descends over its course.
See also
Rivers of New South Wales
List of rivers in New South Wales (L-Z)
List of rivers of Australia
References
External links
Rivers of New South Wales
Northern Tablelands
Mid North Coast
Mid-Coast Council |
6905430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Buttars | Chris Buttars | D. Chris Buttars (April 1, 1942 – September 10, 2018) was an American politician who served in the Utah State Senate representing the 10th Utah Senate District. He began his service as a state senator in 2001 and resigned in 2011 citing health problems.
Early life and career
Buttars was born in Logan, Utah on April 1, 1942, and graduated from Utah State University with a B.S. in Marketing/Economics in 1967. Upon graduating from Utah State University he was employed at Amoco Oil Company from 1967 to 1976 as a Retail Sales Manager. In 1976 he became the Executive Director of the Petroleum Retails Organization. He was director of the Utah Boys Ranch, now known as West Ridge Academy, a boarding school for boys.
Buttars was married to Helen; they had six children and lived in West Jordan, Utah. He successfully ran for the West Jordan City Council in 1970, and served on the City Council until 1983. Buttars ran for the Utah Senate in 2000, and served as Utah State Senator for district 10 from 2001 to 2011. Buttars served in various Republican Party leadership positions. Buttars was also a recipient of the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Beaver Award for distinguished service to the BSA. He died in 2018 after a period of declining health.
Legislation and policy
Buttars sponsored legislation against gay straight alliances in public schools, introduced a resolution urging companies to have their employees say "Merry Christmas" rather than "Happy Holidays" to customers, as well as an Intelligent Design Bill. Buttars sponsored legislation to fund drug treatment programs, supported raising the minimum wage and assisting child crime victims.
In February, 2010, Buttars proposed eliminating the 12th grade from Utah high schools to close a budget shortfall.
Intelligent design
During the 2006 General Session of the 56th Utah State Legislature Buttars sponsored S.B. 96, an Intelligent Design Bill. The bill would allow instructors to teach students that evolution is a controversial theory and counter it with the pseudoscience of Creationism, using the term "Divine Design." The New York Times called the bill "Anti-Darwin" and critics have pointed to Buttars' words "Divine Design" as evidence for its religious undertow. The bill passed in the Senate but failed in the House of Representatives.
Accusations of racism
In an interview with radio hosts Tom Grover & Ryan Yonk, Buttars said that he "[doesn't] know of an example where the minority is being jeopardized by legislative action." When Grover mentioned Brown v. Board of Education, which desegregated American schools, Buttars responded that he thought "Brown v. Board of Education is wrong to begin with." In response to public reaction to his statements and accusations of racism, Buttars responded, "I don't think there's a racial [sic] bone in my body..." and "I don't see black and white. I see people. I always have."
During a debate of a school-funding bill on the floor of the State Senate in February 2008, the bill's sponsor compared the bill to the baby involved in the Biblical story of King Solomon. Buttars responded saying, "This baby is black, I'll tell you. This is a dark, ugly thing." Buttars apologized for a remark on the State Senate floor, saying, "I got a little carried away, and I made a comment that I think a lot of people could take as racist. I certainly did not mean that in any way, but it was wrong and could easily be taken in just that way. I apologize to anyone who took offense." In an interview, Buttars said, "We live in a very, very sensitive world. Although what I said had literally nothing in my mind to do with a human being at all — we were talking about an ugly bill — I made a statement that could be easily misinterpreted, and it was."
Accusations of racism were made an issue in his 2008 re-election bid against Democrat John Rendell. Less than six months after Buttars' re-election, he was recorded saying of the ACLU, "bless their black little hearts," in an interview with documentary maker and former KTVX ABC 4 reporter Reed Cowan. Cowan’s documentary is called, "8: The Mormon Proposition."
Gay rights
Buttars was outspoken on issues dealing with homosexuality, and co-sponsored Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 with Utah Boys Ranch colleague LaVar Christensen, which defined marriage in Utah as consisting "only of the legal union between a man and a woman." Buttars criticized the domestic partnership executive order signed by Salt Lake City Mayor Rocky Anderson. Buttars also introduced legislation that would ban gay clubs and gay-straight alliances in public schools.
In 2008 Salt Lake City's newly elected Mayor Ralph Becker introduced a domestic partnership registry that was unanimously approved by the City Council. On February 11, 2008 Buttars introduced a counter bill, SB0267, designed to prevent cities or counties from operating any kind of domestic partnership registry, on the grounds that such registries would violate Utah Constitutional Amendment 3's ban on same-sex marriage and domestic unions. The bill failed.
In a January 2009 interview with openly gay documentary filmmaker Reed Cowan, for the documentary 8: The Mormon Proposition, Buttars said that gays and lesbians were "the greatest threat to America going down," comparing members of the LGBT community to radical Muslims. "I believe they will destroy the foundation of the American society," he said.
On February 20, 2009, Buttars was removed as chairman and member of the Utah State Senate Judicial Standing Committee because of these remarks. Democrats pushed for further sanctions, demanding his removal from the Rules Committee and for his demotion on the Health and Human Services Committee.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued a statement urging "civil and respectful dialogue." It said, "From the outset, the Church's position has always been to engage in civil and respectful dialogue on this issue. Senator Buttars does not speak for the church."
Electoral history
2000
2004
2008
See also
Utah Boys Ranch
List of Utah State Legislatures
Utah Republican Party
Utah Senate
References
1942 births
2018 deaths
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Utah Republicans
Utah city council members
Utah state senators
Utah State University alumni
Politicians from Logan, Utah
21st-century American politicians
People from West Jordan, Utah |
6905458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil%2C%20Z%C3%BCrich | Wil, Zürich | Wil is a municipality in the district of Bülach in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
Geography
Wil has an area of . Of this area, 54.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 30.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 14.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.9%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
There are border crossings into Germany at near Wil town (to Bühl in Baden-Wurttemberg) and Buchenloo (to Dettighofen in Baden-Wurttemberg).
Demographics
Wil has a population (as of ) of . , 7.3% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -1.6%. Most of the population () speaks German (95.5%), with Spanish being second most common ( 0.8%) and Italian being third ( 0.7%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 48.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CSP (12.2%), the SPS (11.5%) and the FDP (11.4%).
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11.7%. In Wil about 82% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Wil has an unemployment rate of 1.57%. , there were 76 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 26 businesses involved in this sector. 161 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 21 businesses in this sector. 147 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 39 businesses in this sector.
Transport
Hüntwangen-Wil railway station is a stop of the Zürich S-Bahn on the lines S5 and S22. It is a 33-minute ride from Zürich Hauptbahnhof.
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Zürich
Germany–Switzerland border crossings |
20478382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumic%20languages | Alumic languages | The four scattered and poorly attested Alumic languages form a branch of the Plateau languages of central Nigeria.
Classification
The following classification is taken from Blench (2008). The languages are not closely related and are morphologically quite diverse due to different contact situations; given the poor state of their description, their relationship is provisional.
Ethnologue scatters these languages throughout Plateau: Hasha and Sambe with Eggon (Southern branch), and Alumu–Tesu and Toro as two independent branches.
Blench (2019) also includes Nigbo (extinct).
Names and locations
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).
References
Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
External links
Roger Blench, Alumic languages (wordlists)
Plateau languages |
20478435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson%20Levi-Lazzaris | Gerson Levi-Lazzaris | Gerson Levi-Lazzaris (born November 25, 1979 in Curitiba) is a Brazilian archaeologist, descendant of Ladin immigrants. Most of the Lazzaris are from Forno di Zoldo, Veneto, from where most of them emigrated during the end of the 19th century, and also after the Second World War to Argentina, Australia, Brazil and United States.
Biography
In 1983, his family moved from Curitiba to São Paulo. At the age of 15 he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, following a short-experience in Finland. Accepted in the University of São Paulo, Levi-Lazzaris started his studies in Archaeology and History, focusing Anti-semitism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (2003), obtaining his BA. In 2007 he obtained a master's degree in Archaeology in the same University of São Paulo based on an extensive dissertation about Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer societies in Southeast Brazil. He introduced the ecosystem approach in Brazilian archaeology. On March 2007 he was accepted as graduate student at Vanderbilt University.
Levi-Lazzaris has published articles ranging from political reviews in Trotskyite periodicals to scientific reviews and governamental reports. He has also translated books. Levi-Lazzaris developed his doctoral research in Roraima among the Ninam Indians, a Yanomamo subgroup, developing ethnoarchaeological studies in the Uraricoera valley. He was the second coordinator of the Frente de Proteção Etnoambiental Yanomami e Ye´kuana through FUNAI during 2010-2011.
References
1979 births
Living people
Brazilian people of Italian-Jewish descent
Brazilian people of Slovenian-Jewish descent
People from Curitiba
University of São Paulo alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
Brazilian Jews |
20478442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%20surface | Klein surface | In mathematics, a Klein surface is a dianalytic manifold of complex dimension 1. Klein surfaces may have a boundary and need not be orientable. Klein surfaces generalize Riemann surfaces. While the latter are used to study algebraic curves over the complex numbers analytically, the former are used to study algebraic curves over the real numbers analytically. Klein surfaces were introduced by Felix Klein in 1882.
A Klein surface is a surface (i.e., a differentiable manifold of real dimension 2) on which the notion of angle between two tangent vectors at a given point is well-defined, and so is the angle between two intersecting curves on the surface. These angles are in the range [0,π]; since the surface carries no notion of orientation, it is not possible to distinguish between the angles α and −α. (By contrast, on Riemann surfaces are oriented and angles in the range of (-π,π] can be meaningfully defined.) The length of curves, the area of submanifolds and the notion of geodesic are not defined on Klein surfaces.
Two Klein surfaces X and Y are considered equivalent if there are conformal (i.e. angle-preserving but not necessarily orientation-preserving) differentiable maps f:X→Y and g:Y→X that map boundary to boundary and satisfy fg = idY and gf = idX.
Examples
Every Riemann surface (analytic manifold of complex dimension 1, without boundary) is a Klein surface. Examples include open subsets of the complex plane (non-compact), the Riemann sphere (compact), and tori (compact). Note that there are many different inequivalent Riemann surfaces with the same underlying torus as manifold.
A closed disk in the complex plane is a Klein surface (compact, with boundary). All closed disks are equivalent as Klein surfaces. A closed annulus in the complex plane is a Klein surface (compact, with boundary). Not all annuli are equivalent as Klein surfaces: there is a one-parameter family of inequivalent Klein surfaces arising in this way from annuli. By removing a number of open disks from the Riemann sphere, we obtain another class of Klein surfaces (compact, with boundary). The real projective plane can be turned into a Klein surface (compact, without boundary), in essentially only one way. The Klein bottle can be turned into a Klein surface (compact, without boundary); there is a one-parameter family of inequivalent Klein surfaces structures defined on the Klein bottle. Similarly, there is a one-parameter family of inequivalent Klein surface structures (compact, with boundary) defined on the Möbius strip.
Every compact topological 2-manifold (possibly with boundary) can be turned into a Klein surface, often in many different inequivalent ways.
Properties
The boundary of a compact Klein surface consists of finitely many connected components, each of which being homeomorphic to a circle. These components are called the ovals of the Klein surface.
Suppose Σ is a (not necessarily connected) Riemann surface and τ:Σ→Σ is an anti-holomorphic (orientation-reversing) involution. Then the quotient Σ/τ carries a natural Klein surface structure, and every Klein surface can be obtained in this manner in essentially only one way. The fixed points of τ correspond to the boundary points of Σ/τ. The surface Σ is called an "analytic double" of Σ/τ.
The Klein surfaces form a category; a morphism from the Klein surface X to the Klein surface Y is a differentiable map f:X→Y which on each coordinate patch is either holomorphic or the complex conjugate of a holomorphic map and furthermore maps the boundary of X to the boundary of Y.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between smooth projective algebraic curves over the reals (up to isomorphism) and compact connected Klein surfaces (up to equivalence). The real points of the curve correspond to the boundary points of the Klein surface. Indeed, there is an equivalence of categories between the category of smooth projective algebraic curves over R (with regular maps as morphisms) and the category of compact connected Klein surfaces. This is akin to the correspondence between smooth projective algebraic curves over the complex numbers and compact connected Riemann surfaces. (Note that the algebraic curves considered here are abstract curves: integral, separated one-dimensional schemes of finite type over R. Such a curve need not have any R-rational points (like the curve X2+Y2+1=0 over R), in which case its Klein surface will have empty boundary.)
There is also a one-to-one correspondence between compact connected Klein surfaces (up to equivalence) and algebraic function fields in one variable over R (up to R-isomorphism). This correspondence is akin to the one between compact connected Riemann surfaces and algebraic function fields over the complex numbers.
If X is a Klein surface, a function f:X→Cu{∞} is called meromorphic if, on each coordinate patch, f or its complex conjugate is meromorphic in the ordinary sense, and if f takes only real values (or ∞) on the boundary of X. Given a connected Klein surface X, the set of meromorphic functions defined on X form a field M(X), an algebraic function field in one variable over R. M is a contravariant functor and yields a duality (contravariant equivalence) between the category of compact connected Klein surfaces (with non-constant morphisms) and the category of function fields in one variable over the reals.
One can classify the compact connected Klein surfaces X up to homeomorphism (not up to equivalence!) by specifying three numbers (g, k, a): the genus g of the analytic double Σ, the number k of connected components of the boundary of X , and the number a, defined by a=0 if X is orientable and a=1 otherwise. We always have k ≤ g+1. The Euler characteristic of X equals 1-g.
References
Further reading
Surfaces |
6905466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Jaggerz | The Jaggerz | The Jaggerz are an American rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They came to national attention with their single "The Rapper" which was released on the Kama Sutra label. "The Rapper" was No. 1 in the Record World Charts and No. 2 in the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1970. Having sold over one million copies, the recording received a gold record awarded by the R.I.A.A.
The band's name derives from the Western Pennsylvania English term, "jagger," meaning any small, sharp-pointed object, typically thorns, spines, and prickles. They were managed by The Skyliners manager, Joe Rock.
History
Early years and debut album (1964–1969)
While attending Slippery Rock State College, now known as Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Donnie Iris (birth name Dominic Ierace) started a band called the Tri-Vels. The band became known as Donnie and the Donnells when the line up increased from three members to four. Shortly after dropping out of college, Iris found out that a band called Gary and the Jewel Tones, of which Jimmie Ross was a member, needed a new guitarist. This gave birth to a new band called the "Jaggers". Forming around 1964, they began playing night clubs and other venues for the next few years gathering a respectable following in the region. Their lineup consisted of Iris, Allen George, Benny Faiella, and Kenny Koodrich.
In 1968, the Jaggers signed with Gamble Records. The Philadelphia soul music team of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff produced their debut album which was recorded in Philadelphia. While in the early stages of recording the album, Jimmie Ross saw a magazine advertisement featuring another band called "The Jaggers". In order to avoid confusion, manager Joe Rock suggested that the "s" in "Jaggers" be changed to a "z". In 1969, their debut album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released. It is a blue-eyed soul album featuring the Jaggerz original song "(That's Why) Baby I Love You", the Ken Gamble tune "Together" and "Gotta Find My Way Back Home", written by Melvin & Mervin Steals who later wrote "Could It Be I'm Falling in Love" for the Spinners. Achieving most of its airplay in the group's native western Pennsylvania, it was a moderate success.
Second album and success with "The Rapper" (1970–1973)
In its November 22, 1969 article, Record World stated that Buddah Records had reactivated its Kama Sutra label and The Jaggerz along with The Sir Men had been signed to Kama Sutra. So by 1970, the Jaggerz had left Gamble and signed with Neil Bogart's Kama Sutra label. There they recorded their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, which was released in 1970.
One of the singles from We Went to Different Schools Together became the group's first chart-topping hit. "The Rapper", written by Donnie Iris, was released to the Pittsburgh market in December 1969. It quickly rose on the KQV Top 40 singles chart reaching No. 1 on the week of January 5, 1970. It was No. 1 on KQV for four straight weeks during January 1970. Released nationally "The Rapper" reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 on March 21, 1970. It was on the Hot 100 chart for 13 weeks and was certified gold by the RIAA. Another additional track from the album reached the Hot 100: "I Call My Baby Candy" peaked at No. 75 and "What A Bummer" (a non-album track) climbed to No. 88. The album went to No. 62 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. The album’s classic R&B tune "Memoirs of a Traveler" written by Benny Faiella and Donnie Iris was sampled by Wiz Khalifa, The Game, Slum Village and seven other hip hop artists.
The Jaggerz continued to release singles through Kama Sutra until 1973, when they moved to the RCA subsidiary Wooden Nickel Records.
In 1973 the Jaggerz performed on the Wolfman Jack novelty album "Through The Ages" that was released on Wooden Nickel Records. They backed up DJ Wolfman Jack on ten songs including "The Rapper". The Jaggerz also produced and recorded with Bobby Rydell and James Darren.
Third album, new lineup and disbandment (1974–1977)
Singers Bill Maybray and Jimmie Ross left the Jaggerz. Ross was recruited by the Jaggerz manager Joe Rock to join the Skyliners. Keyboard player and singer Frank Czuri and songwriter/keyboard player Hermie Granati joined the band for the album Come Again that was released by Wooden Nickel Records in 1975. The single "2 + 2 / Don't It Make You Wanna Dance" was also released in 1975 but did not reach the charts. The Jaggerz were dropped from Wooden Nickel in 1976.
Sometime after being dropped from Wooden Nickel, the Jaggerz' original band members began leaving. By late 1977, Benny Faiella was the only original member left. He was joined by Gene and Robert Vallecorsa (lead guitar and keyboards, respectively), Sam Ippolito (lead vocals), and Mark Zeppuhar (saxophone). Even though they were now only playing at nightclubs, Faiella believed that the lineup was the strongest it had been in twelve years and that they would return to the charts. However this proved false and the Jaggerz finally broke up around 1977.
Separate projects (1978–1988)
Dominic Ierace, the band's guitarist and vocalist, joined Wild Cherry. By 1976, they had been together for six years and had just recently rose to prominence with "Play That Funky Music." While in the group, Ierace met keyboardist Mark Avsec. Ierace (continuing to use his "Donnie Iris" nickname more and more) engineered Wild Cherry's third album I Love My Music and appeared playing guitar on their fourth album Only the Wild Survive. But Wild Cherry's fate seemed to be similar to the Jaggerz and they broke up in 1979. Iris then went solo with the help of Avsec, first with the non-album singles "Bring on the Eighties" and "Because of You." These singles proved to be of little influence and Avsec and Iris decided to put a band together. The lineup consisted of Iris, Avsec, Marty Lee Hoenes, Albritton McClain, and Kevin Valentine. The new band, called Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, released their first album in 1980, Back on the Streets. The album's first single, "Ah! Leah!", began a series of successful albums and singles. Donnie Iris landed 10 singles in the Billboard top 100 lists. He released ten albums with the Cruisers, five of which made it to the Billboard top 200 list. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers are still together to this day.
Ross joined the Skyliners in 1975 after two of the original members left. Joe Rock, who managed both the Jaggerz and Skyliners, advised Ross to leave the Jaggerz. He sang with the Skyliners original members Jimmy Beaumont and Janet Vogel. The Skyliners appeared in 1950s revival shows around the country. In 1977, Ross recorded with the Skyliners on their Tortoise International Records album release titled “The Skyliners”. Singer Cathy Cooper joined the Skyliners after the death of Vogel in 1980. Ross sang with the Skyliners through 1982. In 1982 Cooper and Ross left the Skyliners to form the singing duo Cooper and Ross. They signed with Sweet City Records / MCA and released the album "Bottom Line". Cooper and Ross became a fixture in the Atlantic City casinos with a 36-week appearance at the Trump Plaza and extended engagements at Harrah's. They worked together for five years.
Frank Czuri became the lead singer for the CBS recording act the Silencers who appeared on the first ever broadcast of MTV. In 1980 the Silencers single "Shiver and Shake" reached number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Hermie Granati formed the Granati Brothers, recorded the 1979 album G-Force on A&M Records and opened 78 shows for Van Halen during the early 1980s. Drummer James Pugliano toured and recorded with Leon Russell, Roger Miller, J.J. Cale, Willie Nelson, and Mel Tillis.
Regrouping and Modern years (1989)
The original members (sans Iris) reunited in 1989 to perform live. The reunited band included the original members Pugliano, Faiella, and Maybray along with organist Fred Dulu, sax player Robbie Klein and vocalist Donnie Marsico. Their first appearance was at a 25-year reunion concert on June 23, 1989 at the Beaver County College Golden Dome. The band with differing line-ups has played 20 to 25 shows a year since then.
And the Band Played on (1998)
The Jaggerz released their fifth album "And the Band Played On" in 1998. The All Music Guide calls it"Heartfelt soul music". Performing on this release were Ross, Faiella, Pugliano, Dennis McAbee, and Jamie Peck. Granati rejoined the band writing the orchestrations, performing on keyboards and vocals, and co-producing the album with Ross.
Re-Rapped by Request (2001)
The Jaggerz released their sixth album "Re-Rapped By Request" in 2001. It features a mix of the most requested songs that they have performed over their career including "Dancin' in the Streets", "Some Kind of Wonderful", "The Love I Never Had" and a live version of the "Rapper" recorded at the A.J. Palumbo Center.
Memoirs of the Traveler Becomes Hip Hop Classic
The haunting melody of "Memoirs of the Traveler" from the Jaggerz' album We Went to Different Schools Together has been sampled by ten Hip Hop Artists.
In 2008, rap artist The Game released a track "Letter to the King", produced by Hi-Tek, from his album, LAX that sampled the song. Other hip hop musicians who have sampled the song on their releases including "Rollin' Up" by Curren$y and Wiz Khalifa (2009), "1,2" by Slum Village (2005) Dilated Peoples in the 1990s and, more recently, Pede B (Denmark).
Membership changes
Original lead vocalist and bass player Maybray (born William R. Maybray on May 14, 1944) died on December 5, 2004, at age 60. He wrote and sang the group's debut single, "That's Why Baby I Love You".
The original drummer Pugliano (born James Pugliano on December 4, 1946) died on June 15, 2010, at age 63.
Original members Ross and Faiella continue perform as members of the Jaggerz. The current roster of the Jaggerz also includes vocalist and keyboardist Granati, guitarist McAbee, saxophonist Chris Patarini, and drummer Paul Martello.
The Walk (2014)
In 2014, The Jaggerz returned to the blue-eyed soul music roots to release the album "The Walk". Led by singer Ross, the Jaggerz brought their five part harmonies to the arrangements of eight R&B classics and two updated recordings from their 1969 "Introducing the Jaggerz" album: the Gamble & Huff tune "Together " and The Jaggerz original "That's Why Baby I Love You". Ross' voice and the Jaggerz harmonies appear on the love ballads "Love Won't Let Me Wait", "The Whole Town's Laughing at Me". and "That's Why Baby I Love You". Donna Groom, of the Skyliners, guest stars on a duet with Ross on the medley arrangement of " It's Gonna Take a Miracle/ I'm On The Outside". The band show their instrumental abilities jamming on the uptempo "Move Across the River", "Stagger Lee", and "Having a Party" with solos from keyboardist Granati, saxophonist Chris Patarin and guitarists Faiella and McAbee. Five time Grammy winning producer/engineer Jay Dudt of Audile Images engineered the album for co-producers Granati and Ross's arrangements.
Members
Current members
Jimmie Ross - lead vocals, bass guitar (1965–1976; 1989–present)
Benny Faiella - guitar (1965–1977; 1989–present)
Hermie Granati - keyboards, vocals, arrangements (1975-1976, 1998 - 2003, present)
Dennis McAbee - guitar
Paul Martello - drums, percussion, vocals
Chris Patarini - saxophone, trumpet, percussion, vocals
Former members
Dominic Ierace - guitar, lead vocals (1965–1976)
Bill Maybray - bass, vocals (1965–1973; died 2004)
Thom Davies - piano (1965–1973)
Kenny Koodrich - drums (1965)
Jim Pugliano - drums (1965–1976; 1989–1998; died 2010)
Frank Czuri - keyboards (1973–1976)
Sam Ippolito - lead vocals (1976–1977)
Gene Vallecorsa - guitar (1976–1977)
Robert Vallecorsa - keyboards (1976–1977)
Mark Zeppuhar - saxophone (1976-1977)
Ron Levi - trumpet
Rich Mansfield - sax
Mike Caporizzo - sax
Discography
Albums
1969 - Introducing the Jaggerz (Gamble GS-5006)
1970 - We Went to Different Schools Together (Kama Sutra KSBS-2017) US No. 62
1975 - Come Again (Wooden Nickel BWL1-0772)
1998 - And the Band Played On...
2001 - Re-Rapped by Request
2014 - The Walk
Singles
1966 - "Feel So Good" / "Cry" (Executive) (released as "The Jaggers")
1968 - "(That’s Why) Baby I Love You" / "Bring It Back" (Gamble G-218)
1968 - "Gotta Find My Way Back Home" / "Forever Together, Together Forever" (Gamble 226)
1969 - "Together" / "Let Me Be the One" (Gamble 238)
1970 - "Higher And Higher" / "Ain't No Sun" (Gamble 4008)
1970 - "Need Your Love" / "Here's a Heart" (Gamble 4012)
1970 - "The Rapper" / "Born Poor" (Kama Sutra 502) US No. 2, AUS No. 32
1970 - "I Call My Baby Candy" / "Will She Believe Me?" (Kama Sutra 509) US No. 75
1970 - "What a Bummer" / "Memories Of The Traveler" (Kama Sutra 513) US No. 88
1971 - "Let's Talk About Love" / "I'll Never Forget You" (Kama Sutra 517)
1971 - "Wise Up!-Why Dope?" (The Pennsylvania Jaycees JZ 550)
1975 - "2 + 2" / "Don't It Make You Wanna Dance" (Wooden Nickel PB/WB-10194)
2014 - "The Walk"
See also
List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States
References
External links
Official Jaggerz site
Official Fan Page
Pittsburgh Music History
Another fan site
Photo of "The Rapper"
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups disestablished in 1977
Musical groups reestablished in 1989
American pop rock music groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
Kama Sutra Records artists |
6905479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic%20plexus | Splenic plexus | The splenic plexus (lienal plexus in older texts) is formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the left celiac ganglion, and from the right vagus nerve.
It accompanies the lienal artery to the spleen, giving off, in its course, subsidiary plexuses along the various branches of the artery.
References
External links
Nerve plexus
Nerves of the torso |
20478452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas%20Christi%20Health%20Care | Caritas Christi Health Care | Caritas Christi Health Care was a non-profit Catholic healthcare system in the New England region of the United States. It was established in 1985 and was the second largest healthcare system in New England. In 2010, Caritas Christi was sold to the private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management, which converted it to a for-profit company and renamed it Steward Health Care System. Cain Brothers acted as Caritas Christi's advisor for this transaction, for which they received Deal of the Year honors from Investment Dealer's Digest.
Caritas Christi was an integrated healthcare network providing community based medicine and tertiary care in eastern Massachusetts, southern New Hampshire and Rhode Island. Caritas Christi Health Care had 12,000 employees, 1,552 hospital beds, 2,305 doctors, 1,880 nurses, 73,546 annual inpatient discharges, 238,551 annual emergency department visits and fifty five communities served.
Caritas Christi Health Care was led by President/CEO Ralph de la Torre, MD and located within the St. Elizabeth's Medical Center campus.
Hospitals
In 1998, Caritas Christi acquired St. Joseph Health Services of Rhode Island.
Other facilities
Non-acute Caritas Christi facilities which offered a variety of services included Caritas Home Care, Caritas Good Samaritan Hospice, Caritas Labouré College, Caritas St. Mary's Women and Children's Center, Caritas Por Cristo, and the Caritas Physician Network.
References
External links
Caritas Christi official website (archived 2010)
Hospital networks in the United States
Healthcare in Boston
Economy of Boston
Cerberus Capital Management companies
Medical and health organizations based in Massachusetts |
6905486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon%20Bowlin | Weldon Bowlin | Lois Weldon Bowlin (December 10, 1940 – December 8, 2019) was a Major League Baseball third baseman. Nicknamed "Hoss", he was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals as an amateur free agent in 1959, and acquired by the Kansas City Athletics in August 1961. He started two games for the A's in 1967.
Both games Bowlin appeared in were on the road against the California Angels at Anaheim Stadium (September 16 and 17). He had five at bats, (with one hit), because Sal Bando pinch-hit for him and replaced him at third in both games. Bowlin's one hit, a single to right, came against pitcher Jack Hamilton, who earlier in the season had hit Red Sox All-Star Tony Conigliaro in the face with a fastball.
In his thirteen innings on the field, Bowlin recorded four assists and made no errors.
In 1971, he was the manager of the Wisconsin-Rapids, guiding future major leaguers Glen Borgman, Bill Campbell and Dave McKay.
Bowlin directed the University of West Alabama baseball program for 14 years, racking up over 300 wins, including 90 Gulf South Conference wins. In 2002, he was inducted into the UWA Athletic Hall of Fame.
Bowlin died on December 8, 2019.
References
External links
1940 births
2019 deaths
Kansas City Athletics players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Arkansas
Minor league baseball managers
Hobbs Cardinals players
Memphis Chickasaws players
Dothan Cardinals players
Portsmouth-Norfolk Tides players
Lancaster Red Roses players
Billings Mustangs players
Lewiston Broncs players
Birmingham Barons players
Vancouver Mounties players
Mobile A's players
Birmingham A's players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Evansville Triplets players
Wisconsin Rapids Twins players
Arkansas State Red Wolves baseball players |
20478470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20Anderson | Justice Anderson | Justice Anderson may refer to:
Albert Anderson (Montana judge) (1876–1948), Associate Justice of the Montana Supreme Court
Alexander O. Anderson (1794–1869), Tennessee lawyer who served in the United States Senate, and as a judge on the California Supreme Court from 1851 to 1853
Barry Anderson (born 1954), Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Donald B. Anderson (1904–1956), Associate Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court
E. Riley Anderson (1932–2018), former Chief Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court
Forrest H. Anderson (1913–1989), Associate Justice of the Montana Supreme Court from 1953 to 1956
Francis T. Anderson (1808–1887), judge on the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals from 1870 to 1883
Frank Anderson (judge) (1870–1931), Associate Justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court
James A. Andersen (1924–2022), Associate Justice of the Washington Supreme Court
John C. Anderson (judge) (1863–1940), Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court
John W. Anderson (Iowa judge) (1871–1954), Associate Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
Paul Anderson (judge) (born 1943), Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Ralph J. Anderson (1888–1962), Associate Justice of the Montana Supreme Court
Reuben V. Anderson (born 1943), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi
Thomas J. Anderson (judge) (1837–1910), Associate Justice of the Territorial Utah Supreme Court
Russell A. Anderson (1942–2020), the 20th Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Walker Anderson (1801–1857), Associate Justice of the Florida Supreme Court from 1851 to 1853
William D. Anderson (1862–1952), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi
See also
Judge Anderson, fictional character in Judge Dredd comic books |
17337921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20J.%20Sindh%20Government%20Science%20College | D. J. Sindh Government Science College | Dayaram Jethamal Sindh Government Science College, () commonly known as DJ Science College, is a public community college that is affiliated with the University of Karachi — it is located near Burns Road in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Premises
The college has following premises:
The Main Building is divided into two main parts. One new portion has the principal's, superintendent's and clerks' offices. In this portion are the departments of Urdu and Statistics on the ground floor and the departments of Islamic Studies and Pakistan Studies on the first floor. The oldest portion of the main building has the departments of Biochemistry, Botany, English & Physics in the ground floor, department of Chemistry, Computer Science & Microbiology and some classrooms in the first floor and department of Zoology in the second floor.
A. Q. Block has only classrooms; they are specially for first year.
There is another building on Muhammad bin Qasim Road, behind the main oldest building, it has the Main Library and departments of Mathematics and Geology.
M.Sc. block is under construction. It is opposite the A. Q. Block.
State-of-the-art gymnasium is adjacent to the A. Q. Block.
The principal's bungalow is one of the oldest building. Nowadays, Sindh Textbook Board has occupied this building as camp office.
Sport Complex is near the P.I.D.C roundabout and opposite the Pearl Continent Hotel. This complex is used for cricket and football.
Faculties / Departments
The college has the following departments:
Biochemistry
Botany
Chemistry
English
Geology
Islamic Studies
Mathematics
Microbiology
Pakistan Studies
Physical Education and Sports
Physics
Sindhi
Statistics
Urdu
Zoology
Admission
The college offers the admission in Pre-Engineering and Pre-Medical for Intermediate level affiliated to the Board of Intermediate Education, Karachi (B.I.E.K) under CAP (Centralized Admission Policy).
Affiliation
For undergraduate level, the college offers a combination of any three of the following subjects (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Statistics, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Botany & Zoology). The college also offers admission in three year Bachelor of Computer Science (B.C.S. Semester System) programme, affiliated to University of Karachi since 1951.
Principals
Pre-Independence
Mullineux R. Walmsley (1887–1888)
Moses John Jackson (1888–1907)
H.P Ferrell (1908–1916)
A.C. Miller (1917–1918)
T.M. Shahani (1918–1927)
N.B Butani (1927–1943)
H.M Gurbaxani (1943–1944)
J.V Lakhani (1944–1947)
Mariwalla, Dharamdas Tekchand (1947)
Post Independence
LA deSouza (1955–1961)
JB Sidhwa (1961–1967)
Iftekhar Ahmed Ansari (1967–1972)
S. H. Zubairi (1972–1984)
Obaidur Rehman (1984–1985)
Abdul Samad (1985–1986)
Naseem Sheikh (1986 Apr–Jun)
Ziauddin Ahmed (1986 Jul–Sep)
Anwarul Haq Hashmi (1986–1987)
Zaheer Ahmed (1987–1988)
Naseem Ahmed Sheikh (1988–1990)
Sabzwari (1990)
M Qasim Siddiqui (1990–1991)
Abul Wakeel Qureshi (1991)
Aamir Ismail (1990-1991)
M Qasim Siddiqui (1991–1993)
Syed Kamal Uddin (1993–1995)
Mazharul Haq (1995–1996)
Muhammad Sharif Memon (1996 - 1997)
Ravi Shankar Harani (1997)
Asif (1997–1999)
Ravi Shankar Harani (1999 - 2006)
Hakeemullah Baig Chughtai (2006 to 2009)
Syed Rizwan Haider Taqvi (2009)
Kamil Shere (1 March 2010 to 5 March 2012)
Syed Afzal Hussain (5 March 2012 - 12 June 2013)
Muhammad Arshad (Acting) (13 June 2013 to 16 July 2013)
Ghulam Mehdi Balouch (17 July 2013 - 31 March 2014)
Muhammad Arshad (Acting) (1 April 2014 to 12 August 2014)
Allah Bux Awan (13 August 2014 to 17 October 2014)
Muhammad Arshad (18 Oct 2014 to 20 Dec 2016)
Shehzad Muslim Khan (acting) (21 December 2016 to 20 September 2017)
Muhammad Saleem (21 September 2017 to 30 March 2019)
Shehzad Muslim Khan (acting) (31 March 2019 to May 2020)
Ghulam Mustafa Charan (May 2020 – April 2021)
Muhammad Mehar Mangi (April 2021 - Present)
Musadiq Manzorr (May 2022-present)
Notable graduates
Syed Murad Ali Shah (Chief Minister of Sindh, Pakistan)
Abdul Qadeer Khan (Nuclear Scientist & Head Of Pakistan Nuclear Weapons Program)
Ashraf Habibullah (president and CEO of Computers and Structures, Inc.)
Ziaur Rahman (former President of Bangladesh)
Pirzada Qasim (ex-vice chancellor Karachi University, vice chancellor Ziauddin University)
Adeebul Hasan Rizvi - founder of Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation (SIUT)
Shahid Masood (journalist and TV anchor person)
Kamran Ashraf (national hockey player)
Shahid Ali Khan (national hockey player)
Sohail Rana (film and TV music composer)
Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah (ex-Chief Minister of Sindh)
K. M. Kundnani (Principal, D.G. National College, 1947 and founder, National College, Mumbai)
Dolarrai Mankad (a well-known Sanskrit scholar and First vice-chancellor of Saurashtra University)
Moiz Ullah Baig (International Scrabble player - Pakistan Scrabble Champion 2018 & World Junior Scrabble Champion 2018)
Aspy Engineer, Indian pilot
Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta (1st Mayor of Karachi)
References
External links
Universities and colleges in Karachi
Educational institutions established in 1882
University of Karachi
1882 establishments in British India
Heritage sites in Karachi |
17337922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20amplipennis | Amara amplipennis | Amara amplipennis is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae found in Asia.
References
amplipennis
Beetles of Asia
Beetles described in 1943 |
17337926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20angustata | Amara angustata | Amara angustata is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
angustata
Beetles described in 1823 |
17337937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivity | Positivity | Positivity may refer to:
The degree to which something is positive
Positive charge, a type of electric charge
Positivity/negativity ratio
Positivity effect
Positivity offset
Music
"Positivity", a song by Prince on his Lovesexy album
"Positivity", a song by Stevie Wonder and his daughter Aisha Morris on his A Time to Love album
"Positivity", a song by Ashley Tisdale on Headstrong (Ashley Tisdale album)
"Positivity" (Suede song), a song by Suede
See also
Positivism
Positivism (disambiguation) |
17337945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20anthobia | Amara anthobia | Amara anthobia is a species of black coloured beetles from the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
anthobia
Beetles described in 1833 |
17337948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20apachensis | Amara apachensis | Amara apachensis is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
apachensis
Beetles described in 1884
Taxa named by Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr. |
20478485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Party%20of%20Florida | Green Party of Florida | The Green Party of Florida is the state affiliate of the Green Party of the United States in Florida.
History
The Green Party of Florida was organized in 1992. At that time the State of Florida had a very stringent standard applied to what were considered minor party candidates in elections. To have statewide ballot status, minor parties had to file a petition with at least 3% of all registered voters. To keep this status, they had to maintain a number of party members equal to 5% of all registered voters.
In 1998 state law concerning access to the state ballot was eased. In February 1999 the state legislature implemented changes allowing any party organized on a state basis to field candidates in elections. This allowed the Green Party and other parties to qualify to field candidates on the ballot. The Green Party has retained its statewide ballot status ever since.
The Florida Green Party has opposed the presence of nuclear power plants in Florida. In fact, the party intervened in the licensing process of the proposed Levy County Nuclear Power Plant, which has yet to be built.
In April 2010 the Florida Green Party and the People's Lobby Coalition for Public Funding Only of All Elections held a public forum at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. The purpose of the forum was to press for only public funding of elections.
Registration
Organization
The state organization has 2 co-chairs, a treasurer and a secretary. It has a number of committees. These include the Electoral Committee, the Bylaws Committee, the Fund-Raising Committee, the Media Committee, the Outreach Committee and the IT (information technology) Committee. The Electoral Committee helps persons wanting to become candidates and also asks potential candidates about their political views.
The Green Party has ten chapters, which usually are county chapters. The state organization constantly seeks to organize new local chapters.
The Florida Green Party is listed as an endorser organization of the Move to Amend. This organization, in its own words, is "dedicated to ending the illegitimate legal doctrines that prevent the American people from governing themselves."
Public officials
Past and present public officials from the Green Party include:
Eric Fricker, City Commission, Cocoa Beach Seat 3 (Brevard County) (2000-2004)
Dan McCrea, City Commission, South Miami (Miami-Dade County) (2003)
Nadine Burns, City Council, Lake Worth District 3 (Palm Beach County) (2003-2006)
Kim O'Connor, Soil & Water District Commissioner, Ochlockonee River District 3 (2004–2006) (Leon County) Soil & Water District Commissioner, District 2 (2016-) (Hillsborough County)
John Baron, Community Commission, Aventura (Miami-Dade County) (2004)
Cara Jennings, City Commission, Palm Beach District 2 (Lake Worth) (2006–2010)
Anita Stewart, Hillsborough County Soil & Water Conservation Board, Seat 5 (2010–)
Presidential nominee results
Since 1996, the Green Party has run a candidate for President of the United States. The candidate who has received the most votes in Florida was Ralph Nader in 2000.
See also
Politics of Florida
Government of Florida
Elections in Florida
Political party strength in Florida
Law of Florida
List of politics by U.S. state
References
External links
Florida
Political parties in Florida
Political parties established in 1992
1992 in Florida
1992 establishments in Florida
State and local socialist parties in the United States |
17337950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20apricaria | Amara apricaria | Amara apricaria is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae. It is native to Europe.
References
apricaria
Beetles described in 1790 |
17337951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Crocodile%20%281867%29 | HMS Crocodile (1867) | HMS Crocodile was a Euphrates-class troopship launched into the Thames from the Blackwall Yard of Money Wigram & Sons on 7 January 1867. She was the fourth and last vessel of the Royal Navy to carry the name.
Design
Crocodile was one of five iron-hulled vessels of the Euphrates class. All five were built to a design of 360 ft overall length by about 49 ft breadth, although Malabar was very slightly smaller than the rest of the class. They had a single screw, a speed of 14 knots, one funnel, a barque-rig sail plan, three 4-pounder guns, and a white painted hull. Her bow was a "ram bow" which projected forward below the waterline.
Identification
The "Euphrates" Class troopships could each be identified by a different coloured hull band. The Crocodile's hull band was yellow. The blue hull band of her sister Euphrates became the standard for all HM Troopships.
Career
Crocodile was built for the transport of troops between the United Kingdom and the Indian sub-continent, and was operated by the Royal Navy. She carried up to 1,200 troops and family on a passage of approximately 70 days. On 27 November 1867, she collided with the Canadian merchant ship John Dwyer in the English Channel off Start Point, Devon. John Dwyer sank with the loss of four of her crew. Crocodile rescued the survivors. She was commissioned in April 1870 under Captain G H Parkin.
Crocodile was re-engined rather later in life than her sisters, with her single-expansion steam engine replaced with a more efficient compound-expansion type.
Crocodiles last voyage began at Bombay in October 1893. On 3 November, as she was approaching Aden, the high-pressure steam cylinder exploded and the ship came to a halt. The next day she was towed to an anchorage near Aden. Most of the soldiers and their families were brought home on other ships. Crocodile eventually arrived back at Portsmouth on 30 December 1893, having travelled using only the low-pressure steam cylinder, and was not further employed for trooping.
Fate
Crocodile was sold for breaking on 11 May 1894.
Commanding officers
Notes
References
External links
Emigration of Dockyard Workmen on the Crocodile, 1870 (image)
Passenger List, June 1870 (Portsmouth)
Euphrates-class troopships
Troop ships of the Royal Navy
Ships built by the Blackwall Yard
Victorian-era naval ships of the United Kingdom
1867 ships |
17337952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20armeniaca | Amara armeniaca | Amara armeniaca is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in East Europe and further east in the Palearctic realm.
References
armeniaca
Beetles of Asia
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1839
Taxa named by Victor Motschulsky |
20478491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Case | Jerome Case | Jerome Increase Case (December 11, 1819December 22, 1891) was an early American manufacturer of threshing machines. He founded the J. I. Case Company which has gone through many mergers and name changes to today's Case Corporation. He served three terms as mayor of Racine, Wisconsin, and represented Racine County in the Wisconsin State Senate in 1865 an 1866. He also raised champion race horses.
Early life
Jerome Increase Case was born December 11, 1819, in Williamstown in Oswego County, New York.
His father was Caleb Case (1787–1874) and mother Deborah Jackson (1789–1833). He was one of seven children.
Through his mother he claimed to be related to Andrew Jackson.
His father sold some primitive "ground hog" machines (imported from England) that helped speed up the separation of grain after it was harvested. In 1840, Jerome started a small business threshing his neighbors' crops with the horse-powered devices. In the summer of 1842, he bought six of the machines on credit and traveled first to Chicago by ship. On his way north to Rochester, Wisconsin he sold five and kept one for his own business.
Through the winter he worked on improvements to the thresher, but the new model was not ready for the 1843 harvest.
By May 1844 the new model which did a better job of fully separating the grain was working. Since Rochester did not have water power available, he moved to Racine, Wisconsin.
Racine
He first manufactured the machines in a small shop in Racine, and then built a three-story brick factory in 1847 on the Root River.
A new vibrator process introduced in 1852 was so successful he was selling throughout Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio by 1853.
By 1855 the plant covered several acres, including a private boat dock on Lake Michigan.
In 1856 he was elected mayor of Racine, declined the re-nomination the next year, but was elected again in 1858 and 1860.
He often financed the machines with high interest rates. This worked until the panic of 1857 and unreliable state-issued paper money caused many customers to default. Case accepted animals, supplies, and land instead of cash. At the start of the American Civil War, farmers would often walk away from their debts to enlist, sometimes not returning.
The labor shortage combined with increased demand for food (with no imports from the south) resulted in a growing business in the 1860s.
Massena B. Erskine, Robert H. Baker, and Stephen Bull (his brother-in-law) became partners when J. I. Case Company was officially organized in 1863.
Case was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1865 and served one two-year term.
Also in 1865 he happened to meet up with a company of the 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment returning from the war. He adopted the mascot of the regiment, an eagle named Old Abe, as company symbol.
In 1871 he was a founder of Manufacturers' National Bank of Racine and the First National Bank of Burlington. He was an early investor in the Northwestern Life Insurance Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 1876 he started another company to make plows, licensing the "center draft" technology from Ebenezer G. Whiting.
Initially called Case, Whitney & Company, when he became sole owner in 1878 it became the J. I. Case Plow Company, and J. I. Case Plow Works in 1884.
He was a founder of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, and president of the Racine County Agricultural Society. Some time in the 1870s he had one of the rare two-story houses built on Main Street in Racine.
Horses
As he turned over the business to other partners, he spent more time on breeding race horses on his Hickory Grove Farm. Harness racing was the sport of choice among the wealthy in the 1880s.
One of his favorite horses was named Jay-Eye-See, a pun on Case's initials.
The black gelding, foaled in 1878, broke the mile trotting record of 2:10 at Narragansett Park in 1884.
After winning many other races, the horse was injured and retired in August 1889.
However, Jay-Eye-See was retrained by Edwin D. Blither to race with a new gait, and three years later set a pacing record of 2:06.25 in 1892 at Independence, Iowa. Both records were quickly broken; the trotting mark on the next day, and the pacing mark in a subsequent heat of the same race.
However, the feat of two records was unique enough that the horse became a celebrity. Currier and Ives did a series of prints and the horse's image was used to advertise products by the Case company for years. The horse outlived Case and died in 1909 at the age of 31.
The horse "known the country over" had its obituary printed in national newspapers such as the New York Times. Jay-Eye-See was inducted into the Harness Racing Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Wisconsin Harness Racing Hall of Fame in 1996.
Death and legacy
Case also owned some Great Lakes ships, a winter home in California, a ranch in Texas, and a stock farm in Kentucky.
In 1849 he married Lydia Ann Bull, daughter of DeGrove Bull of Yorkville, Wisconsin. He died on December 22, 1891, in Racine, less than a year before the comeback of his favorite horse.
His widow, born August 6, 1826, died December 9, 1909.
They had four children live to adulthood: one son and three daughters.
Henrietta Case was born March 3, 1858, and married Percival Strong Fuller (1858–1896).
Jessie Fremont Case was born April 17, 1861, and married Mitchell Wallis.
Amanda Case was born October 1, 1862, and married Jonathan James Crooks of San Francisco. Following in the footsteps of her horse-loving father, in 1926 she was instrumental in the survival and then success of the Pendleton Round-Up, the huge and still thriving Pendleton, Oregon rodeo.
Jackson Irving Case was born October 23, 1865, married Henrietta May Roy on May 25, 1886, and had four sons. He was elected mayor of Racine when he was only 26, but died January 8, 1903, before he was 38.
Three other children died young.
The family continued its interest in racing, but times had changed. The company sponsored a team of racing cars, led by driver Lewis Strang until he died in 1911. Around 1912, they named a car after Jay-Eye-See, driven by Louis Disbrow. One of the largest at the time, it had a 290-horsepower engine, and a streamlined shape that looked like an upside-down canoe.
A popular, easy to read biography of Case in the context of his company and his times is Stewart H. Holbrook, Machines of Plenty, Pioneering in American Agriculture (New York: Macmillan, 1955).
Jerome I. Case High School, located in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, is named in his honor.
It is in what is now suburban Racine, near the site of his farm. Most of Hickory Grove Farm is now developed, except for a small open space at named Case-Harmon Field.
Jay-Eye-See Avenue at was named for his horse, a block away from Case Avenue which intersects Jerome Boulevard.
A planned marble monument to Jay Eye See was never erected, and the horse's grave site neglected for almost a century. After a developer planned to build a parking lot over the suspected grave, local historians located and removed the bones in July 1997.
The remains were proposed to be re-interred in the Case family mausoleum at Mound Cemetery.
However, by 2003 the bones were still stored in a box at the historian's home waiting for funding for the memorial.
The J. I. Case Wetland Wildlife Refuge in Terre Haute, Indiana is also named in his honor.
In 2008, Case was inducted into the Association of Equipment Manufacturers Hall of fame.
References
External links
Depiction of Jay-Eye-See and two other horses by Currier & Ives
1915 photo of Jay-Eye-See racecar
Article on Case's involvement with an 1870s experimental automobile
1819 births
1891 deaths
Wisconsin state senators
People from Williamstown, New York
Businesspeople from Racine, Wisconsin
Mayors of Racine, Wisconsin
19th-century American politicians
People from Rochester, Wisconsin
United States Harness Racing Hall of Fame inductees
19th-century American businesspeople |
20478524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus%20pattersoniae | Agaricus pattersoniae | Agaricus pattersoniae is an edible species of mushroom. It is found in the United States, where it associates with cypress trees. It has been proposed for inclusion in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Taxonomy
It was first described in the literature in 1907 by Charles Horton Peck, based on specimens found by , a botany student at Stanford University. She found fruit bodies on Stanford campus in January, where they were growing under pine and cypress trees. The specific epithet was originally spelled "Pattersonae" by Peck, although this is now considered an orthographic variant. This species is placed in section Sanguinolenti of genus Agaricus.
Description
The cap, in diameter, is initially almost hemispherical in shape, transforming to broadly convex and finally to flattened or with edges upturned in age. The cap surface is dry, with fibrils when young, but later the fibrils form large, dark brown appressed squamules (2–9 mm long by 2–5 mm broad). The cap color may be various shades of brown depending on the maturity of the specimen. The cap flesh is typically thick, firm, white, and stains deep red 20–30 seconds after injury or bruising. The odor immediately after cutting is mild, faintly spicy, but several minutes may be described as 'fruity'. An edible mushroom, the taste of A. pattersoniae is described as mild, pleasant, and slightly sweet.
The gills are free in attachment, closely spaced, broad, and marginate. The light-cinnamon color in young specimens turns to a dark blackish brown in age after the spores develop. Bruised gills stain a vinaceous (wine-colored) red.
The stipe is usually long by thick with a bulbous shape. The interior is hollow, with the internal cavity being between thick. The stipe context somewhat fibrous and white in color, except for the basal section which is yellowish. Bruising or cutting results in a red stain after a minute. The surface of the stipe is barely striate above the annulus, and smooth below except for fragments of the universal veil. During development the veils rupture and form an upper veil (partial veil), which initially hangs from the edge of the cap, and a lower veil. As the partial veil disintegrates, it often leaves fragments 2–3 mm in size attached to the margin.
The spores are roughly elliptical in shape, 7–8.5 by 5.5–6.5 μm. The basidia, which may be 1–, 2–, 3–, or 4–spored (although usually 4–spored during active sporulation), are 26–34 by 7–11 μm, cylinder- to club-shaped, with sterigmata that are 2–3 μm long. Cheilocystidia are 12–32 by 6–15 μm in size, almost cylindrical or club-shaped, and may appear clumped or continuous.
Habitat and distribution
Agaricus pattersoniae is associated with cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) trees, where it fruits singly or in groups. Richard Kerrigan noted that it seems to be restricted to mature trees (age 40+ years) located in the coastal counties of California, although Alexander H. Smith mentions that it has also been found in the Great Lakes regions. The species has been proposed for inclusion in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as part of the Global Fungal Red List initiative. Its main threats include habitat destruction, drought, and decline of cypress trees due to cypress canker from infection by Seiridium cardinale. The cypress trees have been removed from the type locality.
See also
List of Agaricus species
References
External links
California Fungi
pattersoniae
Edible fungi
Fungi described in 1907
Fungi of the United States |
20478527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shujoat%20Nematov | Shujoat Nematov | Şuçoat Ne'matov (born 26 September 1981) is a Tajikistani footballer whose last known club was Regar-TadAZ Tursunzoda.
Career
International
Nematov was a part of the Tajikistan national football team squad who won the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup.
Career statistics
International
Statistics accurate as of 22 October 2015
International goals
Honours
Regar-TadAZ
Tajik League (3): 2006, 2007, 2008
Tajik Cup (2): 2005, 2006
AFC President's Cup (3): 2005, 2008, 2009
Tajikistan
AFC Challenge Cup (1): 2006
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Tajikistani footballers
Tajikistan international footballers
Association football forwards |
17337954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe%20relations | Australia–Zimbabwe relations | Foreign relations exist between Australia and Zimbabwe. Both countries have full embassy level diplomatic relations. Australia currently maintains an embassy in Harare, and Zimbabwe maintains an embassy in Canberra.
History
Australia–Rhodesia relations
The nations of Australia and Zimbabwe both have their origins in colonies established by the British as part of their empire in the Georgian and Victorian eras. While Australia experienced significant amounts of white immigration from Europe (beginning in the 19th century), Zimbabwe was only settled by Europeans in the 1890's and the white population of Zimbabwe always remained a minority. The colony of Southern Rhodesia was granted self-governing status in 1923, but was not granted dominion status, unlike Australia or South Africa. The colony of Rhodesia eventually broke away from the British Empire in 1965, with the white-minority government of Ian Smith issuing a Unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of Rhodesia. This new state of Rhodesia, despite gaining unofficial support from apartheid South Africa and Estado Novo Portugal (until 1974), failed to gain any international recognition and became increasingly isolated. The Australian government of Robert Menzies did not officially recognise the declaration, noting "there can be no diplomatic recognition by the Australian Government of a government so formed." Despite this, several backbench government MPs visited Rhodesia in a private capacity following the UDI (Dr Wylie Gibbs, James Killen, Ian Pettitt and Wilfrid Kent Hughes in 1967 and David Connolly in 1976).
Despite the federal government's decision to not formally recognise Smith's regime, prior to the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972 Australia was one of the few countries to provide Rhodesia with diplomatic support. This was motivated by some groups of the population being sympathetic towards white Rhodesians. The Australian Government's support included issuing several Rhodesian diplomats with Australian passports during 1967 and 1968 and tolerating the Rhodesia Information Centre, the Rhodesian Government's unofficial diplomatic mission in Australia. Australia also abstained during some votes on United Nations measures that targeted Rhodesia. The Rhodesia Information Centre and Rhodesia-Australia Association were the main organisations that advocated in support of the white Rhodesian regime in Australia, but media coverage of the Rhodesian Government was almost entirely negative.
In 1966 the Rhodesian Government established an office of the Rhodesian Information Service in Melbourne, before moving in 1967 to Sydney at 9 Myrtle Street, Crows Nest. However from 1972, following a change in government, the Australian federal Labor government of Gough Whitlam in Canberra sought to close the office. In 1973, the federal government attempted to cut post and telephone links to the Centre, but this was ruled illegal by the full bench of the High Court (Bradley v. The Commonwealth (1973) 128 CLR 557). Later in 1973, the NSW Corporate Affairs Commission attempted to cancel the registration of the Rhodesia Information Centre on the basis that its name implied official connection to the unrecognised Rhodesian government, and on 12 June 1974 the NSW Court of Appeal upheld this decision, which resulted in the office officially registering as the "Flame Lily Centre", although was still generally referred to as the Rhodesian Information Service. The office remained open despite further efforts to close it under the succeeding government of Malcolm Fraser. It was closed by the Zimbabwean Government in May 1980.
During the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1979, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser was instrumental in convincing the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to withhold British recognition of the government of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, prompting Britain to host the Lancaster House Agreement at which full independence and majority rule for Zimbabwe was agreed upon. At the independence celebrations in Harare in 1980, Fraser's contribution to Zimbabwean independence was firmly acknowledged.
Relations since 1980
Australia established a High Commission in Salisbury on independence in 1980, with Jeremy Hearder as the first High Commissioner and Zimbabwe established a High Commission in Canberra in 1988, with Dr. Eubert Mashaire as the first High Commissioner. Later Zimbabwean representatives included Lucas Pande Tavaya (1990–1994), and Professor Hasu Patel (1994–2000).
In October 1991, Prime Minister Bob Hawke visited Harare as part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Hawke met President Mugabe and advocated for the Zimbabwe's government approval of the Hartley platinum mine proposed by BHP. On his visit, Hawke expressed to parliament: In 2014, when being interviewed by Dr Sue Onslow of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Hawke later expressed his view of having met Mugabe: "I hated him. He’s one of the worst human beings I’ve ever met. He treated black and white with equal contempt. He was a horrible human being."
Relations between the two countries began to sour when the government in Zimbabwe began its controversial land reform programme, occupying farms owned by members of Zimbabwe's white minority, sometimes by force. Following evidence of violence and intimidation in the 2002 Presidential election, Australian Prime Minister John Howard, alongside South African president, Thabo Mbeki, and the Nigerian president, Olusegun Obasanjo, led efforts which resulted in Zimbabwe's suspension (and eventual voluntary departure) from the Commonwealth of Nations in 2002–2003. The fourth Zimbabwean high commissioner in Canberra, Florence Chitauro (2001–2006), became the first ambassador in 2003 following Zimbabwe's departure from the Commonwealth, and in December 2003 was summoned to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade to explain comments she made about Howard to the effect that he was "acting like a dictator" as chair of the Commonwealth action group on Zimbabwe.
In an unusually blunt declaration in 2007, Prime Minister Howard described Robert Mugabe as a "grubby dictator". Howard also called for other African countries to put pressure on Zimbabwe to crack down on the increasingly autocratic Zimbabwean government. Sporting links between the two countries were also disrupted, with the Howard government banning the Australian cricket team from taking part in a scheduled tour of the country, citing the propaganda boost that it would provide for the Mugabe régime.
Howard's successor as Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, was also critical of the Zimbabwean Government. Before the 2007 election, he criticised the People's Republic of China for providing "soft loans" to the Zimbabwean Government, and later offered aid to Zimbabwe only if the 2008 elections in that country were "fair". In December 2013 the Zimbabwean Ambassador to Australia since 2010, Jacqueline Zwambila, resigned and sought asylum in Australia due to fears of arrest should she return to Zimbabwe due to her links with Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and the official opposition. On 22 November 2017, following Mugabe's resignation as President following a coup d'état, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop noted that Australia "welcomes the resignation of Zimbabwe’s Leader Robert Mugabe after 37 years of increasingly authoritarian and oppressive rule. His resignation provides an opportunity for Zimbabwe to establish proper conditions for free and fair elections to take place and to transition to an inclusive, peaceful constitutional democracy." With the inauguration of a new President, Emmerson Mnangagwa, the outgoing Australian Ambassador to Zimbabwe, Suzanne McCourt, met with the president and later commented to Zimbabwe state media that the meeting was a positive sign of improving relations between the two countries.
Trade
Following Zimbabwean independence, bilateral trade between the two countries grew slowly. By 2007, this trade was valued at $12 million Australian dollars annually. By far the most valuable export from Zimbabwe to Australia was unprocessed tobacco, but construction materials and passenger motor vehicles were also exported. Australian exports to Zimbabwe included machinery, toys, games, sporting goods, and pottery. Despite the variety of goods being traded, neither country was a principal trading partner of the other, with Australia being ranked 34th in terms of merchandise exported by Zimbabwe, accounting for only 0.2% of total exports.
In 2002, the Howard government in Australia imposed targeted sanctions against members of the Zimbabwean government in protest against the deteriorating political situation in Zimbabwe. The sanctions were extended and strengthened in 2007. These sanctions have included restrictions on travel to and through Australia for certain members of the Zimbabwean government, suspension of all non-humanitarian aid, and prohibitions on defence links. The Rudd government in 2008 considered further sanctions against Zimbabwe, with foreign minister Stephen Smith declaring that "I've made it clear that we are open to consider more sanctions ... We are currently giving active consideration to that issue."
Zimbabwean Australians
Greg Aplin, Member of the NSW Parliament for Albury (2003–2019). He moved to Australia from Zimbabwe in 1981, after several years as a civil servant, including as Director of the Rhodesia/Zimbabwe Information Centre in Sydney (1977–1980).
Chris Ellison, Senator for Western Australia (1993–2009) Minister for Justice (2001–2007).
Andrew Murray, Senator for Western Australia (1996–2008), migrated to Australia in 1989.
Henry Olonga, the first black player in the Zimbabwean cricket team, fled to Australia after being charged with treason in Zimbabwe, stemming from an incident where he wore a black armband in an international cricket match to protest against the "death of democracy in Zimbabwe". Olonga later met and married an Australian woman that he met in Adelaide while attending the Australian Institute of Sport's cricket programme.
Rumbidzai Tsvangirai, daughter of Zimbabwean opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai, studied economics at Perth's Murdoch University and business/applied finance at the University of Newcastle.
Zimbabwean cricketer Eddo Brandes settled in Australia after his retirement from international cricket, where he now coaches a team in the Brisbane grade cricket competition.
Air Marshal Norman Walsh, second Commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe, migrated to Australia after resigning in 1983.
David Pocock, national Rugby union player, migrated to Australia in 2002.
Air Vice-Marshal Harold Hawkins, Born in Toowoomba, Queensland, in 1922. Moved to Southern Rhodesia in 1946 after wartime service with the RAAF, and served as Chief of Staff of the Royal Rhodesian Air Force (1965–1968). Representative of Rhodesia in South Africa (1969–1980). Died in South Africa in 1988.
Air Marshal Archibald Wilson, Rhodesian Chief of the Air Staff (1968–1973), Rhodesian and Zimbabwean politician, migrated to Australia in 1982 and Australian citizen from 1988.
At the 2006 Australian census, 20,158 people listed themselves as having been born in Zimbabwe. Of these, ten thousand (or roughly 50%) had arrived since 2001. The 2011 Census recorded 30,252 Zimbabwe-born people in Australia, an increase of 50.1% from 2006, with the largest populations in Western Australia (9817), Queensland (8341), and New South Wales (5639).
References
External links
Australian Embassy, Zimbabwe – Also accredited to Zambia, Malawi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo
Zimbabwe Embassy in Australia
Zimbabwe
Bilateral relations of Zimbabwe
Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations
Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations |
20478565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiqul%20Haque | Rafiqul Haque | Rafiqul Haque (known as Dadu Bhai; 8 January 1937 – 10 October 2021) was a Bangladeshi journalist and poet. He worked for the Daily Jugantor, published in Dhaka, as its feature editor. Earlier in his career, he was the executive editor of the Dainik Rupali, Dainik Janata and also worked for Dainik Azad, Dainik lal Sabuj and The Bangladesh Observer. Haque was reputed for his rhymes.
Haque was the acting editor of the Kishore Bangla from 1976 to 1983, the only weekly newspaper for children ever published in the Indian sub-continent.
Haque received many awards, including the Bangla Academy Award, Bangladesh Children's Academy Award, Agrani Bank Children's Literature Award, Chandrabati Academy Award, and All India Children's Literature Award.
References
1937 births
2021 deaths
Bangladeshi male poets
Bangladeshi journalists |
17337955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20aulica | Amara aulica | Amara aulica is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the Harpalinae subfamily. It is native to Europe.
References
aulica
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1797
Taxa named by Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer |
17337958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20aurata | Amara aurata | Amara aurata is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
aurata
Beetles described in 1828 |
17337960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20aurichalcea | Amara aurichalcea | Amara aurichalcea is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
aurata
Beetles described in 1824 |
17337963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20avida | Amara avida | Amara avida is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
avida
Beetles described in 1823 |
17337966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20basillaris | Amara basillaris | Amara basillaris is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
basilaris
Beetles described in 1823 |
17337967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativity | Negativity | Negativity may refer to:
Negativity (quantum mechanics), a measure of quantum entanglement in quantum mechanics
Negative charge of electricity
Electronegativity, a chemical property pertaining to the ability to attract electrons
Positivity/negativity ratio, in behavioral feedback.
Negativity effect, a psychological bias
Negativity (album)
See also
Negative (disambiguation)
Negativism (disambiguation) |
17337969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors%20in%20the%20Sand | Scissors in the Sand | "Scissors in the Sand" is a single by Echo & the Bunnymen which was released on 5 June 2006 on the Cooking Vinyl label. It was the third single to be released from the band's 2005 album, Siberia.
Overview
Like their previous two singles, "Stormy Weather" and "In the Margins", and the parent album, this single was produced by Hugh Jones who had previously produced the band's 1981 album Heaven Up Here. The cover photograph was taken by Joe Dilworth. The live version of "Villiers Terrace" was taken from the band's 2005 appearance at the Reading Festival.
Reception
Reviewing the single, Room Thirteen described the song as "classic Bunnymen", that the song compared to their mid-1980s releases and scored it with 11 out of 13. Reviewing the album Siberia, The Pitt News described "Scissors in the Sand" as the album's most ambitious and strongest track, the reviewer also states that the song sees McCulloch at his most intense and also comments favourably on Sergeant's guitar solo.
The single failed to chart.
Track listings
"Scissors in the Sand" (radio edit) (Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch) – 3:17
"In the Margins" (acoustic) (Sergeant, McCulloch) – 4:56
"Villiers Terrace" (live) (Sergeant, McCulloch, Les Pattinson, Pete de Freitas) – 5:28
Personnel
Musicians
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar
Will Sergeant – lead guitar
Peter Wilkinson – bass
Paul Fleming – keyboards
Simon Finley – drums
Production
Hugh Jones – producer
Joe Dilworth – photography
References
2006 singles
Echo & the Bunnymen songs
Songs written by Ian McCulloch (singer)
Songs written by Will Sergeant
Song recordings produced by Hugh Jones (producer) |
17337970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20belfragei | Amara belfragei | Amara belfragei is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
belfragei
Beetles described in 1892
Taxa named by George Henry Horn |
17337981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-855 | AM-855 | AM-855 (part of the AM cannabinoid series) is an analgesic drug which is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a derivative of Δ8Tetrahydrocannabinol with a conformationally restricted side chain which has been bound into a fourth ring fused to the aromatic A-ring of the cannabinoid skeleton. AM-855 is an agonist at both CB1 and CB2 with moderate selectivity for CB1, with a Ki of 22.3 nM at CB1 and 58.6 nM at CB2.
References
AM cannabinoids
Benzochromenes
Phenols |
17337982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20biarticulata | Amara biarticulata | Amara biarticulata is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in East Europe and further east in the Palearctic realm.
References
biarticulata
Beetles of Asia
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1845
Taxa named by Victor Motschulsky |
17337983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th%20Indiana%20Infantry%20Regiment | 100th Indiana Infantry Regiment | The 100th Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was one of three Union regiments referred to as the Persimmon regiment. Organized at Fort Wayne, Indiana, and mustered in September 10, 1862, the 100th participated in major campaigns and in 25 battles. The regiment was in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D.C., on May 23–24, 1865, and mustered out on June 8, 1865. It lost during its service 58 officers and enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 176 by disease for a total of 234 fatalities.
Two officers of the 100th Indiana were awarded the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism at the Battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, on November 25, 1863: Captain Charles W. Brouse of Company K, and Major Ruel M. Johnson, then in temporary command of the regiment.
Colonels
Colonel Sanford J. Stoughton - resigned January 7, 1864.
Lieutenant Colonel Albert Heath - discharged for disability May 10, 1865.
Lieutenant Colonel Ruel M. Johnson - mustered out with regiment on June 8, 1865.
See also
List of Indiana Civil War regiments
References
Bibliography
Transcription of letter showing Colonel Stoughton
Another Transcription of letter showing Colonel Stoughton
Units and formations of the Union Army from Indiana
1862 establishments in Indiana
Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 |
17337984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Cheevers | Luke Cheevers | Luke Cheevers is a traditional Irish singer from Ringsend, Dublin, now living in the north side of the city. He is a member of An Goilin Singers Club in Dublin which was founded by Tim Dennehy and Donal De Barra in 1980. Cheevers is known for his distinctive Dublin repertoire and style.
See also
Traditional Irish Singers
List of people from Dublin
References
Living people
Irish folk singers
Irish male singers
Musicians from County Dublin
1940 births |
17337987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20bifrons | Amara bifrons | Amara bifrons is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.It is native to Europe.
References
bifrons
Beetles described in 1810 |
6905495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20World%201994 | Miss World 1994 | Miss World 1994, the 44th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 19 November 1994 and marked the third consecutive staging of Miss World in Sun City, South Africa. 87 contestants from around the world competed for the title. Lisa Hanna of Jamaica crowned her successor Aishwarya Rai of India at the end of the event.
In December 2014, Aishwarya Rai was felicitated with a Lifetime Beauty with a Purpose Award by the Miss World Organisation at the 64th Miss World contest for her humanitarian works since she won the crown.
Results
Placements
Continental Queens of Beauty
Contestants
Judges
Eric Morley – Chairperson, Miss World Organization
Eileen Ford – founder, Ford Models agency
Ron Moss – Actor, The Bold and the Beautiful
Katherine Kelly Lang – Actress, The Bold and the Beautiful
Patrick Lichfield – Photographer
Marsha Rae Ratcliff – Entertainer and Variety Clubs Ambassador
Charles Dance – Actor (International Stage, Film, and Television)
Iman – international supermodel
Herb Ritts – Photographer
Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane – Daughter of Nelson Mandela
Tony Leung Ka-fai – Actor，L'amant
Replacement
– Yulia Alekseeva (First runner up in Miss Europe 1993) due to the Miss World Organization did not accept her as contestant.
References
External links
Pageantopolis – Miss World 1994
Miss World
1994 in South Africa
1994 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in South Africa
November 1994 events in Africa |
17337989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendaira%20Station | Sendaira Station | is a passenger railway station in the city of Tomioka, Gunma, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Jōshin Dentetsu.
Lines
Sendaira Station is a station on the Jōshin Line and is 29.9 kilometers from the terminus of the line at .
Station layout
The station consists of a single side platform serving traffic in both directions. There is no station building, but only a shelter on the platform. The station is unattended.
Adjacent stations
History
Sendaira Station opened on 18 August 1911.
Surrounding area
The station is located in an isolated rural area.
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
External links
Jōshin Dentetsu
Burari-Gunma
Railway stations in Gunma Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1911
Tomioka, Gunma |
17337990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htawgaw | Htawgaw | Htawgaw is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
6905497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone%27s%20Lick%20State%20Historic%20Site | Boone's Lick State Historic Site | Boone's Lick State Historic Site is located in Missouri, United States, four miles east of Arrow Rock. The park was established in 1960 around one of the saltwater springs that was used in the early 19th century. It was named after Nathan and Daniel Morgan Boone, sons of Daniel Boone, who produced salt from the springs. The springs lent their name to the Boone's Lick Country, the first major American settlement in Missouri, and the Boone's Lick Road, which traversed wilderness from St. Charles, Missouri to the boomtown of Franklin, Missouri, in the early 1800s.
See also
Nathan Boone Homestead State Historic Site
References
External links
Boone's Lick State Historic Site Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Boone's Lick State Historic Site Map Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Protected areas of Howard County, Missouri
Missouri State Historic Sites
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Protected areas established in 1960
National Register of Historic Places in Howard County, Missouri |
17337994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20blanchardi | Amara blanchardi | Amara blanchardi is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae. It is native to North America.
References
blanchardi
Beetles described in 1908 |
17337995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20bokori | Amara bokori | Amara bokori is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
bokori
Beetles described in 1929
Taxa named by Ernő Csíki |
6905506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Sterchele | François Sterchele | François Sterchele (14 March 1982 – 8 May 2008) was a Belgian professional footballer who played for Germinal Beerschot and Club Brugge. The striker was the top scorer of the Jupiler League in 2006–07. Sterchele died in a single-person car accident on 8 May 2008.
Club career
Sterchele started his career at FC Loncin, a small team from the Belgian Provincial leagues in the province of Liège. At the age of ten, he moved to R.F.C. de Liège where he stayed for ten years before moving to R.F.C. Union La Calamine. After three seasons, he was signed by Oud-Heverlee Leuven, a team in the third division, where he scored 21 goals during the 2004–05 season, finishing second in the topscorers list. In the subsequent playoffs, he scored another eight goals which would help earn the team to promotion to the second tier.
As a result, Sterchele was able to secure a transfer to the top division in Belgian football, the Jupiler League, when he joined Charleroi, where he was trained by Jacky Mathijssen, who would become a considerable influence in his development as a footballer. After just one year, he went to K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot and became the league's top scorer.
On 19 July 2007, Sterchele returned to the tutorship of Mathijssen when he moved to Club Brugge; he scored two goals on his league début against Mons.
Death
In the early morning of 8 May 2008, Sterchele was killed instantly when he crashed his Porsche Cayman S into a tree.
The previous day, Sterchele had visited some friends in Antwerp and was supposed to meet with Jurgen Cavens and Vicenzo Verhoeven. While travelling home on the N49 between Antwerp and Knokke, at around 03:00 CEST on 8 May, Sterchele lost control of his Porsche while speeding and veered into a ditch before hitting a tree. No other vehicles were involved in the accident. Sterchele was pronounced dead at the scene.
Tributes
Club Brugge, Sterchele's last club, decided to retire the number 23 in honor of their deceased striker. The fans of Club Brugge also started singing his name in the 23rd minute of every game their team plays. While playing against them in the Europa League, the fans of Birmingham City F.C. clapped to show their respect, and also carried the tribute out at their home ground, St. Andrews.
Also there is the "Coppa Sterchele", each year two of his ex-teams play a friendly match to honor him.
References
1982 births
2008 deaths
Road incident deaths in Belgium
Sportspeople from Liège
Association football forwards
Belgian footballers
Belgium international footballers
Belgian First Division A players
Oud-Heverlee Leuven players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
Beerschot A.C. players
Club Brugge KV players
Belgian people of Italian descent |
6905509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Service%20Training%20School | General Service Training School | Command and Recruit Training Squadron (CRTS) of the Royal New Zealand Air Force is the principal training facility for RNZAF recruits. Located at RNZAF Base Woodbourne, it takes recruits through a thirteen-week training program designed to produce airmen and airwomen for the RNZAF.
Classifications
Recruits who below the age of 18 are classified as Air Force Cadet - Youth (AF CDT(Y)). Those who are 18 and older are classified as Air Force Cadet - Adult (AF CDT (A)). Upon graduation from CRTS, the (A)'s are reclassified as Aircraftsman (AC)'s. (Y)'s cannot be reclassified as AC until they turn to the age of 18. Regardless of classification, all CRTS recruits wear the blank shoulder board of an Aircraftsman on their epaulettes.
Instructors
Instructors at CRTS are generally RNZAF Force Protection Corporals and Sergeants who are responsible for each training a flight of recruits. Their job classification at CRTS is Recruit Instructors. Sergeant and Flight Sergeant supervise the corporals. Apart from the Commanding Officer and the Adjutant, there are a few officers who help out in class instruction. The CRTS Warrant Officer is the chief disciplinarian.
Training
Recruits are given instruction in military history, customs and courtesies, drill, rifle shooting and maintenance, life saving, military administrative procedures, orienteering and map reading, NBC warfare, military rank structures, insignia recognition, interior economy, and ten days in the field at RNZAF Dip Flat in which the CRTS training is put to the test.
Units and formations of the Royal New Zealand Air Force
Military education and training in New Zealand |
17337999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20deparca | Amara deparca | Amara deparca is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
deparca
Beetles described in 1830
Taxa named by Thomas Say |
17338003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20brevicollis | Amara brevicollis | Amara brevicollis is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
brevicollis
Beetles described in 1850 |
17338004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htawmshing | Htawmshing | Htawmshing is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17338005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20browni | Amara browni | Amara browni is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
browni
Beetles described in 1968 |
17338006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutley%20Windmill | Nutley Windmill | Nutley Windmill is a grade II* listed open trestle post mill at Nutley, East Sussex, England which has been restored to working order.
History
Nutley Windmill is thought to have been moved from Kilndown, Goudhurst, Kent circa 1817. The first record of a windmill at Nutley is in 1840. A timber in the mill has been dated by dendrochronology to 1738–70, and the main post is even older, dating to 1533–70. In 1870, the mill was painted white and working on four common sails. The mill was modernised in the 1880s, with the original wooden windshaft being replaced by a cast-iron one, and spring sails replacing the commons. Larger millstones were added. The mill was tarred at about this point, as shown by a photo dated 1890. She worked by wind until 1908, although latterly in poor condition. In 1928, the owner of the mill, Lady Castle Stewart, had the mill shored up with brick piers and steel joists below the body. These allowed the mill to survive until she could be restored.
Restoration started in 1968, The mill turned by wind again in 1971, and ground grain again in 1972. In 1975, Nutley Windmill was given to the Uckfield and District Preservation Society by Lady Castle Stewart.
The Windmill is featured in the 1976 concert film The Song Remains the Same, featuring the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It is the location for the night time fantasy scene starring Led Zeppelin's bass and keyboard player John Paul Jones. A stock broke in 1984, while filming was being done for the children's TV programme Chocky's Children for Thames Television. A new one was fitted a week later with aid from Thames. The mill was damaged in the Great Storm of 1987, with over £6,000 worth of damage incurred. New rear steps were fitted to the mill in 1994/5, the work funded by a grant from British Telecom. Repairs to the trestle and head wheel in 1998 allowed the head stones to be worked for the first time since the mill stopped work. New sails were fitted to the mill in 2008.. Nutley Windmill featured on a postage stamp that was issued by the Royal Mail on 20 June 2017.
Description
Nutley Windmill is an open trestle post mill. She has two common sails and two spring sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and is winded by a tailpole. The mill drives two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The wooden head wheel and tail wheel are diameter each. Both have been converted from compass arm to clasp arm construction. The body of the mill is long and wide.
Millers
Henry Setford 1840
James Martin 1845
Luke Godley 1851
B Martin 1862 - 1874
William Taylor 1874 - 1908
References for above:-
References
External links
Visiting information
Windmill World Page on Nutley Windmill.
Uckfield & District Preservation Society's website
Further reading
Online version
Windmills in East Sussex
Museums in East Sussex
Grade II* listed buildings in East Sussex
Post mills in the United Kingdom
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Mill museums in England |
44503418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene%20extinction%20event | Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event | The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction) was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago. With the exception of some ectothermic species such as sea turtles and crocodilians, no tetrapods weighing more than survived. It marked the end of the Cretaceous Period, and with it the Mesozoic era, while heralding the beginning of the Cenozoic era, which continues to this day.
In the geologic record, the K–Pg event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K–Pg boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks. The boundary clay shows unusually high levels of the metal iridium, which is more common in asteroids than in the Earth's crust.
As originally proposed in 1980 by a team of scientists led by Luis Alvarez and his son Walter, it is now generally thought that the K–Pg extinction was caused by the impact of a massive comet or asteroid , 66 million years ago, which devastated the global environment, mainly through a lingering impact winter which halted photosynthesis in plants and plankton. The impact hypothesis, also known as the Alvarez hypothesis, was bolstered by the discovery of the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula in the early 1990s, which provided conclusive evidence that the K–Pg boundary clay represented debris from an asteroid impact. The fact that the extinctions occurred simultaneously provides strong evidence that they were caused by the asteroid. A 2016 drilling project into the Chicxulub peak ring confirmed that the peak ring comprised granite ejected within minutes from deep in the earth, but contained hardly any gypsum, the usual sulfate-containing sea floor rock in the region: the gypsum would have vaporized and dispersed as an aerosol into the atmosphere, causing longer-term effects on the climate and food chain. In October 2019, researchers reported that the event rapidly acidified the oceans, producing ecological collapse and, in this way as well, produced long-lasting effects on the climate, and accordingly was a key reason for the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change. However, in January 2020, scientists reported that climate-modeling of the extinction event favors the asteroid impact and not volcanism.
A wide range of species perished in the K–Pg extinction, the best-known being the non-avian dinosaurs. It also destroyed myriad other terrestrial organisms, including some mammals, birds, lizards, insects, plants, and all the pterosaurs. In the oceans, the K–Pg extinction killed off plesiosaurs and mosasaurs and devastated teleost fish, sharks, mollusks (especially ammonites, which became extinct), and many species of plankton. It is estimated that 75% or more of all species on Earth vanished. Yet the extinction also provided evolutionary opportunities: in its wake, many groups underwent remarkable adaptive radiation—sudden and prolific divergence into new forms and species within the disrupted and emptied ecological niches. Mammals in particular diversified in the Paleogene, evolving new forms such as horses, whales, bats, and primates. The surviving group of dinosaurs were avians, ground and water fowl who radiated into all modern species of bird. Teleost fish, and perhaps lizards also radiated.
Extinction patterns
The K–Pg extinction event was severe, global, rapid, and selective, eliminating a vast number of species. Based on marine fossils, it is estimated that 75% or more of all species were made extinct.
The event appears to have affected all continents at the same time. Non-avian dinosaurs, for example, are known from the Maastrichtian of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Antarctica, but are unknown from the Cenozoic anywhere in the world. Similarly, fossil pollen shows devastation of the plant communities in areas as far apart as New Mexico, Alaska, China, and New Zealand.
Despite the event's severity, there was significant variability in the rate of extinction between and within different clades. Species that depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct as atmospheric particles blocked sunlight and reduced the solar energy reaching the ground. This plant extinction caused a major reshuffling of the dominant plant groups. Omnivores, insectivores, and carrion-eaters survived the extinction event, perhaps because of the increased availability of their food sources. No purely herbivorous or carnivorous mammals seem to have survived. Rather, the surviving mammals and birds fed on insects, worms, and snails, which in turn fed on detritus (dead plant and animal matter).
In stream communities, few animal groups became extinct, because such communities rely less directly on food from living plants, and more on detritus washed in from the land, protecting them from extinction. Similar, but more complex patterns have been found in the oceans. Extinction was more severe among animals living in the water column than among animals living on or in the sea floor. Animals in the water column are almost entirely dependent on primary production from living phytoplankton, while animals on the ocean floor always or sometimes feed on detritus. Coccolithophorids and mollusks (including ammonites, rudists, freshwater snails, and mussels), and those organisms whose food chain included these shell builders, became extinct or suffered heavy losses. For example, it is thought that ammonites were the principal food of mosasaurs, a group of giant marine reptiles that became extinct at the boundary. The largest air-breathing survivors of the event, crocodyliforms and champsosaurs, were semi-aquatic and had access to detritus. Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and survive for months without food, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms for their first few years. These characteristics have been linked to crocodilian survival at the end of the Cretaceous.
After the K–Pg extinction event, biodiversity required substantial time to recover, despite the existence of abundant vacant ecological niches.
Microbiota
The K–Pg boundary represents one of the most dramatic turnovers in the fossil record for various calcareous nanoplankton that formed the calcium deposits for which the Cretaceous is named. The turnover in this group is clearly marked at the species level. Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a sharp increase in extinctions than by a decrease in speciation. The K–Pg boundary record of dinoflagellates is not so well understood, mainly because only microbial cysts provide a fossil record, and not all dinoflagellate species have cyst-forming stages, which likely causes diversity to be underestimated. Recent studies indicate that there were no major shifts in dinoflagellates through the boundary layer.
Radiolaria have left a geological record since at least the Ordovician times, and their mineral fossil skeletons can be tracked across the K–Pg boundary. There is no evidence of mass extinction of these organisms, and there is support for high productivity of these species in southern high latitudes as a result of cooling temperatures in the early Paleocene. Approximately 46% of diatom species survived the transition from the Cretaceous to the Upper Paleocene, a significant turnover in species but not a catastrophic extinction.
The occurrence of planktonic foraminifera across the K–Pg boundary has been studied since the 1930s. Research spurred by the possibility of an impact event at the K–Pg boundary resulted in numerous publications detailing planktonic foraminiferal extinction at the boundary; there is ongoing debate between groups which think the evidence indicates substantial extinction of these species at the K–Pg boundary, and those who think the evidence supports multiple extinctions and expansions through the boundary.
Numerous species of benthic foraminifera became extinct during the event, presumably because they depend on organic debris for nutrients, while biomass in the ocean is thought to have decreased. As the marine microbiota recovered, it is thought that increased speciation of benthic foraminifera resulted from the increase in food sources. Phytoplankton recovery in the early Paleocene provided the food source to support large benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which are mainly detritus-feeding. Ultimate recovery of the benthic populations occurred over several stages lasting several hundred thousand years into the early Paleocene.
Marine invertebrates
There is significant variation in the fossil record as to the extinction rate of marine invertebrates across the K–Pg boundary. The apparent rate is influenced by a lack of fossil records, rather than extinctions.
Ostracods, a class of small crustaceans that were prevalent in the upper Maastrichtian, left fossil deposits in a variety of locations. A review of these fossils shows that ostracod diversity was lower in the Paleocene than any other time in the Cenozoic. Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.
Approximately 60% of late-Cretaceous Scleractinia coral genera failed to cross the K–Pg boundary into the Paleocene. Further analysis of the coral extinctions shows that approximately 98% of colonial species, ones that inhabit warm, shallow tropical waters, became extinct. The solitary corals, which generally do not form reefs and inhabit colder and deeper (below the photic zone) areas of the ocean were less impacted by the K–Pg boundary. Colonial coral species rely upon symbiosis with photosynthetic algae, which collapsed due to the events surrounding the K–Pg boundary, but the use of data from coral fossils to support K–Pg extinction and subsequent Paleocene recovery, must be weighed against the changes that occurred in coral ecosystems through the K–Pg boundary.
The numbers of cephalopod, echinoderm, and bivalve genera exhibited significant diminution after the K–Pg boundary. Most species of brachiopods, a small phylum of marine invertebrates, survived the K–Pg extinction event and diversified during the early Paleocene.
Except for nautiloids (represented by the modern order Nautilida) and coleoids (which had already diverged into modern octopodes, squids, and cuttlefish) all other species of the molluscan class Cephalopoda became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. These included the ecologically significant belemnoids, as well as the ammonoids, a group of highly diverse, numerous, and widely distributed shelled cephalopods. Researchers have pointed out that the reproductive strategy of the surviving nautiloids, which rely upon few and larger eggs, played a role in outsurviving their ammonoid counterparts through the extinction event. The ammonoids utilized a planktonic strategy of reproduction (numerous eggs and planktonic larvae), which would have been devastated by the K–Pg extinction event. Additional research has shown that subsequent to this elimination of ammonoids from the global biota, nautiloids began an evolutionary radiation into shell shapes and complexities theretofore known only from ammonoids.
Approximately 35% of echinoderm genera became extinct at the K–Pg boundary, although taxa that thrived in low-latitude, shallow-water environments during the late Cretaceous had the highest extinction rate. Mid-latitude, deep-water echinoderms were much less affected at the K–Pg boundary. The pattern of extinction points to habitat loss, specifically the drowning of carbonate platforms, the shallow-water reefs in existence at that time, by the extinction event.
Other invertebrate groups, including rudists (reef-building clams) and inoceramids (giant relatives of modern scallops), also became extinct at the K–Pg boundary.
Fish
There are fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–Pg boundary, which provide good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. While the deep-sea realm was able to remain seemingly unaffected, there was an equal loss between the open marine apex predators and the durophagous demersal feeders on the continental shelf. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 7 out of the 41 families of neoselachians (modern sharks, skates, and rays) disappeared after this event and batoids (skates and rays) lost nearly all the identifiable species, while more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.
In the Maastrichtian age, 28 shark families and 13 batoid families thrived, of which 25 and 9, respectively, survived the K–T boundary event. Forty-seven of all neoselachian genera cross the K–T boundary, with 85% being sharks. Batoids display with 15%, a comparably low survival rate.
There is evidence of a mass extinction of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–Pg boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event; the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated the environmental effects of the extinction event.
Terrestrial invertebrates
Insect damage to the fossilized leaves of flowering plants from fourteen sites in North America was used as a proxy for insect diversity across the K–Pg boundary and analyzed to determine the rate of extinction. Researchers found that Cretaceous sites, prior to the extinction event, had rich plant and insect-feeding diversity. During the early Paleocene, flora were relatively diverse with little predation from insects, even 1.7 million years after the extinction event.
Terrestrial plants
There is overwhelming evidence of global disruption of plant communities at the K–Pg boundary. Extinctions are seen both in studies of fossil pollen, and fossil leaves. In North America, the data suggests massive devastation and mass extinction of plants at the K–Pg boundary sections, although there were substantial megafloral changes before the boundary. In North America, approximately 57% of plant species became extinct. In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica, the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups. In some regions, the Paleocene recovery of plants began with recolonizations by fern species, represented as a fern spike in the geologic record; this same pattern of fern recolonization was observed after the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.
Due to the wholesale destruction of plants at the K–Pg boundary, there was a proliferation of saprotrophic organisms, such as fungi, that do not require photosynthesis and use nutrients from decaying vegetation. The dominance of fungal species lasted only a few years while the atmosphere cleared and plenty of organic matter to feed on was present. Once the atmosphere cleared, photosynthetic organisms, initially ferns and other ground-level plants, returned. Just two species of fern appear to have dominated the landscape for centuries after the event.
Polyploidy appears to have enhanced the ability of flowering plants to survive the extinction, probably because the additional copies of the genome such plants possessed allowed them to more readily adapt to the rapidly changing environmental conditions that followed the impact.
Fungi
While it appears that many fungi were wiped out at the K-Pg boundary, it is worth noting that evidence has been found indicating that some fungal species thrived in the years after the extinction event. Microfossils from that period indicate a great increase in fungal spores, long before the resumption of plentiful fern spores in the recovery after the impact. Monoporisporites and hypha are almost exclusive microfossils for a short span during and after the iridium boundary. These saprophytes would not need sunlight, allowing them to survive during a period when the atmosphere was likely clogged with dust and sulfur aerosols.
The proliferation of fungi has occurred after several extinction events, including the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest known mass extinction in Earth's history, with up to 96% of all species suffering extinction.
Amphibians
There is limited evidence for extinction of amphibians at the K–Pg boundary. A study of fossil vertebrates across the K–Pg boundary in Montana concluded that no species of amphibian became extinct. Yet there are several species of Maastrichtian amphibian, not included as part of this study, which are unknown from the Paleocene. These include the frog Theatonius lancensis and the albanerpetontid Albanerpeton galaktion; therefore, some amphibians do seem to have become extinct at the boundary. The relatively low levels of extinction seen among amphibians probably reflect the low extinction rates seen in freshwater animals.
Non-archosaurs
Turtles
More than 80% of Cretaceous turtle species passed through the K–Pg boundary. All six turtle families in existence at the end of the Cretaceous survived into the Paleogene and are represented by living species.
Lepidosauria
The living non-archosaurian reptile taxa, lepidosaurians (snakes, lizards and tuataras), survived across the K–Pg boundary.
The rhynchocephalians were a widespread and relatively successful group of lepidosaurians during the early Mesozoic, but began to decline by the mid-Cretaceous, although they were very successful in South America. They are represented today by a single genus (the Tuatara), located exclusively in New Zealand.
The order Squamata, which is represented today by lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians (worm lizards), radiated into various ecological niches during the Jurassic and was successful throughout the Cretaceous. They survived through the K–Pg boundary and are currently the most successful and diverse group of living reptiles, with more than 6,000 extant species. Many families of terrestrial squamates became extinct at the boundary, such as monstersaurians and polyglyphanodonts, and fossil evidence indicates they suffered very heavy losses in the K–T event, only recovering 10 million years after it.
Non-archosaurian marine reptiles
Giant non-archosaurian aquatic reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, which were the top marine predators of their time, became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous. The ichthyosaurs had disappeared from fossil records before the mass extinction occurred.
Archosaurs
The archosaur clade includes two surviving groups, crocodilians and birds, along with the various extinct groups of non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
Crocodyliforms
Ten families of crocodilians or their close relatives are represented in the Maastrichtian fossil records, of which five died out prior to the K–Pg boundary. Five families have both Maastrichtian and Paleocene fossil representatives. All of the surviving families of crocodyliforms inhabited freshwater and terrestrial environments—except for the Dyrosauridae, which lived in freshwater and marine locations. Approximately 50% of crocodyliform representatives survived across the K–Pg boundary, the only apparent trend being that no large crocodiles survived. Crocodyliform survivability across the boundary may have resulted from their aquatic niche and ability to burrow, which reduced susceptibility to negative environmental effects at the boundary. Jouve and colleagues suggested in 2008 that juvenile marine crocodyliforms lived in freshwater environments as do modern marine crocodile juveniles, which would have helped them survive where other marine reptiles became extinct; freshwater environments were not so strongly affected by the K–Pg extinction event as marine environments were.
Pterosaurs
Two families of pterosaurs, Azhdarchidae and Nyctosauridae, were definitely present in the Maastrichtian, and they likely became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. Several other pterosaur lineages may have been present during the Maastrichtian, such as the ornithocheirids, pteranodontids, nyctosaurids, a possible tapejarid, a possible thalassodromid and a basal toothed taxon of uncertain affinities, though they are represented by fragmentary remains that are difficult to assign to any given group. While this was occurring, modern birds were undergoing diversification; traditionally it was thought that they replaced archaic birds and pterosaur groups, possibly due to direct competition, or they simply filled empty niches, but there is no correlation between pterosaur and avian diversities that are conclusive to a competition hypothesis, and small pterosaurs were present in the Late Cretaceous. At least some niches previously held by birds were reclaimed by pterosaurs prior to the K–Pg event.
Birds
Most paleontologists regard birds as the only surviving dinosaurs (see Origin of birds). It is thought that all non-avian theropods became extinct, including then-flourishing groups such as enantiornithines and hesperornithiforms. Several analyses of bird fossils show divergence of species prior to the K–Pg boundary, and that duck, chicken, and ratite bird relatives coexisted with non-avian dinosaurs. Large collections of bird fossils representing a range of different species provides definitive evidence for the persistence of archaic birds to within 300,000 years of the K–Pg boundary. The absence of these birds in the Paleogene is evidence that a mass extinction of archaic birds took place there.
The most successful and dominant group of avialans, enantiornithes, were wiped out. Only a small fraction of ground and water-dwelling Cretaceous bird species survived the impact, giving rise to today's birds. The only bird group known for certain to have survived the K–Pg boundary is the Aves. Avians may have been able to survive the extinction as a result of their abilities to dive, swim, or seek shelter in water and marshlands. Many species of avians can build burrows, or nest in tree holes, or termite nests, all of which provided shelter from the environmental effects at the K–Pg boundary. Long-term survival past the boundary was assured as a result of filling ecological niches left empty by extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The open niche space and relative scarcity of predators following the K-Pg extinction allowed for adaptive radiation of various avian groups. Ratites, for example, rapidly diversified in the early Paleogene and are believed to have convergently developed flightlessness at least three to six times, often fulfilling the niche space for large herbivores once occupied by non-avian dinosaurs.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Excluding a few controversial claims, scientists agree that all non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at the K–Pg boundary. The dinosaur fossil record has been interpreted to show both a decline in diversity and no decline in diversity during the last few million years of the Cretaceous, and it may be that the quality of the dinosaur fossil record is simply not good enough to permit researchers to distinguish between the options. There is no evidence that late Maastrichtian non-avian dinosaurs could burrow, swim, or dive, which suggests they were unable to shelter themselves from the worst parts of any environmental stress that occurred at the K–Pg boundary. It is possible that small dinosaurs (other than birds) did survive, but they would have been deprived of food, as herbivorous dinosaurs would have found plant material scarce and carnivores would have quickly found prey in short supply.
The growing consensus about the endothermy of dinosaurs (see dinosaur physiology) helps to understand their full extinction in contrast with their close relatives, the crocodilians. Ectothermic ("cold-blooded") crocodiles have very limited needs for food (they can survive several months without eating), while endothermic ("warm-blooded") animals of similar size need much more food to sustain their faster metabolism. Thus, under the circumstances of food chain disruption previously mentioned, non-avian dinosaurs died out, while some crocodiles survived. In this context, the survival of other endothermic animals, such as some birds and mammals, could be due, among other reasons, to their smaller needs for food, related to their small size at the extinction epoch.
Whether the extinction occurred gradually or suddenly has been debated, as both views have support from the fossil record. A study of 29 fossil sites in Catalan Pyrenees of Europe in 2010 supports the view that dinosaurs there had great diversity until the asteroid impact, with more than 100 living species. More recent research indicates that this figure is obscured by taphonomic biases and the sparsity of the continental fossil record. The results of this study, which were based on estimated real global biodiversity, showed that between 628 and 1,078 non-avian dinosaur species were alive at the end of the Cretaceous and underwent sudden extinction after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Alternatively, interpretation based on the fossil-bearing rocks along the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada, supports the gradual extinction of non-avian dinosaurs; during the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous layers there, the number of dinosaur species seems to have decreased from about 45 to approximately 12. Other scientists have made the same assessment following their research.
Several researchers support the existence of Paleocene non-avian dinosaurs. Evidence of this existence is based on the discovery of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to above and 40,000 years later than the K–Pg boundary. Pollen samples recovered near a fossilized hadrosaur femur recovered in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone at the San Juan River in Colorado, indicate that the animal lived during the Cenozoic, approximately (about 1 million years after the K–Pg extinction event). If their existence past the K–Pg boundary can be confirmed, these hadrosaurids would be considered a dead clade walking. The scientific consensus is that these fossils were eroded from their original locations and then re-buried in much later sediments (also known as reworked fossils).
Choristodere
The choristoderes (semi-aquatic archosauromorphs) survived across the K–Pg boundary but would die out in the early Miocene. Studies on Champsosaurus palatal teeth suggest that there were dietary changes among the various species across the K–Pg event.
Mammals
All major Cretaceous mammalian lineages, including monotremes (egg-laying mammals), multituberculates, metatherians, eutherians, dryolestoideans, and gondwanatheres survived the K–Pg extinction event, although they suffered losses. In particular, metatherians largely disappeared from North America, and the Asian deltatheroidans became extinct (aside from the lineage leading to Gurbanodelta). In the Hell Creek beds of North America, at least half of the ten known multituberculate species and all eleven metatherians species are not found above the boundary. Multituberculates in Europe and North America survived relatively unscathed and quickly bounced back in the Paleocene, but Asian forms were devastated, never again to represent a significant component of mammalian fauna. A recent study indicates that metatherians suffered the heaviest losses at the K–Pg event, followed by multituberculates, while eutherians recovered the quickest.
Mammalian species began diversifying approximately 30 million years prior to the K–Pg boundary. Diversification of mammals stalled across the boundary.
Current research indicates that mammals did not explosively diversify across the K–Pg boundary, despite the ecological niches made available by the extinction of dinosaurs. Several mammalian orders have been interpreted as diversifying immediately after the K–Pg boundary, including Chiroptera (bats) and Cetartiodactyla (a diverse group that today includes whales and dolphins and even-toed ungulates), although recent research concludes that only marsupial orders diversified soon after the K–Pg boundary.
K–Pg boundary mammalian species were generally small, comparable in size to rats; this small size would have helped them find shelter in protected environments. It is postulated that some early monotremes, marsupials, and placentals were semiaquatic or burrowing, as there are multiple mammalian lineages with such habits today. Any burrowing or semiaquatic mammal would have had additional protection from K–Pg boundary environmental stresses.
Evidence
North American fossils
In North American terrestrial sequences, the extinction event is best represented by the marked discrepancy between the rich and relatively abundant late-Maastrichtian pollen record and the post-boundary fern spike.
At present the most informative sequence of dinosaur-bearing rocks in the world from the K–Pg boundary is found in western North America, particularly the late Maastrichtian-age Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Comparison with the older Judith River Formation (Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (Alberta), which both date from approximately 75 Ma, provides information on the changes in dinosaur populations over the last 10 million years of the Cretaceous. These fossil beds are geographically limited, covering only part of one continent.
The middle–late Campanian formations show a greater diversity of dinosaurs than any other single group of rocks. The late Maastrichtian rocks contain the largest members of several major clades: Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus, Triceratops, and Torosaurus, which suggests food was plentiful immediately prior to the extinction.
In addition to rich dinosaur fossils, there are also plant fossils that illustrate the reduction in plant species across the K–Pg boundary. In the sediments below the K–Pg boundary the dominant plant remains are angiosperm pollen grains, but the boundary layer contains little pollen and is dominated by fern spores. More usual pollen levels gradually resume above the boundary layer. This is reminiscent of areas blighted by modern volcanic eruptions, where the recovery is led by ferns, which are later replaced by larger angiosperm plants.
According to a high-resolution study of fossilized fish bones found at Tanis in North Dakota published in 2022, the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction happened during the Northern Hemisphere spring.
Marine fossils
The mass extinction of marine plankton appears to have been abrupt and right at the K–Pg boundary. Ammonite genera became extinct at or near the K–Pg boundary; there was a smaller and slower extinction of ammonite genera prior to the boundary associated with a late Cretaceous marine regression. The gradual extinction of most inoceramid bivalves began well before the K–Pg boundary, and a small, gradual reduction in ammonite diversity occurred throughout the very late Cretaceous.
Further analysis shows that several processes were in progress in the late Cretaceous seas and partially overlapped in time, then ended with the abrupt mass extinction. The diversity of marine life decreased when the climate near the K–Pg boundary increased in temperature. The temperature increased about three to four degrees very rapidly between 65.4 and 65.2 million years ago, which is very near the time of the extinction event. Not only did the climate temperature increase, but the water temperature decreased, causing a drastic decrease in marine diversity.
Megatsunamis
The scientific consensus is that the asteroid impact at the K–Pg boundary left megatsunami deposits and sediments around the area of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, from the colossal waves created by the impact. These deposits have been identified in the La Popa basin in northeastern Mexico, platform carbonates in northeastern Brazil, in Atlantic deep-sea sediments, and in the form of the thickest-known layer of graded sand deposits, around , in the Chicxulub crater itself, directly above the shocked granite ejecta.
The megatsunami has been estimated at more than tall, as the asteroid fell into relatively shallow seas; in deep seas it would have been tall.
Fossils in sedimentary rocks deposited during the impact
Fossiliferous sedimentary rocks deposited during the K–Pg impact have been found in the Gulf of Mexico area, including tsunami wash deposits carrying remains of a mangrove-type ecosystem, evidence that after the impact water sloshed back and forth repeatedly in the Gulf of Mexico, and dead fish left in shallow water but not disturbed by scavengers.
Duration
The rapidity of the extinction is a controversial issue, because some theories about its causes imply a rapid extinction over a relatively short period (from a few years to a few thousand years), while others imply longer periods. The issue is difficult to resolve because of the Signor–Lipps effect, where the fossil record is so incomplete that most extinct species probably died out long after the most recent fossil that has been found. Scientists have also found very few continuous beds of fossil-bearing rock that cover a time range from several million years before the K–Pg extinction to several million years after it. The sedimentation rate and thickness of K–Pg clay from three sites suggest rapid extinction, perhaps over a period of less than 10,000 years. At one site in the Denver Basin of Colorado, after the K–Pg boundary layer was deposited, the fern spike lasted approximately 1,000 years, and no more than 71,000 years; at the same location, the earliest appearance of Cenozoic mammals occurred after approximately 185,000 years, and no more than 570,000 years, "indicating rapid rates of biotic extinction and initial recovery in the Denver Basin during this event."
Chicxulub impact
Evidence for impact
In 1980, a team of researchers consisting of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen Michel discovered that sedimentary layers found all over the world at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary contain a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal (30, 160, and 20 times in three sections originally studied). Iridium is extremely rare in Earth's crust because it is a siderophile element which mostly sank along with iron into Earth's core during planetary differentiation. As iridium remains abundant in most asteroids and comets, the Alvarez team suggested that an asteroid struck the Earth at the time of the K–Pg boundary. There were earlier speculations on the possibility of an impact event, but this was the first hard evidence.
This hypothesis was viewed as radical when first proposed, but additional evidence soon emerged. The boundary clay was found to be full of minute spherules of rock, crystallized from droplets of molten rock formed by the impact. Shocked quartz and other minerals were also identified in the K–Pg boundary. The identification of giant tsunami beds along the Gulf Coast and the Caribbean provided more evidence, and suggested that the impact may have occurred nearby—as did the discovery that the K–Pg boundary became thicker in the southern United States, with meter-thick beds of debris occurring in northern New Mexico.
Further research identified the giant Chicxulub crater, buried under Chicxulub on the coast of Yucatán, as the source of the K–Pg boundary clay. Identified in 1990 based on work by geophysicist Glen Penfield in 1978, the crater is oval, with an average diameter of roughly , about the size calculated by the Alvarez team. The discovery of the crater—a prediction of the impact hypothesis—provided conclusive evidence for a K–Pg impact, and strengthened the hypothesis that it caused the extinction.
In a 2013 paper, Paul Renne of the Berkeley Geochronology Center dated the impact at years ago, based on argon–argon dating. He further posits that the mass extinction occurred within 32,000 years of this date.
In 2007, it was proposed that the impactor belonged to the Baptistina family of asteroids. This link has been doubted, though not disproved, in part because of a lack of observations of the asteroid and its family. It was reported in 2009 that 298 Baptistina does not share the chemical signature of the K–Pg impactor. Further, a 2011 Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) study of reflected light from the asteroids of the family estimated their break-up at 80 Ma, giving them insufficient time to shift orbits and impact Earth by 66 Ma.
Additional evidence for the impact event is found at the Tanis site in southwestern North Dakota, United States. Tanis is part of the heavily studied Hell Creek Formation, a group of rocks spanning four states in North America renowned for many significant fossil discoveries from the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene. Tanis is an extraordinary and unique site because it appears to record the events from the first minutes until a few hours after the impact of the giant Chicxulub asteroid in extreme detail. Amber from the site has been reported to contain microtektites matching those of the Chicxulub impact event. Some researchers question the interpretation of the findings at the site or are skeptical of the team leader, Robert DePalma, who had not yet received his Ph.D. in geology at the time of the discovery and whose commercial activities have been regarded with suspicion.
Effects of impact
In March 2010, an international panel of 41 scientists reviewed 20 years of scientific literature and endorsed the asteroid hypothesis, specifically the Chicxulub impact, as the cause of the extinction, ruling out other theories such as massive volcanism. They had determined that a asteroid hurtled into Earth at Chicxulub on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The collision would have released the same energy as —more than a billion times the energy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Chicxulub impact caused a global catastrophe. Some of the phenomena were brief occurrences immediately following the impact, but there were also long-term geochemical and climatic disruptions that devastated the ecology.
The re-entry of ejecta into Earth's atmosphere would include a brief (hours-long) but intense pulse of infrared radiation, cooking exposed organisms. This is debated, with opponents arguing that local ferocious fires, probably limited to North America, fall short of global firestorms. This is the "Cretaceous–Paleogene firestorm debate". A paper in 2013 by a prominent modeler of nuclear winter suggested that, based on the amount of soot in the global debris layer, the entire terrestrial biosphere might have burned, implying a global soot-cloud blocking out the sun and creating an impact winter effect.
Aside from the hypothesized fire and/or impact winter effects, the impact would have created a dust cloud that blocked sunlight for up to a year, inhibiting photosynthesis. The asteroid hit an area of carbonate rock containing a large amount of combustible hydrocarbons and sulphur, much of which was vaporized, thereby injecting sulfuric acid aerosols into the stratosphere, which might have reduced sunlight reaching the Earth's surface by more than 50%, and would have caused acid rain. The resulting acidification of the oceans would kill many organisms that grow shells of calcium carbonate. At Brazos section, the sea surface temperature dropped as much as for decades after the impact. It would take at least ten years for such aerosols to dissipate, and would account for the extinction of plants and phytoplankton, and subsequently herbivores and their predators. Creatures whose food chains were based on detritus would have a reasonable chance of survival. Freezing temperatures probably lasted for at least three years.
If widespread fires occurred this would have exterminated the most vulnerable organisms that survived the period immediately after the impact.
Beyond extinction impacts, the event also caused more general changes of flora and fauna such as giving rise to neotropical rainforest biomes like the Amazonia, replacing species composition and structure of local forests during ~6 million years of recovery to former levels of plant diversity.
2016 Chicxulub crater drilling project
In 2016, a scientific drilling project obtained deep rock-core samples from the peak ring around the Chicxulub impact crater. The discoveries confirmed that the rock comprising the peak ring had been shocked by immense pressure and melted in just minutes from its usual state into its present form. Unlike sea-floor deposits, the peak ring was made of granite originating much deeper in the earth, which had been ejected to the surface by the impact. Gypsum is a sulfate-containing rock usually present in the shallow seabed of the region; it had been almost entirely removed, vaporized into the atmosphere. Further, the event was immediately followed by a megatsunami sufficient to lay down the largest known layer of sand separated by grain size directly above the peak ring.
These findings strongly support the impact's role in the extinction event. The impactor was large enough to create a peak ring, to melt, shock, and eject deep granite, to create colossal water movements, and to eject an immense quantity of vaporized rock and sulfates into the atmosphere, where they would have persisted for several years. This worldwide dispersal of dust and sulfates would have affected climate catastrophically, led to large temperature drops, and devastated the food chain.
Alternative hypotheses
Although the concurrence of the end-Cretaceous extinctions with the Chicxulub asteroid impact strongly supports the impact hypothesis, some scientists continue to support other contributing causes: volcanic eruptions, climate change, sea level change, and other impact events. The end-Cretaceous event is the only mass extinction known to be associated with an impact, and other large impacts, such as the Manicouagan Reservoir impact, do not coincide with any noticeable extinction events.
Deccan Traps
Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps flood basalts caused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual, as the flood basalt events were thought to have started around 68 Mya and lasted more than 2 million years. The most recent evidence shows that the traps erupted over a period of only 800,000 years spanning the K–Pg boundary, and therefore may be responsible for the extinction and the delayed biotic recovery thereafter.
The Deccan Traps could have caused extinction through several mechanisms, including the release of dust and sulfuric aerosols into the air, which might have blocked sunlight and thereby reduced photosynthesis in plants. In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions that increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere.
In the years when the Deccan Traps hypothesis was linked to a slower extinction, Luis Alvarez (d. 1988) replied that paleontologists were being misled by sparse data. While his assertion was not initially well-received, later intensive field studies of fossil beds lent weight to his claim. Eventually, most paleontologists began to accept the idea that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were largely or at least partly due to a massive Earth impact. Even Walter Alvarez acknowledged that other major changes may have contributed to the extinctions.
Combining these theories, some geophysical models suggest that the impact contributed to the Deccan Traps.
These models, combined with high-precision radiometric dating, suggest that the Chicxulub impact could have triggered some of the largest Deccan eruptions, as well as eruptions at active volcanoes anywhere on Earth.
Multiple impact event
Other crater-like topographic features have also been proposed as impact craters formed in connection with Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. This suggests the possibility of near-simultaneous multiple impacts, perhaps from a fragmented asteroidal object similar to the Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact with Jupiter. In addition to the Chicxulub crater, there is the Boltysh crater in Ukraine (), the Silverpit crater in the North Sea () possibly formed by bolide impact, and the controversial and much larger Shiva crater. Any other craters that might have formed in the Tethys Ocean would since have been obscured by the northward tectonic drift of Africa and India.
Maastrichtian sea-level regression
There is clear evidence that sea levels fell in the final stage of the Cretaceous by more than at any other time in the Mesozoic era. In some Maastrichtian stage rock layers from various parts of the world, the later layers are terrestrial; earlier layers represent shorelines and the earliest layers represent seabeds. These layers do not show the tilting and distortion associated with mountain building, therefore the likeliest explanation is a regression, a drop in sea level. There is no direct evidence for the cause of the regression, but the currently accepted explanation is that the mid-ocean ridges became less active and sank under their own weight.
A severe regression would have greatly reduced the continental shelf area, the most species-rich part of the sea, and therefore could have been enough to cause a marine mass extinction, but this change would not have caused the extinction of the ammonites. The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.
Marine regression also resulted in the loss of epeiric seas, such as the Western Interior Seaway of North America. The loss of these seas greatly altered habitats, removing coastal plains that ten million years before had been host to diverse communities such as are found in rocks of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Another consequence was an expansion of freshwater environments, since continental runoff now had longer distances to travel before reaching oceans. While this change was favorable to freshwater vertebrates, those that prefer marine environments, such as sharks, suffered.
Multiple causes
Proponents of multiple causation view the suggested single causes as either too small to produce the vast scale of the extinction, or not likely to produce its observed taxonomic pattern. In a review article, J. David Archibald and David E. Fastovsky discussed a scenario combining three major postulated causes: volcanism, marine regression, and extraterrestrial impact. In this scenario, terrestrial and marine communities were stressed by the changes in, and loss of, habitats. Dinosaurs, as the largest vertebrates, were the first affected by environmental changes, and their diversity declined. At the same time, particulate materials from volcanism cooled and dried areas of the globe. Then an impact event occurred, causing collapses in photosynthesis-based food chains, both in the already-stressed terrestrial food chains and in the marine food chains.
Based on studies at Seymour Island in Antarctica, Sierra Petersen and colleagues argue that there were two separate extinction events near the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with one correlating to Deccan Trap volcanism and one correlated with the Chicxulub impact. The team analyzed combined extinction patterns using a new clumped isotope temperature record from a hiatus-free, expanded K–Pg boundary section. They documented a 7.8±3.3 °C warming synchronous with the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and a second, smaller warming at the time of meteorite impact. They suggest local warming may have been amplified due to the simultaneous disappearance of continental or sea ice. Intra-shell variability indicates a possible reduction in seasonality after Deccan eruptions began, continuing through the meteorite event. Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.
Recovery and diversification
The K–Pg extinction had a profound effect on the evolution of life on Earth. The elimination of dominant Cretaceous groups allowed other organisms to take their place, causing a remarkable amount of species diversification during the Paleogene Period. The most striking example is the replacement of dinosaurs by mammals. After the K–Pg extinction, mammals evolved rapidly to fill the niches left vacant by the dinosaurs. Also significant, within the mammalian genera, new species were approximately 9.1% larger after the K–Pg boundary.
Other groups also substantially diversified. Based on molecular sequencing and fossil dating, many species of birds (the Neoaves group in particular) appeared to radiate after the K–Pg boundary. They even produced giant, flightless forms, such as the herbivorous Gastornis and Dromornithidae, and the predatory Phorusrhacidae. The extinction of Cretaceous lizards and snakes may have led to the evolution of modern groups such as iguanas, monitor lizards, and boas. On land, giant boid and enormous madtsoiid snakes appeared, and in the seas, giant sea snakes evolved. Teleost fish diversified explosively, filling the niches left vacant by the extinction. Groups appearing in the Paleocene and Eocene epochs include billfish, tunas, eels, and flatfish. Major changes are also seen in Paleogene insect communities. Many groups of ants were present in the Cretaceous, but in the Eocene ants became dominant and diverse, with larger colonies. Butterflies diversified as well, perhaps to take the place of leaf-eating insects wiped out by the extinction. The advanced mound-building termites, Termitidae, also appear to have risen in importance.
It is thought that body sizes of placental mammalian survivors evolutionarily increased first, allowing them to fill niches after the extinctions, with brain sizes increasing later in the Eocene.
See also
Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Late Devonian extinction
List of possible impact structures on Earth
Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
Explanatory notes
Citations
Further reading
Papers and presentations resulting from the 2016 Chicxulub drilling project—The Geological Society of America, GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017, Session No. 192
External links
What killed the dinosaurs?—University of California Museum of Paleontology (1995)
The Great Chicxulub Debate 2004—Geological Society of London
Cenozoic volcanism
Events in the geological history of Earth
Events that forced the climate
Evolution of mammals
Hypothetical impact events
Megatsunamis
Mesozoic volcanism
Meteorological hypotheses
Prehistoric dinosaurs |
17338007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20brunnea | Amara brunnea | Amara brunnea is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
brunnea
Beetles described in 1810 |
44503426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-4485 | DR-4485 | DR-4485 is a compound which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-HT7 receptor, with good oral bioavailability. It has been used to research the function of this still comparatively little studied serotonin receptor subtype.
References
Serotonin receptor antagonists
5-HT7 antagonists |
17338009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htingra | Htingra | Htingra is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
44503428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isehan%20Cosmetics | Isehan Cosmetics | Isehan Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 伊勢半) is a Japanese cosmetics manufacturer founded as a family shop in 1825. The company was one of the first to market a branded cosmetics product in 1935 with a saffron-based beni lip-gloss sold in china pots as "Kiss Me" (Japanese キス・ミー). The brand developed to include western style lipsticks, and a larger cosmetics range still marketed today but with English lettering as Kiss Me. The Minato-ku, Tokyo, main branch of Isehan has a small museum on the company's history.
References
External links
Isehan-Honten Museum of Beni at Google Cultural Institute
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies established in 1825
Cosmetics companies of Japan
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1825 |
20478586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20energy%20abbreviations | List of energy abbreviations | This is a list of acronyms found in the context of energy issues.
A
AAQS—Ambient Air Quality Standards (environment) (US)
AAU—Assigned amount units (measurement)
ABT—Availability based tariff (electricity)
ABF—Aquatic Base Flow (Hydropower) (electricity)
AC—Alternating current
ACA—Annual Charge Adjustment (electricity)
ACE—Area Control Error (electricity)
ACEEE—American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
ACRS—Accelerated Cost Recovery System (finance)
ADITC—Accumulated Deferred Investment Tax Credit (policy)
ADR—Asset Depreciation Range (finance)
AEP—American Electric Power (electricity)
AESO—Alberta Electric System Operator
AFE—Authority for Expenditure or Authorization for Expenditure
AFUDC—allowance for funds used during construction
AFV—Alternative fuel vehicle
AGA—American Gas Association
AGC—Automatic generation control
AGD—Associated Gas Distributors (US)
AIEE—American Institute of Electrical Engineers
AIMA—Agricultural Impact Mitigation Agreement (US)
ALJ—Administrative law judge
AMBO—Armenia, Macedonia, Bulgaria Oil pipeline
AMI—Advanced metering infrastructure
AMR—Automated meter reading also known as Automatic Meter Reading
AMRA—Automatic Meter Reading Association
ANGTA—Alaskan Natural Gas Transportation Act of 1977 to build the Alaska gas pipeline
ANGTS—Alaskan Natural Gas Transportation System
ANSI—American National Standards Institute
AOS—Authorized Overrun Service
APA—Administrative Procedure Act
—Alaska Power Administration
APE—Area of potential effect (electricity)
API—American Petroleum Institute (oil)
APPA—American Public Power Association (electricity)
APR—Actual peak reduction (e.g. in demand response systems) (electricity)
AQCR—Air Quality Control Region (US) (environment)
ARA—(in shipping) ports of Amsterdam – Rotterdam – Antwerp (oil)
ARR—Auction Revenue Rights (electricity)
ASCC—Alaskan System Coordination Council
ASE—Alliance to Save Energy
ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials
ATC—Available transfer capability
AVR—Automatic Voltage Regulator (electricity)
B
BA—Balancing Authority
BA—Biological Assessment
BACT—Best Available Control Technology
BBL/D—Barrel per day
BBL/SD—Barrel per day, on stream days
BBL—barrel (42 gallons)
—Balgzand Bacton Line (BBL Pipeline)
BCD—Barrel per day, on calendar days
BCF—billion cubic feet
BCP—Blackstart Capability Plan
BES—Bulk electric system (Electricity transmission)
BfP—Bureau Fédéral du Plan (Belgium). (Has responsibilities over economic, social and environmental policy
bhp—Brake horsepower
BIA—Bureau of Indian Affairs (US)
BIPV—Building Integrated Photo Voltaic
bl—Barrel
BLM—Bureau of Land Management of United States Department of the Interior
BLS—Bureau of Labor Statistics of United States Department of Labor
BOE—Barrel of oil equivalent (international)
BPA—Bonneville Power Administration (US)
BPL—Broadband over power line
BPS—Bulk Power System (Electricity transmission)
BTMG—Behind The Meter Generation
BTU—British thermal unit(s)
BTX—from BTX process, a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylene (oil)
BuRec—United States Bureau of Reclamation (government)
BWR—Boiling water reactor (nuclear)
C
C&I—Commercial and industrial customers (Electricity transmission)
CA—Carbon Abatement- increasing carbon-neutrality
—Control area (EU) – The portion of the generation and transmission system controlled by a single transmission system operator. (See also TSO).
CAA—Clean Air Act (US)
CAEM—Center for the Advancement of Energy Markets (US)
CAES—Compressed Air Energy Storage
CAFE—Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards (US)
CAISO—California Independent System Operator Corporation, a regional transmission organization. (US)
CAP—Capacity market programs
—Climate Action Plan
CAPM—Capital asset pricing model
CARB—California Air Resources Board
CBL—Customer Baseline Load
CBM—Capacity Benefit Margin
CBOB—Conventional Gasoline Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (Motor Gasoline Blending Component)
CC—Combined cycle see also CCPP and CCGT
CCGT—Combined cycle gas turbine electricity generator
CCLIP—Conditional Credit Line for Investment Projects
CCN—Certificate of Convenience and Necessity (utilities regulation)
CCPG—Colorado Coordinated Planning Group
CCPP—Combined cycle power plant
CD—Contract Demand
CDD—Cooling degree day, a qualitative index used to reflect the demand for energy to cool a business
CDM—Clean Development Mechanism
CEA—Country Environmental Analysis
CEC—California Energy Commission
—Commission for Environmental Cooperation
—Council of the European Communities
CEEC—Central and Eastern European Countries
CEMS—Continuous emissions monitoring system
CEP—Country Environmental Profile
—Clean Energy Partnership, a joint hydrogen-project in Europe.
CEPS—Centre for European Policy Studies
CEPII—Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales Economics think tank
CEQ—Council on Environmental Quality
CER—Certified Emission Reduction
CERA—Cambridge Energy Research Associates
CERCLA—Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act "Superfund" (US)
CERCLIS—Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (US)
CERTS—Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and California Energy Commission (US)
CfD—Contract for difference
CFS—cubic feet per second
CFTC—Commodity Futures Trading Commission
CH4—Methane
CHP—Combined heat and power
CIAC—Contributions in Aid of Construction
CIP—Critical Infrastructure Protection (US)
—see also EPCIP European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection
CMVE—Competitive Market Value Estimate
CNG—Compressed natural gas
CO—Carbon monoxide
CO2—Carbon dioxide
COC—Cost of capital
COE—U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CP—Coincident Peak
—Certificate Proceeding
CPA—California Power Authority
CPI—Consumer Price Index
CPP—Critical Peak Pricing
CPP-F—Critical peak fixed
CPP-F—Critical peak variable
CPS—Control Performance Standard
—Cycles per second (hertz)
CPUC—California Public Utilities Commission
CREF—Caribbean Renewable Energy Facility
CRP—Conservation Reserve Program (US)
CRT—Capacity Reservation Tariff
CSD—Commission for Sustainable Development (UN)
CSEM—Center for the Study of Energy Markets (US)
CSP—Country Strategy Paper
—Curtailment service provider
CT—Combustion turbine (electricity)
CZMA—Coastal Zone Management Act
D
DADRP—Day Ahead Demand Response Program
DADS-Demand response Availability Data System
DANIDA—Danish International Development Agency
DA-RTP—RTP Day ahead real time pricing (regarding Electricity metering)
DC—Direct current
DCLM—Direct control load management
DCS—Disturbance Control Standard
DEFG—Distributed Energy Financial Group (US)
DEIS—Draft Environmental Impact Statement (US)
DER—Distributed Energy Resources
DERMS—Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems
DF—Distribution Factor
DG—Distributed generation (electricity)
—Directorate-General (EU) (government)
DIIS—Danish Institute for International Studies (organization)
DLC—Direct load control (regarding Load management)
DME—Disturbance Monitoring Equipment
DO—Dissolved oxygen
DoD—Depth of discharge, energy drawn from a battery
DOE—United States Department of Energy (government)
DOE/FE—United States Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy (government)
DOI—United States Department of the Interior (government)
DOT—United States Department of Transportation (government)
DP—Distribution point
DR—Demand response
DRAM—Demand Response and Advanced Metering Coalition
DRB—Demonstrated reserve base
DRCC—Demand Response Coordinating Council (coalition)
DRR—Demand Response resources
DRRC—Demand Response Research Center (California)
DSM—Demand side management
DSO—Distribution system operator (regarding electricity distribution)
Dth—Dekatherm (defined as British thermal units, also written "MMBtu") (measurement)
DTW—dealer tank wagon (as in, "oil companies setting regional dealer tank wagon pricing") (Oil)
E
E&D—Exploration and development expenses
E85—E85 fuel: A fuel containing a mixture of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline
E95—like E85 fuel but with less gasoline. A fuel containing a mixture of 95 percent ethanol and 5 percent gasoline
EA—Environmental assessment as in an Environmental impact assessment
EAR—Estimated additional resources, as in considering reserves of uranium deposits
EC—European Commission
ECAR—East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (US)
EPCIP—European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection
ECPA—Electric Consumers Protection Act (US)
EDC—Electric Distribution Company (electricity)
EdF—Electricité de France
EDRP—Emergency demand response program
EE—Energy efficiency
EEI—Edison Electric Institute
—Energy Efficiency Index for European Union energy labels
EERS—Energy Efficiency Resource Standards
EF—Earth Fault
EHV—Extra high voltage
EIA—Energy Information Administration (US)
—Environmental impact assessment (international)
EIB—European Investment Bank
EIM—Energy Imbalance Market (electricity)
EIPP—Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project
EIS—Environmental Impact Statement (US)
ELCON—Electricity Consumers Resources Council
EMF—Electro magnetic field
EMP—Environmental Management Plan
EOR—Enhanced oil recovery
EPA—United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPAct—Energy Policy Act of 1992 (US)
—Energy Policy Act of 2005 (US)
EPRI—Electric Power Research Institute (US)
EPSA—Electric Power Supply Association
EQR—Electric Quarterly Report
ERA—Economic Regulatory Administration (part of United States Department of Energy
ERCOT—Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc, a regional transmission organization. (US)
ERGEG—European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas
ERIS—Energy Resource Interconnection Service (electricity)
ERO—Electric Reliability Organization. The US designated NERC as its ERO.
ERoEI—Energy returned on energy invested
ERRA—Energy Regulators Regional Association
ESCO—Energy service company
ESI—Environmental Sustainability Index
ESMAP—Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme
ESP—Electrostatic precipitator
ESS—Energy Storage System, as in grid energy storage (electricity)
ETBE—ethyl tertiary butyl ether
ETSO—European Transmission System Operators association
EU—European Union
EUEF—European Union Energy Facility
EUEI—European Union Energy Initiative
F
FAC—Fuel Adjustment Clause
FACTS—Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System
FASB—Financial Accounting Standards Board
FBR—fast breeder reactor
FCITC—First Contingency Incremental Transfer Capability
FEIS—Final Environmental impact statement (US)
FELCC—Firm Energy Load Carrying Capability
FERC—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (U.S.)
FGD—Flue-gas desulfurization
FINESSE—Financing Energy Services for Small Scale Users
Fishway—Fish ladder
FLPMA—Federal Land Policy and Management Act (US)
FME—Free market economics
FONSI—Finding of no significant impact. See Environmental impact statement (US)
FPA—Federal Power Act (US)
FPC—Federal Power Commission (US)
FPS—Firm peaking service. See Peaking power plant
FRCC—Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (US)
FRS—Financial Reporting System
FT—Firm Transportation Service
FTC—Federal Trade Commission (US)
FTR—Firm Transmission Rights
—Financial Transmission Rights. See explanation in electricity markets.
FTS—Firm transportation service
FUA—The Fuel Use Act (US)
FUCO—Foreign Utility Company
FWPA—Federal Water Power Act (US)
G
G&T—Generation and transmission utility cooperative (electricity)
GADS—Generating Availability Data System (electricity)
GAL—gallon (measurement)
GAO—Government Accountability Office (General Accounting Office) (US) (government)
GATT—General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (government)
GDP—gross domestic product (economics)
GEF—Global Environmental Facility (environment)
Genco—Any company doing electricity generation (US) (electricity)
GFN—Global Footprint Network
GFSE—Global Forum on Sustainable Energy (organization)
GIC—Gross Inland (energy) Consumption (EU) (energy)
GHG—Greenhouse gas (climate)
GIA—Generator Interconnection Agreement (electricity)
GIC—Gas Inventory Charge (natural gas)
GISB—Gas Industry Standards Board (now NAESB) (US) (natural gas)
GLDF—Generator to Load Distribution Factor. See Load balancing (electricity)
Gm3—Billion cubic metres (measurement – gas)
GMO—Genetically modified organism
GMP—Green Mountain Power (US) (electricity)
GNP—gross national product (economics)
GNSED—Global Network for Sustainable Energy Development
GRI—Gas Research Institute (US) (natural gas)
GRC—General rate case (US) (regulatory)
GridCo—Any company running a transmission grid (electricity). Also known as a TransCo (US) (electricity)
GSF—Generator to Load Distribution Factor. See Load balancing (electricity)
GPE—gravitational potential energy
GSR—Gas Supply Realignment (natural gas)
Gt—Gigaton (1 billion tons) (measurement)
GTCC—Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (electricity)
GTI—Gas Technology Institute (US)
Gtoe—One billion tons of oil equivalent(EU) (measurement- oil)
GVEP—Global Village Energy Partnership (organization)
GVW—gross vehicle weight (transportation)
GW—Gigawatt (one billion watts) (measurement- elect)
GWE—Gigawatt of electric energy (measurement- elect)
GWh—Gigawatt hour (one billion watt hours) (measurement- elect)
GWP—global warming potential (climate)
H
HCA—Host Control Area (electricity)
HDD—Heating degree days a qualitative index used to reflect the demand for energy to heat a business (conservation)
HERS—Home energy rating standard (conservation)
HHI—Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (markets)
HID—high intensity discharge (electricity)
hp—Horsepower (measurement)
HRSG—Heat recovery steam generation
HTGR—high temperature gas cooled reactor (nuclear)
HVAC—Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (conservation)
—High voltage alternating current (electricity)
HVAR—Highly Valued Aquatic Resource
HVDC—High Voltage Direct Current
I
I/C—Interruptible /Curtailable (electricity)
ICAP—Installed Capacity (electricity)
ICAP-SCR—Installed capacity special case resources (electricity)
ICCP—Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (electricity)
ICE—Internal combustion engine (transportation)
ICT—Independent Coordinator of Transmission (US) (electricity)
—Information and Communication Technology
IDC—Interchange Distribution Calculator (electricity)
IEA—International Energy Agency (Paris)
IEM—Internal electricity market (electricity)
IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEPE—Institute of Energy Policy and Economics (France)
IER—Incremental Energy Rate
IET—International emission trading (policy)
IGCC—Integrated coal gasification combined cycle
IGIC—Interim gas inventory charge (natural gas)
IGSC—Interim gas supply charge (natural gas)
IGT—Institute of Gas Technology (natural gas)
IGU—International Gas Union (natural gas)
IHR—Incremental Heat Rate- plant monitoring (electricity)
IIASA—International Institute for Applied System Analysis
IJC—International Joint Commission
ILP—Integrated Licensing Process
INGAA—Interstate Natural Gas Association of America
IOS—Interconnected Operations Services (electricity)
IOU—Investor owned utility (electricity)
IPAA—Independent Petroleum Association of America (oil)
IPCC—Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (climate)
IPP—Independent Power Producer (electricity)
IPS/UPS—Integrated Power System/United Power System, consisting of Independent Power Systems of 12 countries bordering Russia and the Unified Power System of Russia
IRC—ISO / RTO Council (electricity)
IROL—Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit (electricity)
IRP—Integrated Resource Planning
IRR—Internal Rate of Return (finance)
ISO—Independent System Operator (US) (see also TSO) Responsible for grid management, but does not own assets. (electricity)
ISO-NE—Independent System Operator of New England, a regional transmission organization. (US) (electricity)
ISO—NE ISO New England, Inc. (electricity)
ISS—Interruptible Sales Service
IT—Interruptible Transportation is gas shipment via pipeline whose delivery may be interrupted in favor of "firm shipment" contracts if there is lack of capacity. (natural gas)
ITC—Investment tax credit (policy)
ITS—"Interruptible Transportation Service" is gas shipment via pipeline whose delivery may be interrupted in favor of "firm shipment" contracts if there is lack of capacity. (natural gas)
J
JRC—Joint Research Centre
JREC—Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition
K
koe—One kilogram oil equivalent (EU) (measurement)
kV—Kilovolt (one thousand volts) (measurement)
kVA—One thousand volt Ampere (measurement)
kvar—one thousand vars (measurement)
kW—Kilowatt (one thousand watts) (measurement)
kWE—kilowatt electric (measurement)
kWh—Kilowatt hour (one thousand watt hours) (measurement)
L
LaaR—Load acting as a resource (ERCOT category) (electricity)
LBA—Local Balancing Authority (electricity)
LBNL—Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
LCOD—Levelized cost of delivery (electricity)
LCOE—Levelized cost of energy (electricity)
LCOS—Levelized cost of storage (electricity)
LDC—Local distribution company (electricity)
LED—Light Emitting Diode
LEVP—Low Emissions Vehicle Program
LHV—lower heating value
Li-Ion—Lithium Ion (electricity storage)
LIHEAP—Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
LIPA—Long Island Power Authority (US) (electricity)
LLF—Load-loss factor (electricity)
LMP—Locational marginal price/pricing. See explanation in electricity markets.
LMR—Load Modifying Resource (electricity)
LNG—Liquified Natural Gas
LODF—Line Outage Distribution Factor (electricity)
LOLE—Loss of load expectation (electricity)
LOLP—Loss of load probability (electricity)
LPG—liquefied petroleum gas
LPN—Lender Participation Notes
LRG—liquefied refinery gases
LSE—Load serving entity
LSF—Load Shift Factor
lsfo—Low sulfur fuel oil
LWR—light water reactor
M
MAAC—Mid Atlantic Area Council (US- geographically within PJM)
MADRI—Mid Atlantic Distributed Resources Initiative (US)
MAIN—Mid America Interconnected Network (US)
MAOP—Maximum allowable operating pressure
MAPP—Mid Continent Area Power Pool (US)
MBD—million barrels per day
MBOE—One million barrels of oil equivalent(EU)
MBR—Market based Rates
MBS—Macro economic Budget Support
Mcf—Roman numeral "M" for one thousand cubic feet (measurement of natural gas)
MDAS—Meter Data Acquisition System
MDD—Maximum Daily Delivery Obligations
MDDQ—Maximum Daily Delivery Quantity
MDM—Meter Data Management
MDQ—Maximum Daily Quantities
MECS—Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey
MEDREP—Mediterranean Renewables Energy Partnership
MER—Maximum efficient rate
MERC—Mobile Emission Reduction Credit (MERC) (US)
MFV—Modified fixed variable rate
MISO—Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. A regional transmission organization. (US)
MLP—Maximum lawful price
MLRA—Major Land Resource Areas
MM—Used to denote million in gas usage
MMbbl/d—one million barrels of oil per day
MMBtu—1 million British thermal units, same as dekatherm
MMC—Market Monitoring Center
MMCF—one million cubic feet (measurement of natural gas)
MMCFD—one million cubic feet per day
MMGAL—one million gallons
MMGAL/D—one million gallons per day
MMS—Minerals Management Service (US)
MMST—one million short tons
MODFLOW—model of groundwater flow
MOU—Memorandum of Understanding
MOX—mixed oxide fuel (nuclear)
MPAN - Meter Point Administration Number
MPG—Miles per gallon
MRO—Midwest Reliability Organization (US)
MSA—metropolitan statistical area
MSHA—Mine Safety and Health Administration (US)
msl—Mean sea level
MSW—Municipal solid waste
Mt—one million tons (ambiguous as to whether short tons or metric tons)
—one Metric ton
MTBE—methyl tertiary butyl ether
MTEF—Medium Term Expenditure Framework
MTEP—Midwest ISO Transmission Expansion Plan 2005 (US)
Mtoe—One million tons of oil equivalent(EU)
Muni—Municipality
MVA—Megavolt amperes (one million volt amperes)
MW—Megawatt (one million watts)
MWE—megawatt electric
MWh—Megawatt hour (one million watt hours)
N
NAAQS—National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US)
NAESB—North American Energy Standards Board (formerly GISB)
NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement
NAICS—North American Industry Classification System
NAP—National Renewable Energy Action Plan
NARUC—National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (US)
NAS—United States National Academy of Sciences
NASPI—North American Synchrophasor Initiative
NASUCA—National Association of Utility Consumer Advocates(US)
NATC—Non Recallable Available Transfer Capability
NBS—National Bureau of Standards (US)
NCD—Non coincidental Demand
NCEP—National Council on Electricity Policy (US)
NCSL—National Conference of State Legislatures (US)
NEA—The National Energy Act of 1978 (US)
NEB—National Energy Board (Canada)
NEDRI—New England Distributed Resources Initiative (US)
NEM—Net energy metering (US)
NEPA—National Environmental Policy Act (US)
NEPOOL—New England Power Pool
NERC—North American Electric Reliability Council
NGA—Natural Gas Act (US)
NGAA—Natural Gasoline Association of America (US)
NGL—natural gas liquids
NGPA—Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (US)
NGPL—Natural gas plant liquids
NGPSA—Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (US)
NGSA—Natural Gas Supply Association (US)
NGV—Natural gas vehicle
NHPA—National Historic Preservation Act (US)
NIETC—National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor (US)
NITC—Normal Incremental Transfer Capability
NIMBY—Not in my backyard regarding siting of energy generation and transmission infrastructure.
NOAA—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
NOC—National Oil Company
NOI—Notice of Intent or Notice of Inquiry or Notice of Investigation
NOPR—Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (US)
NORDEL—association of Nordic electric system operators, comprising Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden
NOx—nitrogen oxides
NPCC—Northeast Power Coordinating Council (US)
NPV—Net Present Value
NRC—Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US)
NRCS—National Resource Conservation Service (US)
NRECA—National Association of Rural Electric Cooperatives (US)
NREL—National Renewable Energy Laboratory (US)
NREPA—National Resource and Environmental Protection Act (US)
NRI—National Rivers Inventory (US)
NRIS—Network Resource Interconnection Service (electricity)
NSA—Noise sensitive area
NTAC—Northwest Transmission Assessment Committee (US)
NUG—Non Utility Generator
NURE—national uranium resource evaluation (US)
NYDER—New York Department of Environmental Resources
NYISO—New York Independent System Operator, Inc. (US)
NYMEX—New York Mercantile Exchange
NYPSC—New York Public Service Commission
NYSERDA—New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
O
O&M—Operation and Maintenance Expenses
O3—Ozone
OASIS—Open Access Same-Time Information System
OATI-Open Access Technology International (US energy software company)
OATT—Open Access Transmission Tariff (US)
OCS—Outer Continental Shelf (oil and wind resources)
OCSLA—Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (oil)
OECD—Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEM—original equipment manufacturers
OFO—Operational Flow Order
OMP—Operation and Maintenance Plan
Ontario—IESO Ontario Independent Electricity System Operator (Canada)
OPEC—Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (oil)
OPRG—oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (oil)
OREC-ocean resource energy credits
ORNL—Oak Ridge National Laboratory (U.S.) (nuclear)
OSHA—U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OTAG—Ozone Transport Assessment Group
OTDF—Outage Transfer Distribution Factor
OTEC—ocean thermal energy conversion (electricity)
P
PA—Planning Authority
—Programmatic Agreement
PADD—Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (US)
PBR
—pebble bed reactor (nuclear)
—performance based rates (electricity)
—Performance-based regulation
PCB—polychlorinated biphenyl
PCM—Project Cycle Management
PCS—Power conversion system, electric power conversion
PCT—Programmable Communicating Thermostat (electricity)
PD—Preliminary Determination
PDC—Phasor data concentrator. See description in phasor measurement unit article. (electricity)
PDCI—Pacific Direct Current Intertie (US) (electricity)
PERC—Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (type of PV cell)
PEM—Proton Exchange Membrane
PFC—perfluorocarbons
PG&E—Pacific Gas & Electric (US) (electricity)
PGA—Purchased gas adjustment
PHA—Production Handling Agreement
PHFFU—Plant held for future use
PIDX—Petroleum Industry Data Exchange (oil)
PIER—Public Interest Energy Research (CEC)
PIFUA—Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978
PJM—PJM Interconnection, LLC, a regional transmission organization. (US) (electricity)
PLC—Power line communication (electricity)
PLMA—Peak Load Management Association (US) (electricity)
PM—Particulate matter
PM&E—Protection, mitigation and enhancement
PMA—Power Marketing Administration or Fed. Power Marketing Agency (US) (electricity)
PMU—Phasor measurement unit (electricity)
PNNL—Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (DOE) (US)
POD—Point of Delivery
PoE—Power over Ethernet
POLES—Prospective On Long Term Energy Systems
POLR—Provider of last resort (electricity)
PPA—Power Purchase Agreement (electricity)
PPI—producer price index
ppmv—Parts Per Million by Volume
ppp—Purchasing power parity
PPR—Potential peak reduction
PREP—Pacific Regional Energy Programme
PRESSEA—Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources in South East Asia (PRESSEA)
Prim—Primary (electricity) nuclear, hydro, geothermal, wind, solar
PSC—Public Service Commission
PSD—Prevention of Significant Deterioration
PSE—Puget Sound Energy (US) (electricity)
PSoC—Partial State of Charge, operational mode of grid supporting batteries able to respond to both demand and excess production, see UltraBattery
PTDF—Power Transfer Distribution Factor (electricity)
PTP—Point to Point Transmission Service (electricity)
PUC—Public Utility Commission (electricity)
PUD—Public Utility District (electricity)
PUHCA—Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (US) (electricity)
PURPA—Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (US) (electricity)
PV—photovoltaic (solar)
PVC—photovoltaic cell (solar)
PVC—polyvinyl chloride
PWR—pressurized water reactor (nuclear)
PX—Power exchange
Q
QF—qualifying facility
QSE—Qualifying scheduling entity
QUAD—1015 Btu (a quadrillion in the short scale)
R
R/P—Reserve on Production
—Reserves to Production
RAB—Regional Advisory Body (US)
RAC—Refiners' acquisition cost
RAP—Regulatory Assistance Project
RAR—Reasonable assured resources
RAS—Remedial Action Scheme
RATC—Recallable Available Transmission Capability
RBMK—Russian: Реактор Большой Мощности Канальный = "High Power Channel Type Reactor" (RU)
RBOB—reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending
RC—Reliability Coordinator
RCIS—Reliability Coordinator Information System
RCRA—Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (US)
RDF—refuse derived fuel (electricity)
REA—Rural Electrification Administration (US)
REC—Renewable energy credit (US)
RECS—Residential Energy Consumption Survey (US)
REEEP—Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
RER—Renewable Energy Rider
RES—Renewable energy source
RET/EE—IAF Renewable Energy Technology & Energy Efficiency Investment Advisory Facility
RF—Radio frequency
RFA—Regulatory Flexibility Act (US)
RFC—ReliabilityFirst Corporation (US) (electricity)
RFG—reformulated gasoline (oil)
RFI—Request for Interchange
RFP—Request for proposals
RGGI—Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
RGS—Renewable Generating System
RM—Rulemaking
RMATS—Rocky Mountain Area Transmission Study (US) (electricity)
RMR—Reliability Must Run (electricity)
RMU—Removal Units
ROA—Return of Assets (finance)
ROE—Return of Equity (finance)
ROFR—Right of First Refusal (finance)
ROI—Return on Investment
ROW—Right of Way
RPM—Reliability Pricing Model. See explanation in electricity market#Electricity market experience. (electricity)
RPS—Renewable Portfolio Standards (US)
RRO—Regional reliability organization (US)
RSE—Revenue Stream Estimate (finance)
RSE—relative standard error
RTBM—Real-Time Balancing Market (electricity)
RTEP—Regional transmission expansion plan
RTG—Regional Transmission Group (US)
RTO—Regional transmission organization (US)
RTP—Real time Pricing
RTU—Remote Terminal Unit
RUS—Rural Utilities Service
RVP—Reid vapor pressure
S
SCADA—Supervisory control and data acquisition a remote control and telemetry system used to monitor and control the electrical system
SCE—Southern California Edison (US)
SCE&G—South Carolina Electric & Gas (US)
scf—Standard cubic foot
SCO—Stranded Cost Obligation (finance)
SCR—Special Case Resources (US- NYISO category)
SCR—Selective Catalytic Reduction
SDG&E—San Diego Gas & Electric (US)
SEA—Strategic Environmental Assessment
SEC—Securities and Exchange Commission (US)
SEER—seasonal energy efficiency ratio
SEFI—Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative
SEIA—Sustainable Energy Industry Association
Seams—Interconnections Seam Study
SEPA—Smart Energy Power Alliance
SERC—Southeastern Electric Reliability Council (US)
SF6—sulfur hexafluoride
SFC—Solid oxide fuel cell (transportation)
SFEIS—Supplemental Final Environmental Impact Statement (US)
SFV—Straight Fixed Variable
SGR—State game refuge (US)
SHPO—State Historic Preservation Office (US)
SI—International System of Units (Système international d'unités)
SIC—Standard Industrial Classification
SMES—Superconducting magnetic energy storage
SMPs—Special Marketing Programs
SNG—Synthetic Natural Gas or Substitute Natural Gas
SO2—Sulfur dioxide
SoC—State of charge of rechargeable battery
SoH—State of health of rechargeable battery
SOL—System Operating Limit
SPCC—Spill Prevention, Containment and Countermeasure Plan
SPM—Synchronized phasor measurement- a WAMS network with synchrophasor sensors (PMUs). (electricity)
SPP—Southwest Power Pool Inc., a regional transmission organization (US)
—Statewide Pricing Pilot (US-California)
—Small power producer (electricity)
SPR—Strategic Petroleum Reserve (US)
SPS—Special Protection System
SR—Speculative resources For example, regarding uranium deposits. (nuclear)
SRP—Salt River Agricultural Improvement & Power District (US) (electricity)
SSG—WI PWG Seams Steering Group of Western Interconnection PlanningWork Group (US) (electricity)
SSM—Synchronized system measurement-a WAMS with synchronous sensors in addition to PMUs. See Phasor networks.
STEP—Southwest Transmission Expansion Plan group (US) (electricity)
SVC—Static VAR compensator (electricity)
SVEC—Shenandoah Valley Electric Cooperative
SWAT—Southwest Area Transmission (US) (electricity)
SWU—Separative work unit
T
TAME—Tertiary amyl methyl ether
TAPS—Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (natural gas)
TBA—tertiary butyl alcohol
TBL—transmission business line (electricity)
TBS—town border station
Tcf—Trillion cubic feet (measurement)
TCR—Transition cost recovery (mechanism)
TDU—Transmission Dependent Utility (electricity)
TEFRA—Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1985
TEN—Trans-European Networks (electricity)
TLR—Transmission Line Loading Relief Procedures (electricity)
TO—Transmission owner (electricity)
toe—Ton of oil equivalent (EU)
TOP—transmission operator (electricity)
TOU—time of use (rate) (electricity)
Transco—transmission company (US) (electricity)
—Transcontinental Pipeline (US) (natural gas)
—National Transmission Corporation (Philippines)
TRM—Transmission reliability margin (electricity)
TSO—Transmission system operator) (electricity)
TSR—Transmission service request (electricity)
TTC—Total transfer capability (electricity)
TVA—Tennessee Valley Authority (US) (electricity)
TW—terawatt (one trillion watts) (measurement)
TWH—terawatt-hour (one trillion watt hours)
T&D—Transmission and distribution
U
U.S.C.—United States Code
U3O8—triuranium octaoxide (nuclear)
UAE—United Arab Emirates (oil)
UCAP—Unforced Capacity (electricity)
UCTE—Union for the Coordination of the Transport of Electricity, the power transmission system of continental Europe
UF6—uranium hexafluoride (nuclear)
UFLS—Under frequency load shedding (electricity)
UHVAC—ultra-high-voltage alternating current (electricity)
UHVDC—ultra-high-voltage direct current (electricity)
ULCC—Ultra Large Crude Carrier (oil)
UMTRA—Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (US)
UNCCD—United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDESA—UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNDP—United Nations Development Programme
UNDP—United Nations Development Programme
UNECE—United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP—United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC—United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UO2—uranium dioxide (nuclear)
UO3—uranium trioxide (nuclear)
UO4—uranyl peroxide (nuclear)
UOX—uranium oxide (nuclear)
URR—Ultimate Recoverable Resources
USBR—United States Bureau of Reclamation
USCE—United States Army Corps of Engineers
US DOE—United States Department of Energy
USGS—United States Geological Survey
UVLS—under voltage load shedding (electricity)
V
V—Volt (measurement)
VA—Volt-ampere (measurement)
var—Volt-ampere reactive (measurement)
VAWT—vertical axis wind turbine (wind)
VIN—vehicle identification number (US) (transportation)
VLCC—very large crude carrier (oil)
VMT—vehicle miles traveled (transportation)
VOC—volatile organic compound
VPP—Variable peak pricing (electricity)
VSA—Voltage stability analysis
W
W—Watt
WACOG—weighted average cost of gas
WAMS—Wide area measurement system, also Wide area monitoring system - see description in phasor measurement unit article. (electricity)
WCMC—World Conservation Monitoring Centre
WCRE—World Commission on Renewable Energy
WEA—World Energy Assessment
WEC—World Energy Council
WECC—Western Electricity Coordinating Council (US)
WEI—Western Electric Institute (US)
WEEA—World Energy Efficiency Organization
WH—watthour (measurement)
WHO—World Health Organization
WIRAB—Western Interconnection Regional Advisory Body (US)
WRI—World Resources Institute
WSCC—Western Systems Coordinating Council (US)
WSPP—Western Systems Power Pool (US)
WSSD—World Summit on Sustainable Development
WTG—Wind turbine generator (wind)
WTI—West Texas Intermediate (US)
WTP—Willingness to pay
WY—Water Year (measurement)
Appendix: Residential energy acronyms
The following table lists a number of terms that are used in the United States for residential energy audits.
AFUE—annual fuel utilization efficiency
BTL—building tightness limit (building tightness)
CDH—cooling degree hours (climate)
CFL—compact fluorescent light
COP—coefficient of performance
CRI—color rendering index
EEM—Energy Efficient Mortgage
EER—energy efficiency ratio
EF—energy factor (clothes washers)
EIM—Energy Improvement Mortgage
ERV—energy-recovery ventilator
HDD—heating degree day
HHI—home heating index
HID—high-intensity discharge
HRV—heat-recovery ventilator
HSPF—heating seasonal performance factor
HVI—Home Ventilating Institute
IECC—International Energy Conservation Code
K-value—thermal conductance
Low-e—low emissivity
LEED—Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, standard for Green Building design
MEF—modified energy factor (clothes washers)
MINHERS—Mortgage Industry National Home Energy Rating Systems Standards
MVG—minimum ventilation guideline (building tightness)
MVL—minimum ventilation level (building tightness)
NAECA—National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
ODS—oxygen depletion sensor
RESNET—Residential energy services network
R-value—thermal resistance
SC—shading coefficient (windows)
SEER—seasonal E efficiency ratio
SHGC—solar heat gain coefficient
SIR—savings-to-investment ratio (energy conservation investments)
SLA—Specific leakage area
SPB—Simple Payback (energy conservation investments)
SSE—steady-state efficiency
U-value—thermal transmittance (also called U-factor)
WF—water factor (clothes washers)
See also
Acronym
Lists of abbreviations
References
Notes
Energy
Energy
Acronyms |
44503442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman%20Color%20Positive | Eastman Color Positive | Eastman Color Positive (ECP) is a photographic processing system created by Kodak in the 1950s for the development of monopack color positive print for direct projection motion picture film stock. It is part of the Eastmancolor family of products sold by Kodak.
ECP is not used for positive intermediate films because these are "pre-print" elements (e.g. archival or "protection" elements) and are never used for direct projection. One essential difference is the presence of an orange "mask" (i.e., effectively an orange base) on all films processed by ECN, and no "mask" (i.e., effectively a clear base) on all films processed by ECP.
The original process, known as ECP-1, was used from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, and involved development at approximately 25°C for around 7–9 minutes. Later research enabled faster development and environmentally friendlier film and process (and thus quicker photo lab turnaround time).
This process allowed a higher development temperature of 41.1°C for around three minutes. This new environmentally friendly development process is known as ECP-2. It is the standard development process for all modern motion picture color print developing, including Fuji and other non-Kodak film manufacturers. All film stocks are specifically created for a particular development process, thus ECP-1 film could not be put into an ECP-2 development bath since the designs are incompatible.
Originally, all Eastman Color films, ECN and ECP alike, were on triacetate base (no Eastman Color films were ever made on nitrate base), but recent practice has been for ECN elements to be on triacetate base, so these may be easily spliceable (using lap-type cemented splices, also called "negative assembly" splices), and for ECP elements to be on polyester base, so these are not spliceable (except by using butt-type splices with polyester splicing tapes).
References
Hanson, Wesley T. Jr. "Color Negative and Color Positive Film for Motion Picture Use." Journal of the SMPTE, March 1952, Volume 58, pages 223–238.
Kodak
Photographic film processes |
17338010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affton%20School%20District | Affton School District | Affton School District is a school district in Affton, Missouri, located within St. Louis County. Its schools include Affton Early Childhood, Mesnier Primary School, Gotsch Intermediate School, Merrill J. Rogers Middle School, and Affton High School.
History
The Affton School District, founded in 1855, offered its first high school courses in the basement of Mackenzie School in 1930. The first high school graduation was held in 1934. The original section of the now old Affton High School was completed in 1936. This building, located across the street from the current Affton High School, was used as the Sanders Work Activity Center, but has since been torn down and is now a senior-living facility. The current Affton High School was constructed on of land in 1955. Several additions to the high school have added a new cafeteria, a second gym and a swimming pool, a new sports complex and a common area for student gatherings.
References
School districts in Missouri
Education in St. Louis County, Missouri
1855 establishments in Missouri
School districts established in 1855 |
17338017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichake | Ichake | Ichake is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District, located in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
44503466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20of%20geography%20on%20colonial%20America | Impact of geography on colonial America | The European colonization of the Americas encountered diverse physical and human geography, which influenced the methods and results. Spanish Conquistadors found large native empires in Mexico and Peru and quickly conquered them to build feudal systems similar to those at home. Where valuable mineral deposits were found, for example silver, colonies such as New Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru were built on that basis. Places suitable to sugar developed a plantation economy.
North America, where such resources were not found, was colonized later, mainly by France, England, and the Netherlands. Their colonies were initially based on trade with the natives rather than conquest, and later on lumber rather than minerals. Where farmland was good, an export trade in its products developed.
New England Colonies
The New England colonies tried to help the Native Americans and also, known as the North-Eastern, included Massachusetts Colony, Rhode Island Colony, Connecticut Colony, and New Hampshire Colony. The region was taken from indigenous people by the people from Britain in 1620 after they had lived there for generations. The British-Americans also committed genocide on the people already living there.
These colonies provided fish, whale products, and lumber.
Geography
The Geology of North America includes many mountains, and it is thick with trees, rivers, and oceans. The forest provided large amounts of lumber for New England and led them to specialize in the shipbuilding industry. However, the landscape was unsuitable for cereal crops, so they were imported from the other colonies. Originally this region had fertile soil, but during the last glacial period, large glaciers scraped it away.
Climate
New England is the furthest north of the three regional groups. Because of this, the region has longer winters and colder weather than those to the south. Summer is brief and mild, making the growing season a comparably short one.
People
When English people settled the Northern colonies they named their region "New England" for their homeland. Famous people from the region included John Winthrop from Massachusetts, Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson from Rhode Island, Thomas Hooker from Connecticut, and John Mason from New Hampshire. Residents in the northern region were mostly Puritans. That was the only religion throughout the New England Colonies because the Puritans wanted it that way. There was no religious freedom in the region.
Trade goods
Since the soil and weather in New England were not suitable for farming, many people did not farm. Instead, they imported crops from other regions or even other countries. In return, they would trade products they had to other countries. These products included fish, whale products, ships, timber products. Also, they traded furs and livestock products made from animals living in the surrounding forests.
Using the large numbers of trees in the forest, people from New England worked at shipbuilding. People in New England cut down trees for lumber to build ships. They would then use them for fishing and hunting whales. That is also a factor that affected what goods people in New England would trade. There was much trade between New England and other regions or countries such as England. New England would export resources like fish and lumber to Africa, England, and the West Indies. Then from Africa, New England would receive hardworking slaves in return.
Middle Colonies
The middle colonies were the Delaware Colony, the New Jersey Colony, the New York Colony, and the Pennsylvania Colony. Their climate helped them become the 'breadbasket' of British North America. Arable land was plentiful and the soil was fertile. The excellent natural harbors helped the middle colonies become traders among the colonies. Due in part to immigration from foreign (Mainland Europe) countries, the people were ethnically and religiously diverse.
Geography
These colonies included New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. New York is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. Manhattan Island is a well-known location of New York, originally called New Amsterdam. Lake Erie is the great lake that New York shares a border with. The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is bordered by New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Ohio. This region also shares a border with Lake Erie. Many rivers run through the state including the Ohio and Delaware Rivers. On the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, Delaware is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, as well as by the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The area of Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New York is known as the Highlands. The Atlantic Coastal Plain is a region along the middle colonies primarily
Climate
Since the colonies were further south, the days were longer with a lot of sunlight and plenty of rain. The climate in the coastal region of the middle colonies is moderate year round. Average monthly temperatures range from 71 to 32 degrees. The average temperature in the summer months is 74 degrees. About 57% of the days are sunny. Annual precipitation is approximately 45 inches. Temperatures along the Atlantic Coast are about 10 degrees warmer in winter and 10 degrees cooler in summer. The average growing season varies from 170 to 200 days. The Coastal Plain is humid in the summers and had temperate winters.
People
The middle colonies contained Native American tribes of Algonquian and Iroquois language groups as well as a sizable percentage of African slaves during the early years. Unlike solidly Puritan New England, the middle colonies presented an assortment of religions. The presence of Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists, and Presbyterians made the dominance of one faith next to impossible. This was because some of the proprietors there believed in religious tolerance and some did not care as long the people paid for the land they inhabited.
Some wealthy people worked in the city although most colonists were farmers. Because of fertile soil and a good growing season, most farmers grew enough for their family and a surplus, which they could sell. They grew wheat, grains, and many other things. New York and Philadelphia were the Middle Colonies' biggest cities. This was because they were the center of trade with all the harbors to import and export goods. Many people were artisans or merchants with many skills. Other people tried to become apprentices to learn their trade. Other people became laborers. They could find general work such as helping load or unload ships or being house servants. Boys could learn shoe or boat making. Girls could open a cloth shop. However, most parents believed children should learn to run the family farm instead of going to college.
Trade goods
There were considerable differences between the New England, Middle and Southern regions. Economic activities and trade were dependent on the environment in which the colonists lived. The geography and climate impacted the trade and economic activities of Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies exported agricultural products and natural resources. The Middle colonies are often called the breadbasket colonies because they grew so many crops, especially wheat. The Middle colonies built flour mills where wheat was ground into flour, then shipped to England. A typical farm was 50 to 150 acres consisting of a house, barn, yard, and fields. The Middle Colonies were also able to manufacture iron ore products such as plows, tools, kettles, nails, and large blocks of iron which they exported to England. Cottage industries such as weaving, shoe-making, cabinetmaking, and other crafts were prominent in middle colonies, particularly Pennsylvania.
The Middle Colonies were in the prime location for the growth of grains. A predominant feature of the region is the Coastal Plain. This region had humid summers and temperate winters which are prime conditions for agriculture. Due to the climate of temperate summers, the grains were allowed to grow for longer periods of time. Up north, the winters were much too harsh to grow these grains. These grains were then exported to other Colonies due to its prime location to the ocean. The climate was prime for these grains which is a direct correlation to how geography relates to trade goods in the Middle Eastern Colonies.
Southern colonies
The southern British colonies in North America were the Colony of Virginia, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Province of Georgia. The first successful English colony in N. America was Jamestown, established off the Chesapeake Bay in 1607. In 1668 King Charles II granted the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietor. Georgia was not established as a colony until 1732 under a charter granted to James Oglethorpe by King George II.
Geography
Located between 40 degrees and 30 degrees latitude, the physiographic makeup of the southern colonies is generally divided into three regions. The Atlantic Coastal Plain (divided into two parts; the Inner Coastal Plain and the Tidewater), Piedmont, and the Blue Ridge Mountains and Appalachian mountain regions.
The Atlantic Coastal plains developed over the last 6,000 years, flattening out via the global flood as well as the transportation of sediment by river systems from the Appalachian Mountains. Crisscrossed by these river systems, the area became known as the Tidewater region due to the noticeable effect of the ocean's tides on the rivers that run through it.
French for "foothills", the Piedmont is characterized by rolling hills stretching between the coastal plain and the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is separated from the coastal plain by the "fall line", line where elevation falls noticeably and is the sight of many waterfalls on the rivers in the region.
The Blue Ridge Mountains is a specific region of the Appalachians. The ridgeline of the mountains varies from being 5 to 65 miles wide, with peaks averaging around 2000 to 4000 ft above sea level. The area is covered in forests with hundreds of species of trees found within the range, and today are a source of timber. Beyond the Blue mountains continues the rest of the Appalachians, except in Virginia where the Shenandoah valley opens up.
Climate
While the southern coast of the United States is located in similar latitudes of Southern Spain and Morocco, the climate is dominated by weather patterns moving overland as opposed to the oceanic weather patterns that dominate Western Europe. Due to this the east coast of North America is cooler than the regions congruent to it in the "Old World", with climate in the United States being roughly equivalent to climates 40-60 degrees latitude in Europe. During the time of colonization this effect was even more pronounced as the world was in the middle of the "Little Ice Age". The soil there is moist, which was perfect for farming. Average monthly climates range from 75.8 to 32.0 degrees. Climates along the Atlantic Coast (if scientists are to estimate) 10 degrees warmer in winter and 10 degrees cooler in summer. The average enlarging season varies from 170 to s
Demographics
Colonization of the South during the period of 1600–1650 was mainly confined to Virginia and the Jamestown region in particular. While the majority of people who initially arrived at Jamestown in the first few years of colonization were Englishmen, the Virginia Company did hire artisans from Prussia, the Netherlands and Poland to fill the ranks of colonists, with the hope that they would be able to produce profitable goods for the company to sell in England.
Population growth was very slow at first and depended on an increasing number of settlers coming into Jamestown. Besides recruiting foreign artisans, the Virginia company tried many schemes to increase settlement of the colony, including transporting "Vagrant Children" from England to Virginia and shipping young women to be married to colonists. The Virginia Company also began to use the practice of indentured servitude, promising land at the end of the term to increase immigration to the colonies. 1619 marked the first time African slaves were brought to the colony when 20 arrived on the White Lion, a Dutch trade ship that had captured them from a Portuguese slave ship. During the English Civil War and the Commonwealth Period of England, Virginia was a haven for cavaliers or royalists still loyal to the crown to live, known as Virginia Cavaliers.
Effect on the economy
The colonization of the south was greatly affected by the geography of the region. Jamestown Island (then a peninsula) itself was chosen for its physical geographic properties. Located inland, the peninsula offered protection from European powers as well as the James River ran deep enough in that the colonists could anchor their ships offshore, providing simple and easy access. Geography often played a role in settlement selection in the south, with most early settlements only extending as far inland as ships or boat could easily travel. The fall line between the Piedmont and Tidewater region is marked by settlements on where boats could not travel further due to the waterfalls and rapids common in this region.
Early colonization was marked by disaster and the failure of colonists to provide properly for themselves as well as turn a profit for the Virginia Company. This is in part due to the misconceptions about climate in Europe. The common belief in the "old world" had it that climates were the same at similar latitudes all across the world. Therefore, the southern United States and Virginia, in particular, were expected to be similar in climate to Southern Spain. Because of this, colonists and Virginia Company initially tried to cultivate such plants as mulberry trees and orange trees, which were not sustainable.
While not as prevalent a belief, some European colonial leaders argued that the warmer climates of the southern latitudes would also cause such precious metals to rise towards the surface of the earth. Along with the stories of Spanish conquests finding "cities of gold", the Virginia Company sent along with their initial colonists' equipment for prospecting and mining gold. These beliefs were shown to be wrong and equipment for agriculture and cultivation would have aided the early colonists.
Despite these initial misconceptions, the southern United States was rich geographically in particular for agricultural production. Tobacco, rice, and indigo were the main cash crops of the south during the colonial period. In 1612 John Rolfe introduced Tobacco into Jamestown and by 1640 England was importing 1.5 million pounds of tobacco from Virginia. Tobacco Cultivation was extremely difficult, and simple farmers on an acre of land just could not meet the demands in England on their own. With the introduction of African slaves in 1619, plantations began to arise that could meet the demand in Europe.
Indigo was mainly cultivated in South Carolina beginning in 1739, due to the efforts of Eliza Lucas Pickney, and became one of the biggest cash crops of the colony up until the end of the war. American indigo reached its peak in 1773 when 1.1 million pounds were exported to England.
South Carolina's swampy wetlands also made it a prime area for the cultivation of rice. In the 1700s, the South Carolina economy was based upon the exportation of rice from its tidewater region. The first attempts at cultivation were failures, and South Carolinian planters began to pay premiums to have slaves imported from specific regions in Africa where rice was grown.
References
Colonial United States (British)
Geography of the United States |
17338021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20californica | Amara californica | Amara californica is a species of black coloured beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
Subspecies
There are two subspecies of A. californica:
Amara californica californica Dejean, 1828
Amara californica costaricensis (Bates, 1878)
References
californica
Beetles described in 1828
Taxa named by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean |
17338023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangfang | Kangfang | Kangfang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
44503476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream%20Believer%20and%20Other%20Hits | Daydream Believer and Other Hits | Daydream Believer and Other Hits is a budget-price Monkees compilation released in 1998. It contained 10 of The Monkees' greatest hits, plus lesser-known classics. The album did not include any material from the 1980s or 1990s reunions, focusing strictly on the band's 1960s output.
The contents of this release include both sides to the "Pleasant Valley Sunday", "Valleri" and "D.W. Washburn" 45 singles, as well as the A-sides of the "Daydream Believer", "Good Clean Fun" and "Oh, My, My" 7" single releases. "You Can't Tie a Mustang Down" is a bubblegum rocker that makes its debut here. The track was recorded during the "A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You" sessions in January 1967, their last with music supervisor Don Kirshner.
By the time these later singles were issued, most of the album mixes were also used on the 45 singles. There are a few differences, however. The most obvious are on "Pleasant Valley Sunday", "Tapioca Tundra" and the title track, "Daydream Believer". In these cases, subtle yet significant alterations can be heard - evident mainly on the vocals, as they were usually cut long after the instrumental backing tracks. While its companion I'm a Believer & Other Hits remained in print for several years, Daydream Believer and Other Hits was deleted from Flashback's catalog not long after it was released.
Track listing
"Daydream Believer" (John Stewart) – 3:02
"D.W. Washburn" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) - 2:48
"Tapioca Tundra" (Michael Nesmith) - 3:07
"Words" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart) - 2:51
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) - 3:18
"Valleri" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:21
"It's Nice to Be with You" (Jerry Goldstein) - 2:55
"Good Clean Fun" (Nesmith) - 2:18
"Oh, My, My" (Jeff Barry, Andy Kim) - 3:02
"You Can't Tie a Mustang Down" (Barry, Leiber, Stoller) - 2:53
References
1998 greatest hits albums
The Monkees compilation albums
Rhino Records compilation albums |
17338030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-hkang | Ko-hkang | Ko-hkang is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17338034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagut | Lagut | Lagut is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17338040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagwi | Lagwi | Lagwi is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
6905513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Cosenza | List of municipalities of the Province of Cosenza | The following is a list of the 150 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Cosenza, Calabria, Italy.
List
See also
List of municipalities of Italy
References
Cosenza |
17338044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20carinata | Amara carinata | Amara carinata is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
carinata
Beetles described in 1848
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte |
44503482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugazh | Pugazh | Pugazh () is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Manimaran and co-produced by Varun Manian. The film stars Jai and Surbhi, while Karunas, RJ Balaji, G. Marimuthu, and Piraisoodan play supporting roles. Vivek-Mervin composed the film's music. The film was released on 18 March 2016 and received mixed reviews from critics.
Cast
Jai as Pugazhendhi (a) Pugazh
Surbhi as Bhuvana
Karunas as Pugazh's brother
RJ Balaji as Balaji
G. Marimuthu as Dass
Piraisoodan as Selvanayagam
Vikram as Venkat
Supergood Subramani as Venkat's father
Kannan as Bhuvana's brother
Vijayamuthu as Muthu
Kamal Hassan
Ravisankar
Valliappan
Rajani
Velraj in a cameo appearance
AC Gaayathri in a cameo appearance
Production
The film was first reported in November 2013, when it was revealed that Manimaran had cast Jai and Priya Anand to star in his second directorial venture. Anirudh Ravichander was suggested as the film's music composer, while a simultaneously shot Telugu version with Siddharth and Hansika Motwani was also considered. Manimaran added that his first choice was initially Dhanush, but his busy schedule prompted him to select Jai, while the film would be titled Podiyan, and that filming would begin in 2014.
Varun Manian announced in July 2014, that he would produce the Tamil film alongside Sushant Prasad and Govindaraj of Film Department Studios, while Velraj was revealed as the cinematographer. Reports suggested that the film may be re-titled as Pugazh, after the title became re-available following a shelved venture by Aascar Films and actor Vijay. The title Pugazh was also wanted by Sarathkumar, who later permitted the film to take it. In August 2014, reports emerged that Trisha had liked the script of the film and was re-allocating her dates to try and fit the film into her schedule. However, following the end of her engagement with producer Varun Manian, she opted out of the project. Manimaran later stated that he was not interested in casting Trisha, as she did not suit the role, but the producer had been adamant. By November 2014, the film was launched as Pugazh with Surabhi revealed to be the film's lead heroine.
Release
At the Chennai Box Office, Pugazh took an average opening, with collections of Rs. from 171 shows in the first weekend. However, the film's collections dropped drastically in the second week, and the total collection at the Chennai Box Office was Rs. from 18 shows, settling for a below average verdict.
Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu wrote, "Pugazh is a collection of good bits of writing, good intentions, but they don't add up to a consistently good film because it wants to be both a rooted ensemble drama and a masala-style solo-hero narrative. We get neither."
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Vivek-Mervin in their second venture and collaboration with Jai after Vadacurry.
References
External links
2016 films
Indian films
Indian political thriller films
Indian action drama films
Indian action thriller films
2010s Tamil-language films
2016 action drama films
2016 action thriller films
Political action films
2010s political thriller films |
44503550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi%20Triboatton | Musi Triboatton | Musi Triboatton is an annual international boat race held in South Sumatra, Indonesia since 2012. This race takes place along more than stretch on the Musi River, one of the biggest rivers in Sumatra Island, from Tanjung Raya on its upper stream in western South Sumatra to the provincial capital city of Palembang, the oldest city in Indonesia. It features three water sports: rafting, canoeing, and dragon boat racing.
Stages
There are five stages in Musi Triboatton
Stage 1 : Tanjung Raya - Tebing Tinggi ()
Stage 2 : Tebing Tinggi - Muara Kelingi ()
Stage 3 : Muara Kelingi - Sekayu ()
Stage 4 : Sekayu - Pengumbuh ()
Stage 5 : Pengumbuh - Palembang ()
References
http://www.justgoindonesia.com/musi-triboatton/
Rowing competitions in Indonesia
Sport in South Sumatra |
17338047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20confusa | Amara confusa | Amara confusa is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
confusa
Beetles described in 1848
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte |
17338049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara%20castanea | Amara castanea | Amara castanea is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.
References
carinata
Beetles described in 1866 |
6905518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20beam-induced%20current | Electron beam-induced current | Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) is a semiconductor analysis technique performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). It is used to identify buried junctions or defects in semiconductors, or to examine minority carrier properties. EBIC is similar to cathodoluminescence in that it depends on the creation of electron–hole pairs in the semiconductor sample by the microscope's electron beam. This technique is used in semiconductor failure analysis and solid-state physics.
Physics of the technique
If the semiconductor sample contains an internal electric field, as will be present in the depletion region at a p-n junction or Schottky junction, the electron–hole pairs will be separated by drift due to the electric field. If the p- and n-sides (or semiconductor and Schottky contact, in the case of a Schottky device) are connected through a picoammeter, a current will flow.
EBIC is best understood by analogy: in a solar cell, photons of light fall on the entire cell, thus delivering energy and creating electron hole pairs, and cause a current to flow. In EBIC, energetic electrons take the role of the photons, causing the EBIC current to flow. However, because the electron beam of an SEM or STEM is very small, it is scanned across the sample and variations in the induced EBIC are used to map the electronic activity of the sample.
By using the signal from the picoammeter as the imaging signal, an EBIC image is formed on the screen of the SEM or STEM. When a semiconductor device is imaged in cross-section, the depletion region will show bright EBIC contrast. The shape of the contrast can be treated mathematically to determine the minority carrier properties of the semiconductor, such as diffusion length and surface recombination velocity. In plain-view, areas with good crystal quality will show bright contrast, and areas containing defects will show dark EBIC contrast.
As such, EBIC is a semiconductor analysis technique useful for evaluating minority carrier properties and defect populations.
EBIC can be used to probe subsurface hetero-junctions of nanowires and the properties of minority carriers .
EBIC has also been extended to the study of local defects in insulators. For example, W.S. Lau (Lau Wai Shing) developed "true oxide electron beam induced current" in the 1990s. Thus, besides p-n junction or Schottky junction, EBIC can also be applied to MOS diodes. Local defects in semiconductor and local defects in the insulator could be distinguished. There exists a kind of defect which originates in the silicon substrate and extends into the insulator on top of the silicon substrate. (Please see references below.)
Recently, EBIC has been applied to high-k dielectric used in advanced CMOS technology.
Quantitative EBIC
Most EBIC images are qualitative and only show the EBIC signal as contrast image. Use of an external scan control generator on the SEM and a dedicated data acquisition system allow for sub-picoamp measurements and can give quantitative results. Some systems are commercially available that do this, and provide the ability to provide functional imaging by biasing and applying gate voltages to semiconductor devices.
References
(Review Article)
(Note: EBIC was performed on advanced high-k gate stack even though it is not obvious by reading the title of the paper.)
Electron beam
Scientific techniques
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor analysis |
17338051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-hok | La-hok | La-hok is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
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