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6904121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20PC%20games%20with%20force%20feedback%20support | List of PC games with force feedback support | This is a list of PC games that support force feedback.
Action/adventure
Abomination: The Nemesis Project
Allegiance
Assassin's Creed
Battlezone II: Combat Commander
Beast Wars: Transformers
Creature Isle
Cyber Strike 2
Dead Reckoning
Defiance
DemonStar
Descent II
Descent 3
Descent 3: Mercenary
Dethkarz
Die by the Sword
D.O.G.
Drakan: Order of the Flame
Driver
Ed Hunter
The Evil Within
Evil Dead: Regeneration
Expendable
Extreme Assault
Fahrenheit (Windows version requires "XBCD" driver for Xbox 360 gamepad)
Final Countdown
Forsaken
Grand Theft Auto IV
G Police
GT Legends
HardWar
Heavy Gear
Heavy Gear 2
H.E.D.Z.
Heroes of Might and Magic III: The Shadow of Death
Incoming
Independence War
Infestation
Interstate '76
Interstate 76 Arsenal
Interstate '82
Just Cause 2
Lord of the Rings: Conquest
MDK
MDK2 (Mod)
MechWarrior 3
MechWarrior 3: Pirate's Moon
MechWarrior 4
Messiah
Metal Gear Solid 2
MIA: Missing in Action
Midtown Madness
Nocturne (Patch)
Outcast
Prince of Persia
Professional Bullrider
Prototype
RailRoad Tycoon 2: Gold Edition
Recoil
Resident Evil 5
Rocket Jockey
Shadow Master
Shattered Reality
Shogo Mobile Armor (Patch)
Sinistar
Slave Zero (Patch)
Space Rocks 3D''' (Patch)Speedboat AttackStar Control 4Star Siege: TribesStar Wars: Shadows of the EmpireStarlancerSubcultureTachyon: The FringeTanarusTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle NexusTerminusTomb Raider: AnniversaryTomb Raider: LegendTomb Raider: UnderworldThe Godfather: The GameThunder BrigadeTigerSharkTop ShotUnreal Tournament 2004UprisingUprising 2: Lead and DestroyUrban AssaultWild Metal CountryX2: Wolverine's RevengeXenocracyX-Com: InterceptorX-FireEducational/puzzles/strategyBraidGruntzKatie Cadet and the StarFlyersLimboPortal 2Reader Rabbit ToddlerToonTalkViva Pinata (requires Xbox 360 gamepad, or emulator xinputemu3)Zillions of GamesZoombinisFirst-person shootersARMA: Armed AssaultArmA 2 & Operation ArrowheadArmA 3BioShockBrothers in Arms: Hell's HighwayCall of Duty: Black Ops Cold WarCall of Juarez: Bound in BloodCrysisDead Space (video game)Firearms (Half-Life Mod)Half-Life (Mod)Half-Life: Absolute Redemption (Half-Life Mod)Halo 2Medal of Honor: Allied AssaultNo One Lives Forever (Patch)Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis (Patch)Operation Flashpoint ResistanceQuake (Mod)Return to Castle Wolfenstein (Patch)Serious Sam: The First Encounter (Patch)Serious Sam: The Second EncounterSoldier of FortuneSoldier of Fortune II: Double HelixStar Trek: Voyager – Elite Force (Patch)Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi AcademyStar Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi OutcastTribes 2Unreal Tournament 2003Unreal Tournament 2004Wanted! (Half-Life mod)
Flight/space simulationAbyss Lights: Frozen SystemsAir Warrior IIAir Warrior IIIACES: The X-FightersBarrageBlazing Angels 2: Secret Missions of WWII (supported but non-working)Comanche 4 (Patch)Microsoft Combat Flight SimulatorCombat Flight Simulator 3: Battle for EuropeConfirmed KillCrimson Skies (IFR Mod)Dawn of AcesDigital Combat SimulatorDescent: FreeSpace – The Great WarDescent: FreeSpace: Silent ThreatEarth Siege 3Enemy Engaged: RAH-66 Comanche vs. KA-52 Hokum (community patch)European Air WarF-16 Multirole FighterF-22: Air Dominance FighterF-22 Lightning 3F-22 Total Air WarFalcon 4.0Fighter Ace IIFighter Duel SEFighter Legends: Europe 1944Fighter Squadron: The Screamin' Demons Over EuropeFlanker 2.0Flight Combat: Thunder Over EuropeFlight Simulator XFlight Simulator 2000Flight Simulator 2002Flight Simulator 2004Flight Simulator 95Flight Simulator 98Flight Unlimited IIFlying Corps GoldFlying HeroesFlying Nightmares 2FreeSpace 2Gunship!Heroes of the Pacific (Windows version requires "XBCD" driver for Xbox 360 gamepad)Heroes Over EuropeIL-2 SturmovikIL-2 Sturmovik: 1946IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of DoverIL-2 Sturmovik: Forgotten BattlesIndependence War 2: Edge of ChaosJane's Attack SquadronJane's F/A-18Jane's Israeli Air ForceJane's US Air ForceJane's WWII FightersJetFighter Full BurnJetFighter IIIJSF: Joint Strike FighterJumpgate UniverseKlingon AcademyMig AlleyMig-29 FulcrumNations WWII Fighter CommandPacific FightersPlane CrazyPro PilotPro Pilot 99Red Baron IIRed Baron II 3DReturn Fire IIRise of Flight: The First Great Air WarSabre Ace: Conflict Over KoreaSecret Weapons Over NormandySierra Pro PilotSnoopy vs. the Red Baron (Windows version requires "XBCD" driver for Xbox 360 gamepad)SpearHeadStar Wars: Episode I: Battle for NabooStar Wars Episode I: RacerStar Wars: Rogue Squadron 3DStar Wars: X-Wing AllianceTeam ApacheTotal Air WarUltra FightersWar ThunderWarbirdsWargasmWay Point ZetaX2: The ThreatX3: ReunionX3: Terran ConflictRacing/Vehicle SimulationAssetto CorsaBeamNG.driveBurnout ParadiseColin McRae Rally 2City Car DrivingCross Racing Championship Extreme 2005Daytona USA DeluxeDiRTDiRT 2DiRT 3DiRT 4Dirt RallyDirt Rally 2.0Driver: You Are the WheelmanDriving Speed 2American Truck SimulatorEuro Truck SimulatorEuro Truck Simulator 2FlatOutFlatOut 2Forza Horizon 3Forza Horizon 4Forza Horizon 4Forza Motorsport 4Forza Motorsport 5Forza Motorsport 6Forza Motorsport 7F1 2010F1 2011F1 2012F1 2013F1 2014F1 2015F1 2016F1 2017F1 2018F1 2019F1 2020F1 2021Gas Guzzlers ExtremeGrand Prix 3Grand Prix 4Grand Prix LegendsRace Driver: GridRe-VoltRace Driver: GridGrid 2GTRGTR2iRacing.comLive For SpeedNeed for Speed IINeed for Speed III: Hot PursuitNeed for Speed: CarbonNeed for Speed: Hot Pursuit (2010)Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005)Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012)Need for Speed: Porsche UnleashedNeed for Speed: ProStreetNeed for Speed: ShiftNeed for Speed: UndercoverNeed for Speed: UndergroundNeed for Speed: Underground 2My Summer CarPowerslideProject CARSProject CARS 2Project CARS 3rFactorrFactor 2Richard Burns RallySnowRunnerSonic & Sega All-Stars RacingSonic & All-Stars Racing TransformedTest Drive UnlimitedTest Drive 5The Crew, The Crew 2Ultimate Race Pro - Win 95 / 98Screamer 4x4Shift 2: UnleashedWorld RacingWorld Racing 2WreckfestRole-playingBastionBreath of Fire IVSudekiSports gamesABC's Monday Night FootballABC's College Football "Heroes of the Grid Iron"Baseball 2000Baseball 3D: 1998 EditionDeer Hunter 2Field & Stream Trophy Bass 3DFIFA 08FIFA 09Front Page Trophy Bass IIFont Page Trophy Bass II DeluxeFront Page Sports Trophy RiversKOMadden NFL 99Madden NFL 2000Madden NFL 2001NCAA Football 2000NFL Blitz 2000NFL Fever 2000Powerboat RacingFPS Ski RacingSki AlpinSnow Wave "Avalanche"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4unnecessary Roughness '96ESPN XGames Pro Boarder''
External links
MobyGames' Miscellaneous Attributes: Force Feedback
Force Feedback
Haptic technology |
6904122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro%20Gianetti | Mauro Gianetti | Mauro Gianetti (born 16 March 1964 in Lugano) is a Swiss directeur sportif, and a former rider in professional road bicycle racing. Gianetti was employed as team manager for the cycling team throughout its existence between 2004 and 2011.
Several riders have been sanctioned for doping violations that occurred during his tenure as directeur sportif, including Riccardo Riccò and Juan José Cobo. Gianetti currently sits on the Board of Directors of UAE Team Emirates.
With over 30 professional victories, Gianetti's biggest career accomplishments as a rider include winning the 1995 Liège–Bastogne–Liège and Amstel Gold Race and representing Switzerland at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
His son Noé Gianetti was also a professional cyclist.
Major results
Directeur sportif
2002–2003
2004–2011
Rider
1995
1st, Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1st, Amstel Gold Race
1996
2nd (Silver), World Cycling Championships – Road Race
3rd, Overall, Critérium International
1st, Stage 2
After retirement
CEO GM Bikes SA, www.maurogianetti.com
CEO UAE Team Emirates www.uaeteamemirates.com
Gianetti became assistant director of Dante Lam, and helped to film the Milan leg of Taiwanese movie To The Fore.
References
1964 births
Living people
Swiss male cyclists
Olympic cyclists of Switzerland
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
People from Lugano
Swiss people of Italian descent
Sportspeople from Ticino |
23576315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break%20Up%20to%20Make%20Up | Break Up to Make Up | "Break Up to Make Up" was a 1973 hit by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics. The song was written by Thom Bell, Linda Creed, and Kenneth Gamble.
An R&B ballad, it was the seventh track from their 1972 album Round 2 and was released as a single and reached number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also climbed to number 5 in the Billboard R&B chart and reached number 34 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1973. The Stylistics' recording sold over one million copies in the US, earning the band a gold disc The award was presented by the RIAA on April 6, 1973. It was the band's fourth gold disc.
Other versions
"Break Up to Make Up" has been covered many times, including:
In 1973 by Johnny Mathis.
A semi-instrumental version by The Cecil Holmes Soulful Sounds included in the album Music For Soulful Lovers (1973).
Jean Carne covered the song in 1986.
Freestyle singer Cynthia covered the song in 1991.
R&B singer Will Downing covered the song on his 1993 album, Love's the Place to Be.
The Trammps also covered the song in 1993.
Jamaican-Canadian reggae singer Leroy Sibbles also covered the song in 1995.
Joan Osborne covered the song in 2007 for her album, Breakfast in Bed.
Chart performance
References
1973 singles
The Stylistics songs
Songs written by Thom Bell
Songs written by Linda Creed
Songs written by Kenny Gamble
1972 songs
Avco Records singles |
44500712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal%20Ughi | Chantal Ughi | Chantal Ughi (born 17 December 1981) is an Italian American female kickboxer, actress and multiple Muay Thai champion.
Ughi started training Muay Thai in New York aged 20, and in January 2008 left her acting career in the United States to become a full time Muay Thai fighter in Thailand. She has since spoken out about the difficulties of being a female in a sport run by men, as well as her experiences of traveling to Thailand alone as a girl to train and compete in Muay Thai. Chantal Ughi is a seven times World Champion in the sport.
In 2014, Ughi returned to Italy to resume her acting career and was the subject matter and lead actress in the 2015 documentary "Goodbye Darling I'm Off To Fight!" (original in Italian: Ciao Amore Vado a Combattere!) directed by Simone Manetti and produced by Alfredo Covelli, where she plays herself.
Filmography
Acting career
Actress, Director, Singer and photographer, Chantal studied piano and followed her family relative Uto Ughi a violin player, at an early age. She then started modeling and traveling Europe, Paris, London, Madrid and Tokyo, Japan. At the same time she pursued her passion for acting and photography.
Ughi soon moved to Rome where she got her first acting role in the movie "Traveling Companion", starring Asia Argento and French actor Michel Piccoli, (Official Selection @ the Cannes International Film Festival).
She quickly became the muse of many European film directors such as Peter Del Monte, Citto Maselli, Giuseppe Piccioni, Fulvio Ottaviano. She showcased her talent in both drama and comedy movies through many leading and supporting roles in internationally acclaimed European and Italian movies like "Not Of This World", starring Margherita Buy and Silvio Orlando (United Artists Release and winner of the Montreal World Film Festival and the AFI Los Angeles Film Festival),"Love in The Mirror" starring Peter Stormare (Dancer In The Dark), the Italian Academy Award Winner "Growing Artichocks in Mimongo, the critically acclaimed comedy "But We Only Made Love", where she plays Corinna, and "Albania Blues" where she plays Aida.
After an Intensive Shakespeare Program @ The Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London RADA, Chantal decided to move to New York City, where she immediately landed a leading role in the romantic comedy "Big Apple", aka "Freax and the City" which she also help produce. In New York her debut film "La Mia Mano Destra" (My Right Hand) won for Best Short @ the Brooklyn International Film Festival.
Goodbye Darling I'm Off To Fight! (Ciao Amore Vado a combattere!) directed by Simone Manetti and Produced by Alfredo Covelli, where Ughi plays herself, was won Best Italian Documentary Prize and Jury Special Mention Prize at the prestigious 2016 Biografilm Festival in Bologna, Italy as well as Best Documentary at Molise Cinema and many other prizes. It was also nominated for Italian Nastri D'Argento 2017. It was released in movie theatres all around Italy in 2017 by I Wonder Pictures.
In 2016, Chantal played the lead role in Fiorella Mannoia's music video to "Nessuna Conseguenza" (No consequences), highlighting the continued relevance of violence against women and domestic abuse.
Muay Thai Career
Chantal Ughi began fighting Muay Thai professionally in 2008. She is a seven times World Champion in the sport. She won her first Muay World title the WPMF against Carly Giumulli on Dec. 5th 2008, during the King of Thailand's Birthday celebration in Bangkok, in front of 100.000 people. Chantal Ughi has fought Miriam Nakamoto for the WBC, Julie Kitchen for her WPMF title defense, Stephanie Ielö Page for the WMA and Eileen Forrest for the ISKA titles.
Championships and Accomplishments
World Professional Muaythai Federation
WPMF World Welterweight Championship (147 lbs)
One title defense against Julie Kitchen
World Muaythai Association
WMA World Super Lightweight Championship (140 lbs)
World Muaythai Federation
WMF World Super Lightweight Championship (140 lbs)
WMF World Welterweight Championship (147 lbs)
WMF World Welterweight Amateur Championship (147 lbs)
World Taekwondo Kickboxing Association
WTKA World Welterweight Amateur Championship (147 lbs)
World Muaythai Organization
WMO World Super Lightweight Championship (140 lbs)
WMO Welterweight Championship (147 pounds
Muaythai Premiere League
Runner up 63.5 kg. (140 lbs.) SuperLightweight division
Titles
2015 - WMO World Champion 63.5 Kg.
2014 - World Muay Thai Federation(WMF) Pro Am World Champion 63.5 kg.
2014 - World Muay Thai Federation(WMF) Amateur World Champion 66 kg.
2012 – WMF Pro AM World Champion 66 kg (1 defense)
2010 – WMF World Championship (Bronze)
2009 – WMA World Champion 63.5 kg
2009 – Patong Stadium PK1 Champion (1 defense)
2008 – WMF World championship, Prince's Cup 67 kg (Gold)
2008 – WPMF World Champion 67 kg
2008 – WTKA K1 Division Amateur World Champion 67 kg
2008 – WTKA Muay Thai Division Amateur World Champion 67 kg
2008 – WKA North American Amateur Champion 67 kg
Record
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Loss
| Annalisa Bucci
|
| Ancona, Italy
| style="text-align:center;"|Split Decision
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Daniellea Callejas
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Loss
| Jorina Baars
|Lion Fight 20
| Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
| style="text-align:center;"|TKO
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:35
| style="text-align:center;"|
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Loss
| Miriam Nakamoto
|WCK Muay Thai
| Haikou City, Hainan Island, China
| style="text-align:center;"|Decision (unanimous)
|align=center|5
|align=center|2:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |Loss
| Antonina Shevchenko
|
| Koh Samui Petch Booncha Stadium, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;" |Unanimous Decision
| align="center" |4
| align="center" |2:00
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |Loss
| Eileen Forrest
|Warriors at War
| Brisbane, Australia
| style="text-align:center;" |Decision
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |3:00
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Stephanie Ielö Page
|
| MBK, Bangkok, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|Unanimous Decision
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|
| style="text-align:center;" |Loss
|Julie Kitchen
|
| MBK Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;" |Unanimous Decision
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |3:00
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Lindsey Hofstrand
|
| Patong Stadium, Phuket, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Namwan
|
| Patong Stadium, Phuket, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
|
|
| Patong Stadium, Phuket, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Carly Giumulli
|
| King's Birthday, Sanam Luang, Bangkok, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Gulistan
|
| WMF Prince's Cup, Bangkok, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Zelda
|
| WTKA World Championship, Italy
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Kelly
|
| WTKA World Championships, Italy
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Nongnane Jorguun gym
|
| Patong Stadium, Phuket, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Surat Thani
|
| Patong Stadium, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
|
|
| WKA North American Championships, Virginia, USA
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Kwanfa
|
| Kata Stadium, Phuket, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
| Nonganne
|
| Bangla Stadium, Phuket Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Win
|
|
| Lokroi Stadium, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| style="text-align:center;"|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
Professional Boxing Record
References
External links
Chantal Ughi at Awakening Fighters
1981 births
Sportspeople from Milan
Actresses from Milan
Italian female kickboxers
Living people
Female Muay Thai practitioners
Italian women boxers |
6904137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette%20Rogers | Annette Rogers | Annette Rogers (later Kelly, October 22, 1913 – November 8, 2006) was an American sprinter and high jumper. She competed in the individual 100 m, 4×100 m relay and high jump at the 1932 and 1936 Olympics and won two gold medals in the relay, setting a world record in 1932. She placed fifth in the individual 100 m in 1932 and sixth in the high jump in 1932 and 1936. Domestically she won the AAU outdoor titles in the 100 yards in 1933 and in the relay in 1931–1933. She also won the AAU indoor titles in the 200 m and high jump in 1933 and 1936.
Rogers was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, but at an early age moved to Chicago with her parents, John and Mary Rogers, two immigrants from Ireland. Rogers graduated from Senn High School in Chicago, and Northwestern University. She then worked as a teacher of physical education in the Chicago public school system, retiring in 1965. While going to school and working, Rogers trained and competed with the following organizations—Illinois Women's Athletic Club (IWAC), 1930-1933, Lincoln Park, 1933-34, and Illinois Club for Catholic Women (ICCW). Rogers married Peter J. Kelly in 1948.
References
1913 births
2006 deaths
American female sprinters
Sportspeople from Chelsea, Massachusetts
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Northwestern University alumni
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
Olympic female sprinters
21st-century American women |
23576331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaflieg%20Stuttgart%20fs17 | Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17 | The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17 was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in Germany from 1936. It notably featured a prone seating position for its pilot.
Development
Realising that aircraft form drag is directly related to cross-sectional area of bodies moving through the air, the students of Akaflieg Stuttgart (Akademische Fliegergruppe – academic flying group) investigated methods of reducing the cross-sectional area of fuselage bodies, including the prone-position pilot, where the pilot lies horizontally with his body roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. They noted an additional benefit of such a configuration is the pilot's increased resistance to the effects of 'g'. With very little previous research to take advantage of Akaflieg Stuttgart designed the FS 17 glider for flight trials of prone position cockpits.
The fs17 was an all-wood low-wing cantilever monoplane with emphasis on good low-speed flight characteristics, to reduce the risk to the pilot in stalling accidents, and a maximum load factor of 14g. The fuselage was designed with increased stiffness, to provide increased crash protection for the pilot, and the wing leading edges formed torsion boxes. The pilot lay above the wing centre section under an extensively glazed canopy.
Specifications
References
Further reading
1930s German sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Akaflieg Stuttgart aircraft |
44500713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio%20Sala%20%28painter%29 | Emilio Sala (painter) | Emilio Sala y Francés (20 January 1850, Alcoy - 14 April 1910, Madrid) was a Spanish painter; primarily of female portraits.
Biography
He came from a family of merchants. His first studies were at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos de Valencia with Plácido Francés y Pascual, his cousin. In 1871, he had his first public showing at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts and won First Prize there in 1878. He also opened a studio in Madrid and took part in decorating the Anglada and Mazarredo palaces, the ceilings of the Café de Fornos (now gone) and the Cantina Americana.
In 1885, after failing to receive a Professorship at the "School of Arts and Crafts", he applied for and received a fellowship to study at the "Academia de España en Roma" but, two years later, was granted leave to study in Paris instead. At the Exposition Universelle (1889) he presented his now-famous painting Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, only to discover that the French public apparently no longer appreciated historical works, so he presented it in Spain, where it was better received. In 1890, perhaps as a result of this experience, he abandoned that subject in favor of genre scenes, landscapes and illustrating.
In 1896, he returned to Spain, where he married and reopened his studio. Many of his works appeared in the magazine Blanco y Negro. He also illustrated some of the Episodios Nacionales of Benito Pérez Galdós. and created decorations for the palace of the Infanta Isabella, which were highly praised. Overall, however, his portraits stand out.
In 1906, he once again applied for an academic position, this time at the Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and was rejected in favor of Ramón Menéndez Pidal. As compensation, the school created a chair in the "Theory and Esthetics of Color" especially for him. He held that post until his death from heart failure. Among his many honors are the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabel the Catholic and the Cross of the Order of St. Michael (Bavaria), presented at an exhibition in Munich in 1885.
Other selected paintings
References
Further reading
Emilio Sala, Gramática del color, Madrid, Viuda e hijos de Murillo, 1906. Reprinted, 1944, by the Librería general.
Aureliano de Beruete y Moret, "Emilio Sala", in Museum, #II, Barcelona, Thomas, 1911.
Adrián Espí Valdés, El Pintor Emilio Sala y su obra. Servicio de Estudios Artísticos, Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo, Valencia, 1975.
External links
The Athenaeum: More works by Sala
1850 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
Spanish portrait painters
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
People from Alcoy
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic |
23576344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Firestein | Jack Firestein | Jack Firestein (1917–2004) was British Socialist and Labour activist.
Life
He was born in Whitechapel, London, England, to an eastern European Jewish family, he left school when he was 14 to follow his father as a tailor, he later became a bookseller, a profession he continued most of his life. In the early 1930s Firestein joined the Communist Party. In 1936, he was involved in the 'Battle of Cable Street', when Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts were routed by a mobilisation of East End workers. In the Second World War he joined the Royal Fusiliers who were involved in the Italian campaigns in Italy. He was seriously injured when a bullet passed through his body in the battle of Anzio, where he was taken prisoner by the Germans. Jack was subsequently awarded the Military Medal.
After the war he went back to the book trade and in the 1950s he ran the Unity Theatre, London Folk Club in London for more than 16 years, until the theatre was burnt down in 1975. He also worked as a chauffeur for Clive Jenkins a British trade union leader for many years. He left the Communist Party in 1956 after the Soviet Union suppression of the Hungarian Uprising that year.
He joined the Labour Party and remained a member until his death, He ran an open-air book stall outside of the headquarters of Camden Labour Party – although his disillusionment with the party led him to join the then recently formed Respect Party without renouncing his Labour Party membership. He was deeply involved with his local Neighbourhood Advice Centre as a trustee on the management board, and he also dedicated many hours to helping others with welfare problems.
In 2009, Chris Reeves, a London filmmaker of Platform films, made a film remembrance of his life entitled "Only a Bookseller". It was accepted into the 2010 Canadian Labour International Film Festival (CLiFF).
References
Unity Theatre, London
1 A short history of nearly everything... (2006) (http://www.unityfolkclub.org/history.html)
2 Dan Carrier, Camden New Journal - (21 October 2004)
3 JACK FIRESTEIN – ONLY A BOOKSELLER by Chris Reeves, UK 2009. London Socialist Film Co-op (11 October 2009) (https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203028/http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqtb/LSFC_web2009-10_OCT.pdf)
Workers Action
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110613012734/http://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/2004%20archive/211004/n211004_4.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20061001111213/http://www.workersaction.org.uk/28Articles/28_Firestein.htm
http://www.labourfilms.ca
https://web.archive.org/web/20110929203028/http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqtb/LSFC_web2009-10_OCT.pdf
http://www.unityfolkclub.org/
http://www.grahamstevenson.me.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=197:jack-firestein-&catid=6:f&Itemid=21
1917 births
2004 deaths
Bibliography |
44500715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitario%20de%20La%20Paz | Universitario de La Paz | Club Universitario de La Paz is a professional football team based in La Paz Department, Bolivia that competes in the Bolivian Primera División.
Honours
National
Bolivian Primera División
Winners (1): 1969
References
Association football clubs established in 1922
Football clubs in Bolivia
1922 establishments in Bolivia |
23576369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosecurity | Neurosecurity | Neurosecurity has been defined as "a version of computer science security principles and methods applied to neural engineering", or more fully, as "the protection of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of neural devices from malicious parties with the goal of preserving the safety of a person’s neural mechanisms, neural computation, and free will". Neurosecurity also refers to the application of neuroscience to behavioral information security to better understand and improve users' security behaviors. Neurosecurity is a distinct concept from neuroethics; neurosecurity is effectively a way of enforcing a set of neuroethical principles for a neural device. Neurosecurity is also distinct from the application of neuroscience to national security, a topic that is addressed in Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense by Jonathan D. Moreno.
The Center for Neurotechnology Studies of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, in Arlington, VA, USA works with a number of university and governmental partners on issues, problems and protocols for neurosecurity. James Giordano, Director of the Center, defines neurosecurity as "concepts, practices, guidelines and policies dedicated to identifying threats to, and preserving the integrity of neuro-psychiatric information about persons, groups and populations obtained in neuroscientific research and/or through the use of neurotechnologies (such as neuroimaging, neurofeedback, neurogenetics, and neuro-computational data banks) in medicine, the social sphere, and national intelligence and defense".
Popular culture
The anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2002–2003) prominently features hackers manipulating neural implants. One example is the Laughing Man's use of hacking to interfere with the reports of eyewitnesses. In another example, Major Kusanagi makes a point by taking control of some of Batou's implants and forcing him to punch himself.
Neal Stephenson's book The Diamond Age (1995) briefly refers to corporations hacking neural implants in order to superimpose advertisements onto a user's field of vision.
The world in video game Remember Me is set in the world where memory manipulation is commonplace.
See also
Brain implant
Brain-reading
Cyberware
Hacker (computer security)
Neuroprosthetics
References
Neuroscience
Security |
6904158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Power%20Facility | Space Power Facility | Space Power Facility (SPF) is a NASA facility used to test spaceflight hardware under simulated launch and spaceflight conditions. The SPF is part of NASA's Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility, which in turn is part of the Glenn Research Center. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility and the SPF are located near Sandusky, Ohio (Oxford Township, Erie County, Ohio).
The SPF is able to simulate a spacecraft's launch environment, as well as in-space environments. NASA has developed these capabilities under one roof to optimize testing of spaceflight hardware while minimizing transportation issues. Space Power Facility has become a "One Stop Shop" to qualify flight hardware for crewed space flight. This facility provides the capability to perform the following environmental testing:
Thermal-vacuum testing
Reverberation acoustic testing
Mechanical vibration testing
Modal testing
Electromagnetic interference and compatibility testing
Thermal-Vacuum Test Chamber
The Space Power Facility (SPF) is a vacuum chamber built by NASA in 1969. It stands high and in diameter, enclosing a bullet-shaped space. It is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber. It was originally commissioned for nuclear-electric power studies under vacuum conditions, but was later decommissioned. It was subsequently recommissioned for use in testing spacecraft propulsion systems. Recent uses include testing the airbag landing systems for the Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, under simulated Mars atmospheric conditions.
The facility was designed and constructed to test both nuclear and non-nuclear space hardware in a simulated Low-Earth-Orbiting environment. Although the facility was designed for testing nuclear hardware, only non-nuclear tests have been performed throughout its history. Some of the test programs that have been performed at the facility include high-energy experiments, rocket-fairing separation tests, Mars Lander system tests, deployable Solar Sail tests and International Space Station hardware tests.
The facility can sustain a high vacuum (10−6 torr, 130 μPa); simulate solar radiation via a 4 MW quartz heat lamp array, solar spectrum by a 400 kW arc lamp, and cold environments () with a variable geometry cryogenic cold shroud.
The facility is available on a full-cost reimbursable basis to government, universities, and the private sector.
In Spring 2013 SpaceX conducted a fairing separation test in the vacuum chamber.
Aluminum Test Chamber
The Aluminum Test Chamber is a vacuum-tight aluminum plate vessel that is in diameter and high. Designed for an external pressure of and internal pressure of , the chamber is constructed of Type 5083 aluminum which is a clad on the interior surface with a thick type 3003 aluminum for corrosion resistance. This material was selected because of its low neutron absorption cross-section. The floor plate and vertical shell are (total) thick, while the dome shell is . Welded circumferentially to the exterior surface is aluminum structural T-section members that are deep and wide. The doors of the test chamber are in size and have double door seals to prevent leakage. The chamber floor was designed for a load of 300 tons.
Concrete Chamber Enclosure
The concrete chamber enclosure serves not only as a radiological shield but also as a primary vacuum barrier from atmospheric pressure. in diameter and in height, the chamber was designed to withstand atmospheric pressure outside of the chamber at the same time vacuum conditions are occurring within. The concrete thickness varies from and contains a leak-tight steel containment barrier embedded within. The chamber's doors are and have inflatable seals. The space between the concrete enclosure and the aluminum test chamber is pumped down to a pressure of during a test.
Brian Cox of the BBC's Human Universe filmed a rock and feather drop episode at the Space Power Facility. Below is a YouTube clip:
Rock and Feather Drop at NASA's Space Power Facility
Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility (EMI/EMC) functionality
Designed specifically as a large-scale thermal-vacuum test chamber for qualification testing of vehicles and equipment in outer-space conditions, it was discovered in the late 2000s that the unique construction of the SPF interior aluminum vacuum chamber also makes it an extremely large and electrically complex RF cavity with excellent reverberant RF characteristics. In 2009 these characteristics were measured by NIST and others after which the facility was understood to be, not only the world's largest Vacuum chamber, but also the world's largest EMI/EMC test facility. In 2011 NASA GRC successfully performed a calibration of the aluminum vacuum chamber using IEC 61000-4-21 methodologies. As a result of these activities, the SPF is capable of performing radiated susceptibility EMI tests for vehicles and equipment per MIL-STD-461 and able to achieve MIL-STD-461F limits above approximately 80 MHz. In the spring of 2017 the low-power characterizations and calibrations from 2009 and 2011 were proven correct in a series of high-power tests performed in the chamber to validate its capabilities. The SPF chamber is currently being prepared for EMI radiated susceptibility testing of the crew module for the Artemis 1 of NASA's Orion spacecraft.
Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility
The Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility has 36 nitrogen-driven horns to simulate the high noise levels that will be experienced during a space vehicle launch and supersonic ascent conditions. The RATF is capable of an overall sound pressure level of 163 dB within a chamber.
Mechanical Vibration Test Facility
The Mechanical Vibration Test Facility (MVF), is a three-axis vibration system. It will apply vibration in each of the three orthogonal axes (not simultaneously) with one direction in parallel to the Earth-launch thrust axis (X) at 5–150 Hz, 0-1.25 g-pk vertical, and 5–150 Hz 0-1.0 g-pk for the horizontal axes.
Vertical, or the thrust axis, shaking is accomplished by using 16 vertical actuators manufactured by TEAM Corporation, each capable of . The 16 vertical actuators allow for testing of up to a article at the previously stated frequency and amplitude limits.
Horizontal shaking is accomplished through use of 4 TEAM Corporation Horizontal Actuators. The horizontal actuators are used during Vertical testing to counteract cross axis forces and overturning moments.
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
Modal Test Facility
In addition to the sine vibe table, a fixed-base Modal floor sufficient for the diameter test article is available. The fixed based Modal Test Facility is a thick steel floor on top of of concrete, that is tied to the earth using deep tensioned rock anchors.
There were over of rock anchors, and of concrete used in the construction of the fixed-base modal test facility and mechanical vibration test facility.
Assembly Area
The SPF Facility layout is ideal for performing multiple test programs. The facility has two large high bay areas adjacent to either side of the vacuum chamber. The advantage of having both areas available is that it allows for two complex tests to be prepared simultaneously. One test can be prepared in a high bay while another test is being conducted in the vacuum chamber. Large chamber doors provide access to the test chamber from either high bay.
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
References
External links
Skylab Shroud in Plum Brook Space Power Facility
NASA image gallery, featuring the SPF
Detailed facility capabilities
Aerospace engineering
Glenn Research Center
NASA facilities
Buildings and structures in Erie County, Ohio |
23576375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20lacerum | Trichocentrum lacerum | Trichocentrum lacerum is a species of orchid found from Central America to Colombia.
References
External links
lacerum
Orchids of Central America
Orchids of Belize
Orchids of Colombia |
6904160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiraing | Quiraing | The Quiraing () is a landslip on the eastern face of , the northernmost summit of the Trotternish on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. The whole of the Trotternish Ridge escarpment was formed by a great series of landslips; the Quiraing is the only part of the slip still moving – the road at its base, near Flodigarry, requires repairs each year.
Parts of the distinctive landscape have earned particular names. The Needle is a jagged landmark pinnacle, a remnant of landslipping. Northwest of it is The Table, a flat grassy area slipped down from the summit plateau, with vistas of the Torridon Hills and the mountains of Wester Ross. Southwest is the Prison, a pyramidal rocky peak which can look like a medieval keep when viewed from the right angle – the ascent of this is an airy scramble.
The name Quiraing comes from Old Norse , which means 'Round Fold'. Within the fold is The Table, an elevated plateau hidden amongst the pillars. It is said that the fold was used to conceal cattle from Viking raiders.
External links
Mountains and hills of the Isle of Skye
Landslides in the United Kingdom |
44500719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20Diop | Marvin Diop | Marvin Diop (born 8 August 1992) is a French footballer who plays as a striker for Championnat National side JA Drancy.
Career
Diop made his Ligue 2 debut on 3 October 2014 against Chamois Niortais replacing Mouaad Madri after 74 minutes in a 0–0 home draw. He scored his first professional goal on 17 October 2014 in a 1–1 away draw against Clermont Foot.
Career statistics
References
1992 births
Living people
Association football forwards
French footballers
AC Ajaccio players
ASM Belfort players
JA Drancy players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players |
23576381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228th%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 228th Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 228th Combat Communications Squadron (228 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at McGhee-Tyson ANGB, Tennessee.
Mission
History
Assignments
Major Command/Gaining Command
Air National Guard/Air Combat Command (1 Jun 1992 – present)
Air National Guard/Tactical Air Command (16 Oct 1971 – 1 Jun 1992)
Wing/Group
226th Combat Communications Group (1971 – present)
Previous designations
228th Combat Communications Squadron (???-Present)
228th Mobile Communications Squadron (Contingency) (16 October 1971-???)
Bases stationed
McGhee-Tyson ANGB, Tennessee (1971 – present)
Equipment Operated
TRC-170
TSC-85C
TSC-94
PSC-5D
Awards and decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award (AFOUO):1 January 1976 – 31 December 1977;1 January – 31 December 1990;1 September 1997 – 31 August 1999;
References
External links
Combat Communications 0228
Combat Communications 0228
Military units and formations in Tennessee |
20474500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gory%20Sertic | Grégory Sertic | Grégory Sertic (; born 5 August 1989) is a French retired professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
Club career
Bordeaux
Born in Brétigny-sur-Orge, Essonne of Croatian descent, Sertic joined FC Girondins de Bordeaux's youth system at the age of 15, from the famed INF Clairefontaine academy. During the 2007–08 season, spent in the Championnat de France Amateur with the senior reserves, he earned praise from first team manager Laurent Blanc.
Sertic made his debut in Ligue 1 on 29 April 2009, starting in a 3–2 away win against Stade Rennais FC. His maiden competitive appearance had taken place on 11 November of the previous year, in the 4–2 home victory over En Avant de Guingamp in the round of 16 of the Coupe de la Ligue where he came on as a late substitute. His first goal in the former competition was scored in only his second appearance, helping the hosts defeat FC Sochaux-Montbéliard 3–0.
For the 2010–11 season, Sertic was loaned to fellow league club RC Lens.
Marseille
On 30 January 2017, Sertic signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Olympique de Marseille. During his spell at the Stade Vélodrome, he played sparingly due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury.
In February 2019, Sertic moved to FC Zürich of the Swiss Super League until the end of the season. He announced his retirement in November 2020 at the age of 31, and immediately started working as a pundit for Canal+.
International career
On 25 May 2009, Sertic was called up for the first time to the France under-21 side which was due to participate in that year's Toulon Tournament. He made his debut in the competition on 6 June, playing 36 minutes in the 1–0 group stage defeat of Portugal.
Sertic was granted Croatian citizenship in March 2013, as his paternal grandfather was a native of Brinje who moved to the French capital. However, FIFA did not allow him to play for that national team due to new rules about naturalisation of players.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Bordeaux
Ligue 1: 2008–09
Coupe de France: 2012–13
Coupe de la Ligue: 2008–09
Trophée des Champions: 2009
References
External links
Bordeaux official profile
Marseille official profile
1989 births
Living people
People from Brétigny-sur-Orge
French people of Croatian descent
French footballers
Footballers from Essonne
Association football midfielders
France under-21 international footballers
Ligue 1 players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
Swiss Super League players
ES Viry-Châtillon players
INF Clairefontaine players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
RC Lens players
Olympique de Marseille players
FC Zürich players
French expatriate footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate footballers in Switzerland |
23576386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/232d%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 232d Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 232d Combat Communications Squadron (232 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Abston Air National Guard Station, Montgomery, Alabama.
Combat Communications 0232
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations in Alabama |
6904171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitmer%20High%20School | Whitmer High School | Whitmer High School is a public high school in Toledo, Ohio, named for John Wallace Whitmer, an educator who helped organize high school classes for the area. It is the only high school in the Washington Local School District in Lucas County, Ohio, serving the northwest section of Toledo up to the Michigan state line. It is the largest high school in the Toledo area. Whitmer offers 200 courses including honors and AP classes, 16 career training programs, 22 varsity sports, and more than 50 extracurricular activities. Students regularly receive district, state, and national accolades in art, music, and career training competitions.
History
Whitmer Senior High School opened in 1924 in the Jefferson building. In 1960, the Whitmer building opened. In 1974, the Whitmer Vocational Building, now the Career and Technology Center (CTC), opened.
Renovations
In 2006, Whitmer High School underwent several renovations. Among the renovations was a total overhaul of the Homer S. Nightingale Center for the Performing Arts, including an expanded lobby. A new gym and new Fieldhouse lobby were added to the school.
In 2007, Whitmer Memorial Stadium had artificial turf installed, and the track was widened. The endzones show a large "WHITMER" with a blue background and yellow lettering, with a white stroke.
Athletics
The school's athletic teams are known as the Panthers, and their jersey colors are maize and blue. Whitmer High School is a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association and the Three Rivers Athletic Conference. The Panthers played in the Great Lakes League (GLL) until 2003 when they became members of the Toledo City League until 2011. Whitmer won GLL football titles in 1967 and 1968 before spending part of the early 1970s as an independent and then returning to the GLL. Whitmer won their first outright Toledo City League football title in 2009 with a 9-1 record. Whitmer had been playing many City League teams in all sports for years prior to joining the league. One of the school's biggest rivals are the Start Spartans; the two teams meet annually to play for the "Battle of Tremainsville". Another one of the school's biggest rivals are the Clay Eagles; Whitmer and Clay meet annually to play for the coveted "Little Brown Jug." During the GLL days, the Bedford Mules of Temperance, Michigan were the Panthers' biggest rival.
Whitmer High School is a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) and its football team has qualified for the state playoffs for four of the last five years. The 1986 team went undefeated and 1987 and 1988 made it to the state semi-finals. Led by senior Ryne Smith, the 2007-2008 Panthers made an unexpected run to the state final four in basketball. 2010 City League Football champions and Regional State Champions with a 12-2 overall record. 2010-2011 City League Basketball Champions with an overall 19-1 record. In 2011, after being picked to finish 6th in the Toledo City League, the Whitmer Varsity baseball team defeated the Start Spartans 10-8 in the final TCL Championship after falling behind 8-1. The win also secured Whitmer with its first ever All-Sports Trophy in the CL.
Notable alumni
Tom Amstutz, University of Toledo head football coach
•Chris Black, Screenwriter
David Curson, Congressman from Michigan
Matt Eberflus, Head Coach for Chicago Bears
Stanton Glantz, Director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education
Nigel Hayes, Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball player and former NBA prospect
Brad Hennessey, MLB pitcher
Nate Holley, NFL player
Phil Hoskins, NFL player
Pat Jablonski, NHL goalie
Kevin Koger, NFL coach
Lou Marotti, professional football player
Brent Miller, film and television producer
Storm Norton, NFL Offensive Tackle
Adrianne Palicki, television and film actress
Daniel Poneman, Deputy Secretary of Energy
Ron Rightnowar, MLB pitcher
Greg Rosenbaum, CEO of Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc.
Gene Ward, Minority Leader Emeritus, Hawaii State House of Representatives, Honolulu
Heath Wingate, NFL player
Greg Wojciechowski, wrestling champion
Chris Wormley, NFL Defensive Tackle
References
External links
District Website
Whitmer Panthers (Boosters)
The Whitmer Marching Band
Whitmer Football
Alumni groups
Washington Local Schools Alumni (all classes)
Alumni Site from HighSchoolNetwork (all classes)
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1924
1924 establishments in Ohio |
23576392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/234th%20Intelligence%20Squadron | 234th Intelligence Squadron | The United States Air Force's 234th Intelligence Squadron is an Air National Guard intelligence unit located at Beale Air Force Base, California.
History
Lineage
234th Mobile Communications Flight
Constituted as the 234th Airways and Air Communications Service Operations Flight and allotted to the Air National Guard
Activated on 20 November 1952
Redesignated 234th Airways and Air Communications Service Flight, Mobile c. 11 January 1953
Redesignated 234th Mobile Communications Flight (Heavy) on 1 July 1961
Inactivated c. 20 January 1966
234th Intelligence Squadron
Constituted as the 234th Mobile Communications Squadron on 1 January 1966 and allotted to the Air National Guard
Activated c. 6 September 1966
Redesignated 234th Mobile Communications Squadron (Bare Base) on 16 March 1968
Redesignated 234th Mobile Communications Squadron (Tactical Air Base) unknown
Redesignated 234th Combat Communications Squadron (Tactical Air Base) on 1 April 1976
Redesignated 234th Combat Information Systems Squadron on 1 July 1985
Redesignated 234th Combat Communications Squadron on 1 October 1986
Redesignated 234th Intelligence Squadron on 1 December 2004
Assignments
144th Maintenance and Supply Group, 20 November 1952
144th Fighter-Bomber Wing, c. 11 January 1953
162d Communications Group (later 162d Mobile Communications Group, 162d Combat Communications Group, 162d Combat Informations Systems Group, 162d Combat Communications Group) (attached to 548th Intelligence Group after 1 December 2004), 1 July 1961 – c. 20 January 1966, c. 6 September 1966
195th Wing, 1 September 2015 – present
Stations
Hayward Municipal Airport, California, 20 November 1952 – c. 20 January 1966
Hayward Municipal Airport (later Hayward Air National Guard Station), California, c. 6 September 1966
Beale Air Force Base, California, c. 1 December 2004 – present
Equipment Operated
References
External links
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
0234 |
6904173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason%20Act%201945 | Treason Act 1945 | The Treason Act 1945 (8 & 9 Geo.6 c.44) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It was introduced into the House of Lords as a purely procedural statute, whose sole purpose was to abolish the old and highly technical procedure in cases of treason, and assimilate it to the procedure on trials for murder:
It also abolished the rule that treason trials in Scotland had to be conducted according to the rules of English criminal law.
Provisions
Section 1
Section 1 of the Act applied the Treason Act 1800 to all cases of treason and misprision of treason, subject to five separate repeals of words, and to a saving clause in section 2(2):
Section 2
Section 2(1) of the Act effected consequential repeals.
The application of the Treason Act 1800 was subject to a saving clause in section 2(2).
Section 3
Section 3(1) of the Act provided that it may be cited as the Treason Act, 1945.
Section 3(2) of the Act extended the Treason Act 1800, as applied by the Act, to Northern Ireland.
Section 3(3) of the Act provided that, for the purposes of section 6 of the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Act was to be deemed to be an Act passed before the appointed day.
Use of the Act
The procedure established by this Act was used in four trials: those of William Joyce, John Amery, Thomas Haller Cooper and Walter Purdy. J. W. Hall said that if the statutory requirement for corroboration had not been repealed by this Act, William Joyce could not have been convicted on the basis of the evidence offered at his trial. One witness, Detective Inspector Hunt, connected him with the broadcasts during the period before the expiration of the passport (though other witnesses might have come forward).
Repeal and replacement
The schedule to this Act was repealed on 18 December 1953 by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1953, except in so far as it related to the Treason Act 1695 and the Treason Act 1708. Those two entries could not be repealed because they were referred to in section 2(2). The other entries were spent because their sole effect was to repeal other enactments.
Sections 1 and 2 of, and the Schedule to, this Act were repealed for England and Wales by section 10(2) of, and Part III of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.
The Act was repealed for Northern Ireland by section 15(2) of, and Part 2 of Schedule 2 to, Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967, and for Scotland by section 83(3) of, and Schedule 8 to, the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980.
Section 3(3) of the Act was repealed for Northern Ireland by section 41(1) of, and Part I of Schedule 6 to, the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 (c.36).
Section 1 of this Act, and the Treason Act 1800, have been replaced for England and Wales by section 12(6) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 and for Northern Ireland by section 14(7) of the Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967. They were replaced for Scotland by section 39 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 (also repealed).
See also
High treason in the United Kingdom
Treason Act
References
Hansard (House of Lords), 17 May 1945, vol. 136 col. 227 (first reading)
Hansard (House of Lords), 30 May 1945, vol. 136, col. 265 - 276 (second reading)
Hansard (House of Commons), 31 May 1945, vol. 411, col. 380 - 381 (first reading)
Hansard (House of Commons), 11 June 1945, vol. 411, col. 1393 - 1398 (second reading)
Hansard (House of Commons), 12 June 1945, vol. 411, col. 1605 - 1606 (committee and third reading)
Hansard (House of Lords), 13 June 1945, vol. 136, col.567
Hansard (House of Commons), 15 June 1945, vol. 411, col. 1887 - 1904 (royal assent)
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1945
Treason in the United Kingdom |
20474514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Miser%20Brothers%27%20Christmas | A Miser Brothers' Christmas | A Miser Brothers’ Christmas is a stop motion spin-off special based on some of the characters from the 1974 Rankin-Bass special The Year Without a Santa Claus. Distributed by Warner Bros. Animation under their Warner Premiere label (the rights holders of the post-1974 Rankin-Bass library) and Toronto-based Cuppa Coffee Studios, the one-hour special premiered on ABC Family on Saturday, December 13, 2008, during the network's annual The 25 Days of Christmas programming.
Mickey Rooney (at age 88) and George S. Irving (at age 86) reprised their respective roles as Santa Claus and Heat Miser. Snow Miser (originally portrayed by Dick Shawn who died in 1987) was voiced by Juan Chioran, while Mrs. Claus (voiced in the original by Shirley Booth who died in 1992) was portrayed by Catherine Disher. The movie aimed to emulate the Rankin/Bass animation style. This is the last Christmas special to feature Mickey Rooney as Santa Claus, as he died in 2014, as well as the last time George Irving voiced Heat Miser, as he died in 2016.
Plot
The feuding Miser Brothers (Heat and Snow) attend their family reunion with Mother Nature and their fellow siblings including the North Wind, Earthquake, Thunder and Lightning, and the Tides. North Wind passively asks Mother Nature what might happen if Santa would be unable to complete his duties on Christmas. She responds that North Wind would take control instead. Heat then begins to call out Snow for trying to "give global warming a bad name". Snow responds by talking about Heat's attempts to scare people with reports of a second Ice Age. Heat then reprimands Snow for claiming Iceland as his own, which barely has any ice. Snow then calls out Heat for claiming Greenland as his own because it's full of ice. The brothers then fight each other. Mother Nature ends the fight.
Despite his dashing appearance and veneer of flattery and devotion toward Mother Nature, the North Wind is far more malevolent than either of his brothers. Self-absorbed and vain, the North Wind is fixated with the idea of replacing Santa Claus as a way to achieve personal glory. Beginning his machinations, He then sends two of his minions to crash Santa's Super-Sleigh designed by his mechanic Tinsel, causing Santa to injure his back after falling in the middle of a fight between the brothers as he unintentionally crosses into their domain.
Despite what she told the North Wind before and having been informed by Mrs. Claus about what happened to Santa, Mother Nature assigns the Miser Brothers the responsibility of running the toy factory. Their fighting continues as they move through several workshop stations. The North Wind hatches a new plan to keep them fighting so it would appear as if they ruined Christmas themselves, but Mrs. Claus convinces the Miser Brothers to put aside their differences and cooperate by showing them the Naughty/Nice list station. The brothers' history is revealed, showing they've always been on Santa's naughty list for mutual bickering. Upon learning the error of their ways, they begin working together and successfully get work back up to speed. However, the North Wind hatches a plan to destroy their truce and get them fighting again, leaving Santa to deliver the toys and giving North Wind the chance to finish him off.
On Christmas Eve, the North Wind's minions surreptitiously attach heating and cooling units to the sleigh, apparently capable of heating or cooling entire regions of the planet. The discovery causes the Miser Brothers to blame each other. With them fighting again, Santa has no choice but to drive the sleigh as North Wind planned. After Santa leaves, Tinsel discovers the super-sleigh has been sabotaged, which stops the Misers' fight as they realize that neither of them was responsible for injuring Santa. Upon finding one of North Wind's Christmas cards with him dressed as Santa, the Misers realize the truth about their brother and comprehend his plan. Meanwhile, the North Wind attacks Santa's sleigh in flight, whipping up a vortex to consume Santa, but the Miser Brothers, with the aid of Tinsel and a team of young reindeer, save Santa in the nick of time.
The North Wind's cover is blown and Mother Nature sentences him to do household chores for the next several thousand years as punishment for trying to finish off Santa and making his brothers fight. With North Wind thwarted, the brothers learn they've finally made the nice list. They deliver the presents for Santa and give gifts to each other in the process, making peace between them and ending their feud.
Cast
Mickey Rooney as Santa Claus
George S. Irving as Heat Miser
Juan Chioran as Snow Miser
Catherine Disher as Mrs. Claus, Reindeer Elf
Brad Adamson as North Wind
Patricia Hamilton as Mother Nature
Peter Oldring as Bob, Elf #1
Susan Roman as Tinsel, Dr. Noel
Reception
The movie had 3.7 million viewers in its first airing, as determined by Nielsen ratings. It received a nomination for "Best Animated Television Production Produced for Children" in the 36th Annual Annie Awards.
See also
Santa Claus in film
References
External links
Animated Christmas films
Animated Christmas television specials
American animated fantasy films
American films
2008 films
Canadian animated fantasy films
Film spin-offs
2000s American television specials
Canadian television specials
Christmas television specials
Santa Claus in film
Stop-motion animated short films
Warner Bros. Animation animated films
Santa Claus in television
2008 television specials |
23576394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/236th%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 236th Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 236th Combat Communications Squadron (236 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Hammond, Louisiana. It is part of the Louisiana Air National Guard. In late 2011, approximately 30 members of the squadron deployed to Afghanistan.
Assignments
Major Command/Gaining Command
14th Air Force (1953 – 1979)
Air Force Communications Command (1979–1993?)
Air National Guard/Air Force Communications Service/254th Combat Communications Group (1978 – present)
Air Force Space Command (? – present)
Previous designations
236th Airways Air Communication Service Flight (1953–1976)
236th Combat Communications Flight (1976–1982)
236th Combat Communications Squadron (1982–1985)
236th Combat Information Systems Squadron (1985–1986)
236th Combat Communications Squadron (1986 – present)
Bases stationed
New Orleans Airport (1953–1954)
Hammond Airport (1954 – present)
Equipment Operated
MPN-14 Mobile Air Traffic Control Radar System throughout the 1980s.
Mobile Air Traffic Control Tower (1980s).
Mobile Crypto Communications System (1980s).
Satellite Communications Arrays (1980s).
Awards/Decorations
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award: 1 May 1976 – 30 April 1978; 1 January 1989 – 31 December 1990; 1 May 1992 – 30 April 1993; 1 May 1993 – 30 April 1994; 1 May 1995 – 30 April 1996; 1 July 1998 – 30 June 2000; 1 October 2006 – 30 September 2008.
Emblem
Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The fleur-de-lis represents the Squadron and alludes to the French heritage of the unit's home location. The three stars on the fleur-de-lis stand for the professionalism, dedication, and military preparedness exhibited by the personnel of the unit. The globe suggests the unit's worldwide deployment capability. The polestar symbolizes the North Star and represents the unit's wartime air traffic control and navigational aids mission.
See also
List of United States Air Force communications squadrons
References
External links
236th Combat Communications Squadron (official website)
Combat Communications 0236
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations in Louisiana |
6904182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Peeler | Bob Peeler | Robert Lee "Bob" Peeler (born January 4, 1952) served as the 86th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from January 1995 to January 2003. He was the first Republican Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina since Richard Howell Gleaves served during the Reconstruction era.
Biography
He currently serves on the Clemson University Board of Trustees. Peeler, a 1991 graduate of the school, was elected to the board in 2003. Peeler is currently a manager of Community and Municipal Relations for Waste Management Inc. in Lexington, South Carolina. His family runs a milk industry in Gaffney, South Carolina, and his older brother, Harvey S. Peeler, Jr., is a state senator.
In 2002, Peeler had an unsuccessful run for Governor, having been beaten in the primary race runoff by Mark Sanford.
Peeler was educated at Limestone College.
References
1952 births
Living people
People from Gaffney, South Carolina
South Carolina Republicans
Lieutenant Governors of South Carolina
Limestone University alumni
Clemson University alumni |
23576402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/239th%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron | 239th Combat Communications Squadron | The United States Air Force's 239th Combat Communications Squadron is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. The unit has approximately 120 personnel.
Lineage
Constituted as the 239th Airways and Air Communications Service Flight
Activated by February 1954
Redesignated 239th Mobile Communications Flight (Light) on 1 June 1961
Redesignated 239th Mobile Communications Flight
Redesignated 239th Combat Communications Flight on 1 April 1976
Redesignated 239th Combat Communications Squadron on 8 October 1982
Redesignated 239th Combat Information Systems Squadron on 1 July 1985
Redesignated 239th Combat Communications Squadron on 1 November 1986
Assignments
242d Airways and Air Communications Service Squadron by February 1954
254th Combat Communications Group251st Communications Group (later 251st Mobile Communications Group, 251st Combat Communications Group, 251st Combat Information Systems Group, 251st Combat Communications Group
131st Bomb Wing
Stations
Lambert Field (later Robertson Air National Guard Base), Missouri, by February 1954
Jefferson Barracks, Missouri
Major Command/Gaining Command
Airways and Air Communications Service (later Air Force Communications Service, Air Force Communications Command), by February 1954
Air Combat Command, June 1992
Air Force Space Command (???-2017)
Air National Guard/Air Combat Command (2018 – present)
See also
List of United States Air Force communications squadrons
References
Combat Communications 0239
Military units and formations in Missouri
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard |
6904192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng%20Xuemin | Feng Xuemin | Feng Xuemin (born 1953) is a Chinese photographer. He has lived in Japan since 1985.
Born in Shanghai, he traveled to Japan in 1985 as a sponsored researcher for the Chinese News & Publication Association, and has held exhibitions throughout Japan, China, the United States, Canada and France. In August 2007, he exhibited work in New York as part of a United Nations exhibition.
In 1999, he was the first non-Japanese to receive a Taiyō Award. He won the gold prize at the World Chinese Art Exhibition in 2000.
References
1953 births
Chinese photographers
Living people
Artists from Shanghai
Date of birth missing (living people) |
23576422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20R.%20Peacocke | M. R. Peacocke | Margaret Ruth Peacocke (born 1930), also known as Meg Peacocke, is an English poet.
Life
Peacocke was born Margaret Ruth Bennett in Reading, Berkshire to Joan Esther, née Spink (1901–1983) and (Harry) Rodney Bennett (1890–1948), a children's author and lyricist. She had an elder sister Anne (b.1926) and younger brother, the composer Richard Rodney Bennett (19362012), with whom she collaborated on a number of vocal and choral works, starting in the 1980s. She grew up in South Devon and she studied English at St Anne's College, Oxford.
In 1958, she married Gerald S. P. Peacocke, although they have since divorced. She has four children: Tamsin Peacocke, who has four children; Tully Peacocke; Barnaby Peacocke, who has two children; and Harriet Peacocke, who also has two children.
Awards
Cholmondeley Award 2005
Works
Out of print.
Reprinted 2004, 2005, 2012.
References
1930 births
People from Reading, Berkshire
Living people
English women poets
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford |
44500726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315%20ISU%20Speed%20Skating%20World%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20World%20Cup%202%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%201500%20metres | 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2 – Men's 1500 metres | The men's 1500 metres race of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 2, arranged in the Taereung International Ice Rink, in Seoul, South Korea, was held on 21 November 2014.
The race was won by Sverre Lunde Pedersen of Norway, while Wouter olde Heuvel of the Netherlands in second place, and Kjeld Nuis of the Netherlands in third place. Kim Jin-su of South Korea won Division B.
Results
The race took place on Friday, 21 November, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 12:51, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 17:20.
Division A
Division B
References
Men 01500
2 |
23576443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Sanford%20%28basketball%29 | Mark Sanford (basketball) | Eumarkjah Tywan "Mark" Sanford (born February 7, 1976), is a retired American professional basketball player.
Personal life
Sanford was born in Dallas, Texas, to Beverley and Richard Sanford. He is the second oldest of five children, Richard, Anthony, Zakirah, and Crystal. In his early years he was a big football fan. He played and was coached by his father Richard until his untimely murder in 1990. Richard Sanford never saw his son play basketball. When he died, Mark was 14 years old, stood 5 feet 8 inches and played football. Mark told his father that he would play in the NFL, but in his heart - even back then - he felt he would never leave the impoverished neighborhood of South Oak Cliff, in Dallas, Texas. In the year following his father's death, Mark grew 8 inches, going from 5 feet 10 inches to 6 feet 6 inches. He stopped growing at 6 feet 10 inches.
High school career
Sanford attended Dallas Carter High School and did not start playing basketball until he was in the tenth grade. In his first year of playing organized basketball Sanford won a share of the Sophomore of the Year award with Maceo Baston of Spruce High School. Halfway through his junior year, he transferred to Carter's cross town rival Kimball High School. That year he led Kimball to an undefeated record the second half of the season while averaging 26ppg 14rebs and 4blk. Their only loss came in the Championship game to Waco High School. Kimball finished the season ranked number 6 in the Southwest.
The summer after Sanford's junior year his mother moved him to San Diego California, where he enrolled into Lincoln High School. He led Lincoln Prep to the city of San Diego's first ever State Championship.[2] Along the way he collected numerous honors from California State POY to All-State and All-American. He ranked 22nd nationally by Parade All-America in the class of 1994. Sanford was voted the MVP of the San Diego City All-Star Challenge after managing a record 10 3pts on 13 attempts and amassing 48pts. In 1996 He was inducted into the San Diego Sports Hall of fame. In his brief High School Career he scored 2,373 points, grabbed 1059 rebounds, and 413 blocks.
College career
At the University of Washington, Sanford played for the Washington Huskies.[1] He played three seasons with the team before he entered the 1997 NBA Draft. Originally, Sanford had intended to declare for the 1996 NBA Draft, but he withdrew his name from consideration. He played a total of 82 games for the Huskies scoring 1319 career point.
It did not take Sanford long to get into the Husky record books by scoring 15 points as a true Freshman in the 1st game/start of his career. In doing so he amassed the most points ever by a player in their 1st game. He was the fastest Husky to score 500 points doing so in just 32 games. He amassed 27 career 20+ point games and scored his career high of 35 points twice against USC and Jackson State, both during his sophomore year.
Sanford led the huskies in both scoring and rebounding in his Sophomore and Junior seasons. In his true Freshman year, he led all Pac-10 Freshman in scoring and rebounding with 14.5ppg, 5.7rpg. After his Freshman year he was invited to try out for the Under 19 Junior World Games in Athens, Greece. At the trials amongst other notable player such as Allen Iverson, Ray Allen, Kerry Kittles, Vince Carter, Stephon Marbury, Tim Duncan, and Marcus Camby, Sanford finished in the top 3 in 5 statistical categories (1st-scoring, 1st-steals, 2nd blocks, 2nd-FGP, 3rd-rebounds) becoming the first player to rank as high since Charles Barkley who finished number 1 in the same five categories.
He is the first player to ever leave the University of Washington early for the NBA draft. He was ranked 13th on Washington's all-time scoring list after only 3 seasons and 82 games played. He was Washington's most recognizable Husky since Detlef Schrempf. He was the Huskies' Shawn Kemp - a crowd-pleasing, high-flying dunker capable of bringing fans out of their homes on a rainy December evening and into Edmundson Pavilion.
During Sanford's tenure at Washington, season-ticket sales increased nearly 11.8 percent. Prior to his sophomore season, Washington sold 3,261 men's season tickets. His junior season, 3,701 were sold. Twelve Washington games appeared on cable television, while two aired on network TV. The Huskies sold-out home crowds against top-ranked Cincinnati, No. 11 Arizona and No. 13 UCLA.
When asked about the support and exposure for the program Sanford stated, "We've finally got the exposure this year after years when nobody cared too much about Washington basketball." He went on to say, "Now that we got the exposure and expectations, we need to win."
For his career he was a two-time first-team All-Pac-10 selection and first-team All-Freshman. He was also an All-American selection following his Junior year. He's scored 1,000 points faster than any other Washington player, but his place in UW history is largely unknown. When his career ended, he became widely remembered for his role in reviving Husky men's basketball. With one step he was known to have a 41-inch leap, able to reach as high as 12 feet 4 inches.
Harlem Globetrotters
In 1999, during the strike-shortened NBA lockout season, Sanford opted to join the Harlem Globetrotters. For his jumping ability, he earned the nickname "Airplane".
NBA
Sanford was projected to be drafted as high as #11 to the Sacramento Kings in the 1997 NBA draft. Former Sacramento Kings Head Coach Eddie Jordan said that he thought that Sanford was the best defender in college basketball and compared him offensively to Billy Owens. After putting Sanford through a workout, former Indiana Pacers Head Coach Larry Bird stated that he thought that "Mark Sanford was the most athletic and skilled player that he had seen enter the draft in the last 5 years". Bird also declared that, had Sanford stayed in school for his senior season, he would have been projected as a top-3 draft pick.
Sanford would later watched his stock plummet in the days prior to the draft after being involved in an confrontation with his then agent. As a result of the confrontation, questions about his character arose and he was eventually selected with the second pick in the second round (30th overall) by the Miami Heat. He signed a guaranteed contract in July for the 1997–98 season. Two weeks before training camp began Sanford tore his plantar fascias. After failing to play through the injury with the Miami Heat, he was released following training camp.[3]
In 1999, he signed a league minimum contract with the Sacramento Kings going by his middle name Tywan. He suffered another injury in training camp and was released upon his return. In 2002 Sanford re-entered the NBA with the New Jersey Nets on another non-guaranteed contract after turning down two other non-guaranteed offers in previous years with Utah and New Jersey. He sustained another injury and left the NBA for good after his recovery midway through the season.[4] Although his NBA career ended without ever playing in a regular season game. He did go on to have a strong international playing career.
International
Sanford was a somewhat obscure player for most of his career but he was regarded as one of the best international players ever at the height of his career. In 2001 Sanford received an offer to play for Frankfurt of the Euroleague a week after he signed a contract to play in Japan. At 6'10, 220 lbs he was the fastest, most athletic, and most talented player on the floor on most nights. His four International Championships and seven international finals appearances are a testament to his abilities and the match-up problems that they caused. He possessed the speed of a point guard, the shooting ability of a prominent shooting guard, superior athleticism, and the ability to post on the block. He did a lot of his damage from the mid post taking advantage of his mid-range jumper and quick first step to beat defenders to the rim or creating space to get off one of his silky smooth jumpers. Sanford has played basketball internationally for several clubs outside the US, including France, Belgium, Spain, the Philippines, Japan, and Australia, in which he played for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (Australia). Most everyone that watched him play knows that he had the talent but believes that his attitude and his decision making off the court kept him from being a star in the NBA. At times he was a very difficult player to coach.
His career scoring and rebounding averages in Europe and Asia combined are 24.4 points and 11.2 rebounds. He has helped four teams win the Championship while failing in three other attempts.
For his international career he has twenty-two 40+ point games and three games of more than 50 points with a career high of 57. Over a six-year period he had at least one game in which he scored 40+ points. That streak expanded over nine different countries. He once scored 41 points in three quarters of a game while making 10 of 11 from three-point range and had another game in which he scored 51 points in 36 minutes. In another game he scored 32 straight points for his team expanding over two quarters finishing with 47 points. Because of his shooting ability he had numerous 30+ points game in which he did not attempt a single free throw.
Coaching career
Sanford begun his coaching career in 2009 as a volunteer Assistant Coach for the 13th-ranked Men's team at Northwood University (Florida Campus) under legendary Hall of Fame head coach Rollie Massimino. That year Coach Massimino put Sanford in charge of strength & conditioning and player development. He also assisted in breaking down game film on their opponents and game planning. In his second year at Northwood Sanford became a full-time assistant coach. He took on more duties as the Seahawks shot to #1 in the country going 27–3 in the regular season. The 2010-11 Seahawks would finish the postseason ranked #2 with a 32–4 record and a loss in the final 4. One player would be named Player Of The Year while two players were named to the All-America team.
In 2011 Sanford was named the Head Women's Basketball Coach at Northwood University (Florida Campus). After taking over a program with a record of 4-26 and that finished last in The Sun Conference with a 1–13 record, in Sanford's two seasons at Northwood he compiled a win–loss record of 25–33. His Sun Conference record in two seasons was an impressive 18–10. The Seahawks finished in 3rd place in the two seasons that Sanford was named head coach. His up-tempo fast breaking and full-court pressing and trapping system saw 4 different players at 4 different positions be named to the Sun Conference All-Conference team, with 2 of the 4 players also being named Sun Conference Newcomer of the year in consecutive seasons. One of the 2 newcomers was also named Sun Conference Defensive Player of the Year after ranking in the top 5 nationally in steals. His teams would also see two different PG's in consecutive seasons lead the conference in assist and two different players in consecutive seasons lead the conference in steals.
College statistics
1994–1995: Washington (NCAA): 14.5ppg, 5.7rpg
1995–1996: Washington (NCAA): 16.5ppg, 6.1rpg
1996–1997: Washington (NCAA): 17ppg, 8rpg
European career and statistics
1998: Sunair Oostende (Belgium), was signed in Mar.'1998: 18.1ppg, 6.4rpg
1998–1999: La Crosse Bobcats (CBA): 4 games, 2.7ppg 1.2rpg, in Mar.'99 signed with Harlem Globetrotters for the summer season
2000: in December 1999 was signed by Évreux (France-ProA), but injured after 1 game: 21 pts 11 rebs, (dislocated shoulder) replaced in March 2000 by Dathon Brown due to injury: 13 games: 12.3 ppg, 3.4 rpg
2000–2001: Great Danes Magic (Denmark): the team created just for NEBL games: 27.3 ppg, 13.3 rpg, 2.1 apb, 2.1 spg, 1.8 blpg
2001– Los Angeles Stars (ABA, starting five): 17 ppg, 5.9 rpg, 1.8 apg, 1.2 spg, 2FGP 49%, 3FGP 40.3%, FT 80.1%
2001: In June signed with Los Potros de Villa Francisca (DominicanRepublic): 14 games: 24.4 ppg, 11.1 rpg, 2FGP 47%, 3FGP 41%, FT 72%
2001–2002: At the beginning of season was signed by Matsushita Electric Panasonic Kangaroos (Japan-Superleague): Score-4 (24.5 ppg), 9.3 rpg, 3.1 apg, 2.2 spg, 2FGP 51%, 3FGP 38%, FT 73%
2003: Played for Hapoel Tel Aviv (Israel-Premier League): 3 games: 12.3 ppg, 4.0 rpg, 2 ast, 1.0 spg, FIBA Champions Cup: 2 games: 16.0 ppg, 6.5 rpg, 1.0 apg, 2.5 spg, but decided not to join, in March 2003 agreed terms with CPN Pueblo Nuevo (Dominican Republic): 30.2 ppg, 12.7 rpg, 1.8 bpg, 2.1 apg, 2.3 spg, 2FGP 52%, 3FGP 43%
2003: In April was signed by Cocodrilos de Caracas (Venezuela-LPB):never played a game due to injury received in finals of Dominican Republic
2003–2004: In November 2003 signed at C.B. Aracena-Ponts (Spain-LEB1): 10 games: 12.7 ppg, 4.7 rpg
2004: Coca-Cola Tigers (Philippines-PBA): Score-3 (28.8 ppg) 12.7 rpg, 2.3 apg, 1.4 spg, 6 games of 40 plus points and 1 game of 51 pts, 2FGP 43%, 3FGP 36% FT 63%
2004–2005: At the beginning of season signed at Sydney Kings (Australia-NBL): 36 games: 16.7 ppg, 7.4 rpg, 1.4 apg, 1.2 spg, in May 2005 moved back to Coca-Cola Tigers (Philippines-PBA): Fiesta Conf: 10 games: Score-3 (24.6 ppg), 14.0 rpg, 3.0 apg, steals-3 (1.7 spg), 1.0 bpg, 2FGP 42.3%, 3FGP 29.4%, FT 54.7%
2005–2006: Sagesse - Al Hekmeh Beirut (Lebanon-Div.A), tested in Oct.'05, but chose not to sign, in January 2006 joined Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA, starting five): 24 games: 15.0 ppg, 5.5 rpg, 1.5 apg, 0.9 spg, FG 47.9%, 3PT 31.8%, FT 69.3%
2006: Dubai- 12 games: 33 ppg, 19 rpg, 4 blk, FG 52.7%, 3pt 41.1%, FT 79.7%
2006: Plaza Fernando Valerio (Dominican Republic-SRT)
2007: In January signed at Panteras de Miranda (Venezuela-LPB, starting five)
2007–2008: Before the season signed at Daegu Orions (Korea-KBL), but did not play due to an injury
Awards and achievements
Texas State Co-Sophomore of the year -92
Dallas 2nd Team All DISD 10-5A -92
Dallas 1st Team All DISD 10-5A -93
Texas State 2nd Team All-State -93
Gatorade All-American Nominee-93
Blue Chip All-American Nominee -93
High School McDonald's All-American Nominee-94
Gatorade All-American -94
Blue Chip All American -94
Division 4 California State POY -94
California State All-Star Game -94
Sand Diego City All-Star Challenge MVP -94
All State California-94
Division 4 State Champion Lincoln Prep-94
State Tournament MVP -94
Pac10 All-Freshman Team -95
Sporting News NCAA All-Freshman Team 2nd -95
USA Under 19 World Games Athens Greece -95
Pac10 2nd Team -Pre96
Pac10 1st Team -96
Pac10 1st Team -97
Belgian Cup Winner -98
Belgian Cup Tournament Most Outstanding Player -98
Dominican Rep. League Champion -01
Dominican Rep. Tournament MOP -01
Dominican Rep. League Champion -02
Dominican Rep. Tournament MOP -02
Santiago Regional Tournament MVP -03
Australian NBL Champion -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL Player of the Year -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL Forward of the Year -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL Import Player of the Year -05
Australiabasket.com All-NBL 1st Team -05
Australiabasket.com NBL All-Imports Team -05
Assistant Coach to NAIA College National Coach of the Year -11
References
External links
NBL Profile at nblwiki.com
NBA.com player profile
Seattle Times article
Sydney Morning Herald article
1976 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Denmark
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
Basketball players from Dallas
Harlem Globetrotters players
La Crosse Bobcats players
Miami Heat draft picks
Panasonic Trians players
Panteras de Miranda players
Sioux Falls Skyforce (CBA) players
Sydney Kings players
Washington Huskies men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Forwards (basketball)
Guards (basketball) |
44500729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ideal%20City | The Ideal City | The Ideal City () is a 2012 Italian thriller drama film, written and directed by Luigi Lo Cascio. It is Cascio's directorial debut film. The film premiered in International Film Critics' Week section at 69th Venice International Film Festival on August 11, 2012.
The film screened at number of film festivals before having a theatrical release in Italy on April 11, 2013.
Plot
The film tells the story of the architect and ecologist Michele Grassadonia, who moves from his hometown of Palermo to live in Siena and build a life that is as environmentally friendly as possible.
Cast
Luigi Lo Cascio as Michele Grassadonia
Catrinel Menghia as Alexandra
Luigi Maria Burruano as Avv. Scalici
Aida Burruano as Madre
Barbara Enrichi as Giudice
Massimo Foschi as Avv. Chiantini
Roberto Herlitzka as Custode Maneggio
Alfonso Santagata as Pubblico Ministero
Manuel Zicarelli as Marco
Reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews from the critics. Boyd van Hoeij in his review for Variety said that "An ecologically minded Italo engineer finds himself in judicial quicksand after he pulls over his borrowed car to help someone lying in the road, in this intriguing, only lightly absurdist drama." Jennie Kermode of Eye for Film gave the film four out of five stars and called it "An intriguing piece of work and particularly impressive for a début feature, this won't be everybody's ideal film but some viewers will adore it." Mymovies.it said that "The ideal city remains an important debut and mature in the spread of so much ugliness takes the side of beauty."
Accolades
References
External links
2012 films
Italian-language films
2012 thriller drama films
Italian films
Italian thriller drama films
Films set in Tuscany
2012 directorial debut films
2012 drama films |
6904198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanick%20Paquette | Yanick Paquette | Yanick Paquette is a Canadian comic book artist. He has worked for Antarctic Press, Topps, Marvel, and DC Comics and since 1994.
Career
In 1996 Paquette drew two miniseries adapted from the TV series Space: Above and Beyond, written by Roy Thomas, for Topps Comics. The following year he and Thomas reunited to draw Xena: Warrior Princess: Year One for Topps.
In 1997 Paquette drew two issues of JLA Secret Files, his first work on the Justice League of America. He would return to those characters in 1998 with JLA: Tomorrow Woman and "Madmen and Mudbaths", one of the stories in the 1999 anthology book JLA 80-Page Giant #2. From 1998 to 1999, Paquette drew nine issues of Wonder Woman for DC Comics.
Clément Sauvé was his assistant on background on a wide number of issues from 2000 to 2002. From 2000 to 2001, Yanick drew ten issues of Gambit.
Paquette was the regular artist on Ultimate X-Men from February 2007 to January 2008, and for the first five issues of Young X-Men in 2008.
He drew first five issues of Young X-Men in 2008. He later supplied the art for Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #3 (August 2010), and launched Batman Incorporated, which was written by Grant Morrison.
In September 2011, DC Comics cancelled all their monthly superhero comics and rebooted their entire continuity with 52 new monthly series in an initiative called The New 52. Among the new titles was a Swamp Thing series whose initial story arcs were written by Scott Snyder and drawn by Paquette. His work on the series garnered him a nomination for the 2013 Shuster Awards for Best Artist and Best Cover Artist.
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
Interior work
Blood Childe: Portrait of a Surreal Killer #3–4 (with Faye Perozich, Millennium Publications, 1995)
Space: Above and Beyond (with Roy Thomas, Topps):
Space: Above and Beyond #1–3 (1996)
Space: Above and Beyond: Gauntlet #1–2 (1996)
Xena: Warrior Princess: Year One (with Roy Thomas, Topps, 1997)
Warrior Nun Areala #4–5: "Holy Man, Holy Terror" (with Barry Lyga, Antarctic Press, 1998)
JLA: Tomorrow Woman: "Tomorrow Never Knows" (with Tom Peyer, DC Comics, 1998)
JLA Secret Files #2: "Heroes" (with Christopher Priest, DC Comics, 1998)
Wonder Woman #139–144, 146–148 (with Eric Luke, DC Comics, 1998–1999)
Eros Graphic Albums #39: "Harem Nights" (script and art, with Michel Lacombe, Eros Comix, 1999)
Day of Judgement Secret Files #1: "Which Witch?" (with Mark Millar, DC Comics, 1999)
JLA 80-Page Giant #2: "Madmen and Mudbaths" (with Jason Hernandez-Rosenblatt, DC Comics, 1999)
Adventures of Superman (DC Comics):
"A Night at the Opera" (with Mark Millar and Stuart Immonen, in #575, 2000)
"A Tale of Two Cities" (with Jay Faerber and Stuart Immonen, in #577, 2000)
Gambit #15–19, 21–24 (with Fabian Nicieza, Marvel, 2000–2001)
Superman: The Man of Steel #112: "Krypto!" (with Mark Schultz and Olivier Coipel, DC Comics, 2001)
Superman: Our Worlds at War Secret Files #1: "Resources" (with Dan Curtis Johnson and J. H. Williams III, DC Comics, 2001)
Codename: Knockout #4, 7–8, 10–12 (with Robert Rodi, Vertigo, 2001–2002)
Gen¹³ #68–69: "Failed Universe" (with Adam Warren, Wildstorm, 2001)
9-11 Volume 2: "9 a.m. EST" (with Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, DC Comics, 2002)
Avengers #56: "Lo, There Shall Come... an Accounting!" (with Kurt Busiek, Marvel, 2002)
Negation #11: "Baptism of Fire" (with Tony Bedard, CrossGen, 2002)
Terra Obscura (with Alan Moore and Peter Hogan, America's Best Comics):
Volume 1 #1–6 (2003–2004)
Volume 2 #1–6 (2004–2005)
Seven Soldiers: Bulleteer #1–4 (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2006)
Civil War: X-Men #1–4 (with David Hine, Marvel, 2006)
Ultimate X-Men #77, 79–80, 84–88 (with Robert Kirkman, Marvel, 2007–2008)
Young X-Men #1–5 (with Marc Guggenheim, Marvel, 2008)
X-Men: Manifest Destiny #3: "Abomination" (with Marc Guggenheim, Marvel, 2009)
Wolverine: Origins #31–32: "The Family Business" (with Daniel Way, Marvel, 2009)
Uncanny X-Men #512: "The Origins of the Species" (with Matt Fraction, Marvel, 2009)
The Amazing Spider-Man #605: "Red-Headed Stranger: Epilogue — Chapter Three: Match.con" (with Brian Reed, Marvel, 2009)
Wolverine: Weapon X #6–9: "Insane in the Brain" (with Jason Aaron, Marvel, 2009–2010)
X-Men: Legacy #234: "The Telltale Heart" (with Mike Carey, Marvel, 2010)
Batman: The Return of Bruce Wayne #3: "The Bones of Bristol Bay" (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2010)
Batman Incorporated v1 #1–3, 5 (with Grant Morrison, DC Comics, 2010–2011)
Swamp Thing #1–3, 5, 7–9 13–14, 16, 18(with Scott Snyder and Marco Rudy, DC Comics, 2011–2013)
Cover work
Gambit #20 (Marvel, 2000)
Marvel Comics Presents #10 (Marvel, 2008)
Ultimate X-Men #81–83, 89 (Marvel, 2008)
Marvel Spotlight: Dark Reign (Marvel, 2009)
Uncanny X-Men Annual #2 (Marvel, 2009)
New Mutants #3 (Marvel, 2009)
Dark X-Men: The Confession (Marvel, 2009)
Age of Heroes #3 (Marvel, 2010)
Dark Wolverine #90 (Marvel, 2010)
Knight and Squire #1–6 (DC Comics, 2010–2011)
Superman v1 #705 (DC Comics, 2011)
Batman Incorporated v1 #1–5 (DC Comics, 2011)
Swamp Thing #1–18 (DC Comics, 2012)
Notes
References
External links
Yanick Paquette at DeviantArt
Yanick Paquette at ComicSpace
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian comics artists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Joe Shuster Award winners for Outstanding Artist |
44500735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever%20Amber | Forever Amber | Forever Amber may refer to:
Forever Amber (novel), 1944 historical romance novel by Kathleen Winsor
Forever Amber (film), 1947 film adaptation of the novel |
44500736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Ram%C3%B3n%20Muro | José Ramón Muro | José Ramón Muro Pereg (born 14 July 1954 in Bilbao, Vizcaya) is a Spanish painter. He specializes in hyperrealist paintings.
Biography
Early life
Born in Bilbao in 1954, Muro began painting from childhood. At age 22 he presented his first solo exhibition. At this time he was a pupil of the Basque painter José Luis Aldecoa, but his technical training influenced his painting framed in pop art with a tendency towards hyperrealism. He combined painting with artistic forms such as documentary cinema and photography, while working as an engineer. This economic independence made his passion for painting not contaminated by commercial purposes and passing trends.
Figurative painting
On the border of hyperrealism, natural landscapes, urban landscapes, portraits and other more classic framed within imaginative realism are some of his most outstanding works. He typically applies acrylic paint on wooden canvas and applies mixed techniques.
Exhibitions and painting competitions
Since 2010, he takes up his dedication with painting and his art is evolving, beginning then for him a period of prosperity, participating international competitions, art fair exhibitions and attending workshops with the most outstanding Spanish realist painters of this time.
Pictorial style trends
The stages of José Ramón Muro's life are reflected in his works, particularly in the imaginative realism of classical touches, a genre that the artist cultivated throughout his career. He will be remembered especially for his masterful paintings on the border with hyperrealism, for the meticulous preparation of the chosen theme, a refined technique, a careful composition and the inclusion of nuances that enrich the perspective on the whole. The well-defined vanishing lines that emphasize the perspective in addition to great contrasts are a general style present in his paintings. In the creations of the last years, the painter raises all his achievements to the level of maturity, the style achieved through years and effort, and manifests an absolute mastery of pictorial techniques.
References
Living people
1954 births
People from Bilbao
21st-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
21st-century Spanish male artists |
44500746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Idea%20%28marketing%29 | Big Idea (marketing) | Big Idea in marketing and advertising is a term used to symbolize the foundation for a major undertaking in these areas - an attempt to communicate a brand, product, or concept to the general public, by creating a strong message that pushes brand boundaries and resonates with the consumers.
The term "Big Idea" has been used in the works of marketing gurus David Ogilvy and George Lois, and in a book authored by Thomas H. Davenport, Laurence Prusak, and H. James Wilson.
References
External links
What’s the Future of Advertising’s Big Idea?
What’s The Big Idea Anyway?
Getting to the Big Idea
Advertising
Brand management |
44500747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoral%20de%20Cochabamba | Litoral de Cochabamba | Club Deportivo Litoral is a professional football team based in La Paz Department, Bolivia that competes in the Bolivian Primera División.
Honours
National
Bolivian Primera División
Winners (1): 1954
References
Association football clubs established in 1932
Football clubs in Bolivia
1932 establishments in Bolivia |
6904201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizuki-class%20destroyer%20%281959%29 | Akizuki-class destroyer (1959) | The Akizuki-class destroyer was a destroyer class built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) in the late 1950s. This class was planned to be a flotilla leader with the enhanced command and control capability, so sometimes this class was classified as the "DDC" (commanding destroyer) unofficially.
Design
Initially, the American Military Assistance Advisory Group-Japan (MAAG-J) recommended a modified version of the American , but Japan had already constructed surface combatants of their own at that time. As a result, the project of this class was financed by the Off Shore Procurement (OSP) of the United States, but design and construction were completely indigenous.
Like its predecessors, the and es, this class adopted a "long forecastle" design with inclined afterdeck called "Holland Slope", named after the scenic sloping street in Nagasaki City. With the enlargement of the hull, the steam turbine propulsion system was uprated with higher-pressure boilers (570 psi).
This class was equipped with both gunnery weapons of the Murasame class and the torpedo/mine weapons of the Ayanami class. And alongside these anti-submarine weapons similar to them of the Ayanami class, the Akizuki class were the first vessels equipped with a Mk.108 Weapon Alpha. While the JMSDF desired this American ASW rocket launcher originally, it became clear that it's performance wasn't as good as it was believed. It was later replaced by a Type 71 quadruple ASW rocket launcher (Japanese version of the Swedish M/50) in 1976.
References
Destroyer classes |
44500749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20and%20Bones | Skin and Bones | Skin and Bones may refer to:
Music
Skin and Bones (Flashy Python album), the 2009 debut album by Flashy Python
Skin and Bones (Foo Fighters album), a 2006 live album by the Foo Fighters
"Skin and Bones" (song), originally a B-side track from the Foo Fighters' 2005 album In Your Honor but also released on the above live album
Skin and Bones (Lyriel album), a 2014 studio album by Lyriel
"Skin and Bones", a song by Jet released on their second studio album Shine On.
Other uses
Skin & Bones (novel), a 2000 Hardy Boys book
"Skin and Bones" (Fear Itself), the eighth episode of NBC series Fear Itself
See also
Skin & Bone (disambiguation) |
23576454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas%20Paralympic%20Committee | Americas Paralympic Committee | Americas Paralympic Committee (acronym: APC; ; ; ; ; ) is an international IPC regional committee which represents the current 33 National Paralympic Committees of the North American and South American continents. It is affiliated to/with the International Paralympic Committee and its affiliated bodies.
APC is the body that organizes and oversees the Parapan American Games held every four years in the year before the Summer Paralympics.
Member countries
In the following table, the year in which the NPC was recognized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is also given if it is different from the year in which the NPC was created.
See also
Pan American Sports Organization
Parapan American Games
Pan American Games
References
External links
Americas Paralympic Committee Official Website
Pan-American sports governing bodies
Americas Paralympic Committee |
44500762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick%20the%20cat | Kick the cat | Kick the cat (or kick the dog) is a metaphor used to describe how a relatively high-ranking person in an organization or family displaces their frustrations by abusing a lower-ranking person, who may in turn take it out on their own subordinate.
Origin of the idiom
The term has been used in the United States at least since the 19th century.
In current usage, the name envisions a scenario where an angry or frustrated employee comes home from work looking for some way to take out his anger, but the only thing present is the cat. He physically abuses it as a means of relieving his frustration, despite the cat playing no part in causing it.
Workplace or family dynamics
Kicking the cat is commonly used to describe the behaviour of staff abusing coworkers or subordinates as a mechanism to relieve stress. This behaviour can result in a chain reaction, where a higher-ranking member of the company abuses their subordinate, who takes it out on their own subordinate, and so on down the line. This domino effect can also be seen in family dynamics, where the father yells at the mother who yells at the older child who yells at the younger child who yells at the pet.
Blaming others can lead to kicking the dog where individuals in a hierarchy blame their immediate subordinate, and this propagates down a hierarchy until the lowest rung (the "dog"). A 2009 experimental study has shown that blaming can be contagious even for uninvolved onlookers.
Psychological theories
According to Psychology Today, "Anger and frustration in one part of life can lead us to lash out at innocent people (or pets) in another." The technical term for this kind of behaviour is "displaced aggression".
Kicking the cat is looked upon unfavourably and viewed as a sign of poor anger management. According to author Steve Sonderman, "Men funnel 90 percent of their emotions through anger" and may "kick the cat" as a substitute for grief, anxiety or other emotions. Psychology author Raj Persaud suggests that people "kick the cat" as a means of catharsis because they fear expressing their full emotions to the peers and colleagues.
See also
References
Abuse
English-language idioms
Management
Metaphors referring to cats
Occupational stress
Workplace bullying |
6904223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Kaufman | Jacob Kaufman | Jacob Kaufman (15 July 1847 – 20 April 1920) was a manufacturer and industrialist in Berlin, now Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. He built a large lumber operation and pioneered the manufacturing of rubber outerwear.
Biography
Kaufman was born July 15, 1847 in North Easthope Township to German parents, Joseph Kauffman and Anna Stroh. One of ten children, Kaufman only attended school during the winter months, working on the family farm the remainder of the year. At the age of 22 he accepted a position in Gads Hill working for Henry Ratz as a sawyer, where he remained for eight years. Kaufman married Ratz's daughter, Mary (1856-1943), in 1877 and moved to Berlin, Ontario. Together they had seven children, though only four - Emma (1881-1979), Alvin (1885-1979), Milton (born 1886) and Edna (1891-1983) - would live to adulthood.
Following his move to Berlin, Kaufman founded a planing mill with assistance from his father-in-law. To address a dwindling supply of lumber in the region, Kaufman purchased a plot of land in Muskoka, operating sawmills in Rosseau Falls and Trout Creek to help meet demand. Although his decision to locate the mill outside of city was initially questioned by friends, the success of the business resulted in multiple expansions and allowed Kaufman to buy out his father-in-law. In 1888 the original factory, at the time deemed inadequate, was enclosed by a new building and torn down only after the new building was complete, an approach that caused operations to be halted for only ten days. In 1897, Kaufman built a Victorian style home at 621 King Street West with an office window that allowed him to survey his rubber factory. Sold in the late 1940s, it housed the Ratz-Bechtel Funeral Home funeral home until 2015.
Kaufman is credited with establishing Kitchener's rubber industry. In 1899 he founded Berlin Rubber Manufacturing Company Limited alongside A. L. Breithaupt, Louis Weber and George Schlee. The plant was located on Margaret Avenue, at one time employing 65 people and producing about 800–1,000 pairs of rubber boots a day. Although the company was successful, Kaufman had a falling out with the group, resulting in him leaving to launch his own business. He founded the Merchants Rubber Co. in 1903 with Talmon Henry Rieder. The company specialized in rubber-based garments and footwear for fisherman and miners and was sold in 1906 to the Montreal-based Canadian Consolidated Rubber Company, that also acquired Berlin Rubber. The following year Kaufman founded the Kaufman Rubber Company Limited with his son A.R. Kaufman, which would go on to become Kaufman Footwear.
A resident of Kitchener for 43 years, Kaufman was a member of the Zion Evangelical Church played an active role local government, believing in public ownership of local utilities. He served as a member of commissions related to water and light, helping to electrify the city and establish a sewage disposal system.
Death
Kaufman died on April 20, 1920 at home in Kitchener. His estate was valued at $278,879, $50,000 of which was designated for distribution to charitable, religious or educational endeavours at the discretion of his wife and children, who acted as executors. He was remembered by Chronicle Telegraph as a "town builder" for his role and influence in the development of various local industries. He was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in the Kaufman family plot.
References
External links
Kaufman Footwear
1847 births
1920 deaths
People from Perth County, Ontario
Canadian businesspeople
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery, Kitchener, Ontario |
6904227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Lutheran%20School | Trinity Lutheran School | Trinity Lutheran School may refer to:
Trinity Lutheran School (Bend, Oregon)
Trinity Lutheran School (Evansville, Indiana)
Trinity Lutheran School (Harris County, Texas)
Trinity Lutheran School (Kaukauna, Wisconsin)
Trinity Lutheran School (Lincoln, Nebraska)
Trinity Lutheran School (Newport News, Virginia)
Trinity Lutheran School (Orlando, Florida)
Trinity Lutheran School (Monroe, Michigan)
Trinity Lutheran School (Wellsboro, Pennsylvania)
Trinity Lutheran School (St. George, Utah) |
44500774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Crocker | Ruth Crocker | Ruth Whipple Crocker (born December 10, 1946) is an American writer and author of the memoir Those Who Remain: Remembrance and Reunion After War, which began as a Pushcart Prize-nominated essay in O-Dark-Thirty.
Biography
Crocker was born in 1946 in Mystic, Connecticut. After attending Mitchell College in New London, Connecticut, she met and married West Point officer David R. Crocker, Jr. When her husband died during the Vietnam War, Crocker went back to school and received a B.S. from the University of Connecticut; an MA in education from Tufts University; and a PhD in nutrition and human development from the University of Connecticut. She received her MFA in creative writing from Bennington College in 2011. Her nonfiction essay "Sam's Way" in The Gettysburg Review was listed as a notable essay of 2012 in Best American Essays 2013.
Crocker is on the National Board of the Gold Star Wives of America. She resides in Mystic, Connecticut, and has one son, Noah Bean.
Bibliography
Books
Those Who Remain: Remembrance and Reunion After War (2014)
People of Yellowstone (2017)
Essays
"Reunion and Remembrance," T.A.P.S. Magazine (2013)
"What the Dog Understood," O-Dark-Thirty Magazine (2013)
"Sam’s Way," The Gettysburg Review (2012)
"Try to Remember," Bennington Review (2011)
References
External links
Ruth Crocker was a guest alongside authors Lev Grossman and Brian Slattery on WNPR’s "Why We’ll Always Need New Books.”
Ruth Crocker’s event at the ongoing Dire Literary Series in Cambridge, MA
An interview with Ruth Crocker on WTNH-TV's "CT Style."
1946 births
Living people
American essayists
People from Mystic, Connecticut |
17336370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20Belarusian%20Cup | 2007–08 Belarusian Cup | 2007–08 Belarusian Cup was the 17th edition of the football knock-out competition in Belarus.
First round
12 teams from the First League (out of 14, excluding Belshina Bobruisk and Lokomotiv Minsk who relegated from the Premier League after 2006 season), 13 teams from the Second League (out of 16, excluding three teams which were reverve squads for Premier and First League teams) and 7 amateur clubs started in this round. The games were played on 28 and 30 July 2007.
Round of 32
16 winners of previous round were joined by 14 clubs from Premier League and two First League clubs which relegated from the Premier League after 2006 season. The games were played in August and September 2007.
Round of 16
The first legs were played on 15 and 16 March 2008. The second legs were played on 21 and 22 March 2008.
|}
1 Kommunalnik Zhlobin withdrew from the Cup due to bankruptcy.
First leg
Second leg
Quarterfinals
The first legs were played on 29 March 2008. The second legs were played on 2 April 2008.
|}
First leg
Second leg
Semifinals
The first legs were played on 16 April 2008. The second legs were played on 30 April 2008.
|}
First leg
Second leg
Final
External links
RSSSF
Belarusian Cup seasons
Belarus
Cup, 2007-08
Cup, 2007-08 |
23576462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley%20Blaze | Langley Blaze | The Langley Blaze are a youth baseball team located in the city of Langley, British Columbia.
The Langley Blaze was founded in 2001 by Doug Mathieson, a former right-handed pitcher who played in the MLB Minor Leagues for seven years. The Blaze's home field is located in the McLeod Athletic Park which was completed in 2003. Prior to the completion, the Blaze played at City Park. They are part of the B.C. Premier Baseball League. They are always a strong contender in the league.
Doug Mathieson continues to be the GM for the Langley Blaze and is also the Canada/Alaska Area Scout for the Arizona Diamondbacks. In the 2016 MLB Draft, Doug had four Canadians drafted by the Diamondbacks which set a record for the most number of Canadian players drafted by one club in the MLB. Doug's own son, Scott is also a RHP who played in the MLB for the Philadelphia Phillies and currently plays for the Yomiuri Giants in the Japanese League.
Since 2001, thirty-four players from the Blaze have been drafted by the MLB (Major League Baseball).
Current roster
Notable alumni
Tyler O'Neill (current outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals)
Brett Lawrie (former 1st round pick of the Milwaukee Brewers)
Scott Mathieson (former pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies)
References
External links
Official Website
Langley Blaze page on BCPBL website
Baseball teams in British Columbia
Amateur baseball teams in Canada
Baseball teams established in 1999
Langley, British Columbia (city)
1999 establishments in British Columbia |
44500777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledar%20Sinella | Bledar Sinella | Bledar Sinella (born 10 August 1976) is a retired Albanian footballer and most recently manager of Egnatia Rrogozhinë football club in the Albanian Second Division.
Managerial career
A successful coach with Besa's youth teams, Sinella was appointed to the manager position of Besa Kavajë's senior team on November 14, 2014 following Artan Mërgjyshi's resignation due to poor results at the start of the season. Sinella also served as assistant manager to Përparim Daiu during his tenure at KF Laçi.
He succeeded Ilir Duro as coach of Egnatia Rrogozhinë in January 2019, only to leave the club himself in April 2019.
Personal life
In May 2019, Sinella withdrew as a candidate in the race to become mayor of Kavajë.
References
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Kavajë
Association football midfielders
Albanian footballers
Besa Kavajë players
Kategoria Superiore players
Albanian football managers
Besa Kavajë managers
FK Tomori Berat managers
KF Laçi managers
FK Egnatia managers
Kategoria Superiore managers |
23576466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wende%20metro%20station | Wende metro station | The Taipei Metro Wende station is located in the Neihu District in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on Brown Line.
Station overview
This two-level, elevated station features two side platforms, two exits, and a platform elevator located on the north side of the concourse level.
Public art for the station consists of a piece titled "Dancing Birds". It comprises one of the station walls and depicts dancing egrets in Bihu Park with the use of digital images and mosaic inlaying.
Two mechanical parking towers behind the station allow for over 300 parking spaces. The towers are a type of elevator parking system; vehicles can be parked and retrieved on the same rotating lift table.
History
22 February 2009: Wende station construction is completed.
4 July 2009: Begins operations with the opening of the Brown Line.
Station layout
Around the station
Neihu High School
Neihu Junior High School
Neihu Elementary School
National Taiwan College of Performing Arts
Guo Ziyi Memorial Hall
Liuzhongyuan Community
Bihu Park
Yangguan Park
Wende Park No. 2
Ronald McDonald House Taiwan
Fire Safety Museum of Taipei City Fire Department
References
Wenhu line stations
Railway stations opened in 2009 |
17336372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAI%20Nammer | IAI Nammer | The IAI Nammer (נמר "Leopard") was a fighter aircraft developed in the Israeli aerospace manufacturing Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The programme was pursued as a private venture and the resultant aircraft was intended for the export market.
During the 1980s, IAI decided to embark upon the independent development of a modernised version of the IAI Kfir; reusing its airframe and pairing it with a modernised cockpit, engine, and avionics, the latter of which was to have taken advantage of the earlier work undertaken for the cancelled IAI Lavi programme. These changes were to result in greater performance, range, and air-to-air combat capabilities than the preceding Kfir. Named Nammer, the aircraft was to be offered under various different configurations, including alternative engines and radars, as well as prospective licensed production arrangements, to customers. IAI stated that they were willing to be highly flexible with the Nammer's launch customers, being open to giving them great leeway over modifying the design and incorporating their own systems as to their preferences.
Development of the Nammer proceeded to the prototype stage; a single aircraft was constructed to function as a proof-of-concept prototype, demonstrating IAI's capability to successfully install and operate advanced avionics in existing airframes, in this case the Mirage III/Kfir. On 21 March 1991, the prototype performed its maiden flight. Following on from its first flight, it continued to be used for test flights for some time, demonstrating both the maturity of the concept and of the new IAI-integrated systems. While the proven delta canard configuration of the airframe had been retained, testing was focused upon the new avionics installed, which were said by IAI to make for a relatively modern fighter aircraft. However, despite the company's lengthy efforts to seek both partner companies and export customers for the Nammer, neither participants in the programme nor buyers of the finished proved to be forthcoming; as such, development of the Nammer was ultimately ceased by IAI during the early 1990s without any further examples having been constructed.
Development
During the 1980s, Israeli aerospace company Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), decided to embark upon the development of a private-venture fighter aircraft; as envisaged, this programme was to be principally based around the airframe of the IAI Kfir and the advanced avionics that had been developed for the cancelled IAI Lavi. Speaking on the Nammer, Moshe Scharf, IAI's director of international military aircraft marketing stated of the reasoning behind the initiative: "Upgrading the existing Kfir platform will not be as cheap as building a new airframe based on the proven delta canard concept". By early 1988, the company had completed the preliminary design and system definition stages of the Nammer's development and had progressed onto the detail design phase. Additionally, the company had conducted early discussions with prospective customers in respect to the type. In particular, IAI was keen to form a partnership with another entity with which to carry out further development work and subsequent production on the Nammer programme.
During the late 1980s, IAI had originally announced and marketed the Nammer as being an upgrade package for existing Mirage III and Mirage 5 airframes. Customers were to have been offered a choice of two basic configurations of the type, one based around re-engining the aircraft with a General Electric F404, while the other was to have retained the Mirage's SNECMA Atar engine but integrated either the Elta EL/M-2011 or EL/M-2032 fire-control radar. The first of these options was envisioned to maximise the aircraft's performance and range while the second was to have served to increase the air-to-air targeting capabilities of the Nammer.
As development progressed, the Nammer came to be advertised by the company as being a new-build aircraft, featuring the EL/M-2032 radar as an integral part of the package. Reportedly, customers were able to choose their preferred engine, ranging from the General Electric F404 (or its Volvo Aero-built derivative, the RM12), the SNECMA M53, and the Pratt & Whitney PW1120, all of which being within the 18,0001b-20,0001b-thrust class. The company has claimed that the proven delta canard configuration of the airframe, when paired with new avionics and a more modern engine design, would result in a relatively modern fighter aircraft, comparable to the General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon or Dassault Mirage 2000, but at a cost of approximately half of the price of the latter aircraft.
For development and demonstration purposes, a single prototype was constructed by the company. On 21 March 1991, this prototype perform its maiden flight. According to IAI, the concept was presented to a number of foreign air forces while seeking to secure sales of the aircraft; the company also stated that it had no intentions to proceed with production of the aircraft until orders for a minimum of 80 aircraft had been secured. It is known that in the course of these negotiations, IAI offered a high degree of customisability to prospective operators, essentially allowing for them to make a significant impact upon the Nammer's design. The company also offered various manufacturing arrangements, from constructing the Nammer at the company's existing facilities in Israel to the potential establishment of a final assembly line within a client customer's country. During 1990, as part of a renewed sales effort, IAI offered to effectively entirely transfer production of the Nammer, along with the onboard systems and software, overseas to customers.
Design
The IAI Nammer was a proposed fighter aircraft, the airframe of which being derived from the earlier IAI Kfir (which was, in turn, based upon the Dassault Mirage 5). Externally, the design bore a strong resemblance to the C7 model of the Kfir; however, it could be easily distinguished by the presence of a longer nose and the lack of a dorsal airscoop at the base of the leading edge of the tailfin. Other areas of the aircraft also featured major differences from the Kfir, including in its cockpit, radar and engine. According to IAI, Nammer was to possess a maximum speed of Mach 2.2 and a 58,000ft (19,300m) stabilised ceiling. The company intended to offer the Nammer with a choice of engines — either the Mirage Ill's original Snecma Atar 9K50, or a variety of more modern powerplants, which would typically possess greater fuel-efficiency and reduced weight than the original engine.
The cockpit of the Nammer was extensively modernised, includes a new overall layout which, amongst other benefits, would have permitted its pilot to maintain effective control of the aircraft via hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) operation of all of the key systems under the majority of anticipated operational circumstances. A total of four displays, comprising a head-up display, a pair of multi-function displays, and a radar warning/electronic countermeasures display, were intended to supply the pilot with all necessary information. The various displays and the solid-state instrumentation for the engine was to be based upon reused Lavi technology. The avionics were a major focus area of the Nammer's development.
According to IAI, the Nammer was to be equipped with an advanced weapon management system that was directly integrated with a multimode pulse-Doppler radar, while its electronic warfare suite included features originally designed for the cancelled Lavi would also have been potentially used. The maximum take-off weight of the aircraft was approximately 15,450kg, while the maximum payload was 6,270kg. It could internally contain a total of 3,000kg of fuel, along with an additional 3,720kg in external tanks. In addition, it was to be provided with an aerial refueling capability. According to repeated statements by IAI, serial production of the Nammer fighter would have had been available at a unit cost of less than $20 million.
Specifications (as designed)
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
Copley, Gregory R. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy, Volume 16. Copley & Associates, 1988.
Golan, John W. Lavi: The United States, Israel, and a Controversial Fighter Jet. University of Nebraska Press, 2016. .
International Aeronautic Federation. "Joining the Big League." Interavia: Volume 43, 1988.
External links
IAI Nammer (Leopard) - militaryfactory.com
1980s Israeli fighter aircraft
IAI aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of Israel
Aircraft first flown in 1991 |
23576467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocentrum%20lanceanum | Trichocentrum lanceanum | Trichocentrum lanceanum is a species of orchid found from Trinidad to southern tropical America.
References
External links
lanceanum
Orchids of Trinidad |
6904236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Aosta%20Valley | List of municipalities of the Aosta Valley | The following is a list of the 74 municipalities (comuni) of the Aosta Valley, Italy.
List
References
Aosta
Geography of Aosta Valley |
17336397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyma | Melanocyma | Melanocyma is a monotypic butterfly genus in the subfamily Morphinae of the family Nymphalidae. Its one species Melanocyma faunula, the pallid faun, is restricted to Burma, Malaya, Thailand and Indochina in the Indomalayan realm.
The wingspan of M. faunula is at around 90 millimetres. Individuals found in lowland forests are often smaller than specimens of M. faunula found on hills.
There are two subspecies, M. f. kimurai and M. f. faunula
Life History
M. faunula individuals are known to breed in primary rainforest. They are often seen in flight in the mid-story of primary rainforest. Individuals are often known to be baited with rotting fruit. They are known to be commonly found in hill stations.
The Pallid Faun's larvae feed on Orania sylvicola. Their eggs hatch after 11 days, hatching within 12 hours. The eggs are 1.1 millimeters in diameter, and are yellow in colour changing to black with time. The Pallid Faun exhibits similar egg laying and feeding behaviour with Taenaris onolaus.
Gallery
References
External links
Images representing Melanocyma at Bold
TOL
Amathusiini
Butterflies of Indochina
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by John O. Westwood
Nymphalidae genera |
17336410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burley%20Hill | Burley Hill | Burley Hill is a hamlet in the Erewash district, in the county if Derbyshire, England. It is located one mile north of Allestree. Burley Hill was the location of a pottery in the 13th and 14th centuries and some of those pots are preserved in Derby Museum.
References
Hamlets in Derbyshire
Borough of Erewash |
6904247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX%20Palo%20Alto%20Laboratory | FX Palo Alto Laboratory | FX Palo Alto Laboratory, Inc. (FXPAL) was a research center for Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. FXPAL employed roughly 25 Ph.D. scientists conducting research in a variety of fields spanning information retrieval, multimedia computing, HCI, and smart environments.
FXPAL's mission was to provide Fuji Xerox a digital information technology base for the 21st century. This goal is accomplished through:
Research and invention of new information technologies
Cooperation with Fuji Xerox business units to develop and transition information technologies
Interaction with the US software industry to discover and tailor new products for the Fuji Xerox market
FXPAL was shut down in 2020.
See also
Fuji Xerox
References
External links
FX Palo Alto Laboratory Inc.
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
Fuji Xerox
Research organizations in the United States
Technology transfer
Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
Research and development in the United States
1995 establishments in California |
6904271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P72 | P72 | P72 may refer to:
, a Second World War Royal Navy submarine
a designation for the standard Ford Crown Victoria car model
P 72, a Latvian State Regional Road - see List of National Roads in Latvia
Papyrus 72, an early New Testament papyrus
ThinkPad P72, a Lenovo laptop
See also
Republic XP-72, an American World War II fighter aircraft |
44500803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingourou%20Kamara | Bingourou Kamara | Bingourou Kamara (21 October 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Belgian First Division A club Charleroi, on loan from Ligue 1 club Strasbourg. Born in France, he plays for the Senegal national team.
Club career
Kamara is a youth exponent from Tours. He made his Ligue 2 debut for the club on 31 October 2014 against Laval, playing the full match in a 2–1 away defeat.
On 24 December 2021, Strasbourg agreed to loan Kamara to Belgian club Charleroi for the rest of the season.
International career
Born in France, Kamara is of Mauritanian and Senegalese descent. He was a youth international for France. He switched sporting nationalities, first representing Senegal in a 3–1 friendly loss to Morocco on 9 October 2020.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Strasbourg
Coupe de la Ligue: 2018–19
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
People from Longjumeau
Citizens of Senegal through descent
Senegalese footballers
Senegal international footballers
French footballers
France youth international footballers
Senegalese people of Mauritanian descent
French sportspeople of Mauritanian descent
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent
Association football goalkeepers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Sainte-Geneviève Sports players
Tours FC players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
Footballers from Essonne
French expatriate footballers
Senegalese expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Belgium |
17336439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Percy%20Bargery | George Percy Bargery | George Percy Bargery (1 October 1876 – 2 August 1966) was an English missionary and linguist from Exeter, Devon.
Bargery was born in Exeter, where he was educated at Hele's School and Islington College. After attending the University of London, Bargery was ordained with the Church Missionary Society in 1899.
Bargery joined the Colonial Education Service and was sent to Northern Nigeria, serving until 1910. He published a Hausa-English Dictionary in 1934 that remains widely referenced and is available in several online versions. The dictionary was recognised as a tremendous achievement, and his alma mater, the University of London, rewarded him with a Doctorate in Literature in 1937. He also worked as a lecturer in the professor of Hausa at the university for several years while working in London on his dictionary.
He was married to Eliza Minnie "Nina" Turner from 1906 to her death in 1932. They had one son. He remarried in 1940 to Minnie Jane Martin, who died in 1952. In 1966, he died suddenly at his son's home in Tring, Hertfordshire, at age 90.
He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1957 Birthday Honours. He returned to England from Nigeria permanently in 1957.
According to the School of Oriental and African Studies Library in London, where Bargery's collected papers are on deposit, his Hausa-English dictionary contained "the first tonal analysis of the Hausa language".
Publications
References
External links
Bargery's Hausa-English Dictionary Online
Bargery's Hausa-English Dictionary Online
Archives in London and the M25 Area
1876 births
1966 deaths
Linguists from England
English Anglican missionaries
People from Exeter
Anglican missionaries in Nigeria
Missionary linguists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of London
Colonial Education Service officers
People educated at Hele's School, Exeter
Linguists of Hausa |
17336463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpay | Alpay | Alpay is a masculine Turkish given name, and a surname. It derives from "alp". In Turkish, "alp" means "stouthearted", "brave", "chivalrous", "daredevil", "valorous", and/or "gallant".
Notable persons with that name include:
People with the given name
Alpay (singer), Turkish singer
Alpay Özalan (born 1973), Turkish footballer
Alpay Şalt, Turkish musician, member of the band Yüksek Sadakat
People with the surname
David Alpay (born 1980), Canadian actor
Turkish masculine given names
Turkish-language surnames |
6904274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Hardy%20Lavender | Catherine Hardy Lavender | Catherine Hardy Lavender (née Catherine Hardy) (February 8, 1930 – September 8, 2017) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the 100-meter dash. She won an Olympic gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Olympic Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland. Later Hardy married, had children, and a 30-year teaching career in Atlanta schools.
Early life and education
Hardy Lavender was born in Carroll County, Georgia, the third of eight children born to Ernest and Emma (Echols) Hardy. After graduating from Carroll County Training School at age 16, she wanted to attend Tuskegee Institute. Her family was a farming family of limited means, however; so she attended Fort Valley State College (now Fort Valley State University) instead. Though West Georgia College (now University of West Georgia) was only a few miles from Hardy's home in Carrollton, schools were still segregated and as an African-American, Hardy had to look elsewhere to attend college.
In college, Hardy continued playing basketball and enjoyed it. Raymond Pitts, the track coach at Fort Valley, encouraged her to look into track. She agreed, and in 1949, she ran and won her first race at the Tuskegee Relays. Two years later, she won the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) indoor meet in New York City, winning the 50-yard dash and setting a new American record. From 1951 to 1952, she made All-American. In 1952, Hardy received her B.S. degree in business education. After graduation, she trained hard in preparation for AAU events and the Olympic tryouts. At the AAU, Hardy was a triple winner, winning the 50-yard dash, as well as the 100- and 200-meter races.
To the Olympic Games
At the U.S. Olympic tryouts in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Hardy set an American record in the 200-meter run, thus securing a position on the 1952 U.S. Olympic Women's Track Team. She was the only representative of the state of Georgia that year in the Olympics, held in Helsinki, Finland. There, she anchored the 4x100 meter relay. She won the gold medal with her teammates Mae Faggs, Barbara Jones and Janet Moreau. This particular race was an upset, because the Australians and their star, Marjorie Jackson, whom they called "Jet", were heavily favored to win. A poor baton transfer, however, beat the Australians' chances.
Originally, Janet Moreau was to serve as the anchor for the team, but when the coach realized that Hardy was the fastest runner on the team, the order was changed. Photographs and video of the race show that the race was quite close, but the US runner Hardy was the one who broke the tape at the finish, edging out Germany, who took the silver medal, and Great Britain, who won the bronze medal. Hardy's time in the 100 meters she ran was faster than the winning time in the 100-meter race at this Olympics. Although Hardy had been slated to compete in that event as well, a poor showing in one of the heats stopped her advancement. Despite this fact, Hardy and her teammates set a new world record, and brought home the gold in this event. Upon returning to the States, Hardy was greeted with a ticker tape parade in her hometown. In 1999 she was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame.
Career, marriage and family
Hardy was offered coaching positions in the northern U.S., but chose to enter her field of study—education—in Atlanta, Georgia. There she settled, marrying the late Edward Wright Lavender, Sr. in 1956, and bearing two children—a son Edward Lavender, Jr. in 1957, and a daughter Stephanie in 1960. Hardy Lavender continued teaching, having a career that lasted over 30 years. She retired in 1986 to care for her aged mother who had Alzheimer's disease. After her mother died in 1987, Hardy Lavender returned to education by substitute teaching in the Atlanta Public Schools system.
References
2. Olympians Against the Wind: The Black American Female Difference by A. D. Emerson; 1999, Darmonte Enterprises.
3. 1995–1996 Spirit of Legends Calendar of Black History; BellSouth, Carl Swearingen; 1995.
1930 births
2017 deaths
People from Carroll County, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area
Track and field athletes from Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American female track and field athletes
American female sprinters
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Fort Valley State University alumni
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women |
23576478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga%20Weser-Ems | Landesliga Weser-Ems | The Landesliga Weser-Ems, called the Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems from 1979 to 1994 and 2006 to 2010, is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second highest league in the German state of Lower Saxony (German:Niedersachsen). It covers the region of the now defunct Regierungsbezirk Weser-Ems.
It is one of four leagues at this level in Lower Saxony, the other three being the Landesliga Lüneburg, the Landesliga Hannover and the Landesliga Braunschweig.
The term Landesliga can be translated as State league.
Overview
The league's history goes back to 1979, when four new Bezirksoberligas (Braunschweig, Hannover, Lüneburg and Weser-Ems) were formed in the state of Lower Saxony. The Bezirksoberligas (6th tier) were set below the Verbandsliga Niedersachsen (4th tier) and the two Landesligas (5th tier) in the German football league system. In 1994, the two old Landesligas were dissolved, while the four Bezirksoberligas were renamed into Landesliga Braunschweig, Landesliga Hannover, Landesliga Lüneburg, and Landesliga Weser-Ems respectively. Due to the introduction of the new Regionalliga (IV) the new Landesligas still remained at the 6th tier of German football, however.
In 2006, the Landesliga was renamed into Bezirksoberliga again. The new Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems was made up of sixteen clubs, three from the tier-five Verbandsliga Niedersachsen-West, nine from the Landesliga and two each from the two Bezirksligas. The league was formed in a reorganisation of the league system in Lower Saxony, whereby the four regional Landsligas were replaced by the Bezirksoberligas. Below these, the number of Bezirksligas was increased. In Weser-Ems, the two Bezirksligas were expanded to five, while the other three regions operate with four Bezirksligas at this level.
The Bezirksoberliga, like the Landesliga before, was set in the league system below the Verbandsliga and above the now five Bezirksligas, which were numbered from one to five. The winner of the Bezirksoberliga was directly promoted to the Verbandsliga, while the bottom placed teams, in a varying number, were relegated to the Bezirksliga. The Bezirksoberligas of Weser-Ems and Hanover form the tier below the Verbandsliga West, while those of Lüneburg and Braunschweig form the tier below the eastern division of the Verbandsliga.
In the leagues first season, 2006–07, the runners-up of the league, SV Holthausen-Biene, had to play-off with the runners-up of the Bezirksoberliga Hannover, TSV Stelingen, a game they lost 1-0 and thereby failed to gain promotion. In the following two seasons, only the league champions were eligible for promotion.
At the end of the 2007-08 season, with the introduction of the 3. Liga, the Verbandsliga was renamed Oberliga Niedersachsen-West. For the Bezirksoberliga, this had no direct consequences, but the league was increased to eighteen clubs.
After the 2009-10 season, the two Oberligas () in Lower Saxony were merged to one single division. The four Bezirksoberliga champions that season were not be automatically promoted, instead they had to compete with the four teams placed ninth and tenth in the Oberliga for four more spots in this league.
On 17 May 2010, the Lower Saxony football association decided to rename the four Bezirksoberligas to Landesligas from 1 July 2010. This change in name came alongside the merger of the two Oberliga divisions above it into the Oberliga Niedersachsen.
Champions
Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems 1979–1994
Landesliga Weser-Ems 1994–2006
Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems 2006–2010
Landesliga Weser-Ems 2010–present
Promoted teams in bold.
References
Sources
Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen, An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga. DSFS.
Kicker Almanach, The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937. Kicker Sports Magazine.
Die Deutsche Liga-Chronik 1945-2005 History of German football from 1945 to 2005 in tables. DSFS. 2006.
External links
Das deutsche Fussball Archiv Historic German league tables
The Oberliga Niedersachsen at Fussball.de
The Lower Saxony Football Association (NFV)
Wes
Football competitions in Lower Saxony
1979 establishments in West Germany
Sports leagues established in 1979
de:Landesliga Niedersachsen
nl:Bezirksoberliga Weser-Ems |
17336469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIDPoint | HIDPoint | HIDPoint is proprietary Linux software for USB Keyboards and Mice. Currently it supports most Logitech keyboards and mice. It runs on many Linux distributions such as RHEL, SUSE, Ubuntu and Fedora. HIDPoint has been designed to give users using USB Mice and Keyboards the same experience they get when using these devices on Microsoft Windows.
Features
Allows users to fully utilize the functionality provided by their hardware.
Allows full use of Multimedia buttons, “Office” keys, and Programmable keys.
Users have the same experience as in Windows.
Single binary distribution for all supported Operating systems.
GUI Installer and Uninstaller.
No run time dependencies to install.
Currently supported platforms
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)
Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx)
Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)
Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)
Linux Mint 9 (Isadora)
Linux Mint 8 (Helena)
Linux Mint 7 (Gloria)
Linux Mint 6 (Felicia)
Debian 5
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.0
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0
CentOS 5.0
Suse 10.2
Suse 10.1
Suse 10.0
Mandriva 2008 and 2010
Fedora Core 6.0
Fedora Core 4.0
SMP (multi-processor/multi-core) are not yet supported.
64bit drivers are available for selected Platforms.
Currently supported mice
Logitech Cordless Mouse for Notebooks
Logitech Cordless Click
Logitech MX 1000 Laser Mouse
Logitech Media Play Cordless
Logitech V500 Cordless Mouse
Logitech G3/MX518 Optical Mouse
Logitech Cordless Click Plus
Logitech V200 Cordless Mouse
Logitech Cordless Mini Optical Mouse
Logitech LX7 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech LX5 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech G5 Laser Mouse
Logitech G7 Laser Mouse
Logitech MX610 Laser Cordless Mouse
Logitech MX610 Left Handed Laser Cordless Mouse
Logitech G1 Optical Mouse
Logitech MX400 Laser Mouse
Logitech G3 Laser Mouse
Logitech V450 Laser Mouse
Logitech VX Revolution
Logitech MX Air mouse
Logitech MX Revolution
Logitech MX 600 Cordless Laser
Logitech LX7 Cordless Laser Mouse
Logitech MX 620 Cordless Laser
Logitech V220 Cordless Optical
Logitech LX8 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech VX Nano
Logitech LX8 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech LX6 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech V450 Laser Mouse
Logitech MX 700 Cordless Optical Mouse
Logitech MX 900
Currently supported keyboards
Logitech LX 500 Cordless Keyboard
Logitech LX 501 Cordless Keyboard
Logitech LX 300 Cordless Keyboard
Logitech Numeric Keypad
Logitech Cordless Ultra Flat Keyboard
Logitech EX 110 Series Keyboard
Logitech Media Keyboard Elite
Logitech MX 3000 Keyboard
Logitech S510 Keyboard
Logitech Comfort Keyboard
Logitech LX 710 Keyboard
Logitech MX 3200 Keyboard
Logitech Easy Call Keyboard
Logitech Wave Cordless Keyboard
Logitech Wave Corded Keyboard
Other keyboard/mice software
Microsoft IntelliPoint
Logitech SetPoint
External links
HIDPoint download page
Linux software |
6904275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Jones%20%28sprinter%29 | Barbara Jones (sprinter) | Barbara Pearl Jones (later Slater, born March 26, 1937) is a retired American sprinter. She was part of the 4 × 100 m relay teams that won gold medals at the 1952 and 1960 Olympics and at the 1955 and 1959 Pan American Games. At the 1952 Olympics she became the youngest woman to win an Olympic gold medal in athletics, aged 15 years 123 days. She later became a member of the U.S. Paralympic Games Committee.
References
1937 births
American female sprinters
Tennessee State Lady Tigers track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1955 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1959 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Track and field athletes from Chicago
Living people
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
Medalists at the 1955 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games |
23576497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Reitz | Roger Reitz | Roger P. Reitz (born November 11, 1932) is an American doctor and politician, who served as a Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 22nd district from 2005 until 2013.
Reitz served as a representative in the Kansas House of Representatives from 2002 to 2005. He previously had served as mayor and city commissioner for the Manhattan City Commission and was president and member of Unified School District 383 School Board. Reitz graduated from Kansas State University and is graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1959 with an M.D. He served in the United States Army as a physician. He is a practicing, board-certified doctor of internal medicine.
He is married to Virginia Reitz and lives in Manhattan. He and his wife have five children.
Elections
2012
In the 2012 Republican primary, Reitz was defeated in a three-way race in the Republican primary on August 7, 2012. Bob Reader, whose primary campaign was largely funded by Americans for Prosperity-Kansas, gained the party's nomination, winning 3,318 votes, to Reitz's 2,251 votes and Joe Knopp's 2,134 votes.
Reader was subsequently defeated in the November 2012 general election by former Kansas State Representative Tom Hawk, who was endorsed by Reitz. Hawk was unopposed in the Democratic primary, winning 1,559 votes.
2008
On November 4, 2008 Reitz was re-elected to the 22nd District, defeating Democrat Rusty Wilson by 24 votes.
2004
Bob Reader challenged Reitz in the Republican primary, but was defeated.
Committee assignments
Reitz served on these legislative committees:
Local Government (chair)
Federal and State Affairs (vice-chair)
Joint Committee on Children's Issues
Commerce
Joint Committee on Energy and Environmental Policy
Ethics and Elections
Joint Committee on Health Policy Oversight
Utilities
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Reitz's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics:
Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Senator Reitz (self-finance), Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, Kansas Contractors Association, AT&T
Political parties were his largest donor group.
References
External links
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
Reitz's website
Kansas state senators
Politicians from Manhattan, Kansas
Living people
1932 births
Kansas Republicans
Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
Kansas State University alumni
University of Kansas School of Medicine alumni |
6904276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20on%20Fire | Day on Fire | Day on Fire is a 2006 American film which was produced by Lodestar Entertainment and filmed in New York City and Israel. It was written and directed by Jay Anania, stars Olympia Dukakis, Carmen Chaplin, Alyssa Sutherland and Martin Donovan and is produced by William Fisch and Larry Rattner. The film was scored by John Medeski with vocals by Judy Kuhn.
Day on Fire was screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on May 22, 2006.
Plot
Day on Fire tells the story of a singer, a model, an Arab woman journalist, and a physician as they criss-cross New York City over a 12-hour period. Their intersecting lives unfold against the backdrop of a ghastly suicide bombing in Israel, and the strange New York City wanderings of a malevolent Handsome Man, whose predatory intents lend an air of inevitable, horrific violence. Beautifully and hauntingly musical, this thriller also has a political and personal intrigue that mounts inexorably as the sun begins to set on this fateful day. By the time night has fallen in the city, the crossing of these individual fates is sealed. Each of these four women has found their destiny amidst the brutality that the film reveals.
External links
Day on Fire on Rotten Tomatoes
2006 Toronto International Film Festival
Bleiberg Entertainment
2006 films
American films
English-language films
American thriller drama films
2006 thriller drama films
2006 drama films |
6904277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20F.%20Worthington | F. F. Worthington | Major-General Frederic Franklin Worthington MC, MM, CD (September 17, 1889 – December 8, 1967), nicknamed "Worthy" and "Fighting Frank", was a senior Canadian Army officer. He is considered the father of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.
Early life and career
Worthington was born in Peterhead, Scotland. His military career began, somewhat unofficially, as a mercenary. He served in the Nicaraguan Army in the war against San Salvador and Honduras, but when the Nicaraguan Republican government fell, the army dissolved and Worthy left the country to avoid capture. He later found work sailing on cargo steamers.
The life of a mercenary was appealing to Worthy, and he soon found himself back in the thick of things, this time gunrunning to Cuba for which he was imprisoned in Cuba in 1908. In 1913, Worthy fought on the side of Francisco Madero in the Mexican Civil War against the Diaz government. His war service was short-lived however, as he was wounded in a battle.
Worthington served in the Canadian Machine Gun Corps in 1917. He was awarded the Military Medal for actions near Vimy Ridge, on 6 January 1917 for holding his position during a German advance.
After the First World War, he was a proponent of adopting armoured fighting vehicles. As a captain, Worthington took an eight-month course in the Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle School at Camp Borden in 1930, equipped with twelve Carden Loyd machine gun carriers. In 1936, then Major Worthington became an instructor at the Royal Tank School in Bovington Camp near Dorset, England, returning to Borden to assume the post of Commandant of the Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle School in 1938. Thanks to Worthington's determination, Canada acquired its first tanks in 1938: two Vickers light tanks, and ten more the following year.
Second World War
In 1940, the Canadian Armoured Corps was formally established (the Royal prefix was granted in 1945). As its first senior officer, Colonel Worthington bought 265 US-built M1917 tanks of First World War vintage to use in training. Because U.S. neutrality laws prohibited the sale of weapons to Canada, these antiques were bought for $120 each as scrap metal from the Rock Island Arsenal by the "Camp Borden Iron Foundry". During the Second World War Worthington organized the 1st Canadian Tank Brigade (later the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, an independent formation) and then converted the 4th Canadian Infantry Division to an armoured division in only five months. The division served overseas under the designation 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division and included the 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade and the 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade.
In early 1944, Worthy was forced to relinquish command of the 4th Armoured Division, "officially" due to poor health, but in fact it was due to changes in Canada's Army commanders. Worthy supported Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton, but it was Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds who got command of II Canadian Corps. Worthy was simply edged out in favour of others. It was the biggest regret of his career that he never commanded a Division in war. Simonds would later admit that he had made a mistake taking Worthy's command away from him (Ref: "Worthy": A Biography of Major-General F.F. Worthington CB, MC, MM by Larry Worthington).
In 1944 he returned to Canada to administer Camp Borden, where replacements were trained for the Canadian Armoured Corps and Infantry, as well as the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps and the Canadian Provost Corps. Worthy soon discovered that other things had changed since he left in 1942. Black market selling was out of control by this time, with fuel, food and building materials being the hot items. Worthy as usual had an unconventional method of stopping the stolen items from leaving the camp. He posted Provost Marshals at the gates to search vehicles leaving, forcing the thieves to take the back roads and trails to get out of camp. Worthy had the engineers dig trenches to make it impossible for vehicles to get through.
The most unconventional method however, was having the engineers lay landmines on the back trails, with the trigger points set back about 50 yards, thus ensuring that no one would actually get hurt. The troops got the message though, as no one wanted to take any chances with a commander who mined roadways.
The National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) of 1940 made military service compulsory for in-country service, but overseas service remained voluntary. Those who still refused to go active service met with Worthy's unconventional methods of training and persuasion, including being virtual targets of live-fire exercises and being forced to work so hard around the camp that they "volunteered" because it was the lesser of the evils.
Worthington served as General Officer Commander in Chief of Pacific Command from 1 April 1945 to 26 January 1946. Later he was appointed the first Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.
Later life
Worthy died on 8 December 1967 at Ottawa's Military Hospital. After his funeral in Ottawa, Worthy's body was flown by a RCAF Caribou aircraft to Camp Borden and in accordance with his wishes, was interred in Worthington Park. Four Centurion tanks fired a 13 gun salute and three RCAF Chipmunk aircraft did a low-level "fly-past", in tribute to a great soldier and Canadian.
One of the things that his son, Toronto Sun columnist and founding editor Peter Worthington, always remembers about his father is that he used to say, "Until Vimy Ridge he really never felt Canadian, but after Vimy Ridge never felt he was anything but a Canadian."
Today Worthington Park remains as a strong reminder of the birthplace of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps and a tribute to its father, Frederic Franklin "Fighting Frank" "Worthy" Worthington.
After Worthington's death, he was buried at Canadian Forces Base Borden according to his wishes. His wife was eventually buried beside him. The Major-General F.F. Worthington Memorial Park is also home to the tank collection of the Base Borden Military Museum. The Worthington Trophy for best Canadian armoured regiment was named after him.
Honours
He was a recipient of the Military Cross (MC) and Bar, the Military Medal (MM) and Bar and the Canadian Forces Decoration CD with two Bars.
References
Worthington, Larry (1961). "Worthy": A Biography of Major-General F.F. Worthington CB, MC, MM. Toronto: Macmillan.
Bruce Forsyth's Canadian Military History Page
Library and Archives Canada - Soldiers of the First World War CEF, RG150, Accession 1992-93/166, Box , Worthington, Frederick Frank, 17 September 1889, Cpt., #133314
External links
Worthington, Frederic Franklin at the Canadian Encyclopedia
The Canadian Armoured Corps in World War II
Worthy2s.jpg: portrait of Major-General F.F. Worthington, from the
Canada's Renault Tanks, 1940
Generals of World War II
1890 births
1967 deaths
People from Peterhead
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross
Canadian recipients of the Military Medal
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Military personnel from Aberdeen
Canadian Army generals of World War II
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Canadian generals
Canadian Machine Gun Corps officers |
6904288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Cariboo | Camp Cariboo | Camp Cariboo is a Canadian children's television program that aired on several CTV stations from 1986 to 1989. The show is best known for its rerun stint on YTV from 1989 to 1997.
Premise
Camp Cariboo grew out of the summer camping experiences of Tom Knowlton and Mark Baldwin, as well as the producer and co-creator Janis Nostbakken and directors John Matlock and Paul Francescutti. The series was produced at CKCO-TV in Kitchener, Ontario, and filmed in part on location in Ontario Camping Association camps. Hosted by Tom and Mark, each show featured real kids along with a variety of short skits, riddles, songs and stories, all portrayed in the setting of a fictional summer camp. Viewers took part by sending in their jokes, riddles and challenges that were shared during mail call time in the camp office.
An audio CD called "I Love Camp Cariboo" has been produced by the Cariboo team and is available on iTunes.
Main characters
Tom and Mark were the main characters of the show. Most episodes featured the two in interactive songs and sketches with kid-campers and in how-tos and comedy bits. Tom and Mark had alter-egos, "The Keeners", a couple of ageless campers so intent on coming back to camp each year that Tom and Mark gave them their moniker. In reality, the clips were in fast motion so that their voices would sound higher. The Keeners appeared in segments sharing camping tips taken to extremes and punctuated by one-liner jokes and groaners. Their popular theme song, I've Got a Head Like a Ping-Pong Ball, became a cult hit and a generation of kids grew up reciting the Cariboo credo: "We'll follow the path where the cariboo walked, Our cariboo headgear is off, on, locked!" The coveted eyes-and-antlers ball caps worn by the Keeners were featured in an exhibit at the Waterloo Region Museum. Another regular character was Uncle Wes (played by Tom) in a segment called "Woodsy Wisdom". Wes would usually make appearances around the camp fire telling old stories and offering camping advice.
Reception
The series was developed in close collaboration with kids from the Kitchener-Toronto region and pilot-tested before the final magazine-show format was decided upon. Positive feedback from audiences and critics on the first series of shows led to production of four more seasons. Camp Cariboo was honoured with four national television awards: two CanPro Gold Awards and two awards from The Children's Broadcast Institute (now Youth Media Alliance YMA).
References
External links
http://ckco-history.com/productions/productions-camp-cariboo/
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Camp-Cariboo/119742051523941
1986 Canadian television series debuts
1989 Canadian television series endings
1980s Canadian children's television series
CTV Television Network original programming
Television series about summer camps
Television series by Bell Media
Television shows filmed in Kitchener, Ontario |
6904312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wesley%20Cox | William Wesley Cox | William Wesley Cox (February 5, 1865 – October 29, 1948) was a Presidential, Vice Presidential, and perennial U.S. Senate candidate of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).
Cox was born in Illinois, later moving to Missouri. He was the Missouri state chairman of the SLP, and was an interior decorator by profession. He was an agnostic and member of the American Civil Liberties Union.
After serving as SLP vice-presidential candidate in 1904, Cox was nominated by the SLP for President in 1920, winning 31,084 votes. He ran in many elections, and his last attempt at office was in 1944, running for the United States Senate seat in Missouri, at the age of 79. Cox died of an apoplexy four years later on October 29, 1948, at the age of 83.
References
Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
1904 United States vice-presidential candidates
1865 births
1948 deaths
Socialist Labor Party of America presidential nominees
Socialist Labor Party of America vice presidential nominees
Missouri socialists |
6904316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare%20Earth%20in%20Concert | Rare Earth in Concert | Rare Earth in Concert is a live album by rock band Rare Earth, which was released as a double-LP in 1971. It contains a 23:33 version of their signature hit "Get Ready", as well as a new studio song: "Nice To Be With You". It was issued a RIAA gold record award.
Track listing
Side one
"I Just Want to Celebrate" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)– 4:40
"Hey, Big Brother" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)– 7:26
"Born to Wander" (Tom Baird)– 4:24
Side two
"Get Ready" (William "Smokey" Robinson)– 23:33
The unedited performance ran close to an hour
Side three
"What'd I Say" (Ray Charles)– 6:31
"Thoughts" (Gilbert Bridges, Peter Hoorelbeke, Edward Guzman, John Persh, Mark Olson, Raymond Monette)— 10:53
Side four
"(I Know) I'm Losing You" (Cornelius Grant, Edward Holland Jr., Norman Whitfield)— 14:09
"Nice to Be with You" (Mark Olson, Raymond Monette, Peter Hoorelbeke)— 2:15
Charts
Personnel
Gil Bridges – woodwinds, backing vocals, percussion, flute
Ray Monette – guitars, backing vocals
Mark Olson – keyboards, backing vocals
John Persh – bass guitar, backing vocals
Pete Rivera – drums, lead vocals, percussion
Ed Guzman – conga, percussion
Credits
Recording engineers: Cal Harris, Nate Jennings, John Lewis, Ken Sands, Bob Olhsson, Orson Lewis, Criteria Recording Company
Technical engineers: Don Boehrat, Gurdev Sandhu, Michael Grace, Don Fostie
Mastering engineer: Russ Terrana
Graphic Supervision: Tom Schlesinger
Art direction: Curtis McNair
Rare Earth photos: Joel Brodsky
Personal manager: Ron Strasner
Special thanks to: Harry Balk, Ralph Terrana
Recorded live at Civic Coliseum, Jacksonville, FL., ; Marine Stadium, Miami, FL. ; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and At The Pharmacy
"Nice to Be with You" recorded at Motown Studios
References
External links
http://www.discogs.com/Rare-Earth-Rare-Earth-In-Concert/release/507297 Discogs
http://coverparadise.to/?Module=ViewEntry&ID=100920 CD covers Cover-Paradies
Rare Earth (band) albums
1971 live albums
Motown live albums |
6904317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostoln%C3%A1%20pri%20Dunaji | Kostolná pri Dunaji | Kostolná pri Dunaji (, meaning Church Tree, , meaning "Churchville by the Danube") is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 8.072 km².
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops liberated the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Kostolná pri Dunaji once more became occupied by Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Population
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 508 inhabitants. 265 of inhabitants were Hungarians, 235 Slovaks and 8 others and unspecified.
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1711-1898 (parish A)
External links/Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Kostolna pri Dunaji
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa%20Hills%20High%20School%20%28Ohio%29 | Ottawa Hills High School (Ohio) | Ottawa Hills High School is a public high school in the village of Ottawa Hills, Ohio, United States, just west of Toledo. It is the only high school in the Ottawa Hills Local Schools district. The school's mascot is the Green Bears.
Appearance
The high school is attached to Ottawa Hills Junior High, and as a whole the building is commonly referred to as Ottawa Hills Junior/Senior High School or OHJHS by the villagers. Just outside is a flagpole built by Alumni of OHHS. The Liberty Memorial was added to the area around the flagpole with donations from community members and alumni. The Liberty Memorial was designed by Ottawa Hills resident and architect Todd Kime.
Students
The school frequently consists of between 300 and 400 high school students. Known for academics, students at Ottawa Hills excel with a college preparatory curriculum. In 2015, Newsweek ranked Ottawa Hills High School number #1 in Ohio and #45 in the nation.
Athletics
The Green Bears have won multiple state titles. Most recently, the boys' golf team won the 2013 Division III State Championship. Boys' basketball made it to the state final four for the first time in school history in March 2010, losing to Newark Catholic 48-36 in the state semifinals. In 2008 the Boys' soccer team defeated Worthington Christian 1-0, becoming the first school from Northwest Ohio to win a state soccer title.
The football team is tied for the most consecutive victories by a Northwest Ohio team with a 23-game winning streak from 1972–1974 (two undefeated seasons). Coach Norm Niedermeier was the football head coach for 40 years from 1957–1996, with 4 undefeated teams.
The boys' tennis team qualified for states for the first time in school history in 2016. The Green Bears defeated Lexington High School 3-0 after having a 9-year losing streak to them in the Regional Finals.
The women's dance team received second in state for POM division and fourth in state in Jazz division in 2017.
In the year of 2018 the soccer and lacrosse team were state runners-up. The baseball team and tennis team also went to the regional finals. The football team won their conference.
The tennis team advanced to the state finals in 2019.
Notable alumni
Christine Brennan—sports columnist, TV and radio commentator, best-selling author and nationally known speaker is especially known for her coverage of the Olympics
John Colenback–actor best known for portraying Dan Stewart on As the World Turns
Evan G. Galbraith—United States Ambassador to France from 1981 to 1985 under Ronald Reagan and the Secretary of Defense Representative to Europe and NATO under Donald Rumsfeld from 2002 to 2007
Steve Gordon (class of 1957)—screenwriter and director of the 1981 Academy Award-winning film, Arthur
Constance Hauman (class of 1979)—singer-songwriter and actress. She is credited with having the only live recording of Alban Berg's Lulu in the title role, recorded in Copenhagen 1996 at the Queen of Denmark's Castle. Constance Hauman's first full-length release of original songs, Falling Into Now, was chosen by the Guardian UK Music Critic Caroline Sullivan as one of the top 10 best pop albums of 2015.
Carl Eugene Heiles (class of 1957)—astrophysicist noted for his contribution to the understanding of diffuse interstellar matter through observational radio astronomy
Jamie O'Hara—country singer/songwriter who wrote the number one Grammy-winning country song of the year "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)" in 1986, performed by the group the Judds
Tom Scholz—rock musician, songwriter, inventor, engineer, and philanthropist, best known as the founder of the band Boston. He is also the inventor of the Rockman portable guitar amplifier. He has been described by Allmusic as "a notoriously 'un-rock n' roll' figure who never enjoyed the limelight of being a performer," preferring to concentrate almost exclusively on his music, and in more recent years, spending much of his time working with charities. Lead guitarist of the band Boston.
Mark D. Wagoner, Jr. (class of 1990)—politician and former Republican member of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives
References
External links
District Website
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
6904342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Single%20Woman | A Single Woman | A Single Woman may refer to:
A Single Woman (album), an album by Nina Simone, and its title song
A Single Woman (play), a play by Jeanmarie Simpson
A Single Woman (film), a 2009 film made by Kamala Lopez
See also
"Single Women", a song by Dolly Parton
Single Ladies (disambiguation)
Bachelorette (disambiguation) |
23576520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive%20industry%20in%20the%20United%20States | Automotive industry in the United States | The automotive industry in the United States began in the 1890s and, as a result of the size of the domestic market and the use of mass production, rapidly evolved into the largest in the world. The United States was the first country in the world to have a mass market for vehicle production and sales and is a pioneer of the automotive industry and mass market production process. During the course of the 20th century global competitors emerged especially in the second half of the century primarily across European and Asian markets, such as Germany, France, Italy, Japan and South Korea.
The U.S. is currently second among the largest manufacturer(s) in the world by volume.
American manufacturers produce approximately 10 million units annually. Notable exceptions were 5.7 million automobiles manufactured in 2009 (due to crisis), and more recently 8.8 million units in 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic.
While production peaked during the 1970s and early 2000s at levels of 13–15 million units.
Starting with Duryea in 1895, at least 1900 different companies were formed, producing over 3,000 makes of American automobiles. World War I (1917–1918) and the Great Depression in the United States (1929–1939) combined to drastically reduce the number of both major and minor producers. During World War II, all the auto companies switched to making military equipment and weapons. However, by the end of the next decade the remaining smaller producers disappeared or merged into amalgamated corporations. The industry was dominated by three large companies: General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler, all based in Metro Detroit. Those "Big Three" continued to prosper, and the U.S. produced three quarters of all automobiles in the world by 1950 (8.0 million out of 10.6 million). In 1948, 50 percent of U.S. households owned at least one automobile. Imports from abroad were a minor factor before the 1960s.
Beginning in the 1970s, a combination of high oil prices and increased competition from foreign auto manufacturers severely affected the companies. In the ensuing years, the companies periodically bounced back, but by 2008 the industry was in turmoil due to the aforementioned crisis. As a result, General Motors and Chrysler filed for bankruptcy reorganization and were bailed out with loans and investments from the federal government. But according to Autodata Corp, June 2014 seasonally adjusted annualized sales is the biggest in history with 16.98 million vehicles and toppled previous record in July 2006. Chrysler later merged into Fiat as Fiat Chrysler and is today a part of the multinational Stellantis group. American electric automaker Tesla emerged onto the scene in 2009 and has since grown to be one of the world's most valuable companies, producing around 1/4th of the world's fully-electric passenger cars.
Prior to the 1980s, most manufacturing facilities were owned by the Big Three (GM, Ford, Chrysler) and AMC. Their U.S. market share has dropped steadily as numerous foreign-owned car companies have built factories in the U.S. As of 2012, Toyota had 31,000 U.S. employees, compared to Ford's 80,000 and Chrysler's 71,100.
Development history
Production
The development of self-powered vehicles was accompanied by numerous technologies and components giving rise to numerous supplier firms and associated industries. Various types of energy sources were employed by early automobiles including steam, electric, and gasoline. Thousands of entrepreneurs were involved in developing, assembling, and marketing of early automobles on a small and local scale. Increasing sales facilitated production on a larger scale in factories with broader market distribution. Ransom E. Olds and Thomas B. Jeffery began mass production of their automobiles. Henry Ford focused on producing an automobile that many middle class Americans could afford.
A patent filed by George B. Selden on 8 May 1879 covered not only his engine but its use in a four-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on 5 November 1895. Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers, collecting a fee on each car they produced and creating the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers. The Ford Motor Company fought this patent in court, and eventually won on appeal. Henry Ford testified that the patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States.
Originally purchased by wealthy individuals, by 1916 cars began selling at $875. Soon, the market widened with the mechanical betterment of the cars, the reduction in prices, as well as the introduction of installment sales and payment plans. During the period from 1917 to 1926, the annual rate of increase in sales was considerably less than from 1903 to 1916. In the years 1918, 1919, 1921, and 1924 there were absolute declines in automotive production. The automotive industry caused a massive shift in the industrial revolution because it accelerated growth by a rate never before seen in the U.S. economy. The combined efforts of innovation and industrialization allowed the automotive industry to take off during this period and it proved to be the backbone of United States manufacturing during the 20th century.
American road system
The practicality of the automobile was initially limited because of the lack of suitable roads. Travel between cities was mostly done by railroad, waterways, or carriages. Roads were mostly dirt and hard to travel, particularly in bad weather. The League of American Wheelmen maintained and improved roads as it was viewed as a local responsibility with limited government assistance. During this time, there was an increase in production of automobiles coupled with a swell of auto dealerships, marking their growth in popularity.
State involvement
State governments began to use the corvee system to maintain roads, an implementation of required physical labor on a public project on the local citizens. Part of their motivation was the needs of farmers in rural areas attempting to transport their goods across rough, barely functioning roads.
The other reason was the weight of the wartime vehicles. The materials involved altered during World War I to accommodate the heavier trucks on the road and were responsible for widespread shift to macadam highways and roadways. However, rural roads were still a problem for military vehicles, so four wheel drive was developed by automobile manufacturers to assist in powering through. As the prevalence of automobiles grew, it became clear funding would need to improve as well and the addition of government financing reflected that change.
Federal involvement
The Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 allocated $75 million for building roads. It was also responsible for approving a refocusing of military vehicles to road maintenance equipment. It was followed by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 provided additional funding for road construction. By 1924, there were 31,000 miles of paved road in the U.S.
International trade
The Big Three automakers
About 3,000 automobile companies have existed in the United States. In the early 1900s, the U.S. saw the rise of the Big Three automakers; Ford, GM, and Chrysler. The industry became centered around Detroit, in Michigan, and adjacent states (and nearby Ontario, Canada). Historian John Rae summarizes the explanations provided by historians: a central geographic location, water access, and an established industrial base with many skilled engineers. The key factor was that Detroit was the base for highly talented entrepreneurs who saw the potential of the automobile: Henry Ford, Ransom E. Olds, Roy D. Chapin, Henry Joy, William C. Durant, Howard E. Coffin, John Dodge and Horace Dodge, and Benjamin Briscoe and Frank Briscoe. From 1900 to 1915 these men transformed the fledgling industry into an international business.
Henry Ford began building cars in 1896 and started his own company in 1903. The Ford Motor Company improved mass-production with the first conveyor belt-based assembly line in 1913, producing the Model T (which had been introduced in 1908). These assembly lines significantly reduced costs. The first models were priced at $850, but by 1924 had dropped to $290. The Model T sold extremely well and Ford became the largest automobile company in the U.S. By the time it was retired in 1927, more than 15 million Model Ts had been sold. Ford introduced the Model A in 1927 (after a six-month production stoppage to convert from the Model T), and produced it through 1931. However, while the Model A was successful, Ford lost ground to GM and eventually Chrysler, as auto buyers looked to more upscale cars and newer styling. Ford was also a pioneer in establishing foreign manufacturing facilities, with production facilities created in England in 1911, and Germany and Australia in 1925. Ford purchased the luxury Lincoln automaker in 1922 and established the Mercury division in 1939.
General Motors Corporation (GM), the company that would soon become the world's largest automaker, was founded in 1908 by William Durant. Durant had previously been a carriage maker, and had taken control of Buick in 1904. The company initially acquired Buick, Oldsmobile and Oakland (later to become Pontiac) in 1908. The next year GM acquired Cadillac, along with a number of other car companies and parts suppliers. Durant also was interested in acquiring Ford, but after initial merger talks, Henry Ford decided to keep his company independent. In 1910, Durant lost control of GM after over-extending the company with its acquisitions. A group of banks took over control of GM and ousted Durant. Durant and Louis Chevrolet founded Chevrolet in 1913 and it quickly became very successful. Durant began acquiring stock in GM and by 1915 had majority control. Chevrolet was acquired by GM in 1917 and Durant was back in charge of GM. In 1921, Durant was again forced out of the company. During the late 1920s, General Motors overtook Ford to become the largest automaker. Under the leadership of Alfred P. Sloan, General Motors instituted decentralized management and separate divisions for each price class. They also introduced annual model changes. GM also became an innovator in technology under the leadership of Charles F. Kettering. GM followed Ford by expanding overseas, including purchasing England's Vauxhall Motors in 1925, Germany's Opel in 1929, and Australia's Holden in 1931. GM also established GMAC (now Ally Financial) in 1919 to provide credit for buyers of its cars.
Walter Chrysler was formerly president of Buick and an executive of GM. After leaving GM in 1920, he took control of the Maxwell Motor Company, revitalized the company and, in 1925, reorganized it into Chrysler Corporation. He then acquired Dodge in 1927. The acquisition of Dodge gave Chrysler the manufacturing facilities and dealer network that it needed to significantly expand production and sales. In 1928, Chrysler introduced the Plymouth and DeSoto brands. Chrysler also overtook Ford to become the second largest auto maker by the 1930s, following similar strategies as General Motors.
General Motors wanted automobiles to be not just utilitarian devices, which Ford emphasized, but also status symbols that were highly visible indicators of an individual's wealth. Through offering different makes and models they offered different levels in social status meeting the demands of consumers needing to display wealth. Ford and General Motors each had their own impact on social status and the type of market they were targeting. Henry Ford focused on delivering one inexpensive, efficient product for the masses. Ford's offer was one car, one color, for one price. He not only manufactured a product for the masses, but he provided a $5 a day wage so that there was a local market to buy this product. By contrast General Motors offered a product that catered to those looking to gain status by having that sense of individualism and offering different make, models, and quality.
Great Depression and World War II
The 1930s saw the demise of many auto makers due to the economic effects of the Great Depression, stiff competition from the Big Three, and/or mismanagement. Luxury car makers were particularly affected by the economy, with companies like Stutz Motor Company, Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company, Peerless Motor Company, Cunningham, and the Marmon Motor Car Company going out of business. The decade also saw several companies with innovative engineering, such as the Doble Steam Motors Corporation (advanced steam engines) and Franklin Automobile Company (air-cooled aluminium engines) going out of business. Errett Lobban Cord, who controlled the Auburn Automobile Company (which also sold the Cord) and the Duesenberg Motor Company, was under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Internal Revenue Service. His auto empire collapsed in 1937 and production ceased.
Major technological innovations were introduced or were widely adopted during the 1930s, such as synchromesh manual transmissions, semi-automatic transmissions, automatic transmissions, hydraulic brakes, independent front suspension, and overhead-valve engines. The Cord 810 used front-wheel drive, had hidden headlights, and was offered with a supercharger. Exterior styling designs were more flowing, as shown most noticeably on the Auburn Speedster and the Cord 810/812. Radical air-streamed design was introduced on the Chrysler Airflow, a sales flop, and the Lincoln-Zephyr (both of which used unit-body construction). Packard introduced their "Air Cool-ditioned" car in 1940.
After the United States entered World War II in December 1941, all auto plants were converted to war production, including jeeps, trucks, tanks, and aircraft engines; all passenger automobile production ceased by February 1942. The industry received $10 billion in war-related orders by that month, compared to $4 billion before the attack on Pearl Harbor. All factories were enlarged and converted, many new ones such as Ford's Willow Run and Chrysler's Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant were built, and hundreds of thousands more workers were hired. Many were new arrivals from Appalachia. The most distinctive new product was the Jeep, with Willys making 352,000 and Ford another 295,000. The industry produced an astonishing amount of material, including 5.9 million weapons, 2.8 million tanks and trucks, and 27,000 aircraft. This production was a major factor in the victory of the allies. Experts anticipated that Detroit would learn advanced engineering methods from the aviation industry that would result in great improvements for postwar civilian automobiles.
Unionization of the auto manufacturers workforce
Due to the difficult working conditions in the auto production plants, auto workers began to seek representation to help improve conditions and ensure fair pay. The United Automobile Workers union won recognition from GM and Chrysler in 1937, and Ford in 1941. In 1950, the automakers granted workers a company-paid pension to those 65 years old and with 30 years seniority. In the mid-1950s, the automakers agreed to set up a trust fund for unemployed auto workers. In 1973, the automakers agreed to offer pensions to any worker with 30 years seniority, regardless of age. By then the automakers had also agreed to cover the entire health insurance bill for its employees, survivors, and retirees.
Decline of the independent automakers
The only major auto companies to survive the Great Depression were General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler Corporation, Hudson Motor Car Company, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation, Packard Motor Car Company, Studebaker Corporation, and Crosley Motors. The former three companies, known as the Big Three, enjoyed significant advantages over the smaller independent auto companies due to their financial strength, which gave them a big edge in marketing, production, and technological innovation. Most of the Big Three's competitors ended production by the 1960s, and their last major domestic competitor was acquired in the 1980s.
Crosley Motors ceased auto production in 1952. Packard and Studebaker merged in 1954, but ended production of Packard-branded cars in 1958 and ceased all auto production in 1966.
Kaiser-Frazer Corporation was started in 1945 and acquired Willys-Overland Motors (maker of the Jeep) in 1953. Production of passenger cars was discontinued in 1955. In 1970, the company was sold to American Motors Corporation.
In 1954, Nash-Kelvinator and Hudson merged to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). The company introduced numerous product and marketing innovations, but its small size made it difficult to compete with the Big Three and struggled financially. The French auto maker Renault took control of AMC in the early 1980s, but financial difficulties continued and AMC was purchased by Chrysler Corporation in 1987.
Periodically, other entrepreneurs would found automobile companies, but most would soon fail and none achieved major sales success. Some of the best known included Preston Tucker's 1948 sedan, Earl Muntz's Muntz Car Company, Malcolm Bricklin's Bricklin SV-1, the modern Stutz Blackhawk, Clénet Coachworks, Zimmer, Excalibur, and John DeLorean's DeLorean.
Post-war years
Initial auto production after World War II was slowed by the retooling process, shortages of materials, and labor unrest. However, the American auto industry reflected the post-war prosperity of the late-1940s and the 1950s. Cars grew in overall size, as well as engine size during the 1950s. The Overhead valve V-8 engine developed by GM in the late-1940s proved to be very successful and helped ignite the horsepower race, the second salvo of which was Chrysler's 1951 Hemi engine. Longer, lower, and wider tended to be the general trend. Exterior styling was influenced by jets and rockets as the space-age dawned. Rear fins were popular and continued to grow larger, and front bumpers and taillights were sometimes designed in the shape of rockets. Chrome plating was very popular, as was two-tone paint. The most extreme version of these styling trends were found in the 1959 Cadillac Eldorado and Chrysler Corporation's 1957 Imperial. The Chevrolet Corvette and the Ford Thunderbird, introduced in 1953 and 1955 respectively, were designed to capture the sports car market. However, the Thunderbird grew in size in 1958 and evolved into a personal luxury car. The 1950s were also noted for perhaps one of the biggest miscues in auto marketing with the Ford Edsel, which was the result of unpopular styling and being introduced during an economic recession.
The introduction of the Interstate Highway System and the suburbanization of America made automobiles more necessary and helped change the landscape and culture in the United States. Individuals began to see the automobile as an extension of themselves.
1960s
Big changes were taking place in automobile development in the 1960s, with the Big Three dominating the industry. Meanwhile, with the passage of the $33 billion Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, a network of regional and interstate roads continued to enhance transportation. As urban areas became more congested, more families migrated to the suburbs. Between 1960 and 1970, 70 percent of the population's growth occurred in the suburbs.
Imported vehicles grew during the 1950s and 1960s – from a very low base. In 1966, the Big Three (GM, Ford, Chrysler) had market share of 89.6% (44.5% in 2014). From 1966 to 1969, net imports increased at an average annual rate of 84%. The Volkswagen Beetle was the biggest seller.
The compact Nash Rambler had been around since 1950, and American Motors Corporation (AMC) expanded into a range of smaller cars than were offered by the Big Three. By 1960, Rambler was the third most popular brand of automobile in the United States, behind Ford and Chevrolet. In response to this the domestic auto makers developed compact-sized cars, such as the Ford Falcon, Chevrolet Corvair, Studebaker Lark, and Plymouth Valiant.
The four-seat 1958 Ford Thunderbird (second generation) was arguably the first personal luxury car, which became a large market segment.
Pony cars were introduced with the Ford Mustang in 1964. This car combined sporty looks with a long hood, small rear deck, and a small rear seat. The car proved highly successful and imitators soon arose, including the Chevrolet Camaro, Pontiac Firebird, Plymouth Barracuda (actually introduced two weeks prior to the Mustang), AMC Javelin, and the two-seat AMX, as well as the "luxury" version of the Mustang, the Mercury Cougar. Muscle cars were also introduced in 1964 with the Pontiac GTO. These combined an intermediate-sized body with a large high-output engine. Competitors were also quickly introduced, including the Chevrolet Chevelle SS, Dodge R/T (Coronet and Charger), Plymouth Road Runner/GTX, Ford Torino, and AMC's compact SC/Rambler. Muscle cars reached their peak in the late-1960s, but soon fell out of favor due to high insurance premiums along with the combination of emission controls and high gas prices in the early 1970s.
While the personal luxury, pony, and muscle cars got most of the attention, the full sized cars formed the bulk of auto sales in the 1960s, helped by low oil prices. The styling excesses and technological gimmicks (such as the retractable hardtop and the pushbutton automatic transmission) of the 1950s were de-emphasized. The rear fins were downsized and largely gone by the mid-1960s, as was the excessive chrome.
Federal regulation of the auto industry
Safety and environmental issues during the 1960s led to stricter government regulation of the auto industry, spurred in part by Ralph Nader and his book: Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile. This resulted in higher costs and eventually to weaker performance for cars in the 1970s, a period known as the Malaise Era of auto design during which American cars suffered from very poor performance.
Seat lap belts were mandated by many states effective in 1962. Under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards required shoulder belts for front passengers, front head restraints, energy-absorbing steering columns, ignition-key warning systems, anti-theft steering column/transmission locks, side marker lights and padded interiors starting in 1968.
Beginning in 1972, bumpers were required to be reinforced to meet 5-mph impact standards, a decision that was revised in 1982.
With the Clean Air Act (United States) of 1963 and the Vehicle Air Pollution and Control Act of 1965, emission controls began being instituted in 1968. The use of leaded gasoline began being curtailed in the early 1970s, which resulted in lower-compression engines being used, and thus reducing horsepower and performance. Catalytic converters began being widely used by the mid-1970s.
During his first term as EPA Administrator, William Ruckelshaus spent 60% of his time on the automobile industry, whose emissions were to be reduced 90% under the 1970 Clean Air Act after senators became frustrated at the industry's failure to cut emissions under previous, weaker air laws.
1970s
As bold and confident as the Big Three automakers were in the 1950s and 1960s, the American auto makers in the 1970s and 1980s stumbled badly, going from one engineering, manufacturing, or marketing disaster to another, and this time is often referred to as the Malaise era of American auto design.
By 1969, imports had increased their share of the U.S. auto market with smaller, inexpensive vehicles. Volkswagen sold over 500,000 vehicles, followed by Toyota with over 100,000. In 1986 South Korea entered the American market. In response to this, the domestic auto makers introduced new compact and sub-compact cars, such as the Ford Pinto and Maverick, the Chevrolet Vega, and the AMC Gremlin, Hornet and Pacer. (Chrysler had to make do with importing the Dodge Colt from Mitsubishi Motors and the Plymouth Cricket from their affiliated Rootes Group.) However, design and manufacturing problems plagued a number of these cars, leading to unfavorable consumer perceptions.
GM had a string of miscues starting with the Chevrolet Vega, which developed a reputation for rapidly rusting and having major problems with the aluminium engine.
The problems with Ford's Pinto became nationally famous and Ford's reputation was harmed after media accusations that its fuel system was prone to fire when the car was struck from behind. It was also alleged that Ford knew about this vulnerability but did not design any safeguards in order to save a few dollars per vehicle and that the company rationalized that the cost of lawsuits would be less than the cost of redesigning the car. Historical analysis of the facts don't support the "death trap" reputation attached to the Pinto but the damage to Ford's reputation had been done.
Auto sales were hurt by the 1973 oil crisis Arab embargo as the price of gasoline soared. Small fuel-efficient cars from foreign automakers took a sharply higher share of the U.S. auto sales market. Under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act the federal government initiated fuel efficiency standards (known as Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE) in 1975, effective as of 1978 for passenger cars, and as of 1979 for light trucks.
For passenger cars, the initial standard was 18 miles per gallon (mpg), and increased to 27.5 mpg by 1985.
General Motors began responding first to the high gas prices by downsizing most of their models by 1977, and lowering their performance. In 1979, the second oil price spike occurred, precipitated by political events in Iran, resulting in the 1979 energy crisis. By 1980, the economy slid into turmoil, with high inflation, high unemployment, and high interest rates. The automakers suffered large operating losses. Chrysler was hurt most severely and in 1979 received a bailout from the federal government in the form of $1.5 billion in loan guarantees. One quick fix was a Detroit-built version of their then-new French (Simca) economy car, the Horizon. As a result of its financial difficulties, Chrysler sold its British and French subsidiaries, Rootes Group and Simca to the French automaker Groupe PSA for $1.
Cadillac damaged their reputation when the four-cylinder Cadillac Cimarron was introduced in 1981 (a gussied-up Chevrolet Cavalier at twice the price) and the "V8-6-4" engine didn't work as advertised. GM's reputation was also damaged when it revealed in 1977 that they were installing Chevrolet engines in Oldsmobiles, and lawsuits from aggrieved Oldsmobile owners followed. Likewise litigation ensued when a trio of diesel engines, designed from gasoline engines and used in GM cars from 1978 to 1985 suffered major problems. Class action lawsuits and efforts from the Federal Trade Commission resulted in buybacks of the cars from GM. Chrysler also suffered damage to its reputation when its compact cars, the Plymouth Volaré and Dodge Aspen, were developed quickly and suffered from massive recalls and poor quality.
1980s
In 1981, Japanese automakers entered into the "voluntary export restraint" limiting the number of autos that they could export to the U.S. to 1.68 million per year. One side effect of this quota was that Japanese car companies opened new divisions through which they began developing luxury cars that had higher profit margins, such as with Toyota's Lexus, Honda's Acura, and Nissan's Infiniti. Another consequence was that the Japanese car makers began opening auto production plants in the U.S., with the three largest Japanese auto manufacturers all opening production facilities by 1985. These facilities were opened primarily in the southern states because of financial incentives offered by state governments, access to the nation via the interstate highways, the availability of a large pool of cheaper labor, and the weakness of unions. The Southern states passed right-to-work laws and the UAW failed in its repeated union-organizing efforts at these plants.
The Big Three began investing in and/or developing joint manufacturing facilities with several of the Japanese automakers. Ford invested in Mazda as well as setting up a joint facility with them called AutoAlliance International. Chrysler bought stock in Mitsubishi Motors and established a joint facility with them called Diamond-Star Motors. GM invested in Suzuki and Isuzu Motors, and set up a joint manufacturing facility with Toyota, called NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.).
Despite the financial and marketing upheavals during the 1970s and 1980s, these decades led to technological innovations and/or widespread use of such improvements as disc brakes, fuel injection, electronic engine control units, and electronic ignition. Front-wheel drive became the standard drive system by the late 1980s.
By the mid-1980s, oil prices had fallen sharply, helping lead to the revitalization of the American auto industry. Under the leadership of Lee Iacocca, Chrysler Corporation mounted a comeback after its flirtation with bankruptcy in 1979. The minivan was introduced in the 1984 model year by Chrysler with the Plymouth Voyager and Dodge Caravan, and proved very popular. These vehicles were built on a passenger-car chassis and seated up to seven people as well as being able to hold bulky loads. Chrysler also introduced their "K-cars" in the 1980s, which came with front-wheel drive and fuel-efficient OHC engines. In 1987, Chrysler bought American Motors Corporation, which produced the Jeep. This proved to be excellent timing to take advantage of the sport utility vehicle boom. Ford also began a comeback after losses of $3.3 billion in the early 1980s. In 1985, the company introduced the very successful, aerodynamic Taurus. General Motors, under the leadership of Roger Smith, was not as successful as its competitors in turning itself around, and its market share fell significantly. While Ford and Chrysler were cutting production costs, GM was investing heavily in new technology. The company's attempts at overhauling its management structure and using increased technology for manufacturing production were not successful. Several large acquisitions (Electronic Data Systems and Hughes Aircraft Company) also diverted management attention away from their main industry. (Ford and Chrysler also joined in the acquisition and diversification trend, with Ford buying Jaguar Cars, Aston Martin, The Associates (a finance company), and First Nationwide Financial Corp. (a savings and loan). Chrysler purchased Lamborghini, an interest in Maserati, and Gulfstream Aerospace jets.) GM started the Saturn brand in the late 1980s as a way to retake sales from imported cars. While Saturn initially succeeded, GM later neglected to provide it much support. Around this time GM also began development on the General Motors EV1 electric car, which debuted in 1996.
1990s
The 1990s began the decade in a recession, which resulted in weak auto sales and operating losses. In addition, the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq caused a temporary jump in oil prices. However, the automakers recovered fairly quickly. In the mid-1990s, light truck sales (which included sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks and minivans) began to rise sharply. Due to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards differentiating between passenger cars and light trucks, the automakers were able to sell large and heavy vehicles without fear of the CAFE fines. Low oil prices also gave incentives for consumers to buy these gas-guzzling vehicles. The American automakers sold combined, and even separately, millions of pickup trucks and body-on-frame SUVs during this period. Imports such as the Toyota 4Runner, Land Cruiser, Tacoma, and Nissan Pathfinder and Frontier were also popular during this time period.
The automakers also continued their trend of purchasing or investing in foreign automakers. GM purchased a controlling interest in Saab in 1990 and Daewoo Motors in 2001, and invested in Subaru in 1999 and Fiat in 2000. They also purchased the Hummer name from AM General in 1998. Ford purchased Volvo in 1999 and Land Rover in 2000. GM and Ford also established joint ventures with Chinese auto companies during this period. GM's joint ventures are with Shanghai GM, SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile, and FAW-GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd. Ford's joint ventures are with Chang'an Ford and Jiangling Ford.
While the American automakers were investing in or buying foreign competitors, the foreign automakers continued to establish more production facilities in the United States. In the 1990s, BMW and Daimler-Benz opened SUV factories in Spartanburg County, South Carolina and Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, respectively. In the 2000s, assembly plants were opened by Honda in Lincoln, Alabama, Nissan in Canton, Mississippi, Hyundai in Montgomery, Alabama and Kia in West Point, Georgia. Toyota opened an engine plant in Huntsville, Alabama in 2003 (along with a truck assembly plant in San Antonio, Texas) and is building an assembly plant in Blue Springs, Mississippi. Volkswagen has announced a new plant for Chattanooga, Tennessee. Also, several of the Japanese auto manufacturers expanded or opened additional plants during this period. For example, while new, the Alabama Daimler-Benz and Honda plants have expanded several times since their original construction. The opening of Daimler-Benz plant in the 1990s had a cascade effect. It created a hub of new sub-assembly suppliers in the Alabama area. This hub of sub-assemblies suppliers helped in attracting several new assembly plants into Alabama plus new plants in nearby Mississippi, Georgia and Tennessee.
In 1998, Chrysler and the German automaker Daimler-Benz entered into a "merger of equals" although in reality it turned out be an acquisition by Daimler-Benz. Thus the Big Three American-owned automakers turned into the Big Two automakers. However, a culture clash emerged between the two divisions, and there was an exodus of engineering and manufacturing management from the Chrysler division. The Chrysler division struggled financially, with only a brief recovery when the Chrysler 300 was introduced. In 2007, Daimler-Benz sold the company to a private equity firm, Cerberus Capital Management, thus again making it American-owned.
2000s
The 2000s began with a recession in early 2001 and the effects of the September 11 attacks, significantly affecting auto industry sales and profitability. The stock market decline affected the pension fund levels of the automakers, requiring significant contributions to the funds by the automakers (with GM financing these contributions by raising debt). In 2001, Chrysler discontinued their Plymouth brand, and in 2004 GM ended their Oldsmobile division.
In 2005, oil prices began rising and peaked in 2008. With the American automakers heavily dependent upon the gas-guzzling light truck sales for their profits, their sales fell sharply. Additionally, the finance subsidiaries of the Big Three became of increasing importance to their overall profitability (and their eventual downfall). GMAC (now Ally Financial), began making home mortgage loans, especially subprime loans. With the subsequent collapse of the sub-prime mortgage industry, GM suffered heavy losses.
The Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10 happened when the Big Three were in weak financial condition and the beginning of an economic recession, and the financial crisis resulted in the automakers looking to the federal government for help. Ford was in the best position, as under new CEO Alan Mulally they had fortuitously raised $23 billion in cash in 2006 by mortgaging most of their assets. Chrysler, purchased in 2007 by a private equity firm, had weak financial backing, was the most heavily dependent on light truck sales, and had few new products in their pipeline. General Motors was highly leveraged, also heavily dependent on light truck sales, and burdened by high health care costs.
The CEOs of the Big Three requested government aid in November 2008, but sentiment in Congress was against the automakers, especially after it was revealed that they had flown to Washington D.C. on their private corporate jets. In December 2008, President Bush gave $17.4 billion to GM and Chrysler from the Troubled Asset Relief Program as temporary relief for their cash flow problems. Several months later, President Obama formed the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry to decide how to handle GM and Chrysler. Chrysler received a total of $12.5 billion in TARP funds and entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in April 2009.
Automaker Fiat was given management control and a 20% ownership stake (adjusted to 35% under certain conditions), the U.S. and Canadian governments were given a 10% holding, and the remaining ownership was given to a Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA), which was a trust fund established to administer employee health care benefits.
The Automotive Task Force requested that GM CEO Rick Wagoner resign (although he was replaced by another long-time GM executive, Frederick Henderson). GM received a total of $49.5 billion in TARP funds and entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in June 2009. The U.S. and Canadian governments received a 72.5% ownership stake, a VEBA received 17.5%, and the unsecured creditors received 10%. As part of the bailout GM and Chrysler closed numerous production plants and eliminated hundreds of dealerships and thousands of jobs. They also required a number of major labor union concessions. GM also sold off the Saab division and eliminated the Pontiac, Hummer, and Saturn Corporation brands. In addition to the $62 billion that the automakers received from TARP, their financing arms, Ally Financial and TD Auto Finance received an additional $17.8 billion. In addition to the funding from the United States government, the Canadian government provided $10.8 billion to GM and $2.9 billion to Chrysler as incentives to maintain production facilities in Canada.
Ford did not request any government assistance, but as part of their downsizing sold Volvo in 2010 and phased out their Mercury division in 2011. (They had previously sold Aston Martin in 2007, and Land Rover and Jaguar Cars in 2008). Under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program Ford borrowed $5.9 billion to help their vehicles meet higher mileage requirements.
2010s
Ford went through 2012 having recovered to the point of having 80,000 total U.S. employees, supplying their 3,300 dealerships. In comparison, Chrysler had 71,100 U.S. employees supplying their 2,328 dealerships during that year.
Data for the beginning of 2014 put the four companies of GM, Ford, Toyota, and Chrysler, in that order, at the top as having the most U.S. car sales. In terms of specific types of vehicles, the new decade has meant Chrysler having an emphasis on its Ram trucks and the Jeep Cherokee SUV, both of which had "hefty sales" for 2014 according to a news report.
In 2014, Fiat, now named Fiat Chrysler, established full control of ownership of Chrysler and its divisions (Dodge, Jeep and Ram Trucks)
In 2017, it is reported that auto makers spent more on incentives, US$3,830 per vehicle sold, than labour, which is estimated to be less than US$2,500 per vehicle.
In 2017, General Motors sold its European brands, Opel and Vauxhall, to Groupe PSA due to low profits. It also announced the closure of the Holden plant in Australia, making Holden an import brand.
In 2019, General Motors closed 5 plants. It also pulled out of Uzbekistan.
Near the end of the decade, it became clear that the market now has a preference for crossover SUVs over passenger cars.
In 2016, Fiat Chrysler announced that it would be discontinuing the Dodge Dart and Chrysler 200 sedans. CEO Sergio Marchionne said that, even though they were good cars, they were the least financially rewarding investments the company has made recently.
Ford, in 2018, announced that it will be discontinuing all of its passenger cars save for the Ford Mustang, and the Ford Focus would come back as a crossover-hatchback vehicle. General Motors followed by saying it would not follow Ford, however, backtracked on that and announced that it would be discontinuing most of its passenger cars by 2022.
2020s
In 2020, General Motors announced the end of Holden and will leave Australia and New Zealand by 2021. General Motors has also announced its exit from the Thai market and plans to sell their Rayong plant.
In August 2021, Ford announced that it would be shutting down its India production as it was not able to have sufficient demand to justify running 2 plants.
In January 2021, Fiat Chrysler (FCA) merged with Groupe PSA hence making FCA's North American operations (including Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep and Ram) part of a brand new parent entity named Stellantis, which is headquartered in The Netherlands.
By 2021, the only non-SUV, truck, or van that Ford produced was the Mustang pony car, while GM only produced the Malibu midsized sedan and the Camaro pony car.
The late 2010s and early 2020s also saw the rise of electric-only brand Tesla, which became the most valuable automaker in the world by market capitalization in January 2020, and produced over half a million cars in 2020.
The decade has also seen the rise of electric cars in general, and in 2020 roughly 2 percent of all new cars sold were fully electric.
According to the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, by 2026, all passenger vehicles must be equipped with systems that do not allow the vehicle to turn on if blood alcohol content level is above the amount permissible by law. The legislation is not clear what form this detection would take, the wording states that the monitoring would be "passive" which will possibly require the use of cameras in order to properly track and monitor driver behavior. Proponents of this change state that it will reduce drunk driving deaths on the road while opponents argue that it is a violation of privacy of drivers and that drivers could experience technical difficulties while on the road.
See also
Big Three automobile manufacturers
1950s American automobile culture
American automobile industry in the 1950s
Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement
Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States
Good Roads Movement
History of Chrysler
History of Ford Motor Company
History of General Motors
List of automobile manufacturers of the United States
List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States
List of automobiles manufactured in the United States
Passenger vehicles in the United States
Negative effects
Effects of the car on societies
Air pollution
Automobile dependency
Automobile safety
Car costs
Car-free movement
Compact City
Congestion pricing
Environmental impact of transport
Externalities of automobiles
Freeway and expressway revolts
Green vehicle
Jaywalking
Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year
New Urbanism
Roadway noise
Traffic collision
Traffic congestion
Transit Oriented Development
Urban decay
Urban sprawl
Notes
References
Mechler, Katharine (2007) General Motors: Innovations in American Social Class Structure
Peterson, J. S. (1987). Auto Work. American automobile workers, 1900-1933 (). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Rae, John B. "Why Michigan?" Michigan History (1996) 89#2 pp 6–13. online pp 1–9
Hugill, P. J. (1982). Good Roads and the Automobile in the United States 1880–1929. Geographical Review, 72 (3), 327–349.
Brungardt, A. O. Book Review:The Automobile Industry: Its Economic and Commercial Development. Ralph C. Epstein. Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, 1, 390–392.
Heitmann, John. The Automobile and American Life. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009
Further reading
Berry, Steven, James Levinsohn, and Ariel Pakes. "Voluntary export restraints on automobiles: Evaluating a trade policy." American Economic Review 89.3 (1999): 400–430 online.
Brown, George. "The U.S. Automobile Industry: Will It Survive Increasing International Competition" (U.S. Army War College, 1991) online
Chandler, Alfred D. ed. Giant enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the automobile industry; sources and readings (1964) online, includes primary sources.
Crandall, Robert W. "The effects of US trade protection for autos and steel." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1987 (1987): 271–288 online.
Feenstra, Robert C. "Voluntary export restraint in US autos, 1980–81: quality, employment, and welfare effects." in The structure and evolution of recent US trade policy (U of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 35–66.
Goldberg, Penny Koujianou. "Trade policies in the US automobile industry." in Japan and the World Economy 6.2 (1994): 175–208.
Gustin, Lawrence R. "Sights and Sounds of Automotive History" Automotive History Review (2010+, Issue 52, pp 4–8. Guide to video and sound archives for clips of pioneers such as Henry Ford, Billy Durant, and Ransom Olds.
Halberstam, David. The Reckoning (1986) detailed reporting on decline of the auto industry. online; also online review
Hyde, Charles K. Arsenal of Democracy: The American Automobile Industry in World War II (2013) excerpt
Ingrassia, Paul, and Joseph B. White. Comeback: the fall and rise of the American automobile industry (1994) online
Jeal, M. "Mass confusion: The beginnings of the volume-production of motorcars." Automotive History Review 54 (2012): 34–47.
Katz, Harry C. Shifting gears : changing labor relations in the U.S. automobile industry (1985) online
Kennedy, Edward D. The automobile industry; the coming of age of capitalism's favorite child (1941) online
May, George S. ed. The Automobile industry, 1920–1980 (1989) online
Rae, John B. The American automobile industry (1984), short scholarly survey online
Rae, John B. The road and the car in American life (1971) online
Rao, Hayagreeva. "Institutional activism in the early American automobile industry." Journal of Business Venturing 19.3 (2004): 359–384.
Rubenstein, James M. The Changing U.S. Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis (Routledge, 1992)
Seltzer, Lawrence H. A financial history of the American automobile industry; a study of the ways in which the leading American producers of automobiles have met their capital requirements (1928; reprinted 1973) online
Smitka, Michael. "Foreign policy and the US automotive industry: by virtue of necessity?." Business and Economic History 28.2 (1999): 277–285 online.
White, Lawrence. The Automobile Industry since 1945 (Harvard UP, 1971) online.
Wilkins, Mira, and Frank Ernest Hill. American business abroad: Ford on six continents (Cambridge UP, 2011).
Yates, Brock W. The decline and fall of the American automobile industry (1983) online
Companies
Cray, Ed. Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Time (1980) online detailed popular history.
Drucker, Peter F. Concept of the corporation (1946, reprinted in 1964) online, based on General Motors
Farber, David. Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors (U of CHicago Press, 2002)
Hyde, Charles K. Riding the Roller Coaster: A History of the Chrysler Corporation (Wayne State UP, 2003).
Hyde, Charles K. The Dodge Brothers: The Men, the Motor Cars, and the Legacy (Wayne State UP, 2005).
Hyde, Charles K. Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors (Wayne State UP, 2009).
Langworth, Richard M. The complete history of General Motors, 1908–1986 (1986) online
Nevins, Allan. Ford: the Times, the Man, the Company (vol 1 1954) online
Nevins, Allan, and Frank Hill. Ford: Expansion and Challenge 1915–1933 (vol 2, 1957) online
Nevins, Allan. Ford: Decline and rebirth, 1933–1962 (vol 3, 1963) online
Pound, Arthur. The turning wheel: The story of General Motors through twenty-five years, 1908–1933 (1934) online free
Sloan, Alfred P. My Years with General Motors (1964) online
Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" Business and Economic History 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management
External links
The Automotive Industry in the United States from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Automotive SPA.gov
United Automobile Workers |
6904344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinaleda | Marinaleda | Marinaleda is a Spanish municipality of the province of Seville that belongs to the region of Sierra Sur, located in the basin of Genil, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It has an area of 24.8 km ² and a population of 2,778 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, with a population density of 112.01 inhabitants/km2. It belongs to the judicial party of Estepa.
Marinaleda is a predominantly agricultural municipality and this makes up the bulk of its economy. It is noted for its left-leaning principles based on a leftist ideology led by Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo, mayor since 1979 and a member of the Unitarian Candidacy of Workers (CUT). Local workers and peasants have achieved a high rate of development and practically full employment for its people. The development of an alternative economic mode has achieved notable results, even during the economic crisis that began in 2008.
Critics claim that this economic and social progress is due in part to the fact that almost 66% of the income received by the City of Marinaleda is from administrative superiors such as the state, the autonomous community, and the Provincial Council of Seville. In reality, Marinaleda receives less than the average remittance received by municipalities in Andalusia (in 2011 it received around 6.61% less than the regional average).
Marinaleda is part of the "Network of Municipalities for the Third Republic" and the tricolor flag is present in civil buildings.
Geography
The town is located at an altitude of 205 meters and lies 108 kilometers east of the provincial capital, Seville. Marinaleda belongs to the comarca of Estepa and is situated between this latter town and Écija, in the eastern part of the province of Seville, in the basin of the Genil river. Its geographical coordinates are .
History
The first indications of human settlement in the territory now covered by the Marinaleda municipality go back to the late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, about 5,000 years ago. Stone tools and traces of seeds and dwelling places have been found.
There was a major Roman presence, and some date the foundation of the village to this period. The Roman road connecting the villages of Astigi (present-day Écija) and Ostippo (Estepa) ran by Marinaleda, and there have been many discoveries from the period.
The Arab presence is visible in monuments such as the Towers of Gallape and the fortress of Alhonoz. The region was conquered by the Christian monarchs in the 13th century, and Marinaleda came under the rule of the religious Order of Santiago. Philip II granted the village to the first Marquess of Estepa, and it would remain under this ownership until manors were dissolved in the 19th century.
Marinaleda then grew as a population centre due to the influx of day labourers working for large landowners, especially the Marquesses of Estepa. There is evidence that, in 1751, there were 60 houses lived in by landless labourers, who earned two reals for a full day's work.
In the 18th century, Marinaleda had three clergymen and a shop belonging to the Marquess of Peñaflor, who lived in Écija. The main economic activity was rain-fed agriculture.
During the 19th century in Marinaleda and neighbouring territories, there were several groups of bandits involving residents of the municipality. Notable groups include those commanded by José María Hinojosa Cobacho, "El Tempranillo", Francisco Ríos González "El Pernales", and Juan Caballero.
In 1931, the population of Marinaleda was 2,318, of whom only 317 were entitled to vote. The elections of 12 April that year were won by monarchist supporters, whereas those of 31 May were won by republicans. The final elections of the Republican period, on 16 February 1936, were won by the Popular Front.
At the start of the Civil War, troops supporting the coup assassinated the mayor, Vicente Cejas Moreno, his son, and at least 30 other residents. In the postwar period, the population suffered great poverty, hunger, and repression. The poor survived by gleaning olives and acorns from the fields of the estates.
The industrialization of Spain beginning in the 1960s encouraged emigration from Marinaleda to industrial areas, especially Catalonia, as well as to other countries such as Germany, France, and Switzerland.
Upon the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, the dictatorship he had established in Spain gave way to a representative democracy. In 1977, the Sindicato de Obreros del Campo (Union of Farm Workers) was founded in Marinaleda. The following year, a struggle for land began with a two-day occupation of the Bocatinaja estate, between Osuna and Los Corrales.
The first post-Franco municipal elections were held in 1979. The Colectivo de Unidad de los Trabajadores (Workers' Unity Collective) won in Marinaleda, gaining 9 of the 11 council seats. The new council replaced street names associated with the victors of the Civil War by names of left-wing heroes. For example, Muñoz Grandes street became Che Guevara street, the Plaza of Spain became the People's Plaza, and the Plaza of Francisco Franco was renamed after Salvador Allende.
In 1980, 700 people staged a 13-day hunger strike, demanding better pay and stricter regulation of the old system of employment. The success of this action led to intensification of the land struggle, with further occupations of large landowners' estates under the slogan "Land to those who work on it". In 1984, the Cordobilla marsh was occupied for 30 days to demand irrigation for a farm called El Humoso, property of the Duke of Infantado, facilitating its later expropriation.
In 1985, the occupation of estates increased in number by at least 100, as well as in length, extending to over 90 days. This led to many legal actions.
In 1991, a 1,200-hectare tract of El Humoso farm was handed over to Marinaleda for the use of the population. Demonstrations demanding a life of dignity increased between 1992 and 1994, with many occupations of government buildings and institutions.
In 1997, irrigation was extended to the whole of the El Humoso, and the Marinaleda S.C.A. A cooperative was founded to cultivate the farm collectively. Three years later, a food processing plant was set up, supplied by the raw materials of the cooperative: piquillo pepper, beans, artichokes, and olives. An oil press was also built. Production continued to increase, and employment along with it.
The economic crisis that began in 2008 affected the European Union by 2010, particularly its southern countries. While 30% of the active population in Andalusia was without work, Marinaleda had full employment.
The social and political system that has been implemented in the community, and the good results obtained in terms of economic development and well-being of the inhabitants, has brought Marinaleda to the attention of the media in Spain and abroad.
The "Social Democracy" tab on the town's website states the following:
Demographics
Local government
For over 30 years, the mayor of Marinaleda has been Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo of the United Left Party. Gordillo has anointed Marinaleda a "utopia for peace", which has no municipal police (saving $350,000 a year). Additionally, political murals and revolutionary slogans adorn the town's whitewashed walls and streets are named after Latin American leftists. Every few weeks, the town hall declares a Red Sunday over a bullhorn and volunteers clean the streets or do odd jobs.
Marinaleda has a long tradition of sociopolitical struggle by agricultural labourers, which has decisively influenced the attainment of diverse political and social advances. Marinaleda was ruled by CUT-BAI (Collective for the Unity of Workers - Andalusian Left Bloc) from 1979 until 1986, when CUT-BAI joined United Left (IU), which has since been the ruling party, although most of the members of IU's local branch are basically members of CUT-BAI.
Composition of the Municipal Council
Izquierda Unida (IU)
Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo (Mayor)
Rafaela Vázquez Jiménez
Antonio Sánchez Hinojosa
Juanita Sánchez Aires
Antonio José Montenegro Rodríguez
Esperanza de Rosario Saavedra Martín
Romualdo Romero Aires
Rocío Rodríguez Saavedra
Manuel Pradas Martín
Partido Socialista Obrero Español-Andalucía (PSOE-A)
Mariano Pradas Saavedra
José Rodríguez Cobacho
Local economy
The town operates a farming cooperative with 2,650 workers. Marinaleda is surrounded by sloping olive groves and features a farm. The farm is located seven miles (11 km) north of Marinaleda, and grows labour-intensive crops like artichokes, hot peppers, broccoli, and broad beans, as well as wheat.
Town planning
Marinaleda represents a local exception of the national housing crisis caused by real estate speculation. The municipality was the subject of national news when it became known that one could own a house in this town for no more than 15 euros per month through the self-building program.
Self-building
The Ayuntamiento (local government) of Marinaleda bought and expropriated thousands of square metres of land, now communal property, for the construction of new houses. Land, building materials, and architectural plans are provided to the self-builder through public grants. Free assistance from professional builders is also provided. The hours spent by the resident on construction (if any) are deducted from the total cost. Prospective owners usually donate about 450 days of their work to the construction. Finally, a monthly payment of up to 15,52 euros is arranged with the contractors and the government for the resident to achieve ownership. To prevent speculation, citizens are prohibited from selling their homes.
Layout
Marinaleda's citizens reside in a colony of neat houses, each with three bedrooms, one bathroom, and a garden of 100 m2, allowing for future expansions. In recent years 350 single-family homes have been built according to this scheme, even though the town has fewer than 3,000 inhabitants.
See also
Eurozone crisis
References
Further reading
Victoria Burnett (April 23, 2009). "To Capitalist Folly, Town in Spain Offers Reply". The New York Times.
Yorgos Angelopoulos (April 20, 2010). "Χωρίς παπά και χωροφύλακα". Τα Νέα .
Dan Hancox (August 15, 2012). "The Spanish Robin Hood". The Guardian.
Dan Hancox (October 19, 2013). "Spain's communist model village". The Guardian.
External links
Marinaleda - Territorial information system of Andalusia
Location of Marinaleda in Seville province
Municipalities of the Province of Seville
Cooperatives in Spain
Mutualism (movement) |
17336491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20history%20of%20the%20British%20Isles | Genetic history of the British Isles | The genetic history of the British Isles is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics. It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of identifying genetic similarities and differences between both modern and ancient populations. The conclusions of population genetics regarding the British Isles in turn draw upon and contribute to the larger field of understanding the history of the human occupation of the area, complementing work in linguistics, archaeology, history and genealogy.
Research concerning the most important routes of migration into the British Isles is the subject of debate. Apart from the most obvious route across the narrowest point of the English Channel into Kent, other routes may have been important over the millennia, including a land bridge in the Mesolithic period, as well as maritime connections along the Atlantic coasts.
The periods of the most important migrations are contested. The Neolithic introduction of farming technologies from Europe is frequently proposed as a period of major change in the British Isles. Such technology could either have been learned by locals from a small number of immigrants or have been introduced by colonists who significantly changed the population.
Other potentially important historical periods of migration that have been subject to consideration in this field include the introduction of Celtic languages and technologies (during the Bronze and Iron Ages), the Roman era, the period of Anglo-Saxon influx, the Viking era, the Norman invasion of 1066 and the era of the European wars of religion.
History of research
Early studies by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza used polymorphisms from proteins found within human blood (such as the ABO blood groups, Rhesus blood antigens, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, G6PD isoenzymes, amongst others). One of the lasting proposals of this study with regards to Europe is that within most of the continent the majority of genetic diversity may best be explained by immigration coming from the southeast towards the northwest or in other words from the Middle East towards Britain and Ireland. Cavalli-Sforza proposed at the time that the invention of agriculture might be the best explanation for this.
With the advent of DNA analysis modern populations were sampled for mitochondrial DNA to study the female line of descent and Y chromosome DNA to study male descent. As opposed to large scale sampling within the autosomal DNA, Y DNA and mitochondrial DNA represent specific types of genetic descent and can therefore reflect only particular aspects of past human movement. Later projects began to use autosomal DNA to gather a more complete picture of an individual's genome. For Britain, major research projects aimed at collecting data include the Oxford Genetic Atlas Project (OGAP) and more recently the People of the British Isles, also associated with Oxford.
Owing to the difficulty of modelling the contributions of historical migration events to modern populations based purely on modern genetic data, such studies often varied significantly in their conclusions. One early Y DNA study estimated a complete genetic replacement by the Anglo-Saxons, whilst another argued that it was impossible to distinguish between the contributions of the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings and that the contribution of the latter may even have been higher. A third study argued that there was no Viking influence on British populations at all outside Orkney. Stephen Oppenheimer and Bryan Sykes, meanwhile, claimed that the majority of the DNA in the British Isles had originated from a prehistoric migration from the Iberian peninsula and that subsequent invasions had had little genetic input.
In the last decade improved technologies for extracting ancient DNA have allowed researchers to study the genetic impacts of these migrations in more detail. This led to Oppenheimer and Sykes' conclusions about the origins of the British being seriously challenged, since later research demonstrated that the majority of the DNA of much of continental Europe, including Britain and Ireland, is ultimately derived from Steppe invaders from the east rather than Iberia. This research has also suggested that subsequent migrations, such as that of the Anglo-Saxons, did have large genetic effects (though these effects varied from place to place).
Analyses of nuclear and ancient DNA
Mesolithic population
Mesolithic Britons were closely related to other Mesolithic people throughout Western Europe. This population probably had pale-coloured eyes, lactose intolerance, dark curly or wavy hair and dark to very dark skin.
Continental Neolithic farmers
The transition to the Neolithic in the British Isles ( 4,000 BC) went along with a significant population shift. Neolithic individuals were close to Iberian and Central European Early and Middle Neolithic populations, modelled as having about 75% ancestry from Anatolian farmers with the rest coming from Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) in continental Europe. This suggests that farming was brought to the British Isles by sea from north-west mainland Europe, by a population that was, or became in succeeding generations, relatively large. In some regions, British Neolithic individuals had a small amount (about 10%) of WHG excess ancestry when compared with Iberian Early Neolithic farmers, suggesting that there was an additional gene flow from British Mesolithic hunter-gatherers into the newly arrived farmer population: while Neolithic individuals from Wales have no detectable admixture of local Western hunter-gatherer genes, those from South East England and Scotland show the highest additional admixture of local WHG genes, and those from South-West and Central England are intermediate.
Bronze Age European Bell Beaker People
According to Olalde et al. (2018), the spread of the Bell Beaker culture to Britain from the lower Rhine area in the early Bronze Age introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry, resulting in a near-complete transformation of the local gene pool within a few centuries, replacing about 90% of the local Neolithic-derived lineages between 2,400 BC and 2,000 BC. These people exhibiting the Beaker culture were likely an offshoot of the Corded Ware culture, as they had little genetic affinity to the Iberian Beaker people. In addition to the large steppe-derived component, they had a smaller proportion of continental Neolithic and Western Hunter Gatherer DNA. The Modern British and Irish likely derive most of their ancestry from this Beaker culture population. According to geneticist David Reich, southern Britain saw an increase in Neolithic DNA around the Iron Age to Roman Period, which may be attributable to a resurgence of the native Neolithic-derived population or to Celtic Iron Age or Roman period migrations.
An earlier study had estimated that the modern English population derived somewhat just over half of their ancestry from a combination of Neolithic and Western Hunter Gatherer ancestry, with the steppe-derived (Yamnaya-like) element making up the remainder. Scotland was found to have both more Steppe and more Western Hunter Gatherer ancestry than England. These proportions are similar to other Northwest European populations.
Anglo-Saxons
Researchers have used ancient DNA to determine the nature of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, as well as its impact on modern populations in the British Isles.
One 2016 study, using Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon era DNA found at grave sites in Cambridgeshire, calculated that ten modern day eastern English samples had 38% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average whilst ten Welsh and Scottish samples each had 30% Anglo-Saxon ancestry, with a large statistical spread in all cases. However the authors noted that the similarity observed between the various sample groups was possibly due to more recent internal migration.
Another 2016 study conducted using evidence from burials found in northern England found that a significant genetic difference was present in bodies from the Iron Age and the Roman period on the one hand and the Anglo-Saxon period on the other. Samples from modern-day Wales were found to be similar to those from the Iron Age and Roman burials whilst samples from much of modern England, East Anglia in particular, were closer to the Anglo-Saxon-era burial. This was found to demonstrate a "profound impact" from the Anglo-Saxon migrations on the modern English gene pool, though no specific percentages were given in the study.
A third study combined the ancient data from both of the preceding studies and compared it to a large number of modern samples from across Britain and Ireland. This study concluded that modern southern, central and eastern English populations were of "a predominantly Anglo-Saxon-like ancestry" whilst those from northern and southwestern England had a greater degree of indigenous origin.
Vikings
Historical and toponymic evidence suggests a substantial Viking migration to many parts of northern Britain; however, particularly in the case of the Danish settlers, differentiating their genetic contribution to modern populations from that of the Anglo-Saxons has posed difficulties.
A study published in 2020, which used ancient DNA from across the Viking world in addition to modern data, noted that ancient samples from Denmark showed similarities to samples from both modern Denmark and modern England. Whilst most of this similarity was attributed to the earlier settlement of the Anglo-Saxons, the authors of the study noted that British populations also carried a small amount of "Swedish-like" ancestry that was present in the Danish Vikings but unlikely to have been associated with the Anglo-Saxons. From this, it was calculated that the modern English population has approximately 6% Danish Viking ancestry, with Scottish and Irish populations having up to 16%. Additionally, populations from all areas of Britain and Ireland were found to have 3-4% Norwegian Viking ancestry.
Irish populations
A 2015 study using data from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages showed a considerable genetic difference between individuals during the two periods, which was interpreted as being the result of a migration from the Pontic steppes. The individuals from the latter period, with significant steppe ancestry, showed strong similarities to modern Irish population groups. The study concluded that "these findings together suggest the establishment of central aspects of the Irish genome 4,000 years ago."
Another study, using modern autosomal data, found a large degree of genetic similarity between populations from northeastern Ireland, southern Scotland and Cumbria. This was interpreted as reflecting the legacy of the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century.
Haplogroups
Mitochondrial DNA
Bryan Sykes broke mitochondrial results into twelve haplogroups for various regions of the isles:
Haplogroup H
Haplogroup I
Haplogroup J
Haplogroup T
Haplogroup V
Haplogroup W
Haplogroup X
Haplogroup U
...and within U...
Haplogroup U2
Haplogroup U3
Haplogroup U4
Haplogroup U5
Sykes found that the maternal haplogroup pattern was similar throughout England but with a distinct trend from east and north to west and south. Minor haplogroups were mainly found in the east of England. Sykes found Haplogroup H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales, though a few differences were found between north, mid and south Wales—there was a closer link between north and mid Wales than either had with the south.
Studies of ancient DNA have demonstrated that ancient Britons and Anglo-Saxon settlers carried a variety of mtDNA haplogroups, though type H was common in both.
Y chromosome DNA
Sykes also designated five main Y-DNA haplogroups for various regions of Britain and Ireland.
Haplogroup R1b
Haplogroup R1a
Haplogroup I
Haplogroup E1b1b
Haplogroup J
Haplogroup R1b is dominant throughout Western Europe. While it was once seen as a lineage connecting Britain and Ireland to Iberia, where it is also common, it is now believed that both R1b and R1a entered Europe with Indo-European migrants likely originating around the Black Sea; R1a and R1b are now the most common haplotypes in Europe.
One common R1b subclade in Britain is R1b-U106, which reaches its highest frequencies in North Sea areas such as southern and eastern England, the Netherlands and Denmark. Due to its distribution, this subclade is often associated with the Anglo-Saxon migrations. Ancient DNA has shown that it was also present in Roman Britain, possibly among descendants of Germanic mercenaries.
Ireland, Scotland, Wales and northwestern England are dominated by R1b-L21, which is also found in north western France (Brittany), the north coast of Spain (Galicia), and western Norway. This lineage is often associated with the historic Celts, as most of the regions where it is predominant have had a significant Celtic language presence into the modern period and associate with a Celtic cultural identity in the present day. It was also present among Celtic Britons in eastern England prior to the Anglo-Saxon and Viking invasions, as well as Roman soldiers in York who were of native descent.
There are various smaller and geographically well-defined Y-DNA Haplogroups under R1b in Western Europe.
Haplogroup R1a, a close cousin of R1b, is most common in Eastern Europe. In Britain it has been linked to Scandinavian immigration during periods of Viking settlement. 25% of men in Norway belong to this haplogroup; it is much more common in Norway than the rest of Scandinavia. Around 9% of all Scottish men belong to the Norwegian R1a subclade, which peaks at over 30% in Shetland and Orkney. However, there is no conclusive evidence that all came with Vikings, and similarities could have arisen from similar pre-Viking settlement patterns. Current Scandinavians belong to a range of haplogroups.
Haplogroup I is a grouping of several quite distantly related lineages. Within Britain, the most common subclade is I1, which also occurs frequently in northwestern continental Europe and southern Scandinavia, and has thus been associated with the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings. An Anglo-Saxon male from northern England who died between the seventh and tenth centuries was determined to have belonged to haplogroup I1.
Haplogroups E1b1b and J in Europe are regarded as markers of Neolithic movements from the Middle East to Southern Europe and likely to Northern Europe from there. These haplogroups are found most often in Southern Europe and North Africa. Both are rare in Northern Europe; E1b1b is found in 1% of Norwegian men, 1.5% of Scottish, 2% of English, 2.5% of Danish, 3% of Swedish and 5.5% of German. It reaches its peak in Europe in Kosovo at 47.5% and Greece at 30%.
Uncommon Y haplogroups
Geneticists have found that seven men with the surname Revis, which originates in Yorkshire, carry a genetic signature previously found only in people of West African origin. All of the men belonged to Haplogroup A1a (M31), a subclade of Haplogroup A which geneticists believe originated in Eastern or Southern Africa. The men are not regarded as phenotypically African and there are no documents, anecdotal evidence or oral traditions suggesting that the Revis family has African ancestry. It has been conjectured that the presence of this haplogroup may date from the Roman era, when both Africans and Romans of African descent are known to have settled in Britain. According to Bryan Sykes, "although the Romans ruled from AD 43 until 410, they left a tiny genetic footprint." The genetics of some visibly white (European) people in England suggests that they are "descended from north African, Middle Eastern and Roman clans".
Geneticists have shown that former American president Thomas Jefferson, who might have been of Welsh descent, along with two other British men out of 85 British men with the surname Jefferson, carry the rare Y chromosome marker T (formerly called K2). This is typically found in East Africa and the Middle East. Haplogroup T is extremely rare in Europe but phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian T haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type.
See also
Prehistoric Britain
Historical immigration to Great Britain
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Nordic migration to Britain
List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
Other locations:
Genetic history of the Middle East
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic history of Europe
Genetic history of Italy
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
References
Bibliography
Further reading
. Also here
Malmström et al. 2009
Mithen, Steven 2003. After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000-5000 BC. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd.), London.
Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T. et al. "Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age". Nature (2021). Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
Stringer, Chris. 2006. Homo Britanicus. Penguin Books Ltd., London. .
Genetics in the United Kingdom
History of the British Isles
Human population genetics
British Isles |
6904345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslavov | Miloslavov | Miloslavov () is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1332–1337.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 129 metres and covers an area of 10.194 km². It consists of two parts. Miloslava and Alžbetin Dvor. Both are now under heavy real estate investment which is happening now all around Bratislava.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,780 inhabitants. 1,589 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 47 Hungarians, 12 Czechs and 132 others and unspecified.
References
External links/Sources
Miloslavov - Webpage of Miloslavov
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
17336519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannix%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mannix (disambiguation) | Mannix is an American television show that aired between 1967 and 1975.
Mannix may also refer to:
Surname
Brian Mannix (born 1961), Australian rock singer and actor
Daniel Mannix (1864–1963), longtime Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne
Daniel P. Mannix (1911–1997), author and journalist
David Mannix (born 1985), English retired footballer
Eddie Mannix (1891–1963), American film studio executive and "fixer"
Elizabeth A. Mannix, Cornell University management professor
Fred Mannix (born 1942), Canadian billionaire businessman
Fred Mannix Jr. (born 1983/84), Canadian polo player, son of Fred Mannix
Frederick S. Mannix (1881–1951), Canadian entrepreneur, grandfather of Fred Mannix
Kevin Mannix (born 1949), American politician
Simon Mannix (born 1971), New Zealand rugby union football coach and former player
Toni Mannix (1906–1983), American actress, dancer and wife of Eddie Mannix
Given name
Mannix Flynn, Irish author and artist
Mannix Román (born 1983), Puerto Rican volleyball player
Other uses
Mannix (album), the 1969 soundtrack for the television show
Mannix College (Monash University), an Australian residential college named after Daniel Mannix |
23576525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Policy%20on%20Education | National Policy on Education | The National Policy on Education (NPE) is a policy formulated by the Government of India to promote and regulate education in India. The policy covers elementary education to higher education in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated by the Government of India by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1968, the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986, and the third by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2020.
History
Since the country's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the problems of illiteracy in both rural and urban India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established the University Education Commission (1948–1949), the Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953), University Grants Commission and the Kothari Commission (1964–66) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology. In 1961, the Union government formed the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies.
1968
Based on the report and recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–1966), the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a "radical restructuring" and proposed equal educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development. The policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as stipulated by the Constitution of India and specialized training and qualification of teachers. The policy called for a focus on the learning of regional languages, outlining the "three language formula" to be implemented in secondary education - the instruction of the English language, the official language of the state where the school was based, and Hindi. Language education was seen as essential to reduce the gulf between the intelligentsia and the masses. Although the decision to adopt Hindi as the national language had proven controversial, the policy called for the use and learning of Hindi to be encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians. The policy also encouraged the teaching of the ancient Sanskrit language, which was considered an essential part of India's culture and heritage. The NPE of 1968 called for education spending to increase to six percent of the national income. As of 2013, the NPE 1968 has moved location on the national website.
1986
In 1986, the government led by Rajiv Gandhi introduced a new National Policy on Education. The new policy called for "special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise educational opportunity," especially for Indian women, Scheduled Tribes (ST) and the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities. To achieve such a social integration, the policy called for expanding scholarships, adult education, recruiting more teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to school regularly, development of new institutions and providing housing and services. The NPE called for a "child-centred approach" in primary education, and launched "Operation Blackboard" to improve primary schools nationwide. The policy expanded the open university system with the Indira Gandhi National Open University, which had been created in 1985. The policy also called for the creation of the "rural university" model, based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India. 1986 education policy expected to spent 6% of GDP on education.
1992
The 1986 National Policy on Education was modified in 1992 by the P. V. Narasimha Rao government. In 2005, Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh adopted a new policy based on the "Common Minimum Programme" of his United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. Programme of Action (PoA) 1992, under the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 envisaged to conduct of a common entrance examination on all India basis for admission to professional and technical programmes in the country. For admission to Engineering and Architecture/Planning programmes, Government of India vide Resolution dated 18 October 2001 has laid down a Three – Exam Scheme (JEE and AIEEE at the National Level and the State Level Engineering Entrance Examinations (SLEEE) for State Level Institutions – with an option to join AIEEE). This takes care of varying admission standards in these programmes and helps in maintenance of professional standards. This also solves problems of overlaps and reduces physical, mental and financial burden on students and their parents due to multiplicity of entrance examinations.
2020
In 2019, the Ministry of Human Resource Development released a Draft New Education Policy 2019, which was followed by a number of public consultations. it discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking and more holistic experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning. It also talks about a revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children. Research Methodology has been added in the last year of graduation course and student will have the choice to leave the course and receive the certificate/ degree according to that.
On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system. Which will be introduced in India till 2026.
Related Policies
Right to Education (RTE) - Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right
National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) for development of secondary education, launched in 2009.
Saakshar Bharat (Saakshar Bharat/Adult Education) to create a literate society through a variety of teaching learning programmes for non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years and above.
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) for development of higher education, launched in 2013.
Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) - overarching programme for the school education to ensure equitable learning outcomes
Inclusive Education for the Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS)
District Primary Education Program (DPEP) - launched in 1994 as a major initiative to revitalise the primary education system and to achieve the objective of universalisation of primary education.
Draft National Policy on Education 2019
See also
Capitation fee
References
For Educational Institutes Campus Placement: get the best placements for your students launching careers that they are excited about.
Further reading
1968 in India
1986 in India
Education policy in India
Indira Gandhi administration
Rajiv Gandhi administration |
6904363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Province%20cricket%20team%20%28South%20Africa%29 | Western Province cricket team (South Africa) | Western Province is the team representing Western Cape province in domestic first-class cricket in South Africa. The team began playing in January 1890 and its main venue has always been Newlands in Cape Town. Under the reorganisation of professional South African cricket in the 1990s and more recently, Western Province joined with Boland to form the side that now plays in the SuperSport Series under the name Cape Cobras and divides its time between Newlands and the Boland Park ground in Paarl. Western Province still competes under its provincial name in the UCB Provincial series. As Western Province, the team won the SuperSport Series (under its previous names, as the Currie Cup and the Castle Cup) 18 times.
Honours
Currie Cup (18) - 1892–93, 1893–94, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1908–09, 1920–21, 1931–32, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2003–04; shared (3) - 1921–22, 1969–70, 1989–90
One Day Cup (5) - 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1990–91, 2002–03
CSA 3-Day Cup (2) - 2010–11, 2013-14
CSA 1-Day Cup (0) -
Africa T20 Cup (0) -
Gillette Cup/Nissan Shield (5) - 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1988–89
Venues
Venues have included:
Newlands, Cape Town (main venue 1890–present)
RJE Burt Oval, Cape Town (occasional venue Nov 1976 - Oct 1991)
Boon Wallace Oval, Cape Town (occasional venue Dec 1985 - Jan 1992)
PP Smit Stadium, Bellville, Cape Town (occasional venue Dec 1997 - Oct 2002)
Squad
In April 2021, Cricket South Africa confirmed the following squad ahead of the 2021–22 season.
Zubayr Hamza
Kyle Verreynne
George Linde
Tony De Zorzi
Nandre Burger
Yaseen Vallie
Kyle Simmonds
Jonathan Bird
Hashim Amla
Mihlali Mpongwana
Tshepo Moreki
David Bedingham
Aviwe Mgijima
Vernon Philander
Basheer Walters
Wayne Parnell
Beuran Hendricks
References
Sources
South African Cricket Annual – various editions
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions
South African first-class cricket teams
Sport in Cape Town
Cricket in the Western Cape |
23576526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Top%20200%20Index | Russell Top 200 Index | The Russell Top 200 Index measures the performance of the 200 largest companies (63% of total market capitalization) in the Russell 1000 Index, with a weighted average market capitalization of $186 billion. The median capitalization is $48 billion; the smallest company in the index has an approximate capitalization of $14 billion.
The index, which was launched on September 1, 1992, is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its ticker symbol is ^RT200.
Investing
The Russell Top 200 Index is tracked by an exchange-traded fund, iShares Russell Top 200 Index ().
Top 10 holdings
Apple Inc. ()
Microsoft Corp ()
Exxon Mobil Corp ()
Johnson & Johnson ()
JPMorgan Chase & Co ()
Berkshire Hathaway Inc ()
Amazon.com ()
General Electric ()
AT&T ()
Meta Platforms ()
(as of December 31, 2016)
Top sectors by weight
Technology
Financial Services
Health Care
Consumer Discretionary
Producer Durables
See also
Russell Investments
Russell 2000 Index
Russell 1000 Index
Russell Top 50 Index
References
External links
Russell Top 200 Index Fact Sheet
Russell Fundamental Index Series. A diversified approach to smart beta.
Russell Global Indexes Construction and Methodology October 2014
Russell Global Indexes Construction and Methodology September 2012
Russell Indexes at a glance
Russell US indexes Construction and Methodology
Russell US Indexes (official site)
Russell Indexes
FTSE Russell
Russell Investments Group, LLC
Russell RAFI Index Series Construction and methodology
Yahoo! Finance page for ^RT200
American stock market indices |
17336523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive%20interpretation | Descriptive interpretation | According to Rudolf Carnap, in logic, an interpretation is a descriptive interpretation (also called a factual interpretation) if at least one of the undefined symbols of its formal system becomes, in the interpretation, a descriptive sign (i.e., the name of single objects, or observable properties). In his Introduction to Semantics (Harvard Uni. Press, 1942) he makes a distinction between formal interpretations which are logical interpretations (also called mathematical interpretation or logico-mathematical interpretation) and descriptive interpretations: a formal interpretation is a descriptive interpretation if it is not a logical interpretation.
Attempts to axiomatize the empirical sciences, Carnap said, use a descriptive interpretation to model reality.: the aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. - the world is an interpretation (or model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true.
Any non-empty set may be chosen as the domain of a descriptive interpretation, and all n-ary relations among the elements of the domain are candidates for assignment to any predicate of degree n.
Examples
A sentence is either true or false under an interpretation which assigns values to the logical variables. We might for example make the following assignments:
Individual constants
a: Socrates
b: Plato
c: Aristotle
Predicates:
Fα: α is sleeping
Gαβ: α hates β
Hαβγ: α made β hit γ
Sentential variables:
p "It is raining."
Under this interpretation the sentences discussed above would represent the following English statements:
p: "It is raining."
F(a): "Socrates is sleeping."
H(b,a,c): "Plato made Socrates hit Aristotle."
x(F(x)): "Everybody is sleeping."
z(G(a,z)): "Socrates hates somebody."
xyz(H(x,y,z)): "Somebody made everybody hit somebody."
xz(F(x)G(a,z)): Everybody is sleeping and Socrates hates somebody.
xyz (G(a,z)H(x,y,z)): Either Socrates hates somebody or somebody made everybody hit somebody.
Sources
Semantics
Formal languages
Interpretation (philosophy) |
6904364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undringar | Undringar | Undringar is the debut studio album from Swedish singer/songwriter Ted Gärdestad, released in 1972 on the Polar Music label. It contains his breakthrough single "Jag vill ha en egen måne" as well as "Hela världen runt", "När du kommer" and "Snurra du min värld". The album was produced by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, engineered by Michael B. Tretow and features uncredited vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. In 1991 the album was released on CD.
Track listing
Music by Ted Gärdestad, lyrics by Kenneth Gärdestad except where noted.
Side A:
"Helena" (T. Gärdestad) – 3:19
"Sommarlängtan" – 2:37
"Jag vill ha en egen måne" – 3:17
"Räcker jag till" – 3:00
"Ett stilla regn" – 3:26
"När du kommer" – 2:47
Side B:
"Snurra du min värld" – 2:59
"Så mycket bättre" – 3:54
"Hela världen runt" – 2:41
"I dröm och fantasi" – 4:05
"Beat It, Girl" – 4:34
Personnel
Ted Gärdestad – lead vocals, guitar
Benny Andersson – piano, backing vocals
Björn Ulvaeus – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Janne Schaffer – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Mike Watson – bass guitar
Ola Brunkert – drums
Agnetha Fältskog – backing vocals
Anni-Frid Lyngstad – backing vocals
Lena Andersson – backing vocals ("Helena")
Production
Benny Andersson – producer
Björn Ulvaeus – producer
Michael B. Tretow – sound engineer
Rune Persson – sound engineer
Åke Elmsäter – sound engineer
Recorded at Metronome Studios, Stockholm
Originally released as Polar POLS 234, 1972.
References
Liner notes Undringar, Ted Gärdestad, Polar Music POLS 234, 1972.
1972 debut albums
Ted Gärdestad albums
Swedish-language albums |
17336524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mean (disambiguation) | Mean is a term used in mathematics and statistics.
Mean may also refer to:
Music
Mean (album), a 1987 album by Montrose
"Mean" (song), a 2010 country song by Taylor Swift from Speak Now
"Mean", a song by Pink from Funhouse
Mean, a 2010 country song by Taylor Swift from Speak Now
Meane, or mean, a vocal music term from 15th and 16th century England
Other uses
Ethic mean, a sociology term
Mean (magazine), an American bi-monthly magazine
Meanness, a personal quality
MEAN (solution stack), a free and open-source JavaScript software stack for building dynamic web sites and web applications
See also
Meaning (disambiguation)
Means (disambiguation)
Meen (disambiguation) |
20474531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboats%20of%20the%20upper%20Columbia%20and%20Kootenay%20Rivers | Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers | From 1886 to 1920, steamboats ran on the upper reaches of the Columbia and Kootenay in the Rocky Mountain Trench, in western North America. The circumstances of the rivers in the area, and the construction of transcontinental railways across the trench from east to west made steamboat navigation possible.
Geographic factors
The Columbia River begins at Columbia Lake, flows north in the trench through the Columbia Valley to Windermere Lake to Golden, British Columbia. The Kootenay River flows south from the Rocky Mountains, then west into the Rocky Mountain Trench, coming within just over a mile (1.6 km) from Columbia Lake, at a point called Canal Flats, where a shipping canal was built in 1889. The Kootenay then flows south down the Rocky Mountain Trench, crosses the international border and then turns north back into Canada and into Kootenay Lake near the town of Creston.
The upper Columbia and the upper Kootenay rivers were different in character. From Columbia Lake to Golden, the Columbia river is shallow and slow, running through twisting channels and falling only in elevation from its headwaters to Golden. From Golden the river flows north to Donald, then turns sharply south at the Big Bend, where it continues south past Revelstoke then south to Arrowhead, where it widens into the Arrow Lakes. The Big Bend, in its natural state before the construction of the Revelstoke and Mica dams, included a series of rapids which made it impassable to steam navigation proceeding upriver from the Arrow Lakes.
The Kootenay River (before the construction of the Libby Dam) flowed faster than the Columbia south down through Jennings Canyon, an extremely hazardous stretch of whitewater, on the way to Jennings and Libby, Montana. Larger steamboats could operate on the upper Kootenay than on the upper Columbia. The Kootenay river flows on into Idaho, where it turns north and flows back into Canada. Near Creston the Kootenay River enters Kootenay Lake. With some difficulty, steamboats could progress up the lower Kootenay to railhead at Bonners Ferry, Idaho. Rapids and falls on the Kootenay blocked steam navigation between Bonner's Ferry and Libby.
Rail construction
Rail construction in Canada and the United States made steam navigation possible in the Rocky Mountain Trench. There were two important railheads, Golden, BC and Jennings, Montana, near Libby. At Golden, the transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway ("CPR"), which parallels the Columbia south from the bridge at Donald, turns east to follow the Kicking Horse River, surmounting the Continental Divide at Kicking Horse Pass, then running past the resort at Banff then east to Calgary. Jennings was reached by the Great Northern Railway, built across the Northern United States from Minnesota to Washington by James J. Hill. Between these railheads the Rocky Mountain Trench ran for , almost all of which was potentially accessible to steam navigation. Canal Flats was close to the midpoint, being just south of Columbia Lake, upstream from Golden.
Beginning of steam navigation
, Frank P. Armstrong assembled a steamboat from miscellaneous planks and timbers that were lying around at an old sawmill. The result was the Duchess, launched in 1886 at Golden. Two early passengers wrote that her appearance was "somewhat decrepit" and Armstrong himself later agreed that she was "a pretty crude steamboat."
In 1886 an "uprising" among the First Nations was occurring far down the Rocky Mountain Trench along the Kootenay River. A detachment of the North-West Mounted Police, under Major (later General) Samuel Benfield Steele (1848–1919), was sent to Golden with orders to proceed to the Kootenay to quell the so-called uprising. Steele decided to hire Armstrong and the Duchess to transport his troopers. This proved to be a mistake, as once the expedition's horse fodder, ammunition, officers' uniforms, and other supplies were loaded on board, Duchess capsized and sank. After this setback, Steele decided to hire the only other steam vessel on the upper Columbia, the Clive.
Clive which like Duchess was assembled from various cast-off and second-hand components, was an even worse vessel. Once Steele had loaded his trooper's equipment on Clive, that vessel sank as well. Steele and his troop ended up riding the south to Galbraith's Landing. This took about a month. When they arrived, the troopers set up a standard military encampment which later became the town of Fort Steele. By this time, the "uprising" was over.
Professionally constructed steamboats appear
Armstrong was eventually able to raise Duchess from the river bottom. He then applied the odd-shaped steamer to make enough money in 1887 to have a new sternwheeler built, also called Duchess. Armstrong hired the veteran shipbuilder Alexander Watson, of Victoria, British Columbia, to build the new steamer, which although small, was well-designed and looked like a steamboat instead of a floating old barn. Someone arranged to have handbills printed up, which on one side bore a woodcut print showing an idealized version of the new Duchess, and on the other side bore a statement showing the company's marketing strategy, which was to appeal to tourists, miners, hunters, and intending settlers, holding out the Duchess as the best means of accessing the Columbia Valley.
The handbill then praised the climate of the Columbia Valley as "WITHOUT EXCEPTION THE FINEST ON THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA" which even so was available at $1.00 per acre, payable five years. Gold mining was said to be prosperous, with the hint of more yet to be discovered, as "the country has not been explored off the beaten paths". All kinds of supplies were to be had cheaper than they could be shipped at Golden City all kinds of supplies can be obtained more cheaply than they can be brought in "by the Tourist, Settler, or Miner". Finally, the handbill advertised the important role and schedule that the new steamer Duchess would play in the development of the Columbia Valley:
Armstrong also had built a second steamer, Marion, which although smaller than the second Duchess, needed only six inches of water to run in. This was an advantage in the often shallow waters of the Columbia above Golden, where as Armstrong put it, "the river's bottom was often very close to the river's top".
Navigation improvements
The upper Columbia was choked with snags, which were sunken logs jammed in the river bottom and sticking into the river. These could be significant barriers to navigation, as shown by the 23 days it took Clive to travel the up to Windermere Lake. A significant reason for this delay were the numerous snags in the river. Snag removal was done by a specialized vessel called a "snag boat" which was equipped with a large hoist and powerful winches to pull the snags out of the river. ( Samson V at New Westminster, BC and W.T. Preston, at Anacortes, Washington, are two excellent existing examples of Pacific Northwest sternwheel snagboats.) In 1892, the Dominion government put a snag boat, the Muskrat o the upper river, which must have significantly improved river transportation.
Another barrier to navigation on the upper Columbia was the numerous sandbars that were used by spawning salmon. A clam shell dredge was employed to deepen the sandbars by digging out the river bottom. This would have had the adverse side effect of damaging the salmon spawning grounds.
Carrying the mail
Armstrong obtained a contract from the Canadian Post Office Department on May 1, 1888, to carry mail on the route from Golden to Cranbrook. Armstrong carried the mail twice a week on Duchess, or when the water was low, on Marion, up to Columbia Lake. Once at the lake, the steamer connected with a stage line, which ran the mail across Canal Flats and down the valley of the Kootenay River to Grohman, Fort Steele, and Cranbrook. The contract was renewed in the years from 1889 to 1992. When the mail could not be carried on the river, due to low or frozen water, Armstrong had mail carried overland on the Columbia Valley wagon road. The mail contracts were renewed from 1893 to 1897, with the mail running from Golden to the St. Eugene Mission in the Kootenay Valley. The mail contract provided an important subsidy for Captain Armstrong and the Upper Columbia Company.
Persons living along the upper Columbia who wished to mail lighters or have freight shipped would hail or flag down the mail steamer. The boat's captain would then nose the bow of the boat into the bank using the boat's sternwheel to keep the vessel in place. The mail would be picked up or the freight loaded, the fees collected, and the vessel would proceed. In April 1897 the Upper Columbia Company lost the mail contact, which created a situation where customers would flag down the steamer for a letter which the steamer was getting paid no money to carry.
Upper Columbia Company "postage stamps"
Reluctant to antagonize potential freight customers by refusing letters, but not wishing to interrupt company operations for free mail carriage, the company's purser, C.H. Parson, had the company print up its own postage stamps. One thousand "stamps" with the initials "U.C." (for Upper Columbia Company) and the denomination of 5 cents were printed. One thousand more "labels" with just the initials "U.C" were also printed. An ordinary letter in those days cost 3 cents to send, so the Upper Columbia Company's "stamps" were considerably more than regular postage. The idea seems to have been to discourage the use of the steamer for mail, and perhaps to make a little money on the side. The details of how stamps and labels were used are not clear, but clearly some did pass through the Canadian mails with additional official postage stamps also affixed. Genuine envelopes (called "covers") bearing the stamps or labels of the Upper Columbia Company are rare philatelic items and are sought after by stamp collectors.
Covers bearing the labels or stamps of the Upper Columbia Company attracted the attention of stamp collectors and became sought-after rarities. Faked covers have appeared, made with the objective of deceiving collectors. Knowledge of the history of the Upper Columbia Company is important to make judgment as to whether a particular cover is genuine or a fake.
The Baillie-Grohman Canal
In the early 1880s a wealthy European adventurer, William Adolf Baillie-Grohman (1851–1921), travelled to the Kootenay Region and became obsessed with developing an area far down the Kootenay River near the southern end of Kootenay Lake called Kootenay Flats, near the modern town of Creston, BC. The problem for Baillie-Grohman was that the Kootenay River kept flooding Kootenay Flats. Baillie-Grohman thought the downstream flooding could be lessened by diverting the upstream portion of the Kootenay River into the Columbia River through the Canal Flats. This would have increased the water flow through the Columbia River, particularly near Golden and Donald, where Baillie-Grohman's proposal, if it had been implemented, would have threatened to flood the newly built transcontinental railroad and other areas of the Columbia Valley.
The provincial government refused to allow the diversion. However, Baillie-Grohman was able to obtain ownership of large areas of land in the Kootenay region, provided he engaged in certain forms of economic development, including construction of a shipping canal and a lock. The lock was necessary because the Kootenay River was than the level of Columbia Lake.
The Baillie-Grohman canal was used only three times by steam-powered vessels. In 1893, Armstrong built Gwendoline at Hansen's Landing on the Kootenay River, and took the vessel through the canal north to the shipyard at Golden to complete her fitting out. In late May 1894 Armstrong returned the completed Gwendoline back to the Kootenay River, transiting the canal.
The canal remained unused until 1902, Armstrong brought North Star north from the Kootenay to the Columbia. The transit of North Star was only made possible by the destruction of the lock at the canal, thus making it unusable.
The Upper Columbia Navigation and Tramway Company
About north of Columbia Lake, the river widened again into another lake. Originally this was called Mud Lake, which may have been an indication of its depth and general condition, but later this was changed to Adela Lake. The stretch between Adela Lake and Columbia Lake was shallow and difficult to navigate even for the very shallow draft steamers that Armstrong was running on the river. Armstrong's solution to the problem was to incorporate the Upper Columbia Navigation and Tramway Company ("UCN&TC"). The company's charter required it to construct two tramways to improve transport. Armstrong served as manager and T.B.H. Cochrane as president.
The Upper Columbia Company built two horse or mule-drawn tramways, one at the start of the route running from the CPR depot at Golden Station to the point south where the Kicking Horse River ran into the Columbia. It was here that the company had located its steamboat dock.
The second tramway was located further upriver. It ran in length, from Adela Lake, BC. south to Columbia Lake. The tramways were like railways except that the cars were horsedrawn, and the carts were much smaller than rail cars. The company had steamers on Columbia Lake and the Kootenay River, but did not use the Grohman Canal, portaging traffic over Canal Flats rather than using the canal, which in fact was only used twice by steamboats during its existence.
With the tramways in place, the transportation chain from the rail depot at Golden to Jennings Montana ran as follows. Freight would be taken on the tramway to the steamboat dock at Golden, and loaded on a steamer. The steamer ran upriver to the south end of Windermere Lake. The freight would then be portaged around Mud (or Adlin) Lake, to Columbia Lake. Once at Columbia Lake, the cargo would be loaded again on a steamboat, this time the Pert and run to the south end of Columbia Lake, where it was unloaded again, portaged across Canal Flats and loaded again on another steamer on the Kootenay river, and run down to Jennings, passing through Jennings Canyon.
Steam navigation begins on the upper Kootenay River
Mining activity was increasing in the upper Kootenay valley in the early 1890s. Miners wanted access to the area and needed transport for their supplies. The ore taken out of the mountains had to be hauled out of the area. In the early 1890s there were no railroads near the area, and without transport to a smelter, the mined ore was valueless. The nearest railhead was that of the Great Northern Railway at Jennings, Montana, well over away from the major mining strikes at Kimberley and Moyie Lake. Overland transport out of the question. The ore could only be moved by marine transport on the Kootenay River. With this in mind, Walter Jones and Captain Harry S. DePuy organized the Upper Kootenay Navigation Company ("UKNC") and in the winter of 1891 to 1892, built at Jennings the small sternwheeler Annerly. With the spring breakup of the ice in 1893, DePuy and Jones were able to get Annerly upriver to Quick Ranch, about south of Fort Steele, BC. Once there, Annerly was able to embark passengers and load of ore. Returning to Jennings, Jones and DePuy were able to make enough money to hire veteran James D. Miller (1830–1907), one of the most experienced steamboat men in the Pacific Northwest, to hand Annerly for the rest of the 1893 season.
Rise of competition on the Kootenay River
Armstrong also wished to take advantage of the demand for shipping, so moving south from the Columbia to the Kootenay, he built the small sternwheeler Gwendoline at Hansen's Landing, about north of the present town of Wasa. Instead of taking the ore south to Jennings, Armstrong's plan was to move the ore north across Canal Flats and then down the Columbia to the CPR railhead at Golden. As described, Armstrong took Gwendoline through the Baillie-Grohman canal in the fall of 1893 (or rolled her across Canal Flats), fitted her out at Golden, and returned through the canal in the spring of 1894.
In March 1896, Miller shifted over to run Annerly as an associate of Armstrong's Upper Columbia Navig. & Tramway Co. In 1896, Armstrong and Miller built Ruth at Libby, Montana. Launched April 22, 1896, Ruth at 275 tons was the largest steamer yet to operate on the upper Kootenay River. Ruth, like the second Duchess, was designed and built by a professional shipwright. For Ruth the shipwright Louis Pacquet, of Portland, Oregon. Ruth made the runs downriver to Jennings and the smaller Gwendoline ran upriver with the traffic to Canal Flats and the portage tramway.
The combination of Armstrong, Miller and Wardner, and their construction of Ruth created serious competition for Jones and DePuy of UKNC with their only steamer the barely-adequate Annerly. Large sacks of ore were piling up at Hansen's Landing from the mines, and all needed transport. The competitors reached an agreement to split the traffic on the Kootenay river between them. To earn their share of the revenues from this split, DePuy and Jones built Rustler (125 tons) at Jennings 1896. Rustler reached Hansen's Landing in June 1896 on her run up from Jennings.
Another competitor was Captain Tom Powers, of Tobacco Plain, Montana who traded 15 cayuse horses for the machinery to build a small steamer near Fort Steele, which was called Fool Hen. The machinery was too large for Fool Hen and there was no room for freight. Powers used discarded wooden packing cases from Libby merchants to make his paddlewheel buckets, so that as the steamer churned down the river, the merchants' names rotated again and again as the wheel turned. Shortly after Fool Hen was finished, Powers then removed the engines and placed them in a new steamer, the Libby. This time the engines proved to be too small for the hull, and Libby was used only sporadically in 1894 and 1895.
Jennings Canyon
Once in the United States, the Kootenay river, in its natural state before the construction of the Libby Dam, flowed through Jennings Canyon to the settlement of Jennings, Montana. Jennings has almost completely disappeared as a town, but it was near Libby, Montana. Above Jennings, the Kootenay River narrowed as it ran through Jennings Canyon, which was a significant hazard to any river navigation. A particularly dangerous stretch was known as the Elbow. Jennings Canyon was described by Professor Lyman as "a strip of water, foaming-white, downhill almost as on a steep roof, hardly wider than steamboat".
No insurance agent would write a policy for steamboats and cargo transiting the Jennings Canyon. Captain Armstrong once persuaded an agent from San Francisco to consider making a quote on premiums. The agent decided to examine the route for himself, and went on board with Armstrong as the captain's boat shot through the canyon. At the end of the trip, the agent's quote for a policy was one-quarter of the value of the cargo. Faced with this quote, Armstrong decided to forego insurance.
The huge profits to be made seemed to justify the risk. Combined the two steamers could earn $2,000 in gross receipts per day, a lot of money in 1897. By comparison, the sternwheeler J.D. Farrell (1897), cost $20,000 to build in 1897. In ten days of operation then, an entire steamboat could be paid for.
There were no more than seven steamboats that ever passed through Jennings Canyon, Annerly, Gwendoline, Libby, Rustler, Ruth, J.D. Farrell, and North Star (1897). Of these only Annerly and Libby were not wrecked in the canyon. Armstrong and Miller unsuccessfully tried to get the U.S. Government to finance clearing of some of the rocks and obstructions in Jennings Canyon. Without government help, they hired crews themselves to do the work over two winters, but the results were not of much value.
Rustler was the first steamboat casualty of Jennings Canyon. In the summer of 1896, after just six weeks of operation, Rustler was caught in an eddy in the canyon swirled around and smashed into the rocks and damaged beyond repair. This left DePuy and Jones with just one vessel, the "nasty little Annerly", as historian D.M. Wilson described her. DePuy and Jones were unable to stay in business after the loss of Rustler and were forced to sell their facilities at Jennings, as well as Annerly to Armstrong, Miller and Wardner. With their principal competitors gone, Armstrong, Miller and Wardner incorporated their firm on April 5, 1897, in the state of Washington, as the International Transportation Company ("ITC") with nominal headquarters in Spokane. With salvaged machinery from Rustler, they built North Star, launching the new vessel at Jennings on May 28, 1897.
The wreck of Gwendoline and Ruth on May 7, 1897, was perhaps the most spectacular. With no insurance coverage, both Ruth and Gwendoline were running through Jennings Canyon. Ruth under Capt. Sanborn was about an hour ahead of Gwendoline, under Armstrong himself. Both steamers were heavily loaded, and a 26 car train was waiting at Jennings to receive their cargo. Ruth came to the Elbow, lost control, and came to rest blocking the main channel. Gwendoline came through at high speed, and could not avoid smashing into Ruth. No one was killed. However, Ruth was totally destroyed, Gwendoline was seriously damaged, and the cargoes on both steamers were lost. The North Star was near to being complete when the disaster occurred, and once it was launched, Armstrong was able to complete 21 round trips on the Kootenay before low water forced him to tie up on September 3, 1897.
Steam navigation ends on upper Kootenay river
In the summer of 1897 a new competitor for Armstrong, Miller and Wardell arose. With the backing of John D. Farrell, steamboat captain M.L. McCormack on August 16, 1897, incorporated the Kootenai River Transportation Company, and commenced building a new steamer, J.D. Farrell, which was launched on November 8, 1897, and completed over the coming winter. In the meantime, in January 1898, both Armstrong and Wardner sold out their shares in the International Trading Company, and went north to Alaska to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush, with Armstrong deciding to try his chances at making money as a steamboat captain on the Stikine River then being promoted as the "All-Canadian" route to the Yukon River gold fields.
J.D. Farrell, the largest steamboat ever built on either the upper Kootenay or Columbia Rivers, and sporting such frontier luxuries as bathrooms, electric lighting, and steam heat, reached Fort Steele on April 28, 1898, her first trip up the Kootenay. Built to last ten years, this fine steamer was to run for only a single season on the Kootenay. On June 8, 1898, Captain McCormack was taking J.D. Farrell south through Jennings Canyon in "hurricane" strength headwind, which blew her off course into a rock, knocking a hole in the stern. McCormack managed to get the steamer to shallow water before she sank up to the wheelhouse. Her owners were able to raise J.D. Farrell and make a few more trips that season.
By October 1898 enough rail lines were completed along the upper Kootenay to terminate steam navigation as a competitive transportation method. In particular, the completion of Crow's Nest Railway on October 6, 1898, and development of smelters in the Kootenay region, particularly at Trail, BC, near the southern end of the Arrow Lakes, allowed ore to be routed to smelters by rail, completely bypassing Jennings.
The surviving upper Kootenay boats, North Star, J.D. Farrell, and Gwendoline were laid up at Jennings. (Annerly had been dismantled by then.) J.D. Farrell and North Star were tied up for almost three years at Jennings until finding employment supporting construction of a rail line to Fernie, BC. J.D. Farrell was later dismantled, with engines and machinery being reused on another steamer. (This was the general practice.) North Star was sold back to Captain Armstrong when he returned from his Yukon adventure, and on June 4, 1902, he took her north to the Columbia River on his famous dynamite-aided transit of the decrepit Baillie-Grohman canal. With North Star gone, steamboating on the upper Kootenay ended for good.
Of the last three Kootenay boats, Gwendoline'''s fate was unique. When Armstrong and Wardner left ITC for the north, James D. Miller was in charge of the ITC boats. Striking on the idea of moving Gwendoline to the lower Kootenay River by rail, where she could be run profitably again, or at least so it was hoped. In June 1899 he had the vessel loaded on three flat cars. Disaster then struck when the vessel was shifted to fit around a trackside rock cut. The boat was moved too close to the edge, flipped off the rail cars and landed in a canyon, which the Libby Press described:
Later operations on the upper Columbia River
While Armstrong was on the Kootenay and the Klondike mining booms, a few interlopers had appeared on the upper Columbia. In 1899, H.E. Forster a wealthy politician and occasional steamboat captain, brought Selkirk by rail from Shuswap Lake to Golden, where he launched her but used her as a yacht and not, at least initially, as commercial vessel. Also, Captain Alexander Blakely bought the little sidewheeler Pert and operated her on the river. In 1899 Duchess became involved in the Stolen Church Affair, in which a dispute arose over ownership of a church in Donald, with one party packing up the entire church and moving it to Golden, and disputant party removing the bell from the church while en route to Golden on board Duchess. (The church itself was later moved to Windermere, without the bell.)
In 1902 Duchess was dismantled. In 1903 Captain Armstrong built a new steamer, Ptarmigan, using the engines from Duchess which by then were over 60 years old. In 1911, the same engines were installed in the newly built steamer Nowitka. With the construction of railroads, and economic dislocation caused by Canada's participation in the Great War, steamboat activity tapered off starting about 1915. Steamboat men from the route themselves went to war. Captain Armstrong supervised British river transport in the Middle East, on the Nile and Tigris river. Captain Blakey's son John Blakely (1889–1963), who had trained under his father and Captain Armstrong, went to Europe and was one of only six survivors when his ship was torpedoed in the English Channel.
Last steamboat runs on the upper Columbia riverNowitka made the last steamboat run on the upper Columbia in May 1920, when under Captain Armstrong she pushed a pile-driver to build a bridge at Brisco NW of Invermere, which when complete was too low to allow a steamboat to pass under it. Armstrong himself had found employment with the Dominion government on his return from the war. He was seriously injured in an accident in Nelson, BC and died in a hospital in Vancouver, BC in January 1923. His own life had spanned the entire history of steam navigation in the Rocky Mountain Trench from 1886 to 1920. In 1948, Captain John Blakely built a sternwheeler of his own, the Radium Queen, which had to be small to fit under the Brisco bridge.
Modern archaeological investigations
In April 2001, members of the Kootenay Chapter of the British Columbia Underwater Archaeological Society ("BCUAS") found two previously undocumented wrecks of vessels near the site of the Columbia River Lumber Company mill. The two hulls were buried deeply in mud. Members of the expedition believed one of the vessels was Nowitka. The expedition also located and mapped the wreck F.P. Armstrong which was within 2 km of Columbia Lake. Most of the Armstrong wreck is under 50 to 80 cm of mud. Some tongue and grove panelling, believed to have come from either the decking or the superstructure, was located downstream. The expedition used a metal detector at the site, and the findings indicated that the machinery and boiler had been removed from the hull. Downstream near the Riverside Golf Course, the expedition found a larger wreck, of which 8 meters of hull framing was exposed. The 7 meter beam of the hull was greater than any vessel ever placed on the upper Columbia except North Star. Whether this was a powered vessel or an unpowered barge could not be determined.
Lists of vessels
See also
Frank P. Armstrong
Baillie-Grohman Canal
Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes
Steamboats of the Upper Fraser River
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Notes
External links
Fort Steele Heritage Town, map and diagram page Contains period maps of East Kootenay region, including original maps and later working diagrams of the Baillie-Grohman canal.
Taming the Kootenay, Creston and District Historical and Museum Society Multi-media presentation of history of Canal Flats and the East Kootenay region
Columbia Basin Institute of Regional History
Crowsnest Railway Route
SS Moyie National Historical Site Oldest surviving sternwheeler in the Pacific Northwest and in Canada. Last surviving steernwheeler of the entire Kootaney-Arrow Lakes region.
Further reading
Kluckner, Michael, Vanishing British Columbia'', University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver BC, 2005
Lees, J.A., and Clutterbuck, W.J., B.C. 1887—A Ramble In British Columbia, Longman, Greens & Co., London 1888.
Upper Columbia
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Steamboats of the Kootenay River
Columbia Valley
Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
History of British Columbia
History of Montana
Lincoln County, Montana
Postal history of Canada |
23576535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20Brownlee | Karin Brownlee | Karin Brownlee (July 25, 1955) was the Kansas Secretary of Labor between 2011 and 2012, serving in the administration of Governor Sam Brownback. She was later, by her own report, fired by Brownback based on a disagreement about how the agency was running. A member of the Republican Party, she previously served as a member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 23rd district between 1997 and 2011.
Kansas Senate
Committee assignments
Commerce (Chair)
Financial Institutions and Insurance (Vice Chair)
Joint Committee on Administrative Rules and Regulations
Assessment and Taxation
Confirmation Oversight
Joint Committee on Corrections and Juvenile Justice Oversight
Transportation
Utilities
Kansas Department of Labor
In early January 2011 Brownlee took office as Secretary in the Kansas Department of Labor (KDOL). She claimed that the upgrading of the unemployment claims technology project commenced in 2005 was being mismanagement and brought in an outside technology company to review work to date.
In August 2011 Brownlee terminated the employment of asthma sufferer Kathleen Arbogast who filed suit against KDOL in January 2013 claiming discrimination and retaliation and seeking $100.000 in damages. Arbogast had complained about staff wearing perfume and other fragrances interfered with her ability to perform her duties. She was moved to the basement to remove her from such contact but claimed that the fragrances worn by other workers visiting her continued her asthma problems. KDOL sought to have the lawsuit dismissed but the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas denied the motion, KDOL then appealed to the 10th circuit court which affirmed the decision in the District Court. The case moved to the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas which brought down its decision 9 September 2016. In the discussion it found that, " ... Plaintiff has pointed the Court to no statutory authority indicating that KDOL has the capacity to be sued. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendant’s motion to dismiss."
In September 2012 Brownlee was removed from KDOL by Gov. Sam Brownback without explanation.
References
External links
Senator Karin Brownlee official Kansas Senate website
Karin Brownlee official campaign website
Follow the Money - Karin Brownlee
1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 campaign contributions
State cabinet secretaries of Kansas
Kansas state senators
Living people
Kansas Republicans
Women state legislators in Kansas
1955 births
Kansas State University alumni
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians |
20474542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan%20Thernstrom | Stephan Thernstrom | Stephan Thernstrom (born November 5, 1934) is an American academic and historian who is the Winthrop Research Professor of History Emeritus at Harvard University. He is a specialist in ethnic and social history and was the editor of the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. He and his wife Abigail Thernstrom are prominent opponents of affirmative action in education and according to the New York Times, they "lead the conservative charge against racial preference in America."
Early life and education
Thernstrom was born and raised in a working-class family in Port Huron, Michigan. His father was the son of a Swedish-born immigrant laborer and worked on the railroad. Thernstrom was raised a Christian Scientist, but was disillusioned with the faith. His family later moved to Battle Creek, Michigan. Thernstrom received his bachelor's degree from Northwestern University and his Ph.D. from Harvard University, working with Oscar Handlin.
Career
Thernstrom held faculty appointments at Harvard University, Brandeis University and the University of California, Los Angeles. He returned to Harvard with an appointment as full professor in 1973. From 1978 to 1979 Thernstrom was Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at the University of Cambridge.
He is the author of several prize-winning books including Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in the 19th Century and The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis, 1880-1970, which won the Bancroft Prize in American History and was described by The New York Times Book Review as "the best piece of quantitative history yet published." Thernstrom has served as an expert witness for the defense in more than two dozen federal cases involving claims of racial discrimination in schools. He is the co-author of a brief in "Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle," challenging the constitutionality of Seattle's racial balancing plan.
He co-authored with his wife Abigail Thernstrom No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning, named by both the Los Angeles Times and the American School Board Journal as one of the best books of 2003 and the winner of the 2007 Fordham Prize for Distinguished Scholarship. They also co-authored America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible, a comprehensive history of race relations which the New York Times Book Review named as one of the notable books of 1997. Their writings have been awarded the Waldo G. Leland Prize, R.R. Hawkins Award, and the Fordham Foundation Prize, 1997 Bradley Foundation prizes for Outstanding Intellectual Achievement, and the 2004 Peter Shaw Memorial Award given by the National Association of Scholars, an organization of conservative scholars. Their work attacks affirmative action programs.
According to the New York Times, "The couple are much in demand on the conservative talk-show circuit, where they forcefully argue that racial preferences are wrong, divisive and, as a tool to help minorities, overrated. They serve on the boards of conservative and libertarian public-policy institutes."
Personal life
Thernstrom married Abigail in 1959. They have two children, Melanie Thernstrom of Palo Alto, CA, a writer, and Samuel Thernstrom.
Bibliography
Poverty and progress; social mobility in a nineteenth century city (1964) online
"Yankee City Revisited: The Perils of Historical Naïveté." American Sociological Review (1965) 30#2 : 234-242 online.
"The Case of Boston." Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, (1967) vol. 79, pp. 109-122. online
"Notes on the historical study of social mobility." Comparative Studies in Society and History 10.2 (1968): 162-172 online.
Nineteenth-century cities; essays in the new urban history (1969) coeditor online
Poverty, planning, and politics in the new Boston: the origins of ABCD (1969) online
The other Bostonians; poverty and progress in the American metropolis, 1880-1970 (1973) online
Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups editor (1980) online
A history of the American people (1984) online
"Reflections on the Shape of the River." UCLA Law Review 46 (1998): 1583+ with Abigail Thernstrom. online
Beyond the color line: new perspectives on race and ethnicity in America (2002) online
No excuses: Closing the racial gap in learning (2004), with Abigail M. Thernstrom.
America in black and white: One nation, indivisible (2009), with Abigail M. Thernstrom.
Notes
Further reading
Riess, Steven A. "The Impact of Poverty and Progress on the Generation of Historians Trained in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s." Social Science History 10.1 (1986): 23-32.
Stave, Bruce M., "A conversation with Stephan Thernstrom." Journal of Urban History 1.2 (1975): 189-215.
Thernstrom, Stephan; Ann Orlov, amd Oscar Handlin, eds. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. (1980) online
External links
Manhattan Institute bio of Thernstrom
listing of New York Times articles that address the views of Thernstrom
Thernstrom's Bradley Prize acceptance remarks
Official website
1934 births
Academics of the University of Cambridge
American people of Swedish descent
Brandeis University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Living people
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
Northwestern University alumni
People from Port Huron, Michigan
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Bancroft Prize winners |
23576545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenhui | Shenhui | Heze Shenhui (Chinese:菏泽神會/神会; Wade–Giles: Shen-hui; Japanese: Kataku Jinne, 684–758) was a Chinese Buddhist monk of the so-called "Southern School" of Zen, who "claimed to have studied under Huineng."
Shenhui is notable for his strident attacks on Yuquan Shenxiu and the associated "Northern School", which was the most prominent branch of Chan Buddhism in China at the time. He accused them of propagating gradual teachings, as opposed to his own sudden teachings.
Shenhui's own lineage, called the Heze lineage (菏泽宗), probably died out around the time of the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution in 845, with Guifeng Zongmi being the only notable monk in the lineage.
Biography
Shenhui was born in Xiangyang with the surname Gao (高). He learned The Five Classics of Confucius and the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi at a young age.
At the age of 14 he became a monk under Huineng, a disciple of Hongren and the founder of the Southern School of Zen. For a time Shenhui served as his attendant.
Several extant stories relate encounters between Huineng and Shenhui. In one, Huineng said to his students,
In his writings and lectures Shenhui attacked what he called the "Northern School" of Zen. Despite his attacks on the Northern School, Shenhui traveled north to live amongst his ideological enemies in the capital city of Luoyang. While in the city he spoke publicly against the teachings of the Northern School.
Shenhui was a highly successful fundraiser for the government despite his criticism of Shenxiu for having governmental ties. During the An Lushan Rebellion, monks were asked to lecture, and sell certificates to the public in order to raise money for the counteroffensive. Shenhui was active in this endeavor in Luoyang, and reportedly very effective. Despite this, he was eventually banished from the city for stirring up trouble.
Shenhui was said to have died while meditating in 760. His burial stupa is located at Longmen Grottoes. One of his extant writings is Xianzongji (显宗记).
Attack on Shenxiu and the "Northern School"
Shenhui's attack
At the Great Dharma Assembly in Henan Province in 732 he coined this term in order to deride Shenxiu's school. Here he claimed that Shenxiu tried to usurp the title of Sixth Patriarch from Huineng. He supported his claims by stating that Huineng possessed the robe of Bodhidharma, the First Patriarch of Zen.
Another attack was staged at the Great Cloud Temple in Huatai in 734. He delivered a talk titled the Exposition on Right and Wrong in regards to Bodhidharma's Southern School. It was presented in the form of a discussion between him and a monk named Chongyuan, who took the side of Shenxiu's Northern School. Shenhui used the opportunity to question Shenxiu's legitimacy as Hongren's successor.
Most memorably, however, he accused the Northern School of advocating "gradual" and not "sudden" enlightenment.
The Record of the Zen Discourses of the Monk Shenhui quotes Shenhui:
In addition to these claims, Shenhui further alleged that Shenxiu's teachings deviated from Zen in their emphasis on ceremony and sutra study, rather than seated meditation and no-mind. He also accused "Northern School" students of trying to steal Bodhidharma's robe, to sever the head of Huineng's mummy, and to rewrite the inscription on Shenxiu's tomb with the words "Sixth Patriarch".
Historical analysis of Shenhui's attack
Several scholars consider Shenhui's arguments against the "Northern School" to be fabrications or exaggerations. Heinrich Dumoulin, commenting on Shenhui's accusations, wrote that Shenhui was "unscrupulous", while Ui Hakuju wrote that he had "“traits deserving of moral censure and criticism for intolerance”.
Scholars such as Philip Yampolsky have suggested that one of his disciples may have written the Platform Sutra, which glorifies Huineng and "sudden" enlightenment while deriding Shenxiu.
Scholars note that both the concept of a "patriarch" and the possession of the robe of Bodhidharma being the indicator of this person probably arose as a result of Shenhui's diatribes. In fact, according to the Platform Sutra, Huineng himself did not pass on the robe, nor did he name a "patriarch" to replace him. Rather, like his teacher Hongren, he had many disciples who went on to teach Zen.
Philip Yampolsky wrote that Shenhui's claim that the Diamond Sutra and not the Lankavatara Sutra was the paramount sutra of Bodhidharma and his disciples was "pure fabrication".
Influence
In the early 10th century, the founder of the Fayan School commented on Shenhui's lineage:
Shenhui's own lineage, called the Heze school, probably died out around the time of the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution in 845. His best-known descendant in this school was Guifeng Zongmi, who was also the fifth patriarch of the Huayan school. According to Tsung-mi, Shen-hui's approach was officially sanctioned in 796, when "an imperial commission determined that the Southern line of Ch'an represented the orthodox transmission and established Shen-hui as the seventh patriarch, placing an inscription to that effect in the shen-lung temple".
Shenhui's distinction between "gradual" versus "sudden" methods of enlightenment became a hallmark of Chinese Zen. Mazu Daoyi, whose Hongzhou school became the hallmark of Zen, was an early and important adopter of the "sudden" approach.
His speeches were found again in Dunhuang.
Notes
References
External links
Vladimir K. (2005), Legends in Ch’an: the Northern/Southern Schools Split, Hui-neng and the Platform Sutra
Chan Buddhist monks
670 births
762 deaths |
6904380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20the%20Art%20%28book%29 | State of the Art (book) | State of the Art: Film Writings 1983–1985 is the eighth collection of movie reviews by the American critic Pauline Kael.
In the Author's Note at the beginning of this collection she wrote:
"The title of this book is a deliberate break with my sexually tinged titles of the past. It seemed time for a change; this has not been a period for anything like Grand Passions. I hope that State of the Art will sound ominous and sweeping and just slightly clinical. What I try to get at in this collection of reviews from June 1983 to July 1985 is the state of the art of moviemaking. And despite the dubious state of the art[..]there has always been something to recommend."
Kael reviews 117 films in this eighth collection. She gives rich praise to the work of performers and directors she admires, for example, Molly Ringwald's performance in Sixteen Candles, - Steve Martin, Robin Williams, and Nick Nolte, ( three perennial Kael favourites), and Luchino Visconti, for his work on The Leopard - "The Leopard is so beautifully felt that it calls up a whole culture. It casts an intelligent spell - intelligent and rapturous." (Though Visconti's film had originally been released in 1963, Kael is here reviewing the release of a full length three hours and five minutes version). And she's typically cool to work she regards as second rate; 'When you come out of Desperately Seeking Susan, you don't want to know who the director is - you want to know who the perpetrator is.' And Steven Spielberg's segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie - a, " lump of ironclad whimsy. It's as if Steven Spielberg had sat down and thought out what he could do that would make his detractors happiest." And Sylvester Stallone's work on Staying Alive; "What can be done about this mock writer-director-producer-actor? He has become the stupidos' Orson Welles."
Films she recommends in this eighth collection include The Survivors, The Grey Fox, The Leopard, Under Fire, Heart Like a Wheel, Yentl, Choose Me, Splash, Moscow on the Hudson, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Repo Man, Dreamscape, Carmen, Utu, Stop Making Sense, A Soldier's Story, Comfort and Joy, Independence Day, Mrs. Soffel, A Passage to India, Micki + Maude, The Makioka Sisters, The Return of the Soldier, A Private Function, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Heartbreakers, Lost in America, Ghare Baire, Prizzi's Honor, The Shooting Party.
The book is out-of-print in the United States, but is still published by Marion Boyars Publishers in the United Kingdom.
Films reviewed
The Man with Two Brains OctopussyFlashdance
Superman II Trading Places Betrayal
The Survivors Twilight Zone: The Movie
Zelig The Grey Fox
The Draughtsman's Contract Staying Alive
Pauline at the Beach Risky Business Daniel
Moon in the Gutter The Leopard
Cross Creek Lonely Hearts
The Right Stuff The Big Chill
Under Fire
Heart Like a Wheel Educating Rita
Yentl Star 80
Terms of Endearment Never Cry Wolf
Scarface
Silkwood To Be or Not To Be
The Dresser Uncommon ValorSudden Impact
Broadway Danny RoseBasileus Quartet
The Lonely Guy El Norte Blame It on Rio
Entre Nous Footloose
Splash Against All Odds
Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes Racing with the Moon Unfaithfully Yours
Moscow on the Hudson
Iceman Romancing the Stone
Swing Shift
The Natural Sixteen Candles
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Eréndira The Bounty
Gremlins Ghostbusters
The Fourth Man Star Trek III: The Search for SpockUnder the Volcano
The Pope of Greenwich Village
The Bostonians Repo Man
Purple Rain The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai
All of Me Sheena First Name: Carmen
Dreamscape Country Swann in Love Tightrope
Utu Places in the Heart
Amadeus Carmen
The Little Drummer Girl Stranger Than Paradise Body Double
Stop Making Sense Comfort and Joy A Soldier's Story
The Killing Fields Falling in Love Independence Day
Dune Beverly Hills Cop Choose Me
Mrs. Soffel The Cotton Club
A Passage to India
Micki + Maude Starman The Flamingo Kid
The Falcon and the SnowmanBirdy
Witness Blood Simple
The Makioka Sisters The Return of the Soldier The Mean Season
The Purple Rose of Cairo A Private Function
Lost in America The Breakfast Club
Heartbreakers Desperately Seeking Susan
Ladyhawke
Once Upon a Time in America
What Have I Done to Deserve This? Dangerous Moves A View to a Kill Stick
The Shooting Party Rambo: First Blood Part II
Prizzi's Honor Ghare Baire
Editions
Pub: E. P. Dutton, 1985, hardcover ()
Pub: Plume, 1985, soft cover ()
Pub: Marion Boyars, 1987, hardbound ()
Pub: Marion Boyars, 1998 (new ed), paperback ()
1985 non-fiction books
Books of film criticism
Books about film
Books by Pauline Kael
American non-fiction books
E. P. Dutton books
Plume (publisher) books |
6904382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes%20Quay | Princes Quay | Princes Quay is a shopping centre in the heart of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The centre is unusual in that it is built on stilts over Prince's Dock after which it is named. It was opened in 1991.
Description
To take advantage of its location the shopping centre is constructed with large windows giving visitors panoramic views of the Hull Marina and the dock. The centre also builds its image on a nautical theme, for example by calling its retail floors decks, although most shoppers still refer to them as floors.
The centre, built round a central atrium, opened to the public on 15 March 1991 and consisted of 3 decks of over 80 retail outlets. The centre includes a Food Court on the lowest deck, known as Harbour Deck. A fourth floor, known as Top Deck, was converted from retail units in 2007 into a 10-screen cinema by Vue with Europe's first digital screen.
A 1,000 place multi-storey car park is integrated with the centre and is accessed from the main A63 when travelling eastbound into the city. Princes Quay is well served by public transport with many bus routes stopping immediately outside the centre and with Hull Paragon Interchange only a few minutes' walk away.
In February 2011 a plan to revamp the food court into several new casual dining restaurants, overlooking the dock commenced and has seen the return of Pizza Express to the city and has also seen Nandos open a second outlet in the city centre. The restaurants are already proving popular and add to the already increasing vibrancy of Princes Dock Street. Other major restaurant operators such as Wagamama are rumoured to be taking a place in the new food quarter.
Quay West expansion project
In December 2006, outline planning permission was granted for the western expansion of the centre. The £300 million retail development, known as Quay West, would add of shopping space, 60 shops and two department stores. It would also feature cafés and restaurants and a leisure complex comprising a health and sports club as well as a 175-bedroom hotel. The site was earmarked to open in 2011 and it was thought the development would inject an extra £42.66 million per year into the local economy. The project was cancelled in October 2010 due to a change in ownership, the economic downturn and cuts to regeneration projects.
Refurbishment
In August 2015 plans were announced to give the centre a multimillion-pound makeover.
By February 2016 plans included the development of up to 28 new outlets on what has been marketed as the Outlet Deck, the ground floor food court was also to receive a facelift. By October 2016 Next was announced as the new anchor tenant for the development and that work would be starting with a completion expected for Easter 2017.
Trivia
Since 1991, the Hull International Canoe Polo tournament has been held every July on the waters surrounding the shopping centre. The tournament is organised and run by Kingston Kayak Club; a local club based at Albert Avenue Pools Complex. One of the local teams, 'Humbersiders', have always been prominent and have been crowned champions on three occasions.
References
External links
Princes Quay shopping centre
Princes Quay shopping centre on The Retail Database
Buildings and structures in Kingston upon Hull
Tourist attractions in Kingston upon Hull
Shopping centres in the East Riding of Yorkshire |
17336527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO-IP%20Act | PRO-IP Act | The Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008 (PRO-IP Act of 2008, , , ) is a United States law that increases both civil and criminal penalties for trademark, patent and copyright infringement. The law also establishes a new executive branch office, the Office of the United States Intellectual Property Enforcement Representative (USIPER).
Background
The PRO-IP Act would serve to further protect rights holders in the case of secondary infringement, in which a consumer becomes liable for infringement committed by another. In Capitol Records v. Deborah Foster (2004), the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) could not charge Oklahoma woman, Debbie Foster, with infringement of shared files. Judge Lee suggested that Foster could not be held responsible for the download of files, which were attributed to her adult daughter and estranged husband who used her IP number. The RIAA's use of IP numbers to charge users with infringement was not sufficient evidence to charge Ms. Foster and other defendants in the past. However, in another RIAA case, Elektra v. Santangelo, the judge did find Patti Santangelo potentially liable for file-sharing in her home via Kazaa software, despite the fact that she may not have been aware of the illegal downloads.
In one case, Capitol v. Thomas, Capitol Records did receive an award of $9,250 in statutory damages for each of the twenty-four infringed songs. Although the jury settled on charging the defendant with only $9,250 out of the possible $150,000 per song, through these cases, Capitol Records, the RIAA and others were primarily concerned with sending a message to the public that illegal distribution and download of copyrighted music was unacceptable.
In addition to these domestic issues, United States has a history of participating in global enforcement of intellectual property rights. In 1995, the U.S. participated in negotiating in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which established a minimum standard for protecting various areas of IP rights. Throughout fiscal years 2004 to 2009, the government has tracked the importation of counterfeit goods, including pharmaceuticals, cigarettes, apparel, footwear, computers, software, toys and electronics. In 2006, the government confiscated, for example, cargo containers of counterfeit Nike Air Jordan shoes, as well as counterfeit Abercrombie and Fitch clothing, which together were valued at about $19 million. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office's April 2010 report, "Observations on the Efforts to Quantify the Economic Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods," such goods undercut American competition with lower prices, thus causing damage to the domestic economy. The U.S. government was also strongly concerned about the illicit distribution of digital products through peer-to-peer networks, streaming sites, and one-click hosting services. At the time, there was no government agency that collected or tracked data on digital copyright violation. Alongside potential lost revenue, these unauthorized goods pressure producers and IP owners to compete with the counterfeit producers. Overall, this contributes to loss of brand value and reputation, as well as lost investment and innovation. Also, American companies are forced to expend further funds on protecting intellectual property in court.
Proponents of PRO-IP frequently cited a study from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, claiming that intellectual property theft costs American businesses an estimated $250 billion each year, as well as an estimated 750,000 jobs. A subsequent investigation by the technology news site Ars Technica revealed that these statistics were both inaccurate and decades old. A report issued by the Government Accountability Office in 2010 confirmed that these figures had not been derived from any reliable research, and could not be substantiated.
Legislative history
The origin of the legislation was the Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Act, S.1984 introduced on November 9, 2005, in 109th Congress by Senator Evan Bayh (D-IN) and Senator George Voinovich (R-OH), and re-introduced on February 7, 2007, in the 110th Congress as S.522.
S.522 required the President to appoint an Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, who would serve in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the Executive Office of the President. The Coordinator would be responsible for coordinating inter agency activity on IP enforcement, developing a Strategic Plan detailing objectives and strategies, working with the private sector and other outside groups, and reporting to the President and Congress. New provisions were added later that year.
On December 5, 2007, John Conyers (D-MI) introduced the newly expanded legislation into the House of Representatives. The bill (H.R. 4279) was known as Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act of 2008. Lamar Smith (R-TX), Howard Berman (D-CA), Adam Schiff (D-CA) and Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) were among the sponsors of the bill.
Intellectual-property holders, such as entertainment companies, auto parts manufacturers, pharmaceuticals and unions, championed the bill.
On May 8, 2008, the House of Representatives passed the bill 410 to 11. Only 12 representatives did not vote. On July 12, 2008, H.R. 4279 was received in the House and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. On July 24, 2008, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) introduced the bill (S.3325) in the Senate as Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Act.
On September 26, 2008, S.3325 passed in the Senate with unanimous consent. Two days later, S.3325 passed in the House 381 to 41. In this final House vote, 2008 Presidential candidates, Ron Paul and Dennis Kucinich, voted against the bill.
On October 13, 2008, President George W. Bush signed the bill into law. The official name of the bill reverted to its original title when it was introduced into the House, Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights Act.
Content
The PRO-IP Act makes changes to prior intellectual property law in the areas of civil enforcement, criminal enforcement, coordination of federal intellectual property efforts and funding and resources of the Department of Justice intellectual property programs.
For civil enforcement, the PRO-IP Act increases the maximum $30,000 penalty for compilations and increases penalties for repeat offenders. It raises the penalty for statutory damages for counterfeit goods from $1,000 to $200,000, which was originally a range from $500 to $100,000. For repeat offenders, the maximum statutory damages range from $1–2 million. In addition, the Justice Department has the authority to conduct civil asset forfeiture, in which any computer or network hardware used in the act of a copyright crime may be seized and auctioned off.
In civil forfeiture, the plaintiff may also access bank accounts, financial information and other documents in order to trace the source of the infringing goods. In criminal enforcement, the PRO-IP Act offers the government more authority in seizure and forfeiture in the trafficking of counterfeit labels, documentation, and packaging.
Under Title II of the Act, the manufacturers of these products face new criminal penalties, especially if the offender knowingly or recklessly causes serious bodily injury or death, as with counterfeit pharmaceuticals. The Act also prohibits the transshipment or exportation of such goods, which would be in violation of the Trademark Act of 1946 or the Lanham Act.
Section 602 of the Copyright Act states that it is only illegal to import products that infringe a copyright. Section 105 of PRO-IP makes exports of such materials illegal as well.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection also provides the opportunity for musicians and performers to register their work with the agency, enabling CBP to notify the artist if unauthorized copies of their work are tracked entering the U.S. from other countries.
The PRO-IP Act also established the position of the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator within the Executive Office of the President. The purpose of this new position was to coordinate the anti-infringement efforts of the Department of Justice, the Patent and Trademark Office and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.
The appointed IPEC would be responsible for developing and implementing a Joint Strategic Plan, a program to battle counterfeiting and copyright infringement. The appointee would also serve as chief advisor to the President on both domestic and international intellectual property enforcement policy.
Under Section 304, the IPEC must submit an annual report to Congress and must update the strategic plan every three years. The legislation also allocates $25 million annually to state and local governments to train law enforcement, educate the public and purchase technology to combat counterfeit activity.
Additional resources, for example, were allotted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which now operates a department of at least five full-time Special Agents who work with the Department of Justice's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS).
The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the federal budget would allocate approximately $429 million between 2009 and 2013 for the implementation of the PRO-IP Act.
Proponents and opponents
Proponents
Based on the White House's 2010 Joint Strategic Plan, proponents stated that the PRO-IP Act would protect the growth of the national economy. They believed it would promote creativity, research and innovation, which are essential to the technology, pharmaceutical, automobile, and entertainment industries and in turn, protect the jobs in those fields. The U.S. federal government also depends on the promotion of innovation to solve global problems and to preserve national and economic security, including the prevention of criminal activity, such as the sale of counterfeit drugs that cause fatal harm to consumers. In addition, supporters said the Act reaffirmed Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which aims to promote scientific and artistic creativity.
In a speech at the Export-Import Bank's Annual Conference in March 2010, President Obama remarked: "...we're going to aggressively protect our intellectual property. Our single greatest asset is the innovation and the ingenuity and creativity of the American people. It is essential to our prosperity and it will only become more so in this century. But it's only a competitive advantage if our companies know that someone else can't just steal that idea and duplicate it with cheaper inputs and labor. There's nothing wrong with other people using our technologies, we welcome it –- we just want to make sure that it's licensed, and that American businesses are getting paid appropriately."
When the bill was initially introduced, co-sponsor, Rep. Howard Berman, defended the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. He suggested that individuals are willing to steal intellectual property and that the PRO-IP Act would prevent such crimes.
American businesses, such as the Business Software Alliance, Motion Picture Association of America and the Recording Industry of Association of America, were long time supporters of the bill, since it was first introduced into the House. NBCUniversal Media also supported the Act due to countless unlicensed works on counterfeit DVDs and online, which were circulated throughout the U.S. and abroad.
In response to the changing Internet platforms, corporations like NBC have transformed traditional media companies into new models to monetize their content. Hulu, for example, began as a joint venture between NBC and News Corp, parent company to Fox. Although new resources were provided for consuming entertainment media, it was not sufficient to completely counteract copyright infringement online.
In addition to media and entertainment corporations, the U.S. auto industry, including General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, sought protection from counterfeiters. Ford and GM, who hold one third of all green technology patents and their related value, are in competition with China and India in the development of hybrid and green technology. Proponents in the auto industry suggested that the PRO-IP Act was essential to sustain financial viability, as well as enduring competitiveness.
Other groups that supported the Act include the National Music Publishers' Association and the Copyright Alliance.
Opponents
Compilation clause
However, the PRO-IP Act also faced opposition. Before the act was passed, Library Copyright Alliance (LCA), Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA), Net Coalition, Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), Public Knowledge, Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), Association of Public Television Stations and Printing Industries of America, protested the compilation clause. Under the law at the time, the copyright plaintiff was able to obtain up to $150,000 per work infringed. The compilation clause, from Section 504 (c)(1) of Title 17, states: "For the purposes of this subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work." Under the clause, an entire stolen album would count as one work and thus, the infringer would receive a maximum penalty of $150,000. This would mean, for example, that an individual who copied fifty songs from a boxed set would be liable for a maximum $150,000 rather than $7.5 million in damages. Under the PRO-IP Act, however, legislators proposed that the plaintiff could claim up to $150,000 per infringed work. Public Knowledge argued that this proposed change to the compilation clause would "incentivize 'copyright trolls'" to collect larger damage claims than necessary.
William Patry, senior copyright lawyer for Google, was well known for calling the legislation, the most "outrageous gluttonous IP bill ever introduced in the U.S.," in response to the compilation clause. Patry, who served in the Copyright Office in the past, suggested that the penalties of the PRO-IP Act would fall on ordinary Americans, not commercial counterfeiters.
Like Patry, many believed that liability per song was an excessive penalty. Digital rights groups and other critics suggested that the Act failed to recognize the difference between commercial counterfeiters and regular consumers, who would be punished with outstanding fees. In fact, they suggested that non commercial, personal copying of such tracks could possibly be considered fair use.
The PRO-IP Act further narrows rights under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Under DMCA, fair use limits the statutory damages available under secondary liability and permits bypassing digital rights management (DRM) for lawful uses. Consumer advocates suggested that the PRO-IP Act, in turn, would serve as a means to protect the business interests of American film, music and software companies. "At a time when the entire digital world is going to less restrictive distribution models, and when the courts are aghast at the outlandish damages being inflicted on consumers in copyright cases, this bill goes entirely in the wrong direction," stated Public Knowledge's president and co-founder, Gigi Sohn. Due to this controversy, the compilation clause was ultimately removed from the Act.
Attempted infringement clause
Another contested clause was the "attempted infringement" penalty. Section 506 (a)(1) of Title 17 states that "any person who willfully infringes a copyright shall be punished...if the infringement was committed—(A) for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain;
(B) by the reproduction or distribution, including by electronic means...copyrighted works, which have a total retail value of more than $1,000; or (C) by the distribution of a work being prepared for commercial distribution, by making it available on a computer network accessible to members of the public..." Under this section, Representative Steve Chabot (R-OH) had proposed that the PRO-IP Act enact stricter penalties, which would lengthen prison terms.
Consumer rights
In addition, American consumers were concerned about Section 206, which expanded the scope of civil forfeitures. The government could confiscate an iPod, for example, that contained a single illegal music download, as the device can be said to be property which "facilitates" infringement.
Others claimed that the Act was a violation of net neutrality. As a result of the legislation, Internet service providers would partner with recording companies, for example, in order to detect copyright infringement.
The legislation would also permit the Attorney General to sue individuals on behalf of rights holders, like the MPAA and RIAA.
Advocacy groups, like Public Knowledge and Electronic Frontier Foundation stated that the recording industry has threatened or filed over 30,000 lawsuits against individual consumers, suggesting that movie and television producers, software publishers, music publishers and print publishers have sufficient access to their own enforcement programs and do not need additional support from the government.
In addition, the PRO-IP Act was also criticized due to the creation of new federal offices that would further strain taxpayer dollars, such as the U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Representative, Intellectual Property Enforcement Division in the Department of Justice and additional intellectual property staff in U.S. embassies.
Implementation
Bush Administration
In September 1999, Congress instituted the National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordination Center to coordinate efforts to protect IP across federal agencies. In 2004, the Strategy for Targeting Organized Piracy (STOP) was also established in response to rising industry concerns about copyright violation. However, the functions of these agencies overlapped and lacked an overall strategy.
On October 8, 2008, President Bush had signed the bailout bill, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Proponents said that PRO-IP would help the country during the economic crisis.. According to co-sponsor, Senator Patrick Leahy, the legislation would serve as a means to protect copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets central to the U.S. economy and its job market. "Intellectual property—copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets—is an ever-growing sector of our economy. We are the envy of the world for the quality and the quantity of our innovative and creative goods and services. If we want to continue to lead the world in producing intellectual property, we need to protect Americans' rights in that property", stated Senator Leahy.
The Bush Administration had questioned the legality of the "copyright czar" position, suggesting that it was a violation of separation of powers.
The Justice Department was opposed to the bill, suggesting that the power of the appointed copyright czar was unnecessary. As a result, the position was placed in the Executive Office of the President instead of the Department of Justice.
Senator Ron Wyden was one of the representatives who requested that Congress remove the provision that requires the involvement of the Department of Justice in intellectual property enforcement.
Obama Administration
In September 2009, President Barack Obama appointed intellectual property scholar Victoria Espinel to be the first Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator, a position informally known as the Copyright Czar.
Victoria Espinel, who taught as a professor at George Mason University, had prior experience working at the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Espinel also served as an intellectual property advisor to the staff of the Senate Judiciary Committee, the Senate Finance Committee, the House Judiciary Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee.
On December 3, 2009, Espinel's appointment was confirmed. The United States Chamber of Commerce, Public Knowledge and other groups approved Espinel for this position.
By Executive Order, President Obama also created two interagencies, the Senior Advisory Committee and Intellectual Property Enforcement Advisory Committee. Espinel serves as the chair of these two groups.
Senate Judiciary chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) was a strong supporter of these committees, which aimed to further support the goals of the PRO-IP Act, centered upon protecting American intellectual property and in turn, protect innovation central to the U.S. economy and its job market.
In 2009, the Justice Department reported on the implementation of PRO-IP Act in its first year. There were a variety of prosecutions in the protection of health and safety. One defendant was imprisoned for trafficking over $400,000 worth of counterfeit pharmaceuticals. These tablets, when consumed with alcohol, caused symptoms such as abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and headaches. In another case, a New York resident was incarcerated for trafficking more than a half a million tubes of counterfeit toothpaste, which contained microorganisms and diethylene glycol, a chemical used as a coolant in brake fluids. The most severe of these prosecutions included imprisonment for Kevin Xu of Texas, who trafficked counterfeit cancer drugs, which included less active ingredients than indicated on the labels. The ability to seize these counterfeit products enabled the government to protect citizen health. In commercial counterfeiting online, the Department of Justice reported the operation of forty websites that generated $800,000 selling counterfeit software online. A ring of defendants was also guilty of selling counterfeit software on eBay valued at more than $25 million. Over the course of about six years, another defendant sold unlicensed tele-radiological software to hospitals and outpatient facilities.
The Department of Justice also reported that the FBI was able to target counterfeiting organizations, as well as initiate the first-ever peer-to-peer trial conviction. Apocalypse Production Crew or "APC" was one of these unauthorized music distribution groups that served as a "release group," which are the original sources in which infringed works are distributed on the Internet. In the first peer-to-peer trial conviction, Daniel Dove was convicted as the administrator of Elite Torrents, a P2P Internet release group, which had over 133,000 members and facilitated the distribution of more than 17,800 titles in movies, software, music and games.
In 2010, the Justice Department's Criminal Division also coordinated work between investigatory agencies and the International Organized Crime Intelligence and Operations Center, also referred to as IOC-2. In an attempt to close intelligence gaps between these groups, the FBI, ICE and CBP routinely contribute intellectual property data to IOC-2. The IOC-2 has also collaborated with the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center to train personnel in the identification of intellectual property violations that involve organized crime.
In addition, in 2010, operations detected online infringement in the sale of counterfeit clothing and computer programs. At the Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, California, merchants at eight shops were charged with trafficking counterfeit designer merchandise imported from China, such as clothing, handbags and shoes, all of which were valued over $100 million. In New York, a man had been trafficking NFL, NHL, NBA and MLB sports jerseys. The FBI was also able to track organized crime internationally, such as one group that was responsible for smuggling 120 pairs of counterfeit Nike shoes, 500,000 counterfeit Coach handbags, 10,000 pairs of Coach and Gucci shoes and 500 counterfeit Cartier watches through the Port of Baltimore.
The PRO-IP Act is also utilized to prevent the theft of commercial trade secrets. Many of these cases, for example, entail former employees sharing critical information with international markets. A former Bristol-Myers-Squibb employee stole trade secrets from the company, which he planned to use to establish a pharmaceutical firm in India. Valspar Corporation chemist admitted to stealing formulas and other information valued at $20 million, which he would use working for an overseas competitor. Another chemist stole information from DuPont on Organic Light Emitting Diodes or OLED technology used for display and lighting applications. An employee for Dow AgroSciences in Indianapolis had a similar intent to take trade secrets to China.
In June 2010, Espinel's Joint Strategic Plan integrated perspectives across federal agencies, such as U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Justice, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and U.S. Copyright Office. It also considered 1,600 public comments and suggestions from the American public. Under this plan, the federal government will avoid purchase or use of infringing products, support transparency in the development of enforcement policy, as well as improve coordination and thus, effectiveness of intellectual property enforcement. The plan also aims to further protect American intellectual property rights through international outreach and to improve data and information collection regarding criminal violations of intellectual property. IPEC has collected data through a Budget Data Request (BDR), in which federal agencies report the resources used and measured outcomes in intellectual property enforcement.
Espinel hosted an Intellectual Property Health and Safety Forum at the White House, meeting with private sector leaders from American Express, eNom, GoDaddy, Google, MasterCard, Microsoft, Neustar, Visa and Yahoo! to take action against illegal online pharmacies, which pose a threat to health in the act of selling counterfeit drugs online. Due to interagency and cross-border efforts, the FBI was able to convict individuals selling cancer drugs that did not contain ingredients to fight cancer. The PRO-IP Act is also intended to prevent the sale of counterfeit products for use in U.S. defense and weapons systems that may possibly fail under fire, causing harm to troop missions and ultimately, public safety. In one case, a business owner was prosecuted for selling counterfeit Cisco products, which were intended to relay troop movement and intelligence for a U.S. Marine Corps base in Iraq.
As a result of this work, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE HSI) opened 1,033 intellectual property cases, which resulted in 365 arrests, 216 indictments and 170 federal and state convictions. ICE HSI has identified and seized domain names facilitating the trafficking of unlicensed materials. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and ICE HSI had 19,959 intellectual property seizures, which resulted in 237 civil fines and penalties totaling over $62 million.
Many have contested the legality of these seizures, suggesting that excessive shutdowns of domain names and other rogue sites is a violation of free speech. John Morton, director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, has stated that the organization has "zero interest in limiting free speech" and that "ICE is not the police of the Internet."
In 2011, the federal government aims to shut down top illegal websites and to secure legislation that will enable funding for U.S. embassies to monitor American intellectual property internationally. For example, President Obama discussed enforcement of intellectual property rights with Chinese President Hu Jintao. Alongside Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, Obama urged Hu to take action against consumers who purchase Microsoft software and other counterfeit DVDs and CDs for only a fraction of the cost online or in public markets. Other European countries and Japan have also addressed this growing problem in China, where the authorities hesitate to arrest counterfeiters due to the fact that such products bolster local economies.
Since the passage of the PRO-IP Act, the National Association of Manufacturers has lobbied for further legislation, as well. In addition to identifying counterfeit and infringing products, the Association would like the legislation that compiles a "watch list" database of importers, shippers and other participants at U.S. ports. Such legislation should also increase fines, as well as develop tools to ensure that manufacturers receive timely information about acts of infringement.
References
Acts of the 110th United States Congress
United States federal intellectual property legislation |
20474592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN%20Heroes | CNN Heroes | CNN Heroes: An All-Star Tribute is a television special created by CNN to honor individuals who make extraordinary contributions to humanitarian aid and make a difference in their communities. The program was started in 2007. Since 2016, the program was hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kelly Ripa. Honorees are introduced during the fall of each year and the audience is encouraged to vote online for the CNN Hero of the Year. Ten recipients are honored and each receive US$10,000. The top recipient is chosen as the CNN Hero of the Year and receives an additional US$100,000 to continue their work. During the broadcast celebrating their achievements, the honorees are introduced by celebrities who actively support their charity work. To celebrate the 10th anniversary, the 2016 edition had an additional segment where five previous Hero of the Year winners were chosen as candidates for the Superhero of the Year award, which was decided with an online poll.
Heroes
2007
The 18 CNN Heroes finalists for 2007 were (in alphabetical order):
Florence Cassassuce, La Paz, Mexico
Kayla Cornale, of Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Mathias Craig, of San Francisco
Irania Martinez Garcia, of Guantanamo, Cuba
Pablo Fajardo, of Ecuador
Rangina Hamidi, of Stone Ridge, Virginia, United States
Rick Hodes, of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Lynwood Hughes, of Rocky Mount, North Carolina, United States
Dallas Jessup, of Vancouver, Washington, United States
Peter Kithene, of Seattle, Washington, United States
Scott Loeff, of Chicago, Illinois, United States
Mark Maksimowicz, of St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
James McDowell, of Patchogue, New York, United States
Anne McGee, of Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Josh Miller, of Santa Monica, California, United States
Rosemary Nyirumbe, of Uganda
Steve Peifer, of Kijabe, Kenya
S. Ramakrishnan, of Ayikydy, India
Julie Rems-Smario, of Oakland, California, United States
Scott Southworth, of USA
2008
The Top 10 CNN Heroes of 2008 were (in alphabetical order):
Tad Agoglia, of Long Island, New York, United States
Yohannes Gebregeorgis, of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Carolyn LeCroy, of Norfolk, Virginia, United States
Anne Mahlum, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Liz McCartney, of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States: CNN 2008 Hero of the Year
Phymean Noun, of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
David Puckett, of Savannah, Georgia, United States
Maria Ruiz, of El Paso, Texas, United States
Marie Da Silva, of (Malawi), residing in Los Angeles, California, United States
Viola Vaughn, of Kaolack, Senegal
2009
The Top 10 CNN Heroes of 2009 were (in alphabetical order):
Jorge Munoz, of Queens, New York, United States
Jordan Thomas, of Chattanooga, Tennessee, United
Budi Soehardi, of Kupang, Indonesia
Betty Makoni, of London, United Kingdom
Doc Hendley, of Blowing Rock, North Carolina, United States
Efren Peñaflorida, of Cavite City, Philippines: 2009 CNN Hero of the Year
Derrick Tabb, of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Roy Foster, of Palm Beach, Florida, United States
Andrea Ivory, of West Park, Florida, United States
Brad Blauser, of Dallas, Texas, United States
2010
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2010 (in alphabetical order):
Guadalupe Arizpe De La Vega of Juarez, Mexico
Susan Burton of California, United States
Linda Fondren of Mississippi, United States
Anuradha Koirala of Kathmandu, Nepal: 2010 CNN Hero of the year
Narayanan Krishnan of Madurai, India
Magnus MacFarlane-Barrow of Scotland, United Kingdom
Harmon Parker of Kenya, Africa
Aki Ra of Cambodia
Evans Wadongo of Kenya, Africa
Dan Wallrath of Texas, United States
Also all of the 33 Chilean Miners came on the show to be honored after the 2010 Copiapó mining accident before awards were given out to the list of heroes shown above. Kareem Taylor is the promotional voice for the commercial campaign leading up to the show.
2011
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2011 (in alphabetical order):
Eddie Canales of Texas, United States
Taryn Davis of North Carolina, United States
Sal Dimiceli of Wisconsin, United States
Derreck Kayongo of Atlanta, United States
Diane Latiker of Chicago, United States
Robin Lim of Bali, Indonesia: 2011 CNN Hero of the year
Patrice Millet of Haiti
Bruno Serato of Anaheim, California, United States
Richard St. Denis of Mexico
Amy Stokes of South Africa
2012
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2012 (in alphabetical order):
Pushpa Basnet of Kathmandu, Nepal: 2012 CNN Hero of the year
Wanda Butts of Ohio, United States
Mary Cortani of California, United States
Catalina Escobar of Cartagena, Colombia
Razia Jan of Afghanistan, with an organization located in Massachusetts, United States
Thulani Madondo of Kliptown, South Africa
Leo McCarthy of Montana, United States
Connie Siskowski of New Jersey, United States
Scott Strode of Colorado, United States
Malya Villard-Appolon of Kofaviv, Haiti
The 3 Young Wonders of 2012 (in alphabetical order):
Cassandra Lin
Will Lourcey
Jessica Rees
2013
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2013 (in alphabetical order):
Dale Beatty, co-founder of Purple Heart Homes
George Bwelle
Robin Emmons
Danielle Gletow, founder of One Simple Wish
Tawanda Jones
Richard Nares
Kakenya Ntaiya
Chad Pregracke of the USA: 2013 CNN Hero of the year
Estella Pyfrom, creator of "Estalla's Brilliant Bus"
Laura Stachel
2014
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2014 (in alphabetical order):
Arthur Bloom of the United States
Jon Burns of the United Kingdom
Pen Farthing of the United Kingdom: 2014 CNN Hero of the year
Elimelech Goldberg of the United States
Leela Hazzah of Kenya
Patricia Kelly of the United States
Annette March-Grier of the United States
Ned Norton of the United States
Juan Pablo Romero Fuentes of Guatemala
Dr. Wendy Ross of the United States
The 3 Young Wonders of 2014 (in alphabetical order):
Lily Born
Maria Keller, Read Indeed,
Joshua Williams, Joshua's Heart
2015
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2015:
Maggie Doyne, of New Jersey, United States: 2015 CNN Hero of the year
Jim Withers, United States
Monique Pool, of Suriname
Richard Joyner, United States
Sean Gobin, United States
Bhagwati Agrawal, India
Kim Carter, United States
Rochelle Ripley, United States
Jody Farley-Berens
Daniel Ivankovich, United States
2016
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2016:
Jeison Aristizábal of Cali, Colombia: 2016 CNN Hero of the year
Craig Dodson, United States
Sherri Franklin, United States
Brad Ludden, United States
Luma Mufleh, United States
Georgie Smith, United States
Umra Omar, Kenya
Sheldon Smith, United States
Becca Stevens, United States
Harry Swimmer, United States
Pushpa Basnet, of Kathmandu, Nepal: 10th Anniversary CNN SuperHero
2017
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2017:
Stan Hays
Samir Lakhani
Jennifer Maddox
Rosie Mashale
Andrew Manzi
Leslie Morissette
Mona Patel
Khali Sweeney
Aaron Valencia
Amy Wright: 2017 CNN Hero of the year
2018
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2018:
Abisoye Ajayi-Akinfolarin
Maria Rose Belding
Amanda Boxtel
Rob Gore
Luke Mickelson
Susan Munsey
Florence Phillips
Ricardo Pun-Chong: 2018 CNN Hero of the Year
Ellen Stackable
Chris Stout
2019
The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2019 each received US$10,000. The 2019 CNN Hero of the Year received an additional US$100,000. The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2019:
Staci Alonso, Noah's Animal House (pet shelter for escaping domestic violence)
Najah Bazzy, Zaman International (helping women & children living in poverty)
Woody Faircloth, RV4CampfireFamily.org
Freweini Mebrahtu, 2019 CNN Hero of the Year, Dignity Period (helping Ethiopian girls stay in school)
Mark Meyers
Richard Miles
Roger Montoya
Mary Robinson
Afroz Shah
Zach Wigal
The 4 Young Wonders of 2019 (in alphabetical order):
Jemima Browning, Tadcaster Stingrays
Grace Callwood, We Cancerve Movement
Bradley Ferguson, Post Crashers
Jahkil Jackson, Project I Am
2020
The 14th Annual CNN Heroes: An All-Star Tribute focused solely on inspirational heroes from the biggest stories of the year -- the fight against coronavirus and the battle for racial equity and social justice. Frontline workers, advocates, scientists, Young Wonders and everyday people were saluted and 8 nonprofit organizations working to tackle these issues were highlighted. Each organization received $10,000 and viewers were encouraged to donate to these vetted, trusted organizations.
In lieu of the traditional Top 10 and CNN Hero of the Year, the 2020 edition saw viewers selecting the year's Most Inspirational Moments.
The nonprofit organizations highlighted included:
AdoptAClassroom.org
Bring Change To Mind
Center for Disaster Philanthropy
Equal Justice Initiative
IssueVoter
Make-A-Wish America
Water.org
World Central Kitchen
The 3 Young Wonders of 2020 (in alphabetical order):
Cavanaugh Bell, Cool & Dope
Tiana Day, Youth Advocates for Change
TJ Kim, Operation SOS
2021
The 15th Annual CNN Heroes All-Star Tribute returned to the long-running shows' traditional format honoring the Top 10 CNN Heroes of 2021 with viewers voting online for the CNN Hero of the Year. Shirley Raines was selected as the 2021 CNN Hero of the Year.
Honorees included:
Jennifer Colpas, Colombia - Tierra Grata
Lynda Doughty, United States - Marine Mammals of Maine
David Flink, United States - Eye To Eye
Dr. Patricia Gordon, United States - Cure Cervical Cancer
Hector Guadalupe, United States - A Second U Foundation
Michele Neff Hernandez, United States - Soaring Spirits
Zannah Mustapha, Nigeria - Future Prowess Islamic Foundation
Shirley Raines, United States - Beauty 2 The Streetz
Made Janur Yasa, Indonesia - Plastic Exchange
Young Wonders recognized included:
Chelsea Phaire, United States - Chelsea's Charity
Jordan Mittler, United States - Mittler Senior Technology
Awards
In 2020, the program's director, Brett Kelly, received the inaugural Outstanding Direction News & Documentary Emmy Award for its 2019 13th Annual Show. In 2019, the program was nominated for the News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding News Special for its 2018 12th Annual show.
In 2017, the program received a News & Documentary Emmy Award for Outstanding Lighting Direction and Scenic Design its 2016 10th Annual show.
In 2012, the program received a Peabody Award for its 2011 campaign and show. CNN Heroes has also been nominated for additional News & Documentary Emmy Awards and is the winner of 3 Gracies.
See also
List of awards for volunteerism and community service
References
External links
Official CNN Heroes website
CNN
American annual television specials |
6904383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinovo%2C%20Slovakia | Malinovo, Slovakia | Malinovo (, ) is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.
Names and etymology
The original name comes from a Germanic personal name Eberhardt. The earliest mentions are Yberhart (1209), Ybrehart (1216), Eburhardi (1260). In 1946, the village was renamed to Malinovo in honor of Soviet Marshal Rodion Malinovsky. Éberhárd is still the official name in the language of the Hungarian minority.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 8.829 km2.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1209. In the 13th century, the village was inhabited by Germans who lived there until the 16th century. Malinovo was an important port on the Little Danube where also river tolls were charged. In 1548, the village was already completely abandoned and re-settled again. In 1773, it was already mostly Hungarian.
The old village castle was acquired in June 1763 by Count György Apponyi of the Apponyi family. It was rebuilt into its current form by the Apponyis in the early 19th century. Statesman György Apponyi died in the castle in 1899, and his son Albert Apponyi often received guests there. In 1923 it became the home of the State Agricultural School of Czechoslovakia. It is still home to a Horticultural School named after Gustav Čejka (cs).
After World War I, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, through the First Vienna Award, Malinovo became a part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary . After World War II, the Hungarian population was partially expelled and replaced by Slovaks from Hungary.
Point of Interest
The Apponyi castle is still standing in a public park, but (as of late 2019) in need of renovation.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the municipality had 1,861 inhabitants. 1,158 of inhabitants were Slovaks, 625 Hungarians, 13 Czechs and 65 others and unspecified.
References
External links
Official page
https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lesie | Zálesie | Zálesie may refer to:
Zálesie, Kežmarok District, Slovakia
Zálesie, Senec District, Slovakia
See also
Zalesie (disambiguation)
Zalesye
pl:Zalesie |
6904403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane%20Krause | Christiane Krause | Christiane Krause (born 14 December 1950) is a German athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres.
She competed for West Germany in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the gold medal with her teammates Ingrid Becker, Annegret Richter and Heide Rosendahl.
References
West German female sprinters
Olympic gold medalists for West Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of West Germany
1950 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic female sprinters |
17336538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postkodmiljon%C3%A4ren | Postkodmiljonären | Postkodmiljonären (English translation: The postcode millionaire) is a Swedish game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show debuted on 26 August 2005 and is hosted by Rickard Sjöberg. It is shown every Friday and Saturday from 7:30 PM to 8 PM (UTC+1) on the Swedish commercial television station TV4. The programme is also combined with a lottery, Svenska Postkodlotteriet (The Swedish Postcode Lottery), in a twice-weekly format. The original format of the show, broadcast between 2000 and 2003, was known as Vem vill bli miljonär? and lacked the lottery tie-in.
The main goal of the game is to win 1 million SEK by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. The more questions the contestant answers correctly, the more money the contestant passively earns. There are a number of lifelines which the participant can use to help them on their journey. There are "guaranteed levels" which guarantee the participant to walk away with a certain amount of money. The participant also has the option of refusing to answer a question and thus walk away with the money the participant has most recently passively or certainly earned. The game ends as soon as the participant either answers a question incorrectly, decides to walk away, or answers the million-SEK question correctly.
Format
The game contains 15 levels, each of which consists of one question. There are three guaranteed levels: 10,000 SEK, 100,000 SEK, and 1,000,000 (1 million) SEK. The contestant begins by deciding whether or not to include the Switch the Question lifeline; if the lifeline is included, the 100,000 SEK level will not be a guaranteed level. The game then begins. Each question has four possible answers. There are three–four lifelines which can be used by the contestant on any question: Fifty Fifty (50:50 – femtio-femtio), Phone A Friend (ringa en vän), Ask The Audience (fråga publiken), and Switch the Question (byta fråga). Fifty Fifty takes randomly away two of the possible wrong answers, leaving the contestant with only two alternatives. Phone A Friend lets the contestant call a friend to help the contestant with the question. During Phone A Friend, the contestant and the called person have 30 seconds, during which the contestant usually delivers the question and then the called person gives their advice. Ask The Audience asks every person in the studio audience to give their answer to the question, after which the percentage results of each possible answer is displayed. Switch the Question swaps the question for a new one while forcing the contestant to pick an answer to find out the correct answer to the initial question. Each lifeline can only be used once during the course of the entire game. Multiple lifelines can be used on the same question.
Every time the contestant answers a question correctly, the contestant moves one step up in the money tree. If the participant answers the million-SEK question correctly, the game ends and the participant wins the top prize of 1 million SEK and is declared a millionaire. If the contestant wrongly answers a question, the right answer is revealed, the game ends and the contestant walks away with the money value of the most recently cleared guaranteed level. This implies that if the contestant loses before clearing the 10,000 SEK guaranteed level, the contestant walks away empty-handed. If the contestant decides not to answer the question, the game ends and the contestant walks away with the money value of the most recently cleared level and is asked to pick an answer to find out the correct answer to the question. This implies that if the contestant walks away before clearing the first question, the contestant walks away empty-handed.
Occasionally, special episodes are aired where the show invites pairs of Swedish celebrities who play together. However, these pairs don't get to keep their earnings; instead, they are donated to a charitable organization which is chosen by the contestants.
Payout structure
*: Only a guaranteed level if the contestant chooses not to get the Switch the Question lifeline.
Winners
There have been 12 winners (one was a pair) in Postkodmiljonären: Per Hörberg, Torgny Segerstedt, Olle Laurell, Jan Sundström, Mattias Österman, Lena Anviken, Birgitta Hedström, the pair Lena Ag and Alexandra Pascalidou, Ylva Orrmell, Marianne Hiller, Ulf Jensen, and Eric Forsyth. Forsyth is the youngest winner at 29 years' age.
This was Eric Forsyth's one million SEK question:
This was Ulf Jensen's one million SEK question:
This was Marianne Hiller's one million SEK question:
This was Ylva Orrmell's one million SEK question:
This was the pair Lena Ag and Alexandra Pascalidou's one million SEK question:
This was Birgitta Hedström's one million SEK question:
This was Lena Anviken's one million SEK question:
This was Mattias Österman's one million SEK question:
This was Jan Sundström's one million SEK question:
This was Olle Laurell's one million SEK question:
This was Torgny Segerstedt's one million SEK question:
This was Per Hörberg's one million SEK question:
External links
Official website
References
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
TV4 (Sweden) original programming
Swedish game shows
2005 Swedish television series debuts |
17336549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stickney%20%28board%20of%20directors%20member%29 | William Stickney (board of directors member) | William Stickney (April 11, 1827 – October 13, 1881), was the son-in-law of Amos Kendall, a co-founder of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf, a grammar school in Washington, DC, which became Gallaudet University. He was a member of the board of directors of Columbia Institution from its inception in 1857 until his death in 1881. He was the first secretary of the board of directors, and held the position throughout his entire tenure as director.
In May 1857, a house and a vacant lot owned by Stickney were rented and, along with another house, were used to start the Columbia Institution.
William Stickney was born on April 11, 1827 in Vassalborough, Maine, and married Jeannie E. Kendall, the oldest daughter of Amos Kendall, on January 15, 1852 in a ceremony that took place on Kendall Green. They had two children: William "Will" Soule Stickney (October 24, 1852 - July 20, 1880), and a second child who died at six months of age in 1854.
Stickney attended Waterville College (now Colby College) in Maine, from 1846 to 1849, then entered the senior class at the Columbian University in Washington, DC (now George Washington University) and graduated from that institution. He was admitted to the bar to practice law in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850. He worked as a government clerk from 1852 to 1857, then worked as personal secretary to Amos Kendall from 1852 until Kendall's death in 1869.
Stickney died on October 13, 1881, after a four-day illness.
He was descended from William Stickney who settled in Massachusetts in 1636, having come from the town of Stickney on the eastern coast of England.
References
Genealogical information, http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/warrenst/F09GEN8.htm
Twenty-fourth Annual Report (1880-1881), Columbia Institution for the Deaf, November 2, 1881, http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1881.pdf
Stickney v. Stickney, http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/131/131.US.227.html
1827 births
1881 deaths
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Gallaudet University people |
20474600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped%20%28Australian%20TV%20series%29 | Trapped (Australian TV series) | Trapped is an Australian children's television series which first premiered on 30 November 2008 and finished its first run on 18 April 2009 on the Seven Network. The 26-part series was shot entirely on location in and around Broome, Western Australia from May to October 2008. A follow up series entitled Castaway began airing on the Seven Network on 12 February 2011. Many of the actors in the main cast of Trapped reprised their roles.
Premise
Following the mysterious disappearance of their parents from a remote scientific research station, a group of children are trapped in a dangerous paradise.
They can only rely on their own resources to survive, find out what's happened to their parents and uncover the terrible secret that is behind the Enterprise Project. Many challenges, mysteries and problems are faced. It's their job to work this all out.
Cast
Main
Marcel Bracks as Rob Frazer
Benjamin Jay as Ryan Cavaner
Maia Mitchell as Natasha Hamilton
Anthony Spanos as Josh Jacobs
Mikayla Southgate as Jarrah Haddon
Sam Fraser as Suzuki Haddon
Natasha Phillips as Lily Taylor
Matilda Terbio as Emma Taylor
Kim Walsh as Maggie Monks
Brad Albert as Gabe
Episodes
See also
Castaway (TV series)
List of Australian television series
References
External links
Trapped on Facebook
Australian children's television series
Seven Network original programming
2008 Australian television series debuts
2009 Australian television series endings
Television shows set in Western Australia
Television series about children |
6904406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC%20restriction | MHC restriction | MHC-restricted antigen recognition, or MHC restriction, refers to the fact that a T cell can interact with a self-major histocompatibility complex molecule and a foreign peptide bound to it, but will only respond to the antigen when it is bound to a particular MHC molecule.
When foreign proteins enter a cell, they are broken into smaller pieces called peptides. These peptides, also known as antigens, can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria. Foreign peptides are brought to the surface of the cell and presented to T cells by proteins called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During T cell development, T cells go through a selection process in the thymus to ensure that the T cell receptor (TCR) will not recognize MHC molecule presenting self-antigens, i.e that its affinity is not too high. High affinity means it will be autoreactive, but no affinity means it will not bind strongly enough to the MHC. The selection process results in developed T cells with specific TCRs that might only respond to certain MHC molecules but not others. The fact that the TCR will recognize only some MHC molecules but not others contributes to "MHC restriction". The biological reason of MHC restriction is to prevent supernumerary wandering lymphocytes generation, hence energy saving and economy of cell-building materials.
T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that is significant in the immune system to activate other immune cells. T-cells will recognize foreign peptides through T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of the T cells, and then perform different roles depending on the type of T cell they are in order to defend the host from the foreign peptide, which may have come from pathogens like bacteria, viruses or parasites. Enforcing the restriction that T cells are activated by peptide antigens only when the antigens are bound to self-MHC molecules, MHC restriction adds another dimension to the specificity of T cell receptors so that an antigen is recognized only as peptide-MHC complexes.
MHC restriction in T cells occurs during their development in the thymus, specifically positive selection. Only the thymocytes (developing T cells in the thymus) that are capable of binding, with an appropriate affinity, with the MHC molecules can receive a survival signal and go on to the next level of selection. MHC restriction is significant for T cells to function properly when it leaves the thymus because it allows T cell receptors to bind to MHC and detect cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens, viral proteins and bearing genetic defects. Two models explaining how restriction arose are the germline model and the selection model.
The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of evolutionary pressure favoring T cell receptors that are capable of binding to MHC. The selection model suggests that not all T cell receptors show MHC restriction, however only the T cell receptors with MHC restriction are expressed after thymus selection. In fact, both hypotheses are reflected in the determination of TCR restriction, such that both germline-encoded interactions between TCR and MHC and co-receptor interactions with CD4 or CD8 to signal T cell maturation occur during selection.
Introduction
The TCRs of T cells recognize linear peptide antigens only if coupled with a MHC molecule. In other words, the ligands of TCRs are specific peptide-MHC complexes. MHC restriction is particularly important for self-tolerance, which makes sure that the immune system does not target self-antigens. When primary lymphocytes are developing and differentiating in the thymus or bone marrow, T cells die by apoptosis if they express high affinity for self-antigens presented by an MHC molecule or express too low an affinity for self MHC.
T cell maturation involves two distinct developmental stages: positive selection and negative selection. Positive selection ensures that any T-cells with a high enough affinity for MHC bound peptide survive and goes on to negative selection, while negative selection induces death in T-cells which bind self-peptide-MHC complex too strongly. Ultimately, the T-cells differentiate and mature to become either T helper cells or T cytotoxic cells. At this point the T cells leave the primary lymphoid organ and enter the blood stream.
The interaction between TCRs and peptide-MHC complex is significant in maintaining the immune system against foreign antigens. MHC restriction allows TCRs to detect host cells that are infected by pathogens, contains non-self proteins or bears foreign DNA. However, MHC restriction is also responsible for chronic autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity.
Structural specificity
The peptide-MHC complex presents a surface that looks like an altered self to the TCR. The surface consisting of two α helices from the MHC and a bound peptide sequence is projected away from the host cell to the T cells, whose TCRs are projected away from the T cells towards the host cells. In contrast with T cell receptors which recognize linear peptide epitopes, B cell receptors recognize a variety of conformational epitopes (including peptide, carbohydrate, lipid and DNA) with specific three-dimensional structures.
Imposition
The imposition of MHC restriction on the highly variable TCR has caused heated debate. Two models have been proposed to explain the imposition of MHC restriction. The Germline model proposes that MHC restriction is hard-wired in the TCR Germline sequence due to co-evolution of TCR and MHC to interact with each other. The Selection model suggests that MHC restriction is not a hard-wired property in the Germline sequences of TCRs, but imposed on them by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection. The relative importance of the two models are not yet determined.
Germline model
The Germline hypothesis suggests that the ability to bind to MHC is intrinsic and encoded within the germline DNA that are coding for TCRs. This is because of evolutionary pressure selects for TCRs that are capable of binding to MHC and selects against those that are not capable of binding to MHC. Since the emergence of TCR and MHC ~500 million years ago, there is ample opportunity for TCR and MHC to coevolve to recognize each other. Therefore, it is proposed that evolutionary pressure would lead to conserved amino acid sequences at regions of contact with MHCs on TCRs.
Evidence from X-ray crystallography has shown comparable binding topologies between various TCR and MHC-peptide complexes. In addition, conserved interactions between TCR and specific MHCs support the hypothesis that MHC restriction is related to the co-evolution of TCR and MHC to some extent.
Selection model
The selection hypothesis argues that instead of being an intrinsic property, MHC restriction is imposed on the T cells during positive thymic selection after random TCRs are produced. According to this model, T cells are capable of recognizing a variety of peptide epitopes independent of MHC molecules before undergoing thymic selection. During thymic selection, only the T cells with affinity to MHC are signaled to survive after the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors also bind to the MHC molecule. This is called positive selection.
During positive selection, co-receptors CD4 and CD8 initiate a signaling cascade following MHC binding. This involves the recruitment of Lck, a tyrosine kinase essential for T cell maturation that is associated with the cytoplasmic tail of the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Selection model argues that Lck is directed to TCRs by co-receptors CD4 and CD8 when they recognize MHC molecules. Since TCRs interact better with Lck when they are binding to the MHC molecules that are binding to the co-receptors in a ternary complex, T cells that can interact with MHCs bound to by the co-receptors can activate the Lck kinase and receive a survival signal.
Supporting this argument, genetically modified T cells without CD4 and CD8 co-receptors express MHC-independent TCRs. It follows that MHC restriction is imposed by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection of T cell selection.
Reconciliation
A reconciliation of the two models was offered later on suggesting that both co-receptor and germline predisposition to MHC binding play significant roles in imposing MHC restriction. Since only those T cells that are capable of binding to MHCs are selected for during positive selection in the thymus, to some extent evolutionary pressure selects for germline TCR sequences that bind MHC molecules. On the other hand, as suggested by the selection model, T cell maturation requires the TCRs to bind to the same MHC molecules as the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor during T cell selection, thus imposing MHC restriction.
References
External links
Immune system |
6904411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlky | Vlky | Vlky () is a village and municipality in Senec District in the Bratislava Region, in western Slovakia.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 128 metres and covers an area of 3.622 km2. It has a population of 428 people (2011).
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1283.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Vlky once more became part of Miklós Horthy's Hungary through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Demography
Population by nationality (2001):
Hungarian: 77,44%, Slovak: 21,05%
Rerefences
External links/Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20051125052434/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Senec District |
6904415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla%20Bodendorf | Carla Bodendorf | Carla Bodendorf (née Rietig on 13 August 1953 in Eilsleben, Bezirk Magdeburg) is a retired East German sprint runner who won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1976 Summer Olympics; individually she finished fourth in the 200 meters. She won two bronze medals in these events at the 1978 European Athletics Championships.
She was part of two East German 4×100 relay teams that held the world record for three years from 1976 to 1979.
After retiring from competitions, Bodendorf worked as a sports teacher, and then became a politician and project manager at the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Saxony-Anhalt. She is married to Jürgen Bodendorf, a long and triple jumper and a football coach.
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Börde (district)
People from Bezirk Magdeburg
East German female sprinters
Sportspeople from Saxony-Anhalt
Olympic athletes of East Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
Olympic female sprinters |
23576548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed%20rail%20in%20the%20Netherlands | High-speed rail in the Netherlands | High-speed rail service in the Netherlands started at 13 December 2009 with the dedicated HSL-Zuid line that connects the Randstad via Brussels to the European high-speed rail network. In later years improved traditional rail sections were added to the high-speed network. Proposals for more dedicated high-speed lines were deemed too costly; plans for the HSL-Oost to Germany were mothballed and instead of the Zuiderzeelijn the less ambitious Hanzelijn was built to enable future high-speed service between the northern provinces and the Randstad.
As per 2020 three high-speed train services are operative in the Netherlands: Thalys, InterCityExpress (ICE), and Eurostar; the short-lived Fyra service was cancelled in 2013 after severe reliability issues.
History
As early as 1973, the Den Uyl cabinet discussed a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands. It was not until 1988 that the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) started three HSL projects, namely HSL-Zuid, HSL-Oost, and HSL-Noord (Zuiderzeelijn). The overall plan, called Rail 21, was approved in 1989, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of the first railway in the Netherlands (1839). HSL-Zuid was constructed between 2000 and 2006, and began operating in 2009. HSL-Oost was cancelled in 2001, HSL-Noord was cancelled in 2007. The Hanzelijn (constructed 2006–2012) partially took over HSL-Noord's role in connecting the west and north of the country through Lelystad and Zwolle, and has been built to be eventually upgraded to 200 km/h, but so far trains on this track are not running at high speeds yet. New plans for a HSL-Noord, now dubbed 'Lelylijn' instead of 'Zuiderzeelijn', were unveiled in 2019; a feasibility study, with the support of all national political parties, is underway and expected to be finished in late 2020.
Following numerous problems with the V250 multiple units the Fyra service on HSL-Zuid was cancelled in January 2013 after less than two months in full service. A week later Thalys and Eurostar trains replaced the Fyra to a less frequent and slower timetable. The Intercity Nieuwe Generatie (ICNG) is scheduled to be introduced on Dutch high-speed rails (HSL-Zuid and the Hanzelijn) in 2023.
Lines
HSL-Zuid
HSL-Zuid (, ) is a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands. Using existing tracks from Amsterdam Centraal to Schiphol Airport, the dedicated high-speed line begins here and continues to Rotterdam Centraal and to the Belgian border. Here, it connects to the HSL 4, terminating at Antwerpen-Centraal. Den Haag Centraal (The Hague) and Breda are connected to the high-speed line by conventional railway lines. Services running at on the HSL-Zuid began on 7 September 2009 between Amsterdam and Rotterdam. From December 2009, Thalys trains from Amsterdam to Brussels and Paris have run on HSL-Zuid. From December 2012 to January 2013 (40 days in total) the Fyra V250 trains ran on HSL-Zuid between Amsterdam and Brussels, only to have service suspended because of the poor quality (and safety risks) of the Italian-made trains.
Stations
The HSL-Zuid serves the following stations:
Amsterdam Centraal
Schiphol
Rotterdam Centraal
Between Rotterdam and the Belgian border there is a branch to Breda (from 04-04-2011).
Hanzelijn
Hanzelijn (English: Hanseatic line) is a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands. It connects Lelystad, capital of the province of Flevoland, with Zwolle, capital of the neighbouring province of Overijssel, and provides a direct rail link between Flevoland and the north-east of the Netherlands. The maximum speed on the line is , though no Dutch domestic rolling stock can achieve speeds greater than . Only by clearing the line for International trains is the line speed of reached.
The completion of the Hanzelijn in 2012 turned Zwolle into the Netherlands' second-most important railway junction. A new type of train, the Intercity Nieuwe Generatie (ICNG), will be introduced in 2023 on the HSL-Zuid track from Breda via Rotterdam, Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam Zuid, Lelystad, Zwolle, Groningen and Leeuwarden. On the Breda–Schiphol HSL-Zuid stretch and the Lelystad–Zwolle Hanzelijn stretch, this new train will be able to achieve 200 km/h instead of the regular 160 km/h. The current direct trains from Breda to Zwolle run via 's-Hertogenbosch and will take 2h 21m. The current fastest route is up to 8 minutes faster if you transfer at Rotterdam Centraal. The new direct route from Breda to Zwolle that will be using the HSL-Zuid removes the need for a transfer the total trip time is expected to be shortened by roughly 30 minutes.
Proposed and cancelled lines
HSL-Oost
HSL-Oost (Dutch: Hogesnelheidslijn-Oost, English: High-Speed Line East) is the name of a proposed high-speed line from Amsterdam into Germany via the Dutch cities of Utrecht and Arnhem. The scope of the project has now been reduced, but it is expected that German ICE trains will be able to travel at from Amsterdam to Utrecht in the near future. Currently, ERTMS has been installed on the line, but the soil is soft and needs time to stabilize after the recent expansion works. Transport Minister Tineke Netelenbos turned against the HSL-Oost, deeming it unfeasible and arguing that public funds were better spelt on improving existing infrastructure; the NS eventually agreed. In December 2001, the parliamentary coalition parties Labour, VVD and D66 finally voted in favour of Netelenbos' plan to not double the railway tracks until 2020, and instead only optimise the current two rails with sidetracks so that faster trains can overtake slower ones, and more efficient techniques to let trains drive more closely after one another beginning in 2007.
In 2009, a new feasibility study for the HSL-Oost after the year 2020 was promised by Transport Minister Camiel Eurlings. On 22 September 2010, the study named Synergie in railcorridors: Een onderzoek naar het integraal ontwerpen van railnetwerken was published, which stated that a new design method could make the HSL-Oost economical after all.
Other lines
According to the ProRail 2030 plan, several mainlines will be upgraded. To decrease journey time, some sections are likely to become operated at 160 km/h or 200 km/h. Still it's uncertain, if the whole line between Amsterdam and Groningen will be upgraded or few stretches of it. By the end of 2021 the decision of selecting routes to be upgraded is to be made. Some of mainlines, capable for 140 km/h can be upgraded to 160 km/h after re-signalling and even for 200 km/h after four-tracking and changing electrification from DC to AC.
References |
23576549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Brungardt | Pete Brungardt | Peter F. Brungardt (born January 30, 1947) is a former Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 24th district from 2001 to 2013. His previous political experiences include the Salina City Planning Commission (1986–1991), Salina City Commission (1991–1999), and Mayor of Salina (1993–1994, 1998–1999).
An optometrist, he is married to Rosie Brungardt.
Committee assignments
Brungardt served on these legislative committees:
Federal and State Affairs (chair)
Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations (chair)
Joint Committee on Corrections and Juvenile Justice Oversight (vice-chair)
Ethics and Elections
Calendar and Rules
Public Health and Welfare
Major donors
Some of the top contributors to Brungardt's 2008 campaign, according to the National Institute on Money in State Politics:
Kansas Republican Senatorial Committee, Kansas Bankers Association, Senate Republican Leadership Committee of Kansas, Kansas National Education Association, Kansas Contractors Association, Kansas Association of Realtors
Financial, insurance and real estate companies were his largest donor group.
Elections
2012
Brungardt was defeated by Tom Arpke in the August 7, 2012 Republican primary, by a margin of 5,413 to 4,354. Arpke went on to defeat Democratic nominee Janice Norlin in the general election on November 6, 2012.
References
External links
Kansas Senate
Project Vote Smart profile
Follow the Money campaign contributions
2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
Pete Brungardt on State Surge
Pete Brungardt on Vote-KS.org
Living people
1947 births
Salus University alumni
American optometrists
Kansas Republicans
Kansas state senators
21st-century American politicians |
6904429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay%20High%20School%20%28Oregon%2C%20Ohio%29 | Clay High School (Oregon, Ohio) | Clay High School is a public high school in Oregon, Ohio, United States, east of Toledo. It is the only high school in the Oregon City School District. The school is named for Jeremiah Clay, who donated his farmland for the school to be built on.
Over the last few years the Clay High School Campus has undergone remodeling. An addition was made to the main building, while the old elementary and the Annex were demolished. The Main building also was gutted and redone.
The school colors are green and yellow. Their nickname is the Eagles, after their mascots Eddy and Edna the Eagle. Clay was a member of the Great Lakes League until 2003 when they joined the Toledo City League. Clay's joining of the TCL made them the second non-Toledo team to join the league (Cardinal Stritch 1971-1994) though they have played the Toledo City League schools for years prior to joining. In 2011, Clay joined the newly formed Three Rivers Athletic Conference as a charter member.
Demographics
Career Technical Education Programs
Clay High School offers Career Technical Education (CTE) programs, also sometimes referred to as Career Tech, as a form of vocational education. The current CTE programs offered are:
Automotive Technologies
Construction Trades
Cosmetology
Culinary Arts
Engineering Design & Development
Environmental & Agriculture
Integrated Machining & Engineering
Marketing
Medical Technologies
Musical Theatre
Programming & Software Development
Athletics
Ohio High School Athletic Association Team State Championships
Boys Baseball – 1979
Performing Arts
Marching, Concert, and Symphonic Band
The modern band program at Clay was started by Clay graduate and saxophonist Nancy Fox Bricker in 1952, cementing the band as a marching band known as the Clay High School Fighting Eagle Marching Band. After Mrs. Bricker became ill and her husband assumed directing duties, Clay graduate Charles Neal was made the new director in 1967. The traditions of the Clay band were continued and expanded by its next director, Clay graduate Brian Gyuras, whom was named the new director in 1999 and brought back student direction of the band. The current director of the band is Joseph Kuzdzal, whom has held the position since 2019.
The band performs at Clay football games, and during the off season performs concerts and other parades. The band is split into two sections based on grade level, the concert band for freshmen and sophomores, and the symphonic band for juniors and seniors. The band also has multiple subgroups, in the form of jazz band and pep band. The band also claims the largest Alumni band in Ohio, which performs every other year during the homecoming football game.
Concert Chorale
Clay High School includes a choir program in the form of Concert Chorale. The program educates students in various subjects of good musicianship, and contributes to an enrolled student's fine arts credit needed to graduate. The program also puts on multiple concerts throughout the school year, and performs at other events. The current director of the program is Thom Sneed.
The Concert Chorale is also host to Varsity Voices, an audition based group which learns additional music outside of the school day to perform at concerts. The program also formerly had two gender based groups, a men's chorus and an all female chorus named "Bel Canto".
Theater Department
Aside from the Musical Theatre CTE program, Clay High School also has a theatre group in the form of the CHS Limelighters. The group typically puts on three productions per school year, and membership is open to the Clay student body. The group puts on a combination of musicals, plays, and one-acts and is under the direction of Thom Sneed, Leah Walsh, and Elizabeth Gibson.
Notable alumni
A. J. Achter - Former pitcher Michigan State University, currently plays for the Los Angeles Angels
Chris Fussell - Former pitcher with the Baltimore Orioles
Jordan Kovacs - Former safety and captain for the University of Michigan football team, currently a defensive quality control coach for the Cincinnati Bengals
Justin Thomas - Pitcher with the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League
Eric Herman - NFL Offensive Guard for the Indianapolis Colts.
References
External links
Oregon City Schools Official website of Oregon City Schools
High schools in Lucas County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
6904432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tant%20Strul | Tant Strul | Tant Strul was a Swedish punk rock band that are considered as the leading all female punk rock band in Sweden, although they at times had a male member. The last setting before they split up was: vocalist, guitarist and songwriter Kajsa Grytt, keyboardist Malena Jönsson, bassist Liten Falkeholm, drummer Nike Markelius, and cellist Sebastian Öberg (from the Flesh Quartet).
History
The band started in 1981 with band members Kärsti Stiege (the mother of Swedish pop star Lykke Li), Liten Falkeholm, Kajsa Grytt, Malena Jönsson and Micke Westerlund. Kärsti left after the first two singles, and Micke left after the first LP "Tant Strul" (1981) and was replaced by Nike. The band now consisted of four women: Kajsa Grytt, Malena Jönsson, Liten Falkeholm and Nike Markelius. After the second LP "Amason" (1983), Sebastian Öberg joined the group. After the third LP "Jag önskar dig" (1984) the group split up.
Their style of music got softer over the years, and by the time the cellist Öberg joined the group they could hardly be called a punk rock group any more. After the split, Kajsa Grytt and Malena Jönsson formed a duo who released two LP's with laid back songs, based on Malena's piano and Kajsa's voice: "Historier från en väg" (1986) and "Den andra världen" (1988). Then Kajsa Grytt became a solo artist who so far has released four albums: "Kajsa Grytt" (1990), "Revolution" (1994), "Är vi på väg hem" (2003) and "Brott och straff" (2006).
Before joining Tant Strul, Kajsa Grytt was briefly a member of Pink Champagne, and Liten Falkenholm played with Eldkvarn.
References
External links
Kajsa Grytt official internet page
SvD article on the 2005 reunion
Swedish punk rock groups
Feminism in Sweden
1981 establishments in Sweden |
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