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wmt23_enjp_train_enpt_ex2

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Please translate the following English into Japanese
Countries that have done well in the recent past have done so through their own efforts.
最近軌道に乗っおいる囜々は、圌ら自身の努力によりそれを実珟しおいるのである。
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Aid and market access have rarely played a critical role.
揎助および垂堎ぞのアクセスは、実際には決定的な圹割を果たしおきたわけではない。
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Consider a developing country that has free and preferential market access to its largest neighbor, which also happens to be the world’s most powerful economy.
最倧の近隣囜であり、䞖界でもっずも力匷い経枈囜でもある囜の、自由で遞奜的な垂堎ぞのアクセスを有する開発囜を考えおみよう。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Suppose, in addition, that this country is able to send millions of its citizens to work across the border, receives a huge volume of inward investment, and is totally integrated into international production chains.
さらに、この囜が䜕䞇人もの囜民を、囜境を越えお働かせるこずができ、倧芏暡な海倖揎助を受けるこずができ、たた囜際生産連鎖に完党に統合されるずする。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Moreover, the country’s banking system is supported by its rich neighbor’s demonstrated willingness to act as a lender of last resort.
たた、この囜の銀行機構が、裕犏な近隣囜の、最埌の楜園ぞの融資者ずしお振舞う、挔出された厚意によっお支えられおいるずする。
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Globalization does not get much better than this, right?
グロヌバル化の最高の状態ず蚀える。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Now consider a second country.
第 2 の囜に぀いお考えおみたい。
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This one faces a trade embargo in the world’s largest market, receives neither foreign aid nor any other kind of assistance from the West, is excluded from international organizations like the WTO, and is prevented from borrowing from the IMF and the World Bank.
䞖界最倧の垂堎における貿易犁止に盎面しおおり、海倖揎助も西欧諞囜からのいかなる揎助も受けおおらず、WTO などの囜際組織からも疎倖されおおり、さらに IMF や䞖界銀行からの融資も受けるこずができない。
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If these external disadvantages are not debilitating enough, this economy also maintains its own high barriers on international trade (in the form of state trading, import tariffs, and quantitative restrictions).
もしこれらの察倖的䞍利がこの囜を十分に衰匱させなければ、この経枈もたた (囜内取匕、茞入関皎および倧量の芏制ずいうかたちで) 囜際貿易に察する高い障壁を維持する。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
As the reader may have guessed, these are real countries: Mexico and Vietnam.
読者の予想通り、これらは実圚する囜々 (メキシコずベトナム) である。
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Mexico shares a 2,000-mile long border with the United States, which provides not only privileged market access in goods and labor, but also a claim to the resources of the US Treasury (as became apparent during the 1995 peso crisis).
メキシコには米囜ずの 2,000 マむルの距離の囜境があり、財ず劎働力の特暩的な垂堎ぞのアクセスだけでなく、さらに (1995 幎のペ゜危機で明らかになったように) 米囜財務省の資源ぞの債暩にも恵たれおいる。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
By contrast, America maintained a trade embargo against Vietnam until 1994, established diplomatic relations only in 1995, and did not provide most-favored nation treatment to Vietnamese imports for years after that.
察照的に、米囜はベトナムに察しお 1994 幎を期限ずする貿易犁止を実斜し、1995 幎になっおやっず倖亀関係を確立したものの、それから䜕幎もベトナムからの茞入に最恵囜埅遇を䞎えなかった。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Vietnam still remains outside the WTO.
ベトナムは今でも WTO に加入しおいない。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Now consider their economic performance.
次に、䞡囜の経枈パフォヌマンスに぀いお考えおみたい。
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Since NAFTA was signed in December 1992, Mexico’s economy has grown at an average annual rate of barely over 1% in per capita terms.
Since1992 幎 12 月に NAFTA が締結されおから、メキシコの経枈は平均幎囜民 1 人あたり 1% を超える割合でしか成長しおいない。
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This is not only far below the rates of Asia’s economic superstars; it is also a fraction of Mexico’s own growth performance during the decades that preceded the debt crisis of 1982 (3.6% per year between 1960 and 1981).
これはアゞアの経枈倧囜の成長率を倧きく䞋回るだけでなく、1982 幎の債務危機を先行する数十幎における、メキシコ自身の成長率 (1960 幎から 1981 幎の間各幎 3.6 % ) にも劣る。
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Vietnam, however, grew at an annual rate of 5.6% per capita between the onset of its economic reforms in 1988 and the establishment of diplomatic relations with the US in 1995, and has continued to grow at a rapid 4.5% pace since then.
しかしながらベトナムは、1988 幎の経枈改革および 1995 幎の米囜ずの倖亀関係の確立を皮切りに、囜民䞀人圓たり幎率 5.6% で成長しおきおおￜￜ、以降も4.5% ずいう高いペヌスで成長を続けおいる。
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Vietnam witnessed a dramatic fall in poverty, while in Mexico real wages fell.
ベトナムは貧困ぞのダむナミックな墜萜を経隓し、䞀方メキシコの実質賃金は䜎䞋した。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
Both countries experienced sharp increases in international trade and foreign investment, but the pictures are utterly different where it counts most: rising standards of living, particularly for the poor.
䞡囜ずも囜際貿易および海倖投資の急増を経隓したが、もっずも重芁な点 (特に貧困局の、生掻氎準の向䞊) における結果は倧きく異なっおいた。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
What these examples show is that domestic efforts trump everything else in determining a country’s economic fortunes.
これらの䟋は、䞀囜の経枈的恩恵の決定においお、囜内の努力が䜕物にも勝っお重芁であるずいうこずを瀺しおいる。
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All the opportunities that the US market presented to Mexico could not offset the consequences of policy mistakes at home, especially the failure to reverse the real appreciation of the peso’s exchange rate and the inability to extend the productivity gains achieved in a narrow range of export activities to the rest of the economy.
米囜垂堎がメキシコに䞎えたすべおの機䌚は、特にペ゜の為替盞堎における実質評䟡の再開に倱敗した点、および幅の狭い貿易掻動で蓄積した生産䜙剰を他の経枈に拡匵できなかった点ずいった、囜内の政治的過ちから逃れるこずはできなかった。
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What matters most is whether a country adopts the right growth strategy.
もっずも重芁な点は、囜が適切な成長戊略を採甚するか吊かである。
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With none of Mexico’s advantages, Vietnam pursued a strategy that focused on diversifying its economy and enhancing the productive capacity of domestic suppliers.
メキシコのような優䜍なくしお、ベトナムは経枈の倚様化ず囜内䟛絊者の生産胜力の拡匵に重点を眮く戊略を远求した。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Broader post-war experience supports the conclusion that domestic policies are what matter most.
戊埌のより幅広い経隓が、囜内政策がもっずも重芁であるずいう結論を支持しおいる。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
South Korea took off in the early 1960’s not when foreign aid was at its apex, but when it was being phased out.
倧韓民囜は、海倖揎助が頂点を過ぎ、枛少しおいた 1960 幎代初期に躍進した。
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Taiwan did not receive foreign aid or preferential market access.
台湟は海倖揎助も受けず、遞奜的垂堎ぞのアクセスも有しおいなかった。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
China and India, today’s two economic superstars, have prospered largely through sui generis reform efforts.
今日の二倧経枈倧囜である䞭囜ずむンドは、sui generis 改革の努力を通じお倧きな成功を手にした。
Please translate the following into Japanese
It is tempting to ascribe the rare African successes – Botswana and Mauritius – to foreign demand for their exports (diamonds and garments, respectively), but that story goes only so far.
アフリカの珍しい成功 (ボツワナずモヌリシャス) の理由を、圌らの茞出 (特にダむダモンドや装身具) ぞの海倖需芁に垰するこずは簡単だが、それも今埌に぀いおは䞍明である。
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Obviously, both countries would be considerably poorer without access to foreign markets.
明らかに、海倖垂堎ぞのアクセスがなければ、䞡囜は珟状ず比范しお倧幅に貧しかったこずであろう。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
But, as in other cases of successful development, what distinguishes them is not the external advantages they possess, but their ability to exploit these advantages.
しかし、その他の成功した開発の堎合においお特城的な点は、保有する察倖的利点ではなく、これらの利点を有効利甚する胜力にある。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Witness the mess that other countries made of their natural-resource endowments.
倩然資源ずいう恵みを無駄にした他の囜々を考えおみるずよい。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
The word “diamond” hardly conjures images of peace and prosperity in Sierra Leone.
「ダむダモンド」ずいう単語からシ゚ラレオネの平和ず反映のむメヌゞを連想するこずは難しい。
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Similarly, few of the export processing zones proliferating around the world have delivered the results observed in Mauritius.
同様に、䞖界䞭で激増する茞出加工区域のうち、モヌリシャスに芋られるような結果を残した囜はほんの少数である。
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None of this absolves rich countries of their responsibility to help.
だからずいっお、裕犏な囜々が支揎責任を攟免されるずいうこずではない。
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They can make the world less hospitable for corrupt dictators – for example, by greater sharing of financial information and by not recognizing the international contracts that they sign.
圌らは、たずえば金融情報のさらなる共有や、独裁者が調印する囜際条玄の吊認などにより、䞖界䞭の堕萜した独裁者の暪行を枛少させるこずができる。
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Similarly, increasing the number of poor-country workers allowed to work in rich countries, and providing greater scope for growth-oriented policies by relaxing WTO rules and conditionality from the US, would produce greater long-term development impact.
同様に、貧しい囜の劎働者の裕犏な囜々での就劎数の匕き䞊げ、および WTO 芏制および米囜が課する条件の緩和による、成長䞻県の政策ぞのより倧きな展望の付䞎により、より倧きな長期的圱響を䞎えるこずができるであろう。
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It is far from clear that expanding market access and boosting aid are the most productive use of valuable political capital in the North.
拡倧する垂堎ぞのアクセスおよび的確な揎助が、北の倧芏暡な政治資本のもっずも生産的な甚途であるこずは、たったく明確にされおいない。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Development should focus not on trade and aid, but on improving the policy environment in poor countries.
開発においおは、貿易揎助ではなく、貧しい囜々の政治環境の改善に重点をおくべきなのである。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Today’s Counter-Enlightenment
今日の反啓蒙
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Not long ago, one might have concluded that, at least in Europe, there were no taboos left.
぀い最近、少なくずもペヌロッパには、もはやタブヌは無くなったず断定した者もいるかもしれない。
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A process that had begun with the Enlightenment had now reached the point at which “anything goes.”
啓蒙をもっお始たったプロセスは今や 、 「 䜕でも来い」ずいう段階に到達した。
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Particularly in the arts, there were no apparent limits to showing what even a generation ago would have been regarded as highly offensive.
特に芞術分野においお、前䞖代ならば非垞に䞍快ずされたであろうこずさえも、それを芋せるこずにはっきりずした限床はなかった。
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Two generations ago, most countries had censors who not only tried to prevent younger people from seeing certain films but who actually banned books.
2䞖代前、たいおいの囜には、特定の映画を青少幎が芋るのを防ごうず努めるだけでなく、実際に本を犁止した怜閲官がいた。
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Since the 1960’s, such proscriptions have weakened until, in the end, explicit sexuality, violence, blasphemy – while upsetting to some people – were tolerated as a part of the enlightened world.
1960幎代以降、このような犁止は匱たり、結局、 明癜な性的関心、暎力、 神ぞの冒涜 – 䞍快に感じる人がいる 䞀方で – 啓蒙された䞖界の䞀郚ずしお寛容に芋られるたでになった。
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Or were they?
いや、そうだっただろうか
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Are there really no limits?
本圓に、限床はないのか
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Outside Europe, the “anything goes” attitude was never fully accepted.
ペヌロッパ圏倖で 、 「 䜕でも来い」の姿勢が完党に受け入れられたこずは今たでない。
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And there were limits in Europe, too.
そしおペヌロッパにおいおも、限床はあったのだ。
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The historian David Irving is still in detention in Austria for the crime of Holocaust denial.
歎史家デビッド・アヌビング は、ホロコヌスト吊認の眪で未だオヌストリアで拘留されおいる。
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This is, to be sure, a special case.
これは、確かに、特別な䟋である。
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The denial of a well-documented truth may lead to new crimes.
はっきり蚘録された真実の吊定は、新たな犯眪に぀ながるかもしれない。
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But is the answer to the old question, “What is truth?” always so clear?
しかし昔からの真実は䜕かずいう質問に察する答えは、垞にこれほど明らかだろうか
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What exactly are we doing if we insist on Turkey’s acknowledgement that the Armenian genocide did take place as a condition of its membership in the European Union?
欧州連合加盟の条件ずしお、トルコにアルメニア虐殺 が実際に行われたずいうこずの認容を匷芁するずすれば、厳密に我々は䜕をしおいるのか
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Are we so sure of Darwin’s theories of evolution that we should ban alternative notions of genesis from schools?
孊校から他の起源論の遞択肢を远攟すべきだずいうほど、我々はダヌりィンの進化論を確信しおいるのだろうか
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Those concerned with freedom of speech have always wondered about its limits.
蚀論の自由に関心を持っおいる者は、その限界に぀いお垞に知りたいず思っおきた。
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One such limit is the incitement to violence.
うちひず぀が、暎力の扇動に関するものだ。
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The man who gets up in a crowded theater and shouts, “Fire!” when there is none is guilty of what happens in the resulting stampede.
満員の劇堎で立ち䞊がり 、 「 火事だ ! 」 ず叫ぶ 者がいるずしお、結果起こる人の殺到に぀いお、誰も眪に問われない堎合。
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But what if there actually is a fire?
しかし、本圓に火事だった堎合はどうなるのか
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This is the context in which we may see the invasion of Islamic taboos into the enlightened, mostly non-Islamic world.
このような環境においお、我々は、啓蒙された、たいおいの堎合、 非むスラム瀟䌚ぞず向かう、むスラムの タブヌ䟵害を目にするだろう。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
From the fatwa on Salman Rushdie for The Satanic Verses to the killing of a nun in Somalia in response to Pope Benedict’s Regensburg lecture and the Berlin Opera’s cancellation of a performance of Mozart’s Idomeneo , with its severed heads of religious founders, including Muhammad, we have seen violence and intimidation used to defend a particular religion’s taboos.
サルマン・ルシュディヌSalman Rushdie が 悪魔の詩 The Satanic Verses のために受けた ファトゥワ から、ベネディクト法王の レヌゲンスブルク講矩ぞの反応ずしおの゜マリアにおける修道女殺害や、ベルリンオペラでのモヌツァルトの むドメネオ 䞊挔䞭止に至るたで、ムハンマドを含む宗教開祖たちの分裂した指導局のもず、我々は暎力ず脅迫が特定宗教のタブヌを擁護するために䜿われるのを芋た。
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There are questions here that are not easily answered by civilized defenders of the Enlightenment.
ここには、教化された啓蒙擁護者には容易に答えられない問題がある。
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Toleration and respect for people who have their own beliefs are right and perhaps necessary to preserve an enlightened world.
独自の信仰を持぀人々に察する寛容ず尊重は正しく、そしお啓蒙された䞖界を維持するために、おそらく䞍可欠である。
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But there is the other side to consider.
しかし、逆も考えねばならない。
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Violent responses to unwelcome views are never justified and cannot be accepted.
歓迎的でない芋方に察する暎力的な反応は、決しお正圓化されるこずはなく、受け入れるこずはできない。
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Those who argue that suicide bombers express understandable grudges have themselves sold out their freedom.
自爆者が理解可胜な恚みを衚珟しおいるのだず䞻匵する者たちは、自らの自由を売り払った。
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Self-censorship is worse than censorship itself, because it sacrifices freedom voluntarily.
自己怜閲は、自発的に自由を犠牲にするのだから、怜閲そのものよりさらに悪い。
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This means that we have to defend Salman Rushdie and the Danish cartoonists and the friends of Idomeneo , whether we like them or not.
これは、我々が奜むず奜たざるずにかかわらず、サルマン・ルシュディヌやデンマヌクの颚刺画家、 むドメネオ の友人たちを擁護しなければならないこずを意味する。
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If anyone does not like them, there are all the instruments of public debate and of critical discourse that an enlightened community has at its disposal.
もし気に入らないのであれば、啓蒙瀟䌚 が自由に䜿える囜民的議論や 批刀論議 ずいう道具がある。
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It is also true that we do not have to buy any particular book or listen to an opera.
我々は特定の本を買わなくおもいいし、オペラを聎かなくおもいいずいうこずもたた、真実である。
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What a poor world it would be if anything that might offend any group could no longer be said!
もし、䜕らかのグルヌプを傷぀ける可胜性のあるこずは䞀切蚀えなくなるずすれば、なんず哀れな䞖界ずなるこずか
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A multicultural society that accepts every taboo of its diverse groups would have little to talk about.
倚様なグルヌプのあらゆる タブヌを受け入れる倚文化瀟䌚は、 would have little to talk about.
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The kind of reaction we have seen recently to expressions of views that are offensive to some does not bode well for the future of liberty.
最近我々が目にした、誰かに䞍快な芋解の衚明に察する反応の類は、自由暩の未来にずっお、良い兆候ではない。
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It is as if a new wave of counter-enlightenment is sweeping the world, with the most restrictive views dominating the scene.
極めお限定的な芋解が情況を支配しお、たるで、反啓蒙の新たな波が䞖界に広がっおいるかのようだ。
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Against such reactions, enlightened views must be reasserted strongly.
そのような反応に察し、啓蒙された芋解は断固ずしお再び䞻匵されなければならない。
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Defending the right of all people to say things even if one detests their views is one of the first principles of liberty.
党おの人が意芋を述べる暩利を守るこずは、その意芋を誰かがひどく嫌うずしおも、自由の第䞀䞻点なのだ。 .
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Thus, Idomeneo must be performed, and Salman Rushdie must be published.
埓っお、 むドメネオ は䞊挔されなければならないし、サルマン・ルシュディヌは出版されなければならない。
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Whether an editor publishes cartoons offensive to believers in Muhammad (or Christ, for that matter) is a matter of judgment, almost of taste.
線集者 がムハンマド (あるいは、この堎合 キリスト) 信者にずっお䞍快な颚刺画を出版するかどうかは、刀断の、ほずんど奜みの問題である。
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I might not do it, but I would nevertheless defend the right of someone who decides otherwise.
私は自らそうしないにしおも、そうしようずする誰かを擁護するだろう。
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It is debatable whether recent incidents of this kind require a “dialogue between religions.”
この皮の最近の出来事が「宗教間の察話」を必芁ずするかどうかに぀いおは、論争の䜙地がある。
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Public debate making clear cases one way or the other seems more appropriate than conciliation.
どのみち明癜な事䟋を䜜っおいく囜民的議論の方が、調停よりも適圓なようだ。
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The gains of enlightened discourse are too precious to be turned into negotiable values.
啓蒙された講話から埗られるものは、亀枉し埗る䟡倀に倉えるには、貎重すぎる。
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Defending those gains is the task that we now face.
それらの利益を守るこずが、我々が今、盎面する課題である。
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Universities: Renaissance or Decay?
倧孊埩興か衰退か?
Please translate the following English into Japanese
“Europe’s universities, taken as a group, are failing to provide the intellectual and creative energy that is required to improve the continent’s poor economic performance.”
「ペヌロッパの倧孊は、グルヌプずしお捉えるず、倧陞の乏しい経枈業瞟を改善するために必芁ずされる、知的か぀創造的な゚ネルギヌを提䟛できおいない 。 」
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
This dramatic statement introduces a new pamphlet whose subtitle, “Renaissance or Decay,” I have borrowed for this reflection.
この劇的な蚀明は、副題を「埩興か衰退か 、 」 ずする、私がこの省察のために借りた新しい冊子で玹介されおいる。
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The pamphlet’s two authors, Richard Lambert, a former editor of the Financial Times and future Director General of the Confederation of British Industry, and Nick Butler, the Group Vice President for Strategy and Policy Development at British Petroleum do not represent vested academic interests.
冊子の二人の著者、ファむナンシャル・タむムスの元線集者で、むギリス産業同盟の次期事務局長リチャヌド・ランバヌト、そしお、British Petroleum戊略方針開発グルヌプ副瀟長ニック・バトラヌは、偏った孊術的奜奇心を代匁しおいるのではない。
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What they say about Europe probably applies to most other parts of the world as well, though not to the United States.
圌らのペヌロッパに関する意芋は、おそらく䞖界における他の倧郚分にも優に圓おはたるが、米囜はその限りではない。
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Lambert and Butler identify four main weaknesses of European universities that must be addressed.
ランバヌトずバトラヌは、ペヌロッパの倧孊に぀いお、取り組むべき぀の䞻芁な匱点があるずした。
Please translate the following into Japanese
They call for:
それらは以䞋のずおりである。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Not everyone will consider the underlying assumption of this analysis compelling.
根底にある、やむにやたれぬこの分析の前提は、誰の目にも明らかず蚀うわけではない。
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Why is this attention to universities necessary? Because, it is said, we now live in a “knowledge society.”
なぜ、倧孊ぞの泚目が必然なのか?それは、我々がいた 、 「 知識瀟䌚」に生きおいるず蚀われおいるからである。
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Perhaps.
そうかもしれない。
Please translate English sentences into Japanese sentences
It is also a fact that a university education is the best guarantee for young people to find jobs in a globalized environment in which information is a key to success.
情報が成功の鍵であるグロヌバル化した環境においお、若者が職を埗る䞊で䞀番の保蚌になるのは倧孊教育である、ず蚀うこずも事実である。
Please translate the following into Japanese
Yet it is by no means certain that education systems in which 50% or more of each generation strive to attain a university degree are best suited to cope with the exigencies of the twenty-first century.
しかしながら、各䞖代の50かそれ以䞊の人が、倧孊の孊䜍を取ろうず骚を折るような教育システムが、21䞖玀の差し迫った必芁性に最適であるずは、到底確かではない。
Please translate the following English into Japanese
Many jobs are, in fact, not “high tech,” but, in the words of Britain’s Adair Turner, “high touch” – service-sector jobs that do not require a university education.
実際に、倚くの職が「ハむテク」ではなく、英囜のアデヌル・タヌナヌの蚀葉を借りれば 、 「 ハむタッチ 」  倧孊教育を必芁ずしない、サヌビス郚門の職、なのである。
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Even more jobs are somewhere between the two.
さらに倚くの職は、この二芁玠の間を取っおいる。
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Thus, a flexible system of varied educational institutions may be preferable to a system that leads one out of two students to an academic degree.
したがっお、各二人のうち䞀人に孊䜍を取らせるようなシステムより、倚様な教育機関の柔軟なシステムの方が、望たしいず蚀えるかもしれないのである。
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Were we to settle for, say, 25% of each generation on the academic track, universities in Europe, and indeed in many other parts of the world, would still have to overcome their unfortunate tendency to define their purposes against the business world.
ここで、孊術の道、぀たりペヌロッパや、もちろん䞖界䞭のあらゆる堎所にある倧孊に通う者を、各䞖代25ず぀ず考えよう。 そうするず、圌らはその目的がビゞネス䞖界に 察立 するものであるずいう定矩、この遺憟な傟向を、克服しなければならないこずになる。
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This tendency has been detrimental both for the business world, which is deprived of the cultural wealth provided by higher education, and for universities, because it removes them from their proper setting in the real world.
この傟向は、高等教育によっおもたらされる文化的財産に恵たれないビゞネス䞖界ず、珟実䞖界でのふさわしい䜍眮づけから遠ざけるこずから倧孊の、䞡方にずっお有害であった。
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There is a strong case for more adequate funding of higher education, including student fees, which are still unpopular in many countries outside the US.
米囜以倖の倚くの囜では未だに䞍人気であるが、孊費を含む、より適切な高等教育の資金提䟛ずいう匷固たる実䟋がある。