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0.423557 | 7ba88c3a12a24748a61e1bb11872efc7 | Representative
SEM images at 5000× of (a) class 5 RDX, (b)
ultrasonic spray-dried RDX, and (c) 0.7 mm atomizing spray-dried RDX
powders for a closer look at crystal surface morphologies. | PMC9835642 | ao2c07011_0004.jpg |
0.383001 | 57e1d83abe154b7db403fdd92db27db5 | Powder
XRD of (a) source class 5 RDX and (b) spray-dried RDX powders. | PMC9835642 | ao2c07011_0005.jpg |
0.400955 | 984a21280682478caa4ff92ed9cc3287 | HPLC analysis of (a)
class 5 and (b) spray-dried RDX powders. The
different colored lines for HMX and RDX represent different mass channels
that were recorded for each material. | PMC9835642 | ao2c07011_0006.jpg |
0.463103 | aa60444c6c2d440398e390ab479c9771 | DSC analysis
of (a) Class 5 and (b) spray-dried RDX powders. | PMC9835642 | ao2c07011_0007.jpg |
0.394203 | 058833e5ac6444439c644e5a8917fb9a | (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. Phytoplankton
is stationary on the surface of a glassy-carbon macroelectrode (r = 3 mm). Chl-a fluorescence imaging is obtained using
λex = 475 ± 35 nm and λem >
590 nm. (b) Real-time images of a living C. concordia cell during the opto-electrochemical experiment. The electrolyte
is an F/2 medium. The fluorescence intensity of the C. concordia cell is displayed in a gray scale. At
time zero, the applied potential is stepped from +0 to +1.1 V vs sat.
calomel electrode. Scale bar = 5 μm. (c) Plot of the normalized
chl-a fluorescence intensity (It) integrated
over the entire plankton cell against the time. At time zero, the
applied potential is stepped from 0 to 1.4 V (red lines) or 1.1 V
(black lines). Each line represents an individual C.
concordia cell. The normalization is background (IBG)-subtracted integrated intensity (It - IBG) against
that measured at the time of the potential step (I0 - IBG). | PMC9836062 | tg2c00017_0002.jpg |
0.520241 | 515e9d1d076a40ccaee6aec7f7ee2d66 | Cyclic voltammograms recorded on a glassy-carbon
electrode (radius
= 3 mm) in various electrolyte solutions. Solid blue line: seawater-mimicking
culture medium F/2. Dotted brown line: 0.42 M NaCl with 0.84 mM bromide
ions. Dotted green line: 0.42 M NaCl. Voltage scan rate = 0.1 V s–1. | PMC9836062 | tg2c00017_0003.jpg |
0.382983 | af268257f1cd4ffe8bd0fb33b9d863cc | Average
chl-a fluorescence of C. concordia in
response to different steps in the applied potentials at t = 0 s. Black line = 0.9 V, green line = 1.0 V, and red
line = 1.1 V vs SCE. The blue line is a control experiment in which
the opto-electrochemical cell is disconnected from the potentiostat
during the course of the experiment. The integral of the chl-a fluorescence
intensity (It) across the plankton cell
over the course of experiments is normalized against that measured
at t = 0 s after background correction (IBG). The electrolyte is the F/2 culture medium. | PMC9836062 | tg2c00017_0004.jpg |
0.441515 | 0da16b17f38643eba9cb5a6a08ac4f7f | Average fluorescence intensity of two
species of phytoplankton
at different applied constant currents: (a) C. concordia and (b) E. huxleyi. For t < 0 s, a constant current of 0 A was applied to the working electrode
for 40 s. From t = 0 s, the applied current is stepped
to that shown for the remainder of the experiment. The chl-a fluorescence
intensity was monitored throughout the entire experiment. The F/2
culture medium was used as the electrolyte. | PMC9836062 | tg2c00017_0005.jpg |
0.425033 | 971683483dc5483b8f3f686664ec9480 | Number of moles of oxidants reacting with different
species of
phytoplankton during the course of galvanostatic experiments with
different user-defined constant currents. (a) C. concordia and (b) E. huxleyi. The total number
of mols is integrated from t = 0 s to the time at
which the chl-a signal is first dropped to a value below 50% of that
measured at t = 0. | PMC9836062 | tg2c00017_0006.jpg |
0.420391 | dda29672c6d34a33acdbca37bed21b90 | (a) Schematic of the linear current ramp
experiment. In this experiment,
both C. concordia and E. huxleyi cells are immobilized onto the electrode
surface prior to the experiment. (b) Integrated chl-a fluorescence
intensity of individual C. concordia (black) and E. huxleyi (red) cells
during the linear current ramp experiment. The current is ramped from
0 μA at a rate of 10 μA/s from t = 0
s. (c) Average integrated chl-a fluorescence intensity of C. concordia (black) and E. huxleyi (red). The shaded region represents the standard deviation. The
F/2 culture medium was used as the electrolyte. | PMC9836062 | tg2c00017_0007.jpg |
0.42375 | 815bb22403b54ac1b09ea2e286f70a07 | Monocyte P2X7 receptor signaling and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat–containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. LPS binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces pro–IL-1β synthesis and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Hypoxia and/or cell lysis induces the release of a large amount of extracellular ATP (eATP) through Panx1, which engages the P2X7 receptor. In contrast to macrophages, monocytes alone can also release sufficient eATP to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cation influx drives K+ efflux either through P2X7 or alternate channels, a key step in initiating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Upon activation, the NLRP3 inflammasome converts pro–caspase-1 to caspase-1, which acts upon pro–IL-1β to produce IL-1β. Other effects of P2X7 engagement with eATP include a macropore formation that contributes to apoptosis and pyroptosis, T-helper cell type 17 (Th17) development, an increase in mitochondrial calcium, and modulation of several transcription factors that affect inflammation. Restoration of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function normalizes Cl− and P2X7-dependent K+ efflux, inhibits inflammasome activation, and decreases IL-1β release in CF monocytes. Several P2X7 inhibitors have been identified. AP-1 = adaptor protein complex 1; CREB = cAMP-responsible element-binding protein; HIF-1 = hypoxia-inducible factor-1; NF-κB = nuclear factor-κB. | PMC9836219 | rccm.202201-0008EDf1.jpg |
0.525081 | d88226b7bdc24dc9ba19b87137bc11f0 | LysimachiacoriaceaA habit B leaf C flower D calyx lobes, abaxial view (right) and adaxial view (left) E, F opened corolla, showing filaments connate at base G anthers, front view (left) and back view (right) H pistil I flower with corolla removed J young fruit with persistent calyx. Drawn by Yun-Xiao Liu. | PMC9836460 | phytokeys-215-087_article-91488__-g001.jpg |
0.436793 | 7fa36a99b407455593fd9a904f69e619 | LysimachiacoriaceaA flowering plants B inflorescence C fruiting plants D flowers E, F leaves G flower with corolla removed H calyx, abaxial view I calyx, adaxial view J corolla, abaxial view K corolla, adaxial view L–M stamens N pistil O young fruits. Photographed by Si-Rong Yi. | PMC9836460 | phytokeys-215-087_article-91488__-g002.jpg |
0.441076 | dcf81ece4a45436983d7ea977f9d008b | Measurement of vertebral endplate concave angle (A), vertebral endplate
concave depth (B, solid line), cage subsidence (C), cage position (D,
solid line), segmental lordosis (E), and disc height (F, solid line) on
lateral X-ray films. Landmarks in midsagittal plane: A is anterior rim
of the endplate, P is posterior rim of the endplate, Ca is endplate
concave apex. | PMC9837506 | 10.1177_2192568221992098-fig1.jpg |
0.481195 | 5fcfa87338924f879137b9134de67622 | PRISMA flow diagram of study selection (adapted from Moher et al., 2009) | PMC9837763 | 787_2022_2135_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.499918 | 5ef6ae46ff5c4dc3b380d26fe974daf3 | Schematic representation of the expression vectors. a pCOLA-Duet1-HLA-Crp vector. b pET16b-HLA-Crp vector. P, T7 promoter; HLA, HLA gene; Crp, Crp gene; T, T7 terminator | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig10_HTML.jpg |
0.458299 | b3514313793f42bc82993b0eefd9b17b | Amino acid sequences of the six Crps. Some amino acid residues are color-coded as follows: Cys, yellow; Arg/Lys, blue; Glu/Asp, red. The three disulfide cross-links (cysteines 1–6, 2–4, 3–5) are also depicted. Dashes in lines of sequence indicate residues of identity with Crp1; and amino acids listed in lines of sequence indicate differences between each Crp and Crp1; asterisks in the Crp4 sequence indicate filler characters introduced to maximize the alignment | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.455252 | bbcd13a530f14c4480ae785dccad2891 | Tricine-SDS-PAGE of Crp expression without partner protein using the BL21(DE3) strain. Lane M: marker; Lanes 1–6: whole-cell lysates of cryptdins 1–6 | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.444763 | 9ace9a9ffb69466db2f185699d64fad8 | Co-expression of Crps using the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. a Schematic outline of the method for promoting inclusion body formation using the BL21(DE3) strain. HLA, green; Crp, red. When co-expressed with aggregation-prone HLA, Crp forms a stable inclusion body (black arrow). If it does not form, host proteases degraded the expressed Crp (gray arrows). b Tricine-SDS-PAGE results of the expression level of Crps. Lane M: marker; Lanes 1–6: precipitates of Crp1–6. c The intensity data of the expression of Crps relative to Crp4. n = 3 for each | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.447123 | d184a46915a240889cddc72dbf53f6d1 | Confirmation of the synthesis of Crps by ribosomes using the PURE system. a Tricine-SDS-PAGE results of the synthesis of Crps. Lane M: marker; Lanes 1–6: whole-cell lysates of Crp1–6; Lane 7: negative control. b The intensity data of the synthesis of Crps relative to Crp4. n = 3 for each | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.444139 | 3a571aa7426943f69db13b8a1c11cd80 | Co-expression of Crps using the E. coli Origami™ B (DE3) strain. a Schematic outline of the newly investigated method for promoting inclusion body formation by disulfide bond cross-linking using the E. coli Origami™ B (DE3) strain. HLA, green; Crp, red; disulfide cross-link, yellow. Use of the Origami™ B (DE3) strain, which has an intracellular oxidative environment, as an expression host allows the formation of non-natural disulfide cross-links between aggregation-prone HLA and Crp. This is expected to result in more efficient inclusion body formation. b Tricine-SDS-PAGE results of the expression of Crps. Lane M: marker; Lanes 1–6: precipitates of Crp1–6. Lane7: Precipitate of Crp4 by BL21 strain was used as a control. c The intensity data of the expression of Crps relative to Crp4 using the BL21(DE3) strain. n = 3 for each | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.503764 | 874ee3a45e144a058f2e9e332f23f6df | Large-scale purification of refolded Crps by RP-HPLC. The molecular weight of each peak was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. For Crp1, Crp2, Crp3, and Crp6, the two observable peaks are: (1) Crps; and (2) formyl Crps (due to the difference of approximately 28 Da determined by mass). For Crp4, the three observable peaks are: (*) Crp4 without methionine (due to the side chain length of the second amino acid of Crp4 [59]); (1) Crp4; and (2) formyl Crp4. Peptides produced in 500 mL of medium were loaded | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.45692 | f5a5afa079834922be6e909c842afe5b | The result of deformylation of Crp6 by acid hydrolysis. a RP- HPLC results of Crp6 treated with different concentrations of HCl, 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6, and 2 M HCl. The three observable peaks are: (*) by-product; (1); Crp6 after deformylation; and (2) undeformylated Crp6. b Bar graph showing the proportion of each product, confirmed by the peak area by RP-HPLC. The molecular weight of Crp6 was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Approximately 100 µg of Crp6 was loaded | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig7_HTML.jpg |
0.431821 | 72eb52032a7e478b83d2ee3510ab8870 | Antimicrobial activity of Crps against bacteria. a Approximately 1 × 107 CFU/mL E. coli was exposed to peptides at 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/mL; b approximately 1 × 107 CFU/mL S. aureus was exposed to peptides at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 10 µg/mL. Data are presented as means ± the standard error of the mean (SEM). n = 6 for both a and b | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig8_HTML.jpg |
0.457756 | 50291dcfcbfc4a8ca50d8443a61c30e7 | Circular dichroism (CD) spectra measured from 280 to 190 nm at 25 °C. Each peptide, at 30 µM, was measured in a 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4); b 40% trifluoroethanol (TFE); c 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) | PMC9838031 | 12934_2023_2016_Fig9_HTML.jpg |
0.406106 | 9d5bfae70e7d4e5fb772eba62a0248ee | Core configuration n. 6 of TRIGA Mark I IPR-R1 research reactor | PMC9838391 | 10967_2022_8688_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.439093 | 0be0c2bc92214fd685c21bb0e9dbcc9d | Distribution of neutron fluxes in the irradiation channels of Carousel (IC-4 and IC-36 were unable) | PMC9838391 | 10967_2022_8688_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.407482 | 6b769a0aaee147668f18cdf2dea3c1e7 | Distribution of spectral parameter f in the irradiation channels of Carousel (IC-4 and IC-36 were unable) | PMC9838391 | 10967_2022_8688_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.372927 | bd87ced27764459f982d2c3ff4f72c3f | Distribution of spectral parameter α in the irradiation channels of Carousel (IC-4 and IC-36 were unable) | PMC9838391 | 10967_2022_8688_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.441315 | bea24dd5444645d2be598ca87039b45c | Long COVID symptoms and the impacts on numerous organs with differing pathology.The impacts of long COVID on numerous organs with a wide variety of pathology are shown. The presentation of pathologies is often overlapping, which can exacerbate management challenges. MCAS, mast cell activation syndrome; ME/CFS, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome; POTS, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. | PMC9839201 | 41579_2022_846_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.42621 | 0578aeec425e41caa93ed051c68f667e | SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 and long COVID increases the risk of several medical conditions.Because diagnosis-specific data on large populations with long COVID are sparse, outcomes from general infections are included and a large proportion of medical conditions are expected to result from long COVID, although the precise proportion cannot be determined. One year after the initial infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections increased the risk of cardiac arrest, death, diabetes, heart failure, pulmonary embolism and stroke, as studied with use of US Department of Veterans Affairs databases. Additionally, there is clear increased risk of developing myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and dysautonomia. Six months after breakthrough infection, increased risks were observed for cardiovascular conditions, coagulation and haematological conditions, death, fatigue, neurological conditions and pulmonary conditions in the same cohort. The hazard ratio is the ratio of how often an event occurs in one group relative to another; in this case people who have had COVID-19 compared with those who have not. Data sources are as follows: diabetes9, cardiovascular outcomes8, dysautonomia12,201, ME/CFS10,202 and breakthrough infections4. | PMC9839201 | 41579_2022_846_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.440939 | 3c089687ff0949379667018bd8ca1605 | Hypothesized mechanisms of long COVID pathogenesis.There are several hypothesized mechanisms for long COVID pathogenesis, including immune dysregulation, microbiota disruption, autoimmunity, clotting and endothelial abnormality, and dysfunctional neurological signalling. EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; HHV-6, human herpesvirus 6; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. | PMC9839201 | 41579_2022_846_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.479215 | 2b60e74851c3454084dcedece2527918 | Veress needle placement and insufflation at palmer's point via a 5 millimeter incision. A 5 millimeter optical view trocar placed under direct visualization at the palmer’s point incision. A 12 millimeter radially dilating trocar was placed at the umbilicus. Two additional 5 millimeter ports, one in the right midclavicular line, and one in the right anterior axillary line. | PMC9840200 | LS-JSLS220064F001.jpg |
0.423716 | 4d15df28dca8460f8b833ce506a9c8da | Gallbladder on left side of falciform being elevated with grasper via right anterior axillary line port for dissection. | PMC9840200 | LS-JSLS220064F002.jpg |
0.475626 | 8090c3b35aba49dd857c8724676b7511 | Right hand via palmer’s point port manipulating gallbladder for dissection. | PMC9840200 | LS-JSLS220064F003.jpg |
0.430793 | a3e00d8adae14af3b01c4155eb0e9235 | Gallbladder with cystic duct (Posterior) and cystic artery (Anterior) dissected. | PMC9840200 | LS-JSLS220064F004.jpg |
0.417693 | 88012faea6d54f048ba38089cdc685cd | Maps of the climatology and model bias in climate simulations. (a) Spatial patterns of the climatology in surface downward solar radiation (Rs, in W·m−2) from the ground-based observations (OBS, circle) and the multi-model mean (MMM, shading) of the CMIP6 historical all-forcing simulations averaged from 1961 to 2014 over 2° × 2° grids. (b) Grid-versus-grid comparison of the CMIP6 MMM with Rs observations in China. Orange dots and gray error bars show multi-year means and standard deviations of Rs for each grid, respectively. Correlation coefficient (r), mean bias (MB) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are shown in the right-bottom. (c)–(e) Spatial patterns of multi-year mean biases in (c) Rs, (d) total cloud cover fraction (TCC, in %) and (e) clear-sky surface downward solar radiation (Rs-clear, in W·m−2) of the CMIP6 MMM against the ground-based observations averaged from 1961 to 2014. Black dots indicate that at least two-thirds of models agree on the sign of the mean bias in the CMIP6 MMM over those grids. | PMC9840459 | nwac242fig1.jpg |
0.449981 | 5028df8ad2964032aac61c085b1006a7 | Sensitivities of model bias in surface downward solar radiation. (a) and (b) Spatial patterns of the partial coefficients (ρ) of the annual multi-model mean biases of the CMIP6 historical all-forcing simulations in surface downward solar radiation (ΔRs) against those in (a) total cloud cover fraction (ΔTCC) and (b) clear-sky surface downward solar radiation (ΔRs-clear) during 1961–2014. Black dots indicate a significance level of 0.05. | PMC9840459 | nwac242fig2.jpg |
0.422112 | fce7be8e7f744c79aa23e51157a5489d | Inter-model relationship of the biases. (a) and (b) Relationship of the simulated biases in surface downward solar radiation (Rs) against those in (a) total cloud cover fraction (TCC) and (b) clear-sky surface downward solar radiation (Rs-clear) for 24 individual model simulations (colored dots) averaged over China from 1961 to 2014. Correlation coefficient (r) with a significance level (p) between them is shown and their least-square linear fit is plotted as red dash line. | PMC9840459 | nwac242fig3.jpg |
0.431987 | 63e7f35eeebf4b5da4987a2a4cf37e16 | Constraining the model projections of surface downward solar radiation. (a)–(c) Constraining the model projections of surface downward solar radiation (Rs) in three possible future scenarios, i.e. (a) SSP1-2.6, (b) SSP2-4.5 and (c) SSP5-8.5, with the help of the observations. The gray dots show the future Rs averaged over all grids in China during 2050–2069 versus the historical bias in Rs during 1961–2014 for the 24 models. Their robust regression fit shown as a gray line represents the constraint relationship for the future Rs, and the dashed lines show the 95% confidence intervals estimated by bootstrap. R2 is the goodness-of-fit for the regression. The vertical black line shows that the bias between the simulated and observed Rs is equal to 0 and its probability density function is inferred from the differences between the bootstrap-resampled averages (see ‘Methods’ section) of the observations during 1961–2014 and their mean. (d)–(f) Comparisons of raw and constrained projections of Rs in three future scenarios. Four groups of bars are the raw projections of Rs (gray) averaged over China during 2050–2069, the constrained projections of Rs using the weight-EC and regression-EC methods (see ‘Methods’ section) and their average of the constraint projections, respectively. The projections are constrained based on the historical bias in Rs (red) and its combined effect from total cloud cover fraction (TCC) and clear-sky surface downward solar radiation (Rs-clear) (blue), respectively. The mode (×) and confidence intervals (66% and 95%) estimated from the probability density function of the constrained projections are shown over the bar. | PMC9840459 | nwac242fig4.jpg |
0.419481 | f0bb3a0ca24940549909b1c21a47e72c | Maps of the constrained future changes in Rs and their uncertainty. (a)–(f) Future changes (shading; in W·m−2) in the 20-year mean of surface downward solar radiation (Rs) during 2050–2069 relative to the 1995–2014 mean from the (a)–(c) raw and (d)–(f) constrained values in three possible future scenarios, i.e. SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, with the 66% confidence interval shown as a contour. The constraints are done for both periods to derive the future change and the results of the weight-EC and regression-EC are averaged in (d–(f). | PMC9840459 | nwac242fig5.jpg |
0.483236 | 8dc8747a42e84ef4a410411a27b85913 | A chromatogram of a sample containing a mixture of LEV and metformin at optimum conditions. | PMC9840612 | 41598_2023_28074_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.481405 | 8bbd76f204144bb6981d906a13cf1171 | Pharmacokinetics profile of LEV administered orally or orally together with date molasses (n = 6). | PMC9840612 | 41598_2023_28074_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.563209 | 0ed9eac9eb704a14bf7f78c3a8370af2 | A guideline that teachers used to outline aspects of CPD policies against perspectives of professionalism. Adopted from Kennedy’s (2014, p. 965) analysis of CPD aspects that student-teachers used to guide their understanding of CPD in the second evaluation phase | PMC9840943 | 40862_2022_172_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.524718 | 8e25ed6b0fa94f8db62d84c91189c08b | Average net wealth across the income distribution.Note: The six markers illustrate the average net wealth for six points of the income distribution taken from Table A4 from the Statistical Tables of the 2017 Household Finance and Consumption Survey. The curves fit these values based on a shape-preserving piece-wise cubic interpolation. In Germany, the average net wealth of the lowest income is set to zero. For the UK we use the average of the Euro area countries as the UK is not included in the Household Finance and Consumption Survey. | PMC9840982 | gr10_lrg.jpg |
0.527065 | 2d4e996080a042d986802193451d02f3 | Expected percentage change in wealth.Note: The shown values are taken from Figure 4 in Angelopoulos et al. (2022). | PMC9840982 | gr11_lrg.jpg |
0.407021 | e08711c78cd04804a35047f81722b896 | Change in tax rates and tax payments with wealth shocks.Note: The figure compares the change in lump-sum transfers, marginal tax rates, average tax rates and absolute tax payments due to fiscal pressure from our simulations without income effects to another scenario where individuals are affected by the wealth shock due to COVID-19. The bars correspond to the simulations without wealth the shock. The green squares correspond to a scenario, where individuals are affected by the wealth shock and required to restore their old wealth level by saving or dissaving. There are no income effects in both scenarios. | PMC9840982 | gr12_lrg.jpg |
0.441865 | 1e60e3fbf10e4560a5b0ee92c1d00b9f | Change in tax rates and tax payments for different scenarios.Note: The figure compares the average change in lump-sum transfers, marginal tax rates, average tax rates and absolute tax payments due to fiscal pressure from the baseline simulation to different measures of fiscal pressures. The bars correspond to the baseline simulation. The blue squares correspond to a scenario where individuals are more risk averse, the green diamonds correspond to a scenario where all countries have the same level of transfers initially and the red circles correspond to a scenario where all countries have the same share of individuals with zero income. | PMC9840982 | gr13_lrg.jpg |
0.424613 | 68487dd582d34eaca49fcf03fc952819 | Calibrated welfare weights.Note: The left panel shows the calibrated endogenous welfare weights U′(ω)s(ω)λ and the right panel shows the Pareto weights s(ω) as a function of income. | PMC9840982 | gr1_lrg.jpg |
0.521901 | bef06cd9d5ca4aa9aa8d707322dc9a7b | Decrease in lump-sum transfers for 5-year repayment scenario.Note: The left panel shows the change in the lump-sum transfer due to fiscal pressure in absolute values and the right panel shows the change as a percentage of the initial transfer. The red circles correspond to a scenario where all countries face the same increase in fiscal pressure of 5% and the blue squares correspond to a scenario where the Frisch elasticity of labor supply takes a value of ɛ=0.54 (Chetty et al., 2011). See Section 5 for a discussion of the latter. | PMC9840982 | gr2_lrg.jpg |
0.421318 | 2fd0e833414b4225b94e4ea41d40acec | Tncrease in marginal tax rates for 5-year payback scenario.Note: The left panel shows the change in the optimal marginal tax rates in percentage points due to fiscal pressure up to an income level of €400,000. The right panel shows the average change in the optimal marginal tax rates in percentage points for all quartiles of the income distribution. The red circles correspond to a scenario where all countries face the same increase in fiscal pressure of 5%, the blue squares correspond to a scenario where the Frisch elasticity of labor supply takes a value of ɛ=0.54 (Chetty et al., 2011) and the green diamonds correspond to a situation where lump-sum transfers remain constant. See Section 5 for a discussion of the latter two. | PMC9840982 | gr3_lrg.jpg |
0.47779 | 1fe2c26e7b1646d88b715bcd93f36b27 | Laffer bounds and current tax schedules.Note: The yellow dotted curves illustrate the Laffer bounds as defined in (3). The blue bold curves illustrate the current schedule of marginal tax rates calibrated by a second-order local weighted regression (LOESS) with a constant extrapolation based on a EUROMOD simulation of effective marginal tax rates and the red curves illustrate the for fiscal pressure adjusted optimal marginal tax rates. See Section 3 for a detailed explanation of the tax system calibration. | PMC9840982 | gr4_lrg.jpg |
0.450913 | 0090b9ef1dcc4461a900656111a3cca3 | Increase in average tax rates and absolute tax payments for 5-year payback scenario.Note: The left panel shows the average change in the optimal average tax rates in percentage points due to fiscal pressure for all quartiles of the income distribution and the right panel shows the change in the absolute tax payments. The red circles correspond to a scenario where all countries face the same increase in fiscal pressure by 5%, the blue squares correspond to a scenario where the Frisch elasticity of labor supply takes a value of ɛ=0.54 (Chetty et al., 2011) and the green diamonds correspond to a situation where lump-sum transfers remain constant. See Section 5 for a discussion of the latter two. | PMC9840982 | gr5_lrg.jpg |
0.426904 | e3b16352add745a88a9f1bad54894f57 | Country-specific income distributions.Note: The probability density functions (pdf) are based on a standard kernel density estimation and add a Pareto distribution for incomes above €150,000, where the Pareto parameter decreases linearly between €150,000 and €250,000. All income-distributions involve a fixed mass of individuals with an income of zero. The underlying income data originate from the 2018 EU-SILC. | PMC9840982 | gr6_lrg.jpg |
0.47526 | 7c657e7d156c4e108683d3258dad96ef | Simulated average and smoothed marginal tax rates with EUROMOD.Note: The blue dots illustrate the simulated marginal tax rates with EUROMOD. The red line illustrates the current schedule of marginal tax rates calibrated by a second-order local weighted regression (LOESS) with a constant extrapolation based on a EUROMOD simulation of effective marginal tax rates. | PMC9840982 | gr7_lrg.jpg |
0.513617 | 0c82e9ddd57f4afe85604dcf2b1380dc | Net government lending/borrowing.Note: For years until 2020, we use the actual data from the OECD’s Government at a Glance. For years from 2021, we use the forecast data from the IMF World Economic Outlook. The gray area denotes the pandemic time period. | PMC9840982 | gr8_lrg.jpg |
0.407351 | 1420e032cbed405284d6f43c57aa2fec | Change in tax rates and tax payments for different measures of fiscal pressure.Note: The figure compares the average change in lump-sum transfers, marginal tax rates, average tax rates and absolute tax payments due to fiscal pressure from the baseline simulation to another measure of fiscal pressure. The bars correspond to the baseline simulation where governments are required to pay back the additional stock of debt in five years. The green squares correspond to a scenario where governments are required to pay back the additional stock in ten years. | PMC9840982 | gr9_lrg.jpg |
0.435944 | 48b520fc3160499294f1f9fe5f113987 | Render of the Butterfly BVM. | PMC9841173 | gr1.jpg |
0.40844 | 7417116c8451483e9a3a932097385e48 | Tidal volumes delivered to an adult manikin by participants using a typical BVM, (Ambu Spur II adult) vs a Butterfly BVM. The green dashed line indicates the typical low, threshold Vt (4 ml/kg) for a patient of the stated size (70 kg), and the red dashed line represents, the typical max threshold Vt (8 ml/kg) for the same. *p < 0.01, 99 % CI (278 ± 8.69) ml. | PMC9841173 | gr2.jpg |
0.437422 | e73cd85110984b00834e6500d52024ec | Tidal volumes delivered to a pediatric manikin by participants using a typical BVM (Ambu Spur II pediatric) vs the Butterfly BVM (set to the pediatric Vt setting). The green dashed line indicates the typical low threshold Vt (4 ml/kg) for a patient of the stated size (2 yr old child, 12–14 kg), and each red dashed line represents the typical max threshold Vt (8 ml/kg) for the same. **p < 0.01, 99 % CI (278 ± 8.69) ml. | PMC9841173 | gr3.jpg |
0.444517 | 4ab739a4f71240968170fd6eccf2a0f2 | Peak inspiratory pressures between the three pediatric tests. There was more variability in pressures delivered during the baseline test with both devices (when participants were not given a target PIP). When given a target, peak pressures were more precise when lifesavers were using the Ambu Spur II with a manometer than when using the BBVM. The Ambu Spur II with manometer particularly outperformed the BBVM in the third test (participants were more successful at administering pressures within the target range of 25-30cmH2O). | PMC9841173 | gr4.jpg |
0.51653 | 6c1288e8b0f94193969e2ec749ba88c3 | Biological and mechanical factors and epigenetic regulation involved in tendon healing. EGR1: early growth response 1; Scx: scleraxis; TGF-β: transformational growth factor-beta; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; miRNA: microRNA; lncRNA: long noncoding RNA. | PMC9842431 | SCI2023-4387630.001.jpg |
0.432539 | a751203da941434eb76745e31108b591 | Before you begin(A) Examples of plugged bottle, vial and pyrex tube filled with fly food.(B) Disposition of pyrex tubes containing isolated flies in racks to avoid interaction.(C) Example of bacterial infection in a pyrex tube.(D) Homemade neumocaptor.(E) A detail showing the p1000 tip with the cotton.(F) An example of a commercial plug timer.(G) Customized incubator with LED strips on the door. | PMC9843266 | gr1.jpg |
0.445424 | 68b855b8891c42cd960fcc5a655b24e6 | Training session(A) Example of the training session.(B) Cotton plug pushed down in order to promote fly interaction.(C) Two pyrex tubes containing two Drosophila couples. In the left one the male is doing the courtship, whereas in the right tube the male is actually mating. | PMC9843266 | gr2.jpg |
0.428985 | 041c8f82d5994241876d7d0f663f922c | Testing session(A) The plugged 24-well plate with animals included, ready to be recorded.(B) Example of the set up.(C) The 24-well plate with the transparent Tapino lids over the flies.(D) Example of the set up. | PMC9843266 | gr3.jpg |
0.406788 | 853ee87940574a879fd4d66821e39649 | The Tapino lid scheme, including dimensionsThis 3D printed lid leaves a 3,5 mm space where flies can interact and behave comfortably, but in a 2-dimensional space that is a fundamental requisite for most automatic tracking programs. | PMC9843266 | gr4.jpg |
0.473616 | e3cd6405b5554a6eb2d334b7fd39e487 | Representation of a long-term memory experimentReal data from two trials of rutabaga mutant and wild type flies (n=24, mean±SD) (Mann-Whitney U-test; ∗∗p value < 0.01). | PMC9843266 | gr5.jpg |
0.431483 | b777ceba6fea4357aa42182bfa3598f7 | Automatized quantification(A) Annotated interface of the FlyTracker software.(B) Annotated interface of JAABA software. | PMC9843266 | gr6.jpg |
0.526192 | 175aed93898740e380bcb3953b1f43b9 | mRNA expression levels of Kiss1, Kiss1r, Ar and Esr1 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rats from the CON, LE, and EA groups (n = 5 rats/group). Error bars represent standard deviation. #P < 0.05 vs. CON group; *P < 0.05 vs. LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig10_HTML.jpg |
0.437427 | c5fc5b2d4ca04fd2b5df26e00a4f5203 | Experimental process | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig1_HTML.jpg |
0.484406 | bb3b809d7e924c0cae16761a5a1f4bbd | Representative estrus cycles at 12-35d of rat from the CON, LE, and EA groups. (n = 20 rats/group). From the 12th day of LE administration to the end of the experiment, the rats in PCOS group showed persistent diestrus, whereas rats in EA group gradually showed estrous cyclesduring during the treatment period. P, proestrous. E, estrous. M, metestrous. D, diestrous | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig2_HTML.jpg |
0.408341 | 8b2eb3a219bb465f81fa9e03349ed408 | Body weight of rats during the experimental period (n = 20 rats/group). A Body weight during rat modeling. B Body weight of rats after modeling (on the 21st day). C Body weight of rats during treatment. D Body weight of rats 14 days after treatment. Error bars represent standard deviation. ## P < 0.01 vs. CON group; ** P < 0.01 vs. LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig3_HTML.jpg |
0.616741 | c54ca83f8ae34ac2acb43757c868bbe4 | Rat ovary weight and evaluation of follicles in ovaries of rats (n = 10 rats/group). A Ovary weight of rats after treatment. B Number of cystic follicles in ovaries of rats; C Number of luteal corpus in ovaries of rats; Error bars represent SD. # P < 0.05 vs CON group. * P < 0.05 vs LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig4_HTML.jpg |
0.364431 | 5b573a84c42d4c02a97439a383dca2ea | Morphological appearance in ovaries of rats from three groups (n = 10 rats/group). A-C) Survey view showing ovaries, A-C represents the CON group, LE group and EA group respectively (magnification40×; distance bars, 50 μm); A1-C1) Higher magnification image of A-C. (magnification 100×; distance bars, 100 μm); A2-C2), Magnification 400×; distance bars, 20 μm. A2) Higher-power view of rectangular area in A1 shows a secondary follicle with corona radiata and zona pellucida, the granulosa cell layer(GL) and theca cell layer (TL) appear normal; B2) Higher-power view of rectangular area in B1 shows a cystic dilated follicle. The cyst wall has a thick, vascularized layer of luteinized cells and thin granulosa cell layer; C2) Higher-power view of rectangular area in C1 shows a cystic follicle and a secondary follicle. PF, primary follicles. SF, secondary follicle. CF, cystic follicle. CL, corpus luteum. GL, granulosa cell layer. TL, theca cell layer. ZP, zona pellucida. CR, corona radiata. PO, primary oocyte | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig5_HTML.jpg |
0.455836 | 216b3d8511724fdea264c44c39884075 | Comparison of testosterone, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone levels in the serum of rats from the CON, LE, and EA group (n = 10 rats/group). A Serum testosterone concentration. B Serum estradiol concentration. C Serum luteinizing hormone concentration. Error bars repressent standard deviation. ## P < 0.01 vs. CON group; ** P < 0.01 vs. LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig6_HTML.jpg |
0.492448 | d3fc90d5951f4e3d8f8f5a4c35f30900 | Comparison of the concentration levels of different neuropeptides (kisspeptin, GnRH, Dyn, and NKB) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rats from the CON, LE, and EA groups (n = 10 rats/group). Error bars represent standard deviation. ## P < 0.01 vs. CON group; ** P < 0.01 vs. LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig7_HTML.jpg |
0.422293 | 654f150862674f059ca214aa9f30ecdc | Coexpression of AR, ERα, and Kiss1 in the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus (ARC) of rats from the CON, LE, and EA groups (n = 5 rats/group). A The coexpression of AR, ERα, and Kiss1 in the hypothalamic ARC of rats was assessed via triple-label immunofluorescence (400×). Scale bars: 50 μm. B a: A lower magnification image showing the entire ARC and median eminence (150×). Rectangular frame represents ARC analyzed in A.3v:Scale bar: 100 μm. b: A higher magnification image showing the rectangle area (400×), Scale bars: 20 μm. C The number of AR-, ERα-, and Kiss1-positive cells in the hypothalamic ARC of rats in each group. D The number of AR- and ERα-positive cells coexpressed with Kiss1 cells in the hypothalamic ARC of rats in each group. Values shown are mean ± standard deviation. Error bars represent standard deviation. # P < 0.05 vs. CON group; * P < 0.05 vs. LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig8_HTML.jpg |
0.447394 | 02d4dbfdf947409fa97df025a8bab1c7 | Protein expression levels of Kiss1, Kiss1r, AR, and ERα in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of rats from the CON, LE, and EA groups (n = 5 rats/group). A–D The bar graph showing the ratio of Kiss1, Kiss1r, AR, and ERα band intensity to GAPDH band intensity in the ARC of rats from three groups. E Representative western blot of Kiss1, Kiss1r, AR, ERα, and GAPDH; Error bars represent standard deviation. # P < 0.05 vs. CON group; * P < 0.05 vs. LE group | PMC9844031 | 13048_2022_1078_Fig9_HTML.jpg |
0.42749 | b7c1e1a195544bc89003f26b52cc416d | Overall survival and survival probability by cancer type.(A) A violin plot showing the distribution of overall survival (OS) rate for all 515 patients grouped according to their cancer type. OS rate of patients is shown in months on the y-axis. Cancer types are shown on the x-axis and are ordered by average overall survival rate for each cancer type, from lowest to the highest. (B) Kaplan-Meier estimation curves show survival probability of cancer types. Each curve represents a different cancer type (Kaplan-Meier log-rank test, P < 0.0001). Both panel A and panel B show that glioblastoma and melanoma have the lowest survival rates whereas patients with colon, breast and ovarian cancers, and Hodgkin lymphoma, tend to live longer. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g001.jpg |
0.4027 | 1d4fea63715f48e2819fd9d76a56bb95 | Clustering by cancer type, classification and survival.Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots showing dissimilarity of patients based on their gene expression profiles (panels A, B and C). (A) MDS plots of patients grouped according to cancer type (ANOSIM with 1000 permutations, P < 0.0001, R = 0.7). (B) MDS plot of patients grouped according to cancer classification (solid and blood: ANOSIM with 1000 permutations, P < 0.0001, R = 0.5). (C) MDS plot of patients grouped according to survival rate (ANOSIM with 1000 permutations, P > 0.05). The clustering observed in panels A and B indicates that patients with the same cancer type and/or cancer class (solid and blood malignancies) tend to show similar gene expression levels. However, no clustering is observed in panel C, indicating that gene expression level and survival rate are not correlated. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g002.jpg |
0.437515 | 32786936e74240a08fc32ddb7f764237 | Heatmap of immune-related gene expression levels across cancer types.The heatmap shows hierarchical clustering of 770 immune-related genes in all 515 patients across the 10 different malignancies considered in this study. Green and red indicate downregulation and upregulation of gene expression, respectively, with intensity reflecting degree of change. The three bars above the heatmap indicate overall survival (OS) rate, cancer class and cancer type, with colour codes indicated on the right side of the figure. The darker the colour in the OS rate bar, the longer the OS rate. In the cancer class bar, beige represents solid malignancies and purple represents blood malignancies. Each cancer type is assigned a colour shown in the cancer type bar. Below the heatmap, five handpicked immune clusters of interest are reported; it is clear that these genes of interest are upregulated in blood malignancies. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g003.jpg |
0.436902 | c31ad372a876491b93f8454f87254600 | Genes differentially expressed in short survival versus long survival patients, considered according to cancer type and cancer class.Volcano plots showing significantly downregulated (the thresholds are FDR < 0.005; logFC < -0.5) and upregulated (the thresholds are FDR < 0.005; logFC > -0.5) genes in green and red, respectively. Here short survival patients are compared with long survival patients, so in all three panels genes found to be upregulated are genes that are upregulated in short survival patients, and genes found downregulated are genes that are downregulated in short survival patients. Grey indicates genes that are not significantly downregulated or upregulated. Log of fold change (LogFC) is on the x-axis and significance level (-log10P) is on the y-axis. Panel A shows differentially expressed genes when all of the patients are considered (n = 515). Panel B shows differentially expressed genes when only patients with solid cancers are considered (n = 293), and panel C shows differentially expressed genes when only patients with blood cancers are considered (n = 222). In all panels, the significantly downregulated and upregulated genes are labelled with their Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) gene symbols. The three genes (SSX1, MAGEC2 and ULBP2) that are found to be significantly differentially expressed in all three analyses are shown in bold. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g004.jpg |
0.486879 | 625f07a563f44b5fae8333522a1d3763 | Overlap of differentially expressed genes according to survival across cancer classifications.Venn diagrams to visualize the numbers of significantly differentially expressed genes that overlap across the three differential gene expression analyses that were conducted: considering all patients (n = 515; mauve), considering only solid cancer patients (n = 293; green), and considering only blood cancer patients (n = 222; blue). Panel A shows the overlap of upregulated genes and panel B shows the overlap of downregulated genes across the three differential gene expression analyses. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g005.jpg |
0.379209 | fbf6f3a09c3e4d2c97401c04b009b745 | Protein association network analysis using STRING in all cancer patients.The predicted protein-protein interactions of significantly up-regulated genes (n = 39) in short survival cancer patients (FDR < 0.05, LogFC > 0.5) from the differential expression analysis incorporating both solid and blood cancer patients (n = 515). SSX1, MAGEC2 and ULBP2, the three genes found to be upregulated in both solid and blood patient cohorts, are shown in bold. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g006.jpg |
0.399006 | e1280cb69b294a3e861356037c657673 | Protein association network analysis using STRING in solid cancer patients.The predicted protein-protein interactions of significantly up-regulated genes (FDR < 0.05, LogFC > 0.5) from the differential expression analysis incorporating only solid cancer patients (n = 293). SSX1, MAGEC2 and ULBP2, the three genes found to be upregulated in both solid and blood patient cohorts, are shown in bold. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g007.jpg |
0.39063 | 5900c68b9ea14dd29417b1563ae11f62 | Protein association network analysis using STRING in blood cancer patients.The predicted protein-protein interactions of significantly up-regulated genes (FDR < 0.05, LogFC > 0.5) from the differential expression analysis incorporating only blood cancer patients (n = 222). SSX1, MAGEC2 and ULBP2, the three genes found to be upregulated in both solid and blood patient cohorts, are shown in bold. | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g008.jpg |
0.415991 | aa1405d43fd44357aacf9efe2343109f | Estimation of immune cell composition in 515 cancer patients using CIBERSORT.Stacked bar plots in panels A, B and C show the CIBERSORT-derived immune profile of long versus short survival comparison of all, solid and blood cancer patients, respectively. Stacked bar plots in panel D show the immune profile of each cancer type under investigation. Different colours in bar plots represent different immune cell types according to the legend provided. The y-axis shows relative percentages of the cell types whereas the x-axis shows survival (long versus short) (panels A-C) or cancer types (panel D). | PMC9844904 | pone.0280364.g009.jpg |
0.43802 | d760e0745118436993bc7d997567dea8 | Embolic infarction at the right parietal lobe (A), right occipital lobe (B), and right middle cerebral artery territory (C) and multiple infarctions in the left middle cerebral artery territory and right basal ganglia (D). | PMC9845859 | jcs-56-1-42-f1.jpg |
0.403588 | 378510362db64e82850f90b8baa8f0e6 | Recurrence of cardiac myxoma. (A) In 2011, a 6.5-cm myxoma was attached at the interatrial septum (red circle). In 2021, two myxomas (2.8 cm and 1.5 cm) recurred at the interatrial septum (B, red circle) and left atrial appendage (C, red circle). | PMC9845859 | jcs-56-1-42-f2.jpg |
0.46626 | f61ab08e6bf54d2f96659e966ef3adda | (A) Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, (B) Shannon’s diversity, and (C) Simpson’s dominance index of fungal communities for each host plant species. | PMC9846234 | fmicb-13-1075399-g001.jpg |
0.454463 | 70874891700d4afcb7ff812a6ec6fe0d | Weak convergence of plant phylogeny (left) and fungal microbiome hierarchical clustering (right) based on Unifrac distances (Mantel’s test: r = 0.31, p = 0.21). | PMC9846234 | fmicb-13-1075399-g002.jpg |
0.552193 | 95116cf992f5441ea720031cc84dc5b1 | Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination of cultivars within the Triticum aestivum
(A) and Triticum turgidum
(B) groups, calculated on a Unifrac distance matrix. Each panel shows also results from a PERMANOVA analysis (999 permutations, Unifrac distance matrix) testing the effect of cultivar within each group. | PMC9846234 | fmicb-13-1075399-g003.jpg |
0.468028 | 970e2a7b781c455ab1fde90db52578dc | (A) Fungal ASVs turnover and nestedness within the Triticum aestivum (left) and Triticum turgidum (right) groups (dots represent the group mean, clarifying that nestedness is higher than turnover in T. turgidum). The term “value” on the y-axis represents either the turnover or nestedness values. (B) Scatterplot of the goodness of fit to a neutral model (R2) and immigration coefficient of each cultivar of T. aestivum (light green) and T. turgidum (dark green). | PMC9846234 | fmicb-13-1075399-g004.jpg |
0.451202 | da4058d1558e4da98d1c800e0b7b9608 | Arctic and Antarctic regions showing place names used in the manuscript. Key differences between the polar regions are highlighted in the boxes to the right of the maps: A) Map showing Arctic circle at 66°33′N (black-dashed circle) and the boundary for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (red solid line); and B) Key regions of the Antarctic continent and Maritime Antarctic Islands. The approximate location of the Antarctic Polar Front is indicated by a red dashed line. Both poles are indicated by a + symbol. (Base maps sourced from https://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=3197&lang=en; and https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13137). | PMC9846479 | gr1.jpg |
0.476485 | 86929709d39e4d218744f55817463ed5 | Examples of: A) an epiedaphic (surface-dwelling) Collembola (Isotomurus sp. from the Canadian Arctic) showing elongated appendages including legs, antennae, furcula (indicated by blue arrow), and ‘ventral tube’ (collophore, visible between the second and third pairs of legs); B) an eudaphic taxon (Tullbergia mediantarctica) from the southern Transantarctic Mountains, showing lack of pigmentation or eye spots, short appendages and absence of a furcula; and C) an Antarctic hemiedaphic (intermediate soil profile) taxon from the Antarctic Dry Valleys (Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni), showing reduced appendages and furcula (indicated by blue arrow). Scale bars (500um) are shown for each taxon. All images copyright University of Waikato. | PMC9846479 | gr2.jpg |
0.453841 | 30f902df89a748cfaacc3d2fdfd5fb09 | Conceptual diagram showing a hypothetical and fluctuating press disturbance (A) and corresponding ecological response (B) resulting from climate change. Once maximal tolerance limits (maximum resistance capacity) are exceeded, steep declines in associated ecological responses such as fecundity or abundance are expected (B). Increased tolerance levels increases initial resistance (C), which may delay ecological responses (D). The fluctuating nature of almost all climates allow opportunities for recovery (*) which can influence ongoing resistance capacities. | PMC9846479 | gr3.jpg |
0.474066 | 2404a252973d42eca94e884741ecdc30 | Effect of bacterial treatments on the mortality and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica. (A) Number of living J2s nematodes relative to the control for each treatment is represented in the Y axis. Nematodes were monitored after 96 hours. (B) Number of alive and dead J2s, and non-hatched eggs respect to the control for each treatment are represented in the Y axis. Eggs hatching was counted 10 days after incubation. 10mM magnesium sulfate was used as control. Four independent replicates of 100 eggs or J2s each were tested per treatment in three independent experiments. Dilutions from 1x of dual-strain bacteria combination (B. paralicheniformis FMCH001 and B subtilis FMCH002, 3,20E+08 CFU/ml), are indicated in the X axis. 1x is 3,20E+08 CFU/ml; 1/2x is 1,60E+08 CFU/ml; 1/10x is 3,20E+07 CFU/ml; 1/100x is 3,20E+06 CFU/ml. (C) Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between J2s mortality (y-axis) and the bacteria dilutions (x-axis) was 0,98, p<0.003. Bars represent mean ± SE. *Asterisks, significant differences respect to control (t-test; P<0.05). CFU is considered as the number of spores. | PMC9846617 | fpls-13-1077062-g001.jpg |
0.414477 | 8ac94b64c2284f42a723c6442b22a8a4 | Effect of bacteria supernatants free of bacterial cells on the mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. Percentage of dead nematodes treated with supernatant of bacteria B paralicheniformis FMCH001; B subtilis FMCH002 as indicated, grown in MSgg for (A) 24 h and (B) 48 h. In the panels below, representative images of the nematodes shape in each of the bacteria treatments and the control. Curled nematodes are alive, straight nematodes, dead. Nematodes were monitored after 24 hours. MSgg media was used as control. 100 J2s were tested per treatment with three biological replicates. Bars represent mean ± SE. *Asterisks, significant differences respect to control (t-test; p < 0.05). Scale bar: 500µm. | PMC9846617 | fpls-13-1077062-g002.jpg |
0.407848 | b51768f6ee0c4c428d805454ff09ed9e |
M. incognita juvenile attraction and penetration in tomato roots treated with the dual bacteria combination. (A) Number of juveniles around root tip at 5 hai and 24 hai. (B) Number of nematodes inside the roots at 24 hai and 5 dai. (C) A representative image of a tomato root tip surrounded by J2 from M. incognita. (D) A representative image of J2 after penetration on a tomato root tip. 600 juveniles were inoculated per plate. Roots were submerged in a suspension of 1 x 10E+06 CFU/ml of the dual-strain bacteria combination of B paralicheniformis FMCH001 and B subtilis FMCH002. Bars represent mean ± SE. *Asterisks, significant differences respect to control (t-test; p<0.05). Scale bar: 500µm. hai=hours after inoculation, dai=days after inoculation. | PMC9846617 | fpls-13-1077062-g003.jpg |
0.586794 | ef2d702f884f4301a3c80ca46e306ba8 | Effect of bacterial treatment (coated seeds) in the infection of Solanum lycopersicum (L.) cv. Roma VF with M. javanica. (A)
In vitro grown tomato plantlets were evaluated at 4 days post inoculation. Bars represent number of galls per plant ± SE. 140 plants per treatment were tested in three independent experiments. (B) Effect of bacterial treatment in the galls size. Tomato galls were hand-dissected and evaluated 14 days post inoculation. Bars represent mean of galls size (height and width) ± SE for ten galls per treatment from three independent experiments. Seeds were uncoated (black) or coated (grey) with the dual-strain bacteria combination of B paralicheniformis FMCH001 and B subtilis FMCH002. *Asterisks represent significant differences respect to uncoated seeds (t-test; P<0.05). Black, uncoated seeds, grey, coated seeds. | PMC9846617 | fpls-13-1077062-g004.jpg |
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