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Two or more oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid are most often positive in- | Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed. They are used in the diagnosis of various neurological and blood diseases, especially in multiple sclerosis. The blood serum can be gained from a clotted blood sample. Ref Davidson 23rd edtion pg 450 | 1,600 | medmcqa_train |
Iodine deficiency control programme ? | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Foification of salt Iodized salt (salt foified with iodine) is most economical, convenient and effective means of mass prophylaxis in endemic area. | 1,601 | medmcqa_train |
All of the following methods are anti-larval measures, EXCEPT: | Malathion is used primarily for killing adult mosquitoes. It is not recommended as a larvicidal agent Fenthion, Chlorpyrifos and abate are preferred as larvicides. Water management such as intermittent irrigation constitutes a proven method of larval control. Paris green or copper acetoarsenite is a stomach poison and is effective when ingested by the larvae. Gambusia afftnis are small fishes that feed readily an mosquito larvae. Ref: Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine By K. Park, 19th Edition, Page 638; Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine By K. Park, 18th Edition, Page 570, 579, 590 | 1,602 | medmcqa_train |
IPC 82 states that: child cannot be punished under what age - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 7yrs o Section 82 I.P.C.: Criminal responsibility is any act which is done by a child under seven years of age is not an offence.Section of IPCRelated with82A child under the age of seven is incapable of committing an offence. This is so because action alobe does not amount to guilt unless if is accompanied by a guilty mind. And, a child of that tender age cannot have a guilty mind or criminal intention with which the act is done. This presumption, however, is only confined to offenses under the IPC but not to other Acts, e.g., the Railway Act.83A child above seven and under twelve years of age is presumed to be capable of committing an offence it he has obtained sufficient maturity to understand and judge the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion. The law presumes such maturity' in a child of that age unless the contrary is proved by the defence.89A child under 12 years of age cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur from an act done in good faith and for its benefit, e.g., a consent for an operation. Only, a guardian can give such consent.87A person under 12 years of age cannot give valid consent, whether express or implied, to suffer any harm which may result from an act no intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt e.g. consent for a wrestling contest.84Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is uncapable of knowing the nature of act (i.e. it is wrong or contrary to law).85,86Drunkness and criminal responsibilityQ | 1,603 | medmcqa_train |
Treatment of choice for generalized anxiety disorder is? | Ans is 'a' i.e. Benzodiazepines Treatment of generalized anxiety disorderA Benzodiazepines are the drug of choice. Drugs in this group are diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Oxazepam, chlordiazepoxide.B. Other drugs used are buspirone; TCA (amptriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, desipramine); SSRIs (Fluoxetine, Sertaline, Paroxetine, Citalopram); SNRIs (Venalafaxine), p-blockers.C. Anticonvulsants with GABAergic properties may also be effective against anxiety, e.g., Gabapentin, Oxcarbazepine, Tiagabine, pregabalin, and Valproate (divalporex). | 1,604 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following agents may precipitate bronchospasm in patients with reactive airway disease? | Methohexital is an ultra-sho-acting barbiturate that provides sedation and amnesia for sho, invasive procedures. Barbiturate administration may precipitate bronchospasm in patients with moderate to severe reactive airway disease, thus limiting its use in those patients. There is some evidence that ketamine may have a mild, transient bronchodilatory effect. Midazolam, etomidate, and propofol have no clinically significant effect on bronchial smooth muscle tone. Of the listed agents, only ketamine provides analgesia in addition to sedation. | 1,605 | medmcqa_train |
"Chemical pregnancy" means : | Positive beta HCG and absent gestational sac | 1,606 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following Biomedical wastes cannot be disposed off in yellow bags? | Yellow color bags are used for disposal of: BMW Cat 1: Human anatomical wastes BMW Cat 2: Animal wastes BMW Cat 3: Microbiological and biotechnology waste BMW Cat 6: Soiled waste Container/bags are not required for disposal of BMW Cat 8: Liquid waste BMW Cat 10: Chemical waste BMW Cat 3: (if disinfected locally): Microbiological and biotechnology waste Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 827 | 1,607 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following bacteria contains mycolic acid in the cell wall | Mycobacterium are slender rods that sometimes show branching, filamentous forms resembling fungal mycelium. In liquid cultures, they form a mould like a pellicle. they do not stain readily, but once stained, resist decolourisation with dilute mineral acids, due to the presence of mycolic acid in their cell wall. They are called acid-fast bacilli. Mycobacterium are slow-growing, aerobic, non-motile, non-capsulated and non-sporing. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg;351 | 1,608 | medmcqa_train |
Child criteria doesnt include | Variables in Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system Serum albumin Bilirubin Prothrombin time Ascites Encephalopathy Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1436 | 1,609 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following will be detected in flow cytometry? | Flow cytometry is an extremely useful investigational tool that allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical characteristics defining WBC types using the principles of light scattering, excitation, and fluorochrome emission. As such, it can allow for the rapid identification and quantification of populations of WBC in any given patient sample based on the characteristic immunophenotype of the population subset.Also know:Flow cytometry can be a vital investigational tool for the hospitalist. It can be used in the initial workup of a new leukocytosis to identify a malignant versus a benign reactive cause. Flow cytometry also has direct uses in nonmalignant hematologic conditions, such as in the determination of CD4/CD8 count ratios in HIV-associated lymphocytopenia or in the diagnosis of rarer conditions such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Ref: Leonard B.J., Leber B. (2012). Chapter 174. Disorders of the White Cell. In G.V. Lawry, S.C. McKean, J. Matloff, J.J. Ross, D.D. Dressler, D.J. Brotman, J.S. Ginsberg (Eds), Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. | 1,610 | medmcqa_train |
Base of the skull fracture presents with involvement of the petrous temporal bone, which of the following important sign: | (Battle sign) (595-Baily & Love 24th) (302-B &L 25th)Base of Skull Fractures* Anterior fossa fracture - May open into the frontal or ethmoid air sinuses or run across the cribriform plate.* Presents with sub conjunctival hematoma, anosmia, epistaxis, nasal tip anaesthesia, CSF-rhinorrhea and occasionally carotico-cavernous fistua.* Periorbital haematoma or "raccoon eye" indicate subgaleal haemorrhage.* Middle fossa fracture involving petrous temporal bone presents with CSF otorrhoea, haemotympanum, occicular disruption, Battle sign or VII and VIII cranial nerve palsiesBattle sign - bruising behind the ear appearing 36 hours after a head injury with a petrous temporal base of skull fracture | 1,611 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following pubeal events in girls is not estrogen dependant | Functions of estrogen Estrogen changes the vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified type,which is more resistant to trauma and infection Marked proliferation of endometrial stroma and greatly increases the development of the endometrial glands - Menstruation Development of the stromal tissue of breast, growth of an extensive ductile system and deposition of fat Increase in osteoblastic activity and growth rate becomes rapid for several years Estrogens do not greatly affect hair distribution and growth. However hair develops in the pubic region and axilla after pubey. Androgens produced by the adrenal glands are responsible for this TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY,GUYTON,Pg no:905,906,8th edition | 1,612 | medmcqa_train |
A pathologist is observing a slide. He repos seeing perineural invasion. In which one of the following perineural invasion is most commonly seen? | Adenoid cystic carcinoma | 1,613 | medmcqa_train |
All of the following investigations are used in FIGO staging of carcinoma cervix except ? | CECT According to the FIGO guidlines for clinical staging of cervical carcinoma, diagnostic studies include :-Intravenous urography (pyelography). - Cystoscopic examination of bladder and urethra Proctosigmoidoscopic study - Barium enema Colposcopic study of the vagina and vaginal formices in early stage disease. Colposcopic findings may be used for assigning a stage to the tumour for instance FIGO stage HA. - Chest radiograph and electrocardiographic studies are used to determine cardiopulmonary disease paicularly in oder patients. Pulmonary function studies can be impoant especially for evaluating patients who are candidates for extensive surgery. Remember CT scan, MRI lymphangiography and PET scan may offer information helpful for treatment planning but these findings do not change the FIGO stage of the disease. Pelvic examinations and clinical staging as defined by FIGO cannot detect metastasis such as paraaoic lymph node metastasis. Consequently there is growing body of literature showing the superiority of cross-sectional imaging computed Tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over clinical staging in delineating the extent of the disease in patient with cervical cancer. The official FIGO guidelines do not incorporate the use of either CT or MRI findings into the staging of cervical cancer. This is due to the FIGO guideline that staging methods should be universally available so that staging can be standardized means of communication between different institutions wordwide. | 1,614 | medmcqa_train |
True regarding febrile convulsion – | Types of febrile convulsions
Febrile convulsions may be of two types.
Simple benign
Atypical complex
1. Simple benign febrile convulsions
More common
Last less than 10 minutes
Convulsions are generalized
No post ictal neurological deficit
Usually single seizure in the same day
EEG is normal after a few days
2. Complex, atypical febrile convulsions
Less common
More than one seizure in the same day
Last more than 15 minutes
Convulsions are focal
Risk factors for recurrence
Positive family history
Atypical complex febrile convulsions
Neurodevelopmental retardation (e.g. cerebral palsy, mental retardation)
Early onset of febrile seizure (before 1 year)
Treatment of febrile seizure
Febrile convulsions are managed by prompt reduction of temperature with →
i) Antipyretics → Paracetamole, Ibuprofen
ii) Hydrotherapy → Sponging
For seizures lasting > 5 minutes, anticonvulsants can be given -
Diazepam is the DOC
Phenobarbitone is an alternative | 1,615 | medmcqa_train |
Uterine-cervix ratio up to 10 years of age: | The relationship of the length of the cervix and that of the body of uterus varies with age. | 1,616 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following is produced in the lipoxygenase pathway? | Thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, and prostaglandins are formed by the cyclooxygenase pathway whereas leukotrienes are formed by the lipooxygenase pathway.Ref: Textbook of medical physiology by N Geetha, 2nd edition, page no. 103 | 1,617 | medmcqa_train |
Deleterious effect of ultrasound on small organism is: | Ans. Cavitation | 1,618 | medmcqa_train |
Hemophia A due to deficiency of ? | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Factor VIII Hemophila A :? Hemophilia A is due to deficiency of factor VIII. Hemophilia A is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Factor VIII is an intrinsic pathway component required for activation of factor X. Clinical manifestations are due to defect in coagulation system :- Large post traumatic ecchymoses or hematoma. Prolonged bleeding after a laceration or any form of surgical procedure. Bleeding into weight bearing joints. Petechiae are characteristically absent (in contrast to platelet dysfunction where bleeding occur from small vessels of skin and mucous membrane, e.g., petechiae). Laboratory findings :- T PTT Normal PT Normal BT Normal platelet counts Remember Hemophilia B (christmas disease) is due to deficiency of factor IX. Hemophilia B has clinical features and laboratory findings similar to hemophilia A. | 1,619 | medmcqa_train |
V/Q ratio at the base of lung- | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 0.6 o Overall V/Q ratio of lung-0.8o V/Q ratio at apex-3.0 (maximum)o V/Q ratio at base-0.6 (Least) | 1,620 | medmcqa_train |
A 70 year old man develops pneumonia and septicemia. Patient goes into renal failure and has a BP of 70/50 mm of Hg. Drug that should be used to maintain BP is: | Answer is D (Norepinephrine) The patient in question is presenting with features of septic shock. Dopamine is the initial recommended vasopressor agent to maintain blood pressure but is not provided amongst the options. Patients who remain hypotensive despite dopamine should he adminstered norepinephrine and hence norepinephrine is the single best answer of choice here. Harrison 14th / 221 Treatment of septic shock Iffluid therapy alone fails to restore adequate aerial pressure and organ perfusion , therapy with vaso pressor agent should be intitiated. For the persistantly hypotensive patient dopamine frequently raises aerial pressure and maintains or enhances blood flow to the renal and splanchnic circulation. Patients who remain hypotensive despite dopamine require nor epinephrine, a more potent vasopressor. Once hypotension, has been corrected to optimize oxygen delivery to tissues, raising a low cardiac index with dobutamine can be useful - Harrisons 16th / 605 : Treatment of septic shock In the presence of sepsis, augmentation of cardiac output may require inotropic suppo with dopamine, nore pinephrine or vaso pressin in the presence of hypotension or with dobutamine if aerial pressure is normal | 1,621 | medmcqa_train |
To be defined as a ganglioside,a lipid substance isolated from nervous tissue must contain | Gangliosides are the complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contain in addition one or more molecules of sialic acid. Neuraminic acid is the principal sialic acid found in human tissues. Gangliosides are present in nervous tissue in high concentration.They help in cell-cell recognition and communication and as receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins. Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30 th edition | 1,622 | medmcqa_train |
A 25 years old female complains of recurrent rhinitis, nasal discharge and bilateral nasal blockage since one year. She has the history of asthma and allergy. On examination, multiple ethmoidal polyps are noted with mucosal thickening and impacted secretions in both the nasal cavities. A biopsy is taken and the material is cultured which shown the growth of many non pigmented septate hyphae with dichotomous branching typically at 45degrees. Which of the following is the most likely responsible organism | Aspergillus shows typical dichotomous branching at an angle of approximately 45degrees. Candida shows pseudohyphae. Rhizopus and mucor shows nonseptate hyphae. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition | 1,623 | medmcqa_train |
Boerhaave syndrome is due to: | Ans. (b) vomitingRef Bailey and Love 27th edition, Page 1073* Vomiting against closed Glottis leads to Boerhaave syndrome.* Vomiting against closed LES leads to Mallory Weiss tear. | 1,624 | medmcqa_train |
Characteristic histopathology finding in Whipples disease is ? | Ans. is 'a' i.e., PAS positive macrophages and rod shaped bacilli in lamina propriaThe hallmark of Whipple's disease is a small intestinal mucosa laden with distended macrophages in the lamina propria- the macrophages contain periodic acid-schiff (PAS) positive granules and rod shaped bacilli by electron microscopy.Three forms of Malabsorption Syndromes are often asked and the basic understanding of these is able to exclude a large number of questions. | 1,625 | medmcqa_train |
In which of the following conditions uniform dilation of esophagus is seen | In Trypanosoma cruzi infection& dermatomyositis uniform dilatation of oesophagus is seen Esophageal dilatation is a therapeutic endoscopic procedure that enlarges the lumen of the esophagus. ...Complications of esophageal dilatation include the following: Odynophagia, or painful swallowing. Hematemesis, or bloody vomit. Esophageal perforation. Mediastinitis. | 1,626 | medmcqa_train |
Mechanism of action of vincristine in the treatment of ALL is: | Vinca alkaloids like vincristine and vinblastine act by inhibiting the formation of mitotic by spindle inhibiting polymerization of tubulin. These drugs are selective for M phase of cell cycle. | 1,627 | medmcqa_train |
All are true about ketone bodies except | KETOSIS Under ceain metabolic conditions associated with a high rate of fatty acid oxidation, liver produces considerable quantities of compounds like acetoacetate and bbb-OH butyric acid, which pass by diffusion into the blood. Acetoacetate continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to produce acetone. These three substances are collectively known as "ketone bodies" (or "acetone bodies"). Sometimes also called as "ketones", which is rather a misnomer. KETONE BODY FORMATION IN LIVER (KETOGENESIS) Enzymes are mitochondrial: Steps 1. Aceto-acetyl-CoA: Aceto-acetyl-CoA is the staing material for ketogenesis. This can arise in two ways: (a)Directly during the course of b-oxidation of fatty acids, or (b)As a result of condensation of two C-2 units, i.e. 'active acetate' (acetyl-CoA) by reversal of thiolase reaction. 2. Formation of Acetoacetate: Acetoacetate is the first ketone body to be formed. This can occur in two ways: a) By deacylation: Acetoacetate can be formed from aceto-acetyl-CoA by simple deacylation catalysed by the enzyme aceto-acetyl-CoA deacylase. SECTION FOUR when excessive amount of ketone bodies are formed, the The above does not seem to be the major pathway deacylation reaction is not enough to cope up. (b) Second pathway: Formation of acetoacetate intermediate production of "bbb-OH-bbb-methyl glutaryl CoA" (HMG-CoA). Present opinion ours the HMG-CoA pathway as the major route of ketone body formation. Steps Involves two steps: * Condensation of aceto-acetyl-CoA with another molecule of acetyl-CoA to form b-OH-b methyl glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) catalysed by the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (mitochondrial enzyme). *HMG-CoA is then acted upon by an another enzyme, HMG-CoA Lyase, which is also mitochondrial enzyme, to produce one molecule "acetoacetate" and one molecule of acetyl-CoA (Fig. 25.10). Note *Both the enzymes HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA Lyase are mitochondrial and must be available in mitocondrion for ketogenesis to occur. *Both the enzymes are present in liver cells mitochon- dria only. *A marked increase in activity of HMG-CoA Lyase has been noted in fasting. *HMG-CoA is a committed step. Cholesterol also can be formed by "HMG-CoA reductase". 3. Formation of Acetone: As stated earlier, acetone is formed from acetoacetate by spontaneous decarboxy- lation (Non-enzymatic). 4.Formation of b-OH Butyrate: Acetoacetate once formed is conveed to b-OH-butyric acid; the reaction is catalysed by the enzyme b-OH-butyrate dehydro- genase, which is present in liver and also found in many other tissues. b-OH-butyrate is quantitatively the predominant ketone body present in blood and urine in KetosisRef: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea Rana Shinde, page no: 425,426 | 1,628 | medmcqa_train |
Pseudoparalysis in an infant is suggestive of ? | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Vit C deficiencyPseudoparalysis o A voluntary restriction of motion because of pain, incordination or other cause, but not due to actual muscular paralysis.Causes of pseudoparalysisScurvy (vitamin C deficiency) o OsteomyelitisSeptic (ahritis) o Congenital syphilis | 1,629 | medmcqa_train |
Greater than 30 g of fat is excreted in feces per day. The cause is | (A) Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency # Steatorrheal causes:> Intraluminal maldigestion (pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth, bariatric surgery, liver disease)> Mucosal malabsorption (celiac sprue, Whipple's disease, infections, abetalipoproteinemia, ischemia)> Postmucosal obstruction (1deg or 2deg lymphatic obstruction)> Quantitatively, steatorrhea is defined as stool fat exceeding the normal 7 g/d; rapid-transit diarrhea may result in fecal fat up to 14 g/d; daily fecal fat averages 15-25 g with small intestinal diseases and is often >32 g with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Intraluminal maldigestion, mucosal malabsorption, or lymphatic obstruction may produce steatorrhea.> Steatorrhea is a condition characterized by the loss of lipids in the feces. Steatorrhea may be due to1. A defect in the secretion of bile or pancreatic juice into the intestine;2. Impairment in the lipid absorption by the intestinal cells.> Steatorrhea is commonly seen in disorders associated with pancreas, biliary obstruction, severe liver dysfunction etc. | 1,630 | medmcqa_train |
A young girl has had repeated infections with Candida albicans and respiratory viruses since she was 3 months old. As part of the clinical evaluation of her immune status, her responses to routine immunization procedures should be tested. In this evaluation, the use of which of the following vaccines is contraindicated? | Recurrent severe infection is an indication for clinical evaluation of immune status. Live vaccines, including BCG attenuated from M. tuberculosis, should not be used in the evaluation of a patient's immune competence because patients with severe immunodeficiencies may develop an overwhelming infection (disseminated disease) from the vaccine. For the same reason, oral (Sabin) polio vaccine is not advisable for use in such persons. The other vaccines listed are acellular and should be safe to use in this clinical scenario described. | 1,631 | medmcqa_train |
All of the following are in the superficial perineal space of the male EXCEPT the | The bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland is in the deep penineal space within the urogenital diaphragm. The duct from the gland leaves the deep perineal space, enters the superficial penineal space, and then enters the urethra. Because the gland is in the deep perineal space within a tightly confined area, infection of the gland is painful. The homologous gland in the female, the greater vestibular (Baholins) gland, is in the superficial perineal space. | 1,632 | medmcqa_train |
A 62-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with dull, diffuse abdominal pain. A CT scan reveals a tumor at the head of the pancreas. The abdominal pain is mediated by afferent fibers that travel initially with which of the following nerves? | The afferent fibers mediating the pain from the head of the pancreas run initially with the greater thoracic splanchnic nerves. The greater splanchnic nerves arise from sympathetic ganglia at the levels of T5 to T9 and innervate structures of the foregut and thus the head of the pancreas. Running within these nerves are visceral afferent fibers that relay pain from foregut structures to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Also entering the dorsal horn are the somatic afferents from that vertebral level, which mediate pain from the body wall. Intercostal nerves T1 to T12 provide the terminal part of the pathway to the spinal cord of visceral afferents for pain from the thorax and much of the abdomen. Therefore, pain fibers from the pancreas pass by way of the splanchnic nerves to the sympathetic chains and then, by way of communicating rami, to ventral rami of intercostal nerves, finally entering the spinal cord by way of the dorsal roots. The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and also carries visceral afferents from mediastinal pleura and the pericardium, but it does not carry with it any visceral afferent fibers from the pancreas. The vagus nerve innervates the pancreas with parasympathetic fibers and ascends all the way up to the medulla where it enters the brain. It has no visceral afferent fibers for pain. The subcostal nerve is from the level of T12 and innervates structures below the pancreas and carries no visceral afferents from the pancreas. | 1,633 | medmcqa_train |
Advantage of Minimal access surgery | The core principles of minimal access surgery (independent of procedure or device) can be summarized by the acronym I-VITROS: * Insufflate/create space - to allow surgery to take place in the minimal access setting * Visualise - the tissues, anatomical landmarks and the environment for the surgery to take place * Identify - the specific structures for surgery * Triangulate - surgical tools (such as po placement) to optimise the efficiency of their action, and ergonomics by minimising overlap and clashing of instruments * Retract - and manipulate local tissues to improve access and gain entry into the correct tissue planes * Operate - incise, suture, anastomose, fuse * Seal/haemostasis. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno : 105 | 1,634 | medmcqa_train |
Pinch purpura is diagnostic of – | In primary systemic amyloidosis amyloid deposition occurs in the wall of the blood vessels, this leads to an increase in skin fragility. As a result, petechiae and purpura develop in clinically normal skin as well as in lesional skin following minor trauma. Therefore the skin lesions in case of primary systemic amyloidosis are called pinch purpura. These lesions are pink in colour and translucent.
Common locations are
Face (especially the periorbital and perioral regions)
Flexural areas. | 1,635 | medmcqa_train |
The mode of action of Lanatoprost in glaucoma: | Lantanoprost is prastoglandin in nature and decrease the intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humour. It is very good adjunctive therapy along with betablockers, dorzolamide and pilocarpine. Ref: A.K KHURANA (2005), Chapter 9, "Glaucoma", In the book, "Opthalmology", 3rd Edition, Newdelhi, Page 229 ; KDT 5th Edition, Page 88 | 1,636 | medmcqa_train |
Gelle&;s test is done in | Gelle's test: It is also a test of bone conduction and examines the effect of increased air pressure in ear canal on the hearing. Normally, when air pressure is increased in the ear canal by Siegel's speculum, it pushes the tympanic membrane and ossicles inwards, raises the intralabyrinthine pressure and causes immobility of basilar membrane and decreased hearing, but no change in hearing is observed when ossicular chain is fixed or disconnected. Gelle's test is performed by placing a vibrating fork on the mastoid while changes in air pressure in the ear canal are brought about by Siegel's speculum. Gelle's test is positive in nor- mal persons and in those with sensorineural hearing loss. It is negative when ossicular chain is fixed or disconnected. It was a popular test to find out stapes fixation in otosclerosis but has now been superceded by tympanometry. Ref:- Dhingra; pg num:- 22,23 | 1,637 | medmcqa_train |
Factor responsible for Cardiac Hyperophy is? | Ans. is 'c' i.e., c-myc | 1,638 | medmcqa_train |
Most common cause of gangrene of foot of a 30 year old farmers who is a chronic smoker | All four can cause gangrene (Myocardial infarction can cause gangrene by thromboembolism) Lets see, each option one by one. Raynauds disease Is ds of young women* (F:M ratio is 5:1) commonly the upper limbs* are affected specially the fingers (the thumb is generally escaped) The disease is characterized by Raynauds phenomenon* which is a series of attacks of Local syncope - digits become cold and white* Local asphyxia - digits turn blue with burning sensation* Local recovery -digits regain normal colour* Pulses remain unaffected* as this is the disease which affects aerioles With the help of points (a) and (b) Raynauds ds can be ruled out. Atherosclerosis (Senile gangrene) Seen in elderly people over 50 years of age. Thus because of age factor we can rule out atherosclerosis. Myocardial infaction Age factor again helps in ruling it out as MI is generally seen in elderly, though its incidence is increasing in young, but it cannot be a more common cause than Buerger's disease. Buerger's (Thromboangitis obliterans) Usual victims of this ds are young men below 40 yrs of age, who are smokers (ds is not seen in females and nonsmokers). Buerger ds is the inflammatory reaction in the aerial wall with involvement of the neighbouring vein and nerve, terminating in thrombosis of the aery. It characterstically involves small and medium sized aeries (plantars, tibial and radial aery) Both upper and lower extremities are affected. In lower extremity the ds. occurs beyond the popliteal aery. In upper extremity the ds occurs beyond the brachial a. Early in the course of Buergers ds the superficial veins are involved producing the characterstic migratory, recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis. An imp difference with atheroselerosis is that, atherosclerosis is a disease of large sized aeries, buergers is a ds of small aeries. | 1,639 | medmcqa_train |
Following features are true about lipid insoluble beta blockers except? | Ans. is `b' i.e., Have good membrane stabilizing effect Lipid insolubile drugs have following features ? Do not cross Blood Brain Barrier and therefore produce no CNS effects. Have good renal excretion Have no membrane stabilizing activity Are incompletely absorbed orally Are long acting Are effective in narrow dose range Lipid insoluble b-blockers Acebutolol Betoxalol Atenolol Caeolol Bisoprolol Celiprolol Esmolol Nodalol Sotalo Labealol Pindolol | 1,640 | medmcqa_train |
Sideroblastic anemia is seen in chronic poisoning of | Ans. (a) Lead(Ref: Wintrobe's 12th/pg837)Sideroblastic anemia is seen in:*. Alcoholism*. Lead poisoning*. Drugs (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, chloramphenicol)*. Copper deficiency (zinc ingestion, copper chelation, nutritional, malabsorption)*. Hypothermia | 1,641 | medmcqa_train |
"Lift off' and "Belly Press" tests are done to examine which of the following rotator cuff muscle? | Ans. C. SubscapularisSubscapularis muscle is responsible for extremes of internal rotation, which can be tested with belly press and lift off test. | 1,642 | medmcqa_train |
Superior Gluteal Nerve supplies ail except: | Ans. C. Gluteus MaximusThe superior gluteal nerve arises from the sacral plexus in the pelvis and is formed by the dorsal branches of the ventral rami of L4, L5; S1. It enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic notch above the piriformis in company with superior gluteal artery. Here it curves upward and forward, runs between the gluteus medius and the minimus, and supplies both of them. It then comes out by passing between the anterior borders of these muscles and supplies the tensor fasciae latae from its deep surface. It also provides an articular twig to the hip joint. | 1,643 | medmcqa_train |
Placental abnormality related to PPH is? | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the abovePlacenta: morbidly adherent placenta (accrete, percreta), paially or completely separately separated placenta but with retained bits of placental tissue leads to PPH. | 1,644 | medmcqa_train |
Best method to show trend of events with passage of time is? | ANSWER: (A) Line diagramREF: Park 20th edition page 747 &748, style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0 0 0 8px; text-indent: 0; text-align: left">"Line diagrams are used to show the trend of events with passage of time"PictographA pictograph uses an icon to represent a quantity of data : values in order to decrease the size of the graph. A key must be used to explain the icon.Advantages* Easy to read* Visually appealing* Handles large data sets easily using keyed iconsDisadvantages* Hard to quantify partial icons* Icons must be of consistent size* Best for only 2-6 categories* Very simplisticPie chartA pie chart displays categorical data as a percentage of the whole by using a circle. Each pie section should have a label and percentage. A total data number should be included.Advantages* Visually appealing* Shows percent of total for each categoryDisadvantages* No exact numerical data* Hard to compare 2 data sets*"Other" category can be a problem* Total unknown unless specified* Best for 3 to 7 categories* Use only with discrete dataHistogramA histogram displays discrete or continuous data in ordered columns. Each column represents a group defined by a quantitative variable such as time, inches, temperature, etc.Advantages* Visually strong* Can compare to normal curve* Usually vertical axis is a frequency count of items falling into each categoryDisadvantages* Cannot read exact values because data is grouped into categories* More difficult to compare two data sets* Use only with continuous dataBar graphA bar graph displays discrete data in separate columns. A double bar graph can be used to compare two data sets. Each column represents a group defined by a categorical variableAdvantages* Visually strong* Can easily compare two or three data setsDisadvantages* Graph categories can be reordered to emphasize certain effects* Use only with discrete dataLine graphA line graph plots continuous data as points and then joins them with a line. To show the trend of event with passage of timeAdvantages* Can compare multiple continuous data sets easily* Interim data can be inferred from graph lineDisadvantages* Use only with continuous dataFrequency PolygonA frequency polygon can be made from a line graph by shading in the area beneath the graph. It can be made from a histogram by joining midpoints of each column.Advantages* Visually appealingDisadvantages* Anchors at both ends may imply zero as data points* Use only with continuous data | 1,645 | medmcqa_train |
More resistance in expiration is due to: | A i.e. Increased compression of airways | 1,646 | medmcqa_train |
Temporal pallor in optic disc seen in all except | Optic atrophy, pallor of the optic nerve head, is a sign found in patients with visual loss due to pathology of the optic nerve or retinal ganglion cells. ... It refers topallor of the optic disc which results from irreversible damage to the retinal ganglion cells and axons. It is commonly seen in Optic neuritis Compress of optic nerve Leber's hereditary optic neuritis Ref AK khurana 6/e p459 | 1,647 | medmcqa_train |
Anti glaucoma drug that act by increasing uvea scleral outflow is? | REF : KD TRIPATHI 8TH ED | 1,648 | medmcqa_train |
The major vitamin deficiency in Wernicke's encephalopathy is : | Wernicke's disease is a common and preventable disorder due to a deficiency of thiamine. Alcoholics account for most cases, but patients with malnutrition due to hyperemesis, starvation, renal dialysis, cancer, AIDS, or rarely gastric surgery are also at risk. The characteristic clinical triad is that of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and global confusion. However, only one-third of patients with acute Wernicke's disease present with the classic clinical triad. Most patients are profoundly disoriented, indifferent, and inattentive, although rarely they have an agitated delirium related to ethanol withdrawal. Ref: Hemphill, III J.C., Gress D.R. (2012). Chapter 275. Neurologic Critical Care, Including Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. In D.L. Longo, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Kasper, S.L. Hauser, J.L. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. | 1,649 | medmcqa_train |
Commonest fungal infection of female genitalia in diabetes? | Candida is the commonest infection of female genital tract in diabetes. Candida species are normal commensals of the mouth, GI tract, vaginal mucosa and in the patients with an indwelling catheter. Diabetes is paicularly associated with increased susceptibility to vaginal infections. | 1,650 | medmcqa_train |
Who among the following has contributed to the development of neuro-otology and is considered as the father of 'nen ro-otology'? | Ans. c. William F. House (Ref www.audiology.org For the pioneering work in the field of neuro-otology, William F. House considered as 'Father of Neuro-otology'. William F. House considered as 'Father of Neuro-otology' because of his pioneering development approaches for the removal of acoustic tumors and the management of patients with disabling veigo. | 1,651 | medmcqa_train |
Drugs causing macular toxicity when given intravitreally- | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Gentamycino Intravitreal aminoglycosides (gentamycin, amikacin) are a reported cause of macular toxicity.o Aminoglycosides induced macular toxicity is thought to be partially due to the gravity-induced settling of drugs on the macula in supine position.o This may result in a higher concentration of drug locally at the macula. | 1,652 | medmcqa_train |
Fatty liver is caused by all except | Fatty change in the liver may result from one of the two types of causes: 1.Conditions with excess fat: i) Obesity ii)Diabetes mellitus iii)Congenital hyperlipidaemia 2.Liver cell damage: i) Alcoholic liver disease (most common) ii)Starvation iii)Protein calorie malnutrition iv)Chronic illnesses (e.g. tuberculosis) v) Acute fatty liver in late pregnancy vi)Hypoxia (e.g. anaemia, cardiac failure) vii)Hepatotoxins (e.g. carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, aflatoxins and other poisons) viii)Drug-induced liver cell injury (e.g. administration of methotrexate, steroids, CCl4, halothane anaesthetic, tetracycline etc) ix) Reye's syndrome. TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY HARSH MOHAN 6TH EDITION PAGE NO:38 | 1,653 | medmcqa_train |
Urination in the human subject is decreased by | ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS (Muscarinic receptor antagonists, Atropinic, Parasympatholytic) Smooth muscles:- All visceral smooth muscles that receive parasympathetic motor innervation are relaxed by atropine (M3 blockade). Tone and amplitude of contractions of stomach and intestine are reduced; the passage of chyme is slowed--constipation may occur, spasm may be relieved. Atropine has relaxant action on ureter and Urinary bladder; urinary retention can occur in older males with prostatic hyperophy. However,this relaxant action can be beneficial for increasing bladder capacity and controlling detrusor hyperreflexia in neurogenic bladder/enuresis. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-114,115 | 1,654 | medmcqa_train |
Intraepidermal lgG deposition is seen in | Pemphigus | 1,655 | medmcqa_train |
More resistance in respiration is due to which of the following? | More resistance in respiration is seen in bronchial construction Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number:333,334,335 | 1,656 | medmcqa_train |
A patient presented with fever, cervical lymphadenopathy and night sweats four weeks after unprotected sexual contact. Next investigation | Ref: PubMed* This is a possible suspicion of HIV infection.* p24 antigen is a viral protein that makes up most of the viral core.* Serum concentrations of p24 antigen are high in the first few weeks after infection; tests sensitive to p24 antigen are therefore useful for diagnosing very early infection when antibody levels are still low. | 1,657 | medmcqa_train |
Apical root fracture in an anterior tooth is treated by: | A tooth with its root fractured in its apical third has an excellent prognosis because the pulp in the apical fragment usually remains vital, and the tooth may remain firm in its socket.
A mobile tooth should be splinted.
If the pulp in the coronal fragment remains vital and the tooth is stable, with or without ligation, then no additional treatment is indicated.
In the event of pulpal death in the coronal fragment, endodontic treatment can be done, which is preferably limited to the coronal fragment.
If the tooth fails to recover, the apical root fragment can be removed surgically.
Ref : Grossman’s endodontics,13th edition, pg no:430 | 1,658 | medmcqa_train |
Optical media are clear in: | Ans. Both of the above | 1,659 | medmcqa_train |
A male was brought unconscious to the hospital with external injuries. CT shows no midline shift, but basal cisterns were full (compressed) with multiple small haemorrhage. The most probable diagnosis is: | B i.e. Diffuse axonal injuries Diffuse axonal injuries (DAI) - shearing injuries caused by sudden rotational or accelerating / decelerating forces. Patient typically lose consciousness at the time of impactQ. On CT small petechial hemorrhages are seenQ | 1,660 | medmcqa_train |
The patient is delivered by cesarean section under general anesthesia.The baby and placenta are easily delivered, but the uterus is noted to be boggy and atonic despite intravenous infusion of Pitocin. All of the following are appropriate agents to use next except | Methylergonovine, prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin E1 (Misoprostil), and prostaglandin E2 (Hemabate)are all uretotonic agents than can be used in situations where there is a postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony.
Terbutalinewould be contraindicated in this situation because it is a tocolytic that is used to promote uterine relaxation. | 1,661 | medmcqa_train |
Unwinding Enzyme in DNA synthesis: | Ans. A. Helicase(Ref: Harper 31/e page 364)Classes of proteins involved in DNA replicationProteinFunctionDNA polymerasesDeoxynucleotide polymerizationHelicasesProcessive unwinding of DNATopoisomerasesRelieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced unwindingProteinFunctionDNA primaseInitiates synthesis of RNA primersSingle-strand binding proteinsPrevent premature reannealing of dsDNADNA ligaseSeals the single strand nick between the Nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strand | 1,662 | medmcqa_train |
Most common pa of larynx involved in Tuberculosis is | Tubercular laryngitisThe disease affects the posterior third of larynx more commonly than anterior paThe pas affected in descending order of frequency are:- i) Interarytenoid fold, ii) Ventricular band, iii) Vocal cords, iv) EpiglottisRef: PL Dhingra, Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat, 7th edition, pg no. 329 - 330 | 1,663 | medmcqa_train |
Which bacteria has Ampitrichous flagella | Mono - trichous - V.cholerae
Ampitrichous - Alcaligenes faecalis
Lophotrichous - Spirillum minus
Peritricous - E.coli, proteus, Listeria | 1,664 | medmcqa_train |
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused by | Shigella dysenteriae type 1 causes toxemia due to the production of exotoxin.the complication includes polyneuritis, ahritis, conjunctivitis, parotitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's;10th edition; Pg:293 | 1,665 | medmcqa_train |
Liposomal amphotericin B has the following advantage over conventional amphotericin B: | Amphotericin B (AMB): It is obtained from Streptomyces nodosus. Chemistry and mechanism of action The polyenes possess a macrocyclic ring, one side of which has several conjugated double bonds and is highly lipophilic, while the other side is hydrophilic with many OH groups. A polaraminosugar and a carboxylic acid group are present at one end in some. They are all insoluble in water and unstable in aqueous medium. The polyenes have high affinity for ergosterol present in fungal cell membrane: combine with it, get inseed into the membrane and several polyene molecules together orient themselves in such a way as to form a &;micropore&;. The hydrophilic side forms the interior of the pore through which ions, amino acids and other watersoluble substances move out. The micropore is stabilized by membrane sterols which fill up the spaces between the AMB molecules on the lipophilic side-constituting the outer surface of the pore. Thus, cell permeability is markedly increased. New amphotericin B formulations In an attempt to improve tolerability of i.v. infusion of AMB, reduce its toxicity and achieve targeted delivery, 3 new lipid formulations of AMB have been produced. (a) Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): Contains 35% AMB incorporated in ribbon like paicles of dimyristoyl phospholipids. ( b ) Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCO). Disc shaped paicles containing 50% each of AMB and cholesteryl sulfate are prepared as aqueous dispersion (c) Lpi osomal amphotericin B (small unilamellar vesicles SUV): Consists of 10% AMB incorporated in uniform sized (60-80 nM) unilamellar liposomes made up of lecithin and other biodegradable phospholipids. The special features of these preparations are: * They, except ABCD, produce milder acute reaction (especially liposomal formulation) on i.v. infusion. * They can be used in patients not tolerating infusion oi conventional AMB formulation. * They have lower nephrotoxicity. * They cause minimal anaemia. * The liposomal preparation delivers AMB paicularh* to reticuloendothelial cells in liver and spleen-----especialh valuable for kala azar and in immunocompromised patients. However, some preparations, especially ABLC and ABCD, produce lower AMB levels and their clinical efficacy relative to conventional formulations appear to be lower. Though none of the above formulations is more effectivein deep mycosis than conventional AMB, the liposomal AMB reduces equivalent blood levels, has similar clinical efficacy with less acute reaction and renal toxicity. It thus apears more satisfactory. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:757,758,759 | 1,666 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following is false regarding neoplastic compressive myelopathy? | Any malignant tumour can metastasise to spinal columns, paicularly tumours of breast, lung, prostate, kidney, lymphoma and myeloma. The most common site is the thoracic spinal column. Most neoplasms are epidural in origin, resulting from metastases to adjacent veebral body. Unlike infections of the spinal column, the tumours do not cross the disk space. Reference: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21st edition, p2653 | 1,667 | medmcqa_train |
An eight year old child has active white spot lesions on his teeth and gives a history of having sugar containing snacks and beverages more than 3 times in between meals. In which category can we classify this child | Caries-Risk Assessment Form for Children 6 Years Old or Younger | 1,668 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following generations of amalgam exhibit highest nobility? | The set amalgam exhibits the highest nobility of any previous amalgam and has been the most recent 6th generation of amalgam to be developed.
Reference: Marzouk Operative dentistry, pg-106 | 1,669 | medmcqa_train |
A patient of Schizophrenia was staed on neuroleptics, his psychotic symptoms began to improve however he developed sadness, would talks less to others, would mostly remain to bed. This presentation could be caused by all of following except: | This question is basically asking for the differential diagnosis of symptoms of ' sadness of mood, talking less and staying on the bed" in a patient of schizophrenia who has been staed on antipsychotics. 1. The sadness of mood and decreased interaction can be of course due to depression 2. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia have a similar presentation where avolition can result in 'staying on the bed' and asociality and alogia may result in decrease interaction 3. Fuher, the use of antipsychotics can cause drug-induced parkinsonism which again looks quite similar to negative symptoms. The fouh option 'responding to external stimuli' doesn't explain the symptoms and hence is the answer | 1,670 | medmcqa_train |
The location of schatzki&;s ring is | SCHATZKI'S RING It occurs at the junction of squamous and columnar epithelium at the lower end of oesophagus and has also been called lower oesophageal ring. Usually seen in patients above 50 years of age. Cause is unknown. Symptomatic patients complain of intermittent dysphagia and some may even present with bolus obstruction. It may be associated with hiatus hernia. Treatment is oesophageal dilatation. Ref:- Dhingra; pg num:-345 | 1,671 | medmcqa_train |
Prolactin: | Prolactin, though structurally related to growth hormone does not share its somatotropic activity. Dopamine binds to the lactotropes and inhibits the synthesis and release of prolactin. Hyperprolactinemia suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, causes infertility in women and suppresses the normal menstrual cycle in lactating women. | 1,672 | medmcqa_train |
Triplet repeats in Fragile X -syndrome is? | DISORDER TRIPLET REPEATS Fragile X syndrome CGG Friedreich ataxia GAA Myotonic dystrophy CTG Huntington disease CAG Ref: Nelson, 18th Edition, Pages 135, 499 | 1,673 | medmcqa_train |
Left Kidney is preferred for transplantation because | The left kidney is preferred because of implantation advantages associated with a longer renal vein making anastomosis easier Also know, procurement of kidney, In a brainstem dead donor, the organ to be procured should be preserved to maintain its functional integrity. For this purpose the organ should be perfused with organ preservative solution twice before it is transplanted to the recipient. The first perfusion is done just after the abdomen is opened at laporotomy and the second perfusion is done just after the organ has been removed from the donor. Commonly used preservative solutions include UW solution (University of Wisconsin) and Eurocollins solution. After removal from the donor, the organ is placed in two sterile bags and stored at 0-4degC by immersion in ice while they are transpoed to the recipient centre Ref srb's manual of surgery 5e p993 , Internet | 1,674 | medmcqa_train |
Cesarean section is absolutely indicated in : | Type IV placenta pre | 1,675 | medmcqa_train |
In a dead body recovered from an open field, the below finding is seen. What could be the time since death: | Ans. (B). 3 - 5 daysPeeling of skin is a sign of decomposition.Skin slippage is noted on 2 -3 days,Degloving & destocking type of peeling -3-5 days.This type of change is also seen in drowning.The degloved skin can be preserved in formalin and used for fingerprint analysis. | 1,676 | medmcqa_train |
Drug used for Buerger's disease: | Xanthinol Nicotinate Xanthinol nicotinate (or xanthinol niacinate or complamina) is a vasodilatorQ. It is a combination of xanthinol and niacin (nicotinic acid) This vasodilator is used in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and Buerger's disease. All other forms of pharmacologic treatment have been generally ineffective in the treatment of Buerger's disease, including, steroids, calcium channel blockers, reserpine, vasodilators, antiplatelet drugs. | 1,677 | medmcqa_train |
True about centchroman are all, EXCEPT : | Safe in liver disease | 1,678 | medmcqa_train |
Alcohol anti-craving agents are all, except: AIIMS 09 | Ans. Lorazepam | 1,679 | medmcqa_train |
No effect on hea | B i.e. Ether | 1,680 | medmcqa_train |
In type I hypersensitivity, the mediators is | (IgE) (161-AN 7th) (202-206-CP)Types of hypersensitivity reactions and their featuresType of reactionClinical syndromeMediatorsType I: IgE1. Anaphylaxis2. Atopy P. K. reactionIgE, histamine and other pharmacological agentsType II: Cytolytic and CytotoxicAntibody-mediated damage- thrombocytopenia-agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemiaIgG: IgM, CType III: Immune complex1. Arthrus reaction2. Serum sickness3. Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritisIgG: IgM C Leucocytes.Type IV: Delayed hypersensitivity1. Tuberculin test - Lepromin test, Frei-test, Histoplasmin and toxoplasmin tests viral infections such as herpes simplex and mumps2. Contact dermatitis - drugs, metal (Nickle, chromium), chemicals3. Granulomatous type TB, Leprosy, Schistosomiasis, sarcoidosis and Crohn's diseaseT. cells, Lymphokines, macrophages | 1,681 | medmcqa_train |
Microvesicular type of fatty liver is Seen in the following except | Fatty liver disease means you have extra fat in your liver. You might hear your doctor call it hepatic steatosis. Heavy drinking makes you more likely to get it. Over time, too much alcohol leads to a buildup of fat inside your liver cells. This makes it harder for your liver to work. But you can get fatty liver disease even if you don't drink a lot of alcohol Refer robbins 9/e | 1,682 | medmcqa_train |
Northern blot is used for identification of: (Repeat) | Ans: A (RNA) Ref: Ananthanarayan R, Paniker CKJ. Textbook of Microbiology. 8th Edition. Hyderabad: Universities Press; 2009. Pg. 69Explanation:Southern blotting:The highly sensitive technique for identifying DNA fragments by DNA-DNA hybridisation is called Southern blotting, after EM Southern who devised it. This technique has very wide applications in DNA analysis.Northern blotting:An analogous procedure for the analysis of RNA has been called northern blotting (as opposed to Southern blotting). Here the RNA mixture is separated by gel electrophoresis, blotted and identified using labelled DNA or RNA probes.Western blotting:A similar technique for the identification of proteins (antigens) is called immunoblotting (or, in conformity with other blotting techniques, western blotting). Here the protein antigen mixture is separated by SDS- PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), blotted on to nitrocellulose strips and identified by radiolabeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies as probes. E.g. Western blot test for detection of antibodies directed against different antigens of HIV | 1,683 | medmcqa_train |
Snowman's heart sign on chest X-ray is seen in - | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) o "Snowman" or "figure of 8" or "cottage loaf sign" is characteristic of supracardiac TAP VC.Cardiac configrationo "Boot-shaped" heart (cour en sabot)Fallot's tetralogyo "Egg on side" heart ("egg in cup" heart)Transposition of great arterieso "Egg in cup" HeartConstrictive pericarditiso "Snowman" sign ("figure of 8, or cottage loaf' sign)Supracardiac TAPVCo "Ground - glass" appearance of lungObstructive TAPVCo "Sitting-duck" heartPersistent truncus arteriosuso "Water-bottle" or flasked shaped or money bag heartPericardial effusion, hypothyroidismo "Box-shaped" heartTricuspid atresia, Ebstein's anomalyo Tubular heartAddison's disease, emphysemao "Tear -drop" heartChronic emphysemao "Cor-triatum"Pulmonary vein obstructiono "Jug handle" appearancePrimary pulmonary hypertensiono "Pentagon-shaped" heartMitral incompetenceo "Triangular-shaped" heartConstrictive pericarditis | 1,684 | medmcqa_train |
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy is initiated in which of the following phases of Acute Renal Failure: | Answer is B (Maintenance) Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy should be initiated during the Maintenance phase (Oliguric Phase) of Acute Renal Failure. Maintenance phase refers to the phase of Renal Failure in which the renal injury becomes established. It is also known as the Oliguric Phase. During this phase the GFR and Urine output progressively decrease until they stabilize at their lowest. Fluid retention gives rise to edema, water intoxication, and pulmonary congestion if the period of oliguria is prolonged. Hypeension frequently develops during this phase. Uremic complications and Electrolyte imbalance typically arise during this phase. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CR) or Dialysis should be initiated in this phase. The oliguric-anuric phase generally lasts 10 to 14 days but can last for several more. The longer the patient remains in this phase, the poorer the prognosis for a return to normal renal function. | 1,685 | medmcqa_train |
True about montoux is - | Ans. is 'a' i.e., False negative in fulminant disease . A positive tuberculin test indicates hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein, it may be due to : - Active infection - Subclinical infection - Past infection - BCG vaccination . In overwhelming tuberculosis (fulminant cases) due to depressed cellular immunity montoux test may be false negative. | 1,686 | medmcqa_train |
Embolectomy should be done within | Embolectomy should be done within 6 hours as after 6 hours, irreverside changes occur. | 1,687 | medmcqa_train |
Adverse effect of clozapine: | B i.e. Sialorrhea | 1,688 | medmcqa_train |
A 58 year old male presents with fatigue, abdominal pain and bloody stools. Colonoscopy reveals a mass in the descending colon. For surgical removal of the mass, ligation of which of the following arteries is required? | Answer: b) Inferior mesenteric artery (SABISTON 19th ED, P-1299; SCHWARTZ 10TH ED, P-1187)Left Colectomy.For lesions or disease states confined to the distal transverse colon, splenic flexure, or descending colon, a left colectomy is performed.The left branches of the middle colic vessels, the left colic vessels, and the first branches of the sigmoid vessels are ligated.A colocolonic anastomosis can usually be performed. | 1,689 | medmcqa_train |
All of the following statements regarding Clostridium perfringens are true, EXCEPT: | Spores of clostridium perfringens are killed within 5 minutes by boiling, it is also killed by autoclaving at 121 degree Celsius for 15 minutes. But spores of clostridium perfringens which produce food poisoning are heat resistant. Clostridium perfringens produces multiple exotoxins and is classified into five types (A to E). The most impoant exotoxin alpha toxin, is a phospholipase that hydrolyzes lecithin and sphingomyelin, thus disrupting the cell membranes of various host cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and muscle cells. Gas Gangrene occur due to alpha toxin. In this, infection passes along the muscle bundles, producing rapidly spreading edema and necrosis as well as conditions that are more orable for growth of the bacteria. Ref: Sherris Medical Microbiology, 5th Edition, Chapter 29; Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology By Stephen H. Gillespi, 2nd Edition, Page 569; Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology By Parij, Page 239 | 1,690 | medmcqa_train |
The cardiac jelly formed around the heart tube during early development, contributes to the formation of: | Ans. is D. The most appropriate answer to this question is actually endocardial cushion. | 1,691 | medmcqa_train |
True about HIV epidemiology - | Key facts about Epidemiology of HIV infection Reservoir: Cases and carriers Source: Virus is in greatest concentration in blood, seen and CSF (Lower concentrations in tear, saliva, breast milk, urine, cervical and vaginal secretions) Children under 15 years make only 3% cases Basic modes of transmission Sexual Blood and blood products Neddles/syringes Mother to child transmission (MTCT) Incubation period : few months to 10 years Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 363-367 | 1,692 | medmcqa_train |
who gave the stage of trust versus mistrust | ERIC ERIKSON ERIC ERIKSON gave the psychosocail stages of development There are 8 psychosocial stages A person has to succesfully pass one stage to move to the next stage If he gets arrested in one stage he may develop some disorders Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pf no. 485 | 1,693 | medmcqa_train |
Which of the following statements about Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is not true ? | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Associated with tuberculosisXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis o Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic infective condition of the kidney associated with chronic bacterial infection.o The most common organism implicated in causation is proteus followed by E coli (not tuberculosis). o Most of the cases occur in old ages (5th-6" decade), but may occur at any age.o Females are more commonly affected.o Usually involves one kidney (unilateral), but may be bilateral.o Affected kidney, almost always has:(i) Obstruction (large staghorn calculus)(ii) HydronephrosisPathological findings1. Gross featureso Enlarged kidney o Dilated pelvisStones of staghorn varietyo Calyces are typically filled with pusCoex is studded with yellowish nodules that line the calyces (Granulomatous areas).2. Microscopic featureso Yellow nodules are due to large foam cells (lipid laden histiocytes). Also known as Xanthoma cells.o These foam cells contain lipid and PAS positive granuleso Along with foam cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells are also present.o Lymphoid follicles may be seen.o Fibrosis may be seen which may contain foreign body giant cells.o Foci of calcification may be seen. | 1,694 | medmcqa_train |
A 1.5 year old female is brought to the clinic with complaints of excessive enlargement of head, intolerance to feeds and severe malnourishment. MRI imaging was suggestive of a medulloblastoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Which of the following is an example of irrational manattem,-the patient? | Ans. d. Radiotherapy 35-40 Gy was given to the whole craniospinal axis | 1,695 | medmcqa_train |
Polysaccharides are | Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. They are of two types- homopolysaccharides that contain a single type of monosaccharide (e.g., starch, insulin, cellulose) and heteropolysaccharides with two or more different types of monosaccharides (e.g., heparin, chondroitin sulfate).. Ref: Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana 3rd edition Pgno : 10 | 1,696 | medmcqa_train |
What is seen in neurogenic shock ? | Neurogenic shock is a distributive type of shock resulting in low blood pressure, occasionally with a slowed hea rate, that is attributed to the disruption of the autonomic pathways within the spinal cord. It can occur after damage to the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Ref -davidson 23rd edtion pg 1148 | 1,697 | medmcqa_train |
Combined oral pills protect the woman against all except - | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Venous thromboembolism | 1,698 | medmcqa_train |
Poor prognostic indicator in ALL - | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Age < 2 year | 1,699 | medmcqa_train |
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