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SQuAD
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.
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What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?
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{ "text": [ "Sarvastivada Abhidharma" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 229 ], "end": [ 251 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "Sarvastivada Abhidharma" ]
SQuAD
Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.
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Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?
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[ "Pre-sectarian" ]
SQuAD
Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.
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Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?
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{ "text": [ "rebirth" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 419 ], "end": [ 425 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "rebirth" ]
SQuAD
Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.
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Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?
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{ "text": [ "Noble Eightfold" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 455 ], "end": [ 469 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "Noble Eightfold" ]
SQuAD
China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]
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What country has the largest population of Buddhists?
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{ "text": [ "China" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "China" ]
SQuAD
China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]
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How many Buddhists are in China?
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[ "244 million" ]
SQuAD
Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India.
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What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?
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[ "Nālandā University" ]
SQuAD
Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west.
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Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?
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{ "text": [ "the west" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 184 ], "end": [ 191 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "the west" ]
SQuAD
The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.
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The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?
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[ "Mahasanghikas" ]
SQuAD
The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.
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The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?
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{ "text": [ "Mahasanghika" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 355 ], "end": [ 366 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "Mahasanghika" ]
SQuAD
The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.
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3b4e74df7a4942ad967150a3ab2b1849
The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?
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{ "text": [ "the vinaya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 530 ], "end": [ 539 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }
[ "the vinaya" ]
SQuAD
Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.
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65947be9f77c447aafc8d0e7476fbf88
Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?
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{ "text": [ "Ashoka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "Ashoka" ]
SQuAD
Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.
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3dc5cfd0478a4d0f9132685a51a294de
The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?
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{ "text": [ "stūpas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 209 ], "end": [ 214 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "stūpas" ]
SQuAD
Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.
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74078621a24948e3a1b45f9870feec7f
What does stupas mean in English?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "stupas", "mean", "in", "English", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 17, 22, 25, 32 ] }
{ "text": [ "Buddhist religious memorials" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 217 ], "end": [ 244 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhist religious memorials" ]
SQuAD
This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]
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00eedc78b93a4e538a621c0e8f757281
Buddhism arose in what area?
{ "tokens": [ "Buddhism", "arose", "in", "what", "area", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 9, 15, 18, 23, 27 ] }
{ "text": [ "Greater Magadha" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 112 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "Greater Magadha" ]
SQuAD
This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]
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d0c6b8cb41c54b4da727b854d863c8b6
Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?
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{ "text": [ "Rajagrha" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 190 ], "end": [ 197 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "Rajagrha" ]
SQuAD
This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]
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a92c3ec450b443219b99189eb80b9e3e
What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?
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{ "text": [ "2nd or 3rd centuries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 477 ], "end": [ 496 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 96 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ] }
[ "2nd or 3rd centuries" ]
SQuAD
The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."
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d6dd372e9fb44fcd908ad2bfd1b1fb69
The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?
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{ "text": [ "Prajñāpāramitā" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "Prajñāpāramitā" ]
SQuAD
The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."
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c72facabe8ff4ecabcc4e93ca5bbe555
Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?
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{ "text": [ "1st century BCE" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 178 ], "end": [ 192 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "1st century BCE" ]
SQuAD
The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."
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c4d5b2fc1c1541a89c1a8400b303b0f5
Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?
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{ "text": [ "Āndhra" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 362 ], "end": [ 367 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "Āndhra" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.
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62f90658e1e94390b0532c657d8d9bcc
What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?
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{ "text": [ "Zen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0, 235 ], "end": [ 2, 237 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0, 45 ], "end": [ 0, 45 ] } ] }
[ "Zen" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.
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444a8dba21b24dc8b3731649bcdc789e
What type of self is equated with the Buddha?
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{ "text": [ "True Self" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "True Self" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.
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347a7488b5e24abcae393eda62512445
What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?
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{ "text": [ "Thinking and thought" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 615 ], "end": [ 634 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 127 ] } ] }
[ "Thinking and thought" ]
SQuAD
The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.
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2703203c202c40b7b3d23b8071940699
The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?
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{ "text": [ "Persian and Greek" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 182 ], "end": [ 198 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Persian and Greek" ]
SQuAD
The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.
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ef54ab525bc0486095b58a4dc13347ec
Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?
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{ "text": [ "Menander" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 520 ], "end": [ 527 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "Menander" ]
SQuAD
Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.
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f89aab7c078946af83df53bf36d5931f
What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?
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{ "text": [ "Theravadin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Theravadin" ]
SQuAD
Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.
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dd7b6388a00544d292ceb9c9e422b145
Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?
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{ "text": [ "merit" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 210 ], "end": [ 214 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "merit" ]
SQuAD
Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.
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623854a82d734236acad20a6bda126b7
What is the Dharma?
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{ "text": [ "the teachings of the Buddha" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 205 ], "end": [ 231 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "the teachings of the Buddha" ]
SQuAD
Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.
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75d1e1944266417d9d3a20dc045bb558
What is the Sangha?
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{ "text": [ "the Buddhist community" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 251 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "the Buddhist community" ]
SQuAD
Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.
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ac5be102cfbd4e96bbcc382ad9493df7
West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?
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{ "text": [ "progressive" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 503 ], "end": [ 513 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }
[ "progressive" ]
SQuAD
Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.
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03fbb24fc32244deb9948b8bc9ca74a1
New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?
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{ "text": [ "Modern influences" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 751 ], "end": [ 767 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 136 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "Modern influences" ]
SQuAD
Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.
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b9145e68902e498893e443a1a3a656d1
There is a great variety of what type of scripture?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0, 269, 389 ], "end": [ 7, 276, 396 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0, 44, 66 ], "end": [ 0, 44, 66 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhist" ]
SQuAD
Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.
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23d1194a87fc4f93bf903878798c654e
Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?
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{ "text": [ "objects" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 200 ], "end": [ 206 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "objects" ]
SQuAD
Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:
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339ce8057af2476d9383048f3bc2ce22
Each tradition has its own core what?
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SQuAD
According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.
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f70e9de4bbc847f6a7b3bfb934fdf2d3
How many Buddhists were there in 1910?
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SQuAD
According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.
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598afdc53399408a986b978910f91d40
How many Buddhists are there in 2010?
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SQuAD
According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.
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114a51a42b4b4ce1b0e5f7652a5cf7a7
How many buddhists are in Asia?
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SQuAD
Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.
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What does Hinayana mean in English?
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SQuAD
Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.
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4e2173887b4b4c64818425d7715debe3
What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?
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[ "Hinayana" ]
SQuAD
Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.
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a7706b79e76a49d19e3f1299bc5f0eef
According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?
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[ "rebirth" ]
SQuAD
Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.
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df429f6833e54397a27549d5dc15f498
Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?
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[ "karma" ]
SQuAD
According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.
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fba4deb5eb55481c9b8959dd70dc3f5c
Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhist" ]
SQuAD
According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.
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5b9687b300cd4979bcb0cf156e7b02a3
Who was cousin of the Buddha?
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{ "text": [ "Ānanda" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 389 ], "end": [ 394 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "Ānanda" ]
SQuAD
According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.
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cad7237354d941bdad7bdd72ce291194
What are the discourses of the Buddha called?
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{ "text": [ "sūtras" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 490 ], "end": [ 495 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ] }
[ "sūtras" ]
SQuAD
According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.
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24d5b55644bf4d02bcf99f1bf3005435
Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?
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{ "text": [ "abhidhamma" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 562 ], "end": [ 571 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "abhidhamma" ]
SQuAD
Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.
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0fe6a140415246f0bddaaf5713af04e9
Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?
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{ "text": [ "Mahayana Sutras" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Mahayana Sutras" ]
SQuAD
Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.
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e79a85e2f1634588a86375275fd45018
A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?
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{ "text": [ "the Buddha" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 126 ], "end": [ 135 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "the Buddha" ]
SQuAD
Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.
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84460c817f674bbd8308f6ac908ff4db
Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?
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{ "text": [ "Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 225 ], "end": [ 265 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra" ]
SQuAD
Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]
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9d0142475ce743129170adb01a14918d
What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?
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[ "Abhidharma" ]
SQuAD
Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]
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5d70eda1a936452995ac97b4aa9e0856
The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?
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{ "text": [ "summaries or numerical lists" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 288 ], "end": [ 315 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "summaries or numerical lists" ]
SQuAD
Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]
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b1ff2620753a4d2ea10f72acfaf3db6d
The Abhidharma texts are from what time?
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{ "text": [ "3rd century BCE" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 368 ], "end": [ 382 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "3rd century BCE" ]
SQuAD
Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]
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15ff4333563a4f4ca82e81e88ff0c031
There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?
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{ "text": [ "Mahasanghika" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 804 ], "end": [ 815 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 137 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "Mahasanghika" ]
SQuAD
Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]
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71a529089300451fad71a73fc106cd0c
What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?
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{ "text": [ "Nirvāna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "Nirvāna" ]
SQuAD
Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]
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f9514eccae394ed0952eae9f83b86203
Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?
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{ "text": [ "Nikayas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 142 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Nikayas" ]
SQuAD
Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]
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deb2fe1f07f34895879cd62c861d841e
The desired goal for buddhism is what?
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{ "text": [ "Nirvāna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "Nirvāna" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.
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64b4a437206140a386b5c58cbd895bb2
What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?
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{ "text": [ "Pāli Tipitaka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Pāli Tipitaka" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.
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22b037520bcf42b3a8c71577f40fae9e
Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?
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{ "text": [ "five or seven" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 461 ], "end": [ 473 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 85 ] } ] }
[ "five or seven" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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Who is the creator of American Idol?
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[ "Simon Fuller" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What company produces American idol?
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[ "19 Entertainment" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What year did American Idol begin airing?
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[ "2002" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What British show is American Idols format based on?
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{ "text": [ "Pop Idol" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 270 ], "end": [ 277 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "Pop Idol" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What television network does American Idol air on?
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[ "Fox" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What company produces American Idol?
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[ "19 Entertainment" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What British series is American Idols format based on?
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[ "Pop Idol" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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Who created American Idol?
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[ "Simon Fuller" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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Who produced American Idol?
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[ "19 Entertainment" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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When did American Idol first air on TV?
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[ "June 11, 2002" ]
SQuAD
American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.
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What British show was American Idol based on?
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[ "Pop Idol" ]
SQuAD
Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.
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d27ae98f61364be3ab42d40a9db47c6a
What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?
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[ "Theravada" ]
SQuAD
Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.
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82a4bcfde82a425195393f2cf3d7e261
Where does the name theravada come from?
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[ "ancestral Sthāvirīya" ]
SQuAD
Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.
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e0ec6a8a42194a9e90b362acf2976dc2
Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?
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[ "Pali Canon" ]
SQuAD
According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:
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What sutras were transmitted in secret?
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[ "Mahayana" ]
SQuAD
According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:
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What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?
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[ "Mahayana" ]
SQuAD
According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:
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What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?
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[ "Mahayana tradition" ]
SQuAD
There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
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There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?
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[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
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The mahayana never tried to have separte what?
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[ "Vinaya" ]
SQuAD
There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
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56d78c4bcbf64b7a91b9b27182802066
We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?
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[ "monasteries" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?
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[ "ten" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?
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[ "wildcard" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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c428e00a99b84b46b53e46834dbebdb6
How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?
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[ "three groups of ten" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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13be905648f1407494f9698a58fd638e
How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?
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[ "four groups of eight" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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e9cfc3f3394f4a0cabe19df47d5c31d6
When did the wildcard round become a factor?
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{ "text": [ "season one" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 143 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "season one" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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85b2949ead714ca7a2a1d7f2c11709c9
How many finalists were chosen for season one?
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{ "text": [ "ten" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 173 ], "end": [ 175 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "ten" ]
SQuAD
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
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cc1f64f3984844a1b892af3bc860b01e
How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?
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{ "text": [ "12" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 689 ], "end": [ 690 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 132 ], "end": [ 132 ] } ] }
[ "12" ]
SQuAD
Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Buddha and His Dhamma". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.
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fd208fb47a4a411abbdd639ac41933aa
Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?
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{ "text": [ "Zen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "Zen" ]
SQuAD
Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Buddha and His Dhamma". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.
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6f19cf74bd6d40c28e3437e93f0c70ee
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?
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[ "The Buddha and His Dhamma" ]
SQuAD
There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:
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9fddc0a46dd14c129e308b80add85fc8
What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 67 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:
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2b4a1a5280ca4675904017e8dfd7a957
What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?
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[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]
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9fe8596adff94afc9cbc8ea2930e841d
China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 215 ], "end": [ 222 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhist" ]
SQuAD
Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.
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af56f2a7281a481f9a181f2f2ed2b700
What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?
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{ "text": [ "the Theravada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "the Theravada" ]
SQuAD
Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.
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27663b08a163440b81cb488da73760f6
The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?
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{ "text": [ "Sri Lanka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 191 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "Sri Lanka" ]
SQuAD
Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.
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a551d65dc86f4227971b054038146494
What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?
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{ "text": [ "hinayana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 323 ], "end": [ 330 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "hinayana" ]
SQuAD
Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.
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6549b42312434b14af291fea364b799e
How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?
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[ "six hundred" ]
SQuAD
Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.
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4b5f4586d37544bf9f6c789057583d99
What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?
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{ "text": [ "East Asian Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 120 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "East Asian Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.
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d95c75dedaba4b1aa9b6455109e2bec7
What means "three baskets"?
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{ "text": [ "Pāli Tipitaka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Pāli Tipitaka" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.
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b4662e41ec7f456c91f226ee37006440
What does the "three baskets" refer to?
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[ "the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.
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85ab944010d3495eb8205b304666f6dc
What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?
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{ "text": [ "Vinaya Pitaka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "Vinaya Pitaka" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.
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41547fbcf80b4c08aeb390b9e2ebbe62
What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?
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{ "text": [ "the Sutta Pitaka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "the Sutta Pitaka" ]
SQuAD
The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.
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1543ddba85294b24bcdfcfac02108b98
What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?
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{ "text": [ "Abhidhamma Pitaka" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 119 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "Abhidhamma Pitaka" ]
SQuAD
Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.
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6f5350d8eb0845c8be025a9a0ab51a80
The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?
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{ "text": [ "Saivism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "Saivism" ]