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SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.
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c8e25588833a4651a96bee15a4322b70
What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?
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{ "text": [ "Majjhima Nikaya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 285 ], "end": [ 299 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "Majjhima Nikaya" ]
SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.
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c1734cc9e9704a7b834cb32f5380e038
What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?
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{ "text": [ "Tibetan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 369 ], "end": [ 375 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 74 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }
[ "Tibetan" ]
SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.
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f777bfb1fed44148a8c2305ca1445dc9
The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?
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{ "text": [ "essence." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 915 ], "end": [ 922 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 176 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ] }
[ "essence." ]
SQuAD
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.
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6749bb3e745d44cbbc5b512c27ae47b4
What has an irreversable effect?
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{ "text": [ "The Three Jewels" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 699 ], "end": [ 714 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 135 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "The Three Jewels" ]
SQuAD
Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.
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bb6830a4906143a18d88b515ce19e77f
Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?
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[ "sermons" ]
SQuAD
Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.
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f115c8df2fe44732b02e59cf3e9f91a8
In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?
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{ "text": [ "at any point" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 394 ], "end": [ 405 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "at any point" ]
SQuAD
Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.
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b98afa46ecce4aab9fe7fcca35135721
What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?
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{ "text": [ "conceptual understanding" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 194 ], "end": [ 217 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "conceptual understanding" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]
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845cb8204c144178a0ee20c38c518429
Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?
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{ "text": [ "two" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "two" ]
SQuAD
Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]
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a1d32ba35dbe44c9b40212d5ae93aa0a
Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?
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{ "text": [ "Rinzai" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Rinzai" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.
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bddde917b038479b860a9f0332d4fef4
Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?
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[ "Bodhi" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.
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71d5825be55c4d2cb73c0f424f3f928f
What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?
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{ "text": [ "anagami" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 290 ], "end": [ 296 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "anagami" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:
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476a049685854c809ec26cecf6878dbd
What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?
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[ "Bodhi" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:
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a711295df938436d82b314a04cde7fb9
In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?
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{ "text": [ "nirvana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 269 ], "end": [ 275 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ] }
[ "nirvana" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:
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196c562c728f43aaa9a08f438484e3f8
What is the term for greed or craving?
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{ "text": [ "raga" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 374 ], "end": [ 377 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "raga" ]
SQuAD
Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:
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ed42fc1c5b70478b80bc5badf7e1d647
what is the word for hate or aversion?
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{ "text": [ "dosa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 405 ], "end": [ 408 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }
[ "dosa" ]
SQuAD
The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.
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1e3e9a7ed0a24f4d86016e822076a611
When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?
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[ "2nd century CE" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.
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527ea3ff435a4b0a81c111333dbf9b92
In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?
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{ "text": [ "craving" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "craving" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.
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7fc54292f5884671bfd212da035e6f52
What does craving carry with it?
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{ "text": [ "defilements" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 126 ], "end": [ 136 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "defilements" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.
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38b038129d6c4b289bb3ba18216c5a6f
Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?
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{ "text": [ "suffering and stress" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 293 ], "end": [ 312 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "suffering and stress" ]
SQuAD
In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.
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bc75fb2ab95546b0b6d55c4f836875d1
What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?
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{ "text": [ "Nibbāna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 652 ], "end": [ 658 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "Nibbāna" ]
SQuAD
The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.
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d6d771260be84fad92d175430da43dc7
How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?
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[ "three" ]
SQuAD
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.
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4add033eaf3b4d678747ab33e599d57d
How many Noble Truths are there?
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{ "text": [ "Four" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 111 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Four" ]
SQuAD
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.
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df82a643b68b46f4a192cec056c4ce67
Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?
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{ "text": [ "bodhi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 236 ], "end": [ 240 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "bodhi" ]
SQuAD
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.
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639cf3279dc94c15a935ae46dc920dac
What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?
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[ "Prajñā" ]
SQuAD
According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.
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dafe43494afe440e9959c93fcd9d1d21
What was the earliest Buddhism type?
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{ "text": [ "dhyana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "dhyana" ]
SQuAD
According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.
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26806b4487334d4fa639ca5ca0d91bcc
Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices?
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[ "meditative" ]
SQuAD
In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", between the various schools of Buddhism.
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f5ff3dca4b604e1e9f8c367e0aecd289
Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?
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{ "text": [ "Mahayana Buddhists" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "Mahayana Buddhists" ]
SQuAD
In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", between the various schools of Buddhism.
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71e52e7f7aa04e5782fe8377446ae6bf
What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?
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{ "text": [ "Theravada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "Theravada" ]
SQuAD
Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.
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69900a25f4bf4d2e9702f61c9216ab9d
What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?
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{ "text": [ "Mahayana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }
[ "Mahayana" ]
SQuAD
Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.
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8be17648dbef4ad28d5159dc05b3416f
What is the English term for Vajrayana?
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{ "text": [ "Diamond Vehicle" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Diamond Vehicle" ]
SQuAD
Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.
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8fdf549ad2a64e8fb7068b8cff8ec623
What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?
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{ "text": [ "Tantric" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 166 ], "end": [ 172 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Tantric" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]
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7dfff6c6fb65467fa53d92b2f09d0905
What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?
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{ "text": [ "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]
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6c73743befcd4346b57c9dfdef1bc3c2
What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?
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{ "text": [ "Value Creation Society" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Value Creation Society" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]
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What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?
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{ "text": [ "Soka Gakkai International" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Soka Gakkai International" ]
SQuAD
In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]
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What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?
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{ "text": [ "SGI" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 199 ], "end": [ 201 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "SGI" ]
SQuAD
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]
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A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?
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[ "insight" ]
SQuAD
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]
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Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?
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{ "text": [ "Rupa Jhanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 361 ], "end": [ 371 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "Rupa Jhanas" ]
SQuAD
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]
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Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?
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{ "text": [ "Majjhima Nikaya" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 411 ], "end": [ 425 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "Majjhima Nikaya" ]
SQuAD
This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.
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Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?
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{ "text": [ "west" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 146 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "west" ]
SQuAD
This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.
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Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?
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{ "text": [ "missionaries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 426 ], "end": [ 437 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "missionaries" ]
SQuAD
This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.
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What were the emissaries used for?
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[ "to spread Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.
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What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?
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{ "text": [ "keeping the precepts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 266 ], "end": [ 285 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "keeping the precepts" ]
SQuAD
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.
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What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?
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{ "text": [ "Śīla" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Śīla" ]
SQuAD
Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.
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What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?
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{ "text": [ "keeping the precepts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 266 ], "end": [ 285 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "keeping the precepts" ]
SQuAD
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."
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e764485e5c114c87a128169a1b65a9f1
Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?
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{ "text": [ "prajna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "prajna" ]
SQuAD
According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."
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b0177283db76423aa678db7af8b0c57b
What is prajna called in english?
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{ "text": [ "liberating insight" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "liberating insight" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]
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bcced2447b8a49f0b981c5f71eb8580b
What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?
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{ "text": [ "second half of the first millennium BCE" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 131 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "second half of the first millennium BCE" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]
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6fb8a1df8002427b9296cbf5a19e9a53
Scholars believe that karma originated in what?
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{ "text": [ "the shramanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 788 ], "end": [ 800 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ] }
[ "the shramanas" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]
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d6fb8719026c480bb06ba684e6723572
What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?
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{ "text": [ "shramanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 523 ], "end": [ 531 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ] }
[ "shramanas" ]
SQuAD
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]
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9b59f5d0e6094a459bf833e222e51f52
Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?
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{ "text": [ "non-Vedic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 559 ], "end": [ 567 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ] }
[ "non-Vedic" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]
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4d8aaa4faa9c420d883e64440494a497
Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?
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{ "text": [ "Chinese" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 85 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "Chinese" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]
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7230d0773cd54d9e85359a0091ae5211
The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?
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{ "text": [ "Lokakṣema" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 180 ], "end": [ 188 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Lokakṣema" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]
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1fedde762b5a461b91d04b4d5bd20183
The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?
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{ "text": [ "Prajñāpāramitā" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 395 ], "end": [ 408 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ] }
[ "Prajñāpāramitā" ]
SQuAD
Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]
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128ae7bde79245a5a09e2b2e5af8269d
Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?
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[ "1st" ]
SQuAD
Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.
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Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?
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[ "Prajñāpāramitā" ]
SQuAD
Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.
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0ddfbce11e6c402786b105ac712f17d6
The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?
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{ "text": [ "Āndhra" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "Āndhra" ]
SQuAD
Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.
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In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?
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{ "text": [ "Dhammapada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 341 ], "end": [ 350 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "Dhammapada" ]
SQuAD
Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.
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d3da614afae34a93b69d36165fbddc75
There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 135 ], "end": [ 142 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.
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a6df84f1fb6941a6b54bead027fadd7e
condensed study texts where created in what tradition?
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{ "text": [ "Theravada" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 152 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "Theravada" ]
SQuAD
Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]
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f6e432e71071477eb154daae4c885a03
What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?
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{ "text": [ "The reliability" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 245 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "The reliability" ]
SQuAD
Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.
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bc98f42000f74e30a021c0dbda635a32
What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]
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0a945111bf3c44828c458bb9aeb24c3f
From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?
{ "tokens": [ "From", "which", "jhana", "did", "Buddha", "gain", "bodhi", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 17, 21, 28, 33, 38 ] }
{ "text": [ "fourth" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "fourth" ]
SQuAD
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]
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26c680ec18af4cb298bd8076ddf50c58
A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?
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{ "text": [ "liberating insight" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 352 ], "end": [ 369 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ] }
[ "liberating insight" ]
SQuAD
According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]
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b827f16350844558afd225f7d17d8039
The four truths depict what type of path of practice?
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[ "linear" ]
SQuAD
In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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08efb074cd7b493fb11253db3e86e3ce
Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?
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[ "2nd century CE" ]
SQuAD
In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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d097e6a7ec624a60a24f5dd0824063ef
What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?
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{ "text": [ "Korea and Japan" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Korea and Japan" ]
SQuAD
In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.
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01f0796f7d11460b889633c634a0f9cd
When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?
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[ "8th century onwards" ]
SQuAD
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.
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150e6e2fbda047d09816ca33024b24d3
The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?
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{ "text": [ "hymn of the cosmic man" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 120 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "hymn of the cosmic man" ]
SQuAD
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.
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dcf6964f6e214c0a806b37f71bbbfbce
The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?
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{ "text": [ "animal sacrifices" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 454 ], "end": [ 470 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "animal sacrifices" ]
SQuAD
A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.
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15339cf3fd924e1c8a1c844601ae6da1
The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?
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{ "text": [ "Vedas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 575 ], "end": [ 579 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ] }
[ "Vedas" ]
SQuAD
The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).
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d4459efec3fb4f7987d58dec40a801ac
The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?
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{ "text": [ "3rd century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "3rd century" ]
SQuAD
The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).
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cb01dd96afa74c52a0d7c32726c16bae
The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?
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[ "3rd century" ]
SQuAD
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.
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62e8ec4abfa8409c9982501bf94208a5
Who gave rise to the Theravada school?
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{ "text": [ "Sthaviras" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Sthaviras" ]
SQuAD
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.
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d83dcbd7b6194ec581abd258baa389cb
Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?
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{ "text": [ "monasteries" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 253 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "monasteries" ]
SQuAD
The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.
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92f4738a7e3f4cb19bdd1333b75ddaac
By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?
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{ "text": [ "doctrinal" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 333 ], "end": [ 341 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "doctrinal" ]
SQuAD
A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.
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4ef4547ab13744f3a2188d7873fe3b4c
When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?
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[ "second half of the 20th Century" ]
SQuAD
A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.
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6bb3350281c9432eb3482bd00758713d
What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?
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{ "text": [ "neo-Buddhism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 169 ], "end": [ 180 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "neo-Buddhism" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.
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In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?
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{ "text": [ "mind" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "mind" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.
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b0dffccea7ec4c58b6b10f4a2c76f9aa
Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?
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{ "text": [ "disturbed" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 136 ], "end": [ 144 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "disturbed" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.
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e8e8817d0c8d405e97f0b4afcd871a79
What is the term for insight knowledge?
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{ "text": [ "jñāna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 203 ], "end": [ 207 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "jñāna" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.
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23297d58f9504d6d9af8dff4994cb838
What is the term for understanding?
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{ "text": [ "prajñā" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 240 ], "end": [ 245 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "prajñā" ]
SQuAD
In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.
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5e6bb4eaa62845c382a5fbd579bcbb08
What eradicates the defilements completely?
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{ "text": [ "understanding" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 225 ], "end": [ 237 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "understanding" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.
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Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?
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{ "text": [ "text" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "text" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.
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74209c8beb484f11b58360cf119bd4c2
Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?
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{ "text": [ "āgamas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 447 ], "end": [ 452 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "āgamas" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.
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73c0bf48bd5146839f75c0e5e009a472
Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?
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{ "text": [ "core" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 229 ], "end": [ 232 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "core" ]
SQuAD
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.
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e4f51797dc98442a8720c40c50b631c8
What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?
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{ "text": [ "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 656 ], "end": [ 697 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 118 ], "end": [ 124 ] } ] }
[ "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons" ]
SQuAD
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.
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b97b275e29554795a09a8c0491113ffa
What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?
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{ "text": [ "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic" ]
SQuAD
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.
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57de3d4924564e7099bad7d9ff97edc4
What was the latest thought type?
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{ "text": [ "Buddhist Logic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Buddhist Logic" ]
SQuAD
During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.
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a6533868ae68465aaf948c1ce3efcc7e
In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?
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{ "text": [ "Yogacara" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 96 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Yogacara" ]
SQuAD
According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.
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fb7bb1a6b54041358a12e96719bea1b8
The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?
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{ "text": [ "the Second" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "the Second" ]
SQuAD
According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.
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7c681dd3b31645df84492493a02d4e89
According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?
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{ "text": [ "the Second Council" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "the Second Council" ]
SQuAD
According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.
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7e831ce14b8a406bb2e70269da4360c5
The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?
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[ "100 BCE" ]
SQuAD
Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India."
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576153a521ab4ef8acfc1870e3ad492a
The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?
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[ "third" ]
SQuAD
Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India."
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229d78b58a3c4715816b67f3fd2ebebd
Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?
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{ "text": [ "South" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 605 ], "end": [ 609 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ] }
[ "South" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.
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11e87c9c6afc4f31afec90aa4b9e4f9f
Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?
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{ "text": [ "in the Upanishads" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 153 ], "end": [ 169 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "in the Upanishads" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.
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6c4fae1c136f4beaae120adf4b3e69e4
The movement included atomists such as what?
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{ "text": [ "Pakudha Kaccayana" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 284 ], "end": [ 300 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "Pakudha Kaccayana" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.
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e19515b7814b4d9a876197b78f9b5899
What is the term for agnostics?
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{ "text": [ "Ajnanas" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 516 ], "end": [ 522 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ] }
[ "Ajnanas" ]
SQuAD
At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.
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947863cf15da438eaa153f1fc2764e34
What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?
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{ "text": [ "Jains" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 544 ], "end": [ 548 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ] }
[ "Jains" ]
SQuAD
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.
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ff4cc89b18414cdca071e102a3142b04
What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?
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{ "text": [ "Mahayana sutras" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Mahayana sutras" ]
SQuAD
The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.
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73ec8f2b443f47b298eb0688ca90f9b7
What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?
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[ "Mahayana sutras" ]