protein_name
stringlengths 7
11
| species
stringclasses 238
values | sequence
stringlengths 2
34.4k
| annotation
stringlengths 6
11.5k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|
HEAT1_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | QKKSQDLESVQEVGGSYWQRVTLILELLQHKKKLKSPQILVPTLFNLLSRCLEPLPQEQGNMEYTKQLILSCLLNICQKLSPDGGKIPKDVLDEEKFNVELIVQCVRLSEMAQTHHHALLLLGTVAGIFPDKVLHNIMSIFTFMGANVMRLDDTYSFQVINKTVKMVIPALIQSDSGDSIEVSRNVEEIVVKIISVFVDALPHVPEHRRLPILVQLVDTLGAEKFLWVLLILLFEQYVTKTVLAAAYGEKDAILEADTEFWFSVCCEFSVQHQIQSLMNILQYLLKLPEEKEETISKAVSNKSESQEEMLQIFNVETHTSKQLRHFKFLSVSFMSQLLSSNNFLKKVVESGGPEILKGLEERLLETVLGYINAVAQSMERNADKLTVKFWRALLSKAYDLLDKVNALLPTETFIPVIRGLVGNRLPSVRRKALDLLNNKLQQNISWKKTIVTRFLKLVPDLLAIVQRKKKEGEEEQAINRQTALYTLKLLCKNFGAENPDPFVPVLSTAVKLIAPERKEEKNVLGSALLCVAEVTSTLQALAVPQLPSLMPSLLTTMKNTSELVSSEVYLLSALAALQKVVETLPHFISPYLEGILSQVIHLEKITSEVGSASSQANIRLTSLKKTLATTLAPRVLLPAIRKTYKQIEKNWKNHMGPFMSILQEHIGVMKKEELTSHQSQLTAFFLEALDFRAQHSENDLEEVGRTENCIIDCLVAMVVKLSEVTFRPLFFKLFDWAKTEDAPKDRLLTFYNLADCIAEKLKGLFTLFAGHLVKPFADTLNQVNISKTDEAFFDSENDPEKCCLLLQFILNCLYKIFLFDTQHFISKERAEALMMPLVDQLENRLGGEEKFQERVTKQLIPCIAQFSVAMADDSLWKPLNYQILLKTRDASPKVRFAALITVLALAEKLKENYIVLLPESIPFLAELMEDECEEVEHQCQKTIQQLETVLGEPLRSYF | Ribosome biogenesis factor. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Required for optimal pre-ribosomal RNA transcription by RNA polymerase I. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleolus |
HEAT3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGKSRTKRFKRPQFSPTGDCQAEAAAAANGTGGEEDDGPAAELLEKLQHPSAEVRECACAGLARLVQQRPALPGLARRDAVRRLGPLLLDPSLAVRETAAGALRNLSACGGFEVCDDMVTKDIMTPLVALLKECSAGLDSNEMSLQEKKDQNRNSIENIANETVNVLWNICECSSRAVSIFNKEGCLEIVLKYLSRFPTNVDLAISVAYCLQTVTEDNPELLKSFSATALNMLESALLSPVSSMESLLLKTLVAGTIWNLKDIIPCKSQAEIINALLKILSEVLGMDAGEMVIQMKEAETQRLKTAAEAEEILENTNGDDLIEDDEMEGISHKRRVRRKTFVSDLLPPTDKELRETIALLTAQQTALEIIVNMCCNEDPSDDEWEELSSSDESDAFMENSFSECGGQLFSPLCLSHEVHTALTNYLIPKKIFEKTAFPNSIAVDLCSRNPTWKPLIRKMNTIQCRALFCLQSLVSLLDVEHLGGAAALQTLAQHLSQLLFSQPDFAKHVDFLEAISSALRALLQTMASKNISQCMTPDQLMTLCKAGIHSSNVGVRVNVVSILGITGSVLAKEDGTLETLKNIGCFLLEVTTKDPSLVVAGEALDALFDVFADGKEAERASIQIKLLSALKEFQPVFKMKIRKEGRGNYSTDQLCVLDNVKMNLRRFIAYQETVEKRLTS | Plays a role in ribosome biogenesis and in nuclear import of the 60S ribosomal protein L5/large ribosomal subunit protein uL18 (RPL5) . Required for proper erythrocyte maturation . |
HEAT4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTRTQKGKTFLPHCFYQSLPPRLGWGMILNYSKLKGKEECASVSSVPMVFFSSQYRLHRKSQYLKMAAANLTFSQEVVWQRGLPSIPYSQYSFDHLYNTNDIIHTPQIRKARPQKPVSFKFLGSSSPLTGDTSLAVKTESSANPEKKLKKSKPASTVREAPRPLIHHPCMHPDMLGRPPSLDVNLEEREAWLLPPEKEARAWEATVLEKLNERTARWIQSKRPRRPGASPNKWQSFLRQQYDWSHIRDELTSASDLELLKQLEAEETAEFEDQSVILPPQEKKKPELLLPVYYRLPSYFQQAETVEIMPGNKSTEDIHEKTSLSQPQTQSYFRQVTPRAGKFAYSTDNTFEQEIYFDEVQIIHQIGAKRDQIVLENLNRYNKQLSKVFPETPEKWSAQAIPEASYRPVQGALRWTALPTPAKDMLLQVGEKDVPIKTRRLKKQAKSLQEDVTWELVVLRRMLKEWKTAWALIIEWHHETVENLLQSLGDLHDDVRIKAITTCATAALERPRIATSQRDSDKTIQDLPEVLLPALEAALCDKNAHVRMAAAICQYAIQSHNPLARNIMQTALLKGNSVDSWAAAQCLALEGTATYPVIKRILHQLFTKKNEDTEEQSYILLSYLSEKTTLIHTMLAVELNSCQWKNRIVACQAFSRISGNVCLDMKHKLIQLMWNDWNKEVRRAAAQALGQMSLGKEVHDIIRVKLGQGNSQERVEALYLIGELKLMTAKLLPSFLHCFSDDFTAVRRAACLAAGALQIRDKMVLECLLNLMQRDPYWKIKAFAIRALGQIGQVSPELTDLLLWAIHYEESPGVRLEACRSILALKLQGDRVRDTFLDVLLLENHDAVLKEMYQTMKILNLGNEGNQEMLQEIKNRIKTLSQKDLLTHKILKLEMVMGKVREEAKRVYLKPKGEQGPLTLQTLLQETFQDEMVLPRRPSEVCDTEAVIKPVKPRAPNPWLQSSVPGLTTRSKVRSSLVKDLRTSPEKRIAVGPFRSDYPALYLGKFSERTFFSPIMSSPSGKKGAHL | null |
HEPS_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAQKEGGRTVPCCSRPKVAALTAGTLLLLTAIGAASWAIVAVLLRSDQEPLYPVQVSSADARLMVFDKTEGTWRLLCSSRSNARVAGLSCEEMGFLRALTHSELDVRTAGANGTSGFFCVDEGRLPHTQRLLEVISVCDCPRGRFLAAICQDCGRRKLPVDRIVGGRDTSLGRWPWQVSLRYDGAHLCGGSLLSGDWVLTAAHCFPERNRVLSRWRVFAGAVAQASPHGLQLGVQAVVYHGGYLPFRDPNSEENSNDIALVHLSSPLPLTEYIQPVCLPAAGQALVDGKICTVTGWGNTQYYGQQAGVLQEARVPIISNDVCNGADFYGNQIKPKMFCAGYPEGGIDACQGDSGGPFVCEDSISRTPRWRLCGIVSWGTGCALAQKPGVYTKVSDFREWIFQAIKTHSEASGMVTQL | Serine protease that cleaves extracellular substrates, and contributes to the proteolytic processing of growth factors, such as HGF and MST1/HGFL (, ). Plays a role in cell growth and maintenance of cell morphology (, ). Plays a role in the proteolytic processing of ACE2 . Mediates the proteolytic cleavage of urinary UMOD that is required for UMOD polymerization .
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Apical cell membrane
Detected in liver and kidney. |
HEPS_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MAQKEGGRTVPCCSRPKVAALTAGTLLLLTAIGAASWAIVAVLLRSDQEPLYPVQVSSADARLMVFDKTEGTWRLLCSSRSNARVAGLSCVEMGFLRALTHSELDVRTAGANGTSGFFCVDEGRLPHTQRLLEVISVCDCPRGRFLATICQDCGRRKLPVDRIVGGRDTSLGRWPWQVSLRYDGAHLCGGSLLSGDWVLTAAHCFPERNRVLSRWRVFAGAVAQASPHGLQLAVQAVVYHGGYLPFRDPNSEENSNDIALVHLSSPLPLTEYIQPVCLPAAGQALVDGKICTVTGWGNTQYYGQQAGVLQEARVPIISNDVCNGADFYGNQIKPKMFCAGYPEGGIDACQGDSGGPFVCEDSISRTPRWRLCGIVSWGTGCALAQKPGVYTKVSDFREWIFQAIKTHSEASGMVTQL | Plays an essential role in cell growth and maintenance of cell morphology. May mediate the activating cleavage of HGF and MST1/HGFL. Plays a role in the proteolytic processing of ACE2 (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Membrane |
HGD_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAELKYISGFGNECSSEDPRCPGSLPEGQNNPQVCPYNLYAEQLSGSAFTCPRSTNKRSWLYRILPSVSHKPFESIDEGQVTHNWDEVDPDPNQLRWKPFEIPKASQKKVDFVSGLHTLCGAGDIKSNNGLAIHIFLCNTSMENRCFYNSDGDFLIVPQKGNLLIYTEFGKMLVQPNEICVIQRGMRFSIDVFEETRGYILEVYGVHFELPDLGPIGANGLANPRDFLIPIAWYEDRQVPGGYTVINKYQGKLFAAKQDVSPFNVVAWHGNYTPYKYNLKNFMVINSVAFDHADPSIFTVLTAKSVRPGVAIADFVIFPPRWGVADKTFRPPYYHRNCMSEFMGLIRGHYEAKQGGFLPGGGSLHSTMTPHGPDADCFEKASKVKLAPERIADGTMAFMFESSLSLAVTKWGLKASRCLDENYHKCWEPLKSHFTPNSRNPAEPN | Catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to maleylacetoacetate.
Highest expression in the prostate, small intestine, colon, kidney and liver. |
HMBX1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLSSFPVVLLETMSHYTDEPRFTIEQIDLLQRLRRTGMTKHEILHALETLDRLDQEHSDKFGRRSSYGGSSYGNSTNNVPASSSTATASTQTQHSGMSPSPSNSYDTSPQPCTTNQNGRENNERLSTSNGKMSPTRYHANSMGQRSYSFEASEEDLDVDDKVEELMRRDSSVIKEEIKAFLANRRISQAVVAQVTGISQSRISHWLLQQGSDLSEQKKRAFYRWYQLEKTNPGATLSMRPAPIPIEDPEWRQTPPPVSATSGTFRLRRGSRFTWRKECLAVMESYFNENQYPDEAKREEIANACNAVIQKPGKKLSDLERVTSLKVYNWFANRRKEIKRRANIEAAILESHGIDVQSPGGHSNSDDVDGNDYSEQDDSTSHSDHQDPISLAVEMAAVNHTILALARQGANEIKTEALDDD | Binds directly to 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats in telomeric DNA (, ). Associates with the telomerase complex at sites of active telomere processing and positively regulates telomere elongation . Important for TERT binding to chromatin, indicating a role in recruitment of the telomerase complex to telomeres (By similarity). Also plays a role in the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway in telomerase-negative cells where it promotes formation and/or maintenance of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies (APBs) . Enhances formation of telomere C-circles in ALT cells, suggesting a possible role in telomere recombination . Might also be involved in the DNA damage response at telomeres .
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Chromosome, Telomere, Nucleus, Cajal body, Nucleus, PML body
Predominantly detected in cytoplasm (, ). Localizes in a dynamic manner to actively processed telomeres . Localizes to the periphery of Cajal bodies . Associates with PML nuclear bodies in telomerase-negative cells .
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm
Ubiquitous. Detected in pancreas, brain, spleen, placenta, prostate, thymus, liver, heart, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, stomach, uterus, testis, kidney, ovary, colon, lung, cardiac muscle and thyroid gland. |
HMCES_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MCGRTSCHLPRDVLTRACAYQDRRGQQRLPEWRDPDKYCPSYNKSPQSNSPVLLSRLHFEKDADSSERIIAPMRWGLVPSWFKESDPSKLQFNTTNCRSDTVMEKRSFKVPLGKGRRCVVLADGFYEWQRCQGTNQRQPYFIYFPQIKTEKSGSIGAADSPENWEKVWDNWRLLTMAGIFDCWEPPEGGDVLYSYTIITVDSCKGLSDIHHRMPAILDGEEAVSKWLDFGEVSTQEALKLIHPTENITFHAVSSVVNNSRNNTPECLAPVDLVVKKELRASGSSQRMLQWLATKSPKKEDSKTPQKEESDVPQWSSQFLQKSPLPTKRGTAGLLEQWLKREKEEEPVAKRPYSQ | Sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) required to preserve genome integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites ( ). Acts as an enzyme that recognizes and binds abasic sites in ssDNA at replication forks and chemically modifies the lesion by forming a covalent cross-link with DNA: forms a stable thiazolidine linkage between a ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of its N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue (, ). The HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is then degraded by the proteasome . Promotes error-free repair of abasic sites by acting as a 'suicide' enzyme that is degraded, thereby protecting abasic sites from translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases and endonucleases that are error-prone and would generate mutations and double-strand breaks . Has preference for ssDNA, but can also accommodate double-stranded DNA with 3' or 5' overhang (dsDNA), and dsDNA-ssDNA 3' junction (, ). Also involved in class switch recombination (CSR) in B-cells independently of the formation of a DNA-protein cross-link: acts by binding and protecting ssDNA overhangs to promote DNA double-strand break repair through the microhomology-mediated alternative-end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway (By similarity). Acts as a protease: mediates autocatalytic processing of its N-terminal methionine in order to expose the catalytic cysteine (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Chromosome
Recruited to chromatin following DNA damage . Localizes to replication forks . |
HMCES_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MCGRTSCHLPRDVLTRACAYQDRRGQQRLPEWRDPDKYCPSYNKSPQSNSPVLLSRLHFVKDADSSERIIAPMRWGLVPSWFKESDPSKLQFNTTNCRNDTIMEKRSFKVPLGKGRRCVVLADGFYEWQRCQGTNQRQPYFIYFPQIKTEKSGSIGAADSPENWGKVWDNWRLLTMAGIFDCWEPPEGGDVLYSYTIITVDSCKGLSDIHHRMPAILDGEEAVSKWLDFGKVSTQEALKLIHPTENITFHAVSSVVNNSRNNTPECLAPVDLVVRKELKASGSSQRMLQWLATKSPKKEDSKTPQKEESDVPQWSSQFLQKSPLPTKRGTAGLLEQWLKREKEEEPVAKRPYSQ | Sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) required to preserve genome integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites. Acts as an enzyme that recognizes and binds abasic sites in ssDNA at replication forks and chemically modifies the lesion by forming a covalent cross-link with DNA: forms a stable thiazolidine linkage between a ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of its N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue. The HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is then degraded by the proteasome. Promotes error-free repair of abasic sites by acting as a 'suicide' enzyme that is degraded, thereby protecting abasic sites from translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases and endonucleases that are error-prone and would generate mutations and double-strand breaks. Has preference for ssDNA, but can also accommodate double-stranded DNA with 3' or 5' overhang (dsDNA), and dsDNA-ssDNA 3' junction (By similarity). Also involved in class switch recombination (CSR) in B-cells independently of the formation of a DNA-protein cross-link: acts by binding and protecting ssDNA overhangs to promote DNA double-strand break repair through the microhomology-mediated alternative-end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway. Acts as a protease: mediates autocatalytic processing of its N-terminal methionine in order to expose the catalytic cysteine (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Chromosome
Recruited to chromatin following DNA damage. Localizes to replication forks. |
HMGA2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSARGEGAGQPSTSAQGQPAAPAPQKRGRGRPRKQQQEPTGEPSPKRPRGRPKGSKNKSPSKAAQKKAEATGEKRPRGRPRKWPQQVVQKKPAQEETEETSSQESAEED | Functions as a transcriptional regulator. Functions in cell cycle regulation through CCNA2. Plays an important role in chromosome condensation during the meiotic G2/M transition of spermatocytes. Plays a role in postnatal myogenesis, is involved in satellite cell activation (By similarity). Positively regulates IGF2 expression through PLAG1 and in a PLAG1-independent manner .
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
HMGB1_CALJA | Callithrix jacchus | MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE | Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance. Has proangiogenic activity. May be involved in platelet activation. Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide. Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth. May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins.
Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity. May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways, and double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA. Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding. Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities. Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA. May be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1. Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance.
In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation. Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury. In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy. Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages.
In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization. Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM. Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE. Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10. Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12. TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2. In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes. Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE. Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex. Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism. Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells. In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells. In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression. Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells. Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production. Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106. During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Secreted, Cell membrane, Endosome, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation. Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized. Also released from apoptotic cells. Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and plasma cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes. Found on the surface of activated platelets. |
HMGB1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE | Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability . Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury . Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors . In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance ( , ). Has proangiogdenic activity (By similarity). May be involved in platelet activation (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide (By similarity). Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth (By similarity). May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins such as huntingtin (HTT) or TBP (, ).
Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity . May have an enhancing role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) (By similarity). However, effects in NER using in vitro systems have been reported conflictingly (, ). May be involved in mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways ( ). May be involved in double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (By similarity). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA (By similarity). Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding (By similarity). Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities (By similarity). Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA . Proposed to be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1; however, this function has been questioned (By similarity). Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance (By similarity).
In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation . Involved in oxidative stress-mediated autophagy . Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury (By similarity). In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy (By similarity). Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages (By similarity).
In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization . Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM (By similarity). Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE . Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 ( ). Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12 . TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2 . In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes ( ). Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE (By similarity). Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex . Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism (By similarity). Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells (By similarity). In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells (, ). In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression (By similarity). Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells (By similarity). Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production . Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106 . During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Critical for entry of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, as well as human coronavirus NL63/HCoV-NL63 . Regulates the expression of the pro-viral genes ACE2 and CTSL through chromatin modulation . Required for SARS-CoV-2 ORF3A-induced reticulophagy which induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory responses and facilitates viral infection .
(Microbial infection) Associates with the influenza A viral protein NP in the nucleus of infected cells, promoting viral growth and enhancing the activity of the viral polymerase.
(Microbial infection) Promotes Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent-to-lytic switch by sustaining the expression of the viral transcription factor BZLF1 that acts as a molecular switch to induce the transition from the latent to the lytic or productive phase of the virus cycle. Mechanistically, participates in EBV reactivation through the NLRP3 inflammasome.
(Microbial infection) Facilitates dengue virus propagation via interaction with the untranslated regions of viral genome. In turn, this interaction with viral RNA may regulate secondary structure of dengue RNA thus facilitating its recognition by the replication complex.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Secreted, Cell membrane, Endosome, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (, ). Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation . Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized . Also released from apoptotic cells (, ). Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes ( ). Secreted by plasma cells in response to LPS (By similarity). Found on the surface of activated platelets . An increased chromatin association is observed when associated with the adenovirus protein pVII .
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum
(Microbial infection) SARS-COV-2 ORF3A promotes HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is recruited by and colocalizes with ORF3A at the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ubiquitous. Expressed in platelets . |
HMGB1_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE | Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance. Has proangiogenic activity. May be involved in platelet activation. Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide. Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth. May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins.
Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity. May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways, and double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA. Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding. Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities. Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA. May be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1. Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance.
In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation. Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury. In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy. Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages.
In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization. Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM. Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE. Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10. Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12. TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2. In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes. Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE. Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex. Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism. Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells. In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells. In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression. Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells. Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production. Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106. During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Secreted, Cell membrane, Endosome, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation. Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized. Also released from apoptotic cells. Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and plasma cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes. Found on the surface of activated platelets. |
HMGB1_PAPAN | Papio anubis | MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE | Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance. Has proangiogenic activity. May be involved in platelet activation. Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide. Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth. May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins.
Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity. May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways, and double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA. Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding. Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities. Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA. May be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1. Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance.
In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation. Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury. In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy. Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages.
In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization. Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM. Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE. Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10. Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12. TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2. In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes. Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE. Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex. Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism. Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells. In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells. In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression. Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells. Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production. Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106. During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Secreted, Cell membrane, Endosome, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation. Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized. Also released from apoptotic cells. Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and plasma cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes. Found on the surface of activated platelets. |
HMGB1_PLEMO | Plecturocebus moloch | MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE | Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functions as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids implicating the activation of TLR9-mediated immune responses, and mediates autophagy. Acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Released to the extracellular environment can bind DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and activates cells through engagement of multiple surface receptors. In the extracellular compartment fully reduced HMGB1 (released by necrosis) acts as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 (actively secreted) as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 (released from apoptotic cells) promotes immunological tolerance. Has proangiogenic activity. May be involved in platelet activation. Binds to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamide. Bound to RAGE mediates signaling for neuronal outgrowth. May play a role in accumulation of expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins.
Nuclear functions are attributed to fully reduced HGMB1. Associates with chromatin and binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA, DNA-containing cruciforms or bent structures, supercoiled DNA and ZDNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity. May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) pathways, and double strand break repair such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS). In vitro can displace histone H1 from highly bent DNA. Can restructure the canonical nucleosome leading to relaxation of structural constraints for transcription factor-binding. Enhances binding of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) such as SREBF1 to their cognate DNA sequences and increases their transcriptional activities. Facilitates binding of TP53 to DNA. May be involved in mitochondrial quality control and autophagy in a transcription-dependent fashion implicating HSPB1. Can modulate the activity of the telomerase complex and may be involved in telomere maintenance.
In the cytoplasm proposed to dissociate the BECN1:BCL2 complex via competitive interaction with BECN1 leading to autophagy activation. Can protect BECN1 and ATG5 from calpain-mediated cleavage and thus proposed to control their proautophagic and proapoptotic functions and to regulate the extent and severity of inflammation-associated cellular injury. In myeloid cells has a protective role against endotoxemia and bacterial infection by promoting autophagy. Involved in endosomal translocation and activation of TLR9 in response to CpG-DNA in macrophages.
In the extracellular compartment (following either active secretion or passive release) involved in regulation of the inflammatory response. Fully reduced HGMB1 (which subsequently gets oxidized after release) in association with CXCL12 mediates the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the initial phase of tissue injury; the CXCL12:HMGB1 complex triggers CXCR4 homodimerization. Induces the migration of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells and seems to regulate adhesive and migratory functions of neutrophils implicating AGER/RAGE and ITGAM. Can bind to various types of DNA and RNA including microbial unmethylated CpG-DNA to enhance the innate immune response to nucleic acids. Proposed to act in promiscuous DNA/RNA sensing which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors. Promotes extracellular DNA-induced AIM2 inflammasome activation implicating AGER/RAGE. Disulfide HMGB1 binds to transmembrane receptors, such as AGER/RAGE, TLR2, TLR4 and probably TREM1, thus activating their signal transduction pathways. Mediates the release of cytokines/chemokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10. Promotes secretion of interferon-gamma by macrophage-stimulated natural killer (NK) cells in concert with other cytokines like IL-2 or IL-12. TLR4 is proposed to be the primary receptor promoting macrophage activation and signaling through TLR4 seems to implicate LY96/MD-2. In bacterial LPS- or LTA-mediated inflammatory responses binds to the endotoxins and transfers them to CD14 for signaling to the respective TLR4:LY96 and TLR2 complexes. Contributes to tumor proliferation by association with ACER/RAGE. Can bind to IL1-beta and signals through the IL1R1:IL1RAP receptor complex. Binding to class A CpG activates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells implicating TLR9, MYD88 and AGER/RAGE and can activate autoreactive B cells. Via HMGB1-containing chromatin immune complexes may also promote B cell responses to endogenous TLR9 ligands through a B-cell receptor (BCR)-dependent and ACER/RAGE-independent mechanism. Inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages; the function is dependent on poly-ADP-ribosylation and involves binding to phosphatidylserine on the cell surface of apoptotic cells. In adaptive immunity may be involved in enhancing immunity through activation of effector T-cells and suppression of regulatory T (TReg) cells. In contrast, without implicating effector or regulatory T-cells, required for tumor infiltration and activation of T-cells expressing the lymphotoxin LTA:LTB heterotrimer thus promoting tumor malignant progression. Also reported to limit proliferation of T-cells. Released HMGB1:nucleosome complexes formed during apoptosis can signal through TLR2 to induce cytokine production. Involved in induction of immunological tolerance by apoptotic cells; its pro-inflammatory activities when released by apoptotic cells are neutralized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidation specifically on Cys-106. During macrophage activation by activated lymphocyte-derived self apoptotic DNA (ALD-DNA) promotes recruitment of ALD-DNA to endosomes.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome, Cytoplasm, Secreted, Cell membrane, Endosome, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation. Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized. Also released from apoptotic cells. Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and plasma cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes. Found on the surface of activated platelets. |
HNRPL_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSRRLLPRAEKRRRRLEQRQQPDEQRRRSGAMVKMAAAGGGGGGGRYYGGGSEGGRAPKRLKTDNAGDQHGGGGGGGGGAGAAGGGGGGENYDDPHKTPASPVVHIRGLIDGVVEADLVEALQEFGPISYVVVMPKKRQALVEFEDVLGACNAVNYAADNQIYIAGHPAFVNYSTSQKISRPGDSDDSRSVNSVLLFTILNPIYSITTDVLYTICNPCGPVQRIVIFRKNGVQAMVEFDSVQSAQRAKASLNGADIYSGCCTLKIEYAKPTRLNVFKNDQDTWDYTNPNLSGQGDPGSNPNKRQRQPPLLGDHPAEYGGPHGGYHSHYHDEGYGPPPPHYEGRRMGPPVGGHRRGPSRYGPQYGHPPPPPPPPEYGPHADSPVLMVYGLDQSKMNCDRVFNVFCLYGNVEKVKFMKSKPGAAMVEMADGYAVDRAITHLNNNFMFGQKLNVCVSKQPAIMPGQSYGLEDGSCSYKDFSESRNNRFSTPEQAAKNRIQHPSNVLHFFNAPLEVTEENFFEICDELGVKRPSSVKVFSGKSERSSSGLLEWESKSDALETLGFLNHYQMKNPNGPYPYTLKLCFSTAQHAS | Splicing factor binding to exonic or intronic sites and acting as either an activator or repressor of exon inclusion. Exhibits a binding preference for CA-rich elements ( ). Component of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes and associated with most nascent transcripts . Associates, together with APEX1, to the negative calcium responsive element (nCaRE) B2 of the APEX2 promoter . As part of a ribonucleoprotein complex composed at least of ZNF827, HNRNPK and the circular RNA circZNF827 that nucleates the complex on chromatin, may negatively regulate the transcription of genes involved in neuronal differentiation . Regulates alternative splicing of a core group of genes involved in neuronal differentiation, likely by mediating H3K36me3-coupled transcription elongation and co-transcriptional RNA processing via interaction with CHD8.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleoplasm, Cytoplasm
Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP granules containing untranslated mRNAs. These granules are not identical with P bodies or stress granules. |
HNRPM_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAAGVEAAAEVAATEIKMEEESGAPGVPSGNGAPGPKGEGERPAQNEKRKEKNIKRGGNRFEPYANPTKRYRAFITNIPFDVKWQSLKDLVKEKVGEVTYVELLMDAEGKSRGCAVVEFKMEESMKKAAEVLNKHSLSGRPLKVKEDPDGEHARRAMQKVMATTGGMGMGPGGPGMITIPPSILNNPNIPNEIIHALQAGRLGSTVFVANLDYKVGWKKLKEVFSMAGVVVRADILEDKDGKSRGIGTVTFEQSIEAVQAISMFNGQLLFDRPMHVKMDERALPKGDFFPPERPQQLPHGLGGIGMGLGPGGQPIDANHLNKGIGMGNIGPAGMGMEGIGFGINKMGGMEGPFGGGMENMGRFGSGMNMGRINEILSNALKRGEIIAKQGGGGGGGSVPGIERMGPGIDRLGGAGMERMGAGLGHGMDRVGSEIERMGLVMDRMGSVERMGSGIERMGPLGLDHMASSIERMGQTMERIGSGVERMGAGMGFGLERMAAPIDRVGQTIERMGSGVERMGPAIERMGLSMERMVPAGMGAGLERMGPVMDRMATGLERMGANNLERMGLERMGANSLERMGLERMGANSLERMGPAMGPALGAGIERMGLAMGGGGGASFDRAIEMERGNFGGSFAGSFGGAGGHAPGVARKACQIFVRNLPFDFTWKMLKDKFNECGHVLYADIKMENGKSKGCGVVKFESPEVAERACRMMNGMKLSGREIDVRIDRNA | Pre-mRNA binding protein in vivo, binds avidly to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers in vitro. Involved in splicing. Acts as a receptor for carcinoembryonic antigen in Kupffer cells, may initiate a series of signaling events leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins and induction of IL-1 alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokines.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleolus |
HNRPQ_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MATEHVNGNGTEEPMDTTSAVIHSENFQTLLDAGLPQKVAEKLDEIYVAGLVAHSDLDERAIEALKEFNEDGALAVLQQFKDSDLSHVQNKSAFLCGVMKTYRQREKQGTKVADSSKGPDEAKIKALLERTGYTLDVTTGQRKYGGPPPDSVYSGQQPSVGTEIFVGKIPRDLFEDELVPLFEKAGPIWDLRLMMDPLTGLNRGYAFVTFCTKEAAQEAVKLYNNHEIRSGKHIGVCISVANNRLFVGSIPKSKTKEQILEEFSKVTEGLTDVILYHQPDDKKKNRGFCFLEYEDHKTAAQARRRLMSGKVKVWGNVGTVEWADPIEDPDPEVMAKVKVLFVRNLANTVTEEILEKAFSQFGKLERVKKLKDYAFIHFDERDGAVKAMEEMNGKDLEGENIEIVFAKPPDQKRKERKAQRQAAKNQMYDDYYYYGPPHMPPPTRGRGRGGRGGYGYPPDYYGYEDYYDYYGYDYHNYRGGYEDPYYGYEDFQVGARGRGGRGARGAAPSRGRGAAPPRGRAGYSQRGGPGSARGVRGARGGAQQQRGRGVRGARGGRGGNVGGKRKADGYNQPDSKRRQTNNQNWGSQPIAQQPLQGGDHSGNYGYKSENQEFYQDTFGQQWK | Heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) implicated in mRNA processing mechanisms. Component of the CRD-mediated complex that promotes MYC mRNA stability. Isoform 1, isoform 2 and isoform 3 are associated in vitro with pre-mRNA, splicing intermediates and mature mRNA protein complexes. Isoform 1 binds to apoB mRNA AU-rich sequences. Isoform 1 is part of the APOB mRNA editosome complex and may modulate the postranscriptional C to U RNA-editing of the APOB mRNA through either by binding to A1CF (APOBEC1 complementation factor), to APOBEC1 or to RNA itself. May be involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover. Implicated with other RNA-binding proteins in the cytoplasmic deadenylation/translational and decay interplay of the FOS mRNA mediated by the major coding-region determinant of instability (mCRD) domain. Interacts in vitro preferentially with poly(A) and poly(U) RNA sequences. Isoform 3 may be involved in cytoplasmic vesicle-based mRNA transport through interaction with synaptotagmins. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation; seems not to be essential for GAIT complex function.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Microsome, Endoplasmic reticulum, Nucleus
The tyrosine phosphorylated form bound to RNA is found in microsomes (By similarity). Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP granules containing untranslated mRNAs (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleoplasm
Expressed predominantly in the nucleoplasm.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleoplasm
Expressed predominantly in the nucleoplasm.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleoplasm
Expressed predominantly in the nucleoplasm.
Ubiquitously expressed. Detected in heart, brain, pancreas, placenta, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, thymus, prostate, uterus, small intestine, colon, peripheral blood and testis. |
HNRPR_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MANQVNGNAVQLKEEEEPMDTSSVTHTEHYKTLIEAGLPQKVAERLDEIFQTGLVAYVDLDERAIDALREFNEEGALSVLQQFKESDLSHVQNKSAFLCGVMKTYRQREKQGSKVQESTKGPDEAKIKALLERTGYTLDVTTGQRKYGGPPPDSVYSGVQPGIGTEVFVGKIPRDLYEDELVPLFEKAGPIWDLRLMMDPLSGQNRGYAFITFCGKEAAQEAVKLCDSYEIRPGKHLGVCISVANNRLFVGSIPKNKTKENILEEFSKVTEGLVDVILYHQPDDKKKNRGFCFLEYEDHKSAAQARRRLMSGKVKVWGNVVTVEWADPVEEPDPEVMAKVKVLFVRNLATTVTEEILEKSFSEFGKLERVKKLKDYAFVHFEDRGAAVKAMDEMNGKEIEGEEIEIVLAKPPDKKRKERQAARQASRSTAYEDYYYHPPPRMPPPIRGRGRGGGRGGYGYPPDYYGYEDYYDDYYGYDYHDYRGGYEDPYYGYDDGYAVRGRGGGRGGRGAPPPPRGRGAPPPRGRAGYSQRGAPLGPPRGSRGGRGGPAQQQRGRGSRGSRGNRGGNVGGKRKADGYNQPDSKRRQTNNQQNWGSQPIAQQPLQQGGDYSGNYGYNNDNQEFYQDTYGQQWK | Component of ribonucleosomes, which are complexes of at least 20 other different heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP). hnRNP play an important role in processing of precursor mRNA in the nucleus.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Microsome, Nucleus, Nucleoplasm, Cytoplasm
Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP granules containing untranslated mRNAs. The tyrosine phosphorylated form bound to RNA is found in microsomes (By similarity). |
HNRPU_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSSSPVNVKKLKVSELKEELKKRRLSDKGLKAELMERLQAALDDEEAGGRPAMEPGNGSLDLGGDSAGRSGAGLEQEAAAGGDEEEEEEEEEEEGISALDGDQMELGEENGAAGAADSGPMEEEEAASEDENGDDQGFQEGEDELGDEEEGAGDENGHGEQQPQPPATQQQQPQQQRGAAKEAAGKSSGPTSLFAVTVAPPGARQGQQQAGGKKKAEGGGGGGRPGAPAAGDGKTEQKGGDKKRGVKRPREDHGRGYFEYIEENKYSRAKSPQPPVEEEDEHFDDTVVCLDTYNCDLHFKISRDRLSASSLTMESFAFLWAGGRASYGVSKGKVCFEMKVTEKIPVRHLYTKDIDIHEVRIGWSLTTSGMLLGEEEFSYGYSLKGIKTCNCETEDYGEKFDENDVITCFANFESDEVELSYAKNGQDLGVAFKISKEVLAGRPLFPHVLCHNCAVEFNFGQKEKPYFPIPEEYTFIQNVPLEDRVRGPKGPEEKKDCEVVMMIGLPGAGKTTWVTKHAAENPGKYNILGTNTIMDKMMVAGFKKQMADTGKLNTLLQRAPQCLGKFIEIAARKKRNFILDQTNVSAAAQRRKMCLFAGFQRKAVVVCPKDEDYKQRTQKKAEVEGKDLPEHAVLKMKGNFTLPEVAECFDEITYVELQKEEAQKLLEQYKEESKKALPPEKKQNTGSKKSNKNKSGKNQFNRGGGHRGRGGFNMRGGNFRGGAPGNRGGYNRRGNMPQRGGGGGGSGGIGYPYPRAPVFPGRGSYSNRGNYNRGGMPNRGNYNQNFRGRGNNRGYKNQSQGYNQWQQGQFWGQKPWSQHYHQGYY | DNA- and RNA-binding protein involved in several cellular processes such as nuclear chromatin organization, telomere-length regulation, transcription, mRNA alternative splicing and stability, Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing and mitotic cell progression ( , ). Plays a role in the regulation of interphase large-scale gene-rich chromatin organization through chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) in a transcription-dependent manner, and thereby maintains genomic stability ( ). Required for the localization of the long non-coding Xist RNA on the inactive chromosome X (Xi) and the subsequent initiation and maintenance of X-linked transcriptional gene silencing during X-inactivation (By similarity). Plays a role as a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme transcription regulator ( , ). Promotes transcription initiation by direct association with the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor complex for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with Pol II in a actin-dependent manner (, ). Blocks Pol II transcription elongation activity by inhibiting the C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation of Pol II and dissociates from Pol II pre-initiation complex prior to productive transcription elongation . Positively regulates CBX5-induced transcriptional gene silencing and retention of CBX5 in the nucleus . Negatively regulates glucocorticoid-mediated transcriptional activation . Key regulator of transcription initiation and elongation in embryonic stem cells upon leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling (By similarity). Involved in the long non-coding RNA H19-mediated Pol II transcriptional repression . Participates in the circadian regulation of the core clock component BMAL1 transcription (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of telomere length . Plays a role as a global pre-mRNA alternative splicing modulator by regulating U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis . Plays a role in mRNA stability ( ). Component of the CRD-mediated complex that promotes MYC mRNA stabilization . Enhances the expression of specific genes, such as tumor necrosis factor TNFA, by regulating mRNA stability, possibly through binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) . Plays a role in mitotic cell cycle regulation (, ). Involved in the formation of stable mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs) attachment to kinetochore, spindle organization and chromosome congression . Phosphorylation at Ser-59 by PLK1 is required for chromosome alignement and segregation and progression through mitosis . Contributes also to the targeting of AURKA to mitotic spindle MTs . Binds to double- and single-stranded DNA and RNA, poly(A), poly(C) and poly(G) oligoribonucleotides ( ). Binds to chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) . Associates with chromatin to scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) elements in a chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs)-dependent manner ( , ). Binds to the Xist RNA . Binds the long non-coding H19 RNA . Binds to SMN1/2 pre-mRNAs at G/U-rich regions . Binds to small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) . Binds to the 3'-UTR of TNFA mRNA . Binds (via RNA-binding RGG-box region) to the long non-coding Xist RNA; this binding is direct and bridges the Xist RNA and the inactive chromosome X (Xi) (By similarity). Also negatively regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation upon LIF signaling (By similarity). Required for embryonic development (By similarity). Binds to brown fat long non-coding RNA 1 (Blnc1); facilitates the recruitment of Blnc1 by ZBTB7B required to drive brown and beige fat development and thermogenesis (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) Negatively regulates immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by preventing the accumulation of viral mRNA transcripts in the cytoplasm.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Nucleus matrix, Chromosome, Nucleus speckle, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Microtubule organizing center, Centrosome, Chromosome, Centromere, Kinetochore, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Spindle pole, Midbody, Cytoplasm, Cell surface, Cytoplasmic granule
Localizes at inactive X chromosome (Xi) regions ( ). Localizes in the nucleus during interphase . At metaphase, localizes with mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs) . At anaphase, localizes in the mitotic spindle midzone . Localizes in spindle MTs proximal to spindle poles in a TPX2- and AURKA-dependent manner . The Ser-59 phosphorylated form localizes to centrosomes during prophase and metaphase, to mitotic spindles in anaphase and to the midbody during cytokinesis . Colocalizes with SMARCA4 in the nucleus (By similarity). Colocalizes with CBX5 in the nucleus . Colocalizes with NR3C1 in nuclear speckles . Localized in cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules containing untranslated mRNAs .
Widely expressed. |
HPBP1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSDEGSRGSRLPLALPPASQGCSSGGGGGGSSAGGSGNSRPPRNLQGLLQMAITAGSEEPDPPPEPMSEERRQWLQEAMSAAFRGQREEVEQMKSCLRVLSQPMPPTAGEAEQAADQQEREGALELLADLCENMDNAADFCQLSGMHLLVGRYLEAGAAGLRWRAAQLIGTCSQNVAAIQEQVLGLGALRKLLRLLDRDACDTVRVKALFAISCLVREQEAGLLQFLRLDGFSVLMRAMQQQVQKLKVKSAFLLQNLLVGHPEHKGTLCSMGMVQQLVALVRTEHSPFHEHVLGALCSLVTDFPQGVRECREPELGLEELLRHRCQLLQQHEEYQEELEFCEKLLQTCFSSPADDSMDR | Inhibits HSPA1A chaperone activity by changing the conformation of the ATP-binding domain of HSPA1A and interfering with ATP binding. Interferes with ubiquitination mediated by STUB1 and inhibits chaperone-assisted degradation of immature CFTR.
Ubiquitous. |
HPBP1_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MSDEGSRGSRLPLALPPASQGCSSGGGGGGGGGGSSSAGGSGNPRPPRNLQGLLQMAITAGSEEPDPPPEPMSEERRQWLQEAMSAAFRGQREEVEQMKSCLRVLSQPMPPTAGEAEQAADQQEREGALELLADLCENMDNAADFCQLSGMHLLVGRYLEAGAAGLRWRAAQLIGTCSQNVAAIQEQVLGLGALRKLLRLLDRDACDTVRVKALFAISCLVREQEAGLLQFLRLDGFSVLMRAMQQQVQKLKVKSAFLLQNLLVGHPEHRGTLCSMGMVQQLVALVRTEHSPFHEHVLGALCSLVTDFPQGVRECREPELGLEELLRHRCQLLQQHEEYQEELEFCEKLLQTCFSSPTDDSMDR | Inhibits HSPA1A chaperone activity by changing the conformation of the ATP-binding domain of HSPA1A and interfering with ATP binding. Interferes with ubiquitination mediated by STUB1 and inhibits chaperone-assisted degradation of target proteins (By similarity). |
HPCA_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGKQNSKLRPEMLQDLRENTEFSELELQEWYKGFLKDCPTGILNVDEFKKIYANFFPYGDASKFAEHVFRTFDTNSDGTIDFREFIIALSVTSRGRLEQKLMWAFSMYDLDGNGYISREEMLEIVQAIYKMVSSVMKMPEDESTPEKRTEKIFRQMDTNNDGKLSLEEFIRGAKSDPSIVRLLQCDPSSASQF | Calcium-binding protein that may play a role in the regulation of voltage-dependent calcium channels . May also play a role in cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling through the regulation of adenylate and guanylate cyclases (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Membrane
Association with membranes is calcium-dependent (By similarity). Enriched in the perinuclear region, probably at the trans Golgi network in response to calcium .
Brain specific. |
HPT_ATEGE | Ateles geoffroyi | MSALGAVIALLLWGQLFAVDSGNDVTDIADDGCPKPPEIANGYVEHLVRYQCKKYYRLRTEGDGVYTLNNEKQWTNKAVGDKLPECEAVCGKPKNPANPVQRILGGHLDAKGSFPWQAKMVSRHNLTTGATLINEQWLLTTAKNLFLNHSENATAKDIAPTLTLYVGKNQLVEIEKVVLYPNYSQVDIGLIKLKDKVPVNERVMPICLPSKDYAEVGRVGYVSGWGRNANFKFTDHLKYVMLPVADQYQCVKHYEGSTVPEKKTPKSPVGQQPILNEHTFCAGMSKYQEDTCYGDAGSAFAVHDLEEDTWYAAGILSFDKSCGVAEYGVYVKATSIQDWVQKTIAEN | As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. |
HPT_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSALGAVIALLLWGQLFAVDSGNDVTDIADDGCPKPPEIAHGYVEHSVRYQCKNYYKLRTEGDGVYTLNDKKQWINKAVGDKLPECEADDGCPKPPEIAHGYVEHSVRYQCKNYYKLRTEGDGVYTLNNEKQWINKAVGDKLPECEAVCGKPKNPANPVQRILGGHLDAKGSFPWQAKMVSHHNLTTGATLINEQWLLTTAKNLFLNHSENATAKDIAPTLTLYVGKKQLVEIEKVVLHPNYSQVDIGLIKLKQKVSVNERVMPICLPSKDYAEVGRVGYVSGWGRNANFKFTDHLKYVMLPVADQDQCIRHYEGSTVPEKKTPKSPVGVQPILNEHTFCAGMSKYQEDTCYGDAGSAFAVHDLEEDTWYATGILSFDKSCAVAEYGVYVKVTSIQDWVQKTIAEN | As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity, and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway.
The uncleaved form of allele alpha-2 (2-2), known as zonulin, plays a role in intestinal permeability, allowing intercellular tight junction disassembly, and controlling the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens.
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. |
HPT_PAPHA | Papio hamadryas | MSDLGAVVALLLWGQLFAVDSGNDVTDIADDGCPKPPMIANGYVEHLVRYQCKNYYRLRTEGDGVYTLNNEKQWTNKAVGDKLPECEAVCGKPKNPADAVQRILGGHLDAKGSFPWQAKMVSRHNLTTGATLINEQWLLTTAKNLFLNHSENATAKDIAPTLTLYVGKKQLVEIEKVVLYPNYSQIDIGLIKLKQKVPVNERVMPICLPSKDYAEVGRVGYVSGWGRNANFNFTDHLKYVMLPVADQYDCIKHYEGSTVPEKKTPKSPVGEQPILNEHTFCAGMSKYQEDTCYGDAGSAFAVHDLEKDTWYAAGILSFDKSCGVAEYGVYVKATSIQDWVQKTIAEN | As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. |
HPT_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MSALGAVIALLLWGQLFAVDSGNDVMDISDDGCPKPPQIAHGYVEHSVRYQCKNYYRLRTEGDGVYTLNSEKQWINKAVGDKLPECEAVCGKPKNPANPVQRILGGHLDAKGSFPWQAKMVSRHNLTTGATLINEQWLLTTAKNLFLNHSENATAKDIAPTLTLYVGKKQLVEIEKVVLHPNYSQVDIGLIKLKQKVPVNERVMPICLPSKDYAEVGRVGYVSGWGRNANFKFTEHLKYVMLPVADQDQCVRHYEGSTVPEKKTPKSPVGVQPILNEHTFCAGMSKYQEDTCYGDAGSAFAVHDLEEDTWYAAGILSFDKSCAVAEYGVYVKVTSIQDWVQKTIAKN | As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
HS71L_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MATAKGIAIGIDLGTTYSCVGVFQHGKVEIIANDQGNRTTPSYVAFTDTERLIGDAAKNQVAMNPQNTVFDAKRLIGRKFNDPVVQADMKLWPFQVINEGGKPKVLVSYKGENKAFYPEEISSMVLTKLKETAEAFLGHPVTNAVITVPAYFNDSQRQATKDAGVIAGLNVLRIINEPTAAAIAYGLDKGGQGERHVLIFDLGGGTFDVSILTIDDGIFEVKATAGDTHLGGEDFDNRLVSHFVEEFKRKHKKDISQNKRAVRRLRTACERAKRTLSSSTQANLEIDSLYEGIDFYTSITRARFEELCADLFRGTLEPVEKALRDAKMDKAKIHDIVLVGGSTRIPKVQRLLQDYFNGRDLNKSINPDEAVAYGAAVQAAILMGDKSEKVQDLLLLDVAPLSLGLETAGGVMTALIKRNSTIPTKQTQIFTTYSDNQPGVLIQVYEGERAMTKDNNLLGRFDLTGIPPAPRGVPQIEVTFDIDANGILNVTATDKSTGKVNKITITNDKGRLSKEEIERMVLDAEKYKAEDEVQREKIAAKNALESYAFNMKSVVSDEGLKGKISESDKNKILDKCNELLSWLEVNQLAEKDEFDHKRKELEQMCNPIITKLYQGGCTGPACGTGYVPGRPATGPTIEEVD | Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and ADP release, mediated by co-chaperones. The affinity for polypeptides is regulated by its nucleotide bound state. In the ATP-bound form, it has a low affinity for substrate proteins. However, upon hydrolysis of the ATP to ADP, it undergoes a conformational change that increases its affinity for substrate proteins. It goes through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange, which permits cycles of substrate binding and release . Positive regulator of PRKN translocation to damaged mitochondria .
Expressed in spermatids. |
HS71L_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MAAAKGIAIGIDLGTTYSCVGVFQHGKVEIIANDQGNRTTPSYVAFTDTERLIGDAAKNQVAMNPQNTVFDAKRLIGRKFNDPVVQSDMKLWPFQVINEGGKPKVLVSYKGENKAFYPEEISSMVLTKMKETAEAFLGHPVTNAVITVPAYFNDSQRQATKDAGVIAGLNVLRIINEPTAAAIAYGLDKGGRGERHVLIFDLGGGTFDVSILTIDDGIFEVKATAGDTHLGGEDFDNRLVSHFVEEFKRKHKKDISQNKRAVRRLRTACERAKRTLSSSTQANLEIDSLYEGIDFYTSITRARFEELCADLFRGTLEPVEKALRDAKMDKAKIHDIVLVGGSTRIPKVQRLLQDYFNGRDLNKSINPDEAVAYGAAVQAAILMGDKSEKVQDLLLLDVAPLSLGLETAGGVMTALIKRNSTIPTKQTQIFTTYSDNQPGVLIQVYEGERAMTKDNNLLGRFDLTGIPPAPRGVPQIEVTFDIDANGILNVTAMDKSTGKANKITITNDKGRLSKEEIERMVLDAEKYKAEDEVQREKIAAKNALESYAFNMKSVVSDEGLKGKISESDKKKILDKCNELLSWLEANQLAEKDEFDHKRKELEQMCNPIITKLYQGGCTGPACGTGYAPGRPATGPTIEEVD | Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and ADP release, mediated by co-chaperones. The affinity for polypeptides is regulated by its nucleotide bound state. In the ATP-bound form, it has a low affinity for substrate proteins. However, upon hydrolysis of the ATP to ADP, it undergoes a conformational change that increases its affinity for substrate proteins. It goes through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange, which permits cycles of substrate binding and release. Positive regulator of PRKN translocation to damaged mitochondria. |
HS74L_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSVVGIDLGFLNCYIAVARSGGIETIANEYSDRCTPACISLGSRTRAIGNAAKSQIVTNVRNTIHGFKKLHGRSFDDPIVQTERIRLPYELQKMPNGSAGVKVRYLEEERPFAIEQVTGMLLAKLKETSENALKKPVADCVISIPSFFTDAERRSVMAAAQVAGLNCLRLMNETTAVALAYGIYKQDLPPLDEKPRNVVFIDMGHSAYQVLVCAFNKGKLKVLATTFDPYLGGRNFDEALVDYFCDEFKTKYKINVKENSRALLRLYQECEKLKKLMSANASDLPLNIECFMNDLDVSSKMNRAQFEQLCASLLARVEPPLKAVMEQANLQREDISSIEIVGGATRIPAVKEQITKFFLKDISTTLNADEAVARGCALQCAILSPAFKVREFSITDLVPYSITLRWKTSFEDGSGECEVFCKNHPAPFSKVITFHKKEPFELEAFYTNLHEVPYPDARIGSFTIQNVFPQSDGDSSKVKVKVRVNIHGIFSVASASVIEKQNLEGDHSDAPMETETSFKNENKDNMDKMQVDQEEGHQKCHAEHTPEEEIDHTGAKTKSAVSDKQDRLNQTLKKGKVKSIDLPIQSSLCRQLGQDLLNSYIENEGKMIMQDKLEKERNDAKNAVEEYVYDFRDRLGTVYEKFITPEDLSKLSAVLEDTENWLYEDGEDQPKQVYVDKLQELKKYGQPIQMKYMEHEERPKALNDLGKKIQLVMKVIEAYRNKDERYDHLDPTEMEKVEKCISDAMSWLNSKMNAQNKLSLTQDPVVKVSEIVAKSKELDNFCNPIIYKPKPKAEVPEDKPKANSEHNGPMDGQSGTETKSDSTKDSSQHTKSSGEMEVD | Possesses chaperone activity in vitro where it inhibits aggregation of citrate synthase.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus
May translocate to the nucleus after heat shock. |
HSP1_COLGU | Colobus guereza | MARYRCRRSQSRSRCCRQRRRCRRRRRQRFRARKRAMRCCHRRYRLRCRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRACR | Trachypithecus cristatus | MARYRCCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRSRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAFR | Trachypithecus francoisi | MARYRCCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRCRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAGE | Trachypithecus geei | MARYRCCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRCRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAJO | Trachypithecus johnii | MARYRRCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRQSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRCRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAOB | Trachypithecus obscurus | MARYRCCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRSRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAPH | Trachypithecus phayrei | MARYRCCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLSRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAPL | Trachypithecus pileatus | MARYRCCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRCRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP1_TRAVT | Trachypithecus vetulus | MARYRRCRSQSRSRCCRPRRRCRRRRRSCRARRRATRCCRRRYRLRCRRY | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Chromosome
Testis. |
HSP7E_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAAIGVHLGCTSACVAVYKDGRAGVVANDAGDRVTPAVVAYSENEEIVGLAAKQSRIRNISNTVMKVKQILGRSSSDPQAQKYIAESKCLVIEKNGKLRYEIDTGEETKFVNPEDVARLIFSKMKETAHSVLGSDANDVVITVPFDFGEKQKNALGEAARAAGFNVLRLIHEPSAALLAYGIGQDSPTGKSNILVFKLGGTSLSLSVMEVNSGIYRVLSTNTDDNIGGAHFTETLAQYLASEFQRSFKHDVRGNARAMMKLTNSAEVAKHSLSTLGSANCFLDSLYEGQDFDCNVSRARFELLCSPLFNKCIEAIRGLLDQNGFTADDINKVVLCGGSSRIPKLQQLIKDLFPAVELLNSIPPDEVIPIGAAIEAGILIGKENLLVEDSLMIECSARDILVKGVDESGASRFTVLFPSGTPLPARRQHTLQAPGSISSVCLELYESDGKNSAKEETKFAQVVLQDLDKKENGLRDILAVLTMKRDGSLHVTCTDQETGKCEAISIEIAS | Component of the ribosome-associated complex (RAC), a complex involved in folding or maintaining nascent polypeptides in a folding-competent state. In the RAC complex, binds to the nascent polypeptide chain, while DNAJC2 stimulates its ATPase activity.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol |
HSP7E_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MAAIGVHLGCTSACVAVYKDGRAGVVANDAGDRVTPAVVAYSENEEIVGLAAKQSRIRNISNTVMKVKQILGRSSNDPQAQKYITESKCLVIEKNGKLRYEIDTGEETRFVNPEDVVRLIFSKMKETAHSVLGSDANDVVITVPFDFGEKQKNALGEAARAAGFNVLRLIHEPSAALLAYGIGQDSPNGKSNILVFKLGGTSLSLSVMEVNSGIYRVLSTNTDDNIGGAHFTETLAQYLASEFQRSFKHDVKGNARAMMKLMNSAEVAKHSLSTLGSANCFLDSLYEGQDFDCNVSRARFELLCSPLFNKCIEAIRGLLDQSGFTADDINKVVLCGGSSRIPKLQQLIKDLFPAVELLNSIPPDEVIPIGAAIEAGILIGKENLLVEDSLMIECSARDILVKGVDESGASRFTVLFPSGTPLPARRQHTLQAPGSISSVCLELYESDGKNSAKEETKFAQVVLQDLDKKENGLRDILAVLTMKRDGSLHVTCTDQETGKCEAISIEVAS | Component of the ribosome-associated complex (RAC), a complex involved in folding or maintaining nascent polypeptides in a folding-competent state. In the RAC complex, binds to the nascent polypeptide chain, while DNAJC2 stimulates its ATPase activity (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol |
HSP7E_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MAAIGVHLGCTSACVAVYKDGRAGVVANDAGDRVTPAVVAYSENEEIVGLAAKQSRIRNISNTVMKVKQILGRSSNDPQAQKYIVESKCLVIEKNGKLRYEIDTGEETKLVNPEDVARLIFSKMKETAHSVLGSDANDVVITVPFDFGEKQKNALGEAARAAGFNVLRLIHEPSAALLAYGIGQDSPTGKSNILVFKLGGTSLSLSIMEVNSGIYRVLSTNTDDNIGGAHFTETLAQYLASEFQRSFKYDVRGNARAMMKLMNSAEVAKHSLSTLGSANCFLDSLYEGQDFDCNVSRARFELLCSPLFNKCIEAIRGLLDQSGFTADDINKVVLCGGSSRIPKLQQLIKDIFPAVELLNSIPPDEVIPIGAAIEAGILIGKENLLVEDSLMIECSARDILVKGVDESGASRFTVLFPSGTPLPARRQHTLQAPGSISSVCLELYESDGKNSAKEETKFAQVVLQDLDKKENGLRDILAVLTMKRDGSLHVTCTDQETGKCEAISIEVAS | Component of the ribosome-associated complex (RAC), a complex involved in folding or maintaining nascent polypeptides in a folding-competent state. In the RAC complex, binds to the nascent polypeptide chain, while DNAJC2 stimulates its ATPase activity (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol |
HTRA1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MQIPRAALLPLLLLLLAAPASAQLSRAGRSAPLAAGCPDRCEPARCPPQPEHCEGGRARDACGCCEVCGAPEGAACGLQEGPCGEGLQCVVPFGVPASATVRRRAQAGLCVCASSEPVCGSDANTYANLCQLRAASRRSERLHRPPVIVLQRGACGQGQEDPNSLRHKYNFIADVVEKIAPAVVHIELFRKLPFSKREVPVASGSGFIVSEDGLIVTNAHVVTNKHRVKVELKNGATYEAKIKDVDEKADIALIKIDHQGKLPVLLLGRSSELRPGEFVVAIGSPFSLQNTVTTGIVSTTQRGGKELGLRNSDMDYIQTDAIINYGNSGGPLVNLDGEVIGINTLKVTAGISFAIPSDKIKKFLTESHDRQAKGKAITKKKYIGIRMMSLTSSKAKELKDRHRDFPDVISGAYIIEVIPDTPAEAGGLKENDVIISINGQSVVSANDVSDVIKRESTLNMVVRRGNEDIMITVIPEEIDP | Serine protease with a variety of targets, including extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. HTRA1-generated fibronectin fragments further induce synovial cells to up-regulate MMP1 and MMP3 production. May also degrade proteoglycans, such as aggrecan, decorin and fibromodulin. Through cleavage of proteoglycans, may release soluble FGF-glycosaminoglycan complexes that promote the range and intensity of FGF signals in the extracellular space. Regulates the availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins. Inhibits signaling mediated by TGF-beta family members. This activity requires the integrity of the catalytic site, although it is unclear whether TGF-beta proteins are themselves degraded. By acting on TGF-beta signaling, may regulate many physiological processes, including retinal angiogenesis and neuronal survival and maturation during development. Intracellularly, degrades TSC2, leading to the activation of TSC2 downstream targets.
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane, Secreted, Cytoplasm, Cytosol
Predominantly secreted . Also found associated with the plasma membrane .
Widely expressed, with strongest expression in placenta (at protein level). Secreted by synovial fibroblasts. Up-regulated in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluids and cartilage as compared with non-arthritic (at protein level). |
HVD82_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKHLWFFLLLVAAPRWVLSQVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGYSISSGYYWGWIRQPPGKGLEWIGSIYHSGSTYYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCAR | V region of the variable domain of immunoglobulin heavy chains that participates in the antigen recognition . Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
HXA2_PAPAN | Papio anubis | MNYEFEREIGFINSQPSLAECLTSFPPVADTFQSSSIKTSTLSHSTLIPPPFEQTIPSLNPSNHPRHGAGGRPKPSPAGSRGSPVPAGALQPPEYPWMKEKKAAKKTALPPAAAAAAAAAAATGPACLSHKESLEIADGSGGGSRRLRTAYTNTQLLELEKEFHFNKYLCRPRRVEIAALLDLTERQVKVWFQNRRMKHKRQTQCKENQNSEGKCKSLEDSEKVEEEEEEKTLFEQALSVSGALLEREGYTFQQNALSQQQAPSGHNGDSQSFPVSPLTSNEKNLKHFQHQSPTVPNCLSTMGQNCGAGLNNDSPEALEVPSLQDFNVFSTDSCLQLSDTVSPSLPGSLDSPVDISADSFDFFTDTLTTIDLQHLNY | Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
HXA3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MQKATYYDSSAIYGGYPYQAANGFAYNANQQPYPASAALGADGEYHRPACSLQSPSSAGGHPKAHELSEACLRTLSAPPSQPPSLGEPPLHPPPPQAAPPAPQPPQPAPQPPAPTPAAPPPPSSASPPQNASNNPTPANAAKSPLLNSPTVAKQIFPWMKESRQNTKQKTSSSSSGESCAGDKSPPGQASSKRARTAYTSAQLVELEKEFHFNRYLCRPRRVEMANLLNLTERQIKIWFQNRRMKYKKDQKGKGMLTSSGGQSPSRSPVPPGAGGYLNSMHSLVNSVPYEPQSPPPFSKPPQGTYGLPPASYPASLPSCAPPPPPQKRYTAAGAGAGGTPDYDPHAHGLQGNGSYGTPHIQGSPVFVGGSYVEPMSNSGPALFGLTHLPHAASGAMDYGGAGPLGSGHHHGPGPGEPHPTYTDLTGHHPSQGRIQEAPKLTHL | Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
HXA4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MTMSSFLINSNYIEPKFPPFEEYAQHSGSGGADGGPGGGPGYQQPPAPPTQHLPLQQPQLPHAGGGREPTASYYAPRTAREPAYPAAALYPAHGAADTAYPYGYRGGASPGRPPQPEQPPAQAKGPAHGLHASHVLQPQLPPPLQPRAVPPAAPRRCEAAPATPGVPAGGSAPACPLLLADKSPLGLKGKEPVVYPWMKKIHVSAVNPSYNGGEPKRSRTAYTRQQVLELEKEFHFNRYLTRRRRIEIAHTLCLSERQVKIWFQNRRMKWKKDHKLPNTKMRSSNSASASAGPPGKAQTQSPHLHPHPHPSTSTPVPSSI | Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Binds to sites in the 5'-flanking sequence of its coding region with various affinities. The consensus sequences of the high and low affinity binding sites are 5'-TAATGA[CG]-3' and 5'-CTAATTTT-3'.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Embryonic nervous system. |
HXC8_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSSYFVNPLFSKYKAGESLEPAYYDCRFPQSVGRSHALVYGPGGSAPGFQHASHHVQDFFHHGTSGISNSGYQQNPCSLSCHGDASKFYGYEALPRQSLYGAQQEASVVQYPDCKSSANTNSSEGQGHLNQNSSPSLMFPWMRPHAPGRRSGRQTYSRYQTLELEKEFLFNPYLTRKRRIEVSHALGLTERQVKIWFQNRRMKWKKENNKDKLPGARDEEKVEEEGNEEEEKEEEEKEENKD | Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
HXC9_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSATGPISNYYVDSLISHDNEDLLASRFPATGAHPAAARPSGLVPDCSDFPSCSFAPKPAVFSTSWAPVPSQSSVVYHPYGPQPHLGADTRYMRTWLEPLSGAVSFPSFPAGGRHYALKPDAYPGRRADCGPGEGRSYPDYMYGSPGELRDRAPQTLPSPEADALAGSKHKEEKADLDPSNPVANWIHARSTRKKRCPYTKYQTLELEKEFLFNMYLTRDRRYEVARVLNLTERQVKIWFQNRRMKMKKMNKEKTDKEQS | Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
HYAL3_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MTTRLGPALVLGVALCLGCGQPLPQVPERPFSVLWNVPSAHCKSRFGVHLPLNALGIIANRGQHFHGQNMTIFYKNQLGLYPYFGPKGTAHNGGIPQALPLDRHLALAAYQIHHSLRPGFAGPAVLDWEEWCPLWAGNWGRRRAYQAASWAWAQQVFPDLDPQEQLYKAYTGFEQAARALMEDTLRVAQALRPHGLWGFYHYPACGNGWHSMASNYTGRCHAATLARNTQLHWLWAASSALFPSIYLPPRLPPAHHQAFVRHRLEEAFRVALVGHLPVLAYVRLTHRRSGRFLSQDDLVQTIGVSAALGAAGVVLWGDLSLSSSEEECWHLHDYLVDTLGPYGINVTRAAMACSHQRCHGHGRCARRDPGQMEAFLHLWPDGSLGDWKSFSCHCYWGWAGPTCQEPRLGPKEAV | Facilitates sperm penetration into the layer of cumulus cells surrounding the egg by digesting hyaluronic acid. Involved in induction of the acrosome reaction in the sperm. Involved in follicular atresia, the breakdown of immature ovarian follicles that are not selected to ovulate. Induces ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, possibly via apoptotic signaling pathway involving CASP8 and CASP3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Has no hyaluronidase activity in embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Has no hyaluronidase activity in granulosa cells in vitro.
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane, Cytoplasmic vesicle, Secretory vesicle, Acrosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, Early endosome
Mostly present in low-density vesicles. Low levels in higher density vesicles of late endosomes and lysosomes. Localized in punctate cytoplasmic vesicles and in perinuclear structures, but does not colocalize with LAMP1. Localized on the plasma membrane over the acrosome and on the surface of the midpiece of the sperm tail. |
HYAL4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKVLSEGQLKLCVVQPVHLTSWLLIFFILKSISCLKPARLPIYQRKPFIAAWNAPTDQCLIKYNLRLNLKMFPVIGSPLAKARGQNVTIFYVNRLGYYPWYTSQGVPINGGLPQNISLQVHLEKADQDINYYIPAEDFSGLAVIDWEYWRPQWARNWNSKDVYRQKSRKLISDMGKNVSATDIEYLAKVTFEESAKAFMKETIKLGIKSRPKGLWGYYLYPDCHNYNVYAPNYSGSCPEDEVLRNNELSWLWNSSAALYPSIGVWKSLGDSENILRFSKFRVHESMRISTMTSHDYALPVFVYTRLGYRDEPLFFLSKQDLVSTIGESAALGAAGIVIWGDMNLTASKANCTKVKQFVSSDLGSYIANVTRAAEVCSLHLCRNNGRCIRKMWNAPSYLHLNPASYHIEASEDGEFTVKGKASDTDLAVMADTFSCHCYQGYEGADCREIKTADGCSGVSPSPGSLMTLCLLLLASYRSIQL | Endo-hyaluronidase that degrades hyaluronan to smaller oligosaccharide fragments. Has also chondroitin sulfate hydrolase activity, The best substrate being the galactosaminidic linkage in the sequence of a trisulfated tetrasaccharide.
Subcellular locations: Membrane
Detected in placenta and skeletal muscle. |
HYALP_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGVLKFKHIFFRSFVKSSGVSQIVFTFLLIPCCLTLNFRAPPVIPNVPFLWAWNAPSEFCLGKFDEPLDMSLFSFIGSPRINATGQGVTIFYVDRLGYYPYIDSITGVTVNGGIPQKISLQDHLDKAKKDITFYMPVDNLGMAVIDWEEWRPTWARNWKPKDVYKNRSIELVQQQNVQLSLTEATEKAKQEFEKAGKDFLVETIKLGKLLRPNHLWGYYLFPDCYNHHYKKPGYNGSCFNVEIKRNDDLSWLWNESTALYPSIYLNTQQSPVAATLYVRNRVREAIRVSKIPDAKSPLPVFAYTRIVFTDQVLKFLSQDELVYTFGETVALGASGIVIWGTLSIMRSMKSCLLLDNYMETILNPYIINVTLAAKMCSQVLCQEQGVCIRKNWNSSDYLHLNPDNFAIQLEKGGKFTVRGKPTLEDLEQFSEKFYCSCYSTLSCKEKADVKDTDAVDVCIADGVCIDAFLKPPMETEEPQIFYNASPSTLSATMFIVSILFLIISSVASL | Involved in sperm-egg adhesion. Upon fertilization sperm must first penetrate a layer of cumulus cells that surrounds the egg before reaching the zona pellucida. The cumulus cells are embedded in a matrix containing hyaluronic acid which is formed prior to ovulation. This protein aids in penetrating the layer of cumulus cells by digesting hyaluronic acid.
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane
Testis. |
HYALP_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MGVLKFKHIFFRSFVKSSGVSQIVFTFLLIPCCLTLNFRAPPIIPNVPFLWAWNAPSEFCLGKFNEPLDMSLFTLMGSPRINVTGQGVTIFYVDRLGYYPYIDLTTGVTVHGGIPQKVSLQDHLDKSKQDILFYMPVDNLGMAVIDWEEWRPTWARNWKPKDVYKNRSIELVQQQNVQLSLPQATDKAKQEFEKAGKDFMLETIKLGRSLRPNHLWGYYLFPDCYNHHYRKPGYNGSCFDVEIKRNDDLSWLWNESTALYPSIYLNTQQSVVVATLYVRNRVREAIRVSKIPDAKNPLPVFVYARLVFTDQVLKFLSREELVSTLGETVALGASGIVIWGSLSITRSMKSCLLLDTYMETILNPYIINVTLAAKMCSQVLCQEQGVCIRKDWNSSDYLHLNPDNFDIRLEKGGKFTVHGKPTVEDLEEFSEKFYCSCYTNLSCKEKADVKDTDAVDVCIADGVCIDASLKPPVETEGSPPIFYNTSSSTVSTTMFIVNILFLIISSVASL | Involved in sperm-egg adhesion. Upon fertilization sperm must first penetrate a layer of cumulus cells that surrounds the egg before reaching the zona pellucida. The cumulus cells are embedded in a matrix containing hyaluronic acid which is formed prior to ovulation. This protein aids in penetrating the layer of cumulus cells by digesting hyaluronic acid.
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane
Testis. |
HYPDH_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLRTCYVLCSQAGPPSRGWQSLSFDGGAFHLKGTGELTRALLVLRLCAWPPLVTHGLLLQAWSRRLLGSRLSGAFLRASVYGQFVAGETAEEVKGCVQQLRTLSLRPLLAVPTEEEPDSAAKSGEAWYEGNLGAMLRCVDLSRGLLEPPSLAEASLMQLKVTALTSTRLCKELASWVRRPGASLELSPERLAEAMDSGQNLQVSCLNAEQNQHLRASLSRLHRVAQYARAQHVRLLVDAEYTSLNPALSLLVAALAVRWNSPGEGGPWVWNTYQACLKDTFERLGRDAEAAHRAGLAFGVKLVRGAYLDKERAVAQLHGMEDPTQPDYEATSQSYSRCLELMLTHVARHGPMCHLMVASHNEESVRQATKRMWELGIPLDGTVCFGQLLGMCDHVSLALGQAGYVVYKSIPYGSLEEVIPYLIRRAQENRSVLQGARREQELLSQELWRRLLPGCRRIPH | Dehydrogenase that converts trans-4-L-hydroxyproline to delta-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate (Hyp) using ubiquinone-10 as the terminal electron acceptor. Can also use proline as a substrate but with a very much lower efficiency. Does not react with other diastereomers of Hyp: trans-4-D-hydroxyproline and cis-4-L-hydroxyproline. Ubiquininone analogs such as menadione, duroquinone and ubiquinone-1 react more efficiently than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor during catalysis. |
I2BPL_MACMU | Macaca mulatta | MSAAQVSSSRRQSCYLCDLPRMPWAMIWDFSEPVCRGCVNYEGADRIEFVIETARQLKRAHGCFQDGRSPGPPPPVGVKTVALSAKEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQLNHVDGSSKPAVLAAPSGLERYGLSAAAAAAAAAAAAVEQRSRFEYPPPPVSLGSSSHATRLPNGLGGPNGFPKPTPEEGPPELNRQSPNSSSAAASVASRRGTHGGLVTGLPNPGGGGGPQLTVPPNLLPQTLLNGPASAAVLPPPPPHALGSRGPPTPAPPGAPGGPACLGGTPGVSATSSSASSSTSSSVAEVGVGAGGKRPGSVSSTDQERELKEKQRNAEALAELSESLRNRAEEWANKPKMVRDTLLTLAGCTPYEVRFKKDHSLLGRVFAFDAVSKPGMDYELKLFIEYPTGSGNVYSSASGVAKQMYQDCMKDFGRGLSSGFKYLEYEKKHGSGDWRLLGDLLPEAVRFFKEGVPGADMLPQPYLDASCPMLPTALVSLSRAPSAPPGTGTLPPAAPSGRGAAASLRKRKASPEPPDSAEGALKLGEEQQRQQWMANQSEALKLTMSAGGFAAPGHAAGGPPPPPPPLGPHSNRTTPPESAPQNGPSPMAALMSVADTLGTAHSPKDGSSVHSTTASARRNSSSPVSPASVPGQRRLASRNGDLNLQVAPPPPSAHPGMDQVHPQNIPDSPMANSGPLCCTICHERLEDTHFVQCPSVPSHKFCFPCSRESIKAQGASGEVYCPSGEKCPLVGSNVPWAFMQGEIATILAGDVKVKKERDP | Probable E3 ubiquitin protein ligase involved in the proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent degradation of target proteins. Through the degradation of CTNNB1, functions downstream of FOXF2 to negatively regulate the Wnt signaling pathway. Probably plays a role in the development of the central nervous system and in neuronal maintenance (By similarity). Also acts as a transcriptional regulator of genes controlling female reproductive function. May play a role in gene transcription by transactivating GNRH1 promoter and repressing PENK promoter (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Expressed in the regions of the hypothalamus involved in the control of GNRH1 secretion, such as arcuate nucleus. |
I36RA_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVLSGALCFRMKDSALKVLYLHNNQLLAGGLHAGKVIKGEEISVVPNRWLDASLSPVILGVQGGSQCLSCGVGQEPTLTLEPVNIMELYLGAKESKSFTFYRRDMGLTSSFESAAYPGWFLCTVPEADQPVRLTQLPENGGWNAPITDFYFQQCD | Inhibits the activity of interleukin-36 (IL36A,IL36B and IL36G) by binding to receptor IL1RL2 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL1RAP for signaling. Part of the IL-36 signaling system that is thought to be present in epithelial barriers and to take part in local inflammatory response; similar to the IL-1 system with which it shares the coreceptor. Proposed to play a role in skin inflammation. May be involved in the innate immune response to fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus fumigatus. May activate an anti-inflammatory signaling pathway by recruiting SIGIRR.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Secreted
The secretion is dependent on protein unfolding and facilitated by the cargo receptor TMED10; it results in protein translocation from the cytoplasm into the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment) followed by vesicle entry and secretion.
Predominantly expressed in skin keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts, endothelial cells or melanocytes. Detected also in the spleen, brain leukocyte and macrophage cell types. Increased in lesional psoriasis skin. |
IBTK_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSSPMPDCTSKCRSLKHALDVLSVVTKGSENQIKAFLSSHCYNAATIKDVFGRNALHLVSSCGKKGVLDWLIQKGVDLLVKDKESGWTALHRSIFYGHIDCVWSLLKHGVSLYIQDKEGLSALDLVMKDRPTHVVFKNTDPTDVYTWGDNTNFTLGHGSQNSKHHPELVDLFSRSGIYIKQVVLCKFHSVFLSQKGQVYTCGHGPGGRLGHGDEQTCLVPRLVEGLNGHNCSQVAAAKDHTVVLTEDGCVYTFGLNIFHQLGIIPPPSSCNVPRQIQAKYLKGRTIIGVAAGRFHTVLWTREAVYTMGLNGGQLGCLLDPNGEKCVTAPRQVSALHHKDIALSLVAASDGATVCVTTRGDIYLLADYQCKKMASKQLNLKKVLVSGGHMEYKVDPEHLKENGGQKICILAMDGAGRVFCWRSVNSSLKQCRWAYPRQVFISDIALNRNEILFVTQDGEGFRGRWFEEKRKSSEKKEILSNLHNSSSDVSYVSDINSVYERIRLEKLTFAHRAVSVSTDPSGCNFAILQSDPKTSLYEIPAVSSSSFFEEFGKLLREADEMDSIHDVTFQVGNRLFPAHKYILAVHSDFFQKLFLSDGNTSEFTDIYQKDEDSAGCHLFVVEKVHPDMFEYLLQFIYTDTCDFLTHGFKPRIHLNKNPEEYQGTLNSHLNKVNFHEDDNQKSAFEVYKSNQAQTVSERQKSKPKSCKKGKNIREDDPVRMLQTVAKKFDFSNLSSRLDGVRFENEKINVIAKNTGNKLKLSQKKCSFLCDVTMKSVDGKEFPCHKCVLCARLEYFHSMLSSSWIEASSCAALEMPIHSDILKVILDYLYTDEAVVIKESQNVDFICSVLVVADQLLITRLKEICEVALTEKLTLKNAAMLLEFAAMYSAKQLKLSCLQFIGLNMAALLEARSLDVLSDGVLKDLSEFYRKMIPAMDRRVITPYQDGPDISYLEVEDGDIFLKEEINMEQNHSETMFKKAKTKAKKKPRKRSDSSGGYNLSDIIQSPSSTGLLKSGKTNSVESLPELLTSDSEGSYAGVGSPRDLQSPDFTTGFHSDKIEAKVKPYVNGTSPVYSREDLKPWEKSPILKISAPQPIPSNRIDTTSSASWVAGSFSPVSPPVVDLRTIMEIEESRQKCGATPKSHLGKTVSHGVKLSQKQRKMIALTTKENNSGMNSMETVLFTPSKAPKPVNAWASSLHSVSSKSFRDFLLEEKKSVTSHSSGDHVKKVSFKGIENSQAPKIVRCSTHGTPGPEGNHISDLPLLDSPNPWLSSSVTAPSMVAPVTFASIVEEELQQEAALIRSREKPLALIQIEEHAIQDLLVFYEAFGNPEEFVIVERTPQGPLAVPMWNKHGC | Acts as an inhibitor of BTK tyrosine kinase activity, thereby playing a role in B-cell development. Down-regulates BTK kinase activity, leading to interference with BTK-mediated calcium mobilization and NF-kappa-B-driven transcription.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Membrane
Translocates to the plasma membrane upon IgM stimulation.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Expressed in DeFew, HEK293T, HeLa and in Jurkat, MC3 and NB4 lymphoid cells (at protein level). Isoform 1 is the predominant isoform expressed in all examined tissues and cell lines. Highly expressed in hemopoietic tissues (fetal liver, spleen, lymph node, thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow). Weakly or not expressed in other tissues. |
IC1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MASRLTLLTLLLLLLAGDRASSNPNATSSSSQDPESLQDRGEGKVATTVISKMLFVEPILEVSSLPTTNSTTNSATKITANTTDEPTTQPTTEPTTQPTIQPTQPTTQLPTDSPTQPTTGSFCPGPVTLCSDLESHSTEAVLGDALVDFSLKLYHAFSAMKKVETNMAFSPFSIASLLTQVLLGAGENTKTNLESILSYPKDFTCVHQALKGFTTKGVTSVSQIFHSPDLAIRDTFVNASRTLYSSSPRVLSNNSDANLELINTWVAKNTNNKISRLLDSLPSDTRLVLLNAIYLSAKWKTTFDPKKTRMEPFHFKNSVIKVPMMNSKKYPVAHFIDQTLKAKVGQLQLSHNLSLVILVPQNLKHRLEDMEQALSPSVFKAIMEKLEMSKFQPTLLTLPRIKVTTSQDMLSIMEKLEFFDFSYDLNLCGLTEDPDLQVSAMQHQTVLELTETGVEAAAASAISVARTLLVFEVQQPFLFVLWDQQHKFPVFMGRVYDPRA | Activation of the C1 complex is under control of the C1-inhibitor. It forms a proteolytically inactive stoichiometric complex with the C1r or C1s proteases. May play a potentially crucial role in regulating important physiological pathways including complement activation, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and the generation of kinins. Very efficient inhibitor of FXIIa. Inhibits chymotrypsin and kallikrein.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
ICA1L_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MDSFGQPRPEDNQSVVRRMQKKYWKTKQVFIKATGKKEDEHLVASDAELDAKLEVFHSVQETCTELLKIIEKYQLRLNVISEEENELGLFLKFQAERDATQAGKMMDATGKALCSSAKQRLALCTPLSRLKQEVATFSQRAVSDTLMTINRMEQARTEYRGALLWMKDVSQELDPDTLKQMEKFRKVQMQVRNSKASFDKLKMDVCQKVDLLGASRCNMLSHSLTTYQRTLLGFWKKTARMMSQIHEACIGFHPYDFVALKQLQDTPSKISEDNKDEQIGGFLTEQLNKLVLSDEEASFESEQANKDHNEKHSQMREFGAPQFSNSENVAKDLPVDSLEGEDFEKEFSFLNNLLSSGSSSTSEFTQECQTAFGSPSASLTSQEPSMGSEPLAHSSRFLPSQLFDLGFHVAGAFNNWVSQEESELCLSHTDNQPVPSQSPKKLTRSPNNGNQDMSAWFNLFADLDPLSNPDAIGHSDDELLNA | null |
ICA69_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSGHKCSYPWDLQDRYAQDKSVVNKMQQKYWETKQAFIKATGKKEDEHVVASDADLDAKLELFHSIQRTCLDLSKAIVLYQKRICFLSQEENELGKFLRSQGFQDKTRAGKMMQATGKALCFSSQQRLALRNPLCRFHQEVETFRHRAISDTWLTVNRMEQCRTEYRGALLWMKDVSQELDPDLYKQMEKFRKVQTQVRLAKKNFDKLKMDVCQKVDLLGASRCNLLSHMLATYQTTLLHFWEKTSHTMAAIHESFKGYQPYEFTTLKSLQDPMKKLVEKEEKKKINQQESTDAAVQEPSQLISLEEENQRKESSSFKTEDGKSILSALDKGSTHTACSGPIDELLDMKSEEGACLGPVAGTPEPEGADKDDLLLLSEIFNASSLEEGEFSKEWAAVFGDGQVKEPVPTMALGEPDPKAQTGSGFLPSQLLDQNMKDLQASLQEPAKAASDLTAWFSLFADLDPLSNPDAVGKTDKEHELLNA | May play a role in neurotransmitter secretion.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Golgi apparatus membrane, Cytoplasmic vesicle, Secretory vesicle membrane, Cytoplasmic vesicle, Secretory vesicle, Synaptic vesicle membrane
Predominantly cytosolic. Also exists as a membrane-bound form which has been found associated with synaptic vesicles and also with the Golgi complex and immature secretory granules.
Expressed abundantly in pancreas, heart and brain with low levels of expression in lung, kidney, liver and thyroid. |
ID2B_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKAFSPVRSIRKNSLLDHRLGISQSKTPVDDLMSLL | null |
ID2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKAFSPVRSVRKNSLSDHSLGISRSKTPVDDPMSLLYNMNDCYSKLKELVPSIPQNKKVSKMEILQHVIDYILDLQIALDSHPTIVSLHHQRPGQNQASRTPLTTLNTDISILSLQASEFPSELMSNDSKALCG | Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Inhibits skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer. Restricts the CLOCK and BMAL1 localization to the cytoplasm. Plays a role in both the input and output pathways of the circadian clock: in the input component, is involved in modulating the magnitude of photic entrainment and in the output component, contributes to the regulation of a variety of liver clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism.
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus
Highly expressed in early fetal tissues, including those of the central nervous system. |
ID2_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MKAFSPVRSVRKNSLSDHSLGISRSKTPVDDPMSLLYNMNDCYSKLKELVPSIPQNKKVSKMEILQHVIDYILDLQIALDSHPTIVSLHHQRPGQNQASRTPLTTLNTDISILSLQASEFPSELMSNDSKALCG | Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Inhibits skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer. Restricts the CLOCK and BMAL1 localization to the cytoplasm. Plays a role in both the input and output pathways of the circadian clock: in the input component, is involved in modulating the magnitude of photic entrainment and in the output component, contributes to the regulation of a variety of liver clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus |
ID2_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MKAFSPVRSVRKNSLSDHSLGISRSKTPVDDPMSLLYNMNDCYSKLKELVPSIPQNKKVSKMEILQHVIDYILDLQIALDSHPTIVSLHHQRPGQNQASRTPLTTLNTDISILSLQASEFPSELMSNDSKALCG | Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Inhibits skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer. Restricts the CLOCK and BMAL1 localization to the cytoplasm. Plays a role in both the input and output pathways of the circadian clock: in the input component, is involved in modulating the magnitude of photic entrainment and in the output component, contributes to the regulation of a variety of liver clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus |
ID3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKALSPVRGCYEAVCCLSERSLAIARGRGKGPAAEEPLSLLDDMNHCYSRLRELVPGVPRGTQLSQVEILQRVIDYILDLQVVLAEPAPGPPDGPHLPIQTAELTPELVISNDKRSFCH | Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Involved in myogenesis by inhibiting skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation and promoting muscle precursor cells proliferation. Inhibits the binding of E2A-containing protein complexes to muscle creatine kinase E-box enhancer. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Expressed abundantly in lung, kidney and adrenal gland, but not in adult brain. |
IF2A_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MPGLSCRFYQHKFPEVEDVVMVNVRSIAEMGAYVSLLEYNNIEGMILLSELSRRRIRSINKLIRIGRNECVVVIRVDKEKGYIDLSKRRVSPEEAIKCEDKFTKSKTVYSILRHVAEVLEYTKDEQLESLFQRTAWVFDDKYKRPGYGAYDAFKHAVSDPSILDSLDLNEDEREVLINNINRRLTPQAVKIRADIEVACYGYEGIDAVKEALRAGLNCSTENMPIKINLIAPPRYVMTTTTLERTEGLSVLSQAMAVIKEKIEEKRGVFNVQMEPKVVTDTDETELARQMERLERENAEVDGDDDAEEMEAKAED | Member of the eIF2 complex that functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA . This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC) . Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF2 and release of an eIF2-GDP binary complex . In order for eIF2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF2B . EIF2S1/ component of the integrated stress response (ISR), required for adaptation to various stress: phosphorylation by metabolic-stress sensing protein kinases (EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2) in response to stress converts EIF2S1/eIF2-alpha in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, leading to an attenuation of cap-dependent translation, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of ISR-specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activators ATF4 and QRICH1, and hence allowing ATF4- and QRICH1-mediated reprogramming (, ).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Stress granule, Cytoplasm, Cytosol
Colocalizes with NANOS3 in the stress granules. |
IF4A1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSASQDSRSRDNGPDGMEPEGVIESNWNEIVDSFDDMNLSESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAILPCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQIELDLKATQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVVMALGDYMGASCHACIGGTNVRAEVQKLQMEAPHIIVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKYIKMFVLDEADEMLSRGFKDQIYDIFQKLNSNTQVVLLSATMPSDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIRQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFINTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTVSAMHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVAINMVTEEDKRTLRDIETFYNTSIEEMPLNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon. |
IF4A1_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MSASQDSRSRDNGPDGMEPEGVIESNWNEIVDSFDDMNLSESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAILPCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQIELDLKATQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVVMALGDYMGASCHACIGGTNVRAEVQKLQMEAPHIIVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKYIKMFVLDEADEMLSRGFKDQIYDIFQKLNSNTQVVLLSATMPSDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIRQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFINTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTASAMHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVAINMVTEEDKRTLRDIETFYNTSIEEMPLNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity). |
IF4A1_PANTR | Pan troglodytes | MSASQDSRSRDNGPDGMEPEGVIESNWNEIVDSFDDMNLSESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAILPCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQIELDLKATQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVVMALGDYMGASCHACIGGTNVRAEVQKLQMEAPHIIVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKYIKMFVLDEADEMLSRGFKDQIYDIFQKLNSNTQVVLLSATMPSDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIRQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFINTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTVSAMHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVTINMVTEEDKRTLRDIETFYNTSIEEMPLNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity). |
IF4A1_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MSASQDSRSRDNGPDGMEPEGVIESNWNEIVDSLDDMNLSESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAILSCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQIELDLKATQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVVMALGDYMGASCHACIGGTNVRAEVQKLQMEAPHIIVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKYIKMFVLDEADEMLSRGFKDQIYDIFQKLNSNTQVVLLSATMPSDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIRQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFINTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTVSAMHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVAINMVTEEDKRTLRDIETFYNTSIEEMPLNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity). |
IF4A2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MSGGSADYNREHGGPEGMDPDGVIESNWNEIVDNFDDMNLKESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAIIPCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQLEIEFKETQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVILALGDYMGATCHACIGGTNVRNEMQKLQAEAPHIVVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKWIKMFVLDEADEMLSRGFKDQIYEIFQKLNTSIQVVLLSATMPTDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIKQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFLNTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTVSALHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVAINFVTEEDKRILRDIETFYNTTVEEMPMNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon. |
IF4A2_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MSGGSADYNSREHGGPEGMDPDGVIESNWNEIVDNFDDMNLKESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAIIPCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQLEIEFKETQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVILALGDYMGATCHACIGGTNVRNEMQKLQAEAPHIVVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKWIKMFVLDEADGMLSRGFKDQIYEIFQKLNTSIQVVLLSATMPTDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIKQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFLNTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTVSALHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVAINFVTEEDKRILRDIETFYNTTVEEMPMNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity). |
IF4A2_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MSGGSADYNREHGGPEGMDPDGVIESNWNEIVDNFDDMNLKESLLRGIYAYGFEKPSAIQQRAIIPCIKGYDVIAQAQSGTGKTATFAISILQQLEIEFKETQALVLAPTRELAQQIQKVILALGDYMGATCHACIGGTNVRNEMQKLQAEAPHIVVGTPGRVFDMLNRRYLSPKWIKMFVLDEADEMLSRGFKDQIYEIFQKLNTSIQVVLLSATMPTDVLEVTKKFMRDPIRILVKKEELTLEGIKQFYINVEREEWKLDTLCDLYETLTITQAVIFLNTRRKVDWLTEKMHARDFTVSALHGDMDQKERDVIMREFRSGSSRVLITTDLLARGIDVQQVSLVINYDLPTNRENYIHRIGRGGRFGRKGVAINFVTEEDKRILRDIETFYNTTVEEMPMNVADLI | ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity). |
IF6_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MAVRASFENNCEIGCFAKLTNTYCLVAIGGSENFYSVFEGELSDTIPVVHASIAGCRIIGRMCVGNRHGLLVPNNTTDQELQHIRNSLPDTVQIRRVEERLSALGNVTTCNDYVALVHPDLDRETEEILADVLKVEVFRQTVADQVLVGSYCVFSNQGGLVHPKTSIEDQDELSSLLQVPLVAGTVNRGSEVIAAGMVVNDWCAFCGLDTTSTELSVVESVFKLNEAQPSTIATSMRDSLIDSLT | Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm ( , ). Behaves as a stimulatory translation initiation factor downstream insulin/growth factors. Is also involved in ribosome biogenesis. Associates with pre-60S subunits in the nucleus and is involved in its nuclear export. Cytoplasmic release of TIF6 from 60S subunits and nuclear relocalization is promoted by a RACK1 (RACK1)-dependent protein kinase C activity ( ). In tissues responsive to insulin, controls fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis by exerting translational control of adipogenic transcription factors such as CEBPB, CEBPD and ATF4 that have G/C rich or uORF in their 5'UTR. Required for ROS-dependent megakaryocyte maturation and platelets formation, controls the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis (By similarity). Involved in miRNA-mediated gene silencing by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Required for both miRNA-mediated translational repression and miRNA-mediated cleavage of complementary mRNAs by RISC . Modulates cell cycle progression and global translation of pre-B cells, its activation seems to be rate-limiting in tumorigenesis and tumor growth (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Nucleolus
Shuttles between cytoplasm and nucleus/nucleolus.
Expressed at very high levels in colon carcinoma with lower levels in normal colon and ileum and lowest levels in kidney and muscle (at protein level). |
IFNG_CALJA | Callithrix jacchus | MKYTSYILAFQLCVVLGSLGCYCQDPYVKEAENLKKYFNAGDSDVADNGTLFLDILRTWREEGDRKIMQSQIISFYFKLFKNFKDNQSIQKSMETIKEDMNVKFFNSNKRKQDDFERLTNYSVNDLNVQRKAIHELIQVMAELSPAPKIGKRRRSQTLFRGRRASQ | Type II interferon produced by immune cells such as T-cells and NK cells that plays crucial roles in antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor responses by activating effector immune cells and enhancing antigen presentation. Primarily signals through the JAK-STAT pathway after interaction with its receptor IFNGR1 to affect gene regulation. Upon IFNG binding, IFNGR1 intracellular domain opens out to allow association of downstream signaling components JAK2, JAK1 and STAT1, leading to STAT1 activation, nuclear translocation and transcription of IFNG-regulated genes. Many of the induced genes are transcription factors such as IRF1 that are able to further drive regulation of a next wave of transcription. Plays a role in class I antigen presentation pathway by inducing a replacement of catalytic proteasome subunits with immunoproteasome subunits. In turn, increases the quantity, quality, and repertoire of peptides for class I MHC loading. Increases the efficiency of peptide generation also by inducing the expression of activator PA28 that associates with the proteasome and alters its proteolytic cleavage preference. Up-regulates as well MHC II complexes on the cell surface by promoting expression of several key molecules such as cathepsins B/CTSB, H/CTSH, and L/CTSL (By similarity). Participates in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells during development and under homeostatic conditions by affecting their development, quiescence, and differentiation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Released primarily from activated T lymphocytes. |
IFNG_CERAT | Cercocebus atys | MKYTSYILAFQLCIVLGSLGCYCQDPYVKEAENLKKYFNAGDPDVADNGTLFLDILRNWKEESDRKIMQSQIVSFYFKLFKSFKDDQRIQKSVETIKEDINVKFFNSNKKKRDDFEKLTNYSVTDLNVQRKAVHELIQVMAELSPAAKIGKRKRSQTFRGRRASQ | Type II interferon produced by immune cells such as T-cells and NK cells that plays crucial roles in antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor responses by activating effector immune cells and enhancing antigen presentation. Primarily signals through the JAK-STAT pathway after interaction with its receptor IFNGR1 to affect gene regulation. Upon IFNG binding, IFNGR1 intracellular domain opens out to allow association of downstream signaling components JAK2, JAK1 and STAT1, leading to STAT1 activation, nuclear translocation and transcription of IFNG-regulated genes. Many of the induced genes are transcription factors such as IRF1 that are able to further drive regulation of a next wave of transcription. Plays a role in class I antigen presentation pathway by inducing a replacement of catalytic proteasome subunits with immunoproteasome subunits. In turn, increases the quantity, quality, and repertoire of peptides for class I MHC loading. Increases the efficiency of peptide generation also by inducing the expression of activator PA28 that associates with the proteasome and alters its proteolytic cleavage preference. Up-regulates as well MHC II complexes on the cell surface by promoting expression of several key molecules such as cathepsins B/CTSB, H/CTSH, and L/CTSL (By similarity). Participates in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells during development and under homeostatic conditions by affecting their development, quiescence, and differentiation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Released primarily from activated T lymphocytes. |
IFT25_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MRKIDLCLSSEGSEVILATSSDEKHPPENIIDGNPETFWTTTGMFPQEFIICFHKHVRIERLVIQSYFVQTLKIEKSTSKEPVDFEQWIEKDLVHTEGQLQNEEIVAHDGSATYLRFIIVSAFDHFASVHSVSAEGTVVSNLSS | Component of the IFT complex B required for sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling. May mediate transport of SHH components: required for the export of SMO and PTCH1 receptors out of the cilium and the accumulation of GLI2 at the ciliary tip in response to activation of the SHH pathway, suggesting it is involved in the dynamic transport of SHH signaling molecules within the cilium. Not required for ciliary assembly. Its role in intraflagellar transport is mainly seen in tissues rich in ciliated cells such as kidney and testis. Essential for male fertility, spermiogenesis and sperm flagella formation. Plays a role in the early development of the kidney. May be involved in the regulation of ureteric bud initiation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell projection, Cilium
Detected in placenta. |
IFT27_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MVKLAAKCILAGDPAVGKTALAQIFRSDGAHFQKSYTLTTGMDLVVKTVPVPDTGDSVELFIFDSAGKELFSEMLDKLWESPNVLCLVYDVTNEESFNNCSKWLEKARSQAPGISLPGVLVGNKTDLAGRRAVDSAEARAWALGQGLECFETSVKEMENFEAPFHCLAKQFHQLYREKVEVFRALA | Small GTPase-like component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B that promotes the exit of the BBSome complex from cilia via its interaction with ARL6 . Not involved in entry of the BBSome complex into cilium. Prevents aggregation of GTP-free ARL6 . Required for hedgehog signaling. Forms a subcomplex within the IFT complex B with IFT25. Its role in intraflagellar transport is mainly seen in tissues rich in ciliated cells such as kidney and testis. Essential for male fertility, spermiogenesis and sperm flagella formation. Plays a role in the early development of the kidney. May be involved in the regulation of ureteric bud initiation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Cell projection, Cilium, Cytoplasm, Cell projection, Cilium, Flagellum
Localizes to the sperm flagellum. |
IFT43_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MEDLLDLDEELRYSLATSRAKMGRRAQQESAQAENHLNGKNSSLTLTGETSSAKLPRCRQGGWAGDSVKASKFRRKASEEIEDFRLRPQSLNGSDYGGDIPIIPDLEEVQEEDFVLQVAAPPSIQIKRVMTYRDLDNDLMKYSAIQTLDGEIDLKLLTKVLAPEHEVREDDVGWDWDHLFTEVSSEVLTEWDPLQTEKEDPAGQARHT | As a component of IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in ciliogenesis (, ). Involved in retrograde ciliary transport along microtubules from the ciliary tip to the base .
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cell projection, Cilium
Associated with microtubules . Localized at the distal tip of the cilium .
Expressed in the retina, predominantly in the photoreceptor outer segment. |
IGIP_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MCSYYHMKKRSVSGCNITIFAVMFSHLSAGKSPCGNQANVLCISRLEFVQYQS | Enhances IgA secretion from B-cells stimulated via CD40.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
IGJ_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKNHLLFWGVLAVFIKAVHVKAQEDERIVLVDNKCKCARITSRIIRSSEDPNEDIVERNIRIIVPLNNRENISDPTSPLRTRFVYHLSDLCKKCDPTEVELDNQIVTATQSNICDEDSATETCYTYDRNKCYTAVVPLVYGGETKMVETALTPDACYPD | Serves to link two monomer units of either IgM or IgA. In the case of IgM, the J chain-joined dimer is a nucleating unit for the IgM pentamer, and in the case of IgA it induces dimers and/or larger polymers. It also helps to bind these immunoglobulins to secretory component.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
IGKC_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC | Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGK_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | DIQMTQSPSTLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINTWLAWYQQKPGKAPKLLMYKASSLESGVPSRFIGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPDDFATYYCQQYNSDSKMFGQGTKVEVKGTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC | Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGL1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | QSALTQPPSASGSLGQSVTISCTGTSSDVGGYNYVSWYQQHAGKAPKVIIYEVNKRPSGVPDRFSGSKSGNTASLTVSGLQAEDEADYYCSSYEGSDNFVFGTGTKVTVLGQPKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKAGVETTKPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS | Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGLC1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | GQPKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKAGVETTKPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS | Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGLC2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTTPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS | Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGLC3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTTPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHKSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS | Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGLC6_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVKVAWKADGSPVNTGVETTTPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPAECS | Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGLC7_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLVSDFNPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKVGVETTKPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCRVTHEGSTVEKTVAPAECS | Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (, ). The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen (, ).
Subcellular locations: Secreted, Cell membrane |
IGLL1_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MRPGTGQGGLEAPGEPGPNLRQRWPLLLLGLAVVTHGLLRPTAASQSRALGPGAPGGSSRSSLRSRWGRFLLQRGSWTGPRCWPRGFQSKHNSVTHVFGSGTQLTVLSQPKATPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLMNDFYPGILTVTWKADGTPITQGVEMTTPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWRSRRSYSCQVMHEGSTVEKTVAPAECS | Critical for B-cell development.
Subcellular locations: Endoplasmic reticulum, Secreted
In pre-B cells, localizes predominantly to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Expressed only in pre-B-cells and a special B-cell line (which is surface Ig negative). |
IKZF3_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MEDIQTNAELKSTQEQSVPAESAAVLNDYSLTKSHEMENVDSGEGPANEDEDIGDDSMKVKDEYSERDENVLKSEPMGNAEEPEIPYSYSREYNEYENIKLERHVVSFDSSRPTSGKMNCDVCGLSCISFNVLMVHKRSHTGERPFQCNQCGASFTQKGNLLRHIKLHTGEKPFKCHLCNYACQRRDALTGHLRTHSVEKPYKCEFCGRSYKQRSSLEEHKERCRTFLQSTDPGDTASAEARHIKAEMGSERALVLDRLASNVAKRKSSMPQKFIGEKRHCFDVNYNSSYMYEKESELIQTRMMDQAINNAISYLGAEALRPLVQTPPAPTSEMVPVISSMYPIALTRAEMSNGAPQELEKKSIHLPEKSVPSERGLSPNNSGHDSTDTDSNHEERQNHIYQQNHMVLSRARNGMPLLKEVPRSYELLKPPPICPRDSVKVINKEGEVMDVYRCDHCRVLFLDYVMFTIHMGCHGFRDPFECNMCGYRSHDRYEFSSHIARGEHRALLK | Transcription factor that plays an important role in the regulation of lymphocyte differentiation. Plays an essential role in regulation of B-cell differentiation, proliferation and maturation to an effector state. Involved in regulating BCL2 expression and controlling apoptosis in T-cells in an IL2-dependent manner.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Subcellular locations: Nucleus, Cytoplasm
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Expressed most strongly in peripheral blood leukocytes, the spleen, and the thymus. |
IKZF4_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MHTPPALPRRFQGGGRVRTPGSHRQGKDNLERDPSGGCVPDFLPQAQDSNHFIMESLFCESSGDSSLEKEFLGAPVGPSVSTPNSQHSSPSRSLSANSIKVEMYSDEESSRLLGPDERLLEKDDSVIVEDSLSEPLGYCDGSGPEPHSPGGIRLPNGKLKCDVCGMVCIGPNVLMVHKRSHTGERPFHCNQCGASFTQKGNLLRHIKLHSGEKPFKCPFCNYACRRRDALTGHLRTHSVSSPTVGKPYKCNYCGRSYKQQSTLEEHKERCHNYLQSLSTEAQALAGQPGDEIRDLEMVPDSMLHSSSERPTFIDRLANSLTKRKRSTPQKFVGEKQMRFSLSDLPYDVNSGGYEKDVELVAHHSLEPGFGSSLAFVGAEHLRPLRLPPTNCISELTPVISSVYTQMQPLPGRLELPGSREAGEGPEDLADGGPLLYRPRGPLTDPGASPSNGCQDSTDTESNHEDRVAGVVSLPQGPPPQPPPTIVVGRHSPAYAKEDPKPQEGLLRGTPGPSKEVLRVVGESGEPVKAFKCEHCRILFLDHVMFTIHMGCHGFRDPFECNICGYHSQDRYEFSSHIVRGEHKVG | DNA-binding protein that binds to the 5'GGGAATRCC-3' Ikaros-binding sequence. Transcriptional repressor. Interacts with SPI1 and MITF to repress transcription of the CTSK and ACP5 promoters via recruitment of corepressors SIN3A and CTBP2. May be involved in the development of central and peripheral nervous systems. Essential for the inhibitory function of regulatory T-cells (Treg). Mediates FOXP3-mediated gene silencing in regulatory T-cells (Treg) via recruitment of corepressor CTBP1 (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Highly expressed in skeletal muscle, low levels of expression in heart, thymus, kidney, liver, and spleen. Expressed in the hematopoietic cell lines MOLT-4, NALM-6 and K-562. Highly expressed in THP-1 and M-07e cell lines, which have characteristics of myeloid and early megakaryocytic cells respectively. |
IKZF5_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MGEKKPEPLDFVKDFQEYLTQQTHHVNMISGSVSGDKEAEALQGAGTDGDQNGLDHPSVEVSLDENSGMLVDGFERTFDGKLKCRYCNYASKGTARLIEHIRIHTGEKPHRCHLCPFASAYERHLEAHMRSHTGEKPYKCELCSFRCSDRSNLSHHRRRKHKMVPIKGTRSSLSSKKMWGVLQKKTSNLGYSRRALINLSPPSMVVQKPDYLNDFTHEIPNIQTDSYESMAKTTPTGGLPRDPQELMVDNPLNQLSTLAGQLSSLPPENQNPASPDVVPCPDEKPFMIQQPSTQAVVSAVSASIPQSSSPTSPEPRPSHSQRNYSPVAGPSSEPSAHTSTPSIGNSQPSTPAPALPVQDPQLLHHCQHCDMYFADNILYTIHMGCHGYENPFQCNICGCKCKNKYDFACHFARGQHNQH | Transcriptional repressor that binds the core 5'GNNTGTNG-3' DNA consensus sequence (, ). Involved in megakaryocyte differentiation.
Subcellular locations: Nucleus
Expressed in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. Expressed in the hematopoietic cell lines MOLT-4, NALM-6 and K-562. Highly expressed in THP-1 and M-07e cell lines, which have characteristics of myeloid and early megakaryocytic cells respectively. |
IKZF5_PONAB | Pongo abelii | MGEKKPEPLDFVKDFQEYLTQQTHHVNMISGSVSGDKEAEALQGAGTDGDQNGLDHPSVEVSLDENSGMLVDGFERTFDGKLKCRYCNYASKGTARLIEHIRIHTGEKPHRCHLCPFASAYERHLEAHMRSHTGEKPYKCELCSFRCSDRSNLSHHRRRKHKMVPIKGTRSSLSSKKMWGVLQKKTSNLGYSRRALINLSPPSMVVQKPDYLNDFTHEIPNIQTDSYESMAKTTPTGGLPRDPQELMVDNPLNQLSTLAGQLSSLPPENQNPASPDVVPCPDEKPFMIQQPSTQAVVSAVSASIPQSSSPTSPEPRPSHSQRNYSPVAGPSSEPSAHTSTPSIGNSQPSTPAPALPVQDPQLLHHCQHCDMYFFADNILYTIHMGCHGYENPFQCNICGCKCKNKYDFACHFARGQHNQH | Transcriptional repressor that binds the core 5'GNNTGTNG-3' DNA consensus sequence (By similarity). Involved in megakaryocyte differentiation (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Nucleus |
IL1R2_CHLAE | Chlorocebus aethiops | MFRLYVLVMGVSAFTLQPAAHTGAARSCPVRGRHYKREFRLEGEPVALRCPQVPYQLWASVSPHINLTWHKNDSARMVPGEEETRMWAQDGALWLLPALQEDSGTYICTTRNASYCDKVSIELRVFENTDASLPFISYPQILTLSTFGVLVCPDLREFTRDKTDGKIQWYKDFLPLDKDNEKFLSVRGTTHLLVHDVALEDAGYYRCVLTFAHEGQQYNITRNIELRIKKKKEETIPVIISPLKTISASLGSRLTIPCKVFLGTGTPLTTMLWWTANDTHVESAYPGGRVTEGPRQEYSENNENYIEVPLIFDPVTRKDLNMVFKCFVRNTMGFQTLRTTVKEPPPTFSWGIVLAPLALAFLVLGGIWMHRRCKHRTGKADGLTVLRPHHQDF | Non-signaling receptor for IL1A, IL1B and IL1RN. Reduces IL1B activities. Serves as a decoy receptor by competitive binding to IL1B and preventing its binding to IL1R1. Also modulates cellular response through non-signaling association with IL1RAP after binding to IL1B. IL1R2 (membrane and secreted forms) preferentially binds IL1B and poorly IL1A and IL1RN. The secreted IL1R2 recruits secreted IL1RAP with high affinity; this complex formation may be the dominant mechanism for neutralization of IL1B by secreted/soluble receptors (By similarity).
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane |
IL1R2_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MLRLYVLVMGVSAFTLQPAAHTGAARSCRFRGRHYKREFRLEGEPVALRCPQVPYWLWASVSPRINLTWHKNDSARTVPGEEETRMWAQDGALWLLPALQEDSGTYVCTTRNASYCDKMSIELRVFENTDAFLPFISYPQILTLSTSGVLVCPDLSEFTRDKTDVKIQWYKDSLLLDKDNEKFLSVRGTTHLLVHDVALEDAGYYRCVLTFAHEGQQYNITRSIELRIKKKKEETIPVIISPLKTISASLGSRLTIPCKVFLGTGTPLTTMLWWTANDTHIESAYPGGRVTEGPRQEYSENNENYIEVPLIFDPVTREDLHMDFKCVVHNTLSFQTLRTTVKEASSTFSWGIVLAPLSLAFLVLGGIWMHRRCKHRTGKADGLTVLWPHHQDFQSYPK | Non-signaling receptor for IL1A, IL1B and IL1RN. Reduces IL1B activities. Serves as a decoy receptor by competitive binding to IL1B and preventing its binding to IL1R1. Also modulates cellular response through non-signaling association with IL1RAP after binding to IL1B. IL1R2 (membrane and secreted forms) preferentially binds IL1B and poorly IL1A and IL1RN. The secreted IL1R2 recruits secreted IL1RAP with high affinity; this complex formation may be the dominant mechanism for neutralization of IL1B by secreted/soluble receptors.
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Subcellular locations: Cell membrane |
IL1RA_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MEICRGLRSHLITLLLFLFHSETICRPSGRKSSKMQAFRIWDVNQKTFYLRNNQLVAGYLQGPNVNLEEKIDVVPIEPHALFLGIHGGKMCLSCVKSGDETRLQLEAVNITDLSENRKQDKRFAFIRSDSGPTTSFESAACPGWFLCTAMEADQPVSLTNMPDEGVMVTKFYFQEDE | Anti-inflammatory antagonist of interleukin-1 family of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta/IL1B and interleukin-1alpha/IL1A. Protects from immune dysregulation and uncontrolled systemic inflammation triggered by IL1 for a range of innate stimulatory agents such as pathogens.
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
Subcellular locations: Cytoplasm
The intracellular form of IL1RN is predominantly expressed in epithelial cells. |
IL1RA_MACFA | Macaca fascicularis | MEICRGLGSHLICLLLFLFHSETVGRPSGRKPSKMQAFRIWDVNQKTFYLRNNQLVAGYLQGPNVNLEEKIDVVPIEPHALFLGIHGGKMCLSCVKSGDETRLQLEAVNITDLSKNRKQDKRFAFVRSDSGPTTSFESAACPGWFLCTAMEADQPVSLTNMPDKGVMVTKFYFQEDE | Anti-inflammatory antagonist of interleukin-1 family of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta/IL1B and interleukin-1alpha/IL1A. Protects from immune dysregulation and uncontrolled systemic inflammation triggered by IL1 for a range of innate stimulatory agents such as pathogens.
Subcellular locations: Secreted |
IL20_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MKASSLAFSLLSAAFYLLWTPSTGLKTLNLGSCVIATNLQEIRNGFSEIRGSVQAKDGNIDIRILRRTESLQDTKPANRCCLLRHLLRLYLDRVFKNYQTPDHYTLRKISSLANSFLTIKKDLRLCHAHMTCHCGEEAMKKYSQILSHFEKLEPQAAVVKALGELDILLQWMEETE | Pro-inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine mainly secreted by monocytes and skin keratinocytes that plays crucial roles in immune responses, regulation of inflammatory responses, hemopoiesis, as well as epidermal cell and keratinocyte differentiation (, ). Enhances tissue remodeling and wound-healing activities and restores the homeostasis of epithelial layers during infection and inflammatory responses to maintain tissue integrity . Affects multiple actin-mediated functions in activated neutrophils leading to inhibition of phagocytosis, granule exocytosis, and migration . Exert its effects via the type I IL-20 receptor complex consisting of IL20RA and IL20RB . Alternatively, can mediate its activity through a second receptor complex called type II IL-20 receptor complex composed of IL22RA1 and IL20RB . Acts as an arteriogenic and vascular remodeling factory by activating a range of signaling processes including phosphorylations of JAK2 and STAT5 as well as activation of the serine and threonine kinases AKT and ERK1/2 (By similarity). Alternatively, can activate STAT3 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity in a JAK2, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK-dependent manner in keratinocytes .
Subcellular locations: Secreted
Expressed in most tissues and five major cell types: epithelial cells (primarily skin, buccal mucosa, tongue, nasal mucosa, lung, ureter, breast, prostate, fallopian tube, and adrenal gland), myoepithelial cells (mainly prostate), endothelial cells (mainly in small vessels or capillaries), macrophages, and skeletal muscle. Isoform 2 was detected in the lung tissue only. |
IL21R_HUMAN | Homo sapiens | MPRGWAAPLLLLLLQGGWGCPDLVCYTDYLQTVICILEMWNLHPSTLTLTWQDQYEELKDEATSCSLHRSAHNATHATYTCHMDVFHFMADDIFSVNITDQSGNYSQECGSFLLAESIKPAPPFNVTVTFSGQYNISWRSDYEDPAFYMLKGKLQYELQYRNRGDPWAVSPRRKLISVDSRSVSLLPLEFRKDSSYELQVRAGPMPGSSYQGTWSEWSDPVIFQTQSEELKEGWNPHLLLLLLLVIVFIPAFWSLKTHPLWRLWKKIWAVPSPERFFMPLYKGCSGDFKKWVGAPFTGSSLELGPWSPEVPSTLEVYSCHPPRSPAKRLQLTELQEPAELVESDGVPKPSFWPTAQNSGGSAYSEERDRPYGLVSIDTVTVLDAEGPCTWPCSCEDDGYPALDLDAGLEPSPGLEDPLLDAGTTVLSCGCVSAGSPGLGGPLGSLLDRLKPPLADGEDWAGGLPWGGRSPGGVSESEAGSPLAGLDMDTFDSGFVGSDCSSPVECDFTSPGDEGPPRSYLRQWVVIPPPLSSPGPQAS | This is a receptor for interleukin-21.
Subcellular locations: Membrane
Selectively expressed in lymphoid tissues. Most highly expressed in thymus and spleen. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.