manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9856_96	history of Cuba. Many of them worked at a later time at the newly created Centro para la
9856_97	investigación y desarrollo de la música cubana (CIDMUC), founded in 1978.
9856_98	From this group we should mention two renowned musicologists that frequently worked in
9856_99	collaboration with each other: Victoria Elí (b. 1945) and Zoila Gómez (b. 1948). We should also
9856_100	mention Tamahra Martín (b. 1945), who dedicated two books to the Cuban choral music: “La música
9856_101	coral en Cuba” (1987) and “Música Coral” (1990).
9856_102	Two other important musicologists from this generation are: Alberto Alén Pérez (b. 1948) and
9856_103	Rolando Antonio Pérez Fernández (b. 1947). Alberto Alén applied his extensive knowledge of
9856_104	psychology and statistics to musical form analysis as well as music pedagogy, in publications such
9856_105	as: “La forma de las formas musicales” and “Diagnosticar la musicalidad”. Rolando Pérez developed
9856_106	extensive investigations about Afro-Cuban music and is well known for having documented and
9856_107	analyzed the process of transition from ternary rhythms to binary rhythms of the Cuban and Latin
9856_108	American popular music, during the 18th and 19th centuries, in his book: “Proceso de binarización
9856_109	de los ritmos ternarios africanos en América Latina (1987).”
9856_110	Olavo Alén (b. 1947) has closely followed the steps of Argeliers León in his studies of Afro-Cuban
9856_111	music and, most importantly, has elaborated and expanded León's theory of “generic complexes”, in
9856_112	works such as: “Géneros de la música cubana” from 1976.
9856_113	Those theories have been strongly refuted by other musicologists such as Leonardo Acosta, who
9856_114	explains in his article “De los complejos genéricos y otras cuestiones”:
9856_115	Other members of this Group are renowned musicologists Martha Ezquenazi (1949), Jesús Gómez Cairo
9856_116	(1949) and Dora Ileana Torres (1956).
9856_117	Most recently, a group of young Cuban musicologists have earned a well deserved reputation within
9856_118	the international academic field, due to their solid investigative work. Some of the most prominent
9856_119	members of this group are: Miriam Escudero Suástegui, Liliana González Moreno, Iván César Morales
9856_120	Flores and Pablo Alejandro Suárez Marrero.
9856_121	See also Music of Cuba References Cuban music Musicology
9857_0	The LAV III, originally named the Kodiak by the Canadian Army, is the third generation of the Light
9857_1	Armoured Vehicle (LAV) family of infantry fighting vehicles built by General Dynamics Land Systems
9857_2	– Canada (GDLS-C), a London, Ontario, based subsidiary of General Dynamics. It is a license-built
9857_3	version of the Mowag Piranha IIIH. It first entered service in 1999, succeeding the LAV II. It is
9857_4	the primary mechanized infantry vehicle of both the Canadian Army and the New Zealand Army. It also
9857_5	forms the basis of the Stryker vehicle used by the U.S. Army and other operators. The Canadian Army
9857_6	is upgrading its LAV IIIs to the LAV 6 standard.
9857_7	Development
9857_8	By July 1991, the Canadian Armed Forces had identified the need to replace their aging fleet of
9857_9	1960s and 1970s era armoured personnel carriers. As a result, $2.8 billion was earmarked for the
9857_10	Multi-Role Combat Vehicle (MRCV) project by the sitting Conservative government. The mandate of the
9857_11	MRCV project was to provide a series of vehicles based on a common chassis which would replace the
9857_12	M113 armored personnel carrier, Lynx reconnaissance vehicle, Grizzly armoured personnel carrier,
9857_13	and Bison armoured personnel carrier. The project was, however, deemed unaffordable and cancelled
9857_14	by March 1992.
9857_15	By 1994, after the Liberal Party had returned to government, the army was still in need of new
9857_16	vehicles. As a result, the army embarked on the Light Armoured Vehicle Project, which would adapt
9857_17	parts of the MRCV Project, and be implemented incrementally to spread out the costs. Also, the
9857_18	requirement to replace the Bisons was dropped. The first phase of the project saw the selection of
9857_19	the LAV II Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle to replace the Lynx.
9857_20	General Motors Diesel proposed a license-built variant of the 8x8 Mowag Piranha IIIH incorporating
9857_21	the turret and weapon system of the Coyote. In August 1995, it was announced that GM Diesel (later
9857_22	renamed GM Defense, and subsequently purchased by General Dynamics Land Systems of London, Ontario)
9857_23	had been awarded the contract to produce the LAV III which would replace the Grizzly and a large
9857_24	portion of the M113 armoured personnel carriers.
9857_25	Future LAV 6
9857_26	In October 2011, GDLS-Canada was awarded a contract to upgrade 409 of the service's 651 LAV III
9857_27	APCs to the LAV 6 standard. Four variants were ordered: an infantry section carrier, a command
9857_28	post, an observation post and an engineer vehicle. The upgrade was expected to extend the service
9857_29	life of the vehicle to 2035. In February 2017, the service awarded GDLS-Canada a $404 million
9857_30	contract to upgrade 141 more LAV IIIs. In August 2019, GDLS-Canada received a four-year, $3 billion
9857_31	deal to build 360 armoured combat support vehicle variants. The first of these rolled off the
9857_32	assembly line in May 2021.
9857_33	Design Mobility
9857_34	The LAV III is powered by a Caterpillar 3126 diesel engine developing and can reach speeds above
9857_35	100 kilometres per hour. The vehicle is fitted with 8x8 drive and also equipped with a central tire
9857_36	inflation system, which allows it to adjust to different terrain, including off-road. The LAV III
9857_37	is fitted with a modern anti-locking brake system (ABS). Unlike earlier versions of the LAV, the
9857_38	LAV III does not have amphibious capabilities.
9857_39	The LAV III faces the same concerns that most other wheeled military vehicles face. Like all
9857_40	wheeled armoured vehicles, the LAV III's ground pressure is inherently higher than a tracked
9857_41	vehicle with a comparable weight. This is because tires will have less surface area in contact with
9857_42	the ground when compared to a tracked vehicle. Higher ground pressure results in an increased
9857_43	likelihood of sinking into soft terrain such as mud, snow and sand, leading to the vehicle becoming
9857_44	stuck. The lower ground pressure and improved traction offered by tracked vehicles also gives them
9857_45	an advantage over vehicles like the LAV III when it comes to managing slopes, trenches, and other
9857_46	obstacles.
9857_47	The LAV III can somewhat compensate for these effects by deflating its tires slightly, meaning that
9857_48	the surface area in contact with the ground increases, and the ground pressure is slightly lowered.
9857_49	However, wheels offer several advantages over tracked vehicles, including lower maintenance for
9857_50	both the vehicle and road infrastructure, quieter movement for improved stealth, greater speed over
9857_51	good terrain, and higher ground clearance. Wheeled vehicle crews are also more likely to survive
9857_52	mine or IED attacks than the crew of a similarly armoured tracked vehicle.
9857_53	The LAV III's turret gives the vehicle a higher centre of gravity than the vehicle was initially
9857_54	designed for. This has led to concerns that the vehicle is more likely to roll over on uneven
9857_55	terrain.
9857_56	While there have been several recorded rollovers (about 16), the most common cause was found to be
9857_57	unstable terrain, specifically road shoulders unexpectedly giving away beneath the vehicle. The
9857_58	weight balance of the LAV III is taken into consideration during driver training, largely
9857_59	mitigating the chances of a rollover.
9857_60	Protection
9857_61	The basic armour of the LAV III, covering the Standardization Agreement STANAG 4569 level III,
9857_62	which provides all-round protection against 7.62×51mm NATO small calibre rounds. A ceramic appliqué
9857_63	armour (MEXAS) can be added, which protects against 14.5×114mm heavy calibre rounds from 500
9857_64	meters. In December 2008 the Government of Canada awarded EODC Engineering, Developing and
9857_65	Licensing Inc. C$81.5 million worth of contracts to provide for add-on-armour kits, modules and
9857_66	spares for its LAV III wheeled armoured personnel carriers. This armour kit is intended to provide
9857_67	increased protection against improvised explosive devices (IED), explosively formed penetrators and
9857_68	30 mm caliber armour piercing rounds. The LAV III can be also fitted with cage armour, which
9857_69	provides protection against shaped charges. The LAV III is fitted with a nuclear, biological,
9857_70	chemical (NBC) filtration system accompanied with a GID-3 chemical detector and AN/VDR-2 radiation
9857_71	detector systems. The LAV III was designed to produce a very low and very compact structure to
9857_72	minimize radar and IR-signatures. The LAV III also uses heat-absorbing filters to provide temporary
9857_73	protection against thermal imaging (TIS), image intensifiers and infrared cameras (IR). General

9856_96

history of Cuba. Many of them worked at a later time at the newly created Centro para la

9856_97

investigación y desarrollo de la música cubana (CIDMUC), founded in 1978.

9856_98

From this group we should mention two renowned musicologists that frequently worked in

9856_99

collaboration with each other: Victoria Elí (b. 1945) and Zoila Gómez (b. 1948). We should also

9856_100

mention Tamahra Martín (b. 1945), who dedicated two books to the Cuban choral music: “La música

9856_101

coral en Cuba” (1987) and “Música Coral” (1990).

9856_102

Two other important musicologists from this generation are: Alberto Alén Pérez (b. 1948) and

9856_103

Rolando Antonio Pérez Fernández (b. 1947). Alberto Alén applied his extensive knowledge of

9856_104

psychology and statistics to musical form analysis as well as music pedagogy, in publications such

9856_105

as: “La forma de las formas musicales” and “Diagnosticar la musicalidad”. Rolando Pérez developed

9856_106

extensive investigations about Afro-Cuban music and is well known for having documented and

9856_107

analyzed the process of transition from ternary rhythms to binary rhythms of the Cuban and Latin

9856_108

American popular music, during the 18th and 19th centuries, in his book: “Proceso de binarización

9856_109

de los ritmos ternarios africanos en América Latina (1987).”

9856_110

Olavo Alén (b. 1947) has closely followed the steps of Argeliers León in his studies of Afro-Cuban

9856_111

music and, most importantly, has elaborated and expanded León's theory of “generic complexes”, in

9856_112

works such as: “Géneros de la música cubana” from 1976.

9856_113

Those theories have been strongly refuted by other musicologists such as Leonardo Acosta, who

9856_114

explains in his article “De los complejos genéricos y otras cuestiones”:

9856_115

Other members of this Group are renowned musicologists Martha Ezquenazi (1949), Jesús Gómez Cairo

9856_116

(1949) and Dora Ileana Torres (1956).

9856_117

Most recently, a group of young Cuban musicologists have earned a well deserved reputation within

9856_118

the international academic field, due to their solid investigative work. Some of the most prominent

9856_119

members of this group are: Miriam Escudero Suástegui, Liliana González Moreno, Iván César Morales

9856_120

Flores and Pablo Alejandro Suárez Marrero.

9856_121

See also Music of Cuba References Cuban music Musicology

9857_0

The LAV III, originally named the Kodiak by the Canadian Army, is the third generation of the Light

9857_1

Armoured Vehicle (LAV) family of infantry fighting vehicles built by General Dynamics Land Systems

9857_2

– Canada (GDLS-C), a London, Ontario, based subsidiary of General Dynamics. It is a license-built

9857_3

version of the Mowag Piranha IIIH. It first entered service in 1999, succeeding the LAV II. It is

9857_4

the primary mechanized infantry vehicle of both the Canadian Army and the New Zealand Army. It also

9857_5

forms the basis of the Stryker vehicle used by the U.S. Army and other operators. The Canadian Army

9857_6

is upgrading its LAV IIIs to the LAV 6 standard.

9857_7

Development

9857_8

By July 1991, the Canadian Armed Forces had identified the need to replace their aging fleet of

9857_9

1960s and 1970s era armoured personnel carriers. As a result, $2.8 billion was earmarked for the

9857_10

Multi-Role Combat Vehicle (MRCV) project by the sitting Conservative government. The mandate of the

9857_11

MRCV project was to provide a series of vehicles based on a common chassis which would replace the

9857_12

M113 armored personnel carrier, Lynx reconnaissance vehicle, Grizzly armoured personnel carrier,

9857_13

and Bison armoured personnel carrier. The project was, however, deemed unaffordable and cancelled

9857_14

by March 1992.

9857_15

By 1994, after the Liberal Party had returned to government, the army was still in need of new

9857_16

vehicles. As a result, the army embarked on the Light Armoured Vehicle Project, which would adapt

9857_17

parts of the MRCV Project, and be implemented incrementally to spread out the costs. Also, the

9857_18

requirement to replace the Bisons was dropped. The first phase of the project saw the selection of

9857_19

the LAV II Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle to replace the Lynx.

9857_20

General Motors Diesel proposed a license-built variant of the 8x8 Mowag Piranha IIIH incorporating

9857_21

the turret and weapon system of the Coyote. In August 1995, it was announced that GM Diesel (later

9857_22

renamed GM Defense, and subsequently purchased by General Dynamics Land Systems of London, Ontario)

9857_23

had been awarded the contract to produce the LAV III which would replace the Grizzly and a large

9857_24

portion of the M113 armoured personnel carriers.

9857_25

Future LAV 6

9857_26

In October 2011, GDLS-Canada was awarded a contract to upgrade 409 of the service's 651 LAV III

9857_27

APCs to the LAV 6 standard. Four variants were ordered: an infantry section carrier, a command

9857_28

post, an observation post and an engineer vehicle. The upgrade was expected to extend the service

9857_29

life of the vehicle to 2035. In February 2017, the service awarded GDLS-Canada a $404 million

9857_30

contract to upgrade 141 more LAV IIIs. In August 2019, GDLS-Canada received a four-year, $3 billion

9857_31

deal to build 360 armoured combat support vehicle variants. The first of these rolled off the

9857_32

assembly line in May 2021.

9857_33

Design Mobility

9857_34

The LAV III is powered by a Caterpillar 3126 diesel engine developing and can reach speeds above

9857_35

100 kilometres per hour. The vehicle is fitted with 8x8 drive and also equipped with a central tire

9857_36

inflation system, which allows it to adjust to different terrain, including off-road. The LAV III

9857_37

is fitted with a modern anti-locking brake system (ABS). Unlike earlier versions of the LAV, the

9857_38

LAV III does not have amphibious capabilities.

9857_39

The LAV III faces the same concerns that most other wheeled military vehicles face. Like all

9857_40

wheeled armoured vehicles, the LAV III's ground pressure is inherently higher than a tracked

9857_41

vehicle with a comparable weight. This is because tires will have less surface area in contact with

9857_42

the ground when compared to a tracked vehicle. Higher ground pressure results in an increased

9857_43

likelihood of sinking into soft terrain such as mud, snow and sand, leading to the vehicle becoming

9857_44

stuck. The lower ground pressure and improved traction offered by tracked vehicles also gives them

9857_45

an advantage over vehicles like the LAV III when it comes to managing slopes, trenches, and other

9857_46

obstacles.

9857_47

The LAV III can somewhat compensate for these effects by deflating its tires slightly, meaning that

9857_48

the surface area in contact with the ground increases, and the ground pressure is slightly lowered.

9857_49

However, wheels offer several advantages over tracked vehicles, including lower maintenance for

9857_50

both the vehicle and road infrastructure, quieter movement for improved stealth, greater speed over

9857_51

good terrain, and higher ground clearance. Wheeled vehicle crews are also more likely to survive

9857_52

mine or IED attacks than the crew of a similarly armoured tracked vehicle.

9857_53

The LAV III's turret gives the vehicle a higher centre of gravity than the vehicle was initially

9857_54

designed for. This has led to concerns that the vehicle is more likely to roll over on uneven

9857_55

terrain.

9857_56

While there have been several recorded rollovers (about 16), the most common cause was found to be

9857_57

unstable terrain, specifically road shoulders unexpectedly giving away beneath the vehicle. The

9857_58

weight balance of the LAV III is taken into consideration during driver training, largely

9857_59

mitigating the chances of a rollover.

9857_60

Protection

9857_61

The basic armour of the LAV III, covering the Standardization Agreement STANAG 4569 level III,

9857_62

which provides all-round protection against 7.62×51mm NATO small calibre rounds. A ceramic appliqué

9857_63

armour (MEXAS) can be added, which protects against 14.5×114mm heavy calibre rounds from 500

9857_64

meters. In December 2008 the Government of Canada awarded EODC Engineering, Developing and

9857_65

Licensing Inc. C$81.5 million worth of contracts to provide for add-on-armour kits, modules and

9857_66

spares for its LAV III wheeled armoured personnel carriers. This armour kit is intended to provide

9857_67

increased protection against improvised explosive devices (IED), explosively formed penetrators and

9857_68

30 mm caliber armour piercing rounds. The LAV III can be also fitted with cage armour, which

9857_69

provides protection against shaped charges. The LAV III is fitted with a nuclear, biological,

9857_70

chemical (NBC) filtration system accompanied with a GID-3 chemical detector and AN/VDR-2 radiation

9857_71

detector systems. The LAV III was designed to produce a very low and very compact structure to

9857_72

minimize radar and IR-signatures. The LAV III also uses heat-absorbing filters to provide temporary

9857_73

protection against thermal imaging (TIS), image intensifiers and infrared cameras (IR). General