manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

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9852_182	determine the effectiveness of the security features on the Birds of Canada and Canadian Journey
9852_183	series banknotes. The research found that participants correctly identified 84% of counterfeit
9852_184	banknotes based only on fluorescence features, 83% based only on microprinting and fine line
9852_185	features, and 80% based only on portrait features. Genuine banknotes were correctly identified 88%,
9852_186	97%, and 89% of the time, respectively. The optical security device was the most effective security
9852_187	feature, used to correctly identify 98% of counterfeit banknotes and 95% of genuine banknotes.
9852_188	Detecting counterfeits using only touch was 74% effective for the $10 banknote and 82% effective
9852_189	for the $20 banknote. Using only vision, counterfeit detection was 92% effective for the $10
9852_190	banknote and 86% effective for the $20 banknote. Using both improved performance to 94% for both
9852_191	banknotes.
9852_192	The general public correctly identified 72% of counterfeit banknotes, 80% of genuine $10 banknotes
9852_193	and 89% of genuine $20 banknotes. Commercial cash handlers, such as retail cashiers, correctly
9852_194	identified 86% of counterfeit banknotes, 89% of genuine $10 banknotes and 94% of genuine $20
9852_195	banknotes. Bank tellers correctly identified 89% of counterfeit banknotes, 91% of genuine $10
9852_196	banknotes and 95% of genuine $20 banknotes. All groups performed better with high-quality notes
9852_197	(that is, those that were clean and undamaged) with the exception that the general public
9852_198	misidentified many high-quality genuine $10 banknotes as counterfeit, which was attributed to the
9852_199	public's suspicion of new banknotes.
9852_200	The participants performed better at identifying counterfeit Birds of Canada banknotes than
9852_201	identifying counterfeit Canadian Journey banknotes.
9852_202	Reception
9852_203	A report by The Canadian Press stated that residents of Lunenburg were displeased with the design
9852_204	of the $100 banknote, as the reverse of the same denomination in the Scenes of Canada series
9852_205	featured a vignette of the fishing town. Many younger Canadians were unfamiliar with the Red
9852_206	Ensign, and thought the flag flown atop the buildings on the $5 and $10 banknote was the flag of
9852_207	the United States, precipitating media coverage known as the "flag flap".
9852_208	Currency collectors stated that the optical security device was not aesthetically pleasing, and
9852_209	that its placement and appearance were poor. Some compared it to the Australian commemorative $10
9852_210	note issued in 1988, which had a reflective holographic badge featuring James Cook, as an example
9852_211	of a more aesthetically pleasing design.
9852_212	Collecting
9852_213	The Bank of Canada printed uncut sheets of the $5 banknotes with serial numbers between 6,000,000
9852_214	and 6,939,999 and prefix ANU. Some of these were released for sale to collectors in 2002 when the
9852_215	Bank of Canada also issued the Lasting Impressions collectors set. This set contained two
9852_216	uncirculated $5 banknotes, one from this series and the other from the Canadian Journey Series,
9852_217	with matching serial numbers. The banknotes were in an embossed folder also containing an
9852_218	information booklet with the history of the denomination and the features of each banknote. A
9852_219	similar set for $10 banknotes had been released in 2001.
9852_220	Legacy
9852_221	A study commissioned by the Bank of Canada in 1994 stated that about 8,000 blind Canadians do not
9852_222	benefit from the large numerals or distinct colouration of the banknotes. In 1990, the Bank of
9852_223	Canada, via the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, had begun distributing to these
9852_224	individuals a free electronic device capable of determining the denomination of a banknote by
9852_225	reading the vertical bars adjacent to the serial number. Each device cost the Bank of Canada about
9852_226	, and 50–60 devices were requested every month, mostly from elderly individuals who used the device
9852_227	at home.
9852_228	Withdrawing the $1 banknote of earlier series and discontinuing printing of the $2 banknotes
9852_229	increased consumer use of the loonie and toonie. This decreased the costs of producing money and
9852_230	decreased the operational costs for some businesses, such as the Toronto Transit Commission, which
9852_231	estimated it would save annually by not having to "unfold, sort, and count $1 bills".
9852_232	The appearance of high-quality counterfeit $100 banknotes in 2001 from Windsor to Montreal resulted
9852_233	in about 10% of retailers to post signs that they would refuse to accept $100 banknotes in a cash
9852_234	transaction.
9852_235	Notes References External links
9852_236	Bank of Canada to Stop Issuing $1000 Note at the Collections Canada archive of the Bank of Canada
9852_237	website
9852_238	Banknotes of Canada 1986 in Canada
9853_0	The Nassau Interim Finance Authority is a New York State public-benefit corporation created to
9853_1	assist Nassau County, a suburban county adjacent to the city of New York on Long Island, emerge
9853_2	from a financial and debt crisis that began in the late 1990s. As of the start of 2022, NIFA, as it
9853_3	is known, was still in place and still supervising Nassau's finances under a control period that
9853_4	resumed in 2011 after a three-year hiatus.
9853_5	Organization
9853_6	NIFA is guided by a seven-member board appointed by the Governor of New York, with one member
9853_7	recommended by the Senate Majority Leader, one by the Assembly Speaker, and one by the State
9853_8	Comptroller. Its management team is headed by Evan Cohen, who serves as executive director.
9853_9	According to its 2020 annual report, NIFA had G&A expenses in 2020 of $1.834 million. It listed a
9853_10	staff of five persons.
9853_11	History
9853_12	Though the U.S. federal government was in surplus at the end of the Clinton administration, the
9853_13	Republican Party-led Nassau County government faced possible insolvency by 2000. The signs of the
9853_14	crisis began in 1999 and led that year to the Democratic Party taking control of the county
9853_15	legislature, in a previously solid Republican county. Among the many reasons cited for the
9853_16	situation the county found itself in were excessive union contracts to attract county government
9853_17	worker support for the Republican Party; a refusal by the Republican county executive Thomas
9853_18	Gulotta to raise taxes; and an increase in borrowing to close the gap, particularly for the purpose
9853_19	of paying an increasing number of property assessment appeals coming out of an assessment system
9853_20	that relied on outdated data.
9853_21	NIFA and the Gulotta administration
9853_22	Gulotta, a Republican, had proposed a tax increase in the early 1990s, and was almost defeated by
9853_23	North Hempstead Supervisor Benjamin Zwirn in 1993. Gulotta resisted further tax increases for the
9853_24	rest of his time in office, and was re-elected in 1997. Two years later, the county's finances
9853_25	began to implode. The first chairman of NIFA, Frank Zarb, said in a retrospective that bankruptcy
9853_26	was a "real possibility." In June 2000, Republican Governor George Pataki signed the legislation
9853_27	creating NIFA. As part of the introduction of NIFA, the state made payments to Nassau County of
9853_28	$105 million over five years.
9853_29	NIFA and the Suozzi administration
9853_30	Gulotta did not stand for re-election in 2001. When Nassau County's Conservative Party endorsed
9853_31	money market specialist Bruce Bent as its candidate, the Republicans endorsed Bent as well. Bent
9853_32	was defeated by then Glen Cove Mayor Thomas Suozzi. The county's financial situation had led the
9853_33	outgoing Gulotta administration to implement a 9.1% property tax increase in the 2002 budget, and
9853_34	Suozzi's first budget had a property tax increase of almost 20%. His final budget before he was
9853_35	defeated for re-election in 2009, by County Legislator Ed Mangano, had a 3.9% increase. There were
9853_36	no other county property tax increases in Suozzi's two terms though the total increased taxes
9853_37	levied by Suozzi during his tenure became a campaign issue during his successful run for Congress
9853_38	in 2016. Suozzi dealt with a NIFA control board for much of his eight years in office, though the
9853_39	control period ended in 2008. But NIFA remained in existence even after the end of the control
9853_40	period and continued to monitor county finances.
9853_41	NIFA and the Mangano administration
9853_42	After Mangano was sworn in as county executive in 2010 following his victory over Suozzi, he and

9852_182

determine the effectiveness of the security features on the Birds of Canada and Canadian Journey

9852_183

series banknotes. The research found that participants correctly identified 84% of counterfeit

9852_184

banknotes based only on fluorescence features, 83% based only on microprinting and fine line

9852_185

features, and 80% based only on portrait features. Genuine banknotes were correctly identified 88%,

9852_186

97%, and 89% of the time, respectively. The optical security device was the most effective security

9852_187

feature, used to correctly identify 98% of counterfeit banknotes and 95% of genuine banknotes.

9852_188

Detecting counterfeits using only touch was 74% effective for the $10 banknote and 82% effective

9852_189

for the $20 banknote. Using only vision, counterfeit detection was 92% effective for the $10

9852_190

banknote and 86% effective for the $20 banknote. Using both improved performance to 94% for both

9852_191

banknotes.

9852_192

The general public correctly identified 72% of counterfeit banknotes, 80% of genuine $10 banknotes

9852_193

and 89% of genuine $20 banknotes. Commercial cash handlers, such as retail cashiers, correctly

9852_194

identified 86% of counterfeit banknotes, 89% of genuine $10 banknotes and 94% of genuine $20

9852_195

banknotes. Bank tellers correctly identified 89% of counterfeit banknotes, 91% of genuine $10

9852_196

banknotes and 95% of genuine $20 banknotes. All groups performed better with high-quality notes

9852_197

(that is, those that were clean and undamaged) with the exception that the general public

9852_198

misidentified many high-quality genuine $10 banknotes as counterfeit, which was attributed to the

9852_199

public's suspicion of new banknotes.

9852_200

The participants performed better at identifying counterfeit Birds of Canada banknotes than

9852_201

identifying counterfeit Canadian Journey banknotes.

9852_202

Reception

9852_203

A report by The Canadian Press stated that residents of Lunenburg were displeased with the design

9852_204

of the $100 banknote, as the reverse of the same denomination in the Scenes of Canada series

9852_205

featured a vignette of the fishing town. Many younger Canadians were unfamiliar with the Red

9852_206

Ensign, and thought the flag flown atop the buildings on the $5 and $10 banknote was the flag of

9852_207

the United States, precipitating media coverage known as the "flag flap".

9852_208

Currency collectors stated that the optical security device was not aesthetically pleasing, and

9852_209

that its placement and appearance were poor. Some compared it to the Australian commemorative $10

9852_210

note issued in 1988, which had a reflective holographic badge featuring James Cook, as an example

9852_211

of a more aesthetically pleasing design.

9852_212

Collecting

9852_213

The Bank of Canada printed uncut sheets of the $5 banknotes with serial numbers between 6,000,000

9852_214

and 6,939,999 and prefix ANU. Some of these were released for sale to collectors in 2002 when the

9852_215

Bank of Canada also issued the Lasting Impressions collectors set. This set contained two

9852_216

uncirculated $5 banknotes, one from this series and the other from the Canadian Journey Series,

9852_217

with matching serial numbers. The banknotes were in an embossed folder also containing an

9852_218

information booklet with the history of the denomination and the features of each banknote. A

9852_219

similar set for $10 banknotes had been released in 2001.

9852_220

Legacy

9852_221

A study commissioned by the Bank of Canada in 1994 stated that about 8,000 blind Canadians do not

9852_222

benefit from the large numerals or distinct colouration of the banknotes. In 1990, the Bank of

9852_223

Canada, via the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, had begun distributing to these

9852_224

individuals a free electronic device capable of determining the denomination of a banknote by

9852_225

reading the vertical bars adjacent to the serial number. Each device cost the Bank of Canada about

9852_226

, and 50–60 devices were requested every month, mostly from elderly individuals who used the device

9852_227

at home.

9852_228

Withdrawing the $1 banknote of earlier series and discontinuing printing of the $2 banknotes

9852_229

increased consumer use of the loonie and toonie. This decreased the costs of producing money and

9852_230

decreased the operational costs for some businesses, such as the Toronto Transit Commission, which

9852_231

estimated it would save annually by not having to "unfold, sort, and count $1 bills".

9852_232

The appearance of high-quality counterfeit $100 banknotes in 2001 from Windsor to Montreal resulted

9852_233

in about 10% of retailers to post signs that they would refuse to accept $100 banknotes in a cash

9852_234

transaction.

9852_235

Notes References External links

9852_236

Bank of Canada to Stop Issuing $1000 Note at the Collections Canada archive of the Bank of Canada

9852_237

website

9852_238

Banknotes of Canada 1986 in Canada

9853_0

The Nassau Interim Finance Authority is a New York State public-benefit corporation created to

9853_1

assist Nassau County, a suburban county adjacent to the city of New York on Long Island, emerge

9853_2

from a financial and debt crisis that began in the late 1990s. As of the start of 2022, NIFA, as it

9853_3

is known, was still in place and still supervising Nassau's finances under a control period that

9853_4

resumed in 2011 after a three-year hiatus.

9853_5

Organization

9853_6

NIFA is guided by a seven-member board appointed by the Governor of New York, with one member

9853_7

recommended by the Senate Majority Leader, one by the Assembly Speaker, and one by the State

9853_8

Comptroller. Its management team is headed by Evan Cohen, who serves as executive director.

9853_9

According to its 2020 annual report, NIFA had G&A expenses in 2020 of $1.834 million. It listed a

9853_10

staff of five persons.

9853_11

History

9853_12

Though the U.S. federal government was in surplus at the end of the Clinton administration, the

9853_13

Republican Party-led Nassau County government faced possible insolvency by 2000. The signs of the

9853_14

crisis began in 1999 and led that year to the Democratic Party taking control of the county

9853_15

legislature, in a previously solid Republican county. Among the many reasons cited for the

9853_16

situation the county found itself in were excessive union contracts to attract county government

9853_17

worker support for the Republican Party; a refusal by the Republican county executive Thomas

9853_18

Gulotta to raise taxes; and an increase in borrowing to close the gap, particularly for the purpose

9853_19

of paying an increasing number of property assessment appeals coming out of an assessment system

9853_20

that relied on outdated data.

9853_21

NIFA and the Gulotta administration

9853_22

Gulotta, a Republican, had proposed a tax increase in the early 1990s, and was almost defeated by

9853_23

North Hempstead Supervisor Benjamin Zwirn in 1993. Gulotta resisted further tax increases for the

9853_24

rest of his time in office, and was re-elected in 1997. Two years later, the county's finances

9853_25

began to implode. The first chairman of NIFA, Frank Zarb, said in a retrospective that bankruptcy

9853_26

was a "real possibility." In June 2000, Republican Governor George Pataki signed the legislation

9853_27

creating NIFA. As part of the introduction of NIFA, the state made payments to Nassau County of

9853_28

$105 million over five years.

9853_29

NIFA and the Suozzi administration

9853_30

Gulotta did not stand for re-election in 2001. When Nassau County's Conservative Party endorsed

9853_31

money market specialist Bruce Bent as its candidate, the Republicans endorsed Bent as well. Bent

9853_32

was defeated by then Glen Cove Mayor Thomas Suozzi. The county's financial situation had led the

9853_33

outgoing Gulotta administration to implement a 9.1% property tax increase in the 2002 budget, and

9853_34

Suozzi's first budget had a property tax increase of almost 20%. His final budget before he was

9853_35

defeated for re-election in 2009, by County Legislator Ed Mangano, had a 3.9% increase. There were

9853_36

no other county property tax increases in Suozzi's two terms though the total increased taxes

9853_37

levied by Suozzi during his tenure became a campaign issue during his successful run for Congress

9853_38

in 2016. Suozzi dealt with a NIFA control board for much of his eight years in office, though the

9853_39

control period ended in 2008. But NIFA remained in existence even after the end of the control

9853_40

period and continued to monitor county finances.

9853_41

NIFA and the Mangano administration

9853_42

After Mangano was sworn in as county executive in 2010 following his victory over Suozzi, he and