manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

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9851_293	On August 25, 2009, President Barack Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as
9851_294	chairman of the Federal Reserve. In October 2013, he nominated Janet Yellen to succeed Bernanke.
9851_295	In December 2015, the Fed raised its benchmark interest rates by a quarter of a percentage point to
9851_296	between 0.25% and 0.50%, after nine years without changing them.
9851_297	Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been:
9851_298	Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve-Treasury Department Accord of 1951
9851_299	Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
9851_300	International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act (1978)
9851_301	Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980)
9851_302	Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989
9851_303	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999)
9851_304	References
9851_305	External links
9851_306	Records of the Federal Reserve System, Record Group 82, materials held at the National Archives and
9851_307	Records Center, digitized and made available on FRASER
9851_308	Committee on the History of the Federal Reserve System materials, collected for the 50th
9851_309	anniversary of the Federal Reserve System, are available on FRASER
9851_310	Federal Reserve System Financial history of the United States History of finance
9852_0	Birds of Canada is the fifth series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada
9852_1	and was first circulated in 1986 to replace the 1969 Scenes of Canada series. Each note features a
9852_2	bird indigenous to Canada in its design. The banknotes weigh 1 gram with dimensions of . It was
9852_3	succeeded by the 2001 Canadian Journey series.
9852_4	This was the first series to omit the $1 banknote; it was replaced by the $1 coin, which became
9852_5	known as the loonie, in 1987, although the $1 bill from the previous series would continue to be
9852_6	produced concurrently with the $1 coin for a 21-month long period until 1989. It was the last
9852_7	series to include the $2 and $1,000 banknotes. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by
9852_8	the $2 coin now known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada in 2000 as
9852_9	part of a program to mitigate money laundering and organized crime.
9852_10	The portraits on the front of the note were made larger than those of previous series. The $20,
9852_11	$50, $100, and $1000 banknotes had a colour-shifting metallic foil security patch on the upper left
9852_12	corner, an optical security device that was difficult to reproduce with the commercial reproduction
9852_13	equipment of the time. This was the last Canadian banknote series to include planchettes as a
9852_14	security feature.
9852_15	This series was the first to include a bar code with the serial number. This allows the visually
9852_16	impaired to determine the denomination of a banknote using a hand-held device distributed by the
9852_17	bank of Canada for free via the Canadian National Institute for the Blind.
9852_18	Design
9852_19	The Bank of Canada began preparations for design of this series in 1974. A 1981 Parliamentary
9852_20	committee recommending design features enabling visually impaired individuals to determine the
9852_21	denomination of a banknote influenced the design process for the banknotes. In 1983, the Bank of
9852_22	Canada chose to use "clear, uncluttered images" of Canadian birds for the reverse. This imparted on
9852_23	the banknotes additional security against counterfeiting, as the design had a "single, large focal
9852_24	point" that enabled easier detection of counterfeits compared to the complex designs of earlier
9852_25	banknote series.
9852_26	The banknote design contains distinct colours for each denomination, and large numerals on the
9852_27	obverse and reverse of each denomination, both of which facilitate quick identification. A patch of
9852_28	about width at the edge of the central banner enables blind people to determine the denomination
9852_29	of a banknote using an electronic device and emit an audible output to indicate it, except for the
9852_30	$1000 banknote. On the reverse, vertical bars adjacent to the serial number are used by banknote
9852_31	sorting machines for quick identification to enable high-speed sorting.
9852_32	Production
9852_33	In 1984, the Bank of Canada announced that production of banknotes would be revised to require 100%
9852_34	cotton fibre, eliminating the 25% flax content requirement. Domestic flax producers in the Prairie
9852_35	provinces were upset by the change, which would result in a loss of revenue of about . A Bank of
9852_36	Canada spokesman stated the change was necessary to satisfy pollution control standards, as raw
9852_37	flax processing uses chemicals eventually released as effluent.
9852_38	The printing process required three lithographic plates and one intaglio plate for the obverse, and
9852_39	three lithographic plates for the reverse.
9852_40	Banknotes
9852_41	The obverse of four banknotes feature a Prime Minister of Canada, whereas the others feature
9852_42	Elizabeth II. The design on the reverse of each note features a bird indigenous to Canada with a
9852_43	background representing the typical landscape for that bird. The birds represented in the series
9852_44	are found throughout Canada, and their colouring complements the dominant colour of the
9852_45	denomination on which they appear. In a Toronto Star article in 1990, Christopher Hume stated that
9852_46	having a bird on each denomination "adds an element of consistency to the series". Each banknote
9852_47	weighs with dimensions of .
9852_48	As of November 2013, all banknotes in this series are considered unfit for circulation by the Bank
9852_49	of Canada, as none of the banknotes contain modern security features like that of a metallic
9852_50	stripe. Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy
9852_51	them. Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely.
9852_52	$2 note
9852_53	The $2 banknote has an obverse featuring Elizabeth II, the Queen of Canada at the time of its
9852_54	introduction on 2 September 1986. A photograph by Anthony Buckley was the basis of the portrait,
9852_55	which was engraved by Henry S. Doubtfire of De La Rue. Adjacent to the portrait is a vignette of
9852_56	the Parliament buildings. The reverse of the terra cotta banknote features American robins. This
9852_57	note would be the last Canadian $2 banknote, as the government announced during the 1995 Canadian
9852_58	federal budget speech that it would be withdrawn from circulation. It was withdrawn on 16 February
9852_59	1996 and was replaced by a $2 coin, colloquially referred to as the toonie.
9852_60	One of five known $2 banknotes with a serial number containing the prefix sequence "AUH" was
9852_61	auctioned in September 2012 for .
9852_62	$5 note
9852_63	The obverse of the blue $5 banknote included a rendering of Wilfrid Laurier, and the bird on the
9852_64	reverse is the belted kingfisher. The portrait was engraved by Yves Baril, and to its right is a
9852_65	vignette of the Centre Block as it appeared during Laurier's premiership flying the Canadian Red
9852_66	Ensign, the flag of Canada at the time.
9852_67	The banknote was the first of this series to be introduced, on 28 April 1986. It was withdrawn on
9852_68	27 March 2002.
9852_69	$10 note
9852_70	The prime minister featured on the $10 banknote obverse is John A. Macdonald, whose portrait was
9852_71	engraved by Thomas Hipschen of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in the United States. Adjacent
9852_72	to the portrait is a vignette of the buildings of Parliament as they were during his premiership,
9852_73	flying the Canadian Red Ensign. The bird featured on the reverse is an osprey. The purple banknote
9852_74	was introduced on 27 June 1989 and withdrawn on 17 January 2001.
9852_75	$20 note
9852_76	The green $20 banknote has an obverse featuring Elizabeth II, the same engraving used for the $2
9852_77	banknote, and a reverse featuring two common loons. The building vignette adjacent to the portrait
9852_78	is the Library of Parliament. The image of the loons was intended for a $1 banknote, but when it
9852_79	was decided to replace that with the $1 loonie coin, the image was instead used for the $20
9852_80	banknote.
9852_81	It was introduced on 29 June 1993, making it the last of the series to be introduced, and withdrawn

9851_293

On August 25, 2009, President Barack Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as

9851_294

chairman of the Federal Reserve. In October 2013, he nominated Janet Yellen to succeed Bernanke.

9851_295

In December 2015, the Fed raised its benchmark interest rates by a quarter of a percentage point to

9851_296

between 0.25% and 0.50%, after nine years without changing them.

9851_297

Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been:

9851_298

Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve-Treasury Department Accord of 1951

9851_299

Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977

9851_300

International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act (1978)

9851_301

Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980)

9851_302

Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989

9851_303

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999)

9851_304

References

9851_305

External links

9851_306

Records of the Federal Reserve System, Record Group 82, materials held at the National Archives and

9851_307

Records Center, digitized and made available on FRASER

9851_308

Committee on the History of the Federal Reserve System materials, collected for the 50th

9851_309

anniversary of the Federal Reserve System, are available on FRASER

9851_310

Federal Reserve System Financial history of the United States History of finance

9852_0

Birds of Canada is the fifth series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada

9852_1

and was first circulated in 1986 to replace the 1969 Scenes of Canada series. Each note features a

9852_2

bird indigenous to Canada in its design. The banknotes weigh 1 gram with dimensions of . It was

9852_3

succeeded by the 2001 Canadian Journey series.

9852_4

This was the first series to omit the $1 banknote; it was replaced by the $1 coin, which became

9852_5

known as the loonie, in 1987, although the $1 bill from the previous series would continue to be

9852_6

produced concurrently with the $1 coin for a 21-month long period until 1989. It was the last

9852_7

series to include the $2 and $1,000 banknotes. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by

9852_8

the $2 coin now known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada in 2000 as

9852_9

part of a program to mitigate money laundering and organized crime.

9852_10

The portraits on the front of the note were made larger than those of previous series. The $20,

9852_11

$50, $100, and $1000 banknotes had a colour-shifting metallic foil security patch on the upper left

9852_12

corner, an optical security device that was difficult to reproduce with the commercial reproduction

9852_13

equipment of the time. This was the last Canadian banknote series to include planchettes as a

9852_14

security feature.

9852_15

This series was the first to include a bar code with the serial number. This allows the visually

9852_16

impaired to determine the denomination of a banknote using a hand-held device distributed by the

9852_17

bank of Canada for free via the Canadian National Institute for the Blind.

9852_18

Design

9852_19

The Bank of Canada began preparations for design of this series in 1974. A 1981 Parliamentary

9852_20

committee recommending design features enabling visually impaired individuals to determine the

9852_21

denomination of a banknote influenced the design process for the banknotes. In 1983, the Bank of

9852_22

Canada chose to use "clear, uncluttered images" of Canadian birds for the reverse. This imparted on

9852_23

the banknotes additional security against counterfeiting, as the design had a "single, large focal

9852_24

point" that enabled easier detection of counterfeits compared to the complex designs of earlier

9852_25

banknote series.

9852_26

The banknote design contains distinct colours for each denomination, and large numerals on the

9852_27

obverse and reverse of each denomination, both of which facilitate quick identification. A patch of

9852_28

about width at the edge of the central banner enables blind people to determine the denomination

9852_29

of a banknote using an electronic device and emit an audible output to indicate it, except for the

9852_30

$1000 banknote. On the reverse, vertical bars adjacent to the serial number are used by banknote

9852_31

sorting machines for quick identification to enable high-speed sorting.

9852_32

Production

9852_33

In 1984, the Bank of Canada announced that production of banknotes would be revised to require 100%

9852_34

cotton fibre, eliminating the 25% flax content requirement. Domestic flax producers in the Prairie

9852_35

provinces were upset by the change, which would result in a loss of revenue of about . A Bank of

9852_36

Canada spokesman stated the change was necessary to satisfy pollution control standards, as raw

9852_37

flax processing uses chemicals eventually released as effluent.

9852_38

The printing process required three lithographic plates and one intaglio plate for the obverse, and

9852_39

three lithographic plates for the reverse.

9852_40

Banknotes

9852_41

The obverse of four banknotes feature a Prime Minister of Canada, whereas the others feature

9852_42

Elizabeth II. The design on the reverse of each note features a bird indigenous to Canada with a

9852_43

background representing the typical landscape for that bird. The birds represented in the series

9852_44

are found throughout Canada, and their colouring complements the dominant colour of the

9852_45

denomination on which they appear. In a Toronto Star article in 1990, Christopher Hume stated that

9852_46

having a bird on each denomination "adds an element of consistency to the series". Each banknote

9852_47

weighs with dimensions of .

9852_48

As of November 2013, all banknotes in this series are considered unfit for circulation by the Bank

9852_49

of Canada, as none of the banknotes contain modern security features like that of a metallic

9852_50

stripe. Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy

9852_51

them. Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely.

9852_52

$2 note

9852_53

The $2 banknote has an obverse featuring Elizabeth II, the Queen of Canada at the time of its

9852_54

introduction on 2 September 1986. A photograph by Anthony Buckley was the basis of the portrait,

9852_55

which was engraved by Henry S. Doubtfire of De La Rue. Adjacent to the portrait is a vignette of

9852_56

the Parliament buildings. The reverse of the terra cotta banknote features American robins. This

9852_57

note would be the last Canadian $2 banknote, as the government announced during the 1995 Canadian

9852_58

federal budget speech that it would be withdrawn from circulation. It was withdrawn on 16 February

9852_59

1996 and was replaced by a $2 coin, colloquially referred to as the toonie.

9852_60

One of five known $2 banknotes with a serial number containing the prefix sequence "AUH" was

9852_61

auctioned in September 2012 for .

9852_62

$5 note

9852_63

The obverse of the blue $5 banknote included a rendering of Wilfrid Laurier, and the bird on the

9852_64

reverse is the belted kingfisher. The portrait was engraved by Yves Baril, and to its right is a

9852_65

vignette of the Centre Block as it appeared during Laurier's premiership flying the Canadian Red

9852_66

Ensign, the flag of Canada at the time.

9852_67

The banknote was the first of this series to be introduced, on 28 April 1986. It was withdrawn on

9852_68

27 March 2002.

9852_69

$10 note

9852_70

The prime minister featured on the $10 banknote obverse is John A. Macdonald, whose portrait was

9852_71

engraved by Thomas Hipschen of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in the United States. Adjacent

9852_72

to the portrait is a vignette of the buildings of Parliament as they were during his premiership,

9852_73

flying the Canadian Red Ensign. The bird featured on the reverse is an osprey. The purple banknote

9852_74

was introduced on 27 June 1989 and withdrawn on 17 January 2001.

9852_75

$20 note

9852_76

The green $20 banknote has an obverse featuring Elizabeth II, the same engraving used for the $2

9852_77

banknote, and a reverse featuring two common loons. The building vignette adjacent to the portrait

9852_78

is the Library of Parliament. The image of the loons was intended for a $1 banknote, but when it

9852_79

was decided to replace that with the $1 loonie coin, the image was instead used for the $20

9852_80

banknote.

9852_81

It was introduced on 29 June 1993, making it the last of the series to be introduced, and withdrawn