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reduction of in-group favoritism. Additionally, research that focused on implicit (or unconscious)
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biases found that perspective-taking can lead to reduced implicit bias scores (as measured by the
|
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Implicit-association test) as well as more recognition of subtle discrimination.
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9840_192
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In disagreements
|
9840_193
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Research has looked at the potential differences that could arise when one is having a conversation
|
9840_194
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with another person whom they agree with versus having a conversation with someone with whom they
|
9840_195
|
disagree. This research found that participants who interacted with people with whom they disagreed
|
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had enhanced perspective-taking ability and could better remember the conversation.
|
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|
Drawbacks
|
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Some researchers have suggested that there may be some drawbacks to perspective-taking. For
|
9840_199
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example, studies have found that asking people to engage in perspective-taking tasks can lead to
|
9840_200
|
increased stereotyping of the target if the target is deemed as having more stereotypic qualities
|
9840_201
|
and adopting stereotypic behaviors of outgroup members.
|
9840_202
|
Other animals
|
9840_203
|
Although studies have been done to assess if nonhuman animals are able to successfully engage in
|
9840_204
|
perspective-taking the literature has not drawn consistent conclusions. Many of these studies
|
9840_205
|
assess perspective-taking by training animals on specific tasks or by measuring the consistency of
|
9840_206
|
animals to follow the eye gaze of humans. Researchers highlight that being able to successful
|
9840_207
|
follow another's eye gaze could indicate that the animal is aware that the human is seeing and
|
9840_208
|
paying attention to something that is different from what they see.
|
9840_209
|
One study that assessed the perspective-taking abilities in spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys
|
9840_210
|
found that these primates successfully performed eye gazing tasks which led researchers to conclude
|
9840_211
|
that the monkeys demonstrated some ability to consider another person's viewpoint. However, another
|
9840_212
|
study that utilized an eye gazing method in assessing perspective-taking found that Rhesus monkeys
|
9840_213
|
were unsuccessful at eye gazing tasks.
|
9840_214
|
Other studies suggest that dogs have complex social understanding. One study assessed the potential
|
9840_215
|
for perspective-taking in dogs by telling a dog that they were not allowed to eat a treat and then
|
9840_216
|
placing the food in a location that the dog could reach. These researchers found that dogs were
|
9840_217
|
more likely to eat the treat after being instructed not to if there was a barrier that hid the dog
|
9840_218
|
from the instructor. Additionally, dogs were less likely to eat the treat if the barrier was of
|
9840_219
|
smaller size or had a window in it. However, this study also showed that dogs struggled in other
|
9840_220
|
tasks that focused on the dog's own visual attention. These researchers suggest that this study
|
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provides evidence that dogs may be aware of other's visual perspectives.
|
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|
See also
Role reversal
Role-taking theory
References
|
9840_223
|
Cognition
Group processes
Human communication
|
9841_0
|
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1951.
1951 U.S. and Canadian Fellows
|
9841_1
|
William Ross Abrams, Graphic Artist, Deià, Majorca, Spain: 1951.
|
9841_2
|
Alfred Adler (academic)|Alfred Adler. French: 1951.
|
9841_3
|
Paul Julius Alexander. Near Eastern Studies: 1951, 1965.
|
9841_4
|
Henry N. Andrews, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Biology, University of Connecticut: 1951, 1958, 1961.
|
9841_5
|
Oliver Luther Austin, Jr. Biology: 1951.
|
9841_6
|
Jacob Avshalomov, Composer; Conductor Laureate, Portland Youth Philharmonic, Portland, Oregon:
|
9841_7
|
1951.
|
9841_8
|
Alma Joslyn Whiffen-Barksdale. Biochemistry-Molecular Biology: 1951. Appointed as Alma Joslyn
|
9841_9
|
Whiffen.
|
9841_10
|
Howard A. Bern, Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley: 1951.
|
9841_11
|
Edmund Grindlay Berry, Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of Manitoba: 1951.
|
9841_12
|
Arthur Cecil Bining. U.S. History, British History: 1951.
|
9841_13
|
Jerome Blum. German and East European History: 1951, 1971.
|
9841_14
|
Woodrow Borah, Abraham D. Shepard Professor Emeritus of History, University of California,
|
9841_15
|
Berkeley: 1951, 1958.
|
9841_16
|
Benjamin Botkin. Folklore: 1951.
Julian Boyd. U.S. History: 1951.
|
9841_17
|
Alexander Brady (political scientist)|Alexander Brady. Political Science: 1951.
|
9841_18
|
Harrison Scott Brown. Chemistry: 1951.
George Edward Burch. Medicine: 1951.
|
9841_19
|
Charles Edward Butler. Fiction: 1951.
Robert Francis Byrnes. Russian History: 1951.
|
9841_20
|
Lily Bess Campbell. English Literature: 1951.
Mildred Lucile Campbell. U.S. History: 1951.
|
9841_21
|
Rachel Carson. Biology: 1951.
John Cheever. Fiction: 1951, 1960.
|
9841_22
|
Gilbert Chinard. French: 1951, 1956.
Alan Frank Clifford. Chemistry: 1951, 1952.
|
9841_23
|
James Lowry Clifford. 18th-century English literature: 1951, 1965.
|
9841_24
|
Thomas Wellsted Copeland. 18th-century English literature: 1951, 1963.
|
9841_25
|
Robert Brainard Corey. Chemistry: 1951.
William Steel Creighton. Biology: 1951, 1952.
|
9841_26
|
Ingolf Dahl. Music Composition: 1951, 1960.
Farrington Daniels. Chemistry: 1951.
|
9841_27
|
Joseph DeMartini. Fine Arts: 1951.
George Hathaway Dession. Political Science: 1951.
|
9841_28
|
E. Talbot Donaldson. Medieval Studies: 1951, 1977.
|
9841_29
|
Harry George Drickamer, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Physics,
|
9841_30
|
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1951.
|
9841_31
|
Maxwell John Dunbar. Biology: 1951.
Albert A. Ehrenzweig. Law: 1951.
|
9841_32
|
Norman E. Eliason. Linguistics: 1951.
Sterling Howard Emerson. Genetics: 1951.
|
9841_33
|
John King Fairbank. East Asian Studies: 1951, 1959.
|
9841_34
|
Joseph Wiley Ferrebee, Retired Research Physician, Rancho Santa Fe, California: 1951.
|
9841_35
|
Ralph Hartzler Fox. Mathematics: 1951.
Henri Frankfort. Near Eastern Studies: 1951.
|
9841_36
|
Douglas Southall Freeman. Biography-U.S. History: 1951.
|
9841_37
|
Carl J. Friedrich. Political Science: 1951, 1954.
|
9841_38
|
Richard Nelson Frye, Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian, Harvard University: 1951, 1975.
|
9841_39
|
Frederick A. Fuhrman, Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford
|
9841_40
|
University: 1951.
|
9841_41
|
Albrecht Goetze. Linguistics: 1951.
Richard Benedict Goldschmidt, Deceased. Biology: 1951.
|
9841_42
|
William Goyen. Fiction: 1951, 1952.
Horace Victor Gregory. Biography: 1951.
|
9841_43
|
Donald Jay Grout. Music Research: 1951, 1952.
William Henry Paine Hatch. Religion: 1951, 1953.
|
9841_44
|
John Edward Heliker. Fine Arts- Painting: 1951.
|
9841_45
|
Joyce Hemlow, Shields Professor Emeritus of English, McGill University: 1951, 1960, 1966.
|
9841_46
|
Heinrich Edmund Karl Henel. Germanics: 1951, 1954.
Albert Leon Henne. Chemistry: 1951.
|
9841_47
|
Su-Shu Huang. Astronomy-Astrophysics: 1951.
|
9841_48
|
Ruth Hoffmann Hubbard, Professor Emeritus of Biology, Harvard University: 1951.
|
9841_49
|
Walter Lee Hughes, Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine: 1951.
|
9841_50
|
Robert Benjamin Irwin. Education: 1951.
Lewis Iselin. Fine Arts-Sculpture: 1951.
|
9841_51
|
Nathan Jacobson, Henry Ford, 2nd, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, Yale University: 1951.
|
9841_52
|
Thomas H. Johnson. American Literature: 1951.
|
9841_53
|
William Weed Kaufmann, Retired Lecturer in Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government,
|
9841_54
|
Harvard University; Professor Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1951.
|
9841_55
|
Edna Beatrice Kearney, Research Chemist, Veterans Administration Hospital and University of
|
9841_56
|
California Medical Center, San Francisco: 1951.
|
9841_57
|
Ruth Lee Kennedy. Spanish: 1951.
Kenneth Earl Kidd. Anthropology: 1951.
|
9841_58
|
Bertram Shirley Kraus. Anthropology: 1951.
|
9841_59
|
Michael Kraus. Professor Emeritus of History, City College, City University of New York: 1951.
|
9841_60
|
Robert F(rank) Kurka. Music Composition: 1951, 1952.
|
9841_61
|
Cecil Yelverton Lang, John Stewart Bryan Professor of English, University of Virginia: 1951.
|
9841_62
|
Albert Lester Lehninger. Biochemistry: 1951, 1962.
|
9841_63
|
Hal Lehrman, Writer, Ridgewood, New Jersey: 1951, 1953.
Clarence Cook Little: Biology: 1951.
|
9841_64
|
William Dougald MacMillan. 18th-century English literature: 1951.
|
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