manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9822_82	assassinate him. He barely escaped with his life. Elsewhere, however, he gathered support.
9822_83	Clarkson's speech at the collegiate church in Manchester (now Manchester Cathedral) on 28 October
9822_84	1787 galvanised the anti-slavery campaign in the city. That same year, Clarkson published the
9822_85	pamphlet A Summary View of the Slave Trade and of the Probable Consequences of Its Abolition.
9822_86	Clarkson was very effective at giving the committee a high public profile: he spent the next two
9822_87	years travelling around England, promoting the cause and gathering evidence. He interviewed 20,000
9822_88	sailors during his research. He obtained equipment used on slave-ships, such as iron handcuffs,
9822_89	leg-shackles, and thumbscrews; instruments for forcing open slaves' jaws; and branding irons. He
9822_90	published engravings of the tools in pamphlets and displayed the instruments at public meetings.
9822_91	Clarkson's research took him to English ports such as Bristol, where he received information from
9822_92	the landlord of the Seven Stars pub. (The building still stands in Thomas Lane.) He also travelled
9822_93	repeatedly to Liverpool and London, collecting evidence to support the abolitionist case.
9822_94	Clarkson visited The Lively, an African trading ship. Although not a slave ship, it carried cargo
9822_95	of high-quality goods: carved ivory and woven textiles, beeswax, and produce such as palm oil and
9822_96	peppers. Impressed by the high quality of craftsmanship and skill expressed in these items,
9822_97	Clarkson was horrified to think that the people who could create such items were being enslaved. He
9822_98	bought samples from the ship and started a collection to which he added over the years. It included
9822_99	crops, spices and raw materials, along with refined trade goods.
9822_100	Clarkson noticed that pictures and artefacts could influence public opinion more than words alone.
9822_101	He began to display items from his collection of fine goods to reinforce his anti-slavery lectures.
9822_102	Demonstrating that Africans were highly skilled artisans, he argued for an alternative humane
9822_103	trading system based on goods rather than labourers. He carried a "box" featuring his collection,
9822_104	which became an important part his public meetings.
9822_105	He rode by horseback some 35,000 miles for evidence and visited local anti-slave trade societies
9822_106	founded across the country. He enlisted the help of Alexander Falconbridge and James Arnold, two
9822_107	ship's surgeons he had met in Liverpool. They had been on many voyages aboard slave ships, and were
9822_108	able to recount their experiences in detail for publication.
9822_109	Clarkson also continued to write against the slave trade. He filled his works with vivid firsthand
9822_110	descriptions from sailors, surgeons and others who had been involved in the slave traffic. In 1788
9822_111	Clarkson published large numbers of his Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade (1788).
9822_112	Another example was his "An Essay on the Slave Trade" (1789), the account of a sailor who had
9822_113	served aboard a slave ship. These works provided a grounding for William Wilberforce's first
9822_114	abolitionist speech in the House of Commons on 12 May 1789, and his 12 propositions.
9822_115	Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) a member of the Sons of Africa published his memoir, The
9822_116	Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the genre of what became known as
9822_117	slave narratives – accounts by slaves who achieved freedom. As an African with direct experience of
9822_118	the slave trade and slavery, Equiano was pleased that his book became highly influential in the
9822_119	anti-slavery movement. Clarkson wrote to the Rev Thomas Jones MA (1756-1807) at Trinity College,
9822_120	Cambridge, to introduce Equiano to him and the community. He asked for aid from the Rev Jones in
9822_121	selling copies of the memoir and arranging for Equiano to visit Cambridge to lecture.
9822_122	In 1791 Wilberforce introduced the first Bill to abolish the slave trade; it was easily defeated by
9822_123	163 votes to 88. As Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament,
9822_124	Clarkson travelled and wrote anti-slavery works. Based on a plan of a slave ship he acquired in
9822_125	Portsmouth, he had an image drawn of slaves loaded on the slave ship Brookes; he published this in
9822_126	London in 1791, took the image with him on lectures, and provided it to Wilberforce with other
9822_127	anti-slave trade materials for use in parliament.
9822_128	This was the beginning of their protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce
9822_129	introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year. Clarkson, Wilberforce and the other
9822_130	members of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and their supporters, were
9822_131	responsible for generating and sustaining a national movement that mobilised public opinion as
9822_132	never before. Parliament, however, refused to pass the bill. The outbreak of War with France
9822_133	effectively prevented further debate for many years. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was
9822_134	the Secretary of State for War for prime minister William Pitt the Younger, instructed Sir Adam
9822_135	Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the
9822_136	French colonists of Saint Domingue, later Haiti, that promised to restore the ancien regime,
9822_137	slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from
9822_138	abolitionists Wilberforce and Clarkson.
9822_139	By 1794, Clarkson's health was failing, as he suffered from exhaustion. He retired from the
9822_140	campaign and spent some time in the Lake District, where he bought an estate at Ullswater. There he
9822_141	became a friend of the poet William Wordsworth.
9822_142	On 19 January 1796 he married Catherine Buck of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk; their only child Thomas
9822_143	was born in 1796. They moved to the south of England for the sake of Catherine's health, and
9822_144	settled at Bury St Edmunds from 1806 to 1816. They then lived at Playford Hall, between Ipswich and
9822_145	Woodbridge in Suffolk.
9822_146	When the war with France appeared to be almost over, in 1804 Clarkson and his allies revived the
9822_147	anti-slave trade campaign. After his ten years' retreat, he mounted his horse to travel again all
9822_148	over Great Britain and canvass support for the measure. He appeared to have returned with all his
9822_149	old enthusiasm and vigour. He was especially active in persuading MPs to back the parliamentary
9822_150	campaign.
9822_151	Passage of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 ended the trade and provided for British naval support to
9822_152	enforce the law. Clarkson directed his efforts toward enforcement and extending the campaign to the
9822_153	rest of Europe, as Spain and France continued a trade in their American colonies. The United States
9822_154	also prohibited the international trade in 1807, and operated chiefly in the Caribbean to interdict
9822_155	illegal slave ships. In 1808 Clarkson published a book about the progress in abolition of the slave
9822_156	trade. He travelled to Paris in 1814 and Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, trying to reach international
9822_157	agreement on a timetable for abolition of the trade. He contributed the article on the "Slave
9822_158	Trade" for Rees's Cyclopædia, Vol. 33, 1816.
9822_159	Later career
9822_160	In 1823 the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery (later known as the
9822_161	Anti-Slavery Society) was formed. Clarkson travelled the country to build support for its goal. He
9822_162	covered 10,000 miles, and activated the network of sympathetic anti-slavery societies which had
9822_163	been formed. This resulted in 777 petitions being delivered to parliament demanding the total
9822_164	emancipation of slaves. When the society adopted a policy of immediate emancipation, Clarkson and
9822_165	Wilberforce appeared together for the last time to lend their support. In 1833 the Slavery
9822_166	Abolition Act was passed, with emancipation completed on 1 August 1838 in the British colonies.
9822_167	Clarkson lived an additional 13 years. Although his eyesight was failing, he continued to campaign
9822_168	for abolition, focusing on the United States, where slavery had expanded in the Deep South and some
9822_169	states west of the Mississippi River. He was the principal speaker in 1840 at the opening of the
9822_170	first World's Anti-Slavery Convention in Freemasons' Hall, London, chaired by Thomas Binney. The
9822_171	conference was designed to build support for abolishing slavery worldwide and included delegates
9822_172	from France, the US, Haiti (established in 1804 as the first black republic in the Western
9822_173	Hemisphere) and Jamaica.
9822_174	The scene at Clarkson's opening address was painted in a commemorative work, now in the National
9822_175	Portrait Gallery, London. The emancipated slave, Henry Beckford (a Baptist deacon in Jamaica), is
9822_176	shown in the right foreground. Clarkson and the prominent abolitionist Quaker William Allen were to
9822_177	the left, the main axis of interest. In 1846 Clarkson was host to Frederick Douglass, an American
9822_178	former slave who had escaped to freedom in the North and became a prominent abolitionist, on his
9822_179	first visit to England. Douglass spoke at numerous meetings and attracted considerable attention
9822_180	and support. At risk even prior to passage in the US of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Douglass
9822_181	was grateful when British friends raised the money and negotiated purchase of his freedom from his

9822_82

assassinate him. He barely escaped with his life. Elsewhere, however, he gathered support.

9822_83

Clarkson's speech at the collegiate church in Manchester (now Manchester Cathedral) on 28 October

9822_84

1787 galvanised the anti-slavery campaign in the city. That same year, Clarkson published the

9822_85

pamphlet A Summary View of the Slave Trade and of the Probable Consequences of Its Abolition.

9822_86

Clarkson was very effective at giving the committee a high public profile: he spent the next two

9822_87

years travelling around England, promoting the cause and gathering evidence. He interviewed 20,000

9822_88

sailors during his research. He obtained equipment used on slave-ships, such as iron handcuffs,

9822_89

leg-shackles, and thumbscrews; instruments for forcing open slaves' jaws; and branding irons. He

9822_90

published engravings of the tools in pamphlets and displayed the instruments at public meetings.

9822_91

Clarkson's research took him to English ports such as Bristol, where he received information from

9822_92

the landlord of the Seven Stars pub. (The building still stands in Thomas Lane.) He also travelled

9822_93

repeatedly to Liverpool and London, collecting evidence to support the abolitionist case.

9822_94

Clarkson visited The Lively, an African trading ship. Although not a slave ship, it carried cargo

9822_95

of high-quality goods: carved ivory and woven textiles, beeswax, and produce such as palm oil and

9822_96

peppers. Impressed by the high quality of craftsmanship and skill expressed in these items,

9822_97

Clarkson was horrified to think that the people who could create such items were being enslaved. He

9822_98

bought samples from the ship and started a collection to which he added over the years. It included

9822_99

crops, spices and raw materials, along with refined trade goods.

9822_100

Clarkson noticed that pictures and artefacts could influence public opinion more than words alone.

9822_101

He began to display items from his collection of fine goods to reinforce his anti-slavery lectures.

9822_102

Demonstrating that Africans were highly skilled artisans, he argued for an alternative humane

9822_103

trading system based on goods rather than labourers. He carried a "box" featuring his collection,

9822_104

which became an important part his public meetings.

9822_105

He rode by horseback some 35,000 miles for evidence and visited local anti-slave trade societies

9822_106

founded across the country. He enlisted the help of Alexander Falconbridge and James Arnold, two

9822_107

ship's surgeons he had met in Liverpool. They had been on many voyages aboard slave ships, and were

9822_108

able to recount their experiences in detail for publication.

9822_109

Clarkson also continued to write against the slave trade. He filled his works with vivid firsthand

9822_110

descriptions from sailors, surgeons and others who had been involved in the slave traffic. In 1788

9822_111

Clarkson published large numbers of his Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade (1788).

9822_112

Another example was his "An Essay on the Slave Trade" (1789), the account of a sailor who had

9822_113

served aboard a slave ship. These works provided a grounding for William Wilberforce's first

9822_114

abolitionist speech in the House of Commons on 12 May 1789, and his 12 propositions.

9822_115

Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) a member of the Sons of Africa published his memoir, The

9822_116

Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the genre of what became known as

9822_117

slave narratives – accounts by slaves who achieved freedom. As an African with direct experience of

9822_118

the slave trade and slavery, Equiano was pleased that his book became highly influential in the

9822_119

anti-slavery movement. Clarkson wrote to the Rev Thomas Jones MA (1756-1807) at Trinity College,

9822_120

Cambridge, to introduce Equiano to him and the community. He asked for aid from the Rev Jones in

9822_121

selling copies of the memoir and arranging for Equiano to visit Cambridge to lecture.

9822_122

In 1791 Wilberforce introduced the first Bill to abolish the slave trade; it was easily defeated by

9822_123

163 votes to 88. As Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament,

9822_124

Clarkson travelled and wrote anti-slavery works. Based on a plan of a slave ship he acquired in

9822_125

Portsmouth, he had an image drawn of slaves loaded on the slave ship Brookes; he published this in

9822_126

London in 1791, took the image with him on lectures, and provided it to Wilberforce with other

9822_127

anti-slave trade materials for use in parliament.

9822_128

This was the beginning of their protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce

9822_129

introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year. Clarkson, Wilberforce and the other

9822_130

members of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and their supporters, were

9822_131

responsible for generating and sustaining a national movement that mobilised public opinion as

9822_132

never before. Parliament, however, refused to pass the bill. The outbreak of War with France

9822_133

effectively prevented further debate for many years. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was

9822_134

the Secretary of State for War for prime minister William Pitt the Younger, instructed Sir Adam

9822_135

Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the

9822_136

French colonists of Saint Domingue, later Haiti, that promised to restore the ancien regime,

9822_137

slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from

9822_138

abolitionists Wilberforce and Clarkson.

9822_139

By 1794, Clarkson's health was failing, as he suffered from exhaustion. He retired from the

9822_140

campaign and spent some time in the Lake District, where he bought an estate at Ullswater. There he

9822_141

became a friend of the poet William Wordsworth.

9822_142

On 19 January 1796 he married Catherine Buck of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk; their only child Thomas

9822_143

was born in 1796. They moved to the south of England for the sake of Catherine's health, and

9822_144

settled at Bury St Edmunds from 1806 to 1816. They then lived at Playford Hall, between Ipswich and

9822_145

Woodbridge in Suffolk.

9822_146

When the war with France appeared to be almost over, in 1804 Clarkson and his allies revived the

9822_147

anti-slave trade campaign. After his ten years' retreat, he mounted his horse to travel again all

9822_148

over Great Britain and canvass support for the measure. He appeared to have returned with all his

9822_149

old enthusiasm and vigour. He was especially active in persuading MPs to back the parliamentary

9822_150

campaign.

9822_151

Passage of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 ended the trade and provided for British naval support to

9822_152

enforce the law. Clarkson directed his efforts toward enforcement and extending the campaign to the

9822_153

rest of Europe, as Spain and France continued a trade in their American colonies. The United States

9822_154

also prohibited the international trade in 1807, and operated chiefly in the Caribbean to interdict

9822_155

illegal slave ships. In 1808 Clarkson published a book about the progress in abolition of the slave

9822_156

trade. He travelled to Paris in 1814 and Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, trying to reach international

9822_157

agreement on a timetable for abolition of the trade. He contributed the article on the "Slave

9822_158

Trade" for Rees's Cyclopædia, Vol. 33, 1816.

9822_159

Later career

9822_160

In 1823 the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery (later known as the

9822_161

Anti-Slavery Society) was formed. Clarkson travelled the country to build support for its goal. He

9822_162

covered 10,000 miles, and activated the network of sympathetic anti-slavery societies which had

9822_163

been formed. This resulted in 777 petitions being delivered to parliament demanding the total

9822_164

emancipation of slaves. When the society adopted a policy of immediate emancipation, Clarkson and

9822_165

Wilberforce appeared together for the last time to lend their support. In 1833 the Slavery

9822_166

Abolition Act was passed, with emancipation completed on 1 August 1838 in the British colonies.

9822_167

Clarkson lived an additional 13 years. Although his eyesight was failing, he continued to campaign

9822_168

for abolition, focusing on the United States, where slavery had expanded in the Deep South and some

9822_169

states west of the Mississippi River. He was the principal speaker in 1840 at the opening of the

9822_170

first World's Anti-Slavery Convention in Freemasons' Hall, London, chaired by Thomas Binney. The

9822_171

conference was designed to build support for abolishing slavery worldwide and included delegates

9822_172

from France, the US, Haiti (established in 1804 as the first black republic in the Western

9822_173

Hemisphere) and Jamaica.

9822_174

The scene at Clarkson's opening address was painted in a commemorative work, now in the National

9822_175

Portrait Gallery, London. The emancipated slave, Henry Beckford (a Baptist deacon in Jamaica), is

9822_176

shown in the right foreground. Clarkson and the prominent abolitionist Quaker William Allen were to

9822_177

the left, the main axis of interest. In 1846 Clarkson was host to Frederick Douglass, an American

9822_178

former slave who had escaped to freedom in the North and became a prominent abolitionist, on his

9822_179

first visit to England. Douglass spoke at numerous meetings and attracted considerable attention

9822_180

and support. At risk even prior to passage in the US of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Douglass

9822_181

was grateful when British friends raised the money and negotiated purchase of his freedom from his