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330_12	Christopher Abbott as Charlie Dattolo (season 1–2, 5): Marnie's ex-boyfriend, with whom she became increasingly bored. For a while they contemplate their relationship and try to make it work, but eventually this erodes and Charlie leaves the series. Upon Charlie's abrupt return in season 5, he and Marnie briefly decide to run away together until Marnie realizes Charlie isn't the person he used to be. (13 episodes) Kathryn Hahn and James LeGros as Katherine and Jeff Lavoyt (season 1): The parents of two young girls that Jessa babysat. Katherine is a documentary filmmaker, and Jeff is unemployed. Jeff develops a romantic interest in Jessa, which she eventually stops. She is fired, but is later visited by Katherine who offers her job back. Despite deciding not to see each other again, they have a heart-to-heart over Jeff and Jessa's inability to grow up. (4 episodes each)
330_13	Chris O'Dowd as Thomas-John (season 1–2): An affluent venture capitalist. After an earlier unpleasant encounter with Jessa and Marnie, he ends up marrying Jessa in a surprise ceremony at the end of the first season. They break up after an unpleasant dinner with his parents. (5 episodes) Jon Glaser as Laird Schlesinger (season 2–6): Hannah's neighbor and a recovering drug addict. (12 episodes) Colin Quinn as Hermie (season 2–6): Ray's boss at the coffee shop. He dies in "Painful Evacuation" from scleroderma. (8 episodes) John Cameron Mitchell as David Pressler-Goings (season 2–3): Hannah's editor for her e-book. He is either bisexual or gay, as he downloaded the application Grindr in the episode "She Said OK". He is found dead in the episode "Dead Inside" with his funeral taking place at "Only Child" where it is revealed he had a wife named Annalise. (5 episodes)
330_14	Shiri Appleby as Natalia (season 2–3): Adam's ex-girlfriend. He abruptly breaks up with her after getting back together with Hannah. (4 episodes) Gaby Hoffmann as Caroline Sackler (season 3–6): Adam's extremely troubled sister. She is very sarcastic towards Adam and Hannah until the latter kicks her out. She then lived with Laird, became pregnant by him and gave birth to their daughter before going AWOL in the fifth season. (8 episodes) Richard E. Grant as Jasper (season 3): Jessa's friend from rehab. He comes to New York to find Jessa but later leaves her to be with his estranged daughter Dot. (4 episodes) Gillian Jacobs as Mimi-Rose Howard (season 4), Adam's new girlfriend after Hannah moves away to Iowa. (5 episodes)
330_15	Aidy Bryant as Abigail (season 4–6): Shoshanna's former boss from when she worked in Japan. She later appears again meeting Shoshanna and Ray by chance and works with Ray to continue Hermie's project of documenting the effects of gentrification. Ray and Abigail get on well together leading to them sharing a kiss. (4 episodes) Corey Stoll as Dill Harcourt (season 5–6): Elijah's love interest. (5 episodes)
330_16	Production Lena Dunham's 2010 second feature, Tiny Furniture—which she wrote, directed and starred in—received positive reviews at festivals as well as awards attention, including Best Narrative Feature at South by Southwest and Best First Screenplay at the 2010 Independent Spirit Awards. The independent film's success earned her the opportunity to collaborate with Judd Apatow for an HBO pilot. Judd Apatow said he was drawn to Dunham's imagination after watching Tiny Furniture, and added that Girls would provide men with an insight into "realistic females." Some of the struggles facing Dunham's character Hannah—including being cut off financially from her parents, becoming a writer and making unfortunate decisions—are inspired by Dunham's real-life experiences. The show's look is achieved by furnishings at a number of vintage boutiques in New York, including Brooklyn Flea and Geminola owned by Jemima Kirke's mother.
330_17	Dunham said Girls reflects a part of the population not portrayed in the 1998 HBO series Sex and the City. "Gossip Girl was teens duking it out on the Upper East Side and Sex and the City was women who [had] figured out work and friends and now want to nail romance and family life. There was this 'hole-in-between' space that hadn't really been addressed," she said. The pilot intentionally references Sex and the City as producers wanted to make it clear that the driving force behind Girls is that the characters were inspired by the former HBO series and moved to New York to pursue their dreams. Dunham herself says she "revere[s] that show just as much as any girl of my generation".
330_18	As executive producer, Dunham and Jennifer Konner are both showrunners of the series while Dunham is also the head writer. Apatow is also executive producer, under his Apatow Productions label. Dunham wrote or co-wrote all ten episodes of the first season and directed five, including the pilot. Season one was filmed between April and August 2011 and consisted of 10 episodes. The second season ran on HBO from January 13, 2013, to March 17, 2013, and also consisted of 10 episodes.
330_19	On April 4, 2013, Christopher Abbott left the series after sources reported he and Dunham had differences with the direction that his reoccurring character Charlie was taking as the third season entered production. Dunham announced via Instagram on September 6, 2013, that production for the third season had concluded. Season 3, which contained 12 episodes as opposed to the previous 10-episode seasons, ran from January 12, 2014, to March 23, 2014. The fourth season of the series started filming in April 2014. On January 5, 2016, HBO announced that the series' sixth season would be its last, allowing the writers to create a proper finale. Episodes Reception Critical response Season 1 The first season of Girls received universal acclaim from television critics. On review aggregation website Metacritic, the first season of the series holds an average of 87 based on 29 reviews. The website also lists the show as the highest-rated fictional series debut of 2012.
330_20	James Poniewozik from Time reserved high praise for the series, calling it "raw, audacious, nuanced and richly, often excruciatingly funny". Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called Girls "one of the most original, spot-on, no-missed-steps series in recent memory". Reviewing the first three episodes at the 2012 SXSW Festival, he said the series conveys "real female friendships, the angst of emerging adulthood, nuanced relationships, sexuality, self-esteem, body image, intimacy in a tech-savvy world that promotes distance, the bloodlust of surviving New York on very little money and the modern parenting of entitled children, among many other things—all laced together with humor and poignancy". The New York Times also applauded the series and said: "Girls may be the millennial generation's rebuttal to Sex and the City, but the first season was at times as cruelly insightful and bleakly funny as Louie on FX or Curb Your Enthusiasm on HBO."
330_21	Despite many positive reviews, several critics criticized the characters themselves. Gawker's John Cook strongly criticised Girls, saying it was "a television program about the children of wealthy famous people and shitty music and Facebook and how hard it is to know who you are and Thought Catalog and sexually transmitted diseases and the exhaustion of ceaselessly dramatizing your own life while posing as someone who understands the fundamental emptiness and narcissism of that very self-dramatization."
330_22	Season 2 The second season of Girls continued to receive critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the second season of the series holds an average of 84 based on 19 reviews.
330_23	Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter stated that "Girls kicks off its second season even more assured of itself, able to deftly work strands of hard-earned drama into the free-flowing comedic moments of four postcollege girls trying to find their way in life". David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle said that "The entire constellation of impetuous, ambitious, determined and insecure young urbanites in Girls is realigning in the new season, but at no point in the four episodes sent to critics for review do you feel that any of it is artificial". Verne Gay of Newsday said it is "Sharper, smarter, more richly layered, detailed and acted". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly felt that "As bright-eyed and bushy-tailed as it was in its first season, Girls may now be even spunkier, funnier, and riskier". In reference to the series' growth, Willa Paskin of Salon thought that Girls "has matured by leaps and bounds, comedically and structurally, but it has jettisoned some of its
330_24	ambiguity, its sweetness, its own affection for its characters. It's more coherent, but it's also safer."
330_25	Season 3 The third season of Girls received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the third season of the series holds an average of 76 based on 18 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 89% "Certified Fresh" approval rating from critics, based on 27 reviews with an average score of 7.8/10. The consensus states: "Still rife with shock value, Season 3 of Girls also benefits from an increasingly mature tone." Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the first two episodes, and commented: "Going into its third season, Girls is as refreshing and audacious as ever and one of the few half-hour dramedies where you can feel its heart pounding and see its belly ripple with laughter." In addition, The New York Times, Entertainment Weekly and PopMatters praised the comedic portrayal of its lead female characters.
330_26	Season 4 The fourth season of Girls received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the fourth season of the series holds an average of 75 based on 16 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 83% "Certified Fresh" approval rating from critics, based on 24 reviews with an average score of 7.5/10. The consensus states: "Girls is familiar after four seasons, but its convoluted-yet-comical depiction of young women dealing with the real world still manages to impress."
330_27	Season 5 The fifth season of Girls received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the fifth season of the series holds an average of 73 based on 13 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 85% "Certified Fresh" approval rating from critics, based on 20 reviews with an average score of 8.14/10. The consensus states: "Though some characters have devolved into caricatures, watching them struggle in Girls is more fun in season five, with sharper humor and narrative consistency than prior seasons." Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave the season a positive review writing: "Girls had only a niche audience. It's possible that being freed from the responsibility of the zeitgeist is what has kept Girls so watchable. The start of the fifth season won't launch an armada of think pieces, but if you still get pleasure from watching these flawed, often awful characters make flawed, often funny choices, Girls is still Girls."
330_28	Season 6 The sixth season of Girls received highly positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the sixth season of the series holds an average of 79 based on 15 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 89% approval rating from critics, based on 35 reviews with an average score of 8.01/10. The consensus states, "In its final season, Girls remains uncompromising, intelligent, character driven, compassionate – and at times consciously aggravating." The broadcast of the season's third episode "American Bitch" in Australia on showcase had to be edited, due to a scene which breached the maximum MA15+ classification of the broadcaster. Accolades Racial controversy The premiere of the pilot was also met with criticism regarding the all-white main cast in the otherwise culturally diverse setting of New York City (the only black actors in the pilot were a homeless man and a taxi driver, and the only Asian actress had the sole trait of being good at Photoshop).
330_29	Writing at The Hairpin, Jenna Wortham rebuked the show for its lack of a main black character. "It feels alienating, a party of four engineered to appeal to a very specific subset of the television viewing audience, when the show has the potential to be so much bigger than that. And that is a huge fucking disappointment." Lesley Arfin, a writer for the show, responded to the controversy with the tweeted comment: "What really bothered me most about Precious was that there was no representation of ME". Arfin later deleted the comment following the uproar. Lena Dunham has given interviews where she talks about the diversity question with the series, stating that with HBO's renewal of the series for a second season, "these issues will be addressed". Donald Glover guest starred as Sandy, a black Republican and Hannah's love interest, in the first two episodes of season two.
330_30	Agreeing that there is a lack of racial diversity on Girls, Maureen Ryan from The Huffington Post argues that the issue is the industry as a whole. "Where are the think pieces taking networks to task for the millionth procedural about a troubled male cop or the millionth comedy about a guy who has problems with women? Why are we holding Lena Dunham's feet to the fire, instead of the heads of networks and studios? That troubles me, not least because it's easier (and lazier) to attack a 25-year-old woman who's just starting out than to attack the men twice her age who actually control the industry. ...I have to say that I'm absolutely astonished that, of all shows, this is the one that is being attacked for being too white. I could list the shows on television with all-white casts, but then we'd be here all day." Dunham has publicly said, "I really wrote the show from a gut-level place, and each character was a piece of me or based on someone close to me". She adds that she wanted to
330_31	avoid tokenism in casting. The experience of a black character would involve a certain specificity, a type she could not speak to.
330_32	Feminism Girls has prompted debate about its treatment of feminism. It has been praised for its portrayal of women and female friendship but criticized as classist, racist, transphobic and misguided. In an online review for Ms Magazine, Kerensa Cadenas argues, "Despite its lack of a serious class and race consciousness, Girls does address other feminist issues currently in play, among them body image, abortion, relationships within a social media age, and street harassment. In another series, these issues might be the focus of one episode (e.g., the abortion episode of SATC), but in Girls they become everyday topics."
330_33	On the other hand, Catherine Scott of The Independent, writing about season one in 2012, asked, "What's there to celebrate for feminism when black, Hispanic or Asian women are totally written out of a series that's supposedly set in one of the most diverse cities on earth? But also, what's there to celebrate for feminism when a show depicts four entirely self-interested young women and a lead character having the most depressing, disempowered sexual relationships imaginable?" Broadcast Girls premiered on April 15, 2012, on HBO in the United States. The first three episodes were screened at the 2012 SXSW Festival on March 12. HBO renewed the series for a second season of ten episodes on April 30, 2012.
330_34	On January 7, 2014, the premiere of the third season of Girls was shown at the Rose Theater at Lincoln Center in New York City. Models Karlie Kloss, Karen Elson, and Hilary Rhoda; designers Nicole Miller, Cynthia Rowley, and Zac Posen; and editors Anna Wintour, Joanna Coles, and Amy Astley were all in attendance. The after party was at the Allen Room and "hosted by HBO and the Cinema Society". International Girls premiered on OSN in the Middle East on September 7, 2012. In Australia, it premiered on Showcase on May 28, 2012. The series began airing on HBO Canada on April 15, 2012. In New Zealand, the SoHo channel premiered Girls in May 2012. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series premiered on Sky Atlantic on October 22, 2012. The second season premiered on January 14, 2013, and the third season began airing on January 20, 2014. The fourth season premiered on January 12, 2015. Home media References External links
330_35	2012 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings 2010s American comedy-drama television series 2010s American LGBT-related comedy television series 2010s American LGBT-related drama television series BAFTA winners (television series) Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners English-language television shows HBO original programming Obsessive–compulsive disorder in fiction Peabody Award-winning television programs Television series about cousins Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios Television series created by Judd Apatow Television shows filmed in New York (state) Television shows set in Brooklyn Television shows set in Manhattan
331_0	Naogaon () is a district in northern Bangladesh, part of the Rajshahi Division. It is named after its headquarters, the city of Naogaon in Naogaon Sadar Upazila. Demographics According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Naogaon District had a population of 2,600,157, of which 1,300,227 were males and 1,299,930 females. Rural population was 2,324,590 (89.40%) while the urban population was 275,567 (10.60%). Naogaon district had a literacy rate of 48.22% for the population 7 years and above: 55.84% for males and 45.17% for females. This is up from 44.39% in 2001 and 28.40% in 1991. Nagaon District had a decadal growth rate of 8.73% for the decade 2001–2011, down from 11.33% in the decade 1991–2001.
331_1	Muslims make up 86.55% of the population, while Hindus are 11.08% and Christians 0.71% of the population respectively. Other religions, mainly indigenous faiths like Sarna, were 1.66% of the population, with a fall in absolute numbers as these minorities convert to Hinduism or Christianity. Ethnic minorities were 116,736 (4.49%), mainly plains ethnic groups like the Santal and Oraon. This was the largest ethnic minority population in Bangladesh outside the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Economy Today Naogaon District is considered the bread basket of Bangladesh. It is in the central part of the Varendra Region, with an area of about , about 80% of which is under cultivation. The soil of the area is a fertile inorganic clay called loam.
331_2	The total population of the area is about 25 lac, and most of the people of the district are farmers. The literacy rate is 44.39%. Crops grown in the district include paddy, mango, jute, wheat, maize, sugar cane, potatoes, pulses, oil seeds, brinjal, onions, and garlic. The total production of paddy and wheat in 2009-2010 was 13,58,432 metric tons(about 39% in our growth economy), including a surplus of 8,26,835 metric tons. Today it is the top listed district in the side of rice production and has the highest number of rice processing mills of any district. Naogaon is now the country's prime hub for mango harvest. Statistics from Bangladesh's Department of Agricultural Extension shows that Naogaon alone produced over 3.33 lakh tonnes mango in fiscal 2017-18, far more than Chapainawabganj's production of 2.74 lakh tonnes and Rajshahi's 2.13 lakh tonnes. Points of interest Paharpur
331_3	Paharpur is a small village 5 km west of Jamalganj in the Naogaon district where the remains of the Somapura Mahavihara monastery have been excavated. This 7th-century archaeological find covers an area of approximately of land. The entire establishment, occupying a quadrangular court, measures more than and is from in height. With an elaborate gateway complex on the north, there are 45 cells on the north and 44 in each of the other three sides, for a total number of 177 rooms. The architecture of the pyramidal cruciform temple is influenced by those of South-East Asia, especially Myanmar and Java. It takes its name from a high mound, which looked like a pahar, or hillock.
331_4	A site museum built recently houses the representative collection of objects recovered from the area. The excavated findings have also been preserved at the Varendra Research Museum at Rajshahi. The antiquities of the museum include terracotta plaques, images of different gods and goddesses, pottery, coin inscriptions, ornamental bricks, and other minor clay objects. Nine miles west-southwest of Somapura Mahavihara is the archaeological site of Halud Vihara, which has been tentatively listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kusumba Mosque Kusumba Mosque is on the west bank of the Atrai River in Manda Upazila. It was built in 1558-59 during the period of Afgan rule in Bengal by a high-ranking official named Sulaiman. It was constructed with a Bengal style. Jagaddala Mahavihara
331_5	Jagaddala Mahavihara (fl. late 11th century-mid-12th century) was a Buddhist monastery and seat of learning in Varendra, a geographical unit in present north Bengal in Bangladesh. It was founded by the later kings of the Pāla dynasty, probably Ramapala (c. 1077-1120), likely at a site near the present village of Jagddal in Dhamoirhat Upazila in north-west Bangladesh on the border with India. It is tentatively listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site. Patisar Patisar village is associated with Rabindranath Tagore. It is situated on the banks of the river Nagor, 12 kilometers south-east of the Atrai railway station and 26 kilometers from the district town. The headquarters of the Tagore family's zamindari in Kaligram Pargana was located at Patisar. Dwarkanath Tagore, the grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore, purchased this zamindari in 1830. Rabindranath Tagore first came to Patisarin January 1891.
331_6	The architectural design of the two-storied Kuthibari of Patisar is similar to that of Shilaidaha-Shahjadpur. The buildings, adjacent to the main mansion, are now reduced to ruins. A pond, named Rabindrasarobar, is now a silted up marsh. During his stay at Patisar, Tagore composed various poems, stories, novels, essays and the verse-play Biday Abhishap. He also established many primary schools, a school named Rathindranath High School, charitable dispensaries, and Patisar Krishi Bank (1905). He introduced tractors in Patisar and formed co-operative societies for the development of agriculture, handloom, and pottery.
331_7	In 1921, when the zamindari was divided, Patisar was included in Tagore's share. When the poet was awarded the Nobel Prize, the tenants of Patisar gave him an address of honor (1913). On the request of his tenants, Tagore visited Patisar in 1937 for the last time on the occasion of Punya. Every year many devotees of Tagore come from home and abroad to visit Patisar. On the occasions of Tagore's birth and death anniversaries, the Government arranges and gives all facilities to make discussion meetings and cultural functions that are held at Patisar. Dubalhati Dubalhati is an ancient site in the south-western part of the district. The road to Dubalhati passes through the wide body of water known as “Dighli beel” (a beel is a large shallow lake or marsh). There is a large well in the center of the road for providing travelers with water.
331_8	A feature of Dubalhati is the "Raja's Mansion" (Jomidar Bari or Rajbari). The house has two parts; the main part, Darbar Hall, is residential and used for holding seminars, while the other part, Natto Shalla, is for prayers. The rajbari is a three-story building standing on wide and long masonry slender spiral columns. There are four large dighi (small lakes) around the site.
331_9	The rajbari was first built by Raja Horandro Ray Choudhory during the Pala Dynasty (781–1124). About 53 rajas have held the title, beginning with Jogotram, and ending with Haranath Ray Bahadur II in 1940s. Raja Horonath Ray Bahadur I was notable for his construction of schools in Rajshahi and Naogaon district, including Natto Shala, Baganbari, Dubalhati High school, Naogaon K.D. School. He contributed sums of money to the Rajshahi Government College. He founded Dubalhati Raja Horonuth High School, only the second high school in the Rajshahi Division, in 1864. He had many wells and dhighis (small lakes) dug for providing drinking and irrigation water and provided food to the populace during the famine of 1874. This raj bari was destroyed during the Hindu Muslim riots during 1946. The members of this family including Krinkari Ray Choudhary (son of Horonath Ray Bahadur who died in 1949). The Roy Choudhary family still prevails in kolkata and are now well settled.
331_10	Dibar Dighi One of the ancient and historic places of Naogaon District is Dibar Dighi. It is situated on the side of village Dibar, in Dibar Union of Patnitala Upazila. Administration Secretary of District Council: ATM Abdullahel Baki Chairman of District Council: AKM Fozley Rabbi Deputy Commissioner (DC): Khalid Mehdi Hasan, PAA Superintendent of Police (SP): Md. Iqbal Hossain Upazilas The district is divided into 11 upazilas: Atrai Upazila Badalgachhi Upazila Dhamoirhat Upazila Manda Upazila Mohadevpur Upazila Naogaon Sadar Upazila Niamatpur Upazila Patnitala Upazila Porsha Upazila Raninagar Upazila Sapahar Upazila Education Medical college Naogaon Medical College
331_11	Colleges Abadpukur College Abadpukur Mahavidyalaya Agradigun College Alhaz Zahangir Alam Memorial College Atrai Technical College Atrai Women's College Badalgachhi Women's College Balihar Degree College Bandai Khara Degree College Bandaikhara College Bangabandhu Govt. College Bara Shimla Women's College BIAM Laboratory School & College (Atrai) BIAM Laboratory School & College (Sadar) Chowdhury Chand Mohammad Women's Degree College Daspara Degree College Dhamoirhat M. M. Degree College Dhamoirhat Women's College Fotepur Kolimuddin College Goborchapa Hat College Government B.M.C. Women's College Jagadal Adibashi School & College Jahangirpur Government College Kasiruddin Dewan Memorial High School & College Kola Adarsha College Krishnapur Degree College Manda Momin Shahana Degree College Mithapur Adarsha College Mollah Azad Smarak College Mongalbari Serajia School & College Naogaon Government College Nazipur Government College
331_12	Paikara Boraikuri College Poranagar Model College Porsha College, Porsha Raigaon College Raninagar Women's College Sapahar Government College Shahebganj Technical and Business Management College Shahid Abdul Jabber Mangalbari Secondary Girls' School & College Sher-E-Bangla Degree Mahavidyalaya Shuktigachha K.D School & College Tetulia B. M. C. College Tilna Degree College
331_13	Secondary Ahsan Ullah Memorial Government School Aranagar High School Atrai High School Bamoil High school Agradigun ML High School Alalpur Hagi Shek Alam High School Al-Helal Islami Academy & College Amanta M.L High School Badalgachi Pilot High School Balihar BL High School Balubazar S.M. High School Bathoil Gopal Pramanik High School Bamoil High School Bandaikhara High School Barakhol High School Bhanderpur B.L. High School Bharaduba Akther Hamid Siddique High School Biam Laboratory School and College Bilkorilla B.M. High School Chak Atitha High School Chak Simla High School Chackgopal High School Chanda Ideal High School Chakmoiram Model High School Chakmuli High School Chakuli High School Chandipur High School Dubalhati Raja Haranath High School Fatehpur First High School Fatepur (2nd) High School Gaganpur High School Gobindapur High School Gotegari Shaheed Mamun High School & College Hapania High School Ilshabari High School
331_14	Jahangirpur Model High School Janakallan Model High School Joypur Dangapara High School Kamta S.N High School Kaligram Rathindranath Institution Katkhoir High School Kaya Para Kamar Kuri High School Khirshin S.K. High School Kirttipur High School Kola Bijlee High School Kushadanga High School Mainam High School Mallickpur High School Manda Thana Adarsha Girls' School and College Madhail B.L. High School Mithapur B. L. High School Mohadevpur Sarba Mongala (Pilot) High School Nakucha High School Naogaon Government Girls High School Naogaon K.D. Government High School Naogaon Zilla School Nazipur High School Niskinpur High School P.M Girls High School Paharpur G. M. High School Pakuria United High School Paschim Naogaon High School, Bus Terminal Patnitala High School Patul High School Pirojpur BL High School PKA High School Porsha High Madrasa Cum High School Raigaon High School Rasulpur High School
331_15	Ratowal Bishwo Kabi Rabindranath Tagore Dimukhi High School Shahapur D.A High School Sapahar Government Girls' High School Sapahar Pilot High School Saraswatipur High School Sarbomongola (Pilot) High School Shaluka High School Shihara High School Shisha Multilateral High School Soguna High School Teghoria BL High School Tilakpur Muslim High School Tilna Multilateral High School Usti B.S High School Uttargram B.L High School
331_16	Madrasas Bamoil Senior Alim Madrasa Chandipur Dakhil Madrasa Dalil Lekhok Dakhil Madrasa Deul Duargpur Alarabia Dakhil Madrasha Dubalhati Hafezia and Forkanea Madrasha Gaganpur Oyajedia Fajil (Degree) Madrasha Goyra Fazil Madrasha Namajgor Gawsul Azom Kamil Madrasah Noholakalupara Dakhil Masrasha Pachupur Alim Madrasah Paranpur Kamil Madrasah Rahimapur Fazil Madrasah Usti Zakeria Senior Fazil Madrasah Media
331_17	Notable residents Mohammad Baitullah, first deputy speaker of Bangladesh Parliament Gahanananda, 14th President of the Ramakrishna Order Talim Hossain, poet; recipient of Ekushey Padak and Bangla Academy Literary Award; founder of Nazrul Academy in Dhaka James, singer Abdul Jalil, politician, Awami activist, former Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League and founding chairman of Mercantile Bank Limited, Bangladesh Kala Pahar, Muslim general of Bengal Sultanate Shabnam Mustari, singer; recipient of Ekushey Padak; daughter of Talim Hossain Shiran Khalji, second Muslim ruler of Bengal See also Gaganpur References External links https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/322 Districts of Bangladesh
332_0	The Ryanverse is a term for the political drama media franchise created by acclaimed author Tom Clancy centering on the character of Jack Ryan and the fictional universe featuring Jack and other characters, such as John Clark and Domingo Chavez. Novels The first book written to feature Jack Ryan was The Hunt for Red October. By publication date Books in the order in which they were written: The Hunt for Red October (1984) Patriot Games (1987) The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988) Clear and Present Danger (1989) The Sum of All Fears (1991) Without Remorse (1993) Debt of Honor (1994) Executive Orders (1996) Rainbow Six (1998) The Bear and the Dragon (2000) Red Rabbit (2002) The Teeth of the Tiger (2003) Dead or Alive (2010, with Grant Blackwood) Against All Enemies (2011, with Peter Telep) Search and Destroy (Cancelled, with Peter Telep) Locked On (2011, with Mark Greaney) Threat Vector (2012, with Mark Greaney) Command Authority (2013, with Mark Greaney)
332_1	Post-Clancy Ryanverse novels Support and Defend (2014, by Mark Greaney) Full Force and Effect (2014, by Mark Greaney) Under Fire (2015, by Grant Blackwood) Commander in Chief (2015, by Mark Greaney) Duty and Honor (2016, by Grant Blackwood) True Faith and Allegiance (2016, by Mark Greaney) Point of Contact (2017, by Mike Maden) Power and Empire (2017, by Marc Cameron) Line of Sight (2018, by Mike Maden) Oath of Office (2018, by Marc Cameron) Enemy Contact (2019, by Mike Maden) Code of Honor (2019, by Marc Cameron) Firing Point (2020, by Mike Maden) Shadow of the Dragon (2020, by Marc Cameron) Target Acquired (2021, by Don Bentley) Chain of Command (2021, by Marc Cameron) Zero Hour (forthcoming June 2022, by Don Bentley)
332_2	Chronology In the order in which they occur in the storyline (and rough estimates of when they occur): Without Remorse - Begins in late 1969 in the aftermath of Hurricane Camille and continues the following spring in 1970. Epilogue is titled "February 12, 1973". Patriot Games - Begins in 1981 and continues through summer 1982 based on a reference to Ryan's age, which is 31 at the beginning of the novel. Roughly fits with a reference to the Princess of Wales's first child being a boy and a few months old, since Prince William was born in 1982. Discrepancies include the reference to a van having a likely year of manufacture of 1984 and a reference to crime data of 1985. The subsequent events of Red Rabbit would seem to push its date back to 1981, rather than 1982.
332_3	Red Rabbit - Presumably starts in the spring of 1982 as Jack Ryan Jr.'s age in the novel is given as 5 months, although the main action explicitly starts on August 15. Discrepancies between 1982 in the Ryanverse and in actual events, aside from the date of the attempt on the Pope's life, include the actual death of Mikhail Suslov in January 1982, frequent references to Transformers which did not appear until 1984, the fact that the Baltimore Orioles played against the Philadelphia Phillies in the World Series in 1983, the Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis not occurring until 1984, and a reference to Coke Classic which did not debut until the summer of 1985. The Hunt for Red October - 1984. However, the calendar used is for 1982 and Ryan is spending his first Christmas in London, having arrived in the previous novel.
332_4	The Cardinal of the Kremlin - 1986. The first chapter is set in January and states that Ryan is 35 years old. It also has references to the other books set earlier. For example, the Foleys have been in Moscow for almost four years. Clear and Present Danger - 1988. The book refers to Jack's age as under 40. Troops are sent into Colombia to fight against the Medellín Cartel and reduce drug shipments to America. The Sum of All Fears - 1990–1991. The book occurs after the Persian Gulf War and before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is implied that both events occur at the same time in the Ryan universe as in actual event in 1991. In the earlier chapters, it states that it had almost been two Novembers since President Fowler had been elected, making the beginning set in 1990. The video game Rainbow Six puts the atomic detonation in Denver as having occurred in 1989. (The film adaption is set after the break-up of the Soviet Union.)
332_5	Debt of Honor - 1995–1996. The end of the novel occurs eleven months before the 1997 presidential inauguration. Of interest, but not crucial to the plot of this or further books is that North and South Korea were said to be unified at some point between The Sum of All Fears and this book. Executive Orders - 1997-1998 Rainbow Six - 1999-2001. The novel is stated to take place over a year and a half after the Ebola attack from the previous novel. The 2000 Summer Olympics is also the site of an attempted bioweapon attack with a modified strain of the Ebola virus. The epilogue of the novel is stated to take place six months later.
332_6	The Bear and the Dragon - 2002. It is explicitly mentioned multiple times that the ending of Debt of Honor occurred fifteen months before the start of this book, putting the timing somewhere between 1997-1998. However, this seems to be an oversight by the author. Rainbow exists and is discussed as well, denoting that Rainbow Six is this book's predecessor both chronologically and by publication date. The Teeth of the Tiger - 2006, based on the age of Jack Ryan Jr. The U.S. is now engaged in a global war on terrorism, in response to the September 11 attacks, which occurred in the Ryan universe as they did in the real world. It is mentioned that the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq occurred in the Ryan universe continuity, and that the Jerusalem Treaty signed in The Sum of All Fears was not entirely successful as some Israelis and Palestinians continue fighting each other.
332_7	Dead or Alive - 2007, based on Jack Ryan's announcement that he would run against Ed Kealty for President "in the coming year". The Umayyad Revolutionary Council (the Ryan universe version of Al-Qaeda) and its leader "The Emir" (based on Osama bin Laden) plan a string of major attacks on the U.S. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq continue, as in our timeline, and President Kealty is in the process of withdrawing U.S. troops from Iraq. A character decoding encrypted messages explicitly refers to the date as May 2010, but this must be seen as a contradiction in the Jack Ryan continuity as Ed Kealty is a one term president (2005-2008). Against All Enemies - 2008. However, the novel uses the 2010 calendar. Locked On - 2008, based on Jack Ryan Sr.'s campaign for re-election. Jack Ryan Sr. is running for president against incumbent Ed Kealty, who wants to serve a second term (2009-2012). The election happening in this book requires the events take place in 2008.
332_8	Threat Vector - 2009, explicitly stated as six months after the previous novel. Ryan Sr. has been sworn in as president of the United States after having been elected the previous year. Command Authority - 2010, explicitly states that Ryan Sr. is in the second year of his second presidential term. It is implied the novel takes place about five months after the events of Threat Vector in the springtime. Based on the timelines of previous books, the 'Thirty years earlier' chapters must still take place in 1983 (and are therefore actually 27 years earlier). Support and Defend - 2010. The Campus is on operational stand down following the events of Command Authority. Dom Caruso is stated as being 32 years old. Brian's death is mentioned as taking place over two years earlier. Ethan Ross had worked at the White House for three years under two administrations.
332_9	Full Force and Effect - 2010, based on the ages of John Clark (66) and Ding Chavez (47). It is implied that the Vietnam operation takes place several months after the events of Command Authority and approximately one week after the end of Support and Defend. It is mentioned that Clark's torture in Locked On took place two years ago. Choi tells Ri, and it is also mentioned in a conversation between Ryan Sr. and Arnie Van Damm, that Ryan has two years of his presidential term left. Under Fire - 2010. The novel is written as though it takes place in late winter: it was sleeting in Washington and fake snow spray was used in Edinburgh. It is stated that the Forth Road Bridge tolls were reintroduced in February and that the seaside tourist season is three months away. However, the timelines of the next two novels set this sometime in late summer or early autumn.
332_10	Commander in Chief - October 2010. It is explicitly stated that the novel takes place in October and the events of Full Force and Effect are implied throughout the book as taking place several months ago. This is contradicted by mentioning that the events of Command Authority took place 'a year earlier', Jack Ryan Jr. had worked for The Campus for five years, and John Clark's age is 67. It is also noted that Jack Ryan Jr. had known Ysabel for one month. The continued mention of October and the approaching winter verifies Under Fire and this novel are set at the end of 2010 - Duty and Honor also confirms that this is the case. Further contradicted as the book explicitly stays "It was Europe in 2016"
332_11	Duty and Honor Spring 2011, based on the mention of the Lyon attacks taking place in January, at the same time Jack Ryan Jr. was on probation from The Campus. It is also noted this novel takes place several months after the events of Commander in Chief, therefore confirming that Commander in Chief and Under Fire actually took place in the last quarter of 2010.
332_12	True Faith and Allegiance - May to June 2011. It is stated the beginning of the novel takes place 7 months after the events of Commander in Chief. John Clark is still aged 67. Adara and Dom have been dating for a year. It is also mentioned that it is 'well over a year' since the events of Command Authority, the events of Threat Vector took place 'a couple of years back', and the events of Full Force and Effect took happened 'last year'. In a conversation, Ryan Jr tells his father that in two years he will no longer be president. Contradictions are Alex Dalca's age and stated year of birth. Also Gerry Hendley says that Laird was killed in 2017. Later on in the novel, Sally Ryan is implied to be in her early to mid thirties, which ties in with the 2011 date.
332_13	Point of Contact - 2012. It is explicitly stated that the events of True Faith and Allegiance took place last year and the events of Full Force and Effect happened two years ago. Jack Jr.'s age is implied to be under 30, which is a slight contradiction. Power and Empire (?) Line of Sight (?) Oath of Office (?) Enemy Contact (?) Code of Honor (?) Firing Point (?) Shadow of the Dragon (?) Target Acquired (?) Chain of Command (?) Zero Hour (?)
332_14	Characters
332_15	Main The key characters in the Ryanverse include: Jack Ryan: The son of a Baltimore police detective and a nurse, Ryan is a former U.S. Marine and stockbroker who becomes a history teacher at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Ryan later joins the Central Intelligence Agency as analyst and occasional field officer, eventually leaving it as Deputy Director. He later served as National Security Advisor and Vice President before suddenly becoming President of the United States following a terrorist attack on the United States Capitol. Ryan went on to serve two non-consecutive terms and mostly dealt with international crises in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa.
332_16	John Clark: A former Navy SEAL and Chief Petty Officer as John Terrence Kelly, he became an operations officer for the CIA after faking his death and adopting the Clark identity, and at one point served as Ryan’s driver and bodyguard. During Ryan's first term as president, Clark served as director of a multinational counter-terrorism unit code-named Rainbow, which is composed of elite soldiers from countries part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After retiring from CIA and Rainbow, he then worked for The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence organization created by President Ryan, later acquiring a higher position as director of operations. Clark has been described by his creator as "Ryan’s dark side" and "more inclined to take physical action than Jack is."
332_17	Domingo “Ding” Chavez: Born and raised in Los Angeles, Chavez enlisted in the United States Army Special Forces to escape street life. While on a covert operation against a drug cartel in Colombia, he meets Clark, who becomes his mentor. He is then recruited into the CIA as an operations officer, and is usually paired with his eventual father-in-law on several covert missions. When Clark becomes head of Rainbow, Chavez is assigned as leader of one of the counterterror organization's two assault teams. After retiring from the CIA and Rainbow, Chavez joins The Campus as an operations officer, later acquiring a senior status. Daniel E. “Dan” Murray: A veteran FBI agent, Murray is assigned to a partnership with MI5 in England where he meets Ryan in Patriot Games. Murray becomes one of Ryan’s greatest allies, helping him throughout several novels.
332_18	Vice Admiral James Greer: Deputy Director of the CIA and Ryan’s mentor. Greer is known for his sense of humor and kindness. Greer often gives Ryan advice and aids him to his best ability. Greer dies of pancreatic cancer in Clear and Present Danger.
332_19	Some of the key characters have been portrayed in the following movies and television series: Cast
332_20	Presidents A total of six presidents are depicted in the Ryanverse, although only five are named: The unnamed man referred to as "the President" or later by his Secret Service codename "Wrangler", is first introduced in The Hunt for Red October; he remains in office through The Cardinal of the Kremlin, and Clear and Present Danger. At the end of the last novel, he runs for reelection and is defeated. J. Robert Fowler, former governor of Ohio, who defeats the incumbent at the end of Clear and Present Danger and is in office during The Sum of All Fears. After his failure to handle the Denver crisis nearly results in nuclear war, he resigns from office at the end of the novel.
332_21	Roger Durling, Fowler's vice-president, former governor of California and a Vietnam veteran with service in the 82nd Airborne Division. Durling replaces Fowler when the latter resigns, and is the President in Debt of Honor. He nearly completes Fowler's term as President and is planning a reelection campaign when he is killed along with most of the government when a Japanese jetliner is crashed into the Capitol Building. John Patrick Ryan is confirmed as Durling's new vice president at the end of Debt of Honor, and is sworn in as President when Durling is murdered on the same day. His claim to the presidency is contested by Durling's former vice president Ed Kealty in Executive Orders, but the courts eventually rule in Ryan's favor. He is mentioned during Rainbow Six, although he never appears and is depicted as President in The Bear and the Dragon. Ryan chooses not to run for re-election between the events of The Bear and The Dragon and The Teeth of The Tiger.
332_22	Robert Jefferson "Robby" Jackson succeeded Ryan as President of the United States after Ryan retired (as described in The Teeth of the Tiger), with Ryan believing he could leave the country in Robby's capable hands. After serving out the remainder of Ryan's term, Robby campaigned for his own re-election. While travelling in Mississippi, however, Jackson was assassinated by a 67-year-old man who was a member of the Ku Klux Klan; Duane Farmer. Farmer was taken alive and swiftly executed for his crimes. Edward Jonathan Kealty: Durling's former vice-president, replaced by Jack Ryan after a sex scandal. When incumbent president Robby Jackson is assassinated while campaigning, Kealty is elected President in his own right, a position he holds in The Teeth of the Tiger, Dead or Alive, and Locked On.
332_23	John Patrick Ryan,: Begins his campaign for re-election during the events of Dead or Alive, defeats Kealty by a narrow margin in Locked On and assumes office prior to the events of Threat Vector. He is depicted as President in all subsequent Ryanverse novels.
332_24	Various books contain references to both the Reagan Presidency and the George H.W. Bush Presidency as if they had happened The Campus Beginning with The Teeth of the Tiger, Ryanverse novels feature off-the-books intelligence organization The Campus while featuring Jack Ryan Sr. as more of a background character. They follow his son Jack Ryan Jr. and fellow colleagues on several counter-terrorism missions. Hendley Associates, a private trading and arbitrage company, serves as a legitimate cover for the organization, or the "white side". They fund The Campus's intelligence operations by stock market trades influenced by captured intelligence data, thus removing federal oversight and allowing free rein in the Campus's operations.
332_25	Characters Gerald Paul "Gerry" Hendley Jr.: Founder & CEO. A former Democratic senator from South Carolina, Hendley was tasked by then-President Ryan to lead The Campus and its cover Hendley Associates. Jerry Rounds: Chief of strategic planning / director of intelligence Rick Bell: Chief of analysis Sam Granger: Director of operations. Later killed by the Chinese in Threat Vector. John Clark: Director of operations. He was employed by The Campus after retiring from the CIA and Rainbow in Dead or Alive, and after a brief retirement replaces Granger as operations head in Command Authority. Gavin Biery: Director of information technology Lisanne Robertson: Director of transportation. Introduced in Power and Empire. Domingo "Ding" Chavez: Senior operations officer. Along with Clark, he was recruited by The Campus after retiring from the CIA and Rainbow. Ding helps train new agents for the Campus as well and participates in field operations.
332_26	Dominic "Enzo" Caruso: Operations officer and former FBI special agent Brian "Aldo" Caruso: Operations officer and former Marine Major. Later dies in an operation in Libya in Dead or Alive. Jack Ryan Jr.: Intelligence analyst and operations officer. Originally an analyst, he becomes more involved in field operations from Dead or Alive onwards, much to the concern of his father. Sam Driscoll: Operations officer and former Army Ranger. He was recruited by Clark after the Kealty administration dropped murder charges against him for killing sleeping Middle Eastern terrorists in a cave in Pakistan during the hunt for the Emir in Dead or Alive. Later dies in an operation in Mexico City in Full Force and Effect. Adara Sherman: Operations officer in True Faith and Allegiance and former director of transportation. She currently has a relationship with Caruso.
332_27	Bartosz "Barry" Jankowski (call sign "Midas"): Operations officer and former Delta Force operator. Recruited by Clark in True Faith and Allegiance. Tony Wills: Intelligence analyst who originally trained Jack Ryan Jr. on the intelligence side of The Campus Helen Reid: Pilot of Hendley Associates's Gulfstream G550 Chester "Country" Hicks: Co-pilot of Hendley Associates's Gulfstream G550
332_28	In other media Films Television
332_29	It was announced by Deadline that Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland would be working with Michael Bay and his production company Platinum Dunes and Paramount Television on a Jack Ryan TV series for Amazon. On April 29, 2016, Deadline announced that John Krasinski will star as Jack Ryan in the series. On August 16, 2016, Amazon Studios announced they had given a series order for a 10-episode first season of Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan. On November 4, 2016, Abbie Cornish was cast as Cathy Muller in the series. On January 6, 2017, it was reported that Morten Tyldum would direct the pilot. In February 2017, it was announced that The Americans director Daniel Sackheim would direct multiple episodes and produce the series. The series, said to be inspired by the Harrison Ford Jack Ryan films, premiered on August 31, 2018. Four months earlier, on April 24, 2018, Amazon had renewed the series for season two, which is set in South America, and it was renewed for a third season on February 13, 2019.
332_30	Video games Many video games based on the Ryanverse have been made, some based on the novels, some on the films, some on the spin-offs.
332_31	The Hunt for Red October (1987): Based on the book The Hunt for Red October. It was released for the Atari ST, Amiga, Apple II, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Commodore 64 and IBM PC. The player must navigate the Red October towards U.S. waters while avoiding the Soviet Navy. The game is a combination of submarine simulator and strategy game. The Hunt for Red October (1990): Based on the movie The Hunt for Red October. It was released for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and ZX Spectrum. The game features five action sequences including jumping from a helicopter and navigating submarines through deep channels and avoiding from many obstacles.
332_32	The Sum of All Fears (2002): Based on the movie The Sum of All Fears. It was released for Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, and the GameCube. It is a tactical first-person shooter where various mission must be completed including saving hostages in a Charleston, West Virginia television station, and shutting down the operations of a West Virginian militia.
332_33	Rainbow Six games In addition Tom Clancy created a multi-media franchise about a fictional international counter-terrorist unit called "Rainbow". The franchise began with Clancy's novel Rainbow Six, which was adapted into a series of tactical first-person shooter video games. Bibliography References External links Canons (fiction) Mass media franchises introduced in 1984 Novels by Tom Clancy Novel series Tom Clancy
333_0	Vreneli (aka Goldvreneli) is the informal name for a range of legal tender gold coins of the Swiss franc. The coins were issued between 1897 and 1936, in 1947 and in 1949. All coins issued after 1936 are restrikes (legal tender ceased September 29, 1936). The coin exists in three denominations, of 10, 20 and 100 francs. The 20 francs coin was produced from 1897 to 1949 with a total issue of 58.6 million pieces. It replaced an earlier design of gold coin minted from 1883 to 1896. The 10 francs version was minted from 1911 to 1922 (total issue 2.6 million pieces), and the 100 francs version was minted in 1925 only (total issue 5,000 pieces). All coins have a purity of 90% gold and were minted to the standards of the Latin Monetary Union.
333_1	The name Vreneli was given to the design of a female head in profile by Neuchâtel medalist Fritz Ulisse Landry. A more formal name is Helvetia Head (German Helvetiakopf, French Tête d'Helvetia, as opposed to the Seated Helvetia (Sitzende Helvetia, Helvetia assise) or the Standing Helvetia).
333_2	Description These coins had face values of 10, 20 and 100 Swiss francs and were minted in a millesimal fineness of 900. The coins are sometimes colloquially called “Swiss Miss,” from the obvious obverse motif. The 20 franc coin's reverse shows the Swiss shield, featuring the Swiss Cross, and a wreath of oak along with the denomination. The coins were minted at the Swiss Mint at Bern (although the die engraving was done at the Paris mint) and the coins are mint marked with a "B" (without a period). The 20 franc coins are 21 mm in diameter (about the size of a U.S. five cent piece), 1.25 mm in thickness, weigh 6.45 grams (gross weight) and; at 90% pure, contain .1866 troy ounces or 5.805 grams of pure gold. The 10 franc coin weighs 3.23 grams and at 90% purity contains 2.9 grams (0.093 ozt) of pure gold.
333_3	Key mintage figures Around 61 million coins were minted, although only 5,000 of the 100 franc pieces were produced and only in the year 1925. The 20 Franc coin is the most common, and it is popular as a bullion coin. 1926 - 20 francs Among the 20 franc pieces, the 1926 coin with its mintage of only 50,000 pieces is the ostensible key to that series. However, the 1926 is relatively fairly common and the real keys to the series are said to be the 1903 and the 1904. This is based upon the fact that the major coin grading services have graded less than 10 coins of each date in all grades, while the 1926 has a graded population of over 200. Of course, populations depend upon the numbers of coins actually submitted by collectors which is inexorable tied to the popularity of a coin series, or lack thereof among collectors. For a critique of population reports see Doug Winter's essay, February 2002.
333_4	1925 - 100 francs The 100 franc denomination was only struck in 1925 with a very limited mintage of 5,000. The 10-franc series The 10 franc denomination was struck in 1911 (100,000) through 1916 (130,000), inclusive, and in 1922 (1,020,000). Although the obverse is the same for the 10, 20 and 100 franc pieces, the reverse of the 10 and 100 are common depicting a radiant Swiss Cross above a branch. The re-strikes of 1935 In 1935, 175,000 regular strikes of the 20 franc coins were produced. However, an additional twenty million (20,008,813) coins dated "L1935B" with the "L" indicating "lingot" or bullion and the "B" indicating the Bern mint, were re-struck in 1945 (3,500,000), 1946 (7,108,813) and 1947 (9,400,000). An additional 9,200,000 coins contemporaneously struck and dated in 1947 were also produced and are distinguished by the mint mark "B". There were no regular strikes produced in the years 1945 and 1946. History
333_5	The 20 francs gold coin was introduced in 1883, in the same design as the 5 francs coin at the time (with the Liberty head by Albert Walch, facing left, on the obverse, and a coat of arms designed by Albert Walch on the reverse). The "head of Liberty" design is often also identified as "Helvetia".
333_6	The 20 franc denomination with the aforementioned specifications (size and alloy and gold content) was first established by Napoleon for France in 1803. The denomination/specifications remained in usage until the First World War under what was known as the Latin Monetary League. Switzerland constituted itself in Confederation in 1848. It adopted the Swiss Franc, and aligned its currency on the French franc in 1850. It joined the Latin Union in December 1865. Switzerland had Swiss 20 franc pieces, Spain had 20 peseta coins, Italy had 20 lira pieces, Belgium had 20 Belgian franc coins, Romania had 20 lei coins and Greece had 20 drachmas coins all of which circulated and were accepted throughout Europe. For political reasons the British and the German Empires decided not to follow this direction.
333_7	Attempts were even taken to explore the unification of the European currency with the American dollar, which explains the extremely rare U.S. Stella carrying an unusual face value of $4, which contained the same amount of gold as the Swiss 20 francs coins.
333_8	In 1895, the Federal Council decided that the coin should be made with a novel design. From a total of 21 suggestions, a depiction of Helvetia by Neuchâtel artist Fritz Ulysse Landry (1842–1927) won second place. His Helvetia figure was criticized as too young and romantic, and the alpine panorama as too intrusive. Landry revisited his design and the revised design was chosen for the coin. It shows a female head with tresses in profile, with a garland of edelweiss and an alpine panorama. Landry in a letterof 1895 mentions that he modelled the design on a "very pure type of women of Hasli" (the Oberhasli district of the Bernese Oberland). Suggestions for the identity of his model include and Rosa Tännler (at the time aged 17), or Françoise Kramer-Egli (at the time aged 36).
333_9	A trial run of only 12 pieces shows the head with an additional forelock which was removed as "too frivolous". The final design was still criticized as still too frivolous for a national representation, but at the same time it was widely popular and given the endearing nickname of Vreneli. The new series was authorized by the law on January 6, 1896. The name of the coin is a Swiss German affectionate diminutive of the female given name "Verena". This name, in its diminutive form also used as a pars pro toto for female youths, is historically well-known and traditionally popular in Switzerland. A 2011 article in Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported that part of the gold used for the coinage of Vrenelis originated from the Peruvian Madre de Dios region. The article drew a connection to the current environmental damage and health issues for the miners reported from the gold mines in the region. See also Coins of the Swiss franc Napoleon (coin) Rappen Notes and references External links
333_10	Swissmint - The 160 Years of swiss franc, A brief historical discourse, swissmint.ch (in English) Das Goldvreneli, swissmint.ch (in German) Vreneli - Online Coin Club, onlinecoin.club (in English) Economy of Switzerland Currencies of Switzerland Gold coins Bullion coins
334_0	Johann Georg Goldammer (born 1949) is senior scientist at the Max Planck Society for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, specializing in forest research, director of the Global Fire Monitoring Center, and the leader of the UN-FAO/ECE/ILO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire.
334_1	Academic activities
334_2	A professor at Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Forest and Environmental Sciences. The University hosts the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC), a body which is instrumental in facilitating communication between national and regional forest fire organizations and NGOs. He co-convenes the IGBP-IGAC-BIBEX programme and serves as leader of the UN-FAO/ECE/ILO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire and coordinator of the Wildland Fire Advisory Group and the Global Wildland Fire Network of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). He is also member of the ISDR Interagency Task Force for Disaster Reduction. Goldammer has ongoing research concerns on all continents since the mid-1970s and was involved in designing, preparing and partially implementing international and interdisciplinary research campaigns and fire experiments. A series of international conferences organized by the group have produced several monographs on regional and global fire ecology.
334_3	Bibliography Reviewed Journal and Book Submissions:
334_4	Wildfires and Forest Development in Tropical and Subtropical Asia: Prospective outlook towards the year 2000 In: Proc. Symp. Wildland Fire 2000, April 27–30, 1987, South Lake Tahoe, Cal., 164-176. USDA For.Ser. Gen. Techn. Rep. PSW-101, 258 p. International Issues: Report of Futuring Group 9. In: Proc. Symp. Wildland Fire 2000, April 27–30, 1987, South Lake Tahoe, Cal., 256-258. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Techn. Rep. PSW-101, 258 p. Rural land-use and fires in the tropics. Agroforestry Systems 6, 235-252. Natural rain forest fires in Eastern Borneo during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Naturwissenschaften 76, 518-520. Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
334_5	Fire in tropical ecosystem and global environmental change. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 1-10. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. The impact of droughts and forest fires on tropical lowland rain forest of Eastern Borneo. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 11-31. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. The role of fire in the tropical lowland deciduous forests of Asia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 32-44. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. Fire in the pine-grassland biomes of tropical and subtropcal Asia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 45-62. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
334_6	Prescribed burning in industrial pine plantations. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 216-272. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. Global change: effects on forest ecosystems and wildfire severity. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 463-486. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. Fire in ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 199 p. The role of fire in the montane-boreal coniferous forest of Daxinganling, Northeast China: A preliminary model. In: Fire in ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives (J.G. Goldammer and M.J.Jenkins, eds.), 175-184. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 199 p.
334_7	Waldumwandlung und Waldverbrennung in den Tiefland-Regenwäldern des Amazonasbeckens: Ursachen und ökologische Implikationen. In: Amazonien: Versuch einer interdisziplinären Annäherung (A. Hoppe, ed.), 119-142. Ber. Naturforsch. Ges. Freiburg 80, 264 p. Tropical wildland fires and global changes: Prehistoric evidence, present fire regimes, and future trends. In: Global biomass burning (J.S. Levine, ed.), 83-91 (Chapter 10). The MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
334_8	External links Complete list of Goldammer's publications Wildfire suppression 1949 births Living people Max Planck Society people University of Freiburg alumni Biogeochemistry
335_0	Fairey Marine Ltd, latterly known as FBM Marine, was a boat building company based on the River Hamble, Southampton, England. The company was created in the late 1940s by Sir Charles Richard Fairey and Fairey Aviation's managing director, Mr. Chichester-Smith. Both were avid sailing enthusiasts along with Chichester-Smith's good friend and former Olympic yachtsman, Charles Currey.
335_1	C.R. Fairey Fairey was also a keen J-class yacht enthusiast. Fairey came to own Shamrock V built in 1930 for Sir Thomas Lipton’s fifth and last America’s Cup challenge. Designed by Charles Nicholson, she was the first British yacht to be built to the new J Class rule and is the only remaining J built in wood. Sir T.O.M. Sopwith had considerable knowledge of yacht racing and purchased Shamrock V in 1932 to gain experience in J Class racing. He challenged in 1933 and using his experience from Shamrock V went on to build “Endeavour”. Shamrock V was then sold to Sir Richard Fairey.
335_2	In the pre war years, Fairey had commissioned yacht designer Charles Nicholson to build him a 12 Metre class racing yacht. To support this endeavour Sir Richard utilised the designers and engineers at the Fairey Aviation company’s design office to undertake research, design and development work. Hydrodynamic research was augmented by construction of the world’s first experimental low speed wind tunnel for racing yacht design at the Hayes factory. Although the primary use of the wind tunnel was for sails research, Fairey engineers also developed a method of experiment for measuring the component known as skin friction in naval architecture which was used in both the hull and sails research work. The resulting craft was known as Flica, in this craft Fairey won 35 flags in 39 races in 1932 and in the following year 49 flags in 55 races.
335_3	Post war work As the war drew to a close Fairey and Chichester-Smith both decided that they should produce sailing dinghies utilising techniques that had been employed in the construction of aircraft. Charles Currey was recruited to help run the company when he came out of the Royal Navy. The world air speed record holder Peter Twiss joined Fairey Marine Ltd from Fairey Aviation in 1960 and was responsible for development and sales of day-cruisers. In 1969, commanding the Huntsman 707 Fordsport, he took part in the Round Britain Powerboat Race, and included among his crew members, Rally champion Roger Clark. Boats were primarily designed by Alan Burnard.

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