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300_20 | Travis CI: To provide confidence for your apps while doing test and ship. Also gives full control over the build environment, to adapt it to the code. Supported languages: Go, Java, JavaScript, Objective-C, Python, PHP, Ruby, and Swift.
GitLocalize: Developed for teams that are translating their content from one point to another. GitLocalize automatically syncs with your repository so you can keep your workflow on GitHub. It also keeps you updated on what needs to be translated. |
300_21 | GitHub Sponsors
GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub. The public beta was announced on May 23, 2019, and the project accepts wait list registrations. The Verge said that GitHub Sponsors "works exactly like Patreon" because "developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks, and they'll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work" except with "zero fees to use the program." Furthermore, GitHub offer incentives for early adopters during the first year: it pledges to cover payment processing costs, and match sponsorship payments up to $5,000 per developer. Furthermore, users still can use other similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their own websites. |
300_22 | GitHub Archive Program
In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site in an abandoned mountain mine in Svalbard, Norway, part of the Arctic World Archive and not far from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant, but significant public repositories. The 21TB of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as matrix (2D) barcode (Boxing barcode), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years.
The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into the molecular structure of quartz glass platters, using a high-precision laser that pulses a quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) times per second.
Controversies |
300_23 | Harassment allegations
In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner and his wife, Theresa, engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company. In April 2014, GitHub released a statement denying Horvath's allegations. However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog, "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in the workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office." Preston-Werner subsequently resigned from the company. The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings "to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately." |
300_24 | Sanctions
On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on Medium that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages. Soon after, GitHub confirmed that it was now blocking developers in Iran, Crimea, Cuba, North Korea, and Syria from accessing private repositories. However, GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later, for public repositories regardless of location. It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar action occurring on a user's account. GitHub responded to complaints and the media through a spokesperson, saying: |
300_25 | GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for developer collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions.
Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden the use of VPNs and IP proxies to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources. |
300_26 | Censorship
On December 3, 2014, Russia blacklisted GitHub.com because GitHub initially refused to take down user-posted suicide manuals. After a day, Russia withdrew its block, and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia. On December 31, 2014, India blocked GitHub.com along with 31 other websites over pro-ISIS content posted by users; the block was lifted three days later. On October 8, 2016, Turkey blocked GitHub to prevent email leakage of a hacked account belonging to the country's energy minister.
On March 26, 2015, a large-scale DDoS attack was launched against GitHub.com that lasted for just under five days. The attack, which appeared to originate from China, primarily targeted GitHub-hosted user content describing methods of circumventing Internet censorship. |
300_27 | On April 19, 2020, Chinese police detained Chen Mei and Cai Wei (volunteers for Terminus 2049, a project hosted on GitHub), and accused them of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble." Cai and Chen archived news articles, interviews, and other materials published on Chinese media outlets and social media platforms that have been removed by censors in China. |
300_28 | ICE contract
GitHub has a $200,000 contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for the use of their on-site product GitHub Enterprise Server. This contract was renewed in 2019, despite internal opposition from many GitHub employees. In an email sent to employees, later posted to the GitHub blog on October 9, 2019, CEO Nat Friedman stated "The revenue from the purchase is less than $200,000 and not financially material for our company." He announced that GitHub had pledged to donate $500,000 to "nonprofit groups supporting immigrant communities targeted by the current administration." In response at least 150 GitHub employees signed an open letter re-stating their opposition to the contract, and denouncing alleged human rights abuses by ICE. As of November 13, 2019, five workers had resigned over the contract. |
300_29 | The ICE contract dispute came into focus again in June 2020 due to the company's decision to abandon "master/slave" branch terminology, spurred by the George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter movement. Detractors of GitHub describe the branch renaming to be a form of performative activism and have urged GitHub to cancel their ICE contract instead. An open letter from members of the open source community was shared on GitHub in December 2019, demanding that the company drop their contract with ICE and provide more transparency into how they conduct business and partnerships. The letter has been signed by more than 700 people. |
300_30 | Capitol riot comments and employee firing
In January 2021, GitHub fired one of its employees after he expressed concern for colleagues as a violent mob stormed the U.S. Capitol, calling some of the rioters "Nazis." After an investigation, GitHub's COO said there were "significant errors of judgment and procedure" with the company's decision to fire the employee. As a result of the investigation, GitHub reached out to the employee, and the company's head of human resources resigned.
Criticism
Linus Torvalds, the original developer of the Git software, has criticized the merging ability of the GitHub interface.
Developed projects
Atom, a free and open-source text and source code editor
Electron, an open-source framework to use JavaScript-based websites as desktop applications.
See also
Collaborative innovation network
Collaborative intelligence
Commons-based peer production
Comparison of source code hosting facilities
DevOps
Gitea
Timeline of GitHub
References |
300_31 | External links
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Bug and issue tracking software
Cloud computing providers
Collaborative projects
Computing websites
Cross-platform software
Git (software)
Internet properties established in 2008
Microsoft acquisitions
Microsoft subsidiaries
Microsoft websites
Open-source software hosting facilities
Project hosting websites
Project management software
Remote companies
South of Market, San Francisco
Version control |
301_0 | Brian Reffin Smith (born 1946) is an artist, writer, teacher and musician born in Sudbury, Suffolk, in the United Kingdom, who won the first-ever Prix Ars Electronica, the Golden Nica, in Linz, Austria, 1987. He lives in Berlin, Germany. |
301_1 | Life
Brought up in Sileby, Leicestershire, Smith attended what was then an early comprehensive school, Humphrey Perkins School, at Barrow-upon-Soar. He studied metallurgy and metal physics at Brunel University (his sculptural use of metals' internal crystal structures featured in the BBC TV's science and technology programme Tomorrow's World) and later took a master's degree in the multi-disciplinary DDR (Department of Design Research) at the Royal College of Art, where he also was appointed a Research Fellow in 1979 and was later appointed College Tutor in computer-based art and design at the RCA from 1980 to 1984. He taught in the UK and France including most London art schools and French Écoles nationales, the Open University in the UK, and the Sorbonne and Arts et Métiers ParisTech in Paris. From 1986 to 2011 he was Professeur, art et informatique, at the École nationale supérieure d'art, Bourges, France. |
301_2 | Working with computers since the late 1960s, Smith was a pioneer of computer-based conceptual art, with the aim of trying to resist technological determinism and "state of the art" technology which might merely produce "state of the technology" art. He was a council member of IRAT, the London-based Institute for Research in Art and Technology. After showing interactive artworks at the Musée d'art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1983 he was invited by the French Ministry of Culture to intervene in art education, and was later appointed to a teaching post in the École nationale supérieure d'art (National Art School) in Bourges. In the UK in 1979, Smith wrote 'Jackson', one of the first digital painting programs, for the Research Machines 380Z computer, software which was distributed by the Ministry of Education and used in schools and elsewhere. He was involved on-screen and as a programme adviser in BBC TV's The Computer Programme in 1982 and the BBC published his art software for the |
301_3 | BBC Micro. |
301_4 | In the Portsmouth Sinfonia orchestra, composed of players who could barely play their instruments, Smith sometimes played sixth clarinet, for example on the orchestra's World Tour, which started and ended one night in Cardiff, Wales.
Smith has been cited as among the most prolific letter-writers to the UK newspaper The Guardian, along with the celebrated Keith Flett and others.
Smith is a member of the OuPeinPo group of artists, Paris, France (OuPeinPo is to art what the OuLiPo is to literature); and Regent of the College of 'Pataphysics, Paris, France, holding the Chair of Catachemistry and Speculative (or sometimes 'Computational') Metallurgy. He regularly shows artworks and makes performances in the context of 'Pataphysics, often 'zombifying' the audience by wrapping their heads in lengths of bandage or toilet paper. |
301_5 | He is an advocate of including critique or reflection about artworks in the artworks themselves. In 1988 he showed "Artist/Critic" - two Amiga computers, not linked together, using text and a very little artificial intelligence to play the rôles of, respectively, an artist and a critic. Spectators/participants were invited to "help" one or the other text simulations by, for example, telling the artist what the critic said, or meant, and vice versa - the only way the two computers could communicate was by people typing to one what the other had said on its screen, often paraphrasing or adding their own thoughts, to which the critic, or artist, then responded. The concealed stratagem was that the simulations, that of artist and critic, were identical. |
301_6 | Areas of work, research, teaching and performance include ideas of Zombie and 'Pataphysics in art and elsewhere, and the détournement or "hijacking" of systems, mechanisms, programs, etc. from computing and other areas of science and technology, as well as cognitive psychology, to make conceptual art. Smith claims to have become a Philosophical Zombie, and hence to have a deeper insight into problems of existence, artificial intelligence and art, after a botched heart operation in a Paris hospital when, instead of the more usual latex balloon being used to inflate a blocked artery during angioplasty, the team had recourse to a pufferfish (or fugu) which swells rapidly when a harmless voltage is applied to its tail. Smith has insisted, contrary to David Chalmers who invoked the idea of a philosophical zombie as an attempted refutation of physicalism, that it's "Zombies all the way down" (at the 5th International Conference on the Histories of Media Art, Science and Technology, Riga, |
301_7 | Latvia, 2013.) |
301_8 | Exhibitions of conceptual art, installation art, performance art etc., often computer based, include "Art for Society", Whitechapel Gallery, London, 1979, "Electra", Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, 1983; Fondation Cartier, Paris, Pixim, 1988, La Villette, Paris, SIGGRAPH, 1988, (USA various and Moscow), Galerie Zwinger, Berlin, and Krammig & Pepper Contemporary, Berlin, 1986–, gallery A3, Moscow 1990, Muses Maschine Art Laboratory Galerie, Berlin, 2014–2015, DAM (Digital Arts Museum) Gallery, Berlin, 2016. |
301_9 | In addition to many books on computers for children and on computer-based arts for adults, Smith has broadcast and written widely on art and technology. He is a book and peer reviewer for Leonardo Journal. Smith contributed presentations to international conferences on Art, Design, Consciousness Studies, Media Histories and Digital Arts. In his writings on computers in the early 1980s (for example "Computers", Usborne Publishing Ltd, 1981) Smith appeared to predict in some detail smart devices such as the iPad and also the idea of using software held not in a computer but remotely, in the cloud, or elsewhere on the World Wide Web.
In his chapter in White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960–1980, Smith wrote:
This quotation inspired a symposium, "Ideas before their time", held at the British Computer Society in London in February 2010 at which Smith was the invited Keynote speaker. |
301_10 | Smith's "43 Dodgy Statements on Computer Art", described by Wired as "timeless", included ‘The sadness of most art is that it does not know its future. The sadness of computer art is that it does not know its past’ and ‘What would be pretentious or nonsensical if one said it oneself does not become more worthy when spoken by a computer-generated avatar’.
References
1946 births
Living people
People from Sudbury, Suffolk
People from Sileby
Alumni of Brunel University London
British conceptual artists
British digital artists
University of Paris faculty
Academics of the Royal College of Art
Pataphysicians |
302_0 | Dinocephalosaurus (meaning "terrible-headed reptile") is a genus of long necked, aquatic protorosaur that inhabited the Triassic seas of China. The genus contains the type and only known species, D. orientalis, which was named by Li in 2003. Unlike other long-necked protorosaurs (which form a group known as the tanystropheids), Dinocephalosaurus convergently evolved a long neck not through elongation of individual cervical vertebrae, but through the addition of cervical vertebrae that each have a moderate length. Like other tanystropheids, however, Dinocephalosaurus probably used its long neck to hunt for prey, utilizing a combination of suction, created by the expansion of the throat, and the fang-like teeth of the jaws to ensnare prey. It was probably a marine animal by necessity, as suggested by the poorly-ossified and paddle-like limbs which would have prevented it from going ashore. |
302_1 | Specimens belonging to the genus were first discovered in a locality near Xinmin in Guizhou, China in 2002. At the same locality, which dates to 244 million years ago, other marine reptiles such as Mixosaurus, Keichousaurus, and Wumengosaurus have also been found. While the type specimen consisted only of a skull and the very front of the neck, additional specimens soon revealed the complete form of the body. Further discoveries of Dinocephalosaurus specimens were made in Luoping, Yunnan, China, starting in 2008. At this locality, Dinocephalosaurus would have lived alongside Mixosaurus, Dianopachysaurus, and Sinosaurosphargis. One specimen discovered at the Luoping locality preserves a fetus within its abdomen, indicating that Dinocephalosaurus gave birth to live young like many other marine reptiles. Dinocephalosaurus is the only known member of the Archosauromorpha to give live birth, with the possible exception of the metriorhynchids, a group of marine crocodylomorphs. |
302_2 | Description
Dinocephalosaurus was a large member of the Protorosauria, attaining a maximum body length of at least , compared to a maximum of for Tanystropheus. The known specimens are probably mature, given that they have fused skull bones and lack the multi-cusped teeth seen in juvenile Tanystropheus. Like Tanystropheus, Dinocephalosaurus has an exceptionally long neck ( long) relative to its torso ( excluding the tail). |
302_3 | Skull
The skull of Dinocephalosaurus is low and narrow, with a long premaxilla and maxilla compared to those of Tanystropheus. Both the premaxilla and the maxilla meet at the anteroventral (front bottom) corner and contribute to the border of the nostril, which is located at the anterior (front) end of a long recess that extends along the snout in front of the eye socket (the antorbital depression). The bottom margins of the two snout bones are respectively lined with five and twelve long and nail-like teeth; the third premaxillary and fourth and fifth maxillary teeth are distinctly fang-like. The lower jaw has fifteen preserved teeth, with three of them being fang-like. By comparison, the teeth in adult Tanystropheus are sharp pegs, while they are tricuspid (bearing three cusps) in juveniles. |
302_4 | Unlike the oval-shaped eye socket of Tanystropheus, the eye socket of Dinocephalosaurus appears to be peach-shaped, with a narrow anterior end. On the top of the skull, the parietal is broad and flattened, bearing no trace of the midline crest found in Tanystropheus. The jugal only has two processes, missing the third backward-projecting process present in most other reptiles. Also missing are the retroarticular process of the posterior (rear) lower jaw (another point of distinction from Tanystropheus), as well as additional teeth and a cavity between the pterygoid bones on the palate.
Neck and trunk |
302_5 | Tanystropheus and Dinocephalosaurus accomplished their extremely elongated necks in different ways. The neck of Tanystropheus is composed of 13 elongated cervical vertebrae, whereas the neck of Dinocephalosaurus is composed of at least 27 cervical vertebrae that are not as elongated. Among the 27 vertebrae of Dinocephalosaurus, the longest is the nineteenth, which measures approximately long. By comparison, the longest vertebrae in a Chinese specimen of Tanystropheus are the ninth and tenth, which measure long. Additionally, the cervical vertebrae of Dinocephalosaurus are not hollow, unlike those of Tanystropheus. |
302_6 | Additional features of the cervical vertebrae which distinguish Dinocephalosaurus from other protorosaurs include the low and keel-like neural spines, and the anterior and posterior (rear) articular surfaces of the vertebrae both being concave (amphicoelous). In the first ten vertebrae, the bottom margin is also concave. The long, slender cervical ribs bear frontal projections free of the vertebral bodies, which are also unique to Dinocephalosaurus. These ribs are aligned along the neck and bridge multiple consecutive vertebral joints, from two or three consecutive joints in the anterior the neck to five or six in the posterior neck. There appear to be no distinct processes on the vertebrae for articulation with the ribs. |
302_7 | The trunk of Dinocephalosaurus has at least 26 vertebrae. In Dinocephalosaurus, there appear to be no lumbar vertebrae, or vertebrae of the trunk lacking ribs. The ribs of the sacrum and tail also do not appear to be fused to their corresponding vertebrae. Each of the gastralia in Dinocephalosaurus is composed of three elements instead of four as in Tanystropheus; they differ in that Dinocephalosaurus only has one element on the midline, while Tanystropheus has two elements that combine to form a midline bar. |
302_8 | Limbs
Dinocephalosaurus had relatively large legs terminating in flipper-like feet. The forelimbs and hindlimbs are roughly the same length, unlike Tanystropheus where the forelimbs are much smaller. Whereas most protorosaurs, such as Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and Langobardisaurus, had relatively ossified limbs adapted for terrestrial life, the stout limbs of Dinocephalosaurus are poorly ossified and resemble those of nothosaurs. Out of the carpal bones, only six are ossified; similarly, only three of the tarsal bones are ossified. Additionally, the astragalus and calcaneum also do not articulate with each other in the ankle, instead forming simple and rounded ossifications. |
302_9 | These traits are probably neotenic, which similarly characterizes traits found in many other aquatic tetrapods. While Tanystropheus is likely also neotenic, it does not approach Dinocephalosaurus in the extremity of this condition. Several other peculiar traits are present in the feet of Dinocephalosaurus. Unlike Tanystropheus and most other protorosaurs, the fifth metatarsal of Dinocephalosaurus is simple and straight instead of hooked. Tanystropheus merely has a fifth metatarsal which is mildly thickened at the top end, and it additionally possesses a long phalanx on the fifth digit that acts not unlike another metatarsal. On the third digit of the foot, there are four phalanges but none of them appear to be the terminal claw, which suggests that Dinocephalosaurus had a higher-than-average count of at least five phalanges in the third digit.
Discovery and naming
Panxian |
302_10 | The type specimen of Dinocephalosaurus was first discovered in 2002, during fieldwork conducted in Yangjuan Village, Xinmin District, Panxian County, Guizhou, China. It consists of a nearly-complete skull missing the left side of the jaw, as well as several associated cervical vertebrae. It was subsequently stored at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in Beijing, China under the collection number IVPP V13767, and a research paper describing the specimen was authored by IVPP paleontologist Chun Li and published by Acta Geologica Sinica in December 2003. |
302_11 | A second specimen discovered at the same locality represents a partially articulated skeleton that is only lacking the tail. Likewise stored at the IVPP, the specimen has the collection number IVPP V13898. The specimen was described in a brief correspondence authored by Li, Olivier Rieppel, and Michael LaBarbera that was published by Science in September 2004; a more detailed description was subsequently published by Rieppel, Li, Nicholas Fraser in a 2008 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology paper. |
302_12 | The Panxian locality, from where these specimens originated, is part of Member II of the Anisian (Middle Triassic) Guanling Formation, which was initially thought to be 230 million years old, but has most recently been dated to 244 ± 1.3 million years old based on uranium–lead dating. Predominant deposits at this locality are composed of grey to dark grey marly limestone, as well as cherty limestone containing dolomite and bentonite beds. Dinocephalosaurus was specifically found in layer 90 of the Panxian deposits, a thin limestone layer which is traditionally assigned to the Upper Reptile Horizon (layers 87–90). Further below are the Middle Reptile (layers 81–85) and Lower Reptile (77–79) Horizons.
Luoping |
302_13 | Subsequently, additional Dinocephalosaurus specimens were discovered from the slightly older Luoping locality, which has been dated to 245–244 million years old based on conodont biostratigraphy as well as preliminary radiometric dating. The specimens originate from bed 74 of the Luoping locality, in deposits located near the village of Dawazi, Luoping County, Yunnan, China. Bed 74 is part of a section composed of thin dark grey micritic limestone layers mixed with thicker layers of siliceous limestone and silty limestone, which extends downwards to bed 67. |
302_14 | One particular specimen is notable for containing an embryo in its abdominal region, of which cervical vertebrae, forelimbs, and several other elements are preserved. It was collected in 2008; by the time of its collection, weathering had already split the specimen into three blocks, with the gaps having been filled by modern soil. The specimen was then transferred to the Chengdu Center of the China Geological Survey, where it was prepared and stored under the collection number LPV 30280. Subsequently, a description of the specimen, authored by Jun Liu, Chris Organ, Michael Benton, Matthew Brandley, and Jonathan Aitchison, was published in February 2017 by Nature Communications. |
302_15 | Naming
In his 2003 description, Li combined the roots of din- ("terrible"), cephalo- ("head"), and saur ("lizard") to create the genus name Dinocephalosaurus. According to Li, this name refers to the "ghastful skull" of the holotype. Meanwhile, the species name is derived from Latin orientalis ("eastern"), in reference to D. orientalis representing the only known record at the time of the Tanystropheidae in what would have been the eastern portion of the Tethys Ocean. |
302_16 | Classification
Dinocephalosaurus is considered to be a member of the Protorosauria, a group of ubiquitous and diverse Permo-Triassic reptiles. This assignment is based upon characteristics including the low and narrow skull with a short and narrow postorbital region; the long nasal relative to the frontal; the reduced backward projection of the jugal; the presence of more than seven cervical vertebrae, with centra longer than those of the dorsal vertebrae; the low neural spines of the cervical vertebrae; the long cervical ribs; the lack of intercentra articulating with the dorsal centra; and the absence of an entepicondylar foramen on the humerus. These characteristics are shared with Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and other protorosaurs. |
302_17 | Protorosaurs were formerly considered to be the ancestors of lizards, but phylogenetic analysis has subsequently verified that they are in fact non-archosaur archosauromorphs. As originally defined, the Protorosauria referred to the group containing Protorosaurus and Prolacerta, and was synonymous with the "Prolacertiformes". In 1997, Nour-Eddine Jalil conducted an analysis of the "Prolacertiformes"; this analysis expanded its definition to include 14 genera, including the Tanystropheidae. Subsequent research has generally found that Prolacerta is closer to the Archosauriformes than Protorosaurus, making the "Prolacertiformes" non-monophyletic. Whether the remaining protorosaurs – including Protorosaurus, tanystropheids, and drepanosaurs in some studies – form a monophyletic group is unclear. Different phylogenies have supported both monophyletic and non-monophyletic Protorosauria, with the latter arrangement generally having Protorosaurus as being more basal than the Tanystropheidae. |
302_18 | In the original description of Dinocephalosaurus, Li recognized the postorbital region and the elongated cervical centra as being indicative of a close relationship with Tanystropheus, which led him to assign it to the Tanystropheidae. However, Rieppel and colleagues subsequently noted characteristics that distinguished Dinocephalosaurus from derived protorosaurs such as Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, Langobardisaurus, and Tanytrachelos; these include the lack of tapering at the front end of the nasal and an unreduced contribution of the ilium to the acetabulum. This led Rieppel and colleagues to consider Dinocephalosaurus as an indeterminate protorosaur, with its neck elongation been convergent upon that of Tanystropheus. Their phylogenetic tree, based on a dataset derived from the separate analyses of Jalil (1997), David Dilkes (1998), and Michael Benton & Jackie Allen (1997), is reproduced below, at left.
Topology A: Rieppel et al. (2008)Topology B: Liu et al. (2017) |
302_19 | Liu and colleagues conducted a separate phylogenetic analysis in 2017. They criticized the analysis of Rieppel and colleagues as having unnecessarily repeated several characters in their data, thus imbuing the repeated characters with undue weight in the analysis. In their own analysis, Liu and colleagues used the same source datasets, but deleted repeated characters, added two new characters from an analysis by Sean Modesto and Hans-Dieter Sues (2004), and removed poorly preserved or potentially chimeric taxa such as Cosesaurus, Kadimakara, Trachelosaurus, and Malerisaurus. Analyses based on parsimony-based and Bayesian methods found that Dinocephalosaurus was a member of the Tanystropheidae, being the sister group to a clade containing Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, Langobardisaurus, and Tanytrachelos. The analyses also recovered a monophyletic Protorosauria, albeit to the exclusion of Prolacerta. The tree from the parsimony-based analysis is reproduced above, at right.
Paleobiology |
302_20 | Neck and feeding
The long neck of Dinocephalosaurus probably served a functional role. In particular, the length of the neck places a long distance between the head and the remainder of the body. This would have allowed Dinocephalosaurus to approach potential prey without the majority of its bulk being detected, which would have been effective in the murky waters of its habitat. |
302_21 | Dinocephalosaurus may also have used its neck to capture its prey via suction feeding. After flexing its neck to the side (which would have been facilitated by the slenderness of the cervical ribs), the act of straightening the neck would have caused the cervical ribs to splay outwards due to the action of the neck muscles attached to the ribs. As the head lunged forward, the volume of the esophagus would have increased, creating suction. Once the prey was caught, the fang-like teeth would have secured the prey in the mouth. Like other aquatic amniotes, Dinocephalosaurus would have swallowed and digested its prey head-first, as evidenced by the preservation of a perleidid fish in the abdominal region of LPV 30280 from Luoping. |
302_22 | It is not likely that Dinocephalosaurus used its long neck for breathing by extending it vertically. If it tried to do so, the difference in pressure between the surface and its torso would be sufficiently extreme such that its lungs would not have inflated. Thus, in order to breathe, Dinocephalosaurus would need to approach the surface with a nearly horizontal neck. The horizontal posture of the neck would also have facilitated locomotion at the surface, due to its long profile increasing its "hull length" and reducing the effect of resistance from waves. |
302_23 | Reproduction
Dinocephalosaurus represents the climax of aquatic adaptations among the protorosaurs. Given its long neck and paddle-like limbs, it was probably incapable of functioning comfortably in a terrestrial environment. One consequence of these adaptations is that Dinocephalosaurus would have been incapable of building nests on land. This would also have prevented it from possessing hard-shelled reptilian eggs; such eggs necessitate the exchange of gases with the outside environment, and this process is significantly slower in water than it is in air. Thus, Dinocephalosaurus could not have been oviparous. At the same time, however, archosaurs are known for the total absence of viviparous, or live birth, among its living members. |
302_24 | The embryonic individual of Dinocephalosaurus preserved inside LPV 30280 from Luoping can be identified as such for several reasons. First, it is enclosed entirely within the body cavity of the adult. Its cervical ribs - which are long, like that of the adult - face the same direction as the dorsal vertebrae of the adult, which is in contradiction to the typical head-first method of swallowing prey among amniotes. It is also preserved with its neck curling towards its forelimbs, a posture which is seen among vertebrate embryos but not adult Dinocephalosaurus specimens, which generally have the neck bent upwards. The absence of hands associated with the forelimbs in the embryo may be an artifact of preservation, but it may also be due to the sequence in which the limb bones of tetrapods ossify. |
302_25 | Although the presence of an embryo per se would be equivocal regarding this issue, the conditions in which the embryo were preserved provide strong evidence that Dinocephalosaurus was viviparous. There is no preserved calcified eggshell surrounding the embryo, despite the presence of delicately-preserved calcified elements from other animals at Luoping. This is consistent with the eggshells surrounding the embryos of viviparous reptiles being non-calcified membranes. Furthermore, the relative proportions of the humerus and the fibula in the embryo, compared with the maternal individual and IVPP V13898 from Panxian, indicate that the embryo is around 12% of the size of its mother. Combined with its ossified bones, this suggests that the embryo was at an advanced developmental stage, whereas crocodilians, birds, turtles, and tuataras lay eggs at very early developmental stages. |
302_26 | Overall, the evidence provided by the embryo suggests that Dinocephalosaurus was viviparous, making it the first viviparous archosauromorph asides from possibly metriorhynchids. This is consistent with the separation of its sacral ribs from its sacrum, which indicates a mobile pelvis that could have functioned in giving birth. While the otherwise absence of viviparous archosaurs has been historically attributed to common attributes inherited from the archosaurian stem-lineage, the discovery that Dinocephalosaurus was viviparous suggests that this phenomenon is due to lineage-specific lifestyle restrictions. Although the sex-determination systems among living archosauromorphs are diverse, with crocodilians and turtles using temperature-dependent sex determination, phylogenetic modelling suggests that Dinocephalosaurus retained the basal condition of genotypic sex determination from early diapsids, and that this system facilitated its transition to an obligately marine lifestyle |
302_27 | alongside viviparity. |
302_28 | Paleoecology
Until at least the end of the Middle Triassic, high sea levels enabled shallow water to cover much of the South China Block, a tectonic plate that today consists of the stable Yangtze Craton and the less stable South China Fold Belt. A mountain-building event known as the Indosinian orogeny uplifted Precambrian rocks to form four major landmasses on the South China Block: Khamdian to the west, Jiangnan in the centre, Yunkai to the south, and Cathaysia to the east. Island chains also stretched between Yunkai and Cathaysia in the east. Located between Khamdian and Jiangnan was a deep oceanic basin known as the Nanpanjiang Basin. Along the western edge of this basin, fossil-bearing sediments were laid down to become what are now the Lagerstätten (sedimentary deposits characterized by exemplary preservation) of Panxian, Luoping, and other localities. |
302_29 | At Panxian, there appears to have been a transition in the endemic marine reptile fauna, possibly caused by volcanism. This volcanism is indicated by the presence of a bentonite layer between the Middle and Upper Reptile Horizons. From lower in the Upper Reptile Horizon, fossils have also been found of the ubiquitous mixosaurian ichthyosaur Mixosaurus panxianensis (which occurs in all layers), the pachypleurosaurs Keichousaurus sp. and Wumengosaurus delicatomandibularis, and fish, although fossils of the latter are fragmentary. The lower Middle and Lower Reptile Horizons also include the mixosaurian Phalarodon cf. fraasi, the primitive ichthyosaur Xinminosaurus catactes, the placodont Placodus inexpectatus, the nothosaurs Lariosaurus hongguoensis and Nothosaurus yangjuanensis, and the archosaur Qianosuchus mixtus, alongside bivalves and saurichthyid fish. |
302_30 | The fauna of Luoping appears to have been preserved in a small intraplatform basin instead of the surrounding open water, judging by the anoxic sediments present at the site. Out of 19,759 specimens, 93.7% of the fossils found at Luoping are arthropods: decapods, isopods, crab-like cycloids, shrimp-like mysidaceans, clam shrimp, and ostracods, as well as rare millipedes and horseshoe crabs. By comparison, only 0.07% of specimens come from marine reptiles, which include Dinocephalosaurus alongside Mixosaurus cf. panxianensis, Dianopachysaurus dingi, Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis, and an archosaur. Otherwise, fish including saurichthyids, palaeoniscids, birgeriids, perleidids, eugnathids, semionotids, pholidopleurids, peltopleurids, and coelacanths have been found at Luoping, forming 3.66% of fossils with 25 taxa in 9 families. Molluscs such as bivalves and gastropods, along with ammonoids and belemnoids, account for 1.69% of specimens. Rare and probably non-endemic fossils also include |
302_31 | echinoderms such as crinoids, starfish, and sea urchins; branchiopods; and relatively complete conifer branches and leaves, which probably originated from coastal forests less than away. |
302_32 | References
Tanystropheids
Prehistoric reptile genera
Anisian genera
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Triassic China
Fossils of China
Fossil taxa described in 2003 |
303_0 | WLII-DT, virtual and VHF digital channel 11, branded on-air as TeleOnce, is a dual Univision/UniMás-affiliated television station serving San Juan, Puerto Rico that is licensed to Caguas. The station is owned by Burbank, California-based Liberman Media Group. WLII-DT's primary studio facilities are located on Calle Carazo in Guaynabo, with additional studios at The Mall of San Juan. The station's transmitter is located near the Bosque Estatal de Carite mountain reserve.
TeleOnce operates two satellite stations: WSUR-DT (channel 9) in Ponce and WOLE-DT (channel 12) in Aguadilla.
History |
303_1 | Telecadena Perez-Perry (1960–1981) |
303_2 | In 1960, Rafael Perez Perry received authorization from the government to start WKBM-TV on May 23, broadcasting on channel 11, as part of his new Telecadena Perez-Perry chain of television stations. Some of the shows that WKBM-TV aired throughout those years included Una Hora Contigo and Tira y Tapate with Myrta Silva, Yo Soy el Gallo with José Miguel Class, El Show de Carmita with Carmita Jiménez, El Show de Lissette, El Show de Iris Chacón, El Hit del Momento and El Super Show Goya with Enrique Maluenda, Lillian Hurst and Luz Odilea Font, Una Chica llamada: Ivonne Coll, Cambia Cambia con Alfred D. Herger, Almorzando and Del Brazo with Ruth Fernández, and Mediodia Circular with Vilma Carbia. At the time, Perez Perry owned one of the most successful radio stations on the island, WKVM (810 AM). Perez Perry died of a heart attack of unknown cause while he was working on the transmitter in the late 1970s; his death eventually resulted in WKBM-TV declaring bankruptcy in 1981. The station |
303_3 | went silent that year. Its former competition benefited from WKBM's demise—not only from a reduction in competition itself, but also from the availability of many of the stations' former hosts and talent. |
303_4 | TeleOnce (First Era, 1986–2002) |
303_5 | In 1985, production company Lorimar-Telepictures (with the Telepictures division now part of Warner Bros. Television) acquired the station from bankruptcy court. The callsign became WLII-TV on December 12, and was branded as "TeleOnce" on April 27, 1986, with a new slogan: "TeleOnce… Vívelo!" ("TeleOnce…Live it!"). Warner Communications (now part of WarnerMedia) would gain indirect ownership of the stations after it bought Lorimar-Telepictures in 1988. The station became a success around this time by airing popular American programs translated in Spanish, especially The Simpsons. However, its lack of a repeater or rebroadcaster on the western portion of the island continued to put it behind the competition, WKAQ-TV (channel 2) and WAPA-TV (channel 4). That all changed when WNJX-TV (channel 22) in Mayagüez signed an affiliation agreement with the station in the late 1980s. WLII was subsequently sold to Malrite Communications Group in 1991 after it sold WSTE-TV (channel 7); Malrite |
303_6 | merged with Raycom Media in 1998. |
303_7 | On January 1, 1995, at midnight, TeleOnce entered into its first marketing agreement with a television station in western Puerto Rico, WORA-TV (channel 5), which at that time had ended an affiliation agreement with WKAQ-TV. In turn, WKAQ-TV switched its affiliation agreement to WOLE-TV (channel 12), which was WAPA-TV's repeater station at the time; this left WAPA-TV out of the western Puerto Rico television market for the first time in 30 years.
Some of the shows that aired on WLII during this time included En Un Día, R con R, El Show de Awilda, Dime la Verdad, Ellas al Mediodía, La Noche es Nuestra, Fiesta, A Fuego, Pulso Preciso, Lio, El Super Show, Que Suerte que es Domingo, Anda Pa'l Cará, Entrando por la Cocina, NBA Jam, Atácate (a Spanish-language version of NBA Inside Stuff) and El Kiosko Budweiser. |
303_8 | In the late 1980s, actresses Ángela Meyer and Camille Carrión founded Empresas Meca, a production company, which produced some of the last telenovelas shot in Puerto Rico: La Isla, Ave de Paso (starring Yolandita Monge), Yara Prohibida and La Otra.
Univision Puerto Rico (2002–2021)
In 2002, Univision entered into a local marketing agreement with Raycom Media to operate WLII and WSUR-TV. At the time, WLII had a longtime local marketing agreement with another Puerto Rican station, WSTE (channel 7), which Univision honored. Both WLII and WSUR-TV were sold to Univision Communications in 2005; Univision bought WSTE at the end of 2007. Although Univision operates a second network, UniMás, in the mainland United States, WSTE remains an independent station. In 2005, WLII relocated from its studios in the Puerta de Tierra borough of San Juan to a new facility in Guaynabo. |
303_9 | On October 17, 2014, WLII-DT laid off 109 staffers and canceled most of its local programming, becoming a repeater of Univision network programming with minimal local content. With the move, the station's daily talk show, Ruben & Co., became the only local program still produced by WLII. In addition, WLII shared a general manager with Univision's Puerto Rico radio stations.
On February 25, 2020, investment firms ForgeLight (launched by founder & CEO & ex-Viacom CFO Wade Davis) and Searchlight Capital agreed to acquire the 64% controlling stake of Univision Communications which owned WLII-DT, while minority owner Televisa continued to hold its 36% stake with the company. However, both Searchlight and ForgeLight had a stake in Hemisphere Media Group, which owns WAPA-TV in San Juan. Univision was required to divest WLII and its satellite stations in order to comply with ownership limits. |
303_10 | Liberman purchase and the return of TeleOnce (2021–present)
On August 27, 2020, Univision announced that WLII and its satellite stations would be acquired by Liberman Media Group, a company owned by Estrella Media founder Lenard Liberman, for $1 million each. The sale was completed on December 10, 2020. Univision retained WSTE-DT, WKAQ-AM and WKAQ-FM. It was also reported that WLII would bring back the TeleOnce branding, which the station used for 15 years from 1986 to 2002. On January 19, 2021, Liberman Media Group named Winter Horton as the new General Manager for the station. |
303_11 | WLII-DT (and its repeaters) aired as Univision Puerto Rico until February 18, 2021, when the on screen branding switched to TeleOnce at 8 p.m. The station held a press conference unveiling the new station logo and a new slate of programming which includes the return of local newscasts after more than six years of the dissolution of the original news department, with longtime WAPA-TV news director José Enrique Cruz named as an adviser for the newly established news department and the debut of new shows like Ahora Es que Es and a new season of La Comay which premiered on March 1 at 5:55 p.m., bringing high ratings for the revamped network. |
303_12 | On July 2, 2021, Liberman Media Group and TeleOnce entered a distribution agreement with SBS operated stations WACX-DT11 in Orlando, Florida and WGCT-LD in Tampa, Florida to show TeleOnce programming on their stations. Local programs La Comay, Jugando Pelota Dura and Ahora Es que Es would begin airing on the Mega TV stations either live or on tape delay the same day they are originally aired in Puerto Rico. This agreement marks the first time local Puerto Rican programming is exported to the mainland United States since the launch of WAPA America in 2004.
On December 8, 2021, WLII-DT unveiled their new studio facility at The Mall of San Juan. The facility, which will occupy one of the empty anchor spaces at the shopping center, was unveiled during the station's upfront presentation which was held at the site. The station's new game show La Boveda de Mr. Cash is set to be the first to broadcast live from the new studios when it premieres on March 1, 2022. |
303_13 | WSUR-TV history (1958–present)
WSUR-TV was founded on February 20, 1958, by American Colonial Broadcasting. In 1963, the station was located on Avenida Tito Castro (Puerto Rico Highway 14) in the La Rambla sector of Barrio Machuelo Abajo; its transmitter tower was located within the municipality of Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, and it was an affiliate of WAPA-TV, but carried two local programs from Ponce. Currently, WSUR originates no local programming of its own. The station transmitted its analog signal over VHF channel 9. Its tower is now located at Cerro Jayuya in the border between the municipality of Ponce with Jayuya.
Programming
Las Noticias TeleOnce (1986-2002, 2021 – present) Las Noticias Univisión (2002–2014) |
303_14 | News programming on WLII began in May 1986, with Ramón Enrique Torres (now at WTCV) and Jennifer Wolff as anchors of the 5:00 p.m. newscast. In 1990, a noon newscast premiered with Torres and Margarita Aponte as its anchors, followed by the 10:30 p.m. newscast with Torres. On March 11, 1991, a weekday morning news program, Tu Mañana, made its debut; the program was anchored by Carlos Ochoteco and Cyd Marie Fleming and featured segments such as panels of experts on different topics.
Over the years, many people worked on Tu Mañana and Las Noticias. Reporters such as Carmen Dominicci, Elwood Cruz, Susan Soltero, Bruni Torres, Nuria Sebazco, Rommy Segarra, Felipe Gómez (now at WAPA-TV), Ada Monzón (now at WAPA-TV), Liza Lugo and many others have been featured. |
303_15 | In 1996, a monthly investigative/tabloid newsmagazine began airing called Las Noticias Xtra, which offered reports considered to be shocking by many. Taboo themes in Puerto Rican society such as homosexuality were featured. Las Noticias Xtra eventually was reduced to a weekly segment seen during the 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts. |
303_16 | During WLII's TeleOnce years, the station's slogan was "TeleOnce: 24 horas el canal de Las Noticias" ("TeleOnce, the 24-hour news channel"), paralleling the 24 Hour News Source trend in the United States at this time. After the Univision integration in 2002, Las Noticias became Las Noticias Univision and acquired the branding of all other Univision O&O stations news broadcasts. WLII began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition on September 26, 2010. Due to budget cuts that were imposed by Univision in Miami, WLII reduced its news department by between 20 and 50 employees, and Las Noticias a las 6 was reduced from one hour to 30 minutes. The station discontinued its weekend newscasts on January 5, 2014; following this reducing its news operation from 35½ to 32½ hours each week and caused the firing of 19 employees. |
303_17 | On October 17, 2014, Univision announced that Jaime Bauzá was ascending his position to senior vice-president and general manager of all of the network's operations in Puerto Rico. The first change he made was the firing of 109 employees. This caused the closing of the entire news department, including reporters, anchors, cameramen, etc. On that day, the morning show Tu Mañana was shown normally, but after that, the midday show Tu Mediodia wasn't shown. Instead, a Mexican drama was shown.
During that time of mid-morning, reporter Daisy Sánchez published on her Twitter account the announcing of the news department's closing.
The roundtable talk show Rubén & Co. replaced the 5:00 p.m. spot left by Las Noticias. The program was originally a half hour program shown weeknights at 10:30 p.m. Since the closing of the news department, the show filled the 5 p.m. spot and was extended from half an hour of duration to an hour until its cancellation on January 20, 2016. |
303_18 | On February 18, 2021, TeleOnce hired José Enrique "Kike" Cruz, who was news director at WAPA-TV for 32 years and who worked at the station from 1976 until his retirement in 2018 as an adviser for the revamped news department after more than six years without newscasts. On April 14, 2021, TeleOnce hired Jenny Suarez, a former news producer at WAPA-TV, as its vice-president of the revamped news department. |
303_19 | On June 7, 2021, WLII-DT confirmed their intentions to relaunch their newscasts with the new telecast set to premiere in late July/early August 2021 in the 5 p.m. slot. Celimar Adames Casalduc (who anchored WAPA-TV's NotiCentro for 18 years) would join TeleOnce as the lead anchor for the newscast and Deborah Martorell (who served as WAPA-TV's Chief Meteorologist for 27 years) would also be joining as TeleOnce's Chief Meteorologist. Nuria Sebazco (who previously hosted TeleOnce's morning newscast Tu Mañana) was also announced to be returning to the network (migrating from WKAQ-TV) and Tatiana Ortiz (also from WKAQ) was also announced as on air talent. On June 8, 2021, WLII-DT announced that Ricardo Currás (formerly of WKAQ-TV and who anchored morning newscasts from Univision O&O WXTV-DT), would join Adames as co-anchor. |
303_20 | On June 23, 2021, WLII-DT announced that their relaunched newscast would be called Las Noticias TeleOnce thus reviving the original brand that ran for almost 30 years. Las Noticias TeleOnce premiered on July 12, 2021, with three editions: Las Noticias: Ahora (The News: Now) at 3:55 p.m., Las Noticias: Prime (The News: Prime) at 4:55 p.m. and Las Noticias: Última Edición (The News: Final Edition) at 10:00 p.m. All three editions will be anchored by Adames and Currás and will feature Martorell on the weather and Luis Joel Aymat (who anchored the former Edicion Puerto Rico newscast) in sports. |
303_21 | On October 4, 2021, Las Noticias added a political analysis team composed of former Puerto Rican Governor Anibal Acevedo Vila, former gubernatorial candidate Alexandra Lúgaro, journalist and Jugando Pelota Dura contributor Leo Aldridge and Lawyer Ramón Rosario Cortés. The segment entitled "El Comentario de la Tarde" features one of the aforementioned commentators breaking down a news item alongside anchors Currás and Adames.
On October 11, 2021, The nightly newscast Las Noticias: Última Edición moved from 10 p.m. to 11 p.m. due to premiere of WLII's new late-night talk show Acuéstate con Francis. |
303_22 | On November 18, 2021, WLII-DT announced that Las Noticias would add another daily newscast, this one during the midday time slot. The newscast titled Las Noticias Al Mediodía (The News at Noon) debuted December 6, 2021 at 12pm and features Celimar Adames, Nuria Sebazco and Deborah Martorell, which WLII is touting as the first all-female team in local news on the island. This edition follows a different format from the other newscast features segments on lifestyle, travel and finances.
On December 3, 2021, Celimar Adames announced on her Instagram account she will no longer anchor the 11pm broadcast Última Edición to focus on anchoring the midday edition and the afternoon broadcast. On the same post she announced that field reporter, Shirlyan Odette would be taking over anchoring duties for the 11pm broadcast alongside Ricardo Currás. |
303_23 | During the station's upfront presentation, VP of News Jenny Suarez and consultant José Enrique "Kike" Cruz announced that WLII will additionally be reviving their morning news show Tu Mañana. The show is slated to return in early 2022 over 8 years after the abrupt cancellation of the show while it was on the air in October 2014. Tu Mañana's return will bring up the station's news programming to over 20 hours a week and contribute to the increase of local programming on the station. |
303_24 | On December 14, 2021, WLII-DT launched a new investigative unit for the news department headed by journalist and lawyer Mardelis Jusino, who has worked at the investigative division of Jugando Pelota Dura, also worked for WAPA-TV and WMTJ. The investigative unit team consists of Melissa Correa, who worked for 18 years at El Vocero, Tatiana Ortiz and Arnaldo Rojas, who worked as an anchor/reporter for WAPA-TV from 2002 to 2008, The Univision-owned stations in Sacramento (KUVS-DT) and Houston (KXLN-DT) and served as a Houston-based correspondent for VOA News.
On January 11, 2022, WLII-DT announced that former representative Gary Rodriguez, who worked for WAPA-TV's Lo Sé Todo would be joining Las Noticias as a political commentator and other projects. His on-air debut was on January 15, 2022. The new section titled El Fuetazo de Gary officially began on January 24, 2021, and airs during the midday and evening newscasts. |
303_25 | On January 23, 2022, WLII-DT announced that Liam Rodríguez Muñoz, who was recently worked for ABC News Extra, joins the news department as a videojournalist and reporter. Rodríguez Muñoz previously worked for the station, as a panelist for Los Seis de la Tarde and as a reporter and content producer for Jugando Pelota Dura.
Jugando Pelota Dura (2017–present) |
303_26 | In November 2017, it was announced that the political analysis show Jugando Pelota Dura would move to Univision Puerto Rico after initially premiering on NCN Television and Sistema TV. The show, hosted by radio personality and former PPD legislator Ferdinand Perez with a panel of journalists and political analysts discussing current events, began airing soon after at the 6 p.m. spot before bouncing around several time slots on the station. Currently the program airs at 7 p.m. after La Comay and features Leo Aldrige, who was a reporter for Primera Hora from 2002 to 2005, Alex Delgado from NotiUno, Cyd Marie Fleming and Margarita Aponte as contributors, both of whom were original reporters for Las Noticias prior to it shutting down in 2014.
Acuéstate con Francis (2021–present) |
303_27 | On June 11, 2021, WLII announced the surprise signing of Puerto Rican Comedian Francis Rosas, who had worked as part of comedy projects on WAPA-TV for over 20-years. The deal with Rosas allowed the comedian to launch his own comedy show with him serving as executive producer and his production company working alongside WLII's owner, Liberman Media Group, in the production of other future projects. |
303_28 | At the time of Rosas' signing with WLII the comedian was still under contract with WAPA-TV's Sanco Productions, owned by actor and comedian Sunshine Logroño. On July 2, 2021, Logroño and his wife Gilda Santini sued Francis Rosas and his production company for breach of contract (Rosas had signed a 2-year extension to his contract with WAPA-TV in January 2021), additionally the lawsuit asked Rosas to pay $100,000 in damages and it included a request for the court to prohibit Rosas from appearing on any television network until the end of his deal in October 2022. On July 15, 2021, The First Instance Court of San Juan denied the injunction by Logroño to prohibit Rosas from appearing on any other television network until 2022 citing that "The court recognized an artists' liberty of working where they pleased" |
303_29 | On September 27, 2021, it was announced that the title of Rosas' upcoming show would be Acuéstate con Francis (Go to Bed with Francis), the show's premiere date was scheduled for October 11, 2021 at 10PM. Rosas described the show as a family show that would follow a late-night talk show format that would feature sketches, interviews and games with a variety of guests and a live studio audience. The show officially premiered on October 11, 2021, featuring guests Félix Trinidad, Celimar Adames Casalduc and musical guest Nio Garcia who performed his single "Tus Poses". The premiere also featured special appearances by Danilo Beauchamp and Alejandro Gil who worked alongside Rosas on WAPA-TV, the duo teased joining rosas on WLII in the future. |
303_30 | Edición Puerto Rico (2018, 2021)
In March 2018, the network announced plans to restore a news program with the creation of Edición Puerto Rico. The program is a 30-minute no-anchor, voiceover, videotaped newscast which, in addition to being broadcast in Puerto Rico, is shown on many Univision-affiliate stations owned by Entravision (such as Boston, Orlando and Tampa) and Unimás owned-and-operated stations in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Raleigh and Atlanta. It airs on weekday mornings, except in Puerto Rico, where it airs weeknights at 11 p.m. (the first local-themed newscast at that time slot since the news department shutdown in 2014). On March 8, 2021, the newscast returned as Edición Puerto Rico aired weekdays at 5:30 p.m. (25 minutes) and 10:00 p.m. (one full hour) and was still produced at the studios of WOLE-DT in Aguadilla. The final newscast produced in Aguadilla aired on July 9, 2021.
Edición Digital Puerto Rico (2019–2021) |
303_31 | After more than five years without newscasts, WLII-DT aired a 60-minute local news program called Edición Digital Puerto Rico, similar to WKAQ-TV and WAPA-TV's news offerings. This newscast was produced at the studios of sister station WOLE-DT in Aguadilla. Started on April 22, 2019, and ending on March 5, 2021, the newscast focused on events happening in and around Puerto Rico and the United States, and interacts with others through social media platforms. The program was also aired on WOLE, Facebook Live, Univision Puerto Rico's Mobile App and Univision Puerto Rico's website.
Ratings
From 1986 to 2003, channel 11 went No. 1 at most of its timeslots, surpassing rivals WKAQ and WAPA. In the early 1990s, longtime news leader WKAQ was surpassed by Channel 11.
Between 2005 and 2008, WLII had made some firings, causing its fall from first to last place.
In 2008, WAPA took the lead in all of its newscasts, except in mornings (WLII was #1 at mornings). |
303_32 | Between 2010 and 2014, a serious group of changes caused even more ratings loss: canceling its longtime 6 p.m. newscast in favor of the returning of a 5 p.m. newscast, the cancellation of its 4 weekend newscasts, and the evolution of its noon newscast as a talk show. During that time, the station made serious anchor shake-ups, like moving main anchor Ramon Enrique Torres from evenings to mornings (this went on for only a couple of months, until its return to weeknights). The other move was moving longtime 11 p.m. newscast anchor Carlos Weber to weekends and longtime weekend anchors Felipe Gomez and Mariliana Torres to Weber's spot at 11 p.m. Neither of this changes went successful for ratings, and rival WAPA dominated all of its newscasts (sometimes, including mornings). |
303_33 | In January 2014, WLII canceled its weekend newscasts, and Weber became reporters. Later, in March of that year, Mariliana Torres and Felipe Gomez also became reporters, leaving the 5 p.m. news team of Ramon Enrique Torres and Cyd Marie Fleming to fill the spot left by Torres and Gomez.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WLII shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 56 to VHF channel 11, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. WSUR switched to digital-only broadcasts on January 23, 2009, broadcasting on VHF channel 9 (or virtual channel 9.1). |
303_34 | Satellite, repeater and translator stations
WLII programming can be seen across Puerto Rico on the following stations:
References
External links
Official website
1960 establishments in Puerto Rico
Caguas, Puerto Rico
Television channels and stations established in 1960
LII-DT
Univision network affiliates
Television stations in Ponce, Puerto Rico |
304_0 | Chauncy Welliver (born 28 April 1983) is an American-New Zealand heavyweight boxer from Spokane, Washington who lives in Auckland, New Zealand. He has a career record of 57–13–5. Throughout his career he has never been knocked down and at one point the WBC ranked him the 5th best heavyweight in the world.
Career
He came to widespread attention when he fought Odlanier Solís in October 2008. He lost when the referee intervened in the ninth round but impressed many with his skills and decent chin.
Welliver was then rated in the top 10 for some time by both the WBC and WBO after picking up numerous titles from limited opposition. His ranking dropped however when he suffered two defeats in 2012, being outpointed by Sherman Williams and Kyotaro Fujimoto. |
304_1 | His ring name is the Hillyard Hammer. He is currently trained by former Native American heavyweight title challenger, Joe "The Boss" Hipp.
His current manager is Roland Jankelson. He is also a heavyweight consultant for the boxing radio show On The Ropes. Welliver trains and coaches amateur boxers at Boxfit in Spokane, Washington.
On 31 January 2015, Welliver lost to rugby football star Sonny Bill Williams, in what he has described as the biggest fight of his career and Williams as "a better athlete than Michael Jordan. YARN"
Professional boxing record |
304_2 | |-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rd., Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–12–5||align=left| Marselles Brown
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–11–5||align=left| Sonny Bill Williams
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–10–5
|align=left| Alexander Ustinov
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–9–5
|align=left| Lucas Browne
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–8–5
|align=left| Billy Wright
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left| |
304_3 | |- align=center
|Win
|55–7–5
|align=left| Saul Farah
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|54–7–5
|align=left| Donnie Davis
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|53–7–5
|align=left| Kyotaro Fujimoto
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|53–6–5
|align=left| Sherman Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|53–5–5
|align=left| Bert Cooper
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|52–5–5
|align=left| Moyoyo Mensah
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|51–5–5
|align=left| Galen Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|50–5–5
|align=left| Rob Calloway
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|49–5–5
|align=left| Lawrence Tauasa
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|48–5–5
|align=left| Byron Polley
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|47–5–5
|align=left| Galen Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|46–5–5 |
304_4 | |align=left| Jimmy Haynes
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|45–5–5
|align=left| Brad Gregory
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|44–5–5
|align=left| Daniel Tai
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|43–5–5
|align=left| Joell Godfrey
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|42–5–5
|align=left| Daniel Tai
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|41–5–5
|align=left| Mike Sheppard
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|40–5–5
|align=left| Seiaute Mailata
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|39–5–5
|align=left| Toa Naketoatama
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|38–5–5
|align=left| Amosa Zinck
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|37–5–5
|align=left| George Westerman
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|36–5–5
|align=left| David Gemmell
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|35–5–5
|align=left| Odlanier Solís
|||
| |
304_5 | |align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|35–4–5
|align=left| Mike Lloyd
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|34–4–5
|align=left| Daniel Tai
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|33–4–5
|align=left| Oscar Talemaira
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|32–4–5
|align=left| Seiaute Mailata
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|32–4–4
|align=left| Corey Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|31–4–4
|align=left| Chad Van Sickle
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|30–4–4
|align=left| Richard Tutaki
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|29–4–4
|align=left| Chad Van Sickle
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|29–4–3
|align=left| Brian McIntyre
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|28–4–3
|align=left| Travis Fulton
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|27–4–3 |
304_6 | |align=left| Chris Lewallen
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|26–4–3
|align=left| David Robinson
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|25–4–3
|align=left| Scott Lansdon
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|24–4–3
|align=left| Bridger Bercier
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|23–4–3
|align=left| Ted Reiter
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|22–4–3
|align=left| Ted Reiter
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|21–4–3
|align=left| Shane Wijohn
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|20–4–3
|align=left| Elisara Sii Uta
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|20–3–3
|align=left| Oscar Talemaira
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|19–3–3
|align=left| Bob Gasio
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|18–3–3
|align=left| Richard Tutaki
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|17–3–3
|align=left| Chris Brown
|||
| |
304_7 | |align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|16–3–3
|align=left| David Bostice
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|16–2–3
|align=left| John Sargent
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|16–1–3
|align=left| Chris Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|15–1–3
|align=left| Ken Murphy
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|15–1–2
|align=left| Billy Zumbrun
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|14–1–2
|align=left| John Clark
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|14–1–1
|align=left| Wesley Martin
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|13–1–1
|align=left| Bradley Rone
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|12–1–1
|align=left| King Ipitan
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|11–1–1
|align=left| Felipe Bojorquez
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|10–1–1 |
304_8 | |align=left| Craig Brinson
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|9–1–1
|align=left| Bobby McGraw
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|8–1–1
|align=left| George Chamberlain
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|7–1–1
|align=left| Ricardo Raya
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|6–1–1
|align=left| Jonathan Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|6–0–1
|align=left| Jonathan Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| John Clark
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Enoch Green
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Jim Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Jonathan Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Marcio Castillo
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|1–0 |
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