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9832_5 | March
2 March - Price of cheap high-strength increases as the Public Health (Minimum Price for Alcohol) (Wales) Act 2018 comes into force.
8 March – The Welsh Government publishes plans to allow some prisoners to vote in local elections.
11 March – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: Wales has its first case of "community transmission", when a patient in Caerphilly with no travel history tests positive for COVID-19.
12 March – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: A patient at Wrexham Maelor Hospital tests positive for COVID-19 – the first case in North Wales.
13 March
COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: Health Minister Vaughan Gething announces that all non-urgent outpatient appointments and operations will be suspended at hospitals in Wales in a bid to delay the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: Elections including those for four police and crime commissioners in Wales, scheduled for May 2020, are postponed for a year because of the pandemic. |
9832_6 | 16 March – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: Authorities report the first coronavirus-related death in Wales.
18 March – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The Welsh Government announces that all schools in Wales will close from the end of the week.
22 March – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The Welsh Government advises Wales' "most vulnerable people" to stay indoors for a period of 12–16 weeks.
24 March – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: It is announced that the Prince of Wales has tested positive for COVID-19. |
9832_7 | April
1 April – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: Multinational pharmaceutical company Roche denies the existence of a deal to supply Wales with COVID-19 tests after First Minister Mark Drakeford and Health Minister Vaughan Gething blame the collapse of a deal for a shortage of testing kits.
3 April – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The Welsh Government announces the funding arrangements necessary to keep Cardiff Airport solvent during the crisis.
12 April – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The new, temporary, Dragon's Heart Hospital, opens at Cardiff's Principality Stadium to admit its first patients.
21 April – The Welsh Government cancels the planned independent inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the dismissal of Carl Sargeant from the cabinet of former First Minister Carwyn Jones and agrees to pay legal fees incurred by the Sargeant family. |
9832_8 | May
6 May – The National Assembly for Wales becomes Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament; its members become Members of the Senedd (MS) – Aelodau o'r Senedd (AS).
7 May – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: Tracey Cooper, the chief executive of Public Health Wales, admits to the Senedd's health committee that she did not know about the Welsh Government's goal of carrying out 9000 COVID-19 tests a day.
8 May – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: First Minister Mark Drakeford announces that the COVID-19 lockdown in Wales will be extended for a further three weeks.
12 May – The organisers of the National Eisteddfod, which was due to be held in Tregaron in the first week of August, announce an alternative event, the Eisteddfod "AmGen".
15 May – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The Welsh Government's plan for exiting the lockdown is announced by the First Minister. |
9832_9 | June
3 June – The Welsh Government announces that schools in Wales will reopen on 29 June.
12 June – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: First Minister Mark Drakeford announces that the R number for Wales is the lowest in the United Kingdom, at 0.7.
18 June – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: 96 workers at two North Wales food production factories test positive for COVID-19.
19 June – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: First Minister Mark Drakeford announces changes to lockdown restrictions with effect from 6 July.
20 June – Builders' merchant Travis Perkins announces the closure of three North Wales outlets.
26 June – After police are called to further incidents at Ogmore-by-Sea, the First Minister warns that lockdown restrictions will not be eased if people fail to observe rules on travel and social distancing. |
9832_10 | July
2 July – Airbus confirms that 1,435 jobs will be lost at Broughton in Flintshire.
3 July – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The Welsh government confirms that travel restrictions resulting from the pandemic will be relaxed from 6 July.
15 July – The Welsh Government agrees to debate Welsh independence for the first time since the Welsh Assembly was created in 1999. The debate is at the request of Plaid Cymru, following poll results that show a high level of approval for the devolved government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales.
31 July – HM Coastguard announce the deployment of unmanned aircraft for search and rescue purposes over North Wales during the coming weekend. |
9832_11 | August
3 August – CP Pharmaceuticals in Wrexham, a subsidiary of Wockhardt, is announced as having won a contract to supply COVID-19 vaccine for the COVID-19 vaccination programme in the United Kingdom.
10 August – Flash flooding affects Aberystwyth and thunderstorms occur throughout North Wales.
17 August – It is revealed that Wales's only golden eagle living in the wild has been found dead, probably from natural causes.
26 August – A major fire breaks out near Llangennech when a freight train loaded with diesel fuel is derailed on a journey from Milford Haven. No one is seriously injured, but diesel oil spills into the River Loughor. Local residents are evacuated. |
9832_12 | September
7 September – COVID-19 pandemic in Wales: The first local lockdown in Wales is announced, as the county of Caerphilly is placed under restrictions that will last at least a month. It follows the discovery that 98 people have tested positive in a week, giving the county the highest infection rate in Wales.
21 September – Right-wing extremists from all over the UK are blamed by the police and First Minister for blocking the entrance to a former army camp at Penally in Pembrokeshire being used temporarily to house asylum seekers from Iran and Iraq.
25 September
Swansea, Llanelli and Cardiff go into local lockdown, joining Caerphilly, Newport, Bridgend, Merthyr, Blaenau Gwent and Rhondda Cynon Taf.
Ford Bridgend Engine Plant closes. |
9832_13 | 30 September – It is confirmed that eight patients have died in an outbreak of COVID-19 at the Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant, and that 60 patients have been infected from a source at the hospital. All surgery at the hospital is suspended. Pontypridd MP Alex Davies-Jones and AM Mick Antoniw issue a joint statement expressing their concern. |
9832_14 | October
9 October – In the postponed Queen's Birthday Honours 2020, Welsh recipients include Warren Gatland, former Wales rugby head coach, and opera singer Rebecca Evans (CBE), Wales rugby captain Alun Wyn Jones (OBE) and artist Glenys Cour (MBE).
10 October – Bangor, Gwynedd, goes into a local lockdown, joining other North Wales counties: Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham.
23 October – A 'firebreak' lockdown is imposed by the Welsh government for a 16-day period. Supermarkets and other large stores are prohibited from selling 'non-essential goods', because many smaller retailers are forced to close.
27 October – After a petition is submitted to the Senedd, requesting it remove the ban on selling non-essential goods, the government reviews the policy and issues clarification. |
9832_15 | November
17 November – There are calls for an inquiry into the handling of COVID-19 cases in hospitals and care homes after it is revealed that 53 people were discharged from hospital into Welsh care homes within days of testing positive during the early stages of the pandemic.
20 November – The Welsh government announces that the 17-day Wales firebreak lockdown had an impact on coronavirus figures but warns that restrictions might be re-imposed before Christmas if the downturn does not last.
26 November – New COVID restrictions, to come into force on 4 December, are provisionally announced. |
9832_16 | December
20 December – COVID restrictions are amended, and the previously announced relaxation of rules over the Christmas break is rescinded. The Welsh government announces a complete lockdown in Wales with effect from midnight, with a relaxation of only a few hours on Christmas Day.
29 December – Police impose fines on visitors from England who have broken COVID restrictions in order to visit Pen y Fan.
31 December – Welsh people honoured in the Queen's New Year Honours list include Professor Anthony Keith Campbell (CBE), surgeon Farah Batti (OBE), footballer Alan Curtis (MBE), and Carol Doggett, matron of Morriston Hospital (MBE).
Arts and literature
National Eisteddfod of Wales
Gŵyl AmGen prizes:
Cystadleuaeth y Stôl Farddoniaeth (Poetry Competition) – Terwyn Tomos
Cystadleuaeth y Stôl Ryddiaith (Prose Competition) – Llŷr Gwyn Lewis |
9832_17 | Awards
Wales Book of the Year 2020:
English language: Niall Griffiths, Broken Ghost
Welsh language: Ifan Morgan Jones, Babel
Dylan Thomas Prize: Bryan Washington
New books
English language
Peter Finch – The Machineries of Joy
Michael Franklin (ed.) – Writers of Wales: Hester Lynch Thrale Piozzi
Euron Griffith – Miriam, Daniel and Me
Richard Owain Roberts – Hello Friend We Missed You
Eloise Williams – Wilde
Welsh language
Hazel Walford Davies – O.M. – Cofiant Syr Owen Morgan Edwards
Huw Jones – Dwi Isio Bod Yn...
Music
New albums
Shirley Bassey – I Owe It All to You
Georgia Ruth – Mai
New compositions
Paul Mealor – Piano Concerto
Film
Dream Horse, directed by Euros Lyn
Broadcasting |
9832_18 | English language
Hidden Wales, series 2, presented by Will Millard
Memory Lane, presented by Jennifer Saunders, features Michael Sheen, with footage from Port Talbot and Hay-on-Wye.
Richard Parks: Can I Be Welsh and Black? (documentary by ITV Cymru)
Tudur's TV Flashback, series 4, presented by Tudur Owen
Welsh language
Pandemig: 1918 / 2020, directed by Eirlys Bellin
Waliau'n Siarad
Sport
Horse Racing
27 December – the 2020 Welsh Grand National is abandoned due to waterlogging caused by Storm Bella and postponed to 9 January 2021.
Rugby Union
1 February – Wales defeat Italy 42–0 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, in the opening match of the 2020 Six Nations Championship. Wales's under-20 team and women's team are both defeated by the corresponding Italian teams.
Deaths |
9832_19 | 10 January – Alun Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont, 100
21 January – Terry Jones, comedian, actor, writer, director and historian, 77
4 February – Terry Hands, theatre director, former artistic director of Theatr Clwyd, 79
9 February – Sir John Cadogan, organic chemist, 89
15 February – Cavan Grogan, lead singer of Crazy Cavan and the Rhythm Rockers, 70
29 February – Ceri Morgan, darts player, 72
7 March – Matthew Watkins, rugby player, 41 (cancer)
19 March – Peter Whittingham, footballer with Cardiff City F.C., 35 (head injury)
23 March – Tristan Garel-Jones, politician, 79
27 March – Aneurin Hughes, diplomat, 83
3 April – C. W. Nicol, writer, singer, actor and environmentalist, 79
5 April – Peter Walker, Glamorgan cricketer, 84
8 April – John Downing, photographer, 79
14 April
John Collins, footballer, 71
Cyril Lawrence, English footballer, former Wrexham player, 99 (COVID-19)
15 April – John T. Houghton, physicist and climate scientist, 88 (COVID-19) |
9832_20 | 22 April – Jimmy Goodfellow, former Cardiff FC manager and physiotherapist, 76
25 April – Liz Edgar, showjumper, 76
May – Steve Blackmore, rugby player, 58 (brain tumour)
13 May – Keith Lyons, sports scientist, 68
9 June – Paul Chapman, rock guitarist, 66
12 June – Ricky Valance, singer, first Welshman to have a UK number one solo hit, 84
16 June – Mohammad Asghar, politician, 74
24 July – Denise Idris Jones, politician, 69
26 July
Chris Needs, radio presenter, 68
Keith Pontin, footballer, 64
28 July – Clive Ponting, former civil servant and academic at the University of Wales, Swansea, 74
2 August – Mark Ormrod, historian, 62 (bowel cancer)
22 August – Ted Grace, Swansea-born politician in Australia, 89
26 August – David Mercer, sports presenter, 70
4 September – Sir Simon Boyle, former British Steel executive and Lord Lieutenant of Gwent 2001–2016, 79
9 September – Tony Villars, footballer, 69
21 September – John Meirion Morris, sculptor, 84 |
9832_21 | 24 September – John Walter Jones, first Chief Executive of the Welsh Language Board, 74
30 September – Emyr Humphreys, writer, 101
19 October – Spencer Davis, musician, 81
26 October – Tony Wyn-Jones, DJ, 77
29 October – J. J. Williams, rugby player, 72
13 November
Gwyn Jones, footballer, 85
Sir John Meurig Thomas, scientist, 87
19 November – Helen Morgan, hockey international, 54 (cancer)
20 November – Jan Morris, writer, 94
22 November – Ray Prosser, rugby union player and coach, 93
17 December – John Barnard Jenkins, nationalist activist, 87 |
9832_22 | References
2020s in Wales
Years of the 21st century in Wales
Wales |
9833_0 | George Carter (16 February 1866 – 23 January 1945) was an English footballer and all-round sportsman who played a prominent part in the early history of Southampton Football Club, leading them to success in local cup tournaments and captaining the side in their first FA Cup match in 1891.
Early life
Carter was born in Hereford and represented his county at both football and cricket. He is recorded as making three appearances for Herefordshire County Cricket Club in 1885, against Worcestershire in July and again in August and against MCC in August.
Carter was employed as an engraver by the Ordnance Survey and in 1887 he was posted to their offices in Southampton. Speaking in 1999, Carter's daughter-in-law, Nellie Carter, said that Carter was "not at all happy" about being posted to Southampton and that Carter maintained that the move was arranged by Dr. Russell Bencraft who was medical officer at the Ordnance Survey and the first president of Southampton St. Mary's F.C. |
9833_1 | Football career
In October 1887, he was introduced to Southampton St. Mary's F.C. and asked to play as a full-back. He played at right-back in the club's first appearance in a cup tournament, in the Hampshire Junior Cup against Totton on 26 November 1887. The match was won 1–0, with "Carter's playing at the back (being) a distinctive feature of the game". The team went on to defeat Petersfield 10–0 in the next round, with five goals from A. A. Fry and four from captain C.E. (Ned) Bromley. This was followed by victories over Lymington (4–0) and Bournemouth Arabs (2–1) before the final against Southampton Harriers. The first match, played at the County Cricket Ground ended in a 2–2 draw, with St. Mary's taking the replay on 24 March by a 2–1 margin, thus winning their first trophy. Carter appeared in all six matches in the cup tournament, playing at right-back. |
9833_2 | In the summer of 1888, Ned Bromley moved to London to study dentistry and Carter was appointed team captain, a position he was to retain for the next six years. As captain, Carter was described as "a gentleman and a generous opponent".
In the third round of the Hampshire Junior Cup, St. Mary's were drawn to play Fordingbridge Turks on 12 January 1889. Carter and three other St. Mary's players had been selected to play for the Hampshire F.A. against Berks & Bucks on the same day. St. Mary's tried to get the match against the Turks re-arranged but the New Forest club refused. Consequently, St. Mary's withdrew their four players from the county match to play in the cup. The "Saints" won the match (played at the Antelope Ground) 3–2, earning them a semi-final appearance against Cowes. |
9833_3 | The first match, played at Northwood Park in Cowes, ended in a 1–1 draw; the Cowes captain requested extra time but Carter refused, claiming that the team would miss their ferry home from the Isle of Wight. The replay at the County Ground was also drawn, thus requiring a third match. The sides had each scored once by half-time and the scores were level when a shot from M. Warn was caught well behind the line by the Cowes goalkeeper who quickly threw the ball out. After claims and counter-claims from both teams, the referee awarded a goal to St. Mary's. After the match, Cowes lodged a formal written protest with the Hampshire F.A. which was initially rejected but this was overturned after an appeal from Cowes, who claimed that the linesman had stopped the ball with his flag while it was still in play. The third replay, also at the County Ground, was a heated affair watched by a crowd estimated at 7,000 but St. Mary's won 4–1 to earn their place in the final. This was played at Bar End, |
9833_4 | Winchester against Christchurch on 6 April and was rather an anti-climax, with St. Mary's winning 3–0 to retain the trophy. In 1891, St. Mary's had a relatively straightforward passage to the final of the Hampshire Junior Cup, where they defeated Lymington 2–0. Having won the cup for three consecutive years, the Saints retained the trophy permanently. |
9833_5 | In the following season, St. Mary's entered the Hampshire Senior Cup for the first time and reached the final against the winners of the two previous years, the Royal Engineers based at Aldershot. In the final, played at the County Ground on 14 March 1891, the Saints took an early lead through Ernie Nicholls before "a rare slip" from Carter allowed the engineers to equalise. Two second-half goals, from Frank Bromley and Bob Kiddle, saw St. Mary's claim the senior cup for the first time. |
9833_6 | The success in local cup competitions prompted the club committee to enter a national tournament for the first time – in the First Qualifying Round of the FA Cup on 3 October 1891, they played at Warmley near Bristol winning comfortably 4–1, with Carter scoring his only goal in a competitive match. The draw for the next round was a home match against Reading to be played on 24 October 1891. Two weeks before the tie at the Antelope Ground, the Saints arranged a friendly against the 93rd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, after which two members of the Highlanders side, Pte. Jock Fleming and Sgt. Alexander McMillan, were signed by the Saints. The FA Cup 2nd Qualifying match was played at the Antelope Ground on 24 October, and ended in a 7–0 victory to the "Saints", in which Private Fleming featured strongly with his aggressive style of play earning him a hat-trick. At the reception after the match, the Reading secretary asked for, and received, an advance of £3 on the share of the gate |
9833_7 | money. With this he immediately sent a telegram of protest accompanied by the necessary fee of 2 guineas to the Football Association claiming that the Saints had fielded illegally registered players in Fleming and McMillan. The claim was upheld by the F.A., who found that the players had not been registered at least 28 days before the match, and as the Saints had not complied with the requirements of Rule 5 they were thus expelled from the competition. |
9833_8 | In March 1892, St. Mary's retained the Hampshire Senior Cup, with an easy 5–0 victory over a Medical Staff team.
In the Second Qualifying Round of the 1892–93 FA Cup, St. Mary's were easily defeated 4–0 by Maidenhead, for whom three goals were scored by F.W. Janes. St. Mary's promptly signed Janes on professional terms, but the signing was revoked by the Football Association, who judged that he was "in no fit condition to realise what he was doing when he signed for Southampton". |
9833_9 | St. Mary's also competed in the Hampshire Senior Cup in 1892–93, hoping to claim a third consecutive victory. After 2–0 wins over the Royal Engineers and a side from Portsmouth, they reached the final against local rivals Freemantle. The final was played on 11 March 1893 at the County Ground in front of a substantial crowd who threatened to spill onto the pitch. Freemantle led 1–0 at half-time before Jack Dollin equalised. With the score 1–1 and only a few minutes left to play, a Freemantle forward, Horton, was about to score past Ralph Ruffell in the Saints' goal when he was tripped by William Stride. Despite protests from the "Saints", the referee awarded a penalty to Freemantle, which was converted by Shirley Hawkins, giving Freemantle their first trophy. After the match, Carter protested to the referee that the foul had been committed outside the penalty area, saying that he could point out the exact spot where the offence occurred. The referee, Mr. Royston Bourke, replied: "In |
9833_10 | that case, I suggest you have a tombstone erected over it." |
9833_11 | In 1893–94, St. Mary's, by now largely a professional side, were again eliminated from the FA Cup in the qualifying rounds, going out to Reading. Carter damaged a leg in a friendly match in December 1893 thus ending his playing career. With George Marshall now playing at right-back, St. Mary's reached the final of the Hampshire Senior Cup again in March 1894, but were defeated 1–0 by the Royal Engineers.
Carter was unable to fully recover from his leg injury and he retired from playing football in May 1894, thus missing the club's first season in the Southern League. In his seven years with St. Mary's, Carter made six appearances in the FA Cup, scoring once; he also played in the finals of seven local cup tournaments, of which only the 1893 final of the Hampshire Senior Cup ended in defeat. |
9833_12 | Later career
Following his retirement, Carter was presented with a gold watch. He continued to work for the club, and in 1901 he became the manager of the reserve team, continuing in this role until the start of World War I, helping to develop the careers of players such as Fred Harrison, Frank Jefferis and Arthur Dominy.
After he stepped down as reserve-team manager, Carter was made a life-member of Southampton Football Club. He was a member of the Southampton Amateur Swimming Club, and represented Hampshire at water polo.
He was employed by the Ordnance Survey in Southampton, until he retired in 1927, after 40 years' service.
References
1866 births
Sportspeople from Hereford
1945 deaths
English footballers
Southampton F.C. players
Association football defenders
Southampton F.C. non-playing staff
Herefordshire cricketers |
9834_0 | John McBain is a fictional character on the American daytime dramas One Life to Live and General Hospital, portrayed by Michael Easton. |
9834_1 | Casting |
9834_2 | Following the cancellation of GH spinoff, Port Charles, actor Michael Easton originated the role of FBI agent John McBain on OLTL on October 1, 2003. In 2006, there were reports that contract negotiations were not going well, and Easton would be leaving the show. Fans speculated he might join GH, where his former co-star, Kelly Monaco (Livvie Locke), had gone after the Port Charles cancellation. Other rumors included him returning to Days of Our Lives where he played Tanner. However, Easton reached an agreement, and was able to stay with OLTL until its cancellation in January 2012. When the cancellation of OLTL was first announced, Easton initially signed with Prospect Park to have his character move to the online version of OLTL. But when Prospect Park's plans fell through, Easton signed a contract with GH, making his debut on March 13, 2012. When several former Port Charles characters & actors were brought to GH, writers revisited the vampire storyline, and Easton started to play a |
9834_3 | dual role of John and an adaptation of his PC character Caleb Morley on GH in February 2013. Due to Prospect Park's renewed plans to revive OLTL in January 2013, Easton's contract came into question, making his future as McBain on GH unsure. Easton was forced to leave GH in February 2013 due to contract disputes, with his last show airing March 20, 2013. Easton returned to GH in May 2013 as a new character, Dr. Silas Clay. |
9834_4 | Storylines
2003–05 |
9834_5 | Agent McBain arrives in fictional Llanview, Pennsylvania on October 1, 2003, looking to recruit Natalie Buchanan (Melissa Archer) for a pool tournament in Las Vegas, as part of an undercover operation. Natalie Buchanan accepts John McBain's offer to train her in the amateur circuit, unaware of the FBI plan to use her to take down Walker Laurence (Trevor St. John). After Natalie marries Cristian Vega (David Fumero), the couple head to Las Vegas, where Cristian is apparently killed by Walker Laurence. Natalie, completely broken after the death of her husband, blames John for knowingly putting her in the dangerous position where her husband was 'killed'. John and Natalie's interactions continue, and through John's gently offering Natalie support, John and Natalie grow closer despite Natalie remaining conflicted about the role he played in Cristian's apparent death. Natalie learns to forgive John, after realizing John had suffered a similar loss when his fiancée Caitlyn was killed 5 |
9834_6 | years prior. |
9834_7 | The Music Box Killer storyline begins, and John remains in Llanview as the lead FBI agent to solve the series of murders. The Music Box Killer is revealed to be Stephen Haver (Matthew Ashford) who is also responsible for Caitlyn's death. After discovering John's attachment to Natalie, Haver kidnaps Natalie and straps her to a bomb in John's bed, intending for her to die the way Caitlyn had died. John, with the help of Bo Buchanan (Robert S. Woods) and Rae Cummings, captures Haver and John dismantles the bomb, saving Natalie. After Haver's arrest, Asa Buchanan sneaks a gun into the Llanview Police Department "LPD", and tries to convince John to kill Haver, John refuses. The FBI is dissatisfied with John's job performance on the MBK case, in response John quits. Bo offers John the lead detective position at the LPD, but he's unsure if he should take it. Natalie tells John he should take the position, when he asks her why, she reminds him his mother moved to town. John and Natalie kiss, |
9834_8 | discuss their feelings for one another. John admits there was something between them, before Cristian died. However, both decide they are not ready to move on; the situation with Haver brought up a lot of feelings John had about Caitlyn's death. Natalie tries to get a group of John's family and friends to convince him to stay, John accepts the lead detective position. Haver, although in police custody, arranges for John to be poisoned. Natalie saves John's life when she finds John unconscious in the alley behind Rodi's and gets him help. She later helps to nurse him back to health when he returns to his hotel room. While in his hotel room, Natalie discovers mementos from John's relationship with Caitlyn when John asks her to get a shirt from the drawer where the mementos are kept. She mentions nothing. Haver arranges his own death, and frames John for the murder. Natalie maintains John's innocence, hires him an attorney Evangeline Williamson (Renée Elise Goldsberry) but charges |
9834_9 | against John are dropped after Antonio Vega (Kamar de los Reyes) finds evidence. John and Natalie, begin to heal from the loss of their loved ones. |
9834_10 | Caitlyn's sister and FBI agent, Katherine Fitzgerald, arrives in town looking for Paul Cramer (David Tom), a man Natalie begins a friendship with and John is leery of. Katherine wants to recover money stolen from the Santi organization she believes Paul has. Paul no longer has the money, and is pressured by John to testify against the Santis. Later, it is discovered by John and his brother Michael that Paul is being paid under the table by the chief of staff, Dr. Long to transport black market organs. John tries to discourage Natalie's involvement with Paul but despite John's numerous warnings, Natalie's friendship with Paul develops into a light hearted flirtation. John begins to struggle with his feelings for Natalie again, and letting go of his past with Caitlyn. John begins to allow himself to get closer to Natalie. On May 11, 2004, Natalie takes off with Paul to Atlantic City. An upset John follows. When John finds Natalie, he's unable to verbalize why he has followed her and she |
9834_11 | becomes upset and tells him, Paul is offering her fun, what can he offer her. In response, John kisses Natalie. When Paul interrupts, John tells Natalie he's heading back to Llanview and asks if she'll join him. Natalie accepts John's offer and apologizes to Paul for leaving. John and Natalie end up in bed together, but Natalie stops them from making love because she feels John has not moved on from Caitlyn and doesn't want to be a stand in for a ghost. John remarks maybe she's the one with the ghost, referring Cristian. Natalie, in a gesture to prove she is moving on from Christian, removes her wedding ring. Natalie tells John, she saw his drawer filled with memories of Caitlyn, and he is still holding onto her. Natalie leaves, and despite John's request she wait on him, she later heads back to Atlantic City to see Paul. John, wanting a relationship with Natalie, finally lets go of Caitlyn. The timing is again off, as Natalie becomes stressed with her mother's heart transplant, and |
9834_12 | being accused of murdering Paul Cramer. John supports Natalie through these crises, but the two do not become a couple. After, her mother's recovery and Paul is discovered to be alive, Natalie wanting a change leaves town with Paul in search of the Santi fortune. |
9834_13 | After a few encounters with Evangeline, John and Evangeline sleep together while trapped in a basement. Evangeline breaks up with then-boyfriend R. J. Gannon (Timothy Stickney), and John and Evangeline decide to continue seeing each other. Evangeline decides to surprise John for a visit at his Angel Square apartment, only to find him playing cards on his bed with Natalie who he invited to watch a movie. An upset Evangeline runs out, but John follows, assuring her he and Natalie are just friends, and asking Evangeline not to give up on them. When Evangeline later admits she needs more from him, John agrees to "attach strings," and they begin officially dating. In November 2004, Paul Cramer is dead, and Natalie is John's lead suspect and Evangeline is her attorney. Natalie doesn't trust John, despite his pleas to help her and he is forced to arrest her. To get Natalie released, he digs up a judges' grave without a warrant and finds evidence linking someone else to the crime. John |
9834_14 | breaking the law to help Natalie causes conflict in his relationship with Evangelina. Natalie, realizing the lengths John has gone to help her, tells him what happened the night Cramer died and that she didn't kill him. John crosses Natalie off the suspect lists, and their friendship is strengthened. |
9834_15 | November 2004, David Fumero starts a short term contract to reprise his role of Cristian Vega, and an amnesiac Cristian turns up alive. Natalie believes despite changes in her husband's behavior and his memory problems, he feels like her husband. John is not convinced, and believes Cris is a dangerous threat to Natalie, so he pressures her to consider leaving him. To silence John's concerns, Natalie gives John Amnesiac Cristian's DNA to prove he is her husband. John and Natalie are both unaware Cristian has been programmed in captivity to kill his brother, Antonio Vega (Kamar de los Reyes) and his maternal cousin Tico Santi (Javier Morga). Cristian successfully kills Tico and is convicted for his murder As memories of his former life begin to return, Cristian accepts the consequences of his actions and goes to jail. To help Natalie and his family move on, he pretends he is, in fact, an impostor. John gets the DNA results proving the John Doe is in fact Cristian, but Cristian swears |
9834_16 | him to secrecy. Keeping Cristian's true identity from Natalie proves difficult, as his feelings for her continue to linger in spite of his relationship with Evangeline. When Evangeline tells him she loves him, John isn't able to say the same. Soon after, John and Evangeline break things off. |
9834_17 | Eventually, John moves on to date Natalie, though he still fells guilt knowing Cristian's identity and not telling Natalie. Things begin to grow even more complicated when Evangeline becomes Cristian's lawyer in an attempt to get his prison sentence appealed, and discovers he is indeed Cristian. In November 2005, a prison riot led by Carlo Hesser (Thom Christopher) breaks out and John and Cristian are caught in the crossfire as Natalie discovers Cristian is indeed Cristian. Although John and Cristian make it out alive, Natalie is angry at both of them for lying to her, and no longer wants anything to do with either of them.
2006–08 |
9834_18 | Natalie soon realizes she has fallen for John, and officially divorces Cristian. John becomes consumed with solving the decades-old murder of his father, police officer Thomas McBain. The unsolved crime has plagued John for years, but new evidence begins to surface, which leads to David Vickers (Tuc Watkins), Dr. Paige Miller, and ultimately, Dr. Spencer Truman (Paul Satterfield). On the day of Spencer's arrest, John is able to finally find peace with his father's death, and has asked his mother to give him her engagement ring (from his father) for Natalie. But, John is soon involved in a terrible car pile-up on the highway — he is killed, his body burned beyond recognition. The town mourns his death and prays Llanview Assistant District Attorney Hugh Hughes (Josh Casaubon) will survive after an accident. On the episode first-run November 10, 2006, it is revealed Hugh, badly burned and bandaged in a burn unit, is in fact John McBain. He ultimately recovers, aided by some tender loving |
9834_19 | care by Natalie. During his recovery, he tells Natalie he loves her. John's relationship with Natalie, a fledgling forensics expert, ends in 2007. Believing she is protecting John, she tampers with evidence at the crime scene of Spencer's murder. With John unable to get past the difficulties of his recovery and Natalie's overprotectiveness, she breaks up with him in April 2007. |
9834_20 | John forms a bond with Dr. Marty Saybrooke (then, Christina Chambers; originated and later Susan Haskell) and her son Cole Thornhart (Brandon Buddy) in 2007, eventually helping her get out of her forced marriage to Miles Laurence (David Chisum). On episode first-run September 12, 2007, John is suspended from the police department, pending investigation into his role in withholding information about the true parentage of Tommy McBain. Tommy, the adopted son of John's younger brother Dr. Michael McBain (Chris Stack) and his wife Marcie (Kathy Brier), is Todd Manning's (St. John) biological son, thought murdered by Spencer Truman; when the truth comes out and Todd is awarded custody, Marcie flees town with the child. Though they dislike each other, John and Todd join up to pursue her across the country, as John wants to catch up with Marcie before Lee Ramsey, John's unpredictable FBI rival who is in charge of the case. When John and Todd end up in jail, Marty and Todd's ex-wife Blair |
9834_21 | Cramer arrive to bail them out, and to join in the search for Marcie. John and Marty bond further as Marty confesses to John her deceased husband, Patrick Thornhart, had been murdered. John and Marty make love, but Marty soon disappears in New Orleans, and Cole vanishes from Llanview. With Marty and Cole kidnapped by the Irish terrorists who had killed Patrick, John and Lee follow. Their plan goes awry, and though Cole is saved, a van explodes with Marty inside on December 4, 2007, and she is presumed dead. |
9834_22 | John and Blair Cramer (Kassie DePaiva) fall into bed together and begin a relationship, but the events surrounding Ramsey's death in June 2008 leave John with questions about Todd's involvement. John pieces together Ramsey had a mystery woman staying with him, and soon deduces she is now with Todd. Todd plays the hero to an amnesiac Marty, secretly saved and nursed back to health by Ramsey, but in a twisted pursuit of redemption, Todd fails to tell Marty that he had raped her years before, or that she has a son. She begins to fall in love with Todd, and he for her. On November 10, 2008, John breaks into Todd's home and finds Marty, soon realizing what Todd has been up to. The truth revealed to her, Marty lashes out, John beats Todd to a bloody pulp, and Todd is arrested. With Marty's return and John's obvious concern for her, Blair gives John the opportunity to end their relationship on good terms; he reassures Blair he is committed to their blossoming relationship. Todd is charged |
9834_23 | with kidnapping and rape; Marty is grilled on the stand by Todd's lawyer and ex-wife Téa Delgado (Florencia Lozano), her testimony actually used to exonerate Todd. Devastated, an unraveling Marty sets a plan in motion; professing to still love him, she lures a repentant and hopeful Todd to a New Year's celebration for two. On the roof of the Palace Hotel on January 2, 2009, she admits her deception and urges him to do the one thing that will make her happy: jump. He steps off the edge, and plummets into the water below. John pulls Todd out on the episode first-run January 5, 2009; Blair is relieved for the sake of her children, but Marty is furious. |
9834_24 | 2009–10
Killings take place in early 2009, with letters left on the bodies that spell out KAD, Todd's old fraternity, where he, Powell Lord III (Sean Moynihan), and Zach Rosen raped Marty, when they were in college. Blair is the first to be attacked and not die, and Todd is a possible suspect in the case. Blair fears she will lose her children, so her lawyer Téa suggests she marry John, which surprises them both. After some talking, John proposes to Blair and she accepts. She is also granted custody of their children. In August, they plan to get an annulment, but he has the papers changed to say divorce, because he wants it on record his first marriage was Blair although the marriage was never consummated. |
9834_25 | John began a relationship with Marty after his divorce from Blair. Marty is grateful when John saves Cole, Hope and Starr from drug dealers. John and Marty make love and begin a relationship. In the fall of 2009 John reconnects with Natalie as he investigates Jessica's stalking and Jared Banks' (John Brotherton) beating. John is immediately suspicious of Jared and admits to Marty he does not like Jared simply because he is Natalie's husband. When Jared accusing him of still being in love with Natalie, John answers yes, and admits he will always care for her. Marty senses the effect John and Natalie have on each other, but John tells her, he and Natalie were a long time ago. The investigation reveals Mitch Laurence (Roscoe Born) is behind the stalking and Jared was blackmailed into helping, in order to protect his father Charlie Banks. When Jared is killed by Mitch, Natalie is devastated. John supports Natalie through her grief. When she stabs Mitch with a letter opener, John |
9834_26 | transfers the blood off the letter opener Natalie used unto his own letter opener leaving his fingerprints. John then hides the letter opener covered in Mitch's blood and his fingerprints in his drawer, and tells investigators Mitch stabbed himself. |
9834_27 | When Mitch is interviewed, he tells Brody that John stabbed him. When Dorian, under the instruction of Mitch, brings forth John's hidden letter opener, John is charged with the crime. Natalie tries to confess, John continues to state he stabbed Mitch, and tells Bo that Natalie is trying to protect him. Marty questions John as to why he would risk everything for Natalie, and why he didn't consult her, his girlfriend, before framing himself. When John is arrested, Natalie tells her family John is covering for her and confesses to Bo. However, Marty arranges for Marty, Jessica, and Cole to come forward and admit to stabbing Mitch, the LPD having these new suspects coming forward forces John's release. Mitch gets Dorian to hire Mayor Lowell. He officially charges and arrests John for the attempted murder of Mitch. In February, Natalie and Brody break John out of jail so they can rescue Jessica who has been kidnapped by Mitch. As Natalie is driving, the car steers off the road as Natalie |
9834_28 | tries to avoid colliding with another car. Natalie is trapped and John gets her out before the car explodes. John finds a deserted cabin, where he takes Natalie. Natalie, suffering from a head injury, believes John to be Jared. John kisses the hallucinating Natalie and admits he loves with her. When Natalie realises her hallucinations are not real, John and Natalie admit they still have feelings for each other and kiss again as Marty enters the room. Although John tells Marty he wants to make it work with her, it is clear John has feelings for Natalie. |
9834_29 | John visits Natalie at Llanfair and the two end up kissing again. Before John is able to tell Marty about his feelings for Natalie, he learns Marty is pregnant with his child from Natalie, who congratulates him, not realizing he did not know. After she leaves, Marty arrives and he questions her about it. They discuss it and he reassures her while he has no idea what he's doing, he wants to have the baby, and she's very happy and relieved. On St. Patrick's Day, John and Natalie stare at one another as he dances with Marty. After being pushed down the stairs, Marty and John discover their baby has been miscarried. |
9834_30 | John and Natalie get back together, but she does not mention to him she had a one-night stand with Brody Lovett (Mark Lawson). Soon after, Natalie tells John she is pregnant and does not tell him about the possibility of Brody being the father. In December 2010, John asks Natalie to marry him because he loves her and wants her to be his wife. Despite her happiness, Natalie is hesitant due to Marty knowing the secret of her child's paternity but ultimately she lets herself accept. John wants to get married as soon as possible, and suggest they get married on New Year's Eve. John selects Brody as the best man, and Natalie chooses Jessica as her maid of honor. The couple say their vows and exchange rings but are never pronounced husband and wife as the wedding is interrupted by Marty.
2011–12 |
9834_31 | John starts 2011, frantic, unable to locate Natalie, who spends the beginning of the New Year giving birth to their child in Asa's lodge. Marty, whom Natalie had kidnapped and brought to the lodge, delivered the baby. When John tracks Natalie, he finds both women and his newly born son. However, Marty suffers a psychiatric break and believes the newborn is the child she and John lost. John and Natalie end up naming the baby Liam Asa McBain, while Marty is sent to an institution after losing her sanity. John, unhappy that he and Natalie didn't get married on New Year's Eve, decides they can get married as soon as possible. Jessica and Brody decide John and Natalie can share their big day, by both getting married at the wedding being planned for Jessica and Brody. John and Natalie accept the offer of a double wedding. On the day of the wedding, Clint's employee, Vimal, stops the wedding and reveals the paternity switch he did on Jessica's child, and the fact Natalie also had a paternity |
9834_32 | test done. Natalie then tells John the paternity test for Liam says Brody is the father, and John leaves her, devastated. John initially sleeps with Kelly Cramer (Gina Tognoni) to hurt Natalie, but continues to do so for months. John is shown to be conflicted with his love for Natalie, but being hurt by her betrayal and his love for Liam but not being able to accept he was not the father. Marty is released from the institution, and is intent on getting John back. |
9834_33 | Marty soon reveals to her psychiatrist she switched Natalie's paternity test. John is Liam's biological father. When Natalie finds out, she tries to tell John, only to be thrown off the roof by Marty. Marty also stabs Kelly, and escapes with Liam. Eventually, Marty leaves town, and Liam is found, and returned to Natalie and Brody. John and Natalie have a conversation about his inability to 'get past' Liam being Brody's even though he wants to. Natalie, believing John can never forgive her, decides to move on with Brody. John realizes he's still in love with Natalie, and breaks up with Kelly. When he goes to tell her, though, he finds out Brody proposed to Natalie, and she accepted. John decides to leave town and heads to Seattle to be with his brother's family. However, at the airport, Natalie shows up and tells John about him being Liam's father, and how Marty had switched the results. Natalie also found out Brody knew, and kept it a secret. Natalie and John go back to her house to |
9834_34 | be with Liam, only to find him gone. They realized Brody had taken Liam. They tracked Brody down to his family home, and he eventually handed Liam back. Natalie and John tried to talk about their relationship, but kept putting it off. After Natalie is kidnapped by Mitch, John saves her, and they reconcile. |
9834_35 | "Todd Manning" is actually revealed to be Victor Lord, Jr., Todd's twin brother who had taken his place for eight years. Victor is found dead soon after, and John helps Téa try to find his killer. Initially, evidence points to Tomás Delgado (Ted King), Téa's brother, but both John and Téa figure out the real Todd Manning (Roger Howarth), recently returned, framed Tomás to cover up his crime. John arrests Todd in the finale.
2012–13
When One Life to Live ended January 13, 2012, John was happily reunited with Natalie, and planning on raising their son together. However, commercials aired that John would be heading to Port Charles General Hospital for a crossover event with Starr Manning, Todd Manning and Blair Manning. It was not clear how his relationship with Natalie and his son would be resolved as they were not announced to be a part of the initial crossover. Viewers soon find out when John arrives in Port Charles, he is still in a relationship with Natalie. |
9834_36 | John McBain arrives in Port Charles after Blair calls him to inform him Todd has jumped bail to come there. John comes to the courthouse, where Todd is holding a gun on Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard), threatening to kill him because he believes Sonny is responsible for the car crash that killed his granddaughter Hope and her father Cole. John arrests Todd and takes him back to Llanview to stand trial for the murder of Victor. He is released, and comes back to Port Charles when Starr is arrested for trying to kill Sonny. John decides to return to Port Charles to take down Sonny, whom he blames for his half-sister Theresa's death years before. John's half sister was a new character created by Ron Carlivati to help facilitate the crossover. The explanation given to the audience why Teresa was never mentioned by Eve, Michael or Shannon McBain on One Life to Live was, John and Thomas McBain were the only family members which knew of her existence. Thomas McBain was shown on One Life to |
9834_37 | Live as a ghost and in recreations of John's history, but he did not mention Teresa on the show. John goes to see Anna Devane (Finola Hughes), whom John knew while he was with the FBI, and she is able to pull some strings to get him FBI clearance of 40 days to investigate Sonny. John makes it clear to Sonny he wants to take him down because he killed his sister, and Sonny maintains he is not responsible for her death. Sonny blames Joe Scully Jr. (Richard Steinmetz), and is proven to be true. During John's conversations with Anna, Anna warns him his need for revenge could cost him his family. |
9834_38 | During this time, John meets Sam Morgan (Kelly Monaco), the pregnant wife of Sonny's enforcer Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Sam confides in John about her problems with Jason and her pregnancy and that she was raped by Franco (James Franco). John uses his experience with the paternity debacle he went through with Natalie as a common ground they can relate. After Sam finds out Jason and Franco were twin brothers, John is able to get Sam a DNA sample of Franco from the FBI so she can have a paternity test done on her baby. After it is revealed the baby is Franco's and not Jason's, Jason cannot accept the baby and Sam moves out, at which point she leans on John for support even more. Jason doesn't like Sam spending time with John and is worried he is using her to take him and Sonny down. |
9834_39 | John helps Sam give birth to her son, and tries to get help but is prevented by Jason's hired thugs. On the day Sam's baby (Danny Morgan) is born, Todd Manning and Heather Webber switch Sam's live baby with Téa Delgado's stillborn son, Victor Lord III. Téa tells John that Todd saved her son's life, and she takes the child home to Llanview, Pennsylvania. On a night when John is depressed about the role he might have played in his sister's death, and Sam is sad about the passing of her baby, John and Sam kiss, but decide they cannot go further. Todd, upset with John about the role Todd believes John played in the destruction of Todd and Blair, mails Natalie a photo of John and Sam kiss at the harbor. John, who had been back to living in Llanview, returns home with dinner to discover Natalie and Liam gone. Clint's driver arrives and delivers a note in Natalie's apparent handwriting telling him she hopes it was worth it referring to his cheating on her. John calls Natalie, and she tells |
9834_40 | him she's in london. Although John is prepared to follow her so that he can grovel for her forgiveness, he discovers she took his passport with her. John, upset his life is falling apart, returns to Port Charles to confront Todd for destroying his family by sending Natalie the picture. John receives a restraining order from Buchanan enterprises, where Natalie's father owns, supposedly filed by Natalie. Unable to stay in Llanview, John stays in Port Charles and enlists Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), Sam's mother, to help him see his son again. John hopes once the restraining order is lifted, he and Natalie can reconcile. John gives up on that aspiration, when he gets a letter in Natalie's handwriting from Buchanan Enterprises telling him, she has moved on and is in love with someone else. Meanwhile, Jason approaches John with the suspicion Sam's child is alive, and was switched with Téa's baby. They get the proof, and John helps Sam and Jason reunite with the baby, and also helps |
9834_41 | Téa realize the truth about her son being stillborn. |
9834_42 | Jason is shot the night Sam reunites with him, and presumed dead. John tries to help Sam deal with her denial over Jason being dead. Sam tells John that Heather tampered with the paternity test. Jason is her son's biological father. In November, John has been in Port Charles for a few months unemployed, waiting for Alexis to resolve his visitation. Alexis explains to John, his chances of getting to see his son again would improve if he can show he can provide for the child. As a result, John asks Anna, now Commissioner of PCPD, for a job. She hires him as Detective Dante Falconeri's (Dominic Zamprogna) partner. Together, with the help of Anna's ex, Robert Scorpio (Tristan Rogers), they capture Cesar Faison (Anders Hove), a wanted criminal who shares a history with Anna. John reveals to Sam that Faison was the one who shot Jason, helping her realize Jason is dead. The restraining order is later revealed to have been filed by Natalie's father, Clint Buchanan, without her knowledge. |
9834_43 | Clint felt John was not a worthy partner for his daughter, or father to his grandson, after he cheated on Natalie, while she was taking care of their son. |
9834_44 | Once, when John is watching Danny, Sam's son, Lucy Coe (Lynn Herring) sees him, and calls him "Caleb," the king of vampires. Sam comes back, and Lucy calls her "Livvie." Lucy stabs John, and Sam takes him to the hospital. Lucy is declared insane, but later a woman named Alison Barrington (Erin Hershey Presley) shows up, and also calls John "Caleb." Soon after, Alison is found dead, and her son, Rafe Kovich, Jr. (Jimmy Deshler), becomes the primary suspect. At the station, however, Rafe points the finger at John as the killer, and there proves to be evidence to back it up. John is arrested soon after. John begins to believe Caleb does exist. He asks Lucy for help. She tells him Caleb is obsessed with "Livvie," who looks like Sam, and Rafe. |
9834_45 | Todd is arrested after trying to escape from Ferncliff, and reveals he was trying to save Danny from "John." John realizes it was Caleb, and he's going after Sam and Danny. Anna comes later and says Sam & Danny are missing. John, Rafe, and Lucy later escape with the help of Sam's sister, Molly Lansing (Haley Pullos). John heads to Port Charles University with Lucy and Rafe, looking for clues. There, he finds out a musician named Stephen Clay went insane after the death of his wife, Livvie, and believed he was a real vampire. They track Sam, Danny, and Clay down to Wyndemere. There, John manages to kill Clay in self-defense, rescuing Sam, Lucy, Rafe and Danny. He, along with Rafe and Lucy, were released. Soon after, Anna told John the FBI was recalling him for a long-term assignment, and John left Port Charles. |
9834_46 | John has been mentioned several times in the One Life to Live web series, as Natalie struggles to move on from their relationship. Without knowledge of the restraining order, she believes John has left his family for Sam. More recently, however, the truth has come out that Clint, not Natalie, manufactured the letter John received, and he is the one who filed the restraining order against John. Natalie still believes John had an affair with Sam, and she is both disturbed and shocked when the FBI notifies her John is on an undercover assignment, and he wants sole custody of Liam. This causes Natalie to confront her father about his deceptions. Where this will end up leaving John and Natalie if and when John returns is unknown at present. As of now, One Life to Live is shelved indefinitely.
References
External links
John McBain – ABC.com
John McBain - SoapCentral.com |
9834_47 | Television characters introduced in 2003
One Life to Live characters
General Hospital characters
Crossover characters in television
Fictional police detectives
Fictional Federal Bureau of Investigation personnel
Fictional police lieutenants
Fictional police commissioners
Male characters in television |
9835_0 | Vézelay () is a commune in the department of Yonne in the north-central French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is a defensible hill town famous for Vézelay Abbey. The town and its 11th-century Romanesque Basilica of St Magdalene are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
History
Ancient history
The first traces of human settlement in the vicinity of Vézelay date from 2300 to 2200 BC. near the sources of the Salt Fountains.
In the first century and the second century, about two thousand mine shafts were mined in the south-west of Vezelay by about five hundred to eight hundred slaves. These mines allowed the creation of a center of economic activity (market), a refuge and probably a place of pilgrimage. |
9835_1 | From the 1st century, the Romans set up the wine-growing on the hill of Vézelay. A temple in honor of Bacchus was discovered by the parish priest Guenot in 1689 in the foundations of the old church of Saint-Etienne during the construction of a new bell tower, which shows the importance of this culture in the region.
Middle Ages
In the 9th century the Benedictines were given land to build a monastery during the reign of Charles the Bald. According to legend, not long before the end of the first millennium a monk named Baudillon brought relics of Mary Magdalene to Vézelay from Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume.
In 1058 Pope Stephen IX confirmed the authenticity of the relics, leading to an influx of pilgrims that has continued to this day. Vézelay Abbey was also a major starting point for pilgrims on the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela. This was crucially important in attracting pilgrims and the wealth they brought to the town. |
9835_2 | Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade at the Council of Vézelay in 1146 with King Louis VII of France. The crowd was so large that a large platform was erected on a hill outside the city. The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ" When Bernard was finished the crowd enlisted en masse and they supposedly ran out of cloth to make crosses. Bernard is said to have flung off his own robe and began tearing it into strips to make more crosses. Others followed his example and he and his helpers were supposedly still producing crosses as night fell.
On 2 July 1190, the Frankish and English factions of the Third Crusade met at Vézelay before officially departing for the Holy Land. |
9835_3 | The human settlement on the hill of Vézelay is very anterior to the Benedictine abbey. Merovingian sarcophagi were found in the basement of the church of St. Peter, and under one of them an older sarcophagus. In 2012, a Carolingian wall was discovered, under the cloister of Vézelay.
Girart de Roussillon received by a favor from Louis the Pious and chose in 858 to ensure the perenniality of his possessions by transforming them into two Benedictine communities, respectively male and female: Pothières and Vézelay.
He founded a monastery of women at the present site of Saint-Père.
It has a villa, surrounded by large estates.
The neighborhood in which the houses are located bears the name of Vezeliacus which will become Vizeliac then Vézelay. |
9835_4 | This was a tenuous start, abruptly interrupted between 871 and 877, when the Normans dislodged the nuns.
Girart then asks for their replacement by a community of men.
The abbey was then transferred to the hill and Benedictine monks replaced the nuns.
The position of the monastery attracted many families to take advantage of the protection of the walls of the new establishment.
It was dedicated to the Virgin and the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul.
Its status is quite peculiar, for it was affiliated with Cluny, which was exempted until 1744:
Some authors assert that in 882 the monk Badilon had brought from Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume to Vézelay, relics of Mary Magdalene. On the other hand, Eudes, first abbot, is mentioned in 897.
The abbey of Vézelay
Elected in 1037, Abbot Geoffroy reformed the abbey and convinced his contemporaries that the abbey possessed the remains of Mary Magdalene: hence pilgrimages, offerings and donations. |
9835_5 | Between the years 1050 and 1250, Vézelay was the largest Magdalenian sanctuary in Western Europe. This benefited the inhabitants naturally and the village became a small town. "Hence, among them, a spirit of independence, which monastic despotism irritated, and which soon manifested itself by bloody revolts, obstinate struggles". It would be necessary to wait for a pontifical bull to make Madeleine officially become the patroness of the abbey (1050). Such prosperity attracted Cluny, who submitted to Vezelay and appointed the Abbe Artaud.
In 1060, Vézelay obtained the right of commune. |
9835_6 | In 1096, Urban II preached the first crusade; the construction of the abbey church was decided. It was consecrated in 1104. The abbe Artaud was assassinated in 1106. After many vicissitudes (revolts, seigneurial conflicts, the fire of 1120 caused by lightning), the narthex or Church of the Penitent Pilgrims was built: it was dedicated only in 1132. In 1137 the Abbe Albéric signed a charter with the inhabitants that defined the rights of the abbey and the bourgeois: an act of wisdom that was praised In laudatory terms by Bernard of Clairvaux. |
9835_7 | In the twelfth century, Vézelay developed. Then, in 1146, Vézelay's reputation was such that Bernard de Clairvaux preached the second crusade at the place known as the Saint Bernard cross. The place of preaching was transformed into a commemorative church: there were still some ruinis known as "La Cordelle". Abbé Ponce de Montbossier temporarily restored the abbey to its former privileges of independence ("pote, potestas Vezeliacensis"). The abbots received enormous prerogatives from the Vatican: the right to wear the miter, the crosier, the ring and the sandals.
At the same time, the city continued its development and was fortified in 1150 with 2,000 meters of curtain-wall and the construction of the Holy Cross gate. Then, the city obtained communal institutions in 1152, which were withdrawn in 1155 by Louis VII. After the revolt of 1167, the inhabitants obtained from the monks a written charter which guaranteed them liberties in the region ("libertas Vezeliacensis"). |
9835_8 | In 1190, Philippe Auguste and Richard Cœur de Lion met for the third crusade. The choir of the Romanesque church was rebuilt into a larger one. Abbe Hugues, a corrupt man, squandered the wealth of the abbey and was dismissed in 1207. The decline of the abbey began, coinciding with the decline of the monastic orders and that of the Benedictines in particular. |
9835_9 | Decline of the Abbey
Towards 1215, the abbey was completed, and the conflicts with the counts of Nevers resumed. The different popes and kings of France could do nothing to protect the religious community. The protection of the relics of the Madeleine seemed to be ineffective, and the pilgrims turned away from this troubled city by so many conflicts (such as the uprising of 1250). Pope Clement IV launched an inquiry to understand the reasons for such a forfeiture and ordered a solemn verification of the relics of the Madeleine. King St. Louis joined the ceremony (on April 24, 1267). But in 1279, the pope proclaimed that the body found at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume was indeed the body of Mary Magdalene. The pilgrims turned away from Vézelay and prosperity left too. |
9835_10 | In 1280, an ordinance signed by Philip the Bold proclaims the more or less complete attachment of Vezelay to the royal domain. Pope Martin IV approved the decree. With the Order of 1312, Philip the Fair confirmed that city and abbey are an ordinary dependency of the royal domain. The inhabitants understood that this authority allowed them to contain the abbatial independence, and to escape the brutalities of feudal lords. Vezelay enters the restricted circle of the towns of the kingdom (there were only 16).
In 1360, the wall was rebuilt and reinforced with round towers with machicolations.
On July 27, 1421, the troops of the Duke of Burgundy, Philippe Le Bon, await the army of rescue at Vézelay. They make their junction with the English contingents of King Henry V, commanded by his brother, the Duke of Bedford, John of Lancaster. The two armies gather 12,000 men and meet to counter the forces of the Dauphin Charles at La Charité-sur-Loire. |
9835_11 | Abbot Hugues de Maison-Comte, an adviser to Charles V, is known for his fairness in his relations with the inhabitants of Vézelay (1353–1383), and Abbé Alexandre, adviser to Philippe Le Bon for his diplomatic role. He exhorted the Vezelians to leave the Anglo-Burgundian league and contributed to the rapprochement between Philip the Good and Charles VII and led to the meeting of the Council of Basel in 1431. Finally, he participated in the elaboration of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges in 1438.
Louis XI did not tolerate the abbots being bound to the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold. In order to secure a stronghold, he brutally imposed one of his courtiers, Pierre de Balzac.
The New Gate of Vézelay built at the end of the 15th century and where the sites are still visible. |
9835_12 | At the end of the 15th century, a new door was built in the precincts: the Porte Neuve. The latter is defended by two round towers about twelve meters in diameter with walls three meters thick, and two harrows are added to the door in order to be able to prohibit access.
In 1538, a bull granted what the monks long demanded: namely secularization. The abbey becomes a simple collegiate church, a chapter of canons replaces the Benedictine monks and especially the domain is placed in the hands of commendatory abbots. Francis I tried in vain to get Vezelay to become a bishopric.
The bull of 1541 was registered by the Parlement of Paris only in 1653. It bore only insufficient income and favored the commendatory abbots. |
9835_13 | Wars of religion
During the wars of religion, the abbots made a strong place of the Protestant League. Under the influence of Theodore de Beze, the abbey made Vézelay one of the first towns of the region allied to Protestantism.
In March 1569, the town was taken by the Protestant troops of Captains Sarrasin and Blosset, anxious to win a good military position.
The city was soon besieged by the armies of Charles IX commanded by Louis Prevost of Sansac.
The cavalry was launched on Vézelay on October 6, but the captains entrenched in the city defended themselves very well by attacking in their turn.
The bombings since Asquins and Saint-Père yielded nothing.
The siege turned into a blockade to starve the city.
The city did not surrender despite eight months of siege and intense fighting, thanks to a supply of relief from Protestant troops. Sansac lifted the camp, leaving the city untaken, on February 25, 1570. |
9835_14 | At the treaty of Saint-Germain (1570), Vézelay was one of the two towns of the government of Champagne to authorize the Protestants to freely exercise their worship.
In 1594 Edme de Rochefort, Sieur de Pluvault, who governed the city in the name of the League, gave the place to Henri IV and took the lead of the royalist troops to take Avallon.
Wine
Bourgogne Vézelay is the local wine appellation. Vineyards descend to the edge of the town and produce a range of mostly white wines, based mainly on the Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Melon de Bourgogne grape varieties. About half of the production is marketed through the Cave Henry co-operative. The vineyards are believed to have been established by the Monastery in the ninth century. In the late nineteenth century the vineyards were decimated by phylloxera. The vineyards were revived during the 1970s.
Gallery
See also
Communes of the Yonne department
Morvan Regional Natural Park
References
External links |
9835_15 | Maison du Visiteur, a prelude to visiting the basilica
Photographs of some details in the Basilica
History plus photo pages showing the famous Tympanum, Zodiac and Capital Sculptures of the Basilique Ste-Madeleine,Vézelay
Communes of Yonne
Plus Beaux Villages de France
Nivernais |
9836_0 | Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in the Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labelled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in Latin). In the northwest was another Celtic language, Gallaecian (also known as Northwestern Hispano-Celtic), that was closely related to Celtiberian. |
9836_1 | Overview
Enough is preserved to show that the Celtiberian language could be Q-Celtic (like Goidelic), and not P-Celtic like Gaulish. For some, this has served to confirm that the legendary invasion of Ireland by the Milesians, preserved in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, actually happened.
Some scholars believe the Brittonic languages are more closely related to Goidelic (Gaelic) than to Gaulish; it would follow that the P/Q division is polyphyletic. If so the change from kʷ to p occurred in Brythonic (Brittonic) and Gaulish when having long diverged from the other, rather than then forking the "family tree" of the Celtic languages. A change within sub-branches of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) **kʷ (q) to p is seen in some Italic languages and Ancient Greek: Oscan has pis, pid 'who, what?' to Latin quis, quid; Gaulish has epos 'horse' as Attic Greek has hippos to Latin equus and Mycenaean Greek i-qo. |
9836_2 | Celtiberian and Gaulish are grouped together as Continental Celtic languages, but this grouping is paraphyletic too: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from Brittonic Celtic.
Celtiberian has a fully inflected relative pronoun ios (as does, for instance, Ancient Greek), not preserved in other Celtic languages, and the particles -kue 'and' < *kʷe (cf. Latin -que, Attic Greek te), nekue 'nor' < *ne-kʷe (cf. Latin neque), ekue 'also, as well' < *h₂et(i)-kʷe (cf. Lat. atque, Gaulish ate, OIr. aith 'again'), ve "or" (cf. Latin enclitic -ve and Attic Greek ē < Proto-Greek *ē-we). As in Welsh, there is an s-subjunctive, gabiseti "he shall take" (Old Irish gabid), robiseti, auseti. Compare Umbrian ferest "he/she/it shall make" or Ancient Greek deiksēi (aorist subj.) / deiksei (future ind.) "(that) he/she/it shall show".
Phonology
Celtiberian was a Celtic language that shows the characteristic sound changes of Celtic languages such as:
PIE Consonants |
9836_3 | PIE *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ > b, d, g: Loss of Proto-Indo-European voiced aspiration.
Celtiberian and Gaulish placename element -brigā 'hill, town, akro-polis' < *bʰr̥ǵʰ-eh₂;
nebintor 'they are watered' < *nebʰ-i-nt-or;
dinbituz 'he must build' < *dʰingʰ-bī-tōd, ambi-dingounei 'to build around > to enclose' < *h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-o-mn-ei (cf. Latin fingō 'to build, shape' < *dʰingʰ-o, Old Irish cunutgim 'erect, build up' < *kom-ups-dʰingʰ-o), ambi-diseti '(that someone) builds around > enclose' < *h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti.
gortika 'mandatory, required' < *gʰor-ti-ka (cfr. Latin ex-horto 'exhort' < *ex-gʰor-to);
duatir 'daughter' < *dʰugh₂tēr, duateros 'grandson, son of the daughter' (Common Celtic duxtir);
bezom 'mine' < *bʰedʰ-yo 'that is pierced'. |
9836_4 | PIE *kʷ: Celtiberian preserved the PIE voiceless labiovelar kʷ (hence Q-Celtic), a development also observed in Archaic Irish and Latin. On the contrary Brythonic or P-Celtic (as well as some dialects of Ancient Greek and some Italic branches like P-Italic) changed kʷ to p. -kue 'and' < *kʷe, Latin -que, Osco-Umbrian -pe 'and', neip 'and not, neither' < *ne-kʷe.
PIE *ḱw > ku: ekuo horse (in ethnic name ekualakos) < *h₁eḱw-ālo (cf. Middle Welsh ebawl 'foal' < *epālo, Latin equus 'horse', OIr. ech 'horse' < *eko´- < *h₁eḱwo-, OBret. eb < *epo- < *h₁eḱwo-);
kū 'dog' < *kuu < *kwōn, in Virokū, 'hound-man, male hound/wolf, werewolf' (cfr. Old Irish Ferchú < *Virokū, Old Welsh Gurcí < *Virokū 'idem.'.
PIE *gʷ > b: bindis 'legal agent' < *gʷiHm-diks (cfr. Latin vindex 'defender');
bovitos 'cow passage' < *gʷow-(e)ito (cfr. OIr bòthar 'cow passage' < *gʷow-(e)itro), and boustom 'cowshed' < *gʷow-sto. |
Subsets and Splits