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9720_50 | World War I
Although some personnel aboard Coast and Geodetic Survey ships wore uniforms virtually identical to those of the U.S. Navy, the Survey operated as a completely civilian organization from 1900 until after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. To avoid the dangerous situation Coast Survey personnel had faced during the American Civil War, when they could have been executed as spies if captured by the enemy, a new Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps was created on May 22, 1917, giving the Surveys officers a commissioned status that protected them from treatment as spies if captured, as well as providing the United States armed forces with a ready source of officers skilled in surveying that could be rapidly assimilated for wartime support of the armed forces. |
9720_51 | Over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps officers served in the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps during World War I, and Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel were active as artillery orienteering officers, as minelaying officers in the North Sea (where they supported the laying of the North Sea Mine Barrage), as troop transport navigators, as intelligence officers, and as officers on the staff of General John "Black Jack" Pershing.
Interwar period |
9720_52 | During the period between the world wars, the Coast and Geodetic Survey returned to its peaceful scientific and surveying pursuits, including land surveying, sea floor charting, coastline mapping, geophysics, and oceanography. In 1923 and 1924, it began the use of acoustic sounding systems and developed radio acoustic ranging, which was the first marine navigation system in history that did not rely on a visual means of position determination. These developments led to the Surveys 1924 discovery of the sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel or deep sound channel (DSC) – a horizontal layer of water in the ocean at which depth the speed of sound is at its minimum – and to the development of telemetering radio sonobuoys and marine seismic exploration techniques. The Air Commerce Act, which went into effect on May 20, 1926, among other things directed that the airways of the United States be charted for the first time and assigned this mission to the Coast and Geodetic Survey. |
9720_53 | In 1933, the Coast and Geodetic Survey opened a ship base in Norfolk, Virginia. From 1934 to 1937, it organized surveying parties and field offices to employ over 10,000 people, including many unemployed engineers, during the height of the Great Depression.
World War II
When the United States entered World War II in December 1941, all of this work was suspended as the Survey dedicated its activities entirely to support of the war effort. Over half of the Coast and Geodetic Corps commissioned officers were transferred to either the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, or United States Army Air Forces, while those who remained in the Coast and Geodetic Survey also operated in support of military and naval requirements. About half of the Surveys civilian work force, slightly over 1,000 people, joined the armed services. |
9720_54 | Officers and civilians of the Survey saw service in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific and in the defense of North America and its waters, serving as artillery surveyors, hydrographers, amphibious engineers, beachmasters (i.e., directors of disembarkation), instructors at service schools, and in a wide range of technical positions. Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel also worked as reconnaissance surveyors for a worldwide aeronautical charting effort, and a Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps officer was the first commanding officer of the Army Air Forces Aeronautical Chart Plant at St. Louis, Missouri. Coast and Geodetic Survey civilians who remained in the United States during the war produced over 100 million maps and charts for the Allied forces. Three Coast and Geodetic Survey officers and eleven members of the agency who had joined other services were killed during the war.
Post–World War II |
9720_55 | Following World War II, the Coast and Geodetic Survey resumed its peacetime scientific and surveying efforts. In 1945 it adapted the British Royal Air Forces Gee radio navigation system to hydrographic surveying, ushering in a new era of marine electronic navigation. In 1948 it established the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Honolulu Hawaii. The onset of the Cold War in the late 1940s led the Survey also to make a significant effort in support of defense requirements, such as conducting surveys for the Distant Early Warning Line and for rocket ranges, performing oceanographic work for the U.S. Navy, and monitoring nuclear tests. |
9720_56 | In 1955, the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship USC&GS Pioneer (OSS 31) conducted a survey in the Pacific Ocean off the United States West Coast towing a magnetometer invented by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The first such survey in history, it discovered magnetic striping on the seafloor, a key finding in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Coast and Geodetic Survey participated in the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. During the IGY, 67 countries cooperated in a worldwide effort to collect, share, and study data on eleven Earth sciences – aurora and airglow, cosmic rays, geomagnetism, gravity, ionospheric physics, longitude and latitude determinations for precision mapping, meteorology, oceanography, seismology, and solar activity. |
9720_57 | In 1959, the Coast and Geodetic Surveys charter was extended to give it the responsibility for U.S. Government oceanographic studies worldwide. In 1963, it became the first U.S. Government scientific agency to take part in an international cooperative oceanographic/meteorological project when the survey ship USC&GS Explorer (OSS 28) made a scientific cruise in support of the EQUALANT I and EQUALANT II subprojects of the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA) project. A Coast and Geodetic Survey ship operated in the Indian Ocean for the first time in 1964, when Pioneer conducted the International Indian Ocean Expedition. |
9720_58 | ESSA and NOAA years
On July 13, 1965, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), was established and became the new parent organization of both the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the United States Weather Bureau. At the same time, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps was removed from the Surveys direct control, subordinated directly to ESSA, and renamed the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps, or "ESSA Corps." As the ESSA Corps, it retained the responsibility of providing commissioned officers to man Coast and Geodetic Survey ships. |
9720_59 | On October 3, 1970, ESSA was expanded and reorganized to form the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Coast and Geodetic Survey ceased to exist as it merged with other government scientific agencies to form NOAA, but its constituent parts lived on, with its geodetic responsibilities assigned to the new National Geodetic Survey, its hydrographic survey duties to NOAAs new Office of Coast Survey, and its ships to the new NOAA fleet, while the ESSA Corps became the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, or "NOAA Corps". In 2009, former NOAA Corps officer Juliana P. Blackwell was named as Director of the National Geodetic Survey and become the first woman to head the oldest U.S Federal science agency.
The National Geodetic Survey, Office of Coast Survey, and NOAA fleet all fell under control of NOAAs new National Ocean Service.
Coast and Geodetic Survey leadership |
9720_60 | Superintendents (1816–1919)
Source
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1816–1818 and 1832–1843)
Alexander Dallas Bache (1843–1867)
Benjamin Peirce (1867–1874)
Carlile Pollock Patterson (1874–1881)
Julius Erasmus Hilgard (1881–1885)
Frank Manly Thorn (1885–1889), the first non-scientist to hold the position
Thomas Corwin Mendenhall (1889–1894)
William Ward Duffield (1894–1897)
Henry Smith Pritchett (1897–1900)
Otto Hilgard Tittmann (1900–1915)
Ernest Lester Jones (1915–1919)
Directors (1919–1970)
Source
Colonel Ernest Lester Jones (1919–1929)
Captain/Rear Admiral Raymond Stanton Patton (1929–1937)
Rear Admiral Leo Otis Colbert (1938–1950)
Rear Admiral Robert Francis Anthony Studds (1950–1955)
Rear Admiral Henry Arnold Karo (1955–1965)
Rear Admiral James C. Tison, Jr. (1965–1968)
Rear Admiral Don A. Jones (1968–1970)
Superintendents of Weights and Measures
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (c. 1818–1843)
Joseph Saxton (1843–1873)
Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps (1917–1965) |
9720_61 | Colonel Ernest Lester Jones (1917–1929)
Captain/Rear Admiral Raymond Stanton Patton (1929–1937)
Rear Admiral Leo Otis Colbert (1938–1950)
Rear Admiral Robert Francis Anthony Studds (1950–1955)
Rear Admiral Henry Arnold Karo (1955–1965)
Flag
The Coast and Geodetic Survey was authorized its own flag on January 16, 1899. The flag, which remained in use until the Survey merged with other agencies to form NOAA on October 3, 1970, was blue, with a central white circle and a red triangle centered within the circle. It was intended to symbolize the triangulation method used in surveying. The flag was flown by ships in commission with the Coast and Geodetic Survey at the highest point on the forwardmost mast, and served as a distinguishing mark of the Survey as a separate seagoing service from the Navy, with which the Survey shared a common ensign. |
9720_62 | The ESSA flag, in use from 1965 to 1970, was adapted from the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag by adding a blue circle to the center of the Survey flag, with a stylized, diamond-shaped map of the world within the blue circle. The blue circle containing the map lay entirely within the red triangle.
The NOAA flag, in use today, also was adapted from the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag by adding the NOAA emblem – a circle divided into two parts by the white silhouette of a flying seagull, with the roughly triangular portion above the bird being dark blue and the portion below it a lighter blue – to the center of the old Survey flag. The NOAA symbol lies entirely within the red triangle.
Ranks
Relative rank of officers 1918
Ranks 1943
Petty Officers were Chiefs, First Class, Second Class, and Third Class.
Ships |
9720_63 | The Survey of the Coasts first ship, the schooner Jersey, was acquired for it in 1834 by the U.S. Department of the Navy. By purchasing commercial vessels, through transfers from the U.S. Navy and U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, and later through construction of ships built specifically for the Survey, the Coast Survey and later the Coast and Geodetic Survey operated a fleet of ships until the formation of NOAA in October 1970.
The first of the Surveys ships to see U.S. Navy service was the brig during the Mexican War. During the American Civil War, Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II, some of the Surveys ships saw service in the U.S. Navy and United States Coast Guard, while others supported the war effort as a part of the Surveys fleet. |
9720_64 | The Coast and Geodetic Survey applied the abbreviation "USC&GS" as a prefix to the names of its ships, analogous to the "USS" abbreviation employed by the U.S. Navy. In the 20th century, the Coast and Geodetic Survey also instituted a hull classification symbol system similar to the one that the U.S. Navy began using in 1920. Each ship was classified as an "ocean survey ship" (OSS), "medium survey ship" (MSS), "coastal survey ship" (CSS), or "auxiliary survey vessel" (ASV), and assigned a unique hull number, the abbreviation for its type and its unique hull number combining to form its individual hull code. For example, the ocean survey ship Oceanographer that served from 1930 to 1942 was USC&GS Oceanographer (OSS 26), while the Oceanographer that served from 1966 to 1970 was USC&GS Oceanographer (OSS 01). |
9720_65 | When NOAA was created on October 3, 1970 and the Coast and Geodetic Survey was dissolved, its ships were combined with the fisheries research ships of the United States Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to form the new NOAA fleet. For a time, NOAA continued to use the Coast and Geodetic Surveys classification system for its survey ships, but it later abandoned it and instituted a new classification scheme.
A partial list of the Surveys ships: |
9720_66 | (in service ca. 1871–1900)
(in service 1901–1917; 1919–1927)
(in service 1852–1861)
(in service 1854–1881)
(in service 1871–1890)
(in service 1856–1858)
(in service 1919–1927)
(in service 1851–1858)
(in service 1846–1862)
(in service 1867–1885)
(in service 1875–1880)
(in service 1848–1857)
(in service 1855–1868)
(in service 1854–1874)
(in service 1946–1967)
(in service 1884–1918)
(in service 1887–1927)
(in service 1919–1934)
(in service 1933–1935)
(in service 1967–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1989)
(in service 1922–1941)
(in service 1967–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1996)
(in service 1876–1893)
(in service ca. 1870s–1903)
(in service 1919–1944)
(in service 1904–1918; 1919–1939)
(in service 1940–1968)
(in service 1968–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1989 and 2004–present)
(in service 1871–1881)
(in service 1905–1942)
(in service 1968–1970, then with NOAA 1970–2002)
(in service 1840–1848 and from 1849) |
9720_67 | (in service 1874–1905; famous as pioneer ship in deep-ocean survey and oceanography)
(in service 1930–1962)
(in service 1923–1941)
(in service 1941–1942)
Hassler (in service 1871–1895)
(in service 1967–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1995)
(in service 1919–1939)
(in service 1942–1967)
(in service 1946–1967)
(in service 1901–1917; 1919–1928)
(in service 1915–1917; 1919–1920)
(in service 1940–1967)
(in service 1919–1947)
(in service 1850–1858)
(in service 1919–1944)
(in service 1905–1932)
(in service 1957–1968)
(in service 1885–1919)
(in service 1876–1915)
(in service 1966–1970, then with NOAA 1970–2003)
(in service 1851–1872)
(in service 1920–1939)
(in service 1919–1944)
(in service 1849–1855)
(in service 1968–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1995)
(in service 1919–1935)
(in service 1930–1942)
(in service 1966–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1996)
(in service 1919–1944)
(in service 1919–1920) |
9720_68 | USC&GS Pathfinder (1898) (in service 1899–1942, renamed USC&GS Researcher 1941)
(in service 1946–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1971)
(in service 1941–1967)
(in service 1963–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1992)
(in service 1845–1857)
(in service 1922–1941)
(in service 1941–1942)
(in service 1946–1966)
(in service 1919–1930 or 1931)
(in service 1901–1918)
(in service 1970, then with NOAA 1970–1996)
USCS Robert J. Walker (in service 1848–1860)
(in service 1905–1921)
(acquired 1919)
(in service 1871–1888)
(in service 1917 and 1919–1956)
(in service 1960–1970, then with NOAA 1970–1995 or 1996)
(in service 1898–1917)
USRC Taney (1833) (in service 1847–1850)
(in service 1875–1915)
USCS Vanderbilt (in service 1842–1855)
USCS Varina (in service 1854–1875)
)(in service 1860s)
(in service 1942–1967)
(in service 1929–1946)
(in service 1963–1970, then with NOAA 1970–2003)
(in service 1919–1941)
(in service 1873–1894)
(in service 1898–1923) |
9720_69 | See also
Awards and decorations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Height Modernization
Herbert Grove Dorsey
Hydrographic survey#United States
Hydrography
International maritime signal flags
Lists of flags
Radio acoustic ranging
Nautical chart
Seconds pendulum
Surveying
Topography
Notes
References
External links
National Geodetic Survey website
early history of the Coast Survey
NOAA Office of Coast Survey
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Annual Reports, years 1837–1965
United States Coast & Geodetic Survey at ArlingtonCemetery•net, an unofficial website
Explanation of survey monuments
1858 map: Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
1853 map: Preliminary chart of San Luis Pass, Texas hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
1854 map: Preliminary survey of the entrance to the Rio Grande, Texas hosted by the Portal to Texas History. |
9720_70 | Geodesy organizations
Geographic data and information organizations in the United States
National Geodetic Survey
Government agencies established in 1807
Exploration of North America |
9721_0 | The Wonderful World of Disney: Disneyland 60 was a television special celebrating the 60th anniversary of the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, California, which aired February 21, 2016. The special was largely broadcast from the Hollywood and Highland Center. It is the second episode of the re-incarnation of The Wonderful World of Disney (originally aired from 1954 to 2008), after returning as an infrequent series of specials in 2015.
The show was introduced by Dancing with the Stars performers Derek Hough and Witney Carson.
The trailer for Pete's Dragon debuted during the special. |
9721_1 | Segments
Opening sequence, featuring Dancing With The Stars pro dancers and Pentatonix performing a special version of "Be Our Guest".
Dance themed clip reel, set to the song "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang, introduced by Witney Carson and Alfonso Ribeiro
Mickey Mouse tribute, introduced by Bryce Dallas Howard
Dance sequences, introduced by Carson and Ribeiro
"Part of Your World", featuring Kelsea Ballerini, dancers included Maddie Ziegler
"I Wan'na Be Like You", featuring Fall Out Boy
"Friend Like Me", featuring Ne-Yo
"Step in Time", featuring Derek Hough and including an appearance by Dick van Dyke
"Circle of Life", performed by Elton John at Sleeping Beauty Castle
"Let It Go", performed by Idina Menzel at Disney California Adventure's Paradise Pier
Harrison Ford, talking about the moviegoing experience, his involvement in the Star Wars films, and Star Wars Land
Star Wars: In Concert, introduced by Ford, and including a cameo by BB-8 |
9721_2 | Tori Kelly and Kermit the Frog performing "The Rainbow Connection".
"Steve McQueen" performed by Little Big Town in Cars Land, introduced by Hough
Segment on recent Disneyland additions, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg
Zootopia clip introduced by Ginnifer Goodwin and Jason Bateman
Segment on Disney animation, stories and characters, hosted by John Lasseter, introduced by Goodwin and Bateman
"The Sorcerer's Apprentice", performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, accompanied with footage of The Sorcerer's Apprentice segment of Fantasia, introduced by Kiefer Sutherland
A segment on Shanghai Disney Resort, introduced and narrated by Priyanka Chopra
"Wonderful Crazy Night", performed by Elton John at Sleeping Beauty Castle, introduced by Derek Hough |
9721_3 | Disney Short Films Clips
Steamboat Willie (1928)
Plane Crazy (1929)
Lonesome Ghosts (1937)
Mickey's Trailer (1938) |
9721_4 | Disney Films Clips
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
Mary Poppins (1964)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
Toy Story (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Finding Nemo (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Cars (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Brave (2012)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Monsters University (2013)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014) |
9721_5 | Inside Out (2015) |
9721_6 | Star Wars films Clips
Star Wars (1977)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones (2002)
Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Upcoming Disney Films Clips
Zootopia (2016)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Finding Dory (2016)
Pete's Dragon (2016)
Production
The special was produced by Den of Thieves & Lincoln Square Productions.
Executive producers: Jesse Ignatovic, Evan Prager
Director: Louis J. Horvitz
Disneyland Resorts segments director: Sandra Restrepo Considini
References
2010s American television specials
2016 American television episodes
2016 television specials
2016 in American television
Disneyland 60
Television shows directed by Louis J. Horvitz |
9722_0 | A secondary suite is a self contained dwelling, sometimes attached to the main dwelling, sometimes separate, which can be offered for rent to a third party by the owner/occupier. Some Canadian municipalities permit these while others do not, and rules vary as to what sort of dwellings are permitted to have secondary suites and what forms they may take.
Municipalities permitting secondary suites
Coquitlam, B.C.
The City of Coquitlam permits secondary suites. It is limited in size to 40% of the total floor area of the house, and an additional parking space must be provided.
Kelowna, B.C.
The City of Kelowna permits secondary suites in land uses districts amended with an "S" designation. The main requirements are:
No more than one secondary suite per residence.
There must be a minimum of three off-street parking spaces on the lot.
The maximum size is or 40% of the floor area of the house, whichever is less.
3/4 hours of fire rated wall. |
9722_1 | Vancouver, B.C
The City of Vancouver has permitted secondary suites since March 23, 2004. At that time, changes were made to the Zoning and Development Bylaw to make it possible for every single-family house in Vancouver to have a secondary suite. These changes included:
"One-Family Dwelling with Secondary Suite" to be permitted in all residential RS, RM, and RT zones;
One on-site parking space will be acceptable for a house with a secondary suite, if the house was built prior to March 23, 2004;
Partial sprinkler system will no longer be a requirement for existing non-sprinklered houses (certain conditions apply). Instead, interconnected hard-wired smoke alarms equipped with battery backup and manual silencing device are to be installed;
Ceiling height requirement for an existing house reduced to 6'6" over 80% of the suite area and in all areas of exit from the suite. |
9722_2 | Calgary, Alberta
The vast majority of secondary suites in Calgary are basement suites. The regulations concerning secondary suites are complex, as they derive from a number of land use and zoning by-laws and differ vastly from community to community and even from street to street. The basic requirements for legal basement suites are that they must only exist in fully detached single-family homes in specific land use districts, they must be 70 square metres in area or less, they must meet all regulations concerning habitability (they must be heated, have adequate kitchen and bathroom facilities, be insulated, etc.), and that each must have its own separate entrance and windows large enough to allow for escape in case of fire. |
9722_3 | However, many basement suites in Calgary are 'illegal' in that they contravene the regulations. One estimate states that over half the basement suites in the city are illegal. Although the municipal government requires in theory that all suites be built pursuant to regulations, basement suites are one of the few forms of low-income housing available and are therefore generally tolerated; inspections are only conducted after specific complaints have been made. In 2007, rules were proposed that would retroactively legalize the thousands (or tens of thousands) of illegal basement suites in Calgary and make it easier for homeowners to build basement suites; the intent of the new rules was to ease the pressure on housing in a city where half of the homeless are fully employed. City Council voted against the proposition amid concerns over fire safety and the exploitation of low-income earners. |
9722_4 | Since Calgary's new Lane Use Bylaw became effective in June 2008, Secondary suites are permitted in a number of residential districts. The name of the districts that have secondary suites as a discretionary use include the letter 's', such as "R-C1s". Despite the land use district being available, land owners in Calgary's developed area have challenges in getting a secondary suites approved. As there is little inner-city land designated for secondary suites, any such approval requires a rezoning of the property, and this requires approval from a Council that is divided on the issue. |
9722_5 | Other cities
Secondary suites can be registered in Abbotsford, B.C.
Langley, B.C. has recently decided to legalize secondary suites in all single family residential zones in the City.
Port Moody, B.C. has adopted a secondary suite program.
Surrey, B.C. authorizes secondary suites through a two step process of rezoning then permit approval.
Toronto - in the 2012 draft bylaw it was proposed that one secondary suite be allowed per detached or semi-detached house, and one per townhouse zoned "R"
Municipalities not permitting secondary suites
Richmond, B.C. as of January, 2016 secondary suites in single family homes are permitted but must be inspected and approved to meet B.C. building codes
References
Further reading
House types
Urban planning in Canada |
9723_0 | Sam McCall is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network. Created by Charles Pratt, Jr. and Robert Guza, Jr., the character made her debut on the episode airing on October 1, 2003, portrayed by Kelly Monaco. Sam is the daughter of mob boss Julian Jerome (William deVry) and attorney Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), born and given up for adoption when both were teenagers. She arrived in town as a con artist trying to reverse her family's bad luck by destroying the five lucky cards of the "Dead Man's Hand." Upon her arrival she was characterized as a "sexy bad girl, with a nose for intrigue." Since her introduction, the character has matured into a self-assured and confident woman, while still retaining traces of her adventuresome, bad girl ways.
Monaco's performance has been met with critical acclaim, having garnered her the Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2006. |
9723_1 | Casting
The role of Samantha McCall was originated by former Baywatch star and Playboy's April 1997 Playmate of the Month, Kelly Monaco on October 1, 2003. Monaco, who had previously portrayed Livvie Locke on the ABC Daytime spinoff soap opera Port Charles, was one of several performers from the cancelled soap to join the cast of the main show. Monaco had also auditioned for ABC Daytime's All My Children as well as CBS Daytime's As the World Turns, both of which were based in New York at the time, and Monaco's eagerness to stay on the West coast led to her ultimately signing with General Hospital, based in Los Angeles.
In 2005, Monaco joined the first season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars and was the first champion of what turned into a multi-season competition. |
9723_2 | In August 2009, a casting call was sent out to recast the role of Sam, leaving fans shocked by her possible departure. Despite rumors and speculation, Monaco's co-stars Steve Burton (Jason Morgan) and Nancy Lee Grahn (Alexis Davis) denied she was departing from the show. Monaco herself dispelled the rumors, stating there was "really no doubt" she would renew her contract; it was merely standard procedure for ABC to release the casting call since she and the network had not signed off on a new contract by a set deadline. |
9723_3 | In July 2020, it was announced that Monaco would take temporary leave from the role; in a social media post, Monaco's mother cited her need to take a 14-day self-isolated quarantine—following a "breathing problem" after production resumed—related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. As a result, the role was recast with Lindsay Hartley, who appeared from August 4 to August 13, 2020. Monaco returned to the role on August 18. Hartley briefly filled in for Monaco again on February 3, 4 and 7, 2022.
Storylines
Backstory
Samantha, also known as Sam, is born on May 11, 1980, (Mother's Day) in Chatham, Maine to a 16-year-old Alexis Davidovitch (Nancy Lee Grahn). While at boarding school, Alexis' father, Mikkos Cassadine (John Colicos), forces her to give the child up and later forges documents to make Alexis believe the child is dead. |
9723_4 | Sam is adopted by Cody McCall (Stanley Kamel) and his wife, Evelyn Bass, who choose adoption based on fear of having another mentally handicapped baby like their first child Danny (then Henri Lubatti). Cody is a con artist and his way of life forces Evelyn to leave when Sam is only three years old, taking Danny with her. Cody raises Sam on his own and teaches her the art of the con. When Sam is 17, she tracks down Evelyn in Bailey's Beach, South Carolina and is shocked to find Danny locked in the basement. When Sam helps Danny escape, he accidentally knocks a candle over that burns down the house, not knowing Evelyn was inside. Sam is arrested for arson, but gets out on bail and goes on the run with Danny to avoid being convicted for Evelyn's murder. A young Sam does her best to care for Danny but eventually resorts to extreme measures to pay his bills. Using skills she learned from Cody, Sam marries several wealthy men, and steals their money so she can care for her brother. During |
9723_5 | her last attempt at a con as "Angela Monroe", Sam finds herself in an abusive situation when her wealthy mark, Bill Monroe, discovers Sam's intentions, and attacks her. Sam ends up killing Bill in self-defense. |
9723_6 | 2003–2007
Sam first appears in Port Charles working with Jasper Jacks (Ingo Rademacher) to find the five lucky cards of the "Dead Man's Hand." They have a brief affair, but when Jax's father dies he blames Sam, due to her scheming. Sam then has an affair with Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard), who is married, and becomes pregnant. His best friend Jason Morgan (Steve Burton) claims to be the child's father to keep Sonny's family together. Jason and Sam bond as Sam prepares to give birth and they decide to raise the child together. She decides to name her daughter Lila after Jason's grandmother, Lila Quartermaine (Anna Lee). |
9723_7 | Sonny's daughter Kristina Davis (then Kali Rodriguez) is diagnosed with a blood disease, and Sam's daughter is proven to be a donor match. Kristina's mother, Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), begs Sam to induce labor two weeks early in order to donate her child's stem cells. Sam refuses, fearing it could hurt the baby. While arguing with Alexis, Sam collapses and Baby Girl McCall is stillborn. Sam is heartbroken over the loss of her daughter, and angry at Alexis, blaming her for her baby's death. Jason grieves with Sam and helps her through the aftermath; they fall in love, eventually getting engaged. Sam helps deliver a baby girl during a storm to a teenage mother named Bridget Daly. Bridget gives her baby to Sam, as she's unable to provide for it. Sam and Jason plan to adopt baby Hope. Bridget decides to keep the baby, leaving Sam devastated. Sam is accused of kidnapping Kristina soon after, and she and Jason try to find her to prove Sam's innocence. After Sonny's sons, Michael (then |
9723_8 | Dylan Cash) and Morgan, are also kidnapped, Sam is cleared of suspicion. |
9723_9 | Jason and Sam are on a trip when they are kidnapped by Allegra Montenegro, played by Meg Bennett, the wife of Executive Producer at the time Robert Guza, Jr. Allegra wants Sam to pose as her daughter, Alicia, and marry Andrew Olsen to help the Montenegros regain their rich lifestyle. The storyline was received as an attempt to win ratings due to Monaco's recent success on the first season of Dancing with the Stars, as Sam is forced to learn to ballroom dance in order to make Andrew believe she is really Alicia. When Andrew is killed, Sam is nearly sent to jail until Alicia is arrested for the murder. Sam is released, and she and Jason return to Port Charles. |
9723_10 | As Sam settles back into her life, Manny Ruiz (Robert LaSardo) began stalking her. When several Port Charles residents are infected by the encephalitis plague, Danny dies; Sam blames Alexis since she received the last antidote over Danny. After Danny's death, Sam discovers that she was adopted, and her biological mother is Alexis. Sam keeps it to herself, wanting nothing to do with Alexis. However, when Sam is shot by Manny and near death, Jason tells Alexis the truth. Alexis pressures Jason into ending the relationship, but Sam tries to win him back. When all of her efforts fail, she and Alexis get into a heated argument, during which Alexis insults her and calls her derogatory names. Angry, Sam gets drunk and has a one-night stand with Alexis's husband, Ric Lansing (Rick Hearst). Ric later frames Sam for theft, forcing her to go on the run. She and Jason are ambushed by thugs, and Sam appears to kill Diego Alcazar (Ignacio Serricchio) as Kristina watches. Sam and Jason reconcile, |
9723_11 | and Sam hopes to have a child, but finds out she is infertile from her shooting. |
9723_12 | After Sam escapes during the Metro Court Hotel hostage crisis and warns the police, television producer Amelia Joffe (Annie Wersching) hires her as the host of the new talk show, Everyday Heroes. However, Amelia is actually looking for revenge on Sam for killing her father, Bill Monroe. Sam does her best to keep her past from coming out and she begins lying to Jason. Meanwhile, Sam learns that Elizabeth Spencer's (Rebecca Herbst) son, Jake, is actually Jason's son. Sam witnesses Jake get kidnapped, but doesn't say anything. After Jake is rescued, Jason finds out about Sam and Jake, and they began a 2-year break up; she also hires actors to scare Elizabeth and Jake in the park. Sam fakes a rescue, but Jason finds out Sam hired the gunmen; he threatens to kill Sam for her out of control actions. |
9723_13 | 2008–2012 |
9723_14 | Sam seduced Elizabeth's husband Lucky Spencer (then Greg Vaughan) to get revenge on Jason and Liz, but they eventually fall in love. However, once Lucky finds out about Sam's part in Jake's kidnapping, they split up. Meanwhile, Sam is stalked and injured by the Text Message Killer, who is later revealed to be an alive Diego Alcazar. While fleeing from Diego she is struck by a car driven by Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson), who is under the influence of alcohol. Sam forgives Monica, helping her get a lenient sentence to rehab. When Sam and Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson) start their own investigative agency, Jason and Sam begin to grow close again. Sam realizes that a teenage Kristina is becoming rebellious and tries to help her. When Claudia Zacchara (Sarah Joy Brown) has an accident, Sam worries that Kristina is responsible; Jason tells her he thinks it was Michael. When the two teens run away to Mexico, Sam and Jason chase after them. Sam is kidnapped by Jerry Jacks |
9723_15 | (Sebastian Roché), but rescued by Jason, and the two locate Michael and Kristina. After returning to Port Charles, Sam and Jason get back together for the first time in 2 years. Jason is stalked by crazed artist Franco (then James Franco), who kidnaps and threatens Sam to get to Jason. Sam shares with Kristina her experience of being in an abusive relationship after Kristina is beaten by her boyfriend, Kiefer Bauer (Christian Alexander). |
9723_16 | After Michael is sent to prison, Sam struggles with Jason going to prison so he can protect Michael. Jason is eventually released, and later that year must protect Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil) from the European crime boss The Balkan (Daniel Benzali). During Sonny and Brenda's wedding, Sam is nearly killed in a car bomb set for Brenda, but she survives. Sam has reconstructive surgery so she and Jason can have a baby. Sam and Jason soon become engaged and get married. During their honeymoon, Sam becomes pregnant with Jason's child. Franco shows up and drugs them both, locks Jason in a room, and forces him to watch as he supposedly rapes Sam. Sam discovers she's pregnant after returning home, and a paternity test establishes Jason as the father. |
9723_17 | Jason's cousin Heather Webber (Robin Mattson) tells Sam that Franco and Jason are fraternal twin brothers, and a new DNA test shows Franco is the father of Sam's baby. Jason is unsure if he can love Franco's child, and Sam moves out. Sam gives birth to a baby boy with the help of John McBain (Michael Easton), but she passes out and is unaware that Todd Manning (Roger Howarth) and Heather switch the baby with the stillborn son of Téa Delgado (Florencia Lozano). Sam wakes up, and believes her son is dead. The pain and grief overwhelms her, and she decides to file for a divorce from Jason. Sam continues to confide in John, and they share a flirtation. Jason figures out the truth about Sam's son, but by the time he figures it out, Heather has kidnapped the baby. Jason and Sam reunite and rescue their son, naming him Daniel Edward Morgan. The two reconcile, but Jason disappears after being shot by Cesar Faison (Anders Hove); he is presumed dead, but Sam remains determined to find him. |
9723_18 | After Jason disappears, Sam finds out that Jason is Danny's biological father. |
9723_19 | 2013–2015 |
9723_20 | Sam eventually realizes that Jason is not coming back and tries to move on. Lucy Coe (Lynn Herring) comes to town, and claims John is a vampire named Caleb Morley. Sam believes Lucy is insane, until a woman named Alison Barrington (Erin Hershey) is murdered, and her son, Rafe Kovich, Jr. (Jimmy Deshler), claims John is the murderer. Sam is kidnapped by Caleb, but rescued by John, Rafe, and Lucy. Sam later becomes a foster mother to Rafe. Sam meets Dr. Silas Clay (Michael Easton), Rafe's uncle, who decides to get physical custody of Rafe from Sam. Though the court sides with Silas, he lets Rafe stay with Sam. Meanwhile, Sam finds out that Danny has leukemia, and needs treatment. Silas assists in Danny's recovery, but determines Danny will need a bone marrow transplant. When no one is a match, Sam asks Alexis about her biological father. Alexis admits she doesn't know who Sam's father is, because she never met him again. Alexis undergoes hypnosis to help Sam, and finds out Sam's |
9723_21 | father's name is "Julian." Sam finds a bone marrow match for Danny to Derek Wells (William DeVry), and Danny recovers. Alexis figures out that Sam's father is Julian Jerome, a mobster presumed dead. Sam and Silas start dating, and Sam finds out that "Derek" is actually Julian, who plans to take over Sonny's territory. When Sonny threatens to kill him, Julian uses Danny as leverage to stay alive, in case Danny suffers a setback. Sam is disgusted with her father's actions, and writes him off. |
9723_22 | Rafe died after being taken off life support following an accident, and Silas accused Patrick Drake (Jason Thompson), Rafe's doctor, of deliberately killing him because Rafe caused a car accident that led to the death of Patrick's son. Sam knew Patrick didn't kill Rafe, which led to her and Silas breaking up. Sam befriended "Jake Doe" (Billy Miller), an amnesiac patient at the hospital who had facial reconstruction surgery after an accident. She also started a relationship with Patrick. After Faison is arrested, Sam was taken hostage by a gunman who helped Faison escape. Sam wanted to find the gunman, and realized it was Jake. Though he denied the accusation, Jake was arrested, and Sam confronted him. Jake realized that he had been brainwashed by Helena Cassadine (Constance Towers), and Sam's accusations were correct. Sam forgave him, and helped him get a job and figure out his real identity. Sam got engaged to Patrick, but right after, she found out that "Jake" is actually Jason. Sam |
9723_23 | reeled from the news, trying to process what to do. Jason went to Cassadine Island to confront Helena, and Sam followed him there. Helena continued to taunt Jason, and Sam lashed out, furious at Helena for keeping Jason from her and Danny. Helena retaliated by cursing Sam before supposedly dying. Sam returned to Port Charles, where Patrick realized that Sam was still in love with Jason, and broke off their engagement. Sam was heartbroken, but accepted his decision. |
9723_24 | 2016–present |
9723_25 | Jason and Sam began to reconnect, as Jason started to experience memory flashes while spending time with Sam. When Elizabeth's house was broken into, Jason asked for Sam's help investigating. Sam figured out that Elizabeth and Jason's son, Jake, was responsible. Sam ended up getting seriously injured when she discovered the truth, but Jason was able to rescue her. Though the two reconnected, Sam decided to get a divorce, wanting to not pressure Jason to remember their past. Jason agreed, and the two divorced, but started dating. Jason ends up recovering his memories after getting into an accident, and reunites with Sam. Sam went into hiding with Jason after Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher) disappeared, and Jason was accused of killing him. She and Jason figured out that Nikolas faked his death, and tracked him down to Cassadine Island. Before they could bring Nikolas back, they were taken hostage by Valentin Cassadine (James Patrick Stuart). Sam and Jason escaped, and managed to |
9723_26 | free the other hostages. They returned to Port Charles, and cleared Jason's name. Soon after, Sam found out she was pregnant, and was thrilled until she found out that she could have been exposed to malaria. Sam shares her news with Jason; despite the potential risk to the baby, Jason is elated. He proposes to Sam, and they get engaged again. Sam learns she is malaria free, assuring her the baby is healthy thanks to their new friend Hamilton Finn (Michael Easton). She and Jason get married again. |
9723_27 | Sam eventually starts to bond with Julian and gives her blessing for him to marry Alexis. However, she disowns him again after he lets Alexis get arrested for a crime he committed, then tries to kill her when Alexis exonerates herself. He's put on trial for his crimes, but ends up getting acquitted. Soon after, Julian's car explodes, killing Morgan Corinthos (Bryan Craig). Sam and Jason investigate; at first, they suspect Sonny, but Jason finds out he's innocent. He and Sam try to find the real killer to prove Sonny's innocence. The clues lead Sam to discover that Morgan was killed by Olivia St. John (Tonja Walker), Julian's sister. Olivia kidnaps Sam and when she tries to escape, she is severely injured by Olivia and left unconscious. Sam survives, but ends up going into labor. Jason finds her, and helps Sam give birth to Emily Scout Morgan. They're immediately taken to the hospital, where Sam ends up in a coma after surgery; she wakes up and recovers |
9723_28 | On New Year's Eve 2017, Jason and Sam share a kiss, but Drew interrupts them. Jason wants to get back together with Sam, but soon learns that Sam and Drew are getting married. Sam, burying her feelings for Jason, asks him for divorce. Jason and Sam divorce, and she remarries Drew. Soon after they become official co-owners of Aurora Media. In early March, in the aftermath of the earthquake, Sam finally admits that she is still in love with Jason. After telling Drew the truth, he leaves her and they later divorce. In May 2018, she goes into business with Curtis Ashford (Donnell Turner) forming a new PI agency named Ashford & McCall Investigators. In October 2018, Sam & Jason became lovers again, after divorcing him nine months ago. In 2019, Sam was sexually harassed by Shiloh, but she would later be held hostage and throw down by him. In Fall 2019, Shiloh was trying to rape Sam, Jason shot him and Shiloh was dead. On October 14, 2019, she was arrested and being framed for Shiloh's |
9723_29 | murder. At the end of 2019, Sam was convicted of involuntary manslaughter, and then she was released on parole. In early 2020, Sam had a visit from her parole officer Dolores Maloney, who told her she could not have any firearms or alcohol in the house. Eventually, Sam grew upset when Dolores told her to stay away from Jason, but as Jason came home, she said it would be the last time they see each other. She explained that she had to stay away from Jason or else she will go back to prison. Also in early 2020, Jason and Sam went to Robert for getting a new parole officer so they didn't have to stay away from each other. Although he initially refused. Jason and Sam offered to hand him Peter August since he framed Sam for hiring Bryce Henderson plus he is responsible for Drew's presumed death and the two murder attempts on Andre Maddox. But sadly, due to the terms of her parole, and the huge threat to her was drug kingpin Cyrus Renault, but she cannot be with Jason. On April 6, |
9723_30 | 2020, Sam officially broke up with Jason, when he decided to end things in order to keep his family safe from the brewing mob war between the Corinthos mob family and Cyrus. But eventually, Jason and Sam finally got back together again. In August 2020, Sam was let off of parole after a deal she made with Valentin, giving him the proxy of her children's ELQ shares. She and Jason were finally free to be together now, but with the impending mob war, Sam became increasing concerned about her children's safety. In November 2020, when the Floating Rib bar exploded, Sam was terrified and she was unable to cope. On December 9, 2020, Sam tells Jason her fears and says that she has to end her relationship with him after nearly 20 years. She asks him not to come back home to her penthouse after he leaves, that makes Jason upset and wants to fight her on it, but he also doesn't want to make things any harder. He respects her decision and tearfully leaves. Despite their separation, they |
9723_31 | remained committed to raising the children together. On Christmas Eve 2020, Sam was hanging stockings with Scout and Danny who were both upset that Jason wasn't there, so Sam invited him over to spend the night and spend Christmas morning together as a family, before he returns to his apartment at the Metro Court. As 2021 began, Sam began to start grow closer to Dante after she broke up with Jason and Dante's ex-wife Lulu falls into a coma, and Sam would eventually spend time and connected to Dante better than Jason (who would move on with Britt). On March 19, 2021, Dante and Sam holding Peter at gunpoint and tried to talk him down. In May 2021, when Dante rejoined PCPD as a police detective, Sam wants to find Jason and Britt who are fugitives. She wants to find them too when she follows Dante and then deflates his tire when she located them. Then Sam asks Jason to come home to Port Charles, and have reconciliation with her, but Jason decides to choose Britt over her, so Sam |
9723_32 | wishes Jason well. On May 20, 2021, Sam finally owes Dante for slashing his tire. They fight, he tells her that Jason in Canada. On May 27, 2021, Sam and Dante playfully trask-talk each other. They share a close moment when he gives her some tips on how to play baseball but he later joked with her to forget everything he taught her. On June 7, 2021, Sam tries to defend Maxie and drags Dante out of the room. On June 15, 2021, Sam and Dante both end up investigating the Country House where a fake Chloe Jennings kidnapped Maxie. A local doctor named Austin who helped Maxie deliver her baby, comes in and says he owns the house. In July 2021, Sam overhears Michael say that Jason and Carly are getting married for business. She gets drunk with Elizabeth at the pier and burns some of her old items from her relationship with Jason (dominoes, tequila, and a black leather jacket). Sam tells Elizabeth that she always comes #3 behind her and Carly (who always be the #1 priority to |
9723_33 | Jason). Then for the first time since her breakup with Jason, Sam finally declares her independence to Dante. Later, he takes her to see the fireworks, she tells him that Jason and Carly are getting married, so he later tells her he would have chosen him over Jason. So she kisses him for the first time, as Dante was about to become her new boyfriend, but she can't do the kissing to him by having her upset and runs away. On July 16, 2021, Sam arrives at the Metro Court restaurant and sadly seeing her ex-husband Jason and his wife-to-be Carly, so Sam complimented to Carly's engagement ring. So Jason did apologized to her that he hadn't been the one to tell her about his engagement, and he wondered if she would have told Danny. She asked him when he and Carly had decided to get married, and he talked about their "shared loss" of Sonny. Sam added to him that she'd always known that Jason and Carly were both first on the other's list, ahead of everyone else, then she walked away |
9723_34 | from him. Then Sam approached Carly and took her aside to talk to her . Sam knew that Jason and Carly wouldn't have gotten engaged without a good reason, so she advised Carly to let her know if Carly needed anything. Then she asked by Maxie if everything was all right with Jason, so Maxie had heard about Sam and Elizabeth's bonfire. Sam insisted that she was at peace, but Maxie thought Sam would only be able to get peace with someone else to go home to. So Sam thought back to Dante kissing her, but she disagreed with Maxie's statement. So Sam informed Maxie that she'd kissed someone, but it hadn't mean anything, and Sam didn't thought of Dante to become her new boyfriend. |
9723_35 | Character development
Introduction |
9723_36 | When the character is introduced, Sam is described as "an adventurous woman trying to reverse her family's bad fortune", who would immediately interact with character Jasper Jacks (Rademacher). She is independent and scheming. Soaps In Depth named the character on their list of the 50 naughtiest soap opera vixens in 2009. When she first arrives in town, she is portrayed as a con artist and bad girl, who knew how to get what she wanted. The motivation behind the character's bad girl ways were revealed, when it was discovered that she was raised on the road by a con artist father, Cody McCall, and used cons to provide for her mentally handicapped older brother, Danny McCall. Sam grows close to Jason Morgan during her pregnancy with the child of Sonny Corinthos. Co-star Burton (Jason) later explained: "It's been a long journey for Jason and Sam. When they first got together, it wasn't really supposed to be that they got together. He was kind of helping her out with her pregnancy. After |
9723_37 | that whole time they fell in love." When the couple broke up in 2008, Monaco said to Soap Opera Digest, "I feel Sam and Jason was so abruptly ended without any explanation, really, as to the coldness that was so one-sided [on Jason's part]. Of course, Jake came into play, but I felt like Jason and Sam were always strong enough to overcome." Sam begins a relationship with Lucky Spencer to get back at Elizabeth. Monaco describes the progression of the relationship to Soap Opera Digest, "In the beginning it was very calculated and manipulative. Eventually, it turned genuine. [...] finally, she found someone who is trustworthy." |
9723_38 | Parentage revealed
The revelation of Alexis Davis (Grahn) as Sam's biological mother was a turning point in the development of the character. The two characters had a rocky past filled with disdain, but the shocking revelation of their kinship forced the characters to co-exist. The newly formed mother-daughter relationship was very antagonistic in its early stages, but over time the two characters were able to reconcile and put the hate of their past behind them. Now the two characters share a close mother-daughter bond. The revelation of Alexis and Sam as mother and daughter was named the best revelation of the decade by SOAPnet. The unveiling of Alexis as Sam's mother led to widespread speculation as to the identity of Sam's biological father. For years, great fanfare was generated around this mystery in anticipation for the revelation of his identity. |
9723_39 | Seven years after Alexis was revealed as Sam's mother, General Hospital began dropping hints that they were ready to tackle the highly anticipated story of Sam's father. In 2013 General Hospital head-writer, Ron Carlivati addressed the ongoing mystery of Sam's father in an interview with TV Guide's Michael Logan. Widespread speculation about the identity of Sam's father was reignited when it was rumored that General Hospital was looking for a "name actor" to cast in the role of Sam's father. Rumors began to circulate naming Duke Lavery (Ian Buchanan), Blackie Parrish (John Stamos) and Dr. Kevin Collins (Jon Lindstrom) as potential candidates for Sam's father; Lindstrom having previously worked opposite Monaco as her father on the soap opera Port Charles. Another rumor emerged that veteran soap actor, Peter Reckell, who played Bo Brady on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1983-2012, would be joining General Hospital in the role of Evan Jerome. It was widely speculated that |
9723_40 | Reckell was cast to play Sam's father, linking her to the Jerome crime family that was prominent on General Hospital in the 1980s. However, after weeks of speculation, Reckell addressed the rumors stating that he wasn't going back to Days of Our Lives or joining any other soap. In July 2013, ABC unveiled its latest General Hospital promo which showed Sam asking Alexis for the identity of her father. In the storyline, Sam's young son Danny has leukemia and they are trying to find as many potential bone marrow donors as possible. |
9723_41 | Following the promo's release, Nancy Lee Grahn (Alexis), took to her Twitter account to engage fans in a guessing game as to the identity of Sam's father. During the week the promo was released, it was announced that actor William deVry, who formerly starred on The Bold and the Beautiful as Storm Logan, and All My Children as Michael Cambias was joining General Hospital. There were reports that deVry had taped scenes with Maura West's Ava Jerome, leading to speculation that deVry could be joining the show as a Jerome and as Sam's father. deVry made his debut on July 30, 2013 under the alias Derek Wells, and it was soon revealed that he was actually Julian Jerome—son of mob boss Victor Jerome who was head of the Port Charles mob in the 1980s. Soon after the real identity of deVry's character was discovered, it was confirmed that deVry had been cast as Sam's father, when it was revealed that Sam's biological father is crime figure Julian Jerome. |
9723_42 | Reception
When Monaco originated the role of Sam, her performance was well received by viewers and the network. In 2006, Monaco was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal of Sam. She also co-hosted the Daytime Emmy Awards that same year.
See also
Jason Morgan and Sam McCall
Notes
References
External links
Sam McCall profile at ABC.Com
Sam McCall profile at Soaps.Com
General Hospital at ABC.Com
Sam McCall profile at Soapcentral.Com
Adoptee characters in television
Television characters introduced in 2003
Fictional characters from Maine
Fictional Greek people in television
Fictional con artists
Fictional private investigators
Fictional royalty
Fictional television personalities
Fictional vigilantes
General Hospital characters
American female characters in television
Fictional criminals in soap operas |
9724_0 | In religious studies, homiletics ( homilētikós, from homilos, "assembled crowd, throng") is the application of the general principles of rhetoric to the specific art of public preaching. One who practices or studies homiletics may be called a homilist, or more simply a preacher.
Explanation
Homiletics means the art of preaching. Homiletics comprises the study of the composition and delivery of religious discourses. It includes all forms of preaching: sermons, homilies and catechetical instruction. It may be further defined as the study of the analysis, classification, preparation, composition and delivery of sermons.
The formation of lectureships like the Lyman Beecher course at Yale University resulted in increased emphasis on homiletics. The published volumes of this series are a useful source of information regarding the history and practice of the discipline. |
9724_1 | Branch of pastoral theology
The Catholic Encyclopedia defines homiletics as "that branch of rhetoric that treats of the composition and delivery of sermons or homilies". This definition was particularly influential in the 19th century among thinkers like John Broadus and Karl Barth. Karl resisted this definition of the term, maintaining that homiletics should retain a critical distance from rhetoric. The homiletics/rhetoric relationship has been a major issue in homiletic theory since the mid-20th century.
The first form of preaching was largely the homily.
Christian tradition: The preaching of Jesus |
9724_2 | Jesus preached and commissioned his apostles to do so. His preaching included two forms of sermon, the missionary and the ministerial (to which correspond the magisterium and the ministerium of the Church), the former to outsiders, the latter to those already part of his movement. Jesus' Sermon on the Mount is an example of the former, and his discourse after the Last Supper () an example of the latter. |
9724_3 | It cannot be said that his preaching took any definite, rounded form, in the sense of a modern sermon; his aim was to sow the seed of the word, which he scattered abroad, like the sower in the parable. His commission to his Apostles included both kinds. For the former or missionary preaching, see ; ; ; . Paul the Apostle's sermon referred to in exemplifies the second kind of preaching. In this the apostles were supported by assistants who were elected and consecrated for a purpose, for example, Timothy and Titus; as also by those who had been favored with charismata. The homily referred to in Justin Martyr's Apology gives an example of ministerial, as distinct from missionary, preaching.
Missionary preaching |
9724_4 | In missionary preaching the apostles were also assisted, but in an informal way, by the laity, who explained the Christian doctrine to their acquaintances amongst unbelievers who, in their visits to the Christian assemblies, must have heard something of it, e.g., cf. I Cor., xiv, 23-24. This is particularly true of Justin Martyr, who, wearing his philosopher's cloak, went about for that purpose. The sermons to the faithful in the early ages were of the simplest kind, being merely expositions or paraphrases of the passage of scripture that was read, coupled with extempore effusions of the heart. This explains why there is little or nothing in the way of sermons or homilies surviving from that period. It also explains the strange statement made by Sozomen (Hist. Eccl., VII, xix), and by Cassiodorus in his "Tripartite History", which Duchesne apparently accepts, that no one preached at Rome. (Sozomen wrote about the time of Pope Xystus III, in office 432-440) Thomassin's explanation of |
9724_5 | Sozomen's statement is that there was no preaching in the sense of an elaborate or finished discourse before the time of Pope Leo, with the exception, perhaps, of the address on virginity by Pope Liberius (in office 352-366) to Marcellina, sister of St. Ambrose, on the occasion of her taking the veil, which is regarded as a private discourse. |
9724_6 | And the reason for this he attributes to the stress of persecution. Neander (I, 420, note) says of Sozomen's statement: "The remark could not extend to the early times; but suppose it did, it meant that the sermon was only secondary. Or the fact may have been that this Eastern writer was deceived by false accounts from the West; or it may have been that the sermon in the Western Church did not occupy so important a place as it did in the Greek Church." |
9724_7 | Homiletics in the Jewish tradition
Preaching as a regular part of worship services in Judaism can be traced back to the time of Ezra, who instituted the custom of reading a portion of the Torah, written in Hebrew, and then paraphrasing or explaining it in the vernacular, which at the time was Aramaic. This tradition was well established by the fourth century BCE. After the destruction of the temple, synagogues became central to Jewish worship and the role of the sermon increased. A regular structure arose: the speaker first quoted a verse from the Bible, then expounded on it, and finally closed with a summary and a prayer of praise. Sermons from highly regarded rabbis of this period have been preserved in the Midrash, forming part of the Talmud.
Homiletics is taught as part of the typical curriculum at modern-day rabbinical seminaries. |
9724_8 | Early church |
9724_9 | According to middle second-century writer Justin Martyr, the practice of the early church was for someone to read from the "Memoirs of the Apostles or the Writings of the Prophets," meaning readings from what was to become the Christian Bible. A discourse on the text followed the reading. This was the same practice as that of the synagogues, but now with the New Testament writings added, except that in Christian churches the same person who read the scripture also explained it and there was no set lectionary of readings. Origen, a third-century theologian, preached through most books of the Old Testament and many of the New, which we have today. Origen's sermons on the scripture are expository and evangelistic. By the fourth century, a system had developed where a readings from the Law, Prophets, Epistles, and Gospels were read in that order, followed by a sermon. John Chrysostom is recognized as one of the greatest preachers of this age. His sermons begin with exegesis, followed by |
9724_10 | application to practical problems. |
9724_11 | The office of preaching belonged to bishops, and priests preached only with their permission. Even two such distinguished men as Augustine of Hippo and John Chrysostom preached, as priests, only when commissioned by their respective bishops. Origen as a layman expounded the scriptures, but it was by special permission. Felix, a priest and martyr, preached in the third century, under two bishops, Maximus and Quintus. Priests were forbidden to preach in Alexandria; but that was on account of the Arian controversy. A custom springing from this had spread to the north of Africa; but Valerius, Bishop of Hippo, broke through it, and had St. Augustine, as yet a priest, to preach before him, because he himself was unable to do so with facility in the Latin language -- "cum non satis expedite Latino sermone concionari posset". |
9724_12 | This was against the custom of the place, as Possidius relates; but Valerius justified his action by an appeal to the East -- "in orientalibus ecclesiis id ex more fieri sciens". Even during the time of the prohibition in Alexandria, priests from Socrates and Sozomen, interpreted the Scriptures publicly in Cæsarea, in Cappadocia, and in Cyprus, candles being lighted the while -- accensis lucernis. As soon as the Church received freedom under Constantine, preaching developed very much, at least in external form. Then for the first time, if, perhaps, we except St. Cyprian, the art of oratory was applied to preaching, especially by St. Gregory of Nazianzus, the most florid of Cappadocia's triumvirate of genius. He was already a trained orator, as were many of his hearers, and it is no wonder, as Otto Bardenhewer expresses it, "he had to pay tribute to the taste of his own time which demanded a florid and grandiloquent style". But, at the same time, he condemned those preachers who used |
9724_13 | the eloquence and pronunciation of the theatre. The most notable preachers of the century, St. Basil and the two Gregories (the "Clover-leaf of Cappadocia"), Sts. Chrysostom, Ambrose, Augustine and Hilary, were all noted orators. Of the number the greatest was St. Chrysostom, the greatest since St. Paul, nor has he been since equalled. Even Gibbon, while not doing him justice, had to praise him; and his teacher of rhetoric, Libanius, is said to have intended John as his successor, "if the Christians had not taken him". It is a mistake, however, to imagine that they preached only oratorical sermons. Quite the contrary; St. Chrysostom's homilies were models of simplicity, and he frequently interrupted his discourse to put questions in order to make sure that he was understood; while St. Augustine's motto was that he humbled himself that Christ might be exalted. In passing we might refer to a strange feature of the time, the applause with which a preacher was greeted. St. Chrysostom |
9724_14 | especially had to make frequent appeals to his hearers to keep quiet. Bishops commonly preached outside their own dioceses, especially in the great cities; polished sermons were evidently in demand, and a stipend was given, for we read that two Asiatic bishops, Antiochus and Severianus, went to Constantinople to preach, being more desirous of money than of the spiritual welfare of their hearers. |
9724_15 | Decline in the West |
9724_16 | After the age here described preaching was on the decline in the West, partly because of the decay of the Latin language (cf. Fénelon, "Dial.", 164), and in the East, owing to the controversies on Arianism, Nestorianism, Eutychianism, Macedonianism, and other heresies. But still preaching was regarded as the chief duty of bishops; for instance, Cæsarius, Bishop of Arles, gave charge of all the temporal affairs of his diocese to deacons, that he might devote all his time to the reading of the Scriptures, to prayer, and to preaching. The next great name in preaching is that of St. Gregory the Great, particularly as a homilist. He preached twenty homilies, and dictated twenty more, because, through illness and loss of voice, he was unable to preach them personally. He urged bishops very strongly to preach; and, after holding up to them the example of the Apostles, he threatened the bishops of Sardinia. An edict was issued by King Guntram stating that the assistance of the public judges |
9724_17 | was to be used to bring to the hearing of the word of God, through fear of punishment, those who were not disposed to come through piety. The Synod of Trullo laid down that bishops should preach on all days, especially on Sundays; and, by the same synod, bishops who preached outside their own diocese were reduced to the status of priests, because being desirous of another's harvest they were indifferent to their own -- "ut qui alienæ messis appetentes essent, suæ incuriosi". At the Council of Arles (813), bishops were strongly exhorted to preach; and the Council of Mainz, in the same year, laid down that bishops should preach on Sundays and feast days either themselves (suo marte) or though their vicars. In the Second Council of Reims (813), can. xiv, xv, it was enjoined that bishops should preach the homilies and sermons of the Fathers, so that all could understand. And in the Third Council of Tours (can. xvii), in the same year, bishops were ordered to make a translation of the |
9724_18 | homilies of the Fathers into the rustic Roman tongue, or theodesque—the rustic Roman tongue being a species of corrupt Latin, or patois, understood by the uneducated (Thomassin, "De Benef.", II, l. III, c. lxxxv, p. 510). Charlemagne and Louis the Pious were equally insistent on the necessity of preaching. The former went so far as to appoint a special day, and any bishop who failed to preach in his cathedral before that day was to be deposed. Pastors, too, were ordered to preach to their people as best they could; if they knew the Scriptures, they were to preach them; if not, they were at least to exhort their hearers to avoid evil and do good (Sixth Council of Arles, 813, can. x). |
9724_19 | Middle Ages
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia:
Preaching of the time
The characteristics of the preaching of the time were an extraordinary use of Scripture, not a mere introducing of the Sacred Text as an accretion, but such a use as comes from entwinement with the preacher's own thought. It would almost appear as if many preachers knew the Scriptures by heart. |
9724_20 | In some cases, however, this admirable use was marred by an exaggerated mystical interpretation, which originated in the East and was much sought after by the Jews. Secondly, power on the part of the preachers of adapting their discourses to the wants of the poor and ignorant. Thirdly, simplicity, the aim being to impress a single striking idea. Fourthly, use of familiar maxims, examples, and illustrations from life—their minds must have been much in touch with nature. And, fifthly, intense realization, which necessarily resulted in a certain dramatic effect—they saw with their eyes, heard with their ears, and the past became present.
Scholastic philosophy supplied an almost inexhaustible store of information; it trained the mind in analysis and precision; whilst, at the same time, it supplied a lucidity of order and cogency of arrangement such as we look for in vain in even the great orations of Chrysostom. |
9724_21 | Philosophy regards man only as an intellectual being, without considering his emotions, and makes its appeal solely to his intellectual side. And, even in this appeal, philosophy, while, like algebra, speaking the formal language of intellect, is likely to be wanting from the view-point of persuasiveness, inasmuch as, from its nature, it makes for condensation rather than for amplification. The latter is the most important thing in oratory -- "Summa laus eloquentiæ amplificare rem ornando." Fénelon (Second Dialogue) describes it as portrayal; De Quincey, as a holding of the thought until the mind gets time to eddy about it; Newman gives a masterly analysis of it; his own sermons are remarkable for this quality of amplification as are those of Bourdaloue on the intellectual, and those of Massillon on the intellectual-emotional side, v. g. the latter's sermon on the Prodigal Son. Philosophy, indeed, is necessary for oratory; philosophy alone does not constitute oratory, and, if too |
9724_22 | one-sided, may have an injurious effect -- "Logic, therefore, so much as is useful, is to be referred to this one place with all her well-couched heads and topics, until it be time to open her contracted palm into a graceful and ornate rhetoric". What has been here stated refers to philosophy as a system, not to individual philosophers. It is scarcely necessary to say that many Scholastics, such as Sts. Thomas and Bonaventure, were noted preachers. |
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