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9644_24 | On January 11, 2008, KETS's analog transmitter was destroyed when the Redfield broadcast tower collapsed while engineers were adjusting the guy wires supporting the structure. Unlike KATV, which had both its analog and digital transmitters destroyed in the collapse and had to set up replacements for both services, the KETS's digital signal was unaffected as its transmitter was located on the adjacent Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower, on which it shares tower space with the transmitter of Pine Bluff CW affiliate KASN (channel 38). Many Central Arkansas cable and satellite providers were able to switch to the KETS digital signal, while smaller cable systems in the area either lost access to AETN completely for the outage's duration or switched to AETN's digital feed in subsequent days. Despite the logistical and economical issues of replacing an analog transmitter mere months before the original analog-to-digital transition deadline, on January 14, AETN elected to restore KETS's analog |
9644_25 | signal via a temporary transmitter installed on an auxiliary antenna on the Clear Channel tower. KETS resumed analog broadcasts from the new transmitter on June 13, 2008; as the temporary analog service operated at reduced power, some residents in low-lying areas of Central Arkansas had difficulty receiving KETS over-the-air upon the signal's restoration. |
9644_26 | In April 2011, AETN upgraded its master control and production control facilities with expanded digital and high definition equipment, allowing the network to transmit timeshifted programming, and most promotional and interstitial material shown during station breaks between programs (including most programming promotions supplied by PBS, and short-form content produced by AETN or through outside suppliers) in high definition. That year, the network began producing most of its locally produced productions in high definition; programs produced at the Conway studios later began broadcasting from a new HD-capable production studio in 2013. On February 5, 2019, AETN launched the Arkansas Citizens Access Network (AR-CAN), a streaming service available on the network's website that offers live and archived coverage of Arkansas General Assembly, state board and commission meetings; government hearings; press conferences; and official state events. All events are available for viewing for 30 |
9644_27 | days after their occurrence. |
9644_28 | On February 14, 2020, AETN announced that it would rebrand as "Arkansas PBS", a change designed to harmonize with the brand refresh of PBS carried out the year before; the name change—adopted across its broadcast and digital platforms as well as the AETN Foundation (renamed the Arkansas PBS Foundation)—took effect on February 28. In March 2020, as a result of its role in delivering instructional television programming, Arkansas PBS was awarded $6.4 million in state CARES Act funds to build five new low-power translators to fill gaps in the network's statewide coverage and provide over-the-air access to PBS programming to part or all of 31 Arkansas counties that previously received weak or no signal coverage from the six main transmitters (which would extend the network's broadcast reach to an additional 23.5% of the state's population). K11JW-D, on Lee Mountain serving Russellville, became the first of the five repeater transmitters to be activated on June 1, 2021. |
9644_29 | Programming |
9644_30 | Original local programming produced by Arkansas PBS includes the Arkansas Week (a state political affairs program, moderated by veteran Little Rock television journalist Steve Barnes, which is based on the format of Washington Week and debuted in 1983), Exploring Arkansas (a weekly state cultural and tourism series hosted by Chuck Dovish, who previously hosted a similar series of feature segments for Little Rock CBS affiliate KTHV [channel 11], which debuted in 2005), Arkansans Ask (a quarterly topical call-in program underwritten by the Arkansas State Employees Association), Blueberry’s Clubhouse (a children's program produced in partnership with the Arkansas Museum of Fine Arts teaching subjects of art, science, history and social development, which debuted as a Summer series in 2019), and the Arkansas Governor's Quiz Bowl (an Arkansas Activities Association–sanctioned annual scholarship quiz bowl event for Arkansas high school students that debuted in 1985). Two of Arkansas PBS's |
9644_31 | original programs have also been distributed for public television syndication: the monthly outdoor sports program Arkansas Outdoors (which debuted on the network in 1991) was syndicated to Outdoor Life Network/Versus in the U.S. and to selected international broadcasters from 1998 to 2006, and the health and financial wellness program Aging Successfully with Dr. David (which was hosted by Dr. David Lipschitz and debuted in 1999 through a production partnership with the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences), was distributed to selected PBS stations from 2000 to 2006. |
9644_32 | Through its membership with PBS, much of the state network's programming consists of educational and entertainment programming that the service distributes to its member stations, including the PBS NewsHour, Nova, Frontline, Masterpiece, Nature and Antiques Roadshow. It also carries programs distributed by American Public Television and other sources to fill its schedule. As is typical of PBS member outlets, Arkansas PBS's daytime lineup is primarily centered on PBS Kids children's programs (such as Sesame Street, Wild Kratts, Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood and Arthur), airing weekdays from 6:00 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. and Sundays from 5:00 to 9:00 a.m. Weekdays also feature a rotating block of PBS prime time shows and selected original programs in the late afternoon (which replaced a portion of the station's PBS Kids schedule in September 2021), and a block of international news programs—consisting of the PBS NewsHour, BBC World News's late-evening public television broadcast and World News |
9644_33 | America, and Amanpour and Company—in the early and late access periods. Programs provided by PBS are primarily shown on most nights in prime time, except on Saturdays, with various British drama series being showcased on that night. Weekends feature a broad mix of how-to programs throughout the daytime hours on Saturdays, and late-morning public affairs programs and afternoon encores of PBS prime time shows on Sundays. In August 2018, AETN entered into a partnership with the Arkansas Activities Association to broadcast AAA-sanctioned high school football and basketball tournament and championship events for school classifications 1A–7A, effective with that year's high school football state finals. |
9644_34 | Although it generally carries nearly all programming distributed by PBS, Arkansas PBS has occasionally declined carriage of certain episodes of NET/PBS shows due to content that management or viewers deemed unsuitable for local broadcast, or edited portions of programs for perceived inappropriate content. Programs that have been refused carriage have included NET's February 1967 presentations of the stage adaptation of An Enemy of the People (following complaints from a group of 10 Mena-based ministers over profanity featured in the play) and Ten Blocks on the Camino Real (which program director Fred Schmutz called "profane and lewd" and that he "could no more air it than [he] could fly"); VD Blues, an October 1972 special (also declined by Mississippi Educational Television) that featured dramatic sketches illustrating the struggles of venereal disease, and Tongues Untied, a 1991 documentary on homosexuality in the Black community (due to suggestive language). |
9644_35 | The preemption decisions under the direction of Schmutz and executive director Lee Reaves, specifically following Schmutz's statement that AETN would not air the 1978 documentary As We See It... (which AETN would air in February 1980) if its representation of the events of the Little Rock Central High School integration crisis was biased in a way that would be "embarrassing to Arkansas," led to an investigation by the Arkansas Library Association into AETN's programming practices, which were found to be "fuzzy and vague"; in June 1981, the AETC rejected a motion to give AETN staff and advisory board members broader discretion over content issues, leaving such matters to be made by the network's executive director and program director. In May 2019, the network declined to air the Arthur episode "Mr. Ratburn and the Special Someone" on its main channel upon its initial broadcast (substituting it with a rerun from 2014) due to the episode depicting a same-sex marriage involving the |
9644_36 | Ratburn character, a move that (along with Alabama Public Television's earlier decision to preempt the episode) drew criticism from some LGBT advocacy groups, viewers and state legislators; AETN decided to air the episode over its PBS Kids subchannel later that month. |
9644_37 | Stations
Full-power stations
Arkansas PBS primarily comprises six full-power digital transmitters:
Translators
Arkansas PBS is also rebroadcast on the following translator stations:
Gaither–Harrison:
Mena:
Yancy–Texarkana:
Russellville:
Forrest City–West Memphis:
Technical information
Subchannels
All Arkansas PBS stations have multiplexed digital signals. The display name for each subchannel corresponds to the call sign of the respective station: |
9644_38 | Arkansas PBS (then AETN) began transmitting digital signals of its five existing full-power stations on June 11, 2004. Initially assigned UHF allocations for all five full-power digital relays, AETN elected to reassign VHF frequencies for the digital channels of KETS and its satellites (except KETJ) to reduce operational expenses; KETS and KEMV operated at reduced power until the transition to prevent analog co-channel interference with KFSM-TV in Fort Smith and adjacent channel interference with WMC-TV in Memphis, respectively. (KETS traded its original UHF 47 allocation with Sheridan-licensed KWBF-LP [channel 5, now defunct], then an analog translator of Little Rock-based KWBF-TV.) The General Assembly and the AETN Foundation (through matching private donations) had collectively appropriated $12 million for the Arkansas Educational Television Commission to install digital transmission equipment for the AETN stations. |
9644_39 | Analog-to-digital conversion
During the six-month period leading up to the official date in which full-power stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate, AETN shut down the analog transmitters of its full-power stations on a staggered basis: |
9644_40 | KETS shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, and suspended digital broadcasts over pre-transition VHF channel 5, on January 25, 2009. KETS's digital signal remained off-the-air until KATV shut down its analog signal on June 12; on that date, KETS resumed on VHF channel 7.
KTEJ shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 19, on February 17, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 20.
KEMV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 13.
KAFT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 13, on June 12, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 9.
KETG shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on June 12, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 13. |
9644_41 | KETZ suspended digital broadcasts, over pre-transition VHF channel 12, on February 5, 2009. KETZ remained off-the-air until KTVE shut down its analog signal on June 12; on that date, KETZ resumed digital broadcasts on VHF channel 10. |
9644_42 | Due to the suspension of KETS and KETZ, cable systems in central, south-central and southeastern Arkansas received AETN programming via a direct fiber connection from its Conway headquarters or used relay antennas to receive the signals of other AETN satellites. DirecTV provided subscribers in the Little Rock and Monroe–El Dorado markets access to the default PBS Satellite Service feed in place of KETS and KETZ.
References
External links
MyArkansasPBSFoundation.org
Arkansas Department of Human Services - Division of Services for the Blind (maintainer of AIRS)
Television stations in Arkansas
PBS member networks
Television channels and stations established in 1966
Education in Arkansas
University of Central Arkansas
Educational and instructional television channels
1966 establishments in Arkansas |
9645_0 | This is an alphabetical list of notable female movie actors with a last name that begins with the letter B.
Ba
Bac-Ban
Barbara Babcock (born 1937)
Lauren Bacall (1924–2014)
Barbara Bach (born 1947)
Olga Baclanova (1896–1974)
Hermione Baddeley (1906–1986)
Pearl Bailey (1918–1990)
Barbara Bain (born 1931)
Fay Bainter (1891–1968)
Carroll Baker (born 1931)
Diane Baker (born 1938)
Kathy Baker (born 1950)
Betty Balfour (1903–1978)
Ina Balin (1937–1990)
Fairuza Balk (born 1974)
Lucille Ball (1911–1989)
Anne Bancroft (1931–2005)
Tallulah Bankhead (1902–1968)
Elizabeth Banks (born 1974)
Vilma Bánky (1898–1992)
Jill Banner (1946–1982)
Josette Banzet (born 1938) |
9645_1 | Bar-Bax
Theda Bara (1885–1955)
Brigitte Bardot (born 1934)
Lynn Bari (1913–1989)
Ellen Barkin (born 1954)
Binnie Barnes (1903–1998)
Joanna Barnes (born 1934)
Roseanne Barr (born 1952)
Marie-Christine Barrault (born 1944)
Majel Barrett (1932–2008)
Barbara Barrie (born 1931)
Mona Barrie (1909–1964)
Wendy Barrie (1912–1978)
Drew Barrymore (born 1975)
Ethel Barrymore (1879–1959)
Eva Bartok (1927–1998)
Kim Basinger (born 1953)
Angela Bassett (born 1958)
Florence Bates (1888–1954)
Kathy Bates (born 1948)
Belinda Bauer (born 1950)
Frances Bavier (1902–1989)
Kylie Bax (born 1975)
Barbara Baxley (1923–1990)
Anne Baxter (1923–1985)
Jane Baxter (1909–1996)
Be |
9645_2 | Bea-Ben
Jennifer Beals (born 1963)
Emmanuelle Béart (born 1963)
Louise Beavers (1902–1962)
Kimberly Beck (born 1956)
Kate Beckinsale (born 1973)
Bonnie Bedelia (born 1948)
Barbara Bel Geddes (1922–2005)
Lake Bell (born 1979)
Madge Bellamy (1899–1990)
Kathleen Beller (born 1956)
Agostina Belli (born 1949)
Alma Beltran (1919–2007)
Bea Benaderet (1906–1968)
Caprice Benedetti (born 1965)
Annette Bening (born 1958)
Constance Bennett (1904–1965)
Jill Bennett (1931–1990)
Joan Bennett (1910–1990)
Ber-Bes
Marisa Berenson (born 1946)
Gertrude Berg (1899–1966)
Candice Bergen (born 1946)
Polly Bergen (1930–2014)
Senta Berger (born 1941)
Ingrid Bergman (1915–1982)
Elisabeth Bergner (1897–1986)
Brigid Berlin (1939–2020)
Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923)
Halle Berry (born 1966)
Marina Berti (1924–2002)
Francesca Bertini (1892–1985)
Laura Bertram (born 1978)
Edna Best (1900–1974)
Martine Beswick (born 1941) |
9645_3 | Bi
Suzanne Bianchetti (1889–1936)
Jessica Biel (born 1982)
Barbara Billingsley (1915–2010)
Juliette Binoche (born 1964)
Thora Birch (born 1982)
Jane Birkin (born 1946)
Julie Bishop (1914–2001)
Jacqueline Bisset (born 1944)
Bl
Claudia Black (born 1972)
Karen Black (1939–2013)
Honor Blackman (1925–2020)
Vivian Blaine (1921–1995)
Betsy Blair (1923–2009)
Janet Blair (1921–2007)
Linda Blair (born 1959)
Selma Blair (born 1972)
Amanda Blake (1929–1989)
Susan Blakely (born 1948)
Jolene Blalock (born 1975)
Mari Blanchard (1927–1970)
Cate Blanchett (born 1969)
Clara Blandick (1880–1962)
Sally Blane (1910–1997)
Tempestt Bledsoe (born 1973)
Yasmine Bleeth (born 1968)
Joan Blondell (1906–1979)
Giselle Blondet (born 1966)
Claire Bloom (born 1931)
Ann Blyth (born 1928) |
9645_4 | Bo
Eleanor Boardman (1898–1991)
Mary Boland (1880–1965)
Beulah Bondi (1888–1981)
Lisa Bonet (born 1967)
Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966)
Sandrine Bonnaire (born 1967)
Shirley Booth (1898–1992)
Olive Borden (1906–1947)
Veda Ann Borg (1915–1973)
Nina Bott (born 1978)
Barbara Bouchet (born 1943)
Chili Bouchier (1909–1999)
Carole Bouquet (born 1957)
Clara Bow (1907–1965)
Antoinette Bower (born 1932)
Lara Flynn Boyle (born 1970) |
9645_5 | Br
Lorraine Bracco (born 1954)
Alice Brady (1892–1939)
Sonia Braga (born 1950)
Eileen Brennan (1932–2013)
Evelyn Brent (1899–1975)
Mary Brian (1906–2002)
Fanny Brice (1891–1951)
May Britt (born 1933)
Barbara Britton (1919–1980)
Gladys Brockwell (1893–1929)
Helen Broderick (1891–1959)
Lesley Brook (1917–2009)
Hillary Brooke (1914–1999)
Elisabeth Brooks (1951–1997)
Geraldine Brooks (1925–1977)
Leslie Brooks (1922-2011)
Louise Brooks (1906–1985)
Mary Brough (1863–1934)
Vanessa Brown (1928–1999)
Emily Browning (born 1988)
Brenda Bruce (1918–1996)
Virginia Bruce (1910–1982)
Dora Bryan (1923–2014)
Bu-By
Betty Buckley (born 1947)
Geneviève Bujold (born 1942)
Florina Bulgaru (born 1979)
Sandra Bullock (born 1964)
Brooke Bundy (born 1944)
Billie Burke (1885–1970)
Delta Burke (born 1956)
Kathy Burke (born 1964)
Carol Burnett (born 1933)
Hedy Burress (born 1973)
Ellen Burstyn (born 1932)
Mae Busch (1891–1946)
Spring Byington (1886–1971)
Amanda Bynes (born 1986)
Kathleen Byron (1921–2009) |
9645_6 | Lists of film actors
Lists of actresses |
9646_0 | A temple (from the Latin ) is a building reserved for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. Religions which erect temples include Christianity (whose temples are typically called churches), Hinduism,(see Hindu temple), Buddhism (often monasteries), Sikhism (whose temples are called Gurudwara), Jainism (whose temples are sometimes called Derasar), Islam (whose temples are called mosques), Judaism (whose temples are called synagogues), Zoroastrianism (whose temples are sometimes called Agiary), the Baha'i Faith (which are often simply referred to as Baha'i House of Worship), Taoism (which are sometimes called Daoguan), Shintoism (which are sometimes called Jinja), Confucianism (which are sometimes called the Temple of Confucius), and ancient religions such as the Ancient Egyptian religion and the Ancient Greek religion. |
9646_1 | The form and function of temples is thus very variable, though they are often considered by believers to be in some sense the "house" of one or more deities. Typically offerings of some sort are made to the deity, and other rituals enacted, and a special group of clergy maintain, and operate the temple. The degree to which the whole population of believers can access the building varies significantly; often parts or even the whole main building can only be accessed by the clergy. Temples typically have a main building and a larger precinct, which may contain many other buildings, or may be a dome shaped structure, much like an igloo.
The word comes from Ancient Rome, where a templum constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur. It has the same root as the word "template", a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur.
Mesopotamian temples |
9646_2 | The temple-building tradition of Mesopotamia derived from the cults of gods and deities in the Mesopotamian religion. It spanned several civilizations; from Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian. The most common temple architecture of Mesopotamia is the structure of sun-baked bricks called a Ziggurat, having the form of a terraced step pyramid with a flat upper terrace where the shrine or temple stood.
Egyptian temples
Ancient Egyptian temples were meant as places for the deities to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple building, ḥwt-nṯr, means "mansion (or enclosure) of a god". |
9646_3 | A god's presence in the temple linked the human and divine realms and allowed humans to interact with the god through ritual. These rituals, it was believed, sustained the god and allowed it to continue to play its proper role in nature. They were, therefore, a key part of the maintenance of maat, the ideal order of nature and of human society in Egyptian belief. Maintaining maat was the entire purpose of Egyptian religion, and thus it was the purpose of a temple as well.
Ancient Egyptian temples were also of economic significance to Egyptian society. The temples stored and redistributed grain and came to own large portions of the nation's arable land (some estimate as much as 33% by the New Kingdom period). In addition, many of these Egyptian temples utilized the Tripartite Floor Plan in order to draw visitors to the center room.
Hindu temples |
9646_4 | Hindu temples are known by many different names, varying on region and language, including Alayam, Mandir, Mandira, Ambalam, Gudi, Kavu, Koil, Kovil, Déul, Raul, Devasthana, Degul, Deva Mandiraya, and Devalaya.
A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, the seat and dwelling of Hindu gods. It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together according to Hindu faith. Inside its Garbhagriha innermost sanctum, a Hindu temple contains a Murti or Hindu god's image. Hindu temples are large and magnificent with a rich history. There is evidence of use of sacred ground as far back as the Bronze Age and later during the Indus Valley Civilization. |
9646_5 | Outside of the Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh and Nepal), Hindu temples have been built in various countries around the world. Either following the historic diffusion of Hinduism across Asia (e.g. ancient stone temples of Cambodia and Indonesia), or following the migration of the Indian Hindus' diaspora; to Western Europe (esp. Great Britain), North America (the United States and Canada), as well as Australia, Malaysia and Singapore, Mauritius and South Africa.
Buddhist temples
Buddhist temples include the structures called stupa, wat and pagoda in different regions and languages. A Buddhist temple might contain a meditation hall hosting Buddharupa, or the image of Buddha, as the object of concentration and veneration during a meditation. The stupa domed structures are also used in a circumambulation ritual called Pradakshina. |
9646_6 | Temples in Buddhism represent the pure land or pure environment of a Buddha. Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire inner and outer peace.
Greco-Roman temples
Though today we call most Greek religious buildings "temples," the ancient Greeks would have referred to a temenos, or sacred precinct. Its sacredness, often connected with a holy grove, was more important than the building itself, as it contained the open air altar on which the sacrifices were made. The building which housed the cult statue in its naos was originally a rather simple structure, but by the middle of the 6th century BCE had become increasingly elaborate. Greek temple architecture had a profound influence on ancient architectural traditions. |
9646_7 | The rituals that located and sited Roman temples were performed by an augur through the observation of the flight of birds or other natural phenomenon. Roman temples usually faced east or toward the rising sun, but the specifics of the orientation are often not known today; there are also notable exceptions, such as the Pantheon which faces north. In ancient Rome only the native deities of Roman mythology had a templum; any equivalent structure for a foreign deity was called a fanum.
Pagan temples
The Romans usually referred to a holy place of a pagan religion as fanum; in some cases this referred to a sacred grove, in others to a temple. Medieval Latin writers also sometimes used the word templum, previously reserved for temples of the ancient Roman religion. In some cases it is hard to determine whether a temple was a building or an outdoor shrine. For temple buildings of the Vikings, the Old Norse term hof is often used.
Zoroastrian temples |
9646_8 | A Zoroastrian temple may also be called a Dar-e-mehr and an Atashkadeh. A fire temple in Zoroastrianism is the place of worship for Zoroastrians. Zoroastrians revere fire in any form, and their temples contains an eternal flame, with Atash Behram (Fire of Victory) as the highest grade of all, as it combines 16 different types of fire gathered in elaborate rituals.
In the Zoroastrian religion, fire (Atar), together with clean water (Aban), are agents of ritual purity. Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies is regarded as the basis of ritual life," which, "are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire, for the temple fire is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity".
Chinese temples |
9646_9 | Chinese temples refer to temples in accordance to Chinese culture, served as a house of worship of Chinese faiths; namely Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion. Chinese temples was born from the age old religion and tradition of Chinese people since ancient era of imperial China, thus usually built in typical classical Chinese architecture. |
9646_10 | Other than its base that constructed from an elevated platform of earth and stones, most parts of Chinese temples are of timber carpentry, with parts of bricks masonry and glazed ceramics for roofs and tiles decorations. Typical Chinese temples have curved overhanging eaves and complicated carpentry of stacked roof construction. Chinese temples are known for its vivid colour and rich decorations. Its roofs often decorated with mythical beasts, such as Chinese dragons and qilins, sometimes also Chinese deities. Chinese temples can be found throughout Mainland China and Taiwan, and also where Chinese expatriate communities have settled abroad, thus Chinese temples can be found in Chinatowns worldwide.
Indonesian temples |
9646_11 | Candi is an Indonesian term to refer to ancient temples. Before the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th-century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As a result of numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. The candi architecture follows the typical Indonesian architecture traditions based on Vastu Shastra. The temple layout, especially in Central Java period, incorporated mandala temple plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of Hindu temples. The candi was designed to mimic Meru, the holy mountain the abode of gods. In contemporary Indonesian Buddhist perspective, Candi refers to a shrine, either ancient or new. Several contemporary viharas in Indonesia for example, contain the actual-size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples, such as the replica of Pawon and Plaosan's perwara (small) temples. |
9646_12 | According to local beliefs, Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD.
Jain temples
A Jain temple, called a Derasar, is the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism. Some famous Jain temples are Shikharji, Palitana temples, Ranakpur Jain temple, Shravan Belgola, Dilwara Temples and Lal Mandir. Jain temples are built with various architectural designs. Jain temples in North India are completely different from the Jain temples in South India, which in turn are quite different from Jain temples in West India. Additionally, a manastambha (literally 'column of honor') is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.
Sikh temples |
9646_13 | A Sikh temple is called a Gurdwara, literally the doorway to the Guru. Its most essential element is the presence of the Guru, Guru Granth Sahib. The Gurdwara has an entrance from all sides, signifying that they are open to all without any distinction whatsoever. The Gurdwara has a Darbar Sahib where the Guru Granth Sahib is seen and a Langar where people can eat free food. A Gurdwara may also have a library, nursery, and classroom.
Mesoamerican temples |
9646_14 | Temples of the Mesoamerican civilization usually took the shape of stepped pyramids with temples or shrines on top of the massive structure. They are more akin to the ziggurats of Mesopotamia than to Egyptian ones. A single or several flight(s) of steep steps from the base lead to the temple that stood on the plateau on top of the pyramid. The stone temple might be a square or a rounded structure with a door opening leading to a cella or inner sanctum. The plateau on top of the pyramid in front of the temple is where the ritualistic sacrifice took place.
Some classic Mesoamerican pyramids are adorned with stories about the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl or Mesoamerican creation myths, written in the form of hieroglyphs on the rises of the steps of the pyramids, on the walls, and on the sculptures contained within. Notable example include Aztec Acatitlan and Mayan Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Tikal.
Jewish synagogues and temples |
9646_15 | In Judaism, the ancient Hebrew texts refer not to temples, the word having not existed yet, but to a "sanctuary", "palace" or "hall". Each of the two ancient temples in Jerusalem was called in the Tanakh Beit YHWH, which translates literally as "YHWH's House."
The Temple Mount in Jerusalem is the site where the First Temple of Solomon and the Second Temple were built. At the center of the structure was the Holy of Holies where only the High Priest could enter. The Temple Mount is now the site of the Islamic edifice, the Dome of the Rock (c. 690).
The Greek word synagogue came into use to describe Jewish (and Samaritan) places of worship during Hellenistic times and it, along with the Yiddish term shul, and the original Hebrew term Beit Knesset ("House of meeting") are the terms in most universal usage. |
9646_16 | Since the 18th Century, Jews in Western and Central Europe began to apply the name "temple", borrowed from the French where it was used to denote all non-Catholic prayer houses, to synagogues. The term became strongly associated with Reform institutions, in some of which both congregants and outsiders associated it with the elimination of the prayers for the restoration of the Jerusalem Temple, though this was not the original meaning—traditional synagogues named themselves "temple" over a century before the advent of Reform, and many continued to do so after. In American parlance, "temple" is often synonymous with "synagogue", but especially non-Orthodox ones.
The term kenesa, from the Aramaic for "assembly", is used to describe the places of worship of Karaite Jews.
Example of such temple is the Sofia Synagogue, Bulgaria the largest synagogue in Southeastern Europe and third-largest in Europe.
Christian temples
Orthodox Christianity |
9646_17 | The word temple is used frequently in the tradition of Eastern Christianity; particularly the Eastern Orthodox Church, where the principal words used for houses of worship are temple and church. The use of the word temple comes from the need to distinguish a building of the church vs. the church seen as the Body of Christ. In the Russian language (similar to other Slavic languages), while the general-purpose word for "church" is tserkov, the term khram (Храм), "temple", is used to refer to the church building as a temple of God (Khram Bozhy). The words "church" and "temple", in this case are interchangeable; however, the term "church" () is far more common. The term temple () is also commonly applied to larger churches. Some famous churches which are referred to as temples include the Hagia Sophia, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and the Temple of Saint Sava in Belgrade, Serbia.
Catholic Christianity |
9646_18 | The word temple has traditionally been rarely used in the English-speaking Western Christian tradition. In Irish, some pre-schism churches use the word teampall. The usual word for church in the Hungarian language is templom, also deriving from the same Latin root. Spanish distinguishes between the temple being the physical building for religious activity, and the church being both the physical building for religious activity and also the congregation of religious followers.
The principal words typically used to distinguish houses of worship in Western Christian architecture are abbey, basilica, cathedral, chapel and church. The Catholic Church has used the word temple in reference of a place of worship on rare occasions. An example is the Roman Catholic Sagrada Familia Temple in Barcelona, Spain and the Roman Catholic Basilique du Sacré-Cœur Temple in Paris, France. Another example is the Temple or Our Lady of the pillar, a church in Guadalajara, Mexico.
Protestant Christianity |
9646_19 | Also, some Protestant churches use this term; above main entrance of the Lutheran Gustav Vasa church in Stockholm, Sweden is a cartouche in Latin which reads "this temple (...) was constructed by king Oscar II."
Beginning in the late eighteenth century, following the Enlightenment, some Protestant denominations in France and elsewhere began to use the word temple to distinguish these spaces from Catholic churches. Evangelical and other Protestant churches make use of a wide variety of terms to designate their worship spaces, such as church, tabernacle or temple. Additionally some Breakaway Catholic Churches such as the Mariavite Church in Poland have chosen to also designate their central church building as a temple, as in the case of the Temple of Mercy and Charity in Płock.
Latter Day Saint movement |
9646_20 | According to Latter Day Saints, in 1832, Joseph Smith received a revelation to restore the practice of temple worship, in a "house of the Lord". The Kirtland Temple was the first temple of the Latter-day Saint movement and the only one completed in Smith's lifetime, although the Nauvoo Temple was partially complete at the time of his death. The schisms stemming from a succession crisis have led to differing views about the role and use of temples between various groups with competing succession claims.
The Book of Mormon, which Latter Day Saints believe is a companion book of scripture with the Bible, refers to temple building in the ancient Americas by a group of people called the Nephites. Though Book of Mormon authors are not explicit about the practices in these Nephite temples, they were patterned "after the manner of the temple of Solomon" () and served as gathering places for significant religious and political events (e.g. Mosiah 1–6; 3rd Nephi 11–26). |
9646_21 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a prolific builder of temples. Latter-day Saint temples are reserved for performing and undertaking only the most holy and sacred of covenants and special of ordinances. They are distinct from meeting houses and chapels where weekly worship services are held. The temples are built and kept under strict sacredness and are not to be defiled. Thus, strict rules apply for entrance, including church membership and regular attendance. During the open-house period after its construction and before its dedication, the temple is open to the public for tours. |
9646_22 | Other Latter Day Saint denominations
Various sects in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith have temples.
The Church of Christ (Wightite), a Latter Day Saint denomination formed by Lyman Wight following the death of Joseph Smith, built first Mormon temple west of the Mississippi in Zodiac, Texas. about three miles from Fredericksburg.
In 1990 or earlier a temple in Ozumba, Mexico was built by the Apostolic United Brethren.
On April 17, 1994 the Independence Temple in Independence, Missouri was open by the Community of Christ by then-church Prophet-President Wallace B. Smith. The Community of Christ also currently owns the original Kirtland Temple, dedicated in 1836 by the Church of the Latter Day Saints (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), in Kirtland, Ohio. The Community of Christ operates the Kirtland Temple as a historic site. |
9646_23 | In 2005 construction on the YFZ Ranch Temple by the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Church began. It is located just outside Eldorado in Schleicher County, Texas. However, as of April 2014, the State of Texas took physical and legal possession of the property. as it was used to "commit or facilitate certain criminal conduct."
A pyramid-shaped temple near Modena, Utah was built by the Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. |
9646_24 | Esoteric Christianity
Mount Ecclesia Esoteric Christian Temple of the Rosicrucian Fellowship with its round 12-sided building architecture set on top of a mesa and facing east, the rising Sun. This modern-day temple is ornamented with alchemical and astrological symbols.
Masonic temples
Freemasonry is a fraternal organization with its origins in the eighteenth century whose membership is held together by a shared set of moral and metaphysical ideals based on short role play narratives concerning the construction of King Solomon's Temple. Freemasons meet as a Lodge. Lodges meet in a Masonic Temple (in reference to King Solomon's Temple), Masonic Center or a Masonic Hall, such as Freemasons' Hall, London. Some confusion exists as Masons usually refer to a Lodge meeting as being in Lodge.
Others |
9646_25 | Göbekli Tepe, located in southern Turkey, was built in 8th millennium BCE - 10th millennium BCE. Its circular compounds on top of a tell are composed by massive T-shaped stone pillars decorated with abstract, enigmatic pictograms and animal reliefs.
Temples of Sheikh, ancient temples in Sheikh, Somalia
Temple of Yeha, the oldest standing structure in Yeha, Ethiopia; built around 700 BCE
In the Star Wars films, the Jedi Temple is located on Coruscant.
Wolmyeongdong Natural Temple, located in South Korea, was developed beginning in 1990 and continues to this day.
Pashupatinath is one of the most famous temples of Hindu religion, which is located at Kathmandu, Nepal.
Convention sometimes allows the use of temple in some of the following cases: |
9646_26 | Baháʼí Faith temple (Mashriqu'l-Adhkárs or ‘Houses of Worship’).
Mankhim, the temple of the ethnic group the Rai, located at Aritar, Sikkim.
Confucian temple or Temple of Confucius.
Shintoist jinja are normally called shrines in English in order to distinguish them from Buddhist temples (-tera, -dera).
Taoist temples and monasteries are called guan or daoguan (道观, literally "place of contemplation of the Tao") in Chinese, guan being the shortened version of daoguan.
Shrines of the traditional Chinese Ethnic Shenism are called miao, or ancestral hall in English. Joss house is an obsolete American term for such kind of places of worship.
See also
Chinese pagoda
Dravidian architecture
List of temples of Tamil Nadu
Mandi (Mandaeism)
Mosque
National Temple of Divine Providence
Place of worship
Chinese temple
Candi of Indonesia
Balinese temple
Jangam
References
Further reading
Hani, Jean, Le symbolisme du temple chrétien, G. Trédaniel (editor); [2. éd.] edition (1978), 207 p., |
9646_27 | External links
Definition of 'temple' at the Online Etymology Dictionary
Comparison between Egyptian and Greek temples
Building types
Types of monuments and memorials
Sacral architecture
Religious buildings and structures |
9647_0 | An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heart in the case that a heart transplant (from a deceased human or, experimentally, from a deceased genetically engineered pig) is impossible. Although other similar inventions preceded it from the late 1940s, the first artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human was the Jarvik-7 in 1982, designed by a team including Willem Johan Kolff, William DeVries and Robert Jarvik. |
9647_1 | An artificial heart is distinct from a ventricular assist device (VAD; for either one or both of the ventricles, the heart's lower chambers), which can be a permanent solution also, or the intra-aortic balloon pump- both devices are designed to support a failing heart. It is also distinct from a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, which is an external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and lungs, used only for a few hours at a time, most commonly during cardiac surgery. It is also distinct from a ventilator, used to support failing lungs, or the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which is used to support those with both inadequate heart and lung function for up to days or weeks, unlike the bypass machine.
History |
9647_2 | Origins
A synthetic replacement for a heart remains a long-sought "holy grail" of modern medicine. The obvious benefit of a functional artificial heart would be to lower the need for heart transplants because the demand for organs always greatly exceeds supply.
Although the heart is conceptually a pump, it embodies subtleties that defy straightforward emulation with synthetic materials and power supplies. Consequences of these issues include severe foreign-body rejection and external batteries that limit mobility. These complications limited the lifespan of early human recipients from hours to days.
Early development
The first artificial heart was made by the Soviet scientist Vladimir Demikhov in 1937. It was implanted in a dog. |
9647_3 | On 2 July 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek, suffering from shortness of breath, made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart, was successfully used while performing heart surgery.
Ongoing research was done on calves at Hershey Medical Center, Animal Research Facility, in Hershey, Pennsylvania, during the 1970s.
Forest Dewey Dodrill, working closely with Matthew Dudley, used the machine in 1952 to bypass Henry Opitek's left ventricle for 50 minutes while he opened the patient's left atrium and worked to repair the mitral valve. In Dodrill's post-operative report, he notes, "To our knowledge, this is the first instance of survival of a patient when a mechanical heart mechanism was used to take over the complete body function of maintaining the blood supply of the body while the heart was open and operated on." |
9647_4 | A heart–lung machine was first used in 1953 during a successful open heart surgery. John Heysham Gibbon, the inventor of the machine, performed the operation and developed the heart–lung substitute himself.
Following these advances, scientific interest for the development of a solution for heart disease developed in numerous research groups worldwide.
Early designs of total artificial hearts
In 1949, a precursor to the modern artificial heart pump was built by doctors William Sewell and William Glenn of the Yale School of Medicine using an Erector Set, assorted odds and ends, and dime-store toys. The external pump successfully bypassed the heart of a dog for more than an hour. |
9647_5 | Paul Winchell invented an artificial heart with the assistance of Henry Heimlich (the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver) and held the first patent for such a device. The University of Utah developed a similar apparatus around the same time, but when they tried to patent it, Winchell's heart was cited as prior art. The university requested that Winchell donate the heart to the University of Utah, which he did.
There is some debate as to how much of Winchell's design Robert Jarvik used in creating Jarvik's artificial heart. Heimlich states, "I saw the heart, I saw the patent and I saw the letters. The basic principle used in Winchell's heart and Jarvik's heart is exactly the same." Jarvik denies that any of Winchell's design elements were incorporated into the device he fabricated for humans which was successfully implanted into Barney Clark in 1982. |
9647_6 | On 12 December 1957, Willem Johan Kolff, the world's most prolific inventor of artificial organs, implanted an artificial heart into a dog at Cleveland Clinic. The dog lived for 90 minutes.
In 1958, Domingo Liotta initiated the studies of TAH replacement at Lyon, France, and in 1959–60 at the National University of Córdoba, Argentina. He presented his work at the meeting of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs held in Atlantic City in March 1961. At that meeting, Liotta described the implantation of three types of orthotopic (inside the pericardial sac) TAHs in dogs, each of which used a different source of external energy: an implantable electric motor, an implantable rotating pump with an external electric motor, and a pneumatic pump. |
9647_7 | In 1964, the National Institutes of Health started the Artificial Heart Program, with the goal of putting an artificial heart into a human by the end of the decade. The purpose of the program was to develop an implantable artificial heart, including the power source, to replace a failing heart.
In February 1966, Adrian Kantrowitz rose to international prominence when he performed the world's first permanent implantation of a partial mechanical heart (left ventricular assist device) at Maimonides Medical Center.
In 1967, Kolff left Cleveland Clinic to start the Division of Artificial Organs at the University of Utah and pursue his work on the artificial heart.
In 1973, a calf named Tony survived for 30 days on an early Kolff heart.
In 1975, a bull named Burk survived 90 days on the artificial heart.
In 1976, a calf named Abebe lived for 184 days on the Jarvik 5 artificial heart.
In 1981, a calf named Alfred Lord Tennyson lived for 268 days on the Jarvik 5. |
9647_8 | Over the years, more than 200 physicians, engineers, students and faculty developed, tested and improved Kolff's artificial heart. To help manage his many endeavors, Kolff assigned project managers. Each project was named after its manager. Graduate student Robert Jarvik was the project manager for the artificial heart, which was subsequently renamed the Jarvik 7.
In 1981, William DeVries submitted a request to the FDA for permission to implant the Jarvik 7 into a human being. On 2 December 1982, William DeVries implanted the Jarvik 7 artificial heart into Barney Clark, a dentist from Seattle who was suffering from severe congestive heart failure. Clark lived for 112 days tethered to an external pneumatic compressor, a device weighing some , but during that time he suffered prolonged periods of confusion and a number of instances of bleeding, and asked several times to be allowed to die.
First clinical implantation of a total artificial heart |
9647_9 | On 4 April 1969, Domingo Liotta and Denton A. Cooley replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical heart inside the chest at The Texas Heart Institute in Houston as a bridge for a transplant. The man woke up and began to recover. After 64 hours, the pneumatic-powered artificial heart was removed and replaced by a donor heart. However thirty-two hours after transplantation, the man died of what was later proved to be an acute pulmonary infection, extended to both lungs, caused by fungi, most likely caused by an immunosuppressive drug complication.
The original prototype of Liotta-Cooley artificial heart used in this historic operation is prominently displayed in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History "Treasures of American History" exhibit in Washington, D.C. |
9647_10 | First clinical applications of a permanent pneumatic total artificial heart |
9647_11 | The first clinical use of an artificial heart designed for permanent implantation rather than a bridge to transplant occurred in 1982 at the University of Utah. Artificial kidney pioneer Willem Johan Kolff started the Utah artificial organs program in 1967. There, physician-engineer Clifford Kwan-Gett invented two components of an integrated pneumatic artificial heart system: a ventricle with hemispherical diaphragms that did not crush red blood cells (a problem with previous artificial hearts) and an external heart driver that inherently regulated blood flow without needing complex control systems. Independently, Paul Winchell designed and patented a similarly shaped ventricle and donated the patent to the Utah program. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, veterinarian Donald Olsen led a series of calf experiments that refined the artificial heart and its surgical care. During that time, as a student at the University of Utah, Robert Jarvik combined several modifications: an ovoid |
9647_12 | shape to fit inside the human chest, a more blood-compatible polyurethane developed by biomedical engineer Donald Lyman, and a fabrication method by Kwan-Gett that made the inside of the ventricles smooth and seamless to reduce dangerous stroke-causing blood clots. On 2 December 1982, William DeVries implanted the artificial heart into retired dentist Barney Bailey Clark (born 21 January 1921), who survived 112 days with the device, dying on 23 March 1983. Bill Schroeder became the second recipient and lived for a record 620 days. |
9647_13 | Contrary to popular belief and erroneous articles in several periodicals, the Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Today, the modern version of the Jarvik 7 is known as the SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart. It has been implanted in more than 1,350 people as a bridge to transplantation. |
9647_14 | In the mid-1980s, artificial hearts were powered by dishwasher-sized pneumatic power sources whose lineage went back to Alfa Laval milking machines. Moreover, two sizable catheters had to cross the body wall to carry the pneumatic pulses to the implanted heart, greatly increasing the risk of infection. To speed development of a new generation of technologies, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute opened a competition for implantable electrically powered artificial hearts. Three groups received funding: Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio; the College of Medicine of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Hershey Medical Center) in Hershey, Pennsylvania; and AbioMed, Inc. of Danvers, Massachusetts. Despite considerable progress, the Cleveland program was discontinued after the first five years. |
9647_15 | First clinical application of an intrathoracic pump
On 19 July 1963, E. Stanley Crawford and Domingo Liotta implanted the first clinical Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, in a patient who had a cardiac arrest after surgery. The patient survived for four days under mechanical support but did not recover from the complications of the cardiac arrest; finally, the pump was discontinued, and the patient died.
First clinical application of a paracorporeal pump |
9647_16 | On 21 April 1966, Michael DeBakey and Liotta implanted the first clinical LVAD in a paracorporeal position (where the external pump rests at the side of the patient) at The Methodist Hospital in Houston, in a patient experiencing cardiogenic shock after heart surgery. The patient developed neurological and pulmonary complications and died after few days of LVAD mechanical support. In October 1966, DeBakey and Liotta implanted the paracorporeal Liotta-DeBakey LVAD in a new patient who recovered well and was discharged from the hospital after 10 days of mechanical support, thus constituting the first successful use of an LVAD for postcardiotomy shock. |
9647_17 | First VAD patient with FDA approved hospital discharge
In 1990 Brian Williams was discharged from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), becoming the first VAD patient to be discharged with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. The patient was supported in part by bioengineers from the University of Pittsburgh's McGowan Institute.
Total artificial hearts
Approved medical devices
SynCardia
SynCardia is a company based in Tucson, Arizona, which currently has two separate models available. It is available in a 70cc and 50cc size. The 70cc model is used for biventricular heart failure in adult men, while the 50cc is for children and women. As good results with the TAH as a bridge to heart transplant accumulated, a trial of the CardioWest TAH (developed from the Jarvik 7 and now marketed as the Syncardia TAH) was initiated in 1993 and completed in 2002. The SynCardia was first approved for use in 2004 by the US Food and Drug Administration. |
9647_18 | As of 2014, more than 1,250 patients have received SynCardia artificial hearts. The device requires the use of the Companion 2 in-hospital driver, approved by the FDA in 2012, or the Freedom Driver System, approved in 2014, which allows some patients to return home, to power the heart with pulses of air. The drivers also monitor blood flow for each ventricle.
In 2016, Syncardia filed for bankruptcy protection and was later acquired by the private equity firm Versa Capital Management.
Carmat bioprosthetic heart |
9647_19 | On 27 October 2008, French professor and leading heart transplant specialist Alain F. Carpentier announced that a fully implantable artificial heart would be ready for clinical trial by 2011 and for alternative transplant in 2013. It was developed and would be manufactured by him, biomedical firm CARMAT SA, and venture capital firm Truffle Capital. The prototype used embedded electronic sensors and was made from chemically treated animal tissues, called "biomaterials", or a "pseudo-skin" of biosynthetic, microporous materials.
According to a press-release by Carmat dated 20 December 2013, the first implantation of its artificial heart in a 75-year-old patient was performed on 18 December 2013 by the Georges Pompidou European Hospital team in Paris (France). The patient died 75 days after the operation. |
9647_20 | In Carmat's design, two chambers are each divided by a membrane that holds hydraulic fluid on one side. A motorized pump moves hydraulic fluid in and out of the chambers, and that fluid causes the membrane to move; blood flows through the other side of each membrane. The blood-facing side of the membrane is made of tissue obtained from a sac that surrounds a cow's heart, to make the device more biocompatible. The Carmat device also uses valves made from cow heart tissue and has sensors to detect increased pressure within the device. That information is sent to an internal control system that can adjust the flow rate in response to increased demand, such as when a patient is exercising. This distinguishes it from previous designs that maintain a constant flow rate. |
9647_21 | The Carmat device, unlike previous designs, is meant to be used in cases of terminal heart failure, instead of being used as a bridge device while the patient awaits a transplant. At 900 grams it weighs nearly three times the typical heart and is targeted primarily towards obese men. It also requires the patient to carry around an additional Li-Ion battery. The projected lifetime of the artificial heart is around 5 years (230 million beats).
In 2016, trials for the Carmat "fully artificial heart" were banned by the National Agency for Security and Medicine in Europe after short survival rates were confirmed. The ban was lifted in May 2017. At that time, a European report stated that Celyad's C-Cure cell therapy for ischemic heart failure "could only help a subpopulation of Phase III study participants, and Carmat will hope that its artificial heart will be able to treat a higher proportion of heart failure patients". |
9647_22 | The Carmat artificial heart was approved for sale in the European Union, receiving a CE marking on December 22, 2020. Its stock price increased over a third upon the announcement of the news.
Historical prototypes
Total artificial heart pump
The U.S. Army artificial heart pump was a compact, air-powered unit developed by Kenneth Woodward at Harry Diamond Laboratories in the early to mid-1960s. The Army's heart pump was partially made of plexiglass, and consisted of two valves, a chamber, and a suction flapper. The pump operated without any moving parts under the principle of fluid amplification – providing a pulsating air pressure source resembling a heartbeat. |
9647_23 | POLVAD
Since 1991, the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development (FRK) in Zabrze, Poland, has been working on developing an artificial heart. Nowadays, the Polish system for heart support POLCAS consists of the artificial ventricle POLVAD-MEV and the three controllers POLPDU-401, POLPDU-402 and POLPDU-501. Presented devices are designed to handle only one patient. The control units of the 401 and 402 series may be used only in hospital due to its big size, method of control and type of power supply. The control unit of 501 series is the latest product of FRK. Due to its much smaller size and weight, it is significantly more mobile solution. For this reason, it can be also used during supervised treatment conducted outside the hospital. |
9647_24 | Phoenix-7
In June 1996, a 46-year-old man received a total artificial heart implantation done by Jeng Wei at Cheng-Hsin General Hospital in Taiwan. This technologically advanced pneumatic Phoenix-7 Total Artificial Heart was manufactured by Taiwanese dentist Kelvin K. Cheng, Chinese physician T. M. Kao, and colleagues at the Taiwan TAH Research Center in Tainan, Taiwan. With this experimental artificial heart, the patient's BP was maintained at 90–100/40–55 mmHg and cardiac output at 4.2–5.8 L/min. The patient then received the world's first successful combined heart and kidney transplantation after bridging with a total artificial heart. |
9647_25 | Abiomed hearts
The first AbioCor to be surgically implanted in a patient was on 3 July 2001. The AbioCor is made of titanium and plastic with a weight of 0,9 kg (two pounds), and its internal battery can be recharged with a transduction device that sends power through the skin. The internal battery lasts for half an hour, and a wearable external battery pack lasts for four hours. The FDA announced on 5 September 2006, that the AbioCor could be implanted for humanitarian uses after the device had been tested on 15 patients. It is intended for critically ill patients who cannot receive a heart transplant. Some limitations of the current AbioCor are that its size makes it suitable for less than 50% of the female population and only about 50% of the male population, and its useful life is only 1–2 years. |
9647_26 | By combining its valved ventricles with the control technology and roller screw developed at Penn State, AbioMed designed a smaller, more stable heart, the AbioCor II. This pump, which should be implantable in most men and 50% of women with a life span of up to five years, had animal trials in 2005, and the company hoped to get FDA approval for human use in 2008. After a great deal of experimentation, Abiomed has abandoned development of total official hearts as of 2015. Abiomed as of 2019 only markets heart pumps, "intended to help pump blood in patients who need short-term support (up to 6 days)", which are not total artificial hearts.
Frazier-Cohn
On 12 March 2011, an experimental artificial heart was implanted in 55-year-old Craig Lewis at The Texas Heart Institute in Houston by O. H. Frazier and William Cohn. The device is a combination of two modified HeartMate II pumps that is currently undergoing bovine trials. |
9647_27 | Frazier and Cohn are on the board of the BiVACOR company that develops an artificial heart. BiVACOR has been tested as a replacement for a heart in a sheep.
So far, only one person has benefited from Frazier and Cohn's artificial heart. Craig Lewis was suffering from amyloidosis in 2011 when his heart gave out and doctors pronounced that he had only 12 to 24 hours to live. After obtaining permission from his family, Frazier and Cohn replaced his heart with their device. Lewis survived for another 5 weeks after the operation; he eventually succumbed to liver and kidney failure due to his amyloidosis, after which his family asked that his artificial heart be unplugged.
Current prototypes |
9647_28 | Soft artificial heart
On 10 July 2017, Nicholas Cohrs and colleagues presented a new concept of a soft total artificial heart in the Journal of Artificial Organs. The heart was developed in the Functionals Materials Laboratory at ETH Zurich. (Cohrs was listed as a doctoral student in a group led by Professor Wendelin Stark at ETH Zurich.) |
9647_29 | The soft artificial heart (SAH) was created from silicone with the help of 3D printing technology. The SAH is a silicone monoblock. It weighs 390g, has a volume of 679 cm3 and is operated through pressurized air. "Our goal is to develop an artificial heart that is roughly the same size as the patient’s own one and which imitates the human heart as closely as possible in form and function" says Cohrs in an interview. The SAH fundamentally moves and works like a real heart but currently only beats for 3000 beats (which corresponds to a duration of 30 to 50 minutes for an average individual's heart beat)
in a hybrid mock circulation machine. Following which the silicone membrane (2.3 mm thick) between the Left Ventricle and the Air Expansion Chamber ruptured. |
9647_30 | The working life of a more recent Cohrs prototype (using various polymers instead of silicone) was still limited, according to reports in early 2018, with that model providing a useful life of 1 million heartbeats, roughly ten days in a human body. At the time, Cohrs and his team were experimenting with CAD software and 3D printing, striving to develop a model that would last up to 15 years. "We cannot really predict when we could have a final working heart which fulfills all requirements and is ready for implantation. This usually takes years", said Cohrs.
Others
A centrifugal pump or an axial-flow pump can be used as an artificial heart, resulting in the patient being alive without a pulse. Other pulse-less artificial heart designs include the HeartMate II from Thoratec, which uses an Archimedes screw; and an experimental artificial heart designed by Bud Frazier and Billy Cohn, using turbines spinning at 8,000 to 12,000 RPMs. |
9647_31 | A centrifugal artificial heart which alternately pumps the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation, causing a pulse, has been described.
Researchers have constructed a heart out of foam. The heart is made out of flexible silicone and works with an external pump to push air and fluids through the heart. It currently cannot be implanted into humans, but it is a promising start for artificial hearts.
Hybrid assistive devices
Patients who have some remaining heart function but who can no longer live normally may be candidates for ventricular assist devices (VAD), which do not replace the human heart but complement it by taking up much of the function.
The first Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) system was created by Domingo Liotta at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston in 1962. |
9647_32 | Another VAD, the Kantrowitz CardioVad, designed by Adrian Kantrowitz, boosts the native heart by taking up over 50% of its function. Additionally, the VAD can help patients on the wait list for a heart transplant. In a young person, this device could delay the need for a transplant by 10–15 years, or even allow the heart to recover, in which case the VAD can be removed.
The artificial heart is powered by a battery that needs to be changed several times while still working. |
9647_33 | The first heart assist device was approved by the FDA in 1994, and two more received approval in 1998.
While the original assist devices emulated the pulsating heart, newer versions, such as the Heartmate II, developed by The Texas Heart Institute of Houston, provide continuous flow. These pumps (which may be centrifugal or axial flow) are smaller and potentially more durable and last longer than the current generation of total heart replacement pumps. Another major advantage of a VAD is that the patient keeps the natural heart, which may still function for temporary back-up support if the mechanical pump were to stop. This may provide enough support to keep the patient alive until a solution to the problem is implemented. |
9647_34 | In August 2006, an artificial heart was implanted into a 15-year-old girl at the Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. It was intended to act as a temporary fixture until a donor heart could be found. Instead, the artificial heart (called a Berlin Heart) allowed for natural processes to occur and her heart healed on its own. After 146 days, the Berlin Heart was removed, and the girl's heart functioned properly on its own. On 16 December 2011 the Berlin Heart gained U.S. FDA approval. The device has since been successfully implanted in several children including a 4-year-old Honduran girl at Children's Hospital Boston.
Several continuous-flow ventricular assist devices have been approved for use in the European Union, and, as of August 2007, were undergoing clinical trials for FDA approval. |
9647_35 | In 2012, Craig Lewis, a 55-year-old Texan, presented at the Texas Heart Institute with a severe case of cardiac amyloidosis. He was given an experiment continuous-flow artificial heart transplant which saved his life. Lewis died 5 weeks later of liver failure after slipping into a coma due to the amyloidosis. |
9647_36 | In 2012, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine compared the Berlin Heart to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and concluded that "a ventricular assist device available in several sizes for use in children as a bridge to heart transplantation [such as the Berlin Heart] was associated with a significantly higher rate of survival as compared with ECMO." The study's primary author, Charles D. Fraser Jr., surgeon in chief at Texas Children's Hospital, explained: "With the Berlin Heart, we have a more effective therapy to offer patients earlier in the management of their heart failure. When we sit with parents, we have real data to offer so they can make an informed decision. This is a giant step forward." |
9647_37 | Suffering from end-stage heart failure, former Vice President Dick Cheney underwent a procedure in July 2010 to have a VAD implanted at INOVA Fairfax Hospital, in Fairfax Virginia. In 2012, he received a heart transplant at age 71 after 20 months on a waiting list.
See also
Artificial heart valve
Artificial cardiac pacemaker
References
General references
George B. Griffenhagen and Calvin H. Hughes. The History of the Mechanical Heart. Smithsonian Report for 1955, (Pub. 4241): 339–356, 1956.
"Donor saves Detroit pastor living on artificial heart". Fox News. 18 May 2018
Inline citations
External links
Kembrey, Melanie (17 August 2010). "Artificial heart a medical marvel". Fairfield City Champion. Archived 6 July 2011.
American inventions
Implants (medicine)
Cardiology
Heart
1937 in medicine |
9648_0 | Magical Sentosa (also known as Sentosa Magique [in French] or 神奇圣淘沙 [in Chinese]) was a multimedia nighttime show hosted at the Sentosa Musical Fountain on the resort island of Sentosa, Singapore. The multimedia show is the last musical to be staged on the fountain itself. The musical ran for less than five years before being eventually discontinued in 2007 and replaced by Songs of the Sea.
The show was conceived using ideas from an earlier ECA2 production in France, titled "Le Lac Aux Images", using some of the characters and plot elements of the previous show. The plot centers around fountain master, Mr Whamsey, and the maniacal antics of Kiki the Hyperactive Monkey of Sentosa, both of whom serve as the show's main hosts. The show was known internally at ECA2 as "Sentosa Water and Fire Fantasy Show".
Development |
9648_1 | Origins
In 1997, ECA2 commissioned the creation of Le Lac Aux Images to celebrate French theme park, Futuroscope's tenth anniversary. The show; which operated in Futuroscope's own musical fountain in France, closed down in 2002, the same year of Magical Sentosa's release. Its plot contained similarities with some of Magical Sentosa's own plot elements and characters. Most assets from the show were later recycled for Magical Sentosa, most prominently imagery used for the character, Princess Pearl. The musical centers on a character by the name of Ouïatouké, who is voiced by renowned French voice actor, Luq Hamet. Ouïatouké's name is a French pun on the abbreviation, "Y2K" or the year 2000 problem; a reference to him as a glitch. |
9648_2 | Production and Opening
Not much is known about the show's development and very little information is provided regarding Magical Sentosa. A majority of information sources have directed viewers to the show's credits and reviews. Bang Productions managed the show's technical design while Fischer Media Group was involved in an undisclosed role. The show, was eventually opened on 19 September 2002 to an audience of an estimated 150,000.
Credits
The following people who are listed, are according to ECA2 press releases:
Design and Direction: Yves Pépin
Music and Soundtrack: Philippe Villar / Pascal Lengagne
Cartoons and Animation: Dominique Fages
Laser Design: Claude Lifante
Content Production: Thierry Nutchey
Project Manager: Jean-Christophe Canizarès
Production: ECA2
Uncredited in Press Release
Technical design and setup: Alain Gaillard
Plot |
9648_3 | The show begins with a fountain master named Mr Whamsey (as mentioned by Kiki later on in the show), greeting the audience. He shows off his skills to the audience, by first showing the fountain repeating his tune, followed by a grand orchestra piece, and finally a soft soothing water-themed song, (Water Waltz), but before he can finish a segment known as "Grand Finale", the fountain displays on both the terrace pools grind to a sudden halt. Mr Whamsey is startled, and desperately attempts to restart the fountains. There is a sudden flashing of strobe lights, followed by Kiki making his signature laugh. He then appears laughing out of control at the audience before going back into hiding. When Mr Whamsey asks the audience what was making the noise, Kiki reappears and introduces himself to the audience. He then challenges Mr Whamsey to a duel for control of the Sentosa Musical Fountain, resulting in a semi-chaotic fountain sequence playing, with whimsical circus-like music and ending |
9648_4 | with several powerful bursts of water. Soon after, he introduces Mr Whamsey and the audience to his friends (Hello Hello), and the amazed Mr Whamsey decides to enter "Magical Sentosa", the parallel universe which Kiki lives in. Kiki then directs Mr Whamsey into a secret tunnel, which can be entered through the fountain's "SENTOSA" plaster sculpture's letter "O". |
9648_5 | Upon arrival, he is greeted by an unseen school of sirens and mermaids alongside on-screen faries. Mr Whamsey, who attempts to enter "Magical Sentosa" through its gates is then put through two challenges, a levitating scaffold and a colliding entrance gate which attempts to crush him. After succeeding in both challenges, he briefly plays with bubbles before meeting the beautiful siren princess, Princess Pearl, who sings her enchanting siren song (Princess Pearl Song) to the audience and dances gracefully for them as she is surrounded by more bubbles. After the image of Princess Pearl fades, Kiki, while floating on a bubble himself, reveals to the audience his feelings towards Princess Pearl, then treats the audience to a song (It's My World). Magical Sentosa's 'creatures of fire' are then summoned by Kiki to put on a terrific fire show while Mr Whamsey dances in the background. He is then forcibly ejected upwards in an animation similar to 'Le Lac Aux Images' and finally exits through |
9648_6 | the sculpture's "O", and compliments Kiki for the wonderful experience. Kiki then sings the song, Here Everybody Lives in Harmony. When he sings the last note completely out of tune, a fireball suddenly shoots up, awakening the Merlion who puts on a laser display for the audience. Kiki performs his last fountain piece, a reprise of Here Everybody Lives in Harmony then bids the audience goodbye and Mr Whamsey completes of what is left of the "Grand Finale" before bowing to the audience and taking his leave. |
9648_7 | Music
The original, "Songs and Tunes from The Original Soundtrack of Magical Sentosa" soundtrack album has largely survived in home video format. The entire original soundtrack in high-fidelity audio was lost after the fountain's closure (apart from a recording of Water Waltz which surfaced in 2011), until an anonymous Singaporean YouTube user found a surviving copy in January 2013.
2013 rediscovery
On 30 January 2013, an anonymous YouTuber by the username of, "caix92", rediscovered the album in its original entirety. In a comment he / she mentioned that the album was originally bought by him / her shortly before the show stopped operations in March 2007. The rediscovery of the album also revealed entirely new and unknown cast members involved in the making of the soundtrack. Examples included, Adele Masquelier and Jerome Scemla. The album's artwork was also prominently displayed in all of the video thumbnails.
Characters |
Subsets and Splits
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