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9626_38 | She accepted that her courtiers were appointed because of rank rather than personal preference, and conversed politely with those who were in attendance. However, though she was careful to always fulfill her representational role, she never participated in court life outside of what was necessary to fulfill her ceremonial duties, and when they were done, she preferred to retire to her private apartments with an intimate circle of friends. Among her own private friends were her grand almoner Cardinal de Luynes, Duke Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes and her Dame d'honneur Marie Brûlart. Her other favorite lady in waiting was her Dame d'atour, Françoise de Mazarin, who supported Marie during the affair between her cousin, Louise Julie de Mailly and the King. Marie's private circle of friends was completed with the addition of President Hénault (her Surintendant since 1753) and Comte d'Argenson, whom she had asked not to address her with her title and with whom she also consulted when |
9626_39 | she wished to have a pension or a promotion given to a protégé. Like her mother, Marie maintained a political correspondence with Margareta Gyllenstierna, the spouse of Arvid Horn, after she had made her acquaintance during her stay in Sweden. |
9626_40 | Queen Marie eventually did manage to win the respect of the court nobility by her strict adherence to court etiquette, which made her opinion at least formally important. In 1747, Voltaire was banished from the royal court through her influence. The reason were two incidents, both of which insulted the queen: During one long night of gambling, Voltaire's lover, Emilie du Chatelet, lost a fortune at the Queen's gambling table, during which Voltaire whispered to her in English that she had been cheated. This was regarded as an insult to the Queen, because it denounced her guests as cheats; Voltaire could have been arrested for his ill-timed remark. Shortly afterward, Voltaire wrote a poem in honor of his patron, the royal mistress Madame de Pompadour, in which he alluded to the sexual relationship between Pompadour and the King. This insulted Marie and led to the banishment of Voltaire from court. |
9626_41 | When her first daughter-in-law died in 1746, the Queen, very fond and loving of her only son, opposed the selection of his next spouse, the Duchess Marie-Josèphe of Saxony, because she was the daughter of her father's rival, Frederick Augustus Wettin of Saxony, King August III of Poland. Her dislike of the match was known but ignored, as she had no dynastic connections. Initially, this issue caused some friction between the Queen and her new daughter-in-law. However, the friction was soon overcome, reportedly because Marie-Josèphe was an admirer of the Queen's father. In honour of him, several of the Queen's grandsons received the name Stanislaus (Stanislas in French) at their christening. |
9626_42 | Marie played some part as a cultural patron. Marie was the benefactor of the painter Jean-Marc Nattier, whom she commissioned in 1748 to paint the last portrait she ever sat for, an unusual one as it was informal. It was a major success for Jean-Marc, as it was printed and sold in prints. It was also her favorite portrait, which she had reproduced to give to friends. She was a great lover of music, painting and the promoter of many artists. She met the castrato Farinelli in 1737, and the young Mozart in 1764, whom she found very charming. During his visit to Versailles, she acted as an interpreter for her spouse and family who did not understand German. Her major contribution to life at Versailles was the weekly Polish choral concerts. |
9626_43 | Queen Marie maintained the role and reputation of a simple and dignified Catholic queen. She functioned as an example of Catholic piety and was framed for her generosity to the poor and needy through her philanthropy, which made her very popular among the public her entire life as queen.
Death and burial
Marie Leszczyńska died on 24 June 1768, one day after her birthday, at the age of 65. She had enjoyed great popularity among the public in her early and later years. She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis, and her heart was entombed at the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy.
Children
Ancestry
References
Further reading
Zieliński, Ryszard (1978). Polka na francuskim tronie. Czytelnik.
|-
|-
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1703 births
1768 deaths
People from Trzebnica
French queens consort
Maria
18th-century Polish people
Polish royalty
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis |
9627_0 | The following is an overview of events in 1983 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.
Highest-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1983 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:
Events
February 11 - The Rolling Stones concert film Let's Spend the Night Together opens in New York City.
May 25 - Return of the Jedi, the final installment in the original Star Wars trilogy, is released. Like the previous films, it goes on to become the highest-grossing film of the year.
1983 was a landmark year in film. More films have gotten an R-rating than any other year thus far.
Academy Award winner Nicole Kidman makes her film debut.
Brainstorm, the final film of screen star Natalie Wood, is released, 2 years after her death.
October - Frank Price resigns as president of Columbia Pictures and is replaced by Guy McElwaine.
Awards |
9627_1 | Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
The Ballad of Narayama (楢山節考, ), directed by Shohei Imamura, Japan
Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
Prénom Carmen (First Name: Carmen), directed by Jean-Luc Godard,
Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
Ascendancy, directed by Edward Bennett, United Kingdom
The Beehive (La Colmena), directed by Mario Camus, Spain
Notable films released in 1983
United States unless stated
#
10 to Midnight, directed by J. Lee Thompson, starring Charles Bronson |
9627_2 | A
À Nos Amours (To Our Love), directed by Maurice Pialat, starring Sandrine Bonnaire - (France)
Adi Shankaracharya, starring Sarvadaman Banerjee, the first film to be made in Sanskrit - (India)
All the Right Moves, starring Tom Cruise, Craig T. Nelson, Lea Thompson, Chris Penn
Americana, directed by and starring David Carradine
Amityville 3-D, directed by Richard Fleischer, starring Tony Roberts, Tess Harper, Robert Joy, Candy Clark
Among Grey Stones (Sredi serykh kamney) - (U.S.S.R.)
And the Ship Sails On (E la nave va), directed by Federico Fellini - (Italy)
Another Time, Another Place, starring Phyllis Logan - (U.K.)
Ardh Satya (Half Truth), directed by Govind Nihalani, starring Om Puri (Silver Lotus Award for best actor) - (India)
Ascendancy, starring Julie Covington and Ian Charleson, winner of Golden Bear award - (U.K.)
Austeria a.k.a. The Inn - Poland
Avtaar, directed by Mohan Kumar, starring Rajesh Khanna - (India) |
9627_3 | B
BMX Bandits, starring Nicole Kidman - (Australia)
Baby It's You, directed by John Sayles, starring Rosanna Arquette and Vincent Spano
Bad Boys, starring Sean Penn, Esai Morales, Ally Sheedy, Clancy Brown
Le Bal (The Ball), directed by Ettore Scola - (Italy/France)
Balkan Express - (Yugoslavia)
The Ballad of Narayama (), directed by Shohei Imamura (remake of the 1958 film) - (Japan) - Palme d'Or award
Barefoot Gen (Hadashi no gen) - (Japan)
Beauty and the Beast (Skønheden og udyret) - (Denmark)
La Bestia y la Espada Magica (The Beast and the Magic Sword) - (Spain/Japan)
Betaab (Impatient), starring Sunny Deol and Amrita Singh - (India)
Betrayal, starring Jeremy Irons and Ben Kingsley - (U.K.)
Better Late Than Never, starring David Niven and Art Carney
The Big Chill, directed by Lawrence Kasdan, starring Tom Berenger, Glenn Close, Jeff Goldblum, William Hurt, Kevin Kline, Mary Kay Place, Meg Tilly, JoBeth Williams, Don Galloway
Bill Cosby: Himself, a stand-up comedy performance |
9627_4 | The Black Stallion Returns, starring Kelly Reno and Teri Garr
Bloodbath at the House of Death, starring Kenny Everett - (U.K.)
Blue Thunder, directed by John Badham, starring Roy Scheider, Daniel Stern, Malcolm McDowell, Candy Clark, Warren Oates
Born in Flames, a documentary film by Lizzie Borden
The Boys from Fengkuei (Feng gui lai de ren) - (Taiwan)
Brainstorm, starring Christopher Walken, Louise Fletcher, Cliff Robertson and, in her final film, Natalie Wood
Breathless, directed by Jim McBride, starring Richard Gere and Valerie Kaprisky
Bush Christmas, debut of Nicole Kidman - (Australia) |
9627_5 | C
Can She Bake a Cherry Pie?, starring Karen Black
Careful, He Might Hear You - (Australia)
Carmen, directed by Carlos Saura - (Spain)
Champions, starring John Hurt - (U.K.)
Christine, directed by John Carpenter, starring Keith Gordon, John Stockwell, Alexandra Paul, Robert Prosky, Harry Dean Stanton, Kelly Preston
A Christmas Story, directed by Bob Clark, starring Peter Billingsley, Darren McGavin, Melinda Dillon
Circle of Power, starring Yvette Mimieux and Cindy Pickett
City of Pirates (La Ville des pirates) - (France)
Class, starring Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Jacqueline Bisset, Cliff Robertson
Les Compères (Co-Dads), starring Gérard Depardieu and Pierre Richard - (France)
Confidentially Yours (Vivement Dimanche), directed by François Truffaut, starring Fanny Ardant and Jean-Louis Trintignant - (France)
Cracking Up, directed by and starring Jerry Lewis
The Crimson Permanent Assurance, a Monty Python's short film directed by Terry Gilliam - (U.K.) |
9627_6 | Cross Creek, starring Mary Steenburgen, Peter Coyote, Rip Torn, Alfre Woodard
Curse of the Pink Panther, directed by Blake Edwards - (U.K.)
Cujo, starring Dee Wallace and Danny Pintauro |
9627_7 | D
D.C. Cab, starring Adam Baldwin, Mr. T, Gary Busey
Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island
Daniel, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Timothy Hutton, Mandy Patinkin, Lindsay Crouse, Ellen Barkin
Danton, directed by Andrzej Wajda, starring Gérard Depardieu - (France/Poland/West Germany)
Dark Habits (Entre tinieblas), directed by Pedro Almodóvar - (Spain)
The Day After (made for television), starring Jason Robards, Steve Guttenberg, JoBeth Williams, John Lithgow
The Dead Zone, directed by David Cronenberg, starring Christopher Walken, Brooke Adams, Herbert Lom, Tom Skerritt, Martin Sheen
Deadly Run (Mortelle randonnee), starring Michel Serrault and Isabelle Adjani - (France)
Deal of the Century, directed by William Friedkin, starring Chevy Chase, Gregory Hines, Sigourney Weaver
The Death of Mario Ricci (La mort de Mario Ricci), starring Gian Maria Volonté - (Switzerland/France)
Le Dernier Combat (The Last Battle), directed by Luc Besson - (France) |
9627_8 | Doctor Detroit, starring Dan Aykroyd, Howard Hesseman, Donna Dixon, Fran Drescher, Lynn Whitfield
The Dragon That Wasn't (Or Was He?) (Als je begrijpt wat ik bedoel) - (Netherlands)
The Dresser, directed by Peter Yates, starring Albert Finney and Tom Courtenay - (U.K.)
Duvar - (Turkey) |
9627_9 | E
Easy Money, starring Rodney Dangerfield, Joe Pesci, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Jennifer Jason Leigh
Eddie and the Cruisers, starring Michael Paré and Tom Berenger
Eddie Macon's Run, starring Kirk Douglas and John Schneider
Educating Rita, directed by Lewis Gilbert, starring Michael Caine and Julie Walters - (U.K.)
El Norte, directed by Gregory Nava - (UK/US)
El Sur (The South) - (Spain)
Entre Nous (Between Us), starring Miou-Miou and Isabelle Huppert - (France)
Eréndira, starring Irene Papas - (Mexico)
Eureka, directed by Nicolas Roeg, starring Gene Hackman, Rutger Hauer, Theresa Russell, Mickey Rourke, Joe Pesci
Exposed, directed by James Toback, starring Nastassja Kinski, Rudolf Nureyev, Harvey Keitel |
9627_10 | F
The Family Game (Kazoku Gēmu), directed by Yoshimitsu Morita - (Japan)
Ferestadeh - (United States/West Germany)
Flashdance, directed by Adrian Lyne, starring Jennifer Beals and Michael Nouri
Flesh of Your Flesh (Carne de tu carne) - (Colombia)
Forbidden Relations (Visszaesök) - (Hungary)
The Fourth Man (De Vierde Man), directed by Paul Verhoeven - (Netherlands)
Funny Dirty Little War (No habrá más penas ni olvido) - (Argentina)
G
Gabriela, Cravo e Canela, starring Sônia Braga and Marcello Mastroianni - (Brazil)
Get Crazy, starring Malcolm McDowell
Gorky Park, starring William Hurt, Lee Marvin, Joanna Pacuła, Ian Bannen, Brian Dennehy
Growing Up (Xiao Bi de gu shi) - (Taiwan)
Gunman (Mue puen) - (Thailand) |
9627_11 | H
Heart Like a Wheel, directed by Jonathan Kaplan, starring Bonnie Bedelia and Beau Bridges
Heat and Dust, directed by James Ivory, starring Julie Christie, Greta Scacchi, Shashi Kapoor - (U.K.)
High Road to China, starring Tom Selleck and Bess Armstrong
The Honorary Consul, starring Michael Caine and Richard Gere - (U.K.)
The Hunger, directed by Tony Scott, starring Catherine Deneuve, David Bowie, Susan Sarandon - (U.K.)
I
The Illusionist - (Netherlands)
In the White City (Dans la ville blanche), directed by Alain Tanner, starring Bruno Ganz - (Switzerland)
Independence Day, starring Kathleen Quinlan, David Keith, Cliff DeYoung, Frances Sternhagen, Dianne Wiest
J
Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (Just Let it Go, Friends), starring Naseeruddin Shah - (India)
Jaws 3-D, starring Dennis Quaid, Bess Armstrong, Louis Gossett Jr.
Un jeu brutal (A Brutal Game) - (France) |
9627_12 | K
The Keep, directed by Michael Mann, starring Scott Glenn, Jurgen Prochnow, Alberta Watson, Ian McKellen, Gabriel Byrne, Robert Prosky
King for a Day (Gospodin za edin den) - (Bulgaria)
The King of Comedy, directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Jerry Lewis
Krull, directed by Peter Yates, starring Ken Marshall, Lysette Anthony, Francesca Annis, Liam Neeson - (U.K.)
L
L'Argent (Money), directed by Robert Bresson - (France)
Last Year's Snow Was Falling (Padal proshlogodniy sneg) - (U.S.S.R.)
Lianna, directed by John Sayles, starring Linda Griffiths
Liquid Sky, starring Anne Carlisle
Local Hero, directed by Bill Forsyth, starring Peter Riegert and Burt Lancaster - (U.K.)
Lone Wolf McQuade, starring Chuck Norris, David Carradine, Barbara Carrera
The Lords of Discipline, starring David Keith and Mark Breland
Losin' It, starring Tom Cruise and Shelley Long
Lovesick, starring Dudley Moore, Elizabeth McGovern, Alec Guinness |
9627_13 | M
The Makioka Sisters (Sasame-yuki), directed by Kon Ichikawa - (Japan)
The Man in the Silk Hat (L'homme au chapeau de soie), a documentary about Max Linder - (France)
Man of Flowers, starring Norman Kaye - (Australia)
The Man Who Loved Women, directed by Blake Edwards, starring Burt Reynolds, Julie Andrews, Marilu Henner, Kim Basinger
The Man with Two Brains, directed by Carl Reiner, starring Steve Martin and Kathleen Turner
Mandi, directed by Shyam Benegal - (India)
Moon in the Gutter, directed by Jean-Jacques Beineix, starring Gérard Depardieu and Nastassja Kinski
Masoom (The Innocent), starring Naseeruddin Shah - (India)
Max Dugan Returns, directed by Herbert Ross, starring Marsha Mason, Jason Robards, Donald Sutherland, Matthew Broderick
Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (Senjō no Merī Kurisumasu), directed by Nagisa Oshima, starring David Bowie, Tom Conti, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Takeshi Kitano - (Japan/U.K.) |
9627_14 | Mickey's Christmas Carol, a featurette which brings Mickey Mouse back to cinemas for first time since 1953
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, directed by Terry Jones, starring Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Michael Palin and Jones - (U.K.)
Mr. Mom, starring Michael Keaton, Teri Garr, Martin Mull
My Brother's Wedding, directed by Charles Burnett |
9627_15 | N
Nankyoku Monogatari (South Pole Story) - (Japan)
Narcissus - (Canada)
Nate and Hayes, starring Tommy Lee Jones and Michael O'Keefe
National Lampoon's Vacation, directed by Harold Ramis, starring Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo
Nešto između - (Yugoslavia)
Never Cry Wolf, starring Charles Martin Smith and Brian Dennehy
Never Say Never Again, starring Sean Connery (as James Bond) with Barbara Carrera, Kim Basinger, Klaus Maria Brandauer - (U.K.)
A Night in Heaven, starring Christopher Atkins and Lesley Ann Warren
Nightmares, starring Cristina Raines and Emilio Estevez
Nostalghia, directed by Andrei Tarkovsky - (U.S.S.R./Italy) |
9627_16 | O
Octopussy, starring Roger Moore (as James Bond) with Maud Adams and Louis Jourdan - (U.K.)
Of Unknown Origin, starring Peter Weller - (United States/Canada)
One Deadly Summer (L'été meurtrier), starring Isabelle Adjani - (France)
The Osterman Weekend, directed by Sam Peckinpah, starring Rutger Hauer, John Hurt, Craig T. Nelson, Dennis Hopper, Meg Foster, Helen Shaver, Burt Lancaster, Dennis Hopper, Chris Sarandon
The Outsiders, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring C. Thomas Howell, Matt Dillon, Ralph Macchio, Rob Lowe, Patrick Swayze, Emilio Estevez, Tom Cruise, Diane Lane, Leif Garrett |
9627_17 | P
Pauline at the Beach (Pauline à la plage), directed by Éric Rohmer - (France)
Phar Lap, starring Tom Burlinson - (Australia)
The Pirates of Penzance, a Gilbert and Sullivan operetta, starring Kevin Kline, Rex Smith, Angela Lansbury, Linda Ronstadt - (US/UK)
The Ploughman's Lunch, starring Jonathan Pryce - (U.K.)
Prénom Carmen (First Name: Carmen), directed by Jean-Luc Godard - (France) - Golden Lion award
The Prey, starring Debbie Thureson and Steve Bond
Private School, starring Phoebe Cates, Matthew Modine, Betsy Russell, Ray Walston
Project A (A Gai Wak), starring Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung - (Hong Kong)
Psycho II, directed by Richard Franklin, starring Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, Meg Tilly and Robert Loggia |
9627_18 | R
Rebetiko - (Greece)
Return of the Jedi, directed by Richard Marquand, starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher
Reuben, Reuben, starring Tom Conti and Kelly McGillis
The Right Stuff, directed by Philip Kaufman, starring Scott Glenn, Sam Shepard, Ed Harris, Fred Ward, Dennis Quaid, Barbara Hershey, Pamela Reed
Risky Business, directed by Paul Brickman, starring Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay
Rock & Rule, an animated rock musical - (Canada)
Romantic Comedy, directed by Arthur Hiller, starring Dudley Moore and Mary Steenburgen
Rumble Fish, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Matt Dillon, Mickey Rourke, Diane Lane, Vincent Spano, Diana Scarwid, Nicolas Cage, Dennis Hopper
Running Brave, starring Robby Benson |
9627_19 | S
Sagara Sangamam (The Confluence) - (India)
Sadma (Trauma) - (India)
Sahara, starring Brooke Shields and Horst Buchholz
Sans Soleil (Sunless), directed by Chris Marker - (France)
A Season in Hakkari (Hakkâri'de Bir Mevsim) - (Turkey)
Scarface, directed by Brian De Palma, starring Al Pacino, Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Robert Loggia
The Scarlet and the Black, directed by Jerry London, starring Gregory Peck, Christopher Plummer, John Gielgud
Sheer Madness (Heller Wahn), directed by Margarethe von Trotta, starring Hanna Schygulla - (West Germany)
Silkwood, directed by Mike Nichols, starring Meryl Streep, Kurt Russell, Cher
Sleepaway Camp, starring Mike Kellin
Smokey and the Bandit Part 3, starring Jackie Gleason and Jerry Reed
So Long, Stooge (Tchao Pantin), directed by Claude Berri - (France)
Something Wicked This Way Comes, starring Jason Robards and Jonathan Pryce |
9627_20 | Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone, directed by Lamont Johnson, starring Peter Strauss and Molly Ringwald
Star 80, directed by Bob Fosse, starring Mariel Hemingway and Eric Roberts
The Star Chamber, starring Michael Douglas and Hal Holbrook
Staying Alive, directed by Sylvester Stallone, starring John Travolta, Cynthia Rhodes, Finola Hughes
The Sting II, starring Jackie Gleason, Mac Davis, Karl Malden, Oliver Reed, Teri Garr
Strange Brew, starring Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas - (Canada)
Strange Invaders, starring Paul Le Mat, Nancy Allen, Diana Scarwid
Stray Dogs (Deulgae) - (South Korea)
Streamers, starring Matthew Modine and David Alan Grier
Stroker Ace, directed by Hal Needham, starring Burt Reynolds, Loni Anderson, Jim Nabors, Ned Beatty, Parker Stevenson
Sudden Impact, directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, with Sondra Locke
Sugar Cane Alley (Rue Cases-Negres) - (France/Martinique) |
9627_21 | Superman III, directed by Richard Lester, starring Christopher Reeve, Richard Pryor, Annette O'Toole, Pamela Stephenson, Robert Vaughn
The Survivors, starring Walter Matthau and Robin Williams
Sweet Bunch, directed by Nikos Nikolaidis - (Greece) |
9627_22 | T
Table for Five, starring Jon Voight, Marie-Christine Barrault, Richard Crenna, Millie Perkins, Roxana Zal
Tender Mercies, directed by Bruce Beresford, starring Robert Duvall, Tess Harper, Betty Buckley, Ellen Barkin
Terms of Endearment, directed by James L. Brooks, starring Shirley MacLaine, Debra Winger, Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito, Jeff Daniels, John Lithgow
Testament, starring Jane Alexander, William Devane, Leon Ames, Roxana Zal
The Thorn Birds, TV miniseries, starring Rachel Ward, Richard Chamberlain, Bryan Brown, Christopher Plummer, Barbara Stanwyck
Three Crowns of the Sailor (Les Trois couronnes du matelot) - (France)
Tight Quarters (Könnyű testi sértés) - (Hungary)
To Be or Not to Be, starring Mel Brooks, Anne Bancroft, Tim Matheson, Charles Durning, José Ferrer
Toki o Kakeru Shōjo (The Little Girl who Conquered Time) - (Japan)
Tough Enough, starring Dennis Quaid, Warren Oates, Stan Shaw |
9627_23 | Trading Places, directed by John Landis, starring Dan Aykroyd, Eddie Murphy, Jamie Lee Curtis, Ralph Bellamy, Don Ameche
Trenchcoat, starring Margot Kidder and Robert Hays
Twenty Years of African Cinema a.k.a. Caméra d'Afrique - (Tunisia)
Twilight Zone: The Movie, segments directed by John Landis, Steven Spielberg, Joe Dante and George Miller, starring Vic Morrow, Scatman Crothers, Kathleen Quinlan, John Lithgow
Twice Upon a Time
Two of a Kind, directed by John Herzfeld, starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John |
9627_24 | U
Uncommon Valor, directed by Ted Kotcheff, starring Gene Hackman, Fred Ward, Robert Stack, Randall "Tex" Cobb, Patrick Swayze
Under Fire, directed by Roger Spottiswoode, starring Nick Nolte, Gene Hackman, Joanna Cassidy
Utu - (New Zealand)
V
Valley Girl, starring Deborah Foreman and Nicolas Cage
The Very Late Afternoon of a Faun (Faunovo velmi pozdní odpoledne) - (Czechoslovakia)
Videodrome, starring James Woods and Deborah Harry - (Canada)
Vigilante, starring Robert Forster
Vlyublyon po sobstvennomu zhelaniyu (Love by Request) - (U.S.S.R.)
Voyage in Time (Tempo di Viaggio), directed by Tonino Guerra and Andrei Tarkovsky - (Italy) |
9627_25 | W
Walking, Walking (Cammina, cammina), directed by Ermanno Olmi - (Italy)
WarGames, directed by John Badham, starring Matthew Broderick, Dabney Coleman, Ally Sheedy
Wartime Romance (Voenno-polevoy roman), directed by Pyotr Todorovsky - (U.S.S.R.)
We Are from Jazz (My iz dzhaza) - (U.S.S.R.)
Wild style, directed by Charlie Ahearn.
The Wind in the Willows, starring Richard Pearson, Ian Carmichael, David Jason and Michael Hordern - (U.K.)
The Winds of War, TV mini-series, starring Robert Mitchum, Ali MacGraw, Polly Bergen, Peter Graves, John Houseman, Ralph Bellamy
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
Without a Trace, starring Kate Nelligan and Judd Hirsch
The Wounded Man (l'Homme blessé) - (France)
Y
Yellowbeard, starring Graham Chapman and Peter Boyle - (U.K.)
Yentl, directed by and starring Barbra Streisand, with Mandy Patinkin and Amy Irving - Golden Globe Award for Best Picture (Musical or Comedy) |
9627_26 | Z
Zappa, directed by Bille August - (Denmark)
Zelig, directed by and starring Woody Allen, with Mia Farrow
Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain (Xin shu shan jian ke), starring Sammo Hung - (Hong Kong)
1983 Wide-release films in the U.S.
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December |
9627_27 | Births
January 2 - Kate Bosworth, American actress
January 4 - Kerry Condon, Irish actress
January 13 - Julian Morris, British actor
January 16 - Marwan Kenzari, Dutch actor
January 24 - Frankie Grande, American actor, singer, producer, television host and YouTube personality
February 4 – Hannibal Buress, American comedian, actor, writer and producer
February 7 - Elina Purde, Estonian actress
February 21 - Mélanie Laurent, French actress
February 23
Aziz Ansari, American actor, writer, producer, director and comedian
Emily Blunt, English actress
February 27 - Kate Mara, American actress
March 1 - Lupita Nyong'o, Kenyan-Mexican actress and director
March 4 - Julieta Zylberberg, Argentine actress
March 10
Rafe Spall, English actor
Carrie Underwood, American singer-songwriter and actress
March 11 - Lucy DeVito, American actress
March 12 - Ron Funches, American actor, comedian and writer
March 15 - Sean Biggerstaff, Scottish actor |
9627_28 | March 17 - Christian and Joseph Cousins, American twin actors
March 31 - Ashleigh Ball, Canadian singer, musician and voice actress
April 1 - Matt Lanter, American actor
April 4 - Amanda Righetti, American actress
April 7 - Kyle Labine, Canadian actor
April 10 - Jamie Chung, American actress and former reality television personality
April 21 - Gugu Mbatha-Raw, British actress
April 22 - Francis Capra, American actor
May 3 - Ari Magder, Canadian actor (died 2012)
May 4 - Jesse Moss, Canadian actor
May 5 - Henry Cavill, British actor
May 6 - Gabourey Sidibe, American actress
May 9 - Michael Roark, American actor
May 11 - Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer
May 12 - Domhnall Gleeson, Irish actor, writer, and director
May 14 - Amber Tamblyn, American actress, writer, and director
May 28 - Megalyn Echikunwoke, American actress
June 2 - Yuliya Snigir, Russian actress and model
June 10 - Leelee Sobieski, American retired actress |
9627_29 | June 14 - Louis Garrel, French actor and filmmaker
June 16 - Olivia Hack, American actress
June 24 - John Lloyd Cruz, Filipino actor
June 30 - Angela Sarafyan, Armenian-American actress
July 8 - DeVaughn Nixon, American actor
July 10 - Golshifteh Farahani, Iranian actress
July 18 - Cara Gee, Canadian actress
August 1 - Inga Salurand, Estonian actress
August 3 - Mamie Gummer, American actress
August 4 - Greta Gerwig, American director, writer, and actress
August 7 - Brit Marling, American actress and screenwriter
August 8 - Trina Nishimura, American voice actress
August 10 - Bonnie Piesse, Australian actress and singer-songwriter
August 11 - Chris Hemsworth, Australian actor
August 14
Mila Kunis, actress
Lamorne Morris, American actor, comedian and television personality
August 20 - Andrew Garfield, English actor
August 23 - Annie Ilonzeh, American actress
August 24 - Antonio Campos, American film director
August 29 - Jennifer Landon, American actress
September 21 |
9627_30 | Scott Evans, American actor
Maggie Grace, American actress
Joseph Mazzello, American actor
September 25 - Donald Glover, American actor, singer, comedian, writer, producer and director
October 3 - Tessa Thompson, American actress
October 5
Jesse Eisenberg, American actor, director, producer, and writer
Shelby Rabara, Filipino-American actress and dancer
Noot Seear, Canadian actress
Noah Segan, American actor
October 10 - Layke Anderson, British director and former actor
October 17 - Felicity Jones, English actress
October 19 - Rebecca Ferguson, Swedish actress
October 28 - Joe Thomas, English actor, writer and comedian
November 7 - Adam DeVine, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and singer
November 8 - Chris Rankin, New Zealand-born British actor
November 19 - Adam Driver, American actor
December 8 - Utkarsh Ambudkar, American actor, singer and rapper
December 10
Patrick Flueger, American actor
Xavier Samuel, Australian actor |
9627_31 | December 13 - Satya Bhabha, British-American actor
December 20 - Jonah Hill, American actor, filmmaker, and comedian
December 23 - Joe Dinicol, Canadian actor |
9627_32 | Deaths |
9627_33 | Film debuts
Curtis Armstrong - Risky Business
Rowan Atkinson - Never Say Never Again
Kathy Baker - The Right Stuff
Steven Bauer - Scarface
Juliette Binoche - Liberty Belle
Mark Boone Junior - Variety
Matthew Broderick - Max Dugan Returns
Clancy Brown - Bad Boys
Jim Carrey - All in Good Taste (filmed in 1981, released in May 1983)
Wendy Crewson - Skullduggery
John Cusack - Class
Lolita Davidovich - Class
Warwick Davis - Return of the Jedi
Vincent D'Onofrio - The First Turn-On!
Chris Elliott - Lianna
Andy García - Blue Skies Again
Crispin Glover - My Tutor
Graham Greene - Running Brave
Lukas Haas - Testament
Tess Harper - Tender Mercies
Nicole Kidman - Bush Christmas
Maurice LaMarche - Rock & Rule
Ray Liotta - The Lonely Lady
Rob Lowe - The Outsiders
Virginia Madsen - Class
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio - Scarface
Andrew McCarthy - Class
Kelly McGillis - Reuben, Reuben
Matthew Modine - Baby It's You
Rick Moranis - Strange Brew
Lori Loughlin - Amityville 3-D |
9627_34 | Megan Mullally - Risky Business
Judd Nelson - Rock 'n' Roll Hotel
Sarah Jessica Parker - Somewhere Tomorrow
Alexandra Paul - American Nightmare
Bronson Pinchot - Risky Business
Kelly Preston - 10 to Midnight
Mimi Rogers - Blue Skies Again
Alan Ruck - Bad Boys
Ally Sheedy - Bad Boys
Casey Siemaszko - Class
Kiefer Sutherland - Max Dugan Returns
Lea Thompson - Jaws 3-D
Julie Walters - Educating Rita |
9627_35 | See also
List of American films of 1983
List of British films of 1983
List of French films of 1983
List of German films of the 1980s
List of Bollywood films of 1983
List of Italian films of 1983
List of Japanese films of 1983
List of Swedish films of the 1980s
References
Film by year |
9628_0 | The BMW i3 is a B-segment, high-roof hatchback manufactured and marketed by BMW with an electric powertrain using rear wheel drive via a single-speed transmission and an underfloor Li-ion battery pack and an optional range-extending petrol engine. The i3 was BMW's first mass-produced zero emissions vehicle and was launched as part of BMW's electric vehicle BMW i sub-brand.
Styled by Richard Kim, the i3 is offered in a single five-door configuration with a passenger module of high strength, ultra-lightweight CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced polymer) adhered to a lower aluminium module holding the chassis, battery, drive system and powertrain. The bodywork features two smaller clamshell rear-hinged rear doors.
The i3 debuted as a concept at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany, and production began in September 2013 in Leipzig. |
9628_1 | Having ranked third amongst electric cars sold worldwide from 2014 to 2016, its global sales totaled over 220,000 units worldwide by the end of 2021. The U.S. is listed as its best-selling market with almost 42,000 units delivered through December 2019.
The i3 has won two World Car of the Year Awards, selected as 2014 World Green Car of the Year and also as 2014 World Car Design of the Year. The i3 received an iF Product Design Gold Award, and won both UK Car of the Year 2014 and Best Supermini of 2014 in the first UK Car of the Year Awards.
History |
9628_2 | In February 2011, BMW debuted its sub-brand, BMW i, to market the vehicles produced under Project i. BMW i vehicles were to be sold separately from BMW or Mini. The first two production models are the all-electric BMW i3, formerly called the Mega City Vehicle (MCV), and a plug-in hybrid called BMW i8, which is the production version of the Vision Efficient Dynamics concept unveiled at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany and has an all-electric range of . Production of both plug-in electric cars was scheduled to start in Leipzig in 2013.
Concept vehicles
The i3 concept car was unveiled at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany. This 2011 prototype had a lithium-ion battery pack that is expected to deliver between and the battery was fully charged in about four hours with the 240-volt charging unit. The i3 was expected to go from 0 to in less than 8 seconds. |
9628_3 | BMW also showcased a BMW i3 prototype during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, before the production version was unveiled in July 2013.
BMW unveiled the i3 Concept Coupé study at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show. The carmaker developed the concept car to demonstrate the potential for extending the model range. The three-door hatchback coupe, like the five-door i3 electric hatchback sedan, is propelled by an electric motor developed by the BMW Group, with a maximum output of and peak torque of . Power delivery to the rear wheels is via a single-speed transmission. The li-ion battery pack is placed under the floor and can deliver an all-electric range of , but a gasoline engine referred to as "REx", can be added to extend the car's range to .
Launch |
9628_4 | The production i3 was announced in July 2013 as a 2014 model year vehicle. The first car deliveries were expected in November 2013 for the United Kingdom and late Spring 2014 for the United States. It was expected to weigh approximately , of which the 22 kWh battery pack was ; weight savings were achieved through the extensive use of lightweight materials such as aluminium, magnesium, and carbon fiber. To alleviate range concerns, an optional range-extending two-cylinder engine was available, which added and approximately 10% to the price, which started at in the United States. Automotive press were invited to test drive the production cars in Amsterdam.
The original battery capacity was 60 Ah or 22 kWh (gross), with a net capacity of 19 kWh. The unladen weight was , with the range extender. |
9628_5 | In the United States, the i3 was available with a choice of one of three trim packages dictating the wheels and interior: Mega World (base, cloth seats and 19" Style 427 wheels), Giga World (+US$1,700, adds leather interior accents, sunroof, and 19" Giga-specific Style 429 wheels), and Tera World (+US$2,700, adds full leather interior and 19" Tera-specific Style 428 wheels). 20" Style 430 double-spoke wheels were optional for Giga and Tera trims. In addition, there were two option packages available: Parking Assistant (+US$1,000, adds backup camera and parking assistance) and Technology - Driving Assistant (+US$2,500, adds wide-screen navigation, deceleration assistance, and adaptive cruise control). Wheel and tyre sizes vary from front to rear and by trim, as well. The equivalent trim lines in the UK were named Standard/Atelier, Loft (+₤1,000; both corresponding to Mega); Lodge (+₤1,500, corresponding to Giga); and Suite (+₤2,000, corresponding to Tera). Wheel options were not locked |
9628_6 | to trims in the UK, with 19" Style 427 wheels standard and the rest optionally available in combination with any interior trim. |
9628_7 | 2017 model
In May 2016, BMW announced that the 2017 model year (MY) BMW i3 will have a 94 Ah / 33 kWh (27.2 kW net usable) battery, allowing increased range. The battery pack capacity was increased by more than 50% without changes in exterior dimensions. BMW and Samsung SDI optimized the cell-internal packages with more electrolyte and adapted the active material, resulting in higher energy density of the lithium ion cells that increased battery capacity and overall battery energy. The improved battery has an upgraded electronics package that has new software mapping for the battery cooling system and the electric motor. The 94 Ah battery pack fits both the all-electric i3 and the i3 with the range extender. With the larger battery, the unladen weight was , rising to with the range extender. |
9628_8 | The Range Extender (REx) variant features the same 94 Ah battery as the all-electric model. The 2017 REx model offers additional range in the American market thanks to a fuel tank that is effectively 25% larger than the previous model. Although the fuel tank is physically unchanged, BMW previously had locked out part of the tank using software specific to the American market to meet requirements for vehicles with range extender, as the car had more gasoline-powered range than all-electric range, which would affect its status as a zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) in California. |
9628_9 | The 2017 model year i3 was released in the United States and Europe in July 2016. According to BMW, as of 10 August 2016, orders for the larger battery i3 exceeded 7,000 units, with a total of 2,358 i3s delivered worldwide in July 2016, up 33.7% year-on-year. Sales also surged in the U.S. with 1,479 units sold in July 2016, up 58.2% from July 2015, and 143.3% from June 2016. However, BMW only managed to sell 6,276 i3s in 2017 in the U.S., a drop of 17 percent from 2016. Purchase incentive of up to $10,000 was available for 2017 or 2018 models.
Both variants with the improved battery were scheduled to be available in the UK, Germany and France starting in July 2016. Owners of previous i3 models in selected markets have the option to retrofit their vehicles with the improved battery. BMW plans to use the used 22 kWh batteries in the manufacturing of stationary power storage units. The battery retrofit option is not available in the U.S.
2018 model and i3s |
9628_10 | The exterior was refreshed for the 2018 model year, with a new front bumper, horizontal fog light openings, and standard LED headlights. The rear bumper was also revised and a horizontal silver bar was added to the rear hatch. On the side, a silver accent was added to the roofline; the car's visual stance was widened with the addition of fender flares. |
9628_11 | In 2017, BMW announced the addition of the i3s ("sport") to its lineup beginning with the 2018 model year. Visually, many of the chrome accents added to the regular 2018 model were blacked-out on the i3s. The i3s features increased power and torque output from and , a lowered sport suspension, wider model-exclusive Style 431 double-spoke wheels and tires (F: 175/55R20 and R: 195/50R20, each wider than the standard tires fitted with Style 430 wheels), faster acceleration, and a SPORT drive mode. The i3s features a wider track width at , compared to (F/R) for the regular i3; overall width also increases from . The i3s, like the i3, is offered with optional Range Extender. Also like the regular i3, the i3s is offered with a choice of interiors, from standard Mega / Atelier and Loft to Giga / Lodge and Tera / Suite. The unladen weight of the i3s was approximately heavier than the regular i3, at without and with the range extender. |
9628_12 | 2019 model
In September 2018, BMW announced a larger 42.2 kWh (120 Ah) battery for the i3. Minor alterations to the i3 included new color options and adaptive headlights. With the introduction of the bigger battery, BMW decided to discontinue the REX version of the i3 in Europe. Unladen weight did not grow much with the larger battery; the unladen weight was for the regular i3 and for the i3s.
Discontinuation
, BMW planned to continue i3 production until 2024, and there were no specific plans for an i3 successor. However, BMW announced in June 2021 it would discontinue i3 sales in the US after the 2021 model year, replaced by the BMW iX and BMW i4 for that market in 2022. The end of production for US models occurred in July 2021; Australian models were discontinued at the end of 2021. |
9628_13 | BMW confirmed in early 2022 that production of all i3 models is scheduled for July 2022, and will be succeeded in some markets by BMW iX1, which will enter mass production at the Regensburg factory in 2024 before shifting to Hungary. The Leipzig plant will be retooled to produce the updated Mini Countryman.
Design and technology
Body and chassis
The i3 was the first mass production car with most of its internal structure and body made of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). BMW took advantage of the absence of a forward internal combustion engine, giving the i3 a "clean sheet design" with a sports-like appearance. |
9628_14 | The i3 includes four doors and seating for four occupants with rear suicide doors. The passenger compartment is known as the Life Module, made of CFRP, sitting atop the aluminum Drive Module, which incorporates the powertrain, frame, battery, and suspension. Carbon fiber is sourced from SGL Automotive Carbon Fibers, a joint venture of BMW and SGL Carbon in Moses Lake, Washington; the fibers are woven into fabric at another BMW/SGL joint venture plant in Wackersdorf, then the fabric is laid up into structures using a resin transfer molding process at BMW Landshut. Finally, the finished pieces are assembled into the Life Module by 173 robots at BMW Leipzig, using adhesives only. |
9628_15 | The door panels of the i3 are made of hemp, which mixed with plastic helps lower the weight of each panel by about 10%. Hemp fibers, left exposed, also form a design element of the car's interior and contribute to sustainability. Further environmental consciousness is reflected in the optional seat leather, which is tanned with olive-leaf extract and the dashboard trim, which is made from environmentally refined wood from certified cultivation in Europe. By November 2010, BMW had demonstrated the passenger compartment's light weight, and the automaker's chief executive said they had already decided on the basic design of the car and that road-testing prototypes began soon after. |
9628_16 | The tires for the i3 were designed by Bridgestone to minimize rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag, featuring a narrower width, larger diameter, and higher inflation pressure (155/70R19 at ) than typical passenger car tires (175/65R15 at for equivalent load capacity). Bridgestone call this combination of changes "ologic", supplying similar tires to World Solar Challenge teams.
Powertrain
The i3 uses a newly developed powertrain consisting of a electric motor running on lithium-ion batteries and driving the rear axle. The top speed is limited to . A range-extender option is available, adding a small rear-mounted gasoline engine to recharge the traction battery when it is low.
Battery, range, and economy |
9628_17 | BMW aimed to achieve a range of , the same range that was expected for the BMW ActiveE, but in order to reduce weight, battery capacity was cut to 16 kWh instead of the ActiveE's 30 kWh. As initially sold (2014–16 model years), the vehicle's official range is for the 60 Ah battery option under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), and up to in the most efficient driving mode. Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the official range of the 60 Ah model is with combined fuel economy of 124 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent —MPGe— (1.90 L/100 km; 149 mpg imp).
The 2014–16 model years with the range extender option have an official NEDC total range of . |
9628_18 | BMW estimates the energy consumption is 0.21 kWh/mile in everyday driving. Under its five-cycle testing, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the 2014 through 2016 model year all-electric BMW i3 (60 Ah) energy consumption at 27 kWh/100 mi (16.9 kWh/100 km) with a combined fuel economy at 124 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent – MPGe – (1.90 L/100 km; 149 mpg imp) with an all-electric range of . The range-extended model has lower ratings than the all-electric i3 due to the extra weight of the twin-cylinder gasoline engine used in the i3 REx.
Range and economy varies depending on the presence of the range extending internal combustion engine and larger batteries fitted to later models: |
9628_19 | With these ratings the all-electric BMW i3 was the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle sold in the United States of all years regardless of fuel type until November 2016, when it was surpassed by the Hyundai Ioniq Electric, rated at 136 MPGe (25 kWh/100 mi). Similarly, the i3 REx in 2014 was the most efficient EPA-certified current year vehicle with a gasoline engine, replacing the Chevrolet Volt.
In July 2016, BMW released the 2017 model year (MY) BMW i3 with an improved 94 Ah (33 kWh) battery pack, 50% more capacity than the previous model, resulting in an increase of its range to under the EPA cycle, an increase of over the 60 Ah variant. The 94 Ah battery gave a range of under the NEDC test. The i3 94 Ah combined fuel economy rating is 118 MPG-e, down from 124 MPG-e for the model with the 60 Ah battery. |
9628_20 | The 2017 BMW i3 REx with the larger 94 Ah battery has an EPA-rated range of , and combined fuel economy rating is 111 MPG-e. The range using the gasoline-powered engine increased to from in the previous versions.
The battery rating was again increased in 2018 to 120 Ah, which results in a total capacity of 42.2kWh. The 2019 BMW i3 REx with 120 Ah battery has an EPA-rated battery-only range of , a combined gas and electric range of miles, and a combined fuel economy rating of 100 MPG-e.
Charging
BMW designed the i3 eDrive powertrain based on the premise that the battery would need to be recharged only once every two to three days. The charging frequency was derived from field trial results taken from the BMW ActiveE and MINI E vehicles in Asia, Europe and the U.S., whereby the typical commuting use between the pilot users' homes and workplaces was calculated. |
9628_21 | The i3 allows the owner to charge the battery from a conventional wall socket. In addition, the BMW i3 has multiple charging options. With the original 60Ah battery, AC fast charging can take less than 3 hours when charging from 0 to 80% while using the BMW i Wallbox Pure or any 3rd party charging equipment (EVSE) supporting 32A. The i3 also has a 50 kW DC fast charging option suitable for public DC charging stations, which can take less than 30 minutes to charge the 60Ah version from 0% to 80%. Later 94Ah and 120Ah models take proportionally longer.
In the US, the i3 can also be charged from any public charging station with an SAE J1772 connector. In 2016, BMW and the PG&E utility in California expanded an experiment of delaying charge-up during peak demand and compensating i3 owners for the delay.
BMW claims that the i3 is the first fully online all-electric vehicle, but the Tesla Model S has had full 3G Internet connectivity since 2012.
Additional mobility |
9628_22 | BMW i introduced the BMW i Flexible Mobility Program for trips where the range of a BMW i3 would not be enough to allow customers to cover longer distances, such as providing a conventional BMW vehicle for a specified number of days per year. The program started in October 2014 in the US and individual dealers can choose whether to participate in this program. BMW is also offering a roadside assistance program in areas of high sales. The assistance vehicle will provide a charge so the i3 can travel to the next charging station. In addition, the i3 digital display panel shows the location of nearby recharging stations to alleviate range anxiety.
Range extender option |
9628_23 | An optional petrol/gasoline range extender engine is marketed as REx and is powered by the same Kymco-built 647 cc inline two-cylinder engine used in the BMW C650 GT maxi-scooter. The system is intended as an emergency backup to extend range to the next recharging location, and not for long-distance travel. The 647 cc engine as fitted in the i3 REx is derated compared to the engine of the same displacement in the C650 GT; the REx engine develops and at 4,300 RPM, achieving compliance with Euro-6 emissions standards compared to the (at 7,500 RPM) and (at 6,000 RPM) for the engine in the C650 GT, which complies with the less restrictive Euro-4 emissions. |
9628_24 | The REx engine operates when battery capacity drops to a pre-specified level, generating electricity to extend the range. Vehicles equipped with the REx have an additional fuel filler door on the right front fender, allowing drivers to fill the tank. However, model year 2014–16 i3 REx vehicles in the U.S. are limited to a fuel capacity of electronically, in accordance with the car's classification as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle; with the full capacity, the gasoline-extended range would exceed the all-electric range, which would classify the car as a plug-in hybrid instead. The European model REx has an extended range of approximately . In the United States with the limited tank, under EPA five-cycle testing, the i3 REx has a total range of , of which approximately half [] is all-electric. The restrictions applied to the US configuration of the i3 that do not apply to other territories prompted an class-action lawsuit in 2016.
United States / California regulation |
9628_25 | The range-extender option of the BMW i3 was designed to meet the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for an auxiliary power unit (APU). According to rules adopted in March 2012 by CARB, the 2014 BMW i3 with a REx unit fitted is the first car ever to qualify as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle or "BEVx". CARB describes this type of electric vehicle as "a relatively high-electric range battery-electric vehicle (BEV) to which an APU is added." The unit, which maintains battery charge at about 30% after the pack has been depleted in normal use, is strictly limited in the additional range it can provide. As a BEVx, the car is required to deliver a minimum electric range. |
9628_26 | CARB classified the i3 with the REx option as a "Transitional Zero Emission Vehicle" (TZEV), the same classification as other plug-in hybrids such as the Chevrolet Volt and the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. This classification made the i3 REx eligible for California's green sticker that identifies the vehicles allowed to be operated by a single occupant in California's high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV), or carpool or diamond lanes, but not for the white sticker reserved for pure electric cars, such as the BMW i3 without REx. In addition, CARB certification of the i3 REx as BEVx allows the i3 with range extender to be eligible for a Clean Vehicle Rebate, the same amount eligible pure electric cars are entitled to. Other plug-in hybrids are eligible for only a purchase rebate. |
9628_27 | Since the 2017 model years and newer i3 REx have the same battery as the all-electric models, newer i3 REx cars have an increased all-electric range due to the higher capacity 94 A·hr battery (2017–18) and 120 A·hr battery (2019–22) that now exceeds its gas-powered range. For example, the 2017 model year i3 REx equipped with the range extender has a total range of , of which is all-electric. With their larger batteries fitted to the 2017 model year and later, the all-electric range exceeds the total gasoline range for the 2017 model year and beyond, so the software restrictions were removed for these model years and BMW was able to unlock the full tank for later models of the i3 REx without affecting its ZEV status.
Interior and controls |
9628_28 | In June 2012 an updated version of the BMW i3 concept car was unveiled at the opening of the first BMW i store, located on Park Lane in London, UK. The updated i3 concept consists of a new interior colour and materials concept. The seat covers combine responsibly sourced wool and leather naturally tanned with an olive oil leaf-based agent. The almost symmetrical curving dash is inlaid with treated eucalyptus wood that, according to BMW, is sourced from sustainably managed European forests.
Information is provided to the driver through a freestanding instrument cluster and a central information display. The bench-derived front seats replace the center tunnel that bisected the cabin and a floor-mounted transmission, brake levers or center console are also absent. |
9628_29 | The BMW i3 has two pedals like all cars with automatic transmission. The accelerator pedal acts as both accelerator and engine brake. When the driver releases the pedal, the vehicle's kinetic energy is regenerated by the vehicle drivetrain to recharge the battery. This has the effect of slowing the car down. During the field testing of the Mini E, which has an accelerator that recharges the battery in this way, and consists of brakes that only apply to the rear wheels, BMW has learned that drivers tend to rely on the engine brake: around 75% of all deceleration maneuvers are initiated without the brake pedal in urban traffic areas. BMW also expected the i3 to use the same type of battery and powertrain that is being tested in the BMW ActiveE trials. |
9628_30 | Operating modes
The BMW i3 allows the driver to select the car energy consumption through three different driving modes: Comfort, Eco Pro or Eco Pro+ mode. In the standard Comfort mode the i3 delivers a range between in everyday driving conditions, while the i3 REx delivers between . The Eco Pro mode increases the driving range by around 12% through a different accelerator pedal mapping which uses less power. In Eco Pro+ mode, all settings are geared to achieving the maximum possible range, increasing the driving range by about 24% compared with Comfort mode. In this mode the maximum speed of the BMW i3 is limited to and electrical devices such as the heating and air conditioning are switched to energy-saving mode. The i3s, introduced for the 2018 model year, adds a SPORT drive mode.
Safety
The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) awarded the i3 a four-star car safety rating, resulting in the following ratings for each criterion: |
9628_31 | The BMW i3's overall ratings are lower than the other six best-selling plug-in electric vehicles, the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid, Renault Zoe, Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Chevrolet Volt and Opel Ampera, all of which were rated five stars.
Production
BMW has implemented efficient manufacturing processes and is using recycled materials to lessen the i3's environmental impact.
BMW is manufacturing carbon strands that form the basis of the i3's carbon-fiber reinforced plastic bodywork at a new plant built in Moses Lake, Washington, using raw material shipped from Japan. This location was selected to take advantage of the abundant hydroelectric power available in this U.S. region because carbon-fiber production requires considerable energy and would otherwise emit much carbon dioxide. The carbon fiber is then shipped to Landshut, Germany, where the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic parts are fabricated, and the vehicle assembly line is located in Leipzig. |
9628_32 | In November 2010, the Leipzig plant was retooled add electric vehicle assembly lines, with an investment totaling euros () through 2013. The plant is located at BMW's complex that already produces variants of the 1 Series model. Four 2.5 MW Nordex wind turbines at Leipzig came online in 2013, supplying approximately of the factory's electricity needs. A concept version of the BMW i3 Coupe reflecting the current status of ongoing development was presented at the March 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The production vehicle was officially unveiled simultaneously in New York, London and Beijing on 29 July 2013. Series production for retail customers began on 18 September 2013, and the first vehicle off the production line was handed over to German marathon runner Jan Fitschen. The car was used as the lead vehicle at the 2013 Berlin Marathon on 29 September. |
9628_33 | , BMW was producing an average of 70 cars a day, about half the planned production, with lower production due to a high defect rate in the carbon parts. A subsequent investment of about in the production of carbon parts was made to solve the supply problems. According to BMW, there were 11,000 orders at the time, including 1,200 from U.S. customers. As a result of the high demand and the slow production rate, delivery waiting time extended to September 2014.
, production of the BMW i3 was just over 120 cars per day. By late October 2017, the 100,000th BMW i3 had been built in the Leipzig plant. 700 storage batteries taken from used i3 vehicles were linked as the "Storage Farm" at Leipzig in 2017, allowing the automaker to offset the intermittent nature of wind power. The 200,000th i3 rolled off the production line in the Leipzig plant on 15 October 2020.
Marketing and sales
Production began on 18 September 2013. , the BMW i3 was available in 74 countries. |
9628_34 | The first i3 deliveries to retail customers in Europe took place at an official market launch ceremony held in Munich on 15 November 2013. The first delivery to a retail customer in the U.S. took place in May 2014. At its market launch, pricing in the United States started at before any government incentives, and the range extender option an additional . Prices in Germany started from (). Pricing in the UK started at () before the applicable government grant.
After its release BMW, like many other plug-in electric carmakers at the time, faced weak reception of its electric car lineup. BMW expected to sell at least 30,000 units a year from 2014. Global sales passed the 10,000 unit mark in September 2014, 25,000 units in May 2015, and the 50,000 unit milestone was achieved in July 2016. Cumulative global sales attained the 150,000 unit mark by mid 2019. |
9628_35 | The i3 was the world's third best all-time selling all-electric car in 2016, after the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S, with more than 65,000 units sold worldwide since its inception. The i3 also ranked third by sales among all-electric cars sold worldwide for three years in a row, from 2014 to 2016.
By the end of 2021, i3 sales since inception totaled over 220,000 units delivered worldwide. , the United States listed as the i3 top selling country market with 41,988 units sold, followed by Germany with 26,722 units. Norway is also a top market with 28,605 new units registered through January 2022. The Norwegian market has the world's highest i3 penetration per capita. In November 2016, the BMW i3 topped new passenger car monthly sales in Norway. U.S. sales ended in July 2021.
Global sales
The following table presents annual retail sales or registrations of the i3 top selling national markets through December 2019 for both variants of the BMW i3, except when noted.
Reception |
9628_36 | The BMW i3 won the Geneva Auto Show Car Design of the Year award for 2013 in the production category; an iF Product Design Gold Award for "the incorporation of sustainability in all facets of the interieur and exterieur design"; the 2014 World Green Car of the Year; the 2014 World Car Design of the Year, UK Car of the Year 2014, UK Best Super-mini of 2014 and Green Car Journal's 2015 Green Car of the Year Award.
In Australia, the BMW i3 received the 2014 Wheels Car of the Year by Wheels Magazine. In South Africa the i3 received "Design of the Year" and "Game Changer of the Year" in 2016 by the automotive website cars.co.za.
At the 2017 New York International Auto Show the 94 Ah i3 was named the inaugural winner of the "World Urban Car of the Year".
See also |
9628_37 | Automatic parking
Electric car use by country
Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
List of electric cars currently available
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
List of production battery electric vehicles
Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility
References
External links
BMW i3 official website
BMW i3 UK website
BMW i3 road test
BMW i3 (Mega City)- first spy shots
BMW i3 REx vs. Chevrolet Volt: two different approaches to plug-in hybrids, Torque News, June 2014
Video
BMW i3. From the first idea to the final car, BMW, July 2014 (YouTube)
i3
Subcompact cars
Hatchbacks
Police vehicles
Production electric cars
Electric city cars
Cars introduced in 2013 |
9629_0 | Mr. Peabody & Sherman (also known as Peabody's Improbable History: The Movie in the working title) is a 2014 American computer-animated science fiction comedy film based on characters from the Peabody's Improbable History segments of the animated television series The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends, produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The film was directed by Rob Minkoff from a script by Craig Wright, with Alex Schwartz and Denise Nolan Cascino serving as producers and Tiffany Ward, daughter of series co-creator Jay Ward, serving as executive producer. Mr. Peabody & Sherman features the voices of Ty Burrell, Max Charles, Ariel Winter, Stephen Colbert, Leslie Mann, and Allison Janney. |
9629_1 | It is the first DreamWorks animated feature to feature characters from the Classic Media library since its acquisition by DreamWorks Animation in 2012, the first animated adaptation of a Jay Ward property, and Minkoff's first animated film after having co-directed The Lion King for Walt Disney Animation Studios in 1994.
The film premiered on February 7, 2014 in the United Kingdom, and was released theatrically a month later in the United States. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the humor, animation, soundtrack, voice acting, and action scenes. Despite grossing over $275 million worldwide against a budget of $145 million, the film became a box office flop and lost the studio $57 million. A TV series based on the film, titled The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show, premiered on Netflix on October 9, 2015, with Chris Parnell replacing Burrell as Mr. Peabody while Charles reprises his role as Sherman.
Plot |
9629_2 | Mr. Peabody is a gifted anthropomorphic dog who lives in a penthouse in New York City. He raises his adopted human son, 7-year-old Sherman, and tutors him by traveling throughout history using the WABAC, pronounced "way back", a time machine. They visit Marie Antoinette in Versailles during the French Revolution in 1789. Getting caught in the Reign of Terror, Peabody is nearly sent to the guillotine to be executed by Maximilien Robespierre, but escapes with Sherman through the Paris sewers. |
9629_3 | In the present day, Sherman attends the Susan B. Anthony School on his first day, while Peabody struggles to come to terms with Sherman's growing maturity as he fears of losing his bond with him. Sherman's knowledge of the apocryphal nature of the George Washington cherry-tree anecdote leads to a fight with one of his classmates, a bossy girl named Penny Peterson, in the cafeteria where she puts him in a chokehold, accusing him of being a dog since he was raised by Peabody. Peabody is called in by Principal Purdy as Sherman had bitten Penny in self-defense, and also confronted by Ms. Grunion, a Child Protective Services agent, who suspects that Sherman's behavior is due to being raised by a dog and plans to visit to their home to investigate whether or not he is an unfit parent. Peabody invites Penny and her parents, Paul and Patty, over for dinner to reconcile before Ms. Grunion arrives. Penny calls Sherman a liar for claiming first-hand knowledge of history. Despite Peabody's |
9629_4 | contrary instructions, Sherman shows Penny the WABAC to show proof and takes her into the past, where she stays in Ancient Egypt in 1332 BCE to marry King Tut. Sherman returns to get Peabody's help. Peabody hypnotizes the Petersons and heads to Egypt to stop the wedding. Penny initially refuses to leave, hoping to achieve Tut's riches after he dies, until she is informed that she as well will be killed alongside Tut during the wedding and escapes with Peabody and Sherman. |
9629_5 | While trying to return, the WABAC runs out of power, so they stop at Renaissance Florence in 1508 where they meet Leonardo da Vinci and Lisa del Giocondo, pioneering Mona Lisa's famous smile. Penny and Sherman explore da Vinci's attic and find his flying machine. Penny goads Sherman into flying it, which he manages to do before crashing. Da Vinci is thrilled the device works, but Peabody is upset that Sherman was almost killed, while also having destroyed a historical artifact. When they resume their journey, Sherman learns of Ms. Grunion's plot to take him away and enters a fight with Peabody. As they feud, a black hole in time makes them crash-land during the Trojan War in 1184 BCE. Upset about Peabody not trusting him, Sherman runs away and joins the army of King Agamemnon in the Trojan Horse, but reconciles with him during the battle. During the final parts of the Trojan War, Penny and Sherman are trapped inside the Horse as it rolls towards a ravine. Peabody saves them but |
9629_6 | seemingly dies during the attempt, causing Sherman to break down in tears while Penny comforts him. |
9629_7 | Feeling bad for his actions, Sherman decides to go home and pilots the WABAC to a few minutes before they left in the present to get Mr. Peabody's help to fix everything, despite Peabody's earlier warnings to never return to a time when they existed. As Sherman and Penny try to explain the situation, Sherman's earlier self shows up. When Grunion arrives, Peabody tries to conceal from the Petersons the presence of two Shermans; but the second Peabody arrives back from Ancient Troy, complicating the situation. Troy Peabody reveals he survived the crash, much to Sherman's relief. Grunion attempts to collect both Shermans, but they and the Peabodys merge back together, causing a massive cosmic shockwave. Grunion grabs Sherman to take him away for good, to which an enraged Peabody reverts to his natural dog instincts and furiously bites Grunion in retaliation, who then calls the New York Police Department. Peabody, Penny, and Sherman race to the WABAC, but cannot time-travel due to a rip |
9629_8 | in the space-time continuum caused by the merger of their cosmic doubles. The collision caused a portal to appear above New York and historic objects and figures, many from earlier parts of the story, rain down everywhere in the city. |
9629_9 | Mr. Peabody crash-lands the WABAC in Grand Army Plaza at the base of William Tecumseh Sherman's statue. Historical figures and police officers quickly surround them, while Grunion calls in animal control to arrest Peabody. Sherman explains that everything was his fault, but Grunion contends that it is all because a dog cannot raise a boy. Sherman counters Grunion by saying that if being a dog means being as loving and loyal as Peabody is, then he is proud to be a dog, too. Penny, her parents, the historical figures, and others all make the same pledge. George Washington grants Peabody a presidential pardon which is supported by Abraham Lincoln and Bill Clinton, forcing the authorities to leave Mr. Peabody alone. When larger objects such as the Sphinx, the RMS Titanic and the Florence Cathedral begin falling through the rip, the people of the present and the past are forced to brainstorm ideas to prevent disaster. To close the rip, Peabody and Sherman take off in the WABAC, travel into |
9629_10 | the future for a few minutes, and undo the damage. The historical figures are dragged back to their respective times, with Agamemnon abducting Grunion back to his own time as she vows revenge on Peabody. |
9629_11 | Sherman returns to school, having become great friends with Penny, and finally begins to develop his relationship with Peabody further, officially referring him as his father. History, meanwhile, has incorporated modern traits, with Tut throwing a New York-themed party, da Vinci and del Giocondo pioneering pop art, Washington and Benjamin Franklin competing over the value of the banknotes with their respective faces on them, Albert Einstein going into a rage upon being unable to solve a Rubik's Cube, Robespierre failing to use a taser properly, and Grunion and Agamemnon getting married in the Trojan Horse by Odysseus after accepting him.
Voice cast |
9629_12 | Ty Burrell as Hector J. Peabody, a talking intelligent white beagle, business titan, inventor, scientist, Nobel laureate, gourmet chef, and two-time Olympic medalist.
Max Charles as Sherman, Peabody's seven-year-old adopted young boy.
Ariel Winter as Penny Peterson, Mr. and Mrs. Peterson's daughter and Sherman's classmate.
Stephen Colbert as Paul Peterson, Penny Peterson's father and Patty's husband.
Leslie Mann as Patty Peterson, Paul's wife and Penny's mother.
Allison Janney as Karen "Edwina" Grunion, the bigoted and stocky Children's Services agent.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Purdy, the principal of Sherman's school.
Stanley Tucci as Leonardo da Vinci
Adam Alexi-Malle as French Peasant
Patrick Warburton as King Agamemnon
Zach Callison as King Tut
Steve Valentine as Ay
Dennis Haysbert as Judge
Leila Birch as the WABAC
Karan Brar as Mason, one of Sherman's friends. |
9629_13 | Joshua Rush as Carl, another one of Sherman's friends; he also wears glasses and is seen in a wheelchair.
Thomas Lennon as Italian Peasant #2 |
9629_14 | In addition to Leonardo da Vinci, King Agamemnon, and King Tut, the film features other historical figures including Albert Einstein (Mel Brooks), Mona Lisa (Lake Bell), Marie Antoinette (Lauri Fraser), Maximilien Robespierre (Guillaume Aretos), George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Bill Clinton, Isaac Newton (all voiced by Jess Harnell), Odysseus (Tom McGrath), Ajax the Lesser (Al Rodrigo) and Spartacus (Walt Dohrn). There are also silent cameos by Benjamin Franklin, Mahatma Gandhi, William Shakespeare, Ludwig van Beethoven, Vincent van Gogh, the Wright Brothers, Jackie Robinson and baby Moses.
Production
Development
Plans for a film starring Mister Peabody and Sherman have existed for several years with director Rob Minkoff. His first attempt to make a feature film goes to 2003, when it was reported that Minkoff's Sony-based production company Sprocketdyne Entertainment and Bullwinkle Studios would produce a live-action/CG film, with a possibility of Minkoff to direct it. |
9629_15 | The live-action film was not realized, but in 2006, Minkoff joined DreamWorks Animation to direct a computer-animated film adaptation. Andrew Kurtzman was set to write the screenplay, based on the pitch, developed by Minkoff with his longtime producing partner Jason Clark. The final screenplay was written by Craig Wright, with revisions by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon.
Tiffany Ward, daughter of Jay Ward, one of the creators of the original series, served as an executive producer, whose job was to make sure the film stayed "true to the integrity of the characters." When she was approached by Minkoff ten years before the film's release, she was enthused by his intention to respect the legacy: "What better caretaker for the characters could we ask for than Rob." The process to make the adaptation "perfect" took them a long time, but she was pleased with the end result, which stayed "very true to the original cartoon." |
9629_16 | Casting
In early 2011, Robert Downey Jr. signed on to voice Mr. Peabody, but in March 2012, he was replaced by Ty Burrell. Reportedly, Downey's commitments to The Avengers and other franchises did not allow him to find the time to record his lines. Initially, Tiffany Ward and others at the studio opposed Burrell, who was then relatively unknown, but he managed to convince them with a successful audition. Ward insisted on someone who sounds like Mr. Peabody did in the original series, while Minkoff saw the casting as an opportunity "to modernize the character." He promised her that Burrell would try to "get there and he started watching the show to nail the cadence. He got the underlying connection and he made it his own." |
9629_17 | Max Charles, the actor who played young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man, voiced Sherman. Stephen Colbert voiced Paul Peterson, Leslie Mann, who replaced Ellie Kemper, voiced Peterson's wife, Patty, and Ariel Winter voiced their daughter Penny. Other voices include Stephen Tobolowsky, Allison Janney, Mel Brooks, Stanley Tucci, Patrick Warburton, Lake Bell, Zach Callison, Karan Brar, and Dennis Haysbert. According to Minkoff, Burrell was chosen because his voice "embodied all the different aspects of the character today. Not just the intellect and the suave personality, but the underlying warmth as well." |
9629_18 | Release
Mr. Peabody & Sherman went through several release date changes. Originally scheduled for March 2014, DreamWorks Animation's high expectations moved the film to November 2013, replacing another DreamWorks Animation film, Me and My Shadow. The last shift happened in February 2013, which pushed the film back to March 7, 2014, reportedly due to a "more advantageous release window", again replacing Me and My Shadow. The film premiered a month earlier in the United Kingdom, on February 7, 2014. |
9629_19 | The film was planned to be theatrically accompanied with a DreamWorks Animation short film, Rocky & Bullwinkle, based on the Rocky and Bullwinkle characters from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. The short was directed by Gary Trousdale, who is known for co-directing Disney's Beauty and the Beast, produced by Nolan Cascino, and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Garant. June Foray was set to reprise her role as Rocket "Rocky" J. Squirrel, while Tom Kenny was set to voice Bullwinkle Moose. The short would have served as a test for a possible feature film based on the characters. Almost Home, a short based on the DreamWorks Animation film Home, played before the film instead. However, the new CGI Rocky & Bullwinkle short was instead released on the Blu-ray 3D release of the film.
Reception |
Subsets and Splits
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