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9594_9 | 1998 disestablishments in England
Buildings by Colen Campbell
Christopher Wren church buildings in London
Christopher Wren buildings in London
Cultural and educational buildings in London
Defunct universities and colleges in London
Educational institutions disestablished in 1998
English Baroque architecture
Grade I listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Grade I listed hospital buildings
History of the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Infrastructure completed in 1705
Infrastructure completed in 1742
Military history of London
Naval museums in London
Military-related organizations
Museums in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Nicholas Hawksmoor buildings
Royal buildings in London
Royal Naval College, Greenwich
University of Greenwich
1705 establishments in England
Maritime Greenwich |
9595_0 | Robert Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972) is an American professional surfer, best known for his unmatched 11 world surfing championship wins. Slater is widely regarded as the greatest professional surfer of all time.
Early years and personal life
Slater grew up in Cocoa Beach, Florida, where he still lives. He is the son of Judy Moriarity and Stephen Slater. He has two brothers, Sean and Stephen, and a daughter, Taylor, born in 1996.
The son of a bait-store proprietor, Slater grew up near the water, and he began surfing at age five. By age 10 he was winning age-division events up and down the Atlantic coast, and in 1984 he won his first age-division United States championship title. Two years later he finished third in the junior division at the world amateur championships in England, and he won the Pacific Cup junior championship in Australia the following year. |
9595_1 | After turning professional in 1990, Slater struggled during his first two years on the professional tour, finishing 90th and 43rd in the world rankings those years. In 1992 he secured podium (top-three) finishes in three of his first five events before winning his first professional tour event, the Rip Curl Pro, in France. His win in that year's prestigious Pipeline Masters in Hawaii secured his first world title, and at age 20 he became the youngest surfing world champion ever. Slater finished sixth in the 1993 rankings but came back in 1994 to win the world tour during 1994–1998, during which time televised surfing events had become increasingly popular. He then took a break from competitive surfing at the end of 1998, before returning to the world pro tour in 2002.
Accomplishments |
9595_2 | Surfing |
9595_3 | Slater, having grown up in Florida, was never truly comfortable in waves of consequence until a trip to Oahu in 1987. A giant northwest swell was pounding the coast, closing out breaks from Waimea to Sunset. He drove to Makaha, where he was greeted with 40' (Hawaiian scale) waves breaking across the bay. Slater parked and saw Brandon "Big Wave" Davis waxing up his 11' board. Big Wave Davis simply gave Slater a wink and they paddled out, trading waves all afternoon. Slater credits Davis in his biography stating "Brandon's knowledge and poise in large surf had a huge impact on my career. Anytime I'm dropping in to a big wave, I think back to that wink in the Makaha parking lot and I push myself over the edge." Some of his favorite surf spots include Mondos in Ventura, California, Pipeline in Hawaii, Kirra in Australia, Jeffreys Bay in South Africa, Minis in Ireland, Taghazout in Morocco, Veiny's in New Zealand, Soup Bowls in Barbados, and Sebastian Inlet near his home in Florida. |
9595_4 | Musical appearances and collaborations
Slater plays guitar and ukulele, and has performed with Jack Johnson and Angus Stone. Kelly Slater joined Rob Machado and Peter King in a band called The Surfers.
Slater performed a song with Ben Harper during Harper's concert in Santa Barbara on August 1, 2006. He also performed Rockin' in the Free World with grunge band Pearl Jam on July 7, 2006, in San Diego.
In 1999, he appeared alongside Garbage singer Shirley Manson in the promotional video for the band's single "You Look So Fine". He played a man washed up on a seashore, then rescued by Manson.
Mixed media
Slater played the recurring character Jimmy Slade on twenty-seven episodes of the popular TV show Baywatch in the early 1990s. He appeared in an episode of the reality show The Girls Next Door, and has starred in many surf films during his career. |
9595_5 | In the late 1990s Slater, with friends and fellow pro surfers Rob Machado and Peter King, formed a band called The Surfers. The trio released an album in 1998 titled Songs from the Pipe, a reference to the famous surf spot Pipeline on Oahu, Hawaii. Slater toured Australia with his band, performing in venues such as the Opera House and parliament house.
A video game named Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer by Treyarch and published by Activision was released in 2002. Slater also appeared as a playable character in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 prior to this, complete with a surfboard.
In addition to the ASP tour, Slater competed in the X-Games in 2003 and 2004 winning back to back gold medals. |
9595_6 | Environmentalism and philanthropy
Slater is an advocate of a sustainable and clean living lifestyle. Slater is also a fundraiser and spokesperson for suicide prevention awareness. He has surfed in celebrity events for Surfers Against Suicide, telling sports website 'Athletes Talk': "I've lost a couple of friends myself to suicide and it's just a horrible thing that can be prevented. People get in this dark place and they don't know what to do so it's always nice to see a non-profit that isn't turning into anything else other than just trying to help people."
Slater is passionate about preserving oceans globally and protecting temperate reefs in California through his relationship with Reef Check. |
9595_7 | In February 2017, Slater and fellow competitive surfer Jérémy Florès called for a daily cull of bull sharks by French authorities on Réunion following eight shark-related fatalities over the preceding six years. Environmentalists criticized the proposal, with Ken Collins of the University of Southampton describing it as "insane".
On May 8, 2010, the United States House of Representatives honored Slater in H. Res. 792 for his "outstanding and unprecedented achievements in the world of surfing and for being an ambassador of the sport and excellent role model." This resolution, sponsored by Florida representative Bill Posey and sponsored by 10 representatives, passed without objection by a voice vote.
Slater is on the Board of Advisors (the Ocean Advocacy Advisory Board) of ocean conservation organization Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. |
9595_8 | Professional development
Slater historically and exclusively rode Channel Islands Surfboards equipped with his own signature series of FCS fins. As the media hype grew around Slater's lack of board stickers in 2015, Slater had been seen riding unlabelled Firewire surfboards, acquiring the company in 2014. In 2016 Slater released his own line of boards. there are four Slater Designs models in the Firewire range: the Gamma, Cymatic, Omni and Sci-fi. |
9595_9 | Since 1990 Slater had been sponsored primarily by surfwear industry giant Quiksilver until his departure on April 1, 2014. In a statement released on his social media accounts, Slater states "For years I've dreamt of developing a brand that combines my love of clean living, responsibility and style. The inspiration for this brand comes from the people and cultures I encounter in my constant global travels and this is my opportunity to build something the way I have always wanted to." After Leaving Quiksilver, Slater, in collaboration with Kering, established the eco-friendly and sustainable apparel company 'Outerknown'.
Slater also established the beverage company Purps, and became a brand ambassador for The Chia Co.
Wave Pool |
9595_10 | Wave Pool was a ten-year 'experiment' to create the perfect inland wave situated in inland California. Kelly modeled the wave after a combination of Lower Trestles, California, a tubing wave on Oahu, Hawaii, and a secret right in Micronesia in the Marshall Islands. The project was a success and the surfing world was abuzz with the possibilities, mostly due to the wave's perfect shape and speed. In 2016 the World Surf League (WSL) acquired a majority stake in the Kelly Slater Wave Company (KSWC) for an undisclosed sum. The WSL held a test event for professional surfers, including Filipe Toledo, Mick Fanning, Kanoa Igarashi, Gabriel Medina and others, at the Kelly Slater Surf Ranch on Tuesday, September 19, 2017. The Surf Ranch also hosted the WSL Founders Cup on May 5–6, 2018. The contest featured five teams - US, Brazil, Australia, Europe and World - made up of men's and women's surfers from the WSL Championship Tour. The WSL Surf Ranch was constructed outside of Lemoore, California |
9595_11 | and has remained private and exclusive. |
9595_12 | There were previously plans to develop Surf Ranch Florida, a man-made surfing lake in Palm Beach County. County commissioners unanimously approved plans for the county to evaluate the proposed surf facility in 2017. Brian Waxman, project leader for Surf Ranch Florida, said the World Surf League was considering bringing the wave lake to the Sunshine State for its weather and heritage of world-class surfers. It would have encompassed an 80-acre lot east of Jupiter Farms, near the Pine Glades natural area. Despite acquiring the 80-acre property for 6.5 million dollars in November 2017, WSL announced that plans to develop the surf facility at this location were cancelled in 2019 due to "unforeseen challenges" related to an unexpectedly high groundwater table elevation.
Coral Mountain is a proposed $200-million complex on in La Quinta, California that would include a hotel and housing built around a surfing basin created by Kelly Slater Wave Co.
Competitive achievements |
9595_13 | Slater has been crowned World Surf League Champion a record 11 times, including five consecutive titles in 1994–98. He is the youngest (at age 20) and the oldest (at age 39) to win the WSL men's title. Upon winning his fifth world title in 1997, Slater passed Australian surfer Mark Richards to become the most successful male champion in the history of the sport. In 2007 he also became the all-time leader in career event wins by winning the Boost Mobile Pro event at Lower Trestles near San Clemente, California. The previous record was held by Slater's childhood hero, three-time world champion Tom Curren. After earlier being awarded the title prematurely as a result of a miscalculation by the Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP), on November 6, 2011, Slater officially won his eleventh ASP world title at the Rip Curl Pro Search San Francisco, by winning his fourth round heat. |
9595_14 | In May 2005, in the final heat of the Billabong Tahiti Pro contest at Teahupo'o, Slater became the first surfer ever to be awarded two perfect scores for a total 20 out of 20 points under the ASP two-wave scoring system (fellow American Shane Beschen made the first perfect score under the previous three-wave system in 1996).
Slater did it again in June 2013 at the quarter finals at the Volcom Fiji Pro with two perfect ten waves, only the fourth person in history to do so.
Slater is also the oldest surfer to perform a ten-point ride in World Surf League competition at the age of 47 at the 2019 Billabong Pipe Masters.
2013 stats and results
World ranking: 2nd
Points: 54,150
Event results in 2013
Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia): 1st
Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Victoria, Australia): 13th
Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua/Namotu, Fiji): 1st
Oakley Pro Bali (Keramas, Bali, Indonesia): 9th
Billabong Pro Teahupoo (Teahupoo, Taiarapu, French Polynesia): 2nd |
9595_15 | Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 1st
He also won many other surfing titles.
2012 stats and results
World ranking: 2nd
Points: 55,450
Event results in 2012
Quiksilver Pro presented by Land Rover (Gold Coast, Snapper Rocks, Australia): 5th
Rip Curl Pro presented by Ford Ranger (Bells Beach, Victoria, Australia): 2nd
Billabong Rio Pro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): INJ
Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua/Namotu, Fiji): 1st
Billabong Pro Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 13th
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, USA): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor-Landes, France): 1st
Rip Curl Pro (Peniche, Portugal): 13th
O'Neill Coldwater Classic Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, California, USA): 9th
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 3rd
2011 stats and results
World ranking: 2011 Champion
Points: 68,100 |
9595_16 | Event results in 2011
Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 1st
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach, (Victoria, Australia): 5th
Billabong Rio Pro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): 13th
Nike Pro US Open (Huntington Beach, California, US): 1st
Billabong Pro Teahupoo (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 1st
Quiksilver Pro New York (Long Beach, New York, US): 2nd
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, US): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 5th
Rip Curl Pro Portugal (Peniche, Portugal): 2nd
Rip Curl Search (Ocean Beach, San Francisco, US): 5th
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 3rd
2010 stats and results
World ranking: 2010 Champion
Points: 69000 |
9595_17 | Event results in 2010
Quiksilver Pro, Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 9th
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach (Australia): 1st
Hang Loose Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil): 2nd
Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa): 17th
Billabong Pro Teahupoo (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 3rd
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, USA): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 2nd
Rip Curl Pro Portugal (Peniche, Portugal): 1st
Rip Curl Pro Search 2010 (Middles Beach, Isabela, Puerto Rico): 1st
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 3rd
2009 stats and results
World ranking: 6th.
Points: 6136 |
9595_18 | Event results in 2009
Quiksilver Pro, Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 17th
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach (Australia): 17th
Billabong Pro, Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 17th
Hang Loose Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil): 1st
Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa): 9th
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, USA): 3rd
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 5th
Billabong Pro, Mundaka (Mundaka, Spain): 3rd
Rip Curl Search (Peniche, Portugal): 17th
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 2nd
2008 stats and results
World ranking: 2008 Champion
Points: 8832 |
9595_19 | Event results
Quiksilver Pro, Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 1st
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach (Australia): 1st
Billabong Pro, Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 17th
Globe Pro, Fiji (Tavarua, Fiji): 1st
Billabong Pro, J-Bay (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa): 1st
Rip Curl Search (Bali, Indonesia): 17th
Boost Mobile Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, USA): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 2nd
Billabong Pro, Mundaka (Mundaka, Spain): 9th
Hang Loose Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil): DNS
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 1st
History of wins
2022
Billabong Pro Pipeline (Oahu, Hawaii)
2019
Triple Crown of Surfing (Specialty-Hawaii)
2016
Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT |
9595_20 | 2014
Volcom Pipe Pro (Pipeline, Hawaii) - QS 5-Stars
2013
Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua/Namotu, Fiji) - WT
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii) - WT
2012
Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua, Fiji) - WT
Hurley Pro (Trestles, California, USA) - WT
Quiksilver Pro France (South West Coast, France) - WT
2011 |
9595_21 | Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
Hurley Pro (Trestles, California, USA) - WT
Nike US Open of Surfing (Huntington Beach, California, USA) - QS Prime
2010
Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia) - WT
Hurley Pro (Trestles, California, USA) - WT
Rip Curl Pro (Peniche, Portugal) - WT
Rip Curl Search (Middles, Isabela, Puerto Rico) - WT
2009
Hang Loose Santa Catarina Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil) - WT
2008
Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia) - WT
Globe Pro (Tavarua, Fiji) - WT
Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa) - WT
Boost Mobile Pro (Trestles, California, USA) - WT
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii) - WT
2007
Boost Mobile Pro (Trestles, California, USA) - WT
2006
Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia) - WT
2005
Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
Globe Pro Fiji (Tavarua, Fiji) - WT |
9595_22 | Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa) - WT
Boost Mobile Pro (Trestles, California, USA) - WT
2004
X-Games SRF The Game
Snickers Australian Open - QS
Energy Australia Open - QS
2003
X-Games SRF The Game
Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa) - WT
Billabong Pro (Mundaka, Spain) - WT
Nova Schin Festival (Santa Catarina, Brazil) - WT
2002
Quiksilver in Memory of Eddie Aikau (Specialty-Hawaii)
2000
Gotcha Pro Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
1999
Mountain Dew Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii) - WT
1998
Billabong Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
Triple Crown of Surfing (Specialty-Hawaii)
1997
Coke Surf Classic (Manly Beach, Australia) - QS 6-Stars
Billabong Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
Tokushima Pro (Tokushima, Japan) - WT
Marui Pro (Chiba, Japan) - WT
Kaiser Summer Surf (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) - WT
Grand Slam (Specialty-Australia)
Typhoon Lagoon Surf Challenge (Specialty-US)
1996 |
9595_23 | Coke Surf Classic (Narrabeen, Australia)
Rip Curl Pro Saint Leu (Saint Leu, Reunion Island)
CSI presents Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa)
U.S. Open of Surfing (Huntington Beach, California, USA)
Rip Curl Pro Hossegor (Hossegor, France)
Quiksilver Surfmasters (Biarritz, France)
Chiemsee Gerry Lopez Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
Sud Ouest Trophee (Specialty-France)
Da Hui Backdoor Shootout (Specialty-Hawaii)
1995
Quiksilver Pro (Grajagan, Indonesia)
Chiemsee Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
Triple Crown of Surfing (Specialty-Hawaii)
1994
Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia)
Gotcha Lacanau Pro (Lacanau, France)
Chiemsee Gerry Lopez Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
Bud Surf Tour Seaside Reef (WQS-US)
Bud Surf Tour Huntington (WQS-US)
Sud Ouest Trophee (Specialty-France)
1993
Marui Pro (Chiba, Japan)
1992
Rip Curl Pro Landes (Hossegor, France)
Marui Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
1990
Body Glove Surfbout (Trestles, California, USA) |
9595_24 | Personal life
Slater is an avid golfer and practices the sport of Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
His surfing inspirations are said to be Andy Irons, Shane Dorian, Josh Kerr, and Dane Reynolds, Andrew Bloom, Drew Phelps, Ken Wells, and Hunter Collins.
Slater has declined to receive the COVID-19 vaccinations and has criticized the campaign to get people vaccinated against the virus, especially the restrictions imposed by the Australian government.
Filmography |
9595_25 | Films
Surfers – The Movie (1990)
Kelly Slater in Black and White (1991)
Momentum 1 (1992)
Focus (1994)
Endless Summer II (1994)
Factory Seconds (1995)
Momentum 2 (1996)
Good Times (1996)
Kelly Slater In Kolor (1997)
The Show (1997) gas
Loose Change (1999)
Hit & Run (2000)
Thicker than Water (2000)
One Night at McCool's (2001)
September Sessions (2002)
Step into Liquid (2003)
Campaign 1 (2003)
Riding Giants (2004)
Doped Youth 'Groovy Avalon' (2004)
Young Guns 1, 2 & 3 (2004–2008)
Campaign 2 (2005)
Burn (2005)
Letting Go (2006)
Surf's Up (2007)
Down the Barrel (2007)
Bra Boys: Blood is Thicker than Water (2007)
Bustin' Down the Door (2008)
One Track Mind (2008)
Kelly Slater Letting Go (2008)
Waveriders (2008)
The Ocean (2008)
A Fly in the Champagne (2009) (featuring Kelly Slater and Andy Irons)
Cloud 9 (2009)
Keep Surfing (2009)
Ultimate Wave Tahiti (2010)
Fighting Fear (2011)
Wave Warriors 3
View from a Blue Moon (2015) |
9595_26 | Momentum Generation (2018) |
9595_27 | Cameo appearances
"You Look So Fine" - Garbage music video (1999)
'"Surf's Up" (2007)
View From A Blue Moon (2015)
Television
Baywatch, 27 episodes (1992–1996)
The Jersey, surfing episode 18 (2001)
The Girls Next Door, "Surf's Up" (one episode)
The Ultimate Surfer, "Kelly-vision" cameos
Books
Pipe Dreams: A Surfer's Journey (2003),
Kelly Slater: For the Love (2008),
References
External links
Official website
1972 births
American people of Arab descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Lebanese descent
American people of Syrian descent
American surfers
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Living people
People from Cocoa Beach, Florida
Sportspeople from Florida
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent
World Surf League surfers
X Games athletes |
9596_0 | , formally known as , is a Buddhist temple in Uemachi district of the city of Tottori, Tottori Prefecture, Japan. Kannon-in was built early in the Edo period (1603 – 1868) and is noted for its Edo-style Japanese garden.
History
Founding |
9596_1 | Kannon-in built in the early Edo period and its history is closely related to that of the Ikeda clan. (1602 – 1632), daimyō of the Okayama Domain in Bizen Province and lord of Okayama Castle, died at a young age and was succeeded by his 3 year old son (1630 – 1693). The Tokugawa shogunate named the infant Mitsunaka daimyō of Tottori Domain in Hōki and Inaba provinces. In 1632, soon after Mitsunaka's accession to the position of daimyō, , the fourth chief priest of Kōchin-ji in the present-day Okayama, Okayama Prefecture, sent his disciple Gōben to build a temple for the Ikeda clan. Senden ordered Gōben to build the temple in the scenic Kuritani area of present-day Tottori City, and charged him with building prayer temple for the veneration of the , or Kannon Bodhisattva. The temple was named Kannon-in. A statue of the Kannon Bodhisattva, reputably carved from rock from the mountain of Tottori Castle by the Gyōki (668 – 749), a Buddhist priest of the Nara period, was bestowed on the |
9596_2 | temple. |
9596_3 | Move to Uemachi site
In 1639 the temple was moved to its present location in the Uemachi of present-day Tottori City to serve as a temple for the use of the Tottori Domain. Mitsunaka was deeply devoted to the Kannon Bodhisattva, and became a patron of the temple. At this time the extensive temple complex Kannon-in was planned and built, including its well-known garden. At this time Kannon-in was formally renamed Fudarakusan Jigen-ji Kannon-in. Mitsunaka's oldest son, the second lord of the Tottori Domain, named Kannon-in a prayer temple. The temple attained the high status of one of the of the domain, a status it would retain throughout the Edo period.
Later history |
9596_4 | After the abolition of the han system Kannon-in ceased to be a temple under the patronage of the Ikeda clan, and the temple lost its rice stipend and any form of monetary support. Soon after local adherents of Kannon-in took over the financial support of the temple, support that continues to the present. The Kannon-in garden was designated as a Special Place of Scenic Beauty by the Japanese government in 1937.
Garden of Kannon-in |
9596_5 | The garden of Kannon-in was built is an example of an Edo period Japanese garden in the style, which literally means a garden of the "pond appreciation style". A Chisenkanshō-shiki garden is meant to be viewed from a fixed perspective from a single location, rather than a garden to stroll through and view from several angles. In the case of the Kannon-in the garden is viewed from the veranda of the , a hall used for the study of Buddhist sutras. Work on the garden began in 1650, and took ten years to complete. The garden utilizes the gentle slope of the landscape of Kannon-in. A depiction of the garden is found the , or illustration of Kannon-in, published in the in 1858. The Mudaaruki is probably based on earlier works. The annex structure in the garden is in a slightly different location in the Mudaaruki than what is seen in the garden today, as the Kannon-in garden was probably restructured during the Meiji period.
Branch temples
Kannon-in has two branch temples. |
9596_6 | , Tachikawachō, Tottori City
, Kokufuchō, Tottori City
Transportation
8 minutes by taxi from Tottori Station, JR West Sanin Main Line
4 minute walk from the , from Tottori Station
See also
For an explanation of terms used see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.
Order in Buddhist pilgrimage
Kannon-in is the 32nd of the Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage, a junrei pilgrimage route established in 1981 of 33 Buddhist temples in the dedicated to the Bodhisattva Kannon. The route stretches across the Chūgoku Region of western Japan from Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Shimane and Tottori prefectures.
References
External links
補陀落山 慈眼寺 観音院
Tottori City Sightseeing: Kannon-in Garden
17th-century Buddhist temples
Buddhist temples in Tottori Prefecture
Tourist attractions in Tottori Prefecture
1632 establishments in Japan
Tendai temples
Places of Scenic Beauty |
9597_0 | is a Japanese animation film studio headquartered in Koganei, Tokyo. It is best known for its animated feature films, and has also produced several short subjects, television commercials, and one television film. Its mascot and most recognizable symbol is a character named Totoro, a giant catlike spirit from the 1988 anime film My Neighbor Totoro. Among the studio's highest-grossing films are Spirited Away (2001), Howl's Moving Castle (2004) and Ponyo (2008). The studio was founded on June 15, 1985 by directors Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata and producer Toshio Suzuki, after the successful performance of Topcraft's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984). It has also collaborated with video game studios on the visual development of several games. |
9597_1 | Five of the studio's films are among the ten highest-grossing anime feature films made in Japan. Spirited Away is second, grossing 31.68 billion yen in Japan and over US$380 million worldwide; and Princess Mononoke is fourth, grossing 20.18 billion yen. Many of their works have won the Animage Grand Prix award. Four have won the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. Five of their films have received Academy Award nominations. Spirited Away won the 2002 Golden Bear and the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
On August 3, 2014, Studio Ghibli temporarily suspended production following Miyazaki's retirement. In February 2017, Suzuki announced that Miyazaki had come out of retirement to direct a new feature film, How Do You Live?, which he intended to be his last film. |
9597_2 | Name
The name "Ghibli" was chosen by Miyazaki from the Italian noun (also used in English), based on the Libyan Arabic name for hot desert wind (, ), the idea being the studio would "blow a new wind through the anime industry". It also refers to an Italian aircraft, the Caproni Ca.309. Although the Italian word would be more accurately transliterated as "Giburi" (), with a hard g sound, the studio is romanised in Japanese as Jiburi (, ).
History
Tokuma Shoten era |
9597_3 | Founded on June 15, 1985, Studio Ghibli was headed by directors Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata and producer Toshio Suzuki. Miyazaki and Takahata had already had long careers in Japanese film and television animation and had worked together on The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun in 1968 and the Panda! Go, Panda! films in 1972 and 1973. In 1978, Suzuki became an editor at Tokuma Shoten's Animage manga magazine, where the first film he chose was Horus. A year after his phone call with Takahata and his first encounter with Miyazaki, both about Horus, he made a phone call about the first film Miyazaki ever directed: The Castle of Cagliostro.
The studio was founded after the success of the 1984 film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. Suzuki was part of the film's production team, and founded Studio Ghibli with Miyazaki, who also invited Takahata to join them. |
9597_4 | The studio has mainly produced films by Miyazaki, with the second most prolific director being Takahata (most notably with Grave of the Fireflies). Other directors who have worked with Studio Ghibli include Yoshifumi Kondō, Hiroyuki Morita, Gorō Miyazaki, and Hiromasa Yonebayashi. Composer Joe Hisaishi has provided the soundtracks for most of Miyazaki's Studio Ghibli films. In their book Anime Classics Zettai!, Brian Camp and Julie Davis made note of Michiyo Yasuda as "a mainstay of Studio Ghibli's extraordinary design and production team". At one time the studio was based in Kichijōji, Musashino, Tokyo. |
9597_5 | In August 1996, The Walt Disney Company and Tokuma Shoten formed a partnership wherein Walt Disney Studios would be the sole international distributor for Tokuma Shoten's Studio Ghibli animated films. Under this agreement, Disney also agreed to finance 10% of the studio's production costs. Since then, all three aforementioned films by Miyazaki at Studio Ghibli that were previously dubbed by Streamline Pictures have been re-dubbed by Disney. On June 1, 1997, Tokuma Shoten Publishing consolidated its media operations by merging Studio Ghibli, Tokuma Shoten Intermedia software and Tokuma International under one location. |
9597_6 | Over the years, there has been a close relationship between Studio Ghibli and the magazine Animage, which regularly runs exclusive articles on the studio and its members in a section titled "Ghibli Notes." Artwork from Ghibli's films and other works are frequently featured on the cover of the magazine. Saeko Himuro's novel Umi ga Kikoeru was serialised in the magazine and subsequently adapted into Ocean Waves, Studio Ghibli's first animated feature-length film created for television. It was directed by Tomomi Mochizuki.
In October 2001, the Ghibli Museum opened in Mitaka, Tokyo. It contains exhibits based on Studio Ghibli films and shows animations, including a number of short Studio Ghibli films not available elsewhere. |
9597_7 | The studio is also known for its strict "no-edits" policy in licensing their films abroad due to Nausicaä of the Valley of Wind being heavily edited for the film's release in the United States as Warriors of the Wind. The "no cuts" policy was highlighted when Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein suggested editing Princess Mononoke to make it more marketable. A Studio Ghibli producer is rumoured to have sent an authentic Japanese sword with a simple message: "No cuts".
Independent era
Between 1999 and 2005, Studio Ghibli was a subsidiary brand of Tokuma Shoten; however, that partnership ended in April 2005, when Studio Ghibli was spun off from Tokuma Shoten and was re-established as an independent company with relocated headquarters. |
9597_8 | On February 1, 2008, Toshio Suzuki stepped down from the position of Studio Ghibli president, which he had held since 2005, and Koji Hoshino (former president of Walt Disney Japan) took over. Suzuki said he wanted to improve films with his own hands as a producer, rather than demanding this from his employees. Suzuki decided to hand over the presidency to Hoshino because Hoshino has helped Studio Ghibli to sell its videos since 1996 and has also aided the release of the Princess Mononoke film in the United States. Suzuki still serves on the company's board of directors.
Two Studio Ghibli short films created for the Ghibli Museum were shown at the Carnegie Hall Citywise Japan NYC Festival: "House Hunting" and "Mon Mon the Water Spider" were screened on March 26, 2011. |
9597_9 | Takahata developed a project for release after Gorō Miyazaki's (director of Tales from Earthsea and Hayao's son) The Tale of the Princess Kaguya – an adaptation of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter. The last film Hayao Miyazaki directed before retiring from feature films was The Wind Rises which is about the Mitsubishi A6M Zero and its founder.
On Sunday, September 1, 2013, Hayao Miyazaki held a press conference in Venice to confirm his retirement, saying: "I know I've said I would retire many times in the past. Many of you must think, 'Once again.' But this time I am quite serious."
In 2013, a documentary directed by Mami Sunada called was created delving into the lives of those working at Studio Ghibli and the productions of the animated films The Wind Rises and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya, including storyboard sketching, inking, painting, and voice actor selection for the films. |
9597_10 | On January 31, 2014, it was announced that Gorō Miyazaki will direct his first anime television series, Sanzoku no Musume Rōnya, an adaptation of Astrid Lindgren's Ronia the Robber's Daughter for NHK. The series is computer-animated, produced by Polygon Pictures, and co-produced by Studio Ghibli.
In March 2014, Toshio Suzuki retired as producer and assumed the new position of general manager. Yoshiaki Nishimura replaced Suzuki in the producer role. |
9597_11 | On August 3, 2014, Toshio Suzuki announced that Studio Ghibli would take a "brief pause" to re-evaluate and restructure in the wake of Miyazaki's retirement. He stated some concerns about where the company would go in the future. This led to speculation that Studio Ghibli will never produce another feature film again. On November 7, 2014, Miyazaki stated, "That was not my intention, though. All I did was announce that I would be retiring and not making any more features." Lead producer Yoshiaki Nishimura among several other staffers from Ghibli, such as director Hiromasa Yonebayashi, left to found Studio Ponoc in April 2015, working on the film Mary and the Witch's Flower.
The 2016 animated fantasy film The Red Turtle, directed and co-written by Dutch-British animator Michaël Dudok de Wit in his feature film debut, was a co-production between Studio Ghibli and Wild Bunch. |
9597_12 | In February 2017, Toshio Suzuki announced that Hayao Miyazaki had come out of retirement to direct a new feature film with Studio Ghibli.
On November 28, 2017, Koji Hoshino stepped down as president; he was replaced by Kiyofumi Nakajima (former Ghibli Museum director). Hoshino was then appointed as Chairman of Studio Ghibli.
In May 2020, Toshio Suzuki confirmed that a new film from Gorō Miyazaki is in development at Studio Ghibli. On June 3, 2020, Studio Ghibli announced that the film would be an adaptation of the novel Earwig and the Witch by Diana Wynne Jones. The film was announced as the first full 3D CG animated Ghibli film and slated for a television premiere on NHK in late 2020.
Distribution rights
Theatrical and home media rights |
9597_13 | Japan
In Japan, the company's films (along with The Castle of Cagliostro and all other Lupin the Third titles for movie theaters as well as Mary and the Witch's Flower) are distributed by Toho theatrically, except for Castle in the Sky, Kiki's Delivery Service (which were distributed by Toei Company along with Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, with Toei producing The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun), and My Neighbors the Yamadas, which was distributed by Shochiku.
For home media, a majority of Studio Ghibli releases are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Japan. This also includes Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, The Castle of Cagliostro and Mary and the Witch's Flower. Pony Canyon occasionally releases Ghibli documentaries on home media, and also distributes rental versions of Ghibli's movies under a deal with Disney. Pony Canyon also fully distributed the standalone version of Earwig and the Witch on home media. |
9597_14 | Before the Disney deal, Tokuma Shoten released Ghibli movies themselves through their "Animage Video" imprint, as well as all Laserdisc releases of the movies, as the Disney deal did not include that format.
Asia
In Asia, films are distributed by local companies, including Daewon Media in South Korea (who also hold exclusive merchandising rights to their catalog in the country), Intercontinental Video Limited (IVL) in Hong Kong and Disney/Buena Vista's label distribution at Excelmedia in China and Deltamac in Taiwan. |
9597_15 | North America |
9597_16 | Manson International and Showmen, Inc. produced a 95-minute English dub of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, titled Warriors of the Wind, which was released theatrically in the United States by New World Pictures on June 13, 1985, followed by a VHS release in December 1985. In the late 1980s, Vestron Video would re-release the film and First Independent Video would re-release it again in 1993, with another minute cut from the film. The voice actors and actresses were not credited and were not even informed of the film's plot line, and the film was heavily edited to market it as a children's action-adventure film, although the film received a PG rating just like Disney's later English dub. Due to the heavy editing of the film in an attempt to appeal to American audiences, much of Nausicaä was cut out, including much of the environmentalist themes, which were diluted. The main subplot of the Ohmu was similarly altered to arguably portray them as aggressive. Most of the characters' |
9597_17 | names were changed, including the titular character who became Princess Zandra. The United States poster and VHS cover featured a cadre of male characters who are not in the film, riding the resurrected God Warrior—including a still-living Warrior shown briefly in a flashback. Overall, approximately 22 minutes was cut for North American release. Warriors of the Wind also prompted Miyazaki to allow translator Toren Smith of Studio Proteus to create an official, faithful translation of the Nausicaä manga for Viz Media. |
9597_18 | In the late 1980s, an English dub of Castle in the Sky was produced by Magnum Video Tape and Dubbing for international Japan Airlines flights at the request of Tokuma Shoten. The Castle dub was briefly screened in the United States by Streamline Pictures. Carl Macek, the head of Streamline, was disappointed with this dub, deeming it "adequate, but clumsy". Following this, Tokuma allowed Streamline to dub their future acquisitions My Neighbor Totoro and Kiki's Delivery Service. In April 1993, Troma Films, under their 50th St. Films banner, distributed the Totoro dub as a theatrical release, and the dub was later released onto VHS and eventually onto DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. In the early 1990s, an English dub of Porco Rosso was produced by an unknown company, again for international Japan Airlines flights. The original dubs can be seen on the 1996 Ghibli ga Ippai Laserdisc set, and on the initial copies for the Japanese DVD releases of Totoro, Laputa and Porco. |
9597_19 | In 1996, Ghibli joined teams with Buena Vista International, an entertainment distribution company that is a part of The Walt Disney Company, allowing the studio greater access to international audiences and promotions, including Disney-sponsored English-dubbed versions of original films. Ghibli's partnership with Buena Vista provided the opportunity to expand its fanbase and bring full marketing efforts and promotional efforts to the US and Europe, with English dubs. Disney was able to pick the English dub voice actors, sometimes picking their own budding stars, while other times, picking relatively unknown actors, so the main draw of the movies would be the Studio and the directors. This way, international fans in the US and Europe gained recognition of the studio name and many fans became more invested by picking their favorite of the Ghibli recurring directors, particularly Hayao Miyazaki or Isao Takahata. |
9597_20 | Both Miyazaki and Takahata maintain specific personal animation styles, and can be recognized for their art throughout their careers. The consistency of their respective animation styles has also helped push Studio Ghibli movies into the mainstream overseas, since fans tend to become loyal to their favorite style of animation. Another factor that helped Studio Ghibli gain international popularity is the nostalgia that fans often speak of in reference to their favorite films, especially those by Miyazaki, the most prolific director under the Studio. Miyazaki has maintained a very similar animation style throughout his career, which can even be seen in his first film, Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind (1984). Since, Miyazaki has directed many of the most popular and famous Ghibli films, including My Neighbor Totoro (1988) and Spirited Away (2001), he has effectively become the face of the studio, especially with foreign audiences (besides the official mascot, Totoro). |
9597_21 | In 1996, Walt Disney Studios acquired worldwide distribution rights to the Studio Ghibli library, with Disney redubbing all previously dubbed films. In addition, Walt Disney Studios Japan agreed to contribute 10% of the funding for all future releases, starting with My Neighbors the Yamadas, in exchange for right of first refusal regarding international distribution. Disney continues with this practice to this day, even extending it to the works of Studio Ponoc and to co-productions like The Red Turtle in Japan. It was said to have taken four years for Disney and Studio Ghibli to reach a distribution deal. Originally, the Ghibli films were meant to headline a line of videos called Animation Celebration, highlighting critically acclaimed animated films from around the world. These plans never materialized in full, but the Animation Celebration logo can be seen on Disney's original VHS release of Kiki's Delivery Service. During Disney's tenure, the studio produced the English dubs and |
9597_22 | released 15 of Ghibli's films, plus Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind through the Walt Disney Pictures, Buena Vista Home Video, Miramax and Touchstone Pictures banners. |
9597_23 | Disney and Ghibli have also selectively chosen not to promote and record an English-dubbed version for films and works deemed less internationally marketable, including some of Takahata's more developmental and obscure pieces. Although the Studio has a "No cuts" policy in terms of international versions and dubs, this does not apply to promotional posters, etc., for which the film makers collaborate with Disney to produce cultural appropriate international versions. The Studio has not shied away from slight rebranding on the international stage in order to convey slightly tweaked promotional imagery for different cultural norms. One example of these slight tweaks to international promotional materials can be seen between the Japanese and English versions of the movie poster for Spirited Away (2001). For American and other English-speaking audiences, the name of the film was changed from the Japanese version, which directly translates roughly to, "The Disappearance of Chihiro and Sen", |
9597_24 | to Spirited Away to suggest more mystical, otherworldly themes, since the direct Japanese translation could be taken to mean that Chihiro/Sen disappeared due to some more dangerous reason. On the American movie poster, more pictures of spirits from the film were added to the background to further pique the viewer's interest with more supernatural themes, creating an association between the pictures spirits and what most American people would think of as "ghosts". For the Japanese poster, there are fewer spirits as the Japanese Shinto religion normalizes the existence of spirits, so less emphasis is needed to convey the importance of non-human spirits. Also, Disney enlarged the "Studio Ghibli" and "Hayao Miyazaki" labels on the poster, helping to bring greater awareness to the studio through the success of Spirited Away. |
9597_25 | In 2011, GKIDS acquired the North American theatrical distribution rights of the aforementioned Ghibli films, with Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment retaining the home video rights. Afterwards, in 2013, GKIDS acquired the US and Canadian distribution rights to From Up on Poppy Hill. The film, which Disney passed on to GKIDS due to dealing with potential incest, marked the first time since 1996 that Disney handed a Studio Ghibli film off to another distributor. Afterwards, GKIDS would go on to distribute the films Disney found to be too mature or unmarketable for American audiences: Only Yesterday, Ocean Waves, The Tale of the Princess Kaguya and When Marnie Was There. Finally, in July 2017, Disney relinquished its home video rights (with the exception of The Wind Rises, which remained with Disney until 2020 due to a distribution clause) to GKIDS, which currently handles all theatrical and home media distribution of Ghibli films in North America along with Mary and the Witch's |
9597_26 | Flower. Nevertheless, Disney still continues to handle select distribution in Japan (home media), Taiwan and China. |
9597_27 | GKIDS' home media releases have been handled by multiple distributors. Cinedigm distributed the home media release of Poppy Hill, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the home media releases of Kaguya, Marnie, Mary, Yesterday and Waves, and Shout! Factory all subsequent releases thus far. The Ghibli films owned by GKIDS were made available for digital purchases on most major services in the United States and Canada on December 17, 2019, through Shout! Factory.
Beginning in May 2020, Studio Ghibli's catalogue is available for streaming on HBO Max. |
9597_28 | Ghibli also partnered with the Walt Disney Company in 2010 to help produce The Secret World of Arrietty, a feature-length film inspired by the British novel, The Borrowers, written by Mary Norton in 1952. To help introduce Ghibli to a new generation of American children, the film was promoted to American children on the popular TV channel, Disney Channel. The (American) English dubbed version also included the voices of well-known Disney Channel original TV-show stars from that time, including Bridgit Mendler, from Good Luck Charlie and David Henrie from Wizards of Waverly Place.
Ghibli has also capitalized on its success by offering film and character-inspired merchandise for purchase in several countries, including the US. They have now partnered with Amazon to create an official merchandise line available for fans around the globe. This merchandise is distributed from Japan. This includes stickers, stuffed animals, figurines, posters and more. |
9597_29 | In terms of international awards, Ghibli has also performed well, receiving an Oscar for Spirited Away (2001) at the 75th Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature. At the time, in 2003, it was the first film to win this award which was originally produced in a language other than English.
International
Outside Asia (including Japan) and North America since 2003, Wild Bunch has held international sales rights to Ghibli's film library and serves as a distributor itself in France and Belgium along with home media rights released under the Wild Side Vidéo label (distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment France) . The company also sells distribution rights to separate distributors across the world, including StudioCanal UK/Elysian Film Group (United Kingdom and Ireland), Universum Film (Germany), Lucky Red (Italy), Vértigo Films (Spain) and Madman Entertainment (Australia and New Zealand). |
9597_30 | Notably, The Secret World of Arrietty received a second dub exclusive to the United Kingdom, produced by StudioCanal, likely due to the film's origins being from Mary Norton's British novel The Borrowers.
Disney formerly held the international sales rights as well until Wild Bunch's purchase in 2003. Disney kept the French distribution rights to Ghibli's library until September 2020, when it had expired and transitioned off to Wild Bunch. Since 2021, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment currently serves as the home media distributor of Studio Ghibli's catalog via its current distribution deal with Wild Bunch through the Wild Side Vidéo label.
Currently, several films are also available for streaming on Netflix in all countries except for the US, Canada, Japan, and China. |
9597_31 | Streaming rights
Prior to 2019, Studio Ghibli opted not to make its films available digitally, feeling that physical media and theatrical events like GKIDS' Studio Ghibli Fest would work more towards their goal of mindful care and curation for their films. Disney had previously lobbied for a streaming deal with Ghibli during their distribution tenure, but such attempts were never materialized. The studio heads changed their minds after hearing a quote from American actor and director Woody Allen about how there should be multiple outlets for feature films. |
9597_32 | On October 17, 2019, WarnerMedia's HBO Max announced it had acquired exclusive streaming rights to Studio Ghibli's catalogue in the United States as part of a deal with GKIDS; these films were available when the service launched in May 2020. On January 20, 2020, it was announced that Netflix acquired the exclusive streaming rights to this catalogue in all regions where it operates except for the United States (in which Netflix does have streaming rights to The Castle of Cagliostro and Mary and the Witch's Flower), as part of a deal with Ghibli's international sales rights partner Wild Bunch. Seven of twenty-one films in the studio's catalogue were released on February 1, 2020, with the others following on March 1 and April 1. Netflix then struck a separate deal with GKIDS for streaming rights in Canada which was announced on June 22, and came into effect on June 25 for most films. Currently, no streaming rights deals have been announced for Studio Ghibli's home country of Japan, nor |
9597_33 | for markets such as China where neither Netflix nor HBO Max is available. |
9597_34 | Grave of the Fireflies
Most of the above deals exclude Grave of the Fireflies; unlike most of the other films, which were published by Tokuma Shoten, Grave of the Fireflies was produced and is owned by Shinchosha, which also had published the short story it was based on, and as such, fell into different rights holdings.
Grave of the Fireflies was released in Japan on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Ghibli ga Ippai Collection on August 7, 1998. On July 29, 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Home Video. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the complete collector's edition DVD on August 6, 2008. WDSJ released the film on Blu-ray twice on July 18, 2012: one as a single release, and one in a two-film set with My Neighbor Totoro. |
9597_35 | It was released on VHS in North America by Central Park Media in a subtitled form on June 2, 1993. They later released the film with an English dub on VHS on September 1, 1998 (the same day Disney released Kiki's Delivery Service in North America) and an all-Regions DVD (which also included the original Japanese with English subtitles) on October 7 the same year. It was later released on a two-disc DVD set (which once again included both the English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles as well as the film's storyboards with the second disc containing more extensive Bonus Features) on October 8, 2002. It was released by Central Park Media one last time on December 7, 2004. Following the May 2009 bankruptcy and liquidation of Central Park Media, ADV Films acquired the rights and re-released it on DVD on July 7, 2009. Following the September 1, 2009 shutdown and re-branding of ADV, their successor, Sentai Filmworks, rescued the film and released a remastered DVD on March |
9597_36 | 6, 2012. A Blu-ray edition was released on November 20, 2012, featuring an all-new English dub produced by Seraphim Digital, along with a digital release that same year. |
9597_37 | StudioCanal released a Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on July 1, 2013. Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand.
Works
While not technically Studio Ghibli films, The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun (1968), Panda! Go Panda! (1972), The Castle of Cagliostro (1979), Jarinko Chie (1981), Gauche the Cellist (1982), Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), The Red Turtle (2016), Mary and the Witch's Flower (2017) and Modest Heroes (2018) are sometimes grouped together with the Studio Ghibli library (particularly with the Ghibli ga Ippai home video collection released by Walt Disney Studios Japan) due to their ties to the studio.
Horus and Cagliostro were the feature-length directorial debuts of Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki respectively, and were produced by Toei Animation and TMS Entertainment years before the founding of Studio Ghibli. |
9597_38 | Nausicaä was directed by Miyazaki at Topcraft, a studio which Miyazaki, Takahata and Toshio Suzuki later purchased and renamed Studio Ghibli. As a result, the film has often been rereleased and marketed as a Studio Ghibli movie.
The Red Turtle was a collaborative effort by Studio Ghibli with Dutch animator Michaël Dudok de Wit and was branded as a Studio Ghibli release internationally. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics in North and Latin America.
Mary and the Witch's Flower and Modest Heroes were produced by Studio Ponoc, a company founded by Studio Ghibli veterans Yoshiaki Nishimura and Hiromasa Yonebayashi following the 2014 restructuring of Ghibli.
For the purposes of the list below, only films fully produced and released by Studio Ghibli are listed. Other Studio Ghibli productions are listed here.
Feature films
Television
Style and themes |
9597_39 | The signature style and recurrent themes of the studio reflect those of Miyazaki and the other directors and creatives. Common themes include the risks posed by progress to tradition, environmentalism and the natural world, independent female protagonists, the cost of war, and youth. They tend to use intricate watercolor and acrylic 2D animation with vivid colors (particularly greens), and have a "whimsical and joyful aesthetic". |
9597_40 | Notable animators and character designers
Masashi Ando (Paranoia Agent and Paprika)
Makiko Futaki (Akira, Angel's Egg)
Katsuya Kondō (Kiki's Delivery Service, Howl's Moving Castle)
Kitarō Kōsaka (Monster, Master Keaton, and Nasu)
Kazuo Oga (The Night of Taneyamagahara, My Neighbor Totoro)
Kenichi Yoshida (Overman King Gainer and Eureka Seven)
Akihiko Yamashita (Tide-Line Blue, Princess Nine, Strange Dawn, and Relic Armor Legacium)
Hideaki Anno (Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Neon Genesis Evangelion)
Takashi Nakamura (Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind)
Atsushi Takahashi (Spirited Away)
See also
Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo
Studio Kajino, a subsidiary of Studio Ghibli
Yasuo Ōtsuka
Studio Ponoc, founded by former members of Studio Ghibli
List of Japanese animation studios
References |
9597_41 | Further reading
Cavallaro, Dani. The Animé Art of Hayao Miyazaki. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2006. . .
McCarthy, Helen. Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation: Films, Themes, Artistry. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 1999. . . 2001 reprint of the 1999 text, with revisions: .
Miyazaki, Hayao. Starting Point: 1979–1996. Beth Cary and Frederik L. Schodt, trans. San Francisco: VIZ Media, 2009. . .
Miyazaki, Hayao. . Tokyo: Studio Ghibli, Inc./Hatsubai Tokuma Shoten, 1996. . . Original Japanese edition.
Miyazaki, Hayao. Turning Point: 1997–2008. Beth Cary and Frederik L. Schodt, trans. San Francisco: VIZ Media, 2014. . .
Miyazaki, Hayao. . Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2008. . . Original Japanese edition.
Odell, Colin, and Michelle Le Blanc. Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England: Kamera, 2009. . .
Documentaries
. 1998 documentary, Nippon TV, 28 min.
. 2013 documentary by Mami Sunada, 118 min.
External links |
9597_42 | Japanese companies established in 1985
Animation studios in Tokyo
Film production companies of Japan
Japanese animation studios
Koganei, Tokyo
Mass media companies established in 1985
Topcraft
Western Tokyo |
9598_0 | Police Academy Stunt Show or Loca Academia de Policía is a slapstick comedy stunt show located at Parque Warner Madrid. Formerly, the show was also at Warner Bros. Movie World (1991–2008), Six Flags Magic Mountain (1994), and Warner Bros. Movie World Germany (1996–2004).
The stunt show is based loosely on the Police Academy films released by Warner Bros., with only a passing mention made of the main characters in the line: "I remember the days of Mahoney, Hightower and Tackleberry! We need recruits of that caliber...", suggesting that the show takes place after the events of the film series.
Locations
Australia
Starting in 1991, it was the most popular show in the theme park, up until its closure in 2008. The show was also one of the longest-running stunt shows in the world, with over 18,000 shows performed.
A pre-show entertainer, known as Mad Mike, would perform interactive pranks and even balloon sculpturing works upon the crowd before the performance. |
9598_1 | Warner Bros. Movie World marketed the show as insane, crazy and catastrophic and an all-action, all-live stunt expose featuring awesome highfalls, huge explosions and sensational car chases ... and crashes!!
Germany
Spain
Plot
Since the show is live and each one is different, some points of the plot may or may not apply. The show described below is the Australian version.
The show begins with the elusive silk stocking gang, a criminal duo, escaping from prison and stealing a police motorcycle and side car. Following that, the Proctor (a role that can be performed by a male or female, as with some of the characters in the show) emerges and gives a short monologue about the stunts in the performance, as well as a safety warning. |
9598_2 | The strict Captain Harris (typically male) appears to recruit audience members as part of the show, typically recruiting one middle-aged male (usually a father, to facilitate the jokes), one pre-teen boy (to which the Captain sneers "you remind me of my little brother! I hate my little brother..."), a female (jokingly introduced as "six foot six, muscle-bound...") and one company stuntman, a character named "Rodney", typically dressed in a garish ocean-print shirt and hat. Following the recruitment, four green cadets and the commissioner emerge for the morning ceremony and flag raising. This is preceded by a series of car stunts, with the cadets driving a police car, souped-up hot rod and a golf buggy. A few slapstick stunts (falling on the floor etc.) follow. |
9598_3 | Cadet Verbinski wishes to pass an urgent letter to the commissioner, but he/she is accidentally pulled up the flag pole wrapped in the flag, then falls on top of the commissioner. The commissioner reads the letter, informing him about the silk stocking gang's intentions. The "recruits" from the audience are then called upon and are positioned around the set. The silk stocking gang then suddenly appears on top of the roof, and a wild gunfight sequence ensues. Rodney is accidentally "shot", and falls from his second floor post onto a disguised cushion. The cadet responsible is then reprimanded for the action. Two other cadets then climb up the scaffolding to reach the silk stocking gang who have successfully robbed the nearby payroll building. |
9598_4 | A slapstick confrontation follows, ending in one cadet being kicked off the top of the second floor. He/she lands in a disguised cushioned dumping container, and emerges unscathed later. In the meantime, the commissioner uses a portable toilet, but it is accidentally lifted into the air by a crane and the door falls out, nearly dropping him out with it. The two culprits return to the motorcycle and a wild car chase follows, with Rodney being roughed up quite a bit. The sidecar detaches, but the remaining criminal wields explosives that scare the cadets. He first puts a bomb into an armoured vehicle, which explodes and flips over. He then passes a bomb to one cadet, who almost throws it into the audience but puts the bomb into a trash can in the end. |
9598_5 | The commissioner orders the cadets to transport Rodney to a safe place, and they choose the tool shed. The last bomb goes into there, and the explosion blasts open the side panels of the shed and seemingly catapults Rodney (most likely a safety dummy) up onto the roof. One member of the duo will shout to the other to "get the chopper!" setting the scene for the climatic finale. A helicopter with rotors spinning and machine guns firing (though with nobody in the cockpit) emerges from the roof. The cadets, as well as an "injured" Rodney, rush to man the cannons. The first shot is unsuccessful, but the second "hits" the helicopter which spews smoke and descends into the roof slowly.
The aftermath is the show's biggest explosion, a huge rooftop blaze where the audience is actually able to feel the radiating heat. The "pilot" then rushes out of the door, vest blazing. He is extinguished and apprehended by the policemen, and the show ends.
Gallery
References |
9598_6 | Police Academy (franchise)
Amusement park attractions introduced in 1991
Amusement park attractions introduced in 1996
Amusement park attractions introduced in 2002
Amusement park attractions that closed in 2004
Amusement park attractions that closed in 2008
Stunts
1991 establishments in Australia
2008 disestablishments in Australia
1994 in California
1996 establishments in Germany
2004 disestablishments in Germany
2002 establishments in Spain
Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences entertainment
it:Mirabilandia#Spettacoli di Mirabilandia |
9599_0 | The Chinese Head Tax was a fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada. The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 and it was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The tax was abolished by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which outright prevented all Chinese immigration except for that of business people, clergy, educators, students, and some others. |
9599_1 | Tax
Through the mid- to late nineteenth century, some 17,000 labourers were brought from China to do construction work on the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), though they were only paid a third or a half less than their co-workers (about /day). The provincial legislature of British Columbia passed a strict law to virtually prevent Chinese immigration in 1878. However, this was immediately struck down by the courts as ultra vires ('beyond the powers of') the provincial legislative assembly, as it impinged upon federal jurisdiction over immigration into Canada. |
9599_2 | Responding to the anti-immigration sentiment in British Columbia, the Canadian government of John A. Macdonald introduced the Chinese Immigration Act, receiving Royal Assent and becoming law in 1885. Under its regulations, the law stipulated that all Chinese entering Canada must first pay a fee, later referred to as a head tax. This was amended in 1887, 1892, and 1900, with the fee increasing to in 1901 and later to its maximum of in 1903, representing a two-year salary of an immigrant worker at that time. However, not all Chinese arrivals had to pay the head tax; those who were presumed to return to China based on the apparent, transitory nature of their occupation or background were exempt from the penalty. These included arrivals identifying themselves as: students, teachers, missionaries, merchants, or members of the diplomatic corps. |
9599_3 | The Government of Canada collected about $23 million ($ in dollars) in face value from about 81,000 head tax payers.</ref> The head tax did discourage Chinese women and children from joining their men, but it failed to meet its goal, articulated by contemporary politicians and labour leaders, of the complete exclusion of Chinese immigration. Such was achieved through the same law that ended the head tax: the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which stopped Chinese immigration entirely, albeit with certain exemptions for business owners and others. It is sometimes referred to by opponents as the Chinese Exclusion Act, a term also used for its American counterpart.
Redress
After the Chinese Immigration Act was repealed in 1948, various community activists including Wong Foon Sien campaigned the federal government to make its immigration policies more inclusive. |
9599_4 | However, the redress movement did not begin until 1984, when Vancouver Member of Parliament (MP) Margaret Mitchell raised in the House of Commons of Canada the issue of repaying the Chinese Head Tax for two of her constituents. Over 4,000 other head tax payers and their family members then approached the Chinese Canadian National Council (CCNC) and its member organizations across Canada to register their Head Tax certificates and ask CCNC to represent them to lobby the government for redress. The redress campaign included holding community meetings, gathering support from other groups and prominent people, increasing the media profile, conducting research and published materials, making presentations at schools, etc. |
9599_5 | The Chinese Canadian National Council, the longtime advocate for the head Tax redress, suffered a split after the Tiananmen Square Massacre. The CCNC had strongly condemned the human-rights record of the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Don Lee and his friends, who supported the PRC's assault on the protesters in Tiananmen Square, formed the National Congress of Chinese Canadians (NCCC). Don Lee, a former Vancouver NPA city councillor and the son of a deceased head-tax payer, has "acknowledged that some people see head-tax payers as victims, but he disagrees with this interpretation." Lee said his father had the "'foresight' to pay the head tax and suffer the economic consequences, because it provided tremendous benefits to his descendants."
Preliminary negotiations |
9599_6 | In 1993, prime minister Brian Mulroney made an offer of individual medallions, a museum wing, and other collective measures involving several other redress-seeking communities. These were rejected outright by the Chinese Canadian national groups.
In the same year, after Jean Chrétien became prime minister, the Cabinet openly refused to provide an apology or redress.
Multiculturalism Minister Sheila Finestone announced in a letter that the government "cannot rewrite history" and would not grant financial compensation or redress to groups for past injustices. Instead, the letter confirmed $24 million in financing for a Canadian Race Relations Foundation, an idea raised by the previous Conservative government. |
9599_7 | Still, the CCNC and its supporters continued to raise the issue whenever they could, including a submission to the United Nations Human Rights Commission and eventually undertaking court action against the Crown-in-Council, arguing that the federal Crown should not be profiting from racism and that it had a responsibility under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and international human rights law. In addition, it argued the 1988 apology and compensation for the internment of Japanese Canadians during the Second World War established a precedent for redressing other racially motivated policies.
Legal challenge
In a $1.2 billion legal challenge, an Ontario court declared in 2001 that the Government of Canada had no obligation to redress the head tax levied on Chinese immigrants because the Charter had no retroactive application and the case of internment of Japanese Canadians was not a legal precedent. Two subsequent appeals in 2002 and 2003 were also unsuccessful. |
9599_8 | Following the legal setbacks, community activism continued once again across the country. In 2003, Canadian historian Pierre Berton gave a ceremonial iron railway spike to redress activists who toured the historical icon around the country as part of a "Last Spike Campaign", rebuilding support for a public demand for redress.
When Paul Martin won the leadership of the federal Liberal Party and became prime minister in 2003, there was a sense of urgency in the Chinese Canadian community as it became clear that there were perhaps only a few dozen surviving Chinese Head Tax payers left (they were paid $20,000) maybe a few hundred spouses or widows. Several regional and national events had been organised to revitalize the redress campaign:
Report of the United Nations Rapporteur |
9599_9 | In 2004, Doudou Diène, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, concluded that Canada should redress the head tax to Chinese Canadians in response to a submission by May Chiu, legal counsel to the Chinese Canadian Redress Alliance. In 2005, Gim Wong, an 82-year-old son of two head tax payers and a World War II veteran, conducted a cross-country Ride for Redress on his Harley Davidson motorcycle, where upon his arrival in Ottawa Prime Minister Paul Martin refused to meet him.
Bill C-333 |
9599_10 | On November 17, 2005, a group calling itself the National Congress of Chinese Canadians (NCCC) announced that an agreement had been reached between 11 Chinese-Canadian groups and the federal Cabinet, wherein the Queen-in-Council would pay $12.5 million for the creation of a new non-profit foundation to educate Canadians about anti-Chinese discrimination, with a specific pre-condition that no apology would be expected from any government figure. The NCCC was formed in the early 1990s and negotiated with the mantra "no apology and no individual compensation," so the Liberal government selected them as the representative group to negotiate the deal. The Department of Canadian Heritage's announcement on November 24, 2005 stated that the agreed upon funding would be reduced to $2.5 million. It was later revealed that the Minister for Asia and Pacific affairs, Raymond Chan, who claimed to have negotiated the deal, had purposely misled both the ministers of the Crown and the public. Some of |
9599_11 | the groups named as being party to the agreement stated publicly that their names had been used without permission and several other groups listed did not even exist. Taco Chan stated that "apology is not on" and argued "that to apologize would be tantamount to giving up immunity that has been granted to the government by the court." Don Lee, the co-founder and national director of the NCCC has claimed that his organization had no direct ties to the Liberals; however, Toronto First Radio host Simon Li asked "Why, Mr. Prime Minister, on the eve of a federal election, was so much money given to a single organization that sent out squads of volunteers to campaign for Liberals in Toronto's Chinatown in the last election?" |
9599_12 | The Liberal deal with the NCCC upset the CCNC and its affiliates, as this purported deal had been reached without their input. Other community groups including the B.C. Coalition of Head Tax Payers and the Ontario Coalition of Chinese Head Tax Payers and Families criticized the agreement as well. |
9599_13 | Bill C-333, the Chinese Canadian Recognition and Redress Act, a private member's bill, was tabled in the federal parliament in order to implement the deal in November 2005. While C-333 sought to acknowledge, commemorate and educate about past government wrongdoings, it fell far short of the apology demanded by generations of Chinese Canadians. Furthermore, the clause in C-333 which stated "1.1 The Government of Canada shall undertake negotiations with the NCCC towards an agreement concerning measures that may be taken to recognize the imposition of exclusionary measures on immigrants of Chinese origin from 1885 to 1947" essentially excluded the CCNC, and its representation by proxy of more than 4,000 head tax payers, their spouses and families, from any settlement talks with the government. The Ontario Coalition of Head Tax Payers and Families lobbied the Conservative Party to stop the passage of Bill C-333. The Conservatives exercised a procedural prerogative and switched the order |
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