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9521_28 | Professionals in the psychiatric and psychological communities likely knew there were allegations of abuse and maltreatment at the Orthogenic School. Howard Gardner, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, wrote that many professionals knew of Bettelheim's behavior but did not confront him for various reasons including "fear about Bettelheim's legendary capacity for retribution to the solidarity needed among the guild of healers to a feeling that, on balance, Bettelheim's positive attributes predominated and an unmasking would fuel more malevolent forces."
Autism controversy |
9521_29 | Behavioral psychology and conditions in children and adolescents was little understood in the mid-twentieth century. The concept of "autism" was first used as a term for schizophrenia. In the 1950s into the 1960s what may be understood as autism in children was regularly also referred to as "childhood psychosis and childhood schizophrenia". "Psychogenesis", the theory that childhood disorders had origins in early childhood events or trauma acting on the child from the outside was a prominent theory, and Bettelheim was a prominent proponent of a psychogenic basis for autism. For Bettelheim, the idea that outside forces cause individual behavior issues can be traced back to his earliest prominent article on the psychology of imprisoned persons. Beginning in the 1960s and into the 1970s, "biogenesis", the idea that such conditions had an inner-organic or biological basis overtook psychogenesis. |
9521_30 | Currently, many of Bettelheim's theories in which he attributes autism spectrum conditions to parenting style are considered to be discredited, not least because of the controversies relating to his academic and professional qualifications.
Autism spectrum conditions are now currently regarded as perhaps having multiple forms with a variety of genetic, epigenetic, and brain development causes influenced by such environmental factors as complications during pregnancy, viral infections, and perhaps even air pollution. |
9521_31 | The two biographies by Sutton (1995) and Pollak (1997) awakened interest and focus on Bettelheim's actual methods as distinct from his public persona. Bettelheim's theories on the causes of autism have been largely discredited, and his reporting rates of cure have been questioned, with critics stating that his patients were not actually autistic. In a favorable review of Pollak's biography, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt of The New York Times wrote, "What scanty evidence remains suggests that his patients were not even autistic in the first place."
In 1997 the psychiatrist Peter Kramer wrote, "The Ford Foundation was willing to underwrite innovative treatments for autistic children, so Bettelheim labeled his children autistic. Few actually met the definition of the newly minted syndrome." |
9521_32 | Bettelheim believed that autism did not have an organic basis, but resulted when mothers withheld appropriate affection from their children and failed to make a good connection with them. Bettelheim also blamed absent or weak fathers. One of his most famous books, The Empty Fortress (1967), contains a complex and detailed explanation of this dynamic in psychoanalytical and psychological terms. These views were disputed at the time by mothers of autistic children and by researchers. He derived his thinking from the qualitative investigation of clinical cases. He also related the world of autistic children to conditions in concentration camps. |
9521_33 | It appears that Leo Kanner first came up with the term "refrigerator mother," although Bettelheim did a lot to popularize the term. "Although it now seems beyond comprehension that anyone would believe that autism is caused by deep-seated issues arising in early childhood relationships, virtually every psychiatric condition was attributed to parent-child relationships in the 1940s and 1950s, when Freudian psychoanalytic theory was in its heyday."
In A Good Enough Parent, published in 1987, he had come to the view that children had considerable resilience and that most parents could be "good enough" to help their children make a good start. |
9521_34 | Prior to this, Bettelheim subscribed to and became an early prominent proponent of the "refrigerator mother" theory of autism: the theory that autistic behaviors stem from the emotional frigidity of the children's mothers. He adapted and transformed the Orthogenic School at the University of Chicago as a residential treatment milieu for such children, who he felt would benefit from a "parentectomy". This marked the apex of autism viewed as a disorder of parenting. |
9521_35 | A 2002 book on autism spectrum stated, "At the time, few people knew that Bettelheim had faked his credentials and was using fictional data to support his research." Michael Rutter has observed, "Many people made a mistake in going from a statement which is undoubtedly true—that there is no evidence that autism has been caused by poor parenting—to the statement that it has been disproven. It has not actually been disproven. It has faded away simply because, on the one hand, of a lack of convincing evidence and on the other hand, an awareness that autism was a neurodevelopmental disorder of some kind." |
9521_36 | In a 1997 review of two books on Bettelheim, Molly Finn wrote "I am the mother of an autistic daughter, and have considered Bettelheim a charlatan since The Empty Fortress, his celebrated study of autism, came out in 1967. I have nothing personal against Bettelheim, if it is not personal to resent being compared to a devouring witch, an infanticidal king, and an SS guard in a concentration camp, or to wonder what could be the basis of Bettelheim's statement that 'the precipitating factor in infantile autism is the parent's wish that his child should not exist.'" |
9521_37 | Although Bettelheim foreshadowed the modern interest in the causal influence of genetics in the section Parental Background, he consistently emphasised nurture over nature. For example: "When at last the once totally frozen affects begin to emerge, and a much richer human personality to evolve, then convictions about the psychogenic nature of the disturbance become stronger still."; On Treatability, p. 412. The rates of recovery claimed for the Orthogenic School are set out in Follow-up Data, with a recovery good enough to be considered a 'cure' of 43%., ps. 414–415. |
9521_38 | Subsequently, medical research has provided greater understanding of the biological basis of autism and other illnesses. Scientists such as Bernard Rimland challenged Bettelheim's view of autism by arguing that autism is a neurodevelopmental issue. As late as 2009, the "refrigerator mother" theory retained some prominent supporters, including the prominent Irish psychologist Tony Humphreys. His theory still enjoys widespread support in France.
In his book Unstrange Minds (2007), Roy Richard Grinker wrote:
Jordynn Jack writes that Bettelheim's ideas gained currency and became popular in large part because society already tended to blame a mother first and foremost for her child's difficulties.
Remarks about Jews and the Holocaust |
9521_39 | Bettelheim's experiences during the Holocaust shaped his personal and professional life for years after. His first publication was "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations" derived from his experiences at Dachau and Buchenwald. His later work frequently compared emotionally disturbed childhood to prison or confinement, and according to Sutton, his professional work attempted to operationalize the lessons about human nature he learned during his confinement.
Bettelheim became one of the most prominent defenders of Hannah Arendt's book Eichmann in Jerusalem. He wrote a positive review for The New Republic. This review prompted a letter from a writer, Harry Golden, who alleged that both Bettelheim and Arendt suffered from "an essentially Jewish phenomenon … self-hatred". |
9521_40 | Bettelheim would later speak critically of Jewish people who were killed during the Holocaust. He has been criticized for promoting the myth that Jews went "like sheep to the slaughter" and for blaming Anne Frank and her family for their own deaths due to not owning firearms, fleeing, or hiding more effectively. In an introduction he wrote to an account by Miklos Nyiszli, Bettelheim stated, discussing Frank that "Everybody who recognized the obvious knew that the hardest way to go underground was to do it as a family; that to hide as a family made detection by the SS most likely. The Franks, with their excellent connections among gentile Dutch families should have had an easy time hiding out singly, each with a different family. But instead of planning for this, the main principle of their planning was to continue as much as possible with the kind of family life they were accustomed to." |
9521_41 | Richard Pollak's biography, The Creation of Dr. B, portrays Bettelheim as an anti-Semite even though he was raised in a secular Jewish household, and asserts that Bettelheim criticized in others the same cowardice he himself had displayed in the concentration camps.
Bibliography |
9521_42 | Major works by Bettelheim
1943 "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38: 417–452.
1950 Bettleheim, Bruno and Janowitz, Morris, Dynamics of Prejudice: A Psychological & Sociological Study of Veterans, Harper & Bros.
1950 Love Is Not Enough: The Treatment of Emotionally Disturbed Children, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill.
1954 Symbolic Wounds; Puberty Rites and the Envious Male, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill.
1955 Truants From Life; The Rehabilitation of Emotionally Disturbed Children, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill.
1959 "Joey: A 'Mechanical Boy'", Scientific American, 200, March 1959: 117–126. (About a boy who believes himself to be a robot.)
1960 The Informed Heart: Autonomy in a Mass Age, The Free Press, Glencoe, Ill.
1962 Dialogues with Mothers, The Free Press, Glencoe, Ill.
1967 The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self, The Free Press, New York |
9521_43 | 1969 The Children of the Dream, Macmillan, London & New York (About the raising of children in a kibbutz environment.)
1974 A Home for the Heart, Knopf, New York. (About Bettelheim's Orthogenic School at the University of Chicago for schizophrenic and autistic children.)
1976 The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales, Knopf, New York.
1979 Surviving and Other Essays, Knopf, New York (Includes the essay "The Ignored Lesson of Anne Frank".)
1982 On Learning to Read: The Child's Fascination with Meaning (with Karen Zelan), Knopf, New York
1982 Freud and Man's Soul, Knopf, 1983,
1987 A Good Enough Parent: A Book on Child-Rearing, Knopf, New York
1990 Freud's Vienna and Other Essays, Knopf, New York
1993, Bettelheim, Bruno and Rosenfeld, Alvin A, "The Art of the Obvious" Knopf. |
9521_44 | 1994 Bettelheim, Bruno & Ekstein, Rudolf: "Grenzgänge zwischen den Kulturen. Das letzte Gespräch zwischen Bruno Bettelheim und ". In: Kaufhold, Roland (ed.) (1994): Annäherung an Bruno Bettelheim. Mainz (Grünewald): 49–60. |
9521_45 | Critical reviews of Bettelheim (works and person)
Angres, Ronald: "Who, Really, Was Bruno Bettelheim?", personal essay, Commentary, 90, (4), October 1990: 26–30.
Bernstein, Richard: "Accusations of Abuse Haunt the Legacy of Dr. Bruno Bettelheim", The New York Times, November 4, 1990: "The Week in Review" section.
Dundes, Alan: "Bruno Bettelheim's Uses of Enchantment and Abuses of Scholarship". The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 104, N0. 411. (Winter, 1991): 74–83.
Ekstein, Rudolf (1994): "Mein Freund Bruno (1903–1990). Wie ich mich an ihn erinnere". In: Kaufhold, Roland (ed.) (1994): Annäherung an Bruno Bettelheim. Mainz (Grünewald), S. 87–94.
Eliot, Stephen: Not the Thing I Was: Thirteen Years at Bruno Bettelheim's Orthogenic School, St. Martin's Press, 2003.
Federn, Ernst (1994): "Bruno Bettelheim und das Überleben im Konzentrationslager". In: Kaufhold, Roland (ed.) (1999): Ernst Federn: Versuche zur Psychologie des Terrors. Gießen (Psychosozial-Verlag): 105–108. |
9521_46 | Fisher, David James: Psychoanalytische Kulturkritik und die Seele des Menschen. Essays über Bruno Bettelheim (co-editor: Roland Kaufhold), Gießen (Psychosozial-Verlag)
Fisher, David James: Bettelheim: Living and Dying, Contemporary Psychoanalytic Studies, Amsterdam, New York: Brill/Rodopi, 2008.
Frattaroli, Elio: "Bruno Bettelheim's Unrecognized Contribution to Psychoanalytic Thought", Psychoanalytic Review, 81:379–409, 1994.
Heisig, James W.: "Bruno Bettelheim and the Fairy Tales", Children's Literature, 6, 1977: 93–115.
Kaufhold, Roland (ed.): Pioniere der psychoanalytischen Pädagogik: Bruno Bettelheim, Rudolf Ekstein, Ernst Federn und Siegfried Bernfeld, psychosozial Nr. 53 (1/1993)
Kaufhold, Roland (Ed.): Annäherung an Bruno Bettelheim. Mainz, 1994 (Grünewald)
Kaufhold, Roland (1999): "Falsche Fabeln vom Guru?" Der "Spiegel" und sein Märchen vom bösen Juden Bruno Bettelheim", Behindertenpädagogik, 38. Jhg., Heft 2/1999, S. 160–187. |
9521_47 | Kaufhold, Roland: Bettelheim, Ekstein, Federn: Impulse für die psychoanalytisch-pädagogische Bewegung. Gießen, 2001 (Psychosozial-Verlag).
Kaufhold, Roland/Löffelholz, Michael (Ed.) (2003): "'So können sie nicht leben' – Bruno Bettelheim (1903–1990)". Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie 1-3/2003.
Lyons, Tom W. (1983), The Pelican and After: A Novel about Emotional Disturbance, Richmond, Virginia: Prescott, Durrell, and Company. This is a roman à clef novel in which the author lived at the Orthogenic School for almost twelve years. The novel's head of the institution is a "Dr. V."
Marcus, Paul: Autonomy in the Extreme Situation. Bruno Bettelheim, the Nazi Concentration Camps and the Mass Society, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 1999.
Pollak, Richard: The Creation of Dr. B: A Biography of Bruno Bettelheim, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1997. |
9521_48 | Redford, Roberta Carly (2010) Crazy: My Seven Years At Bruno Bettelheim's Orthogenic School, Trafford Publishing, 364 pages.
Sutton, Nina: Bruno Bettelheim: The Other Side of Madness, Duckworth Press, London, 1995. (Translated from the French by David Sharp in collaboration with the author. Subsequently, published with the title Bruno Bettelheim, a Life and a Legacy.)
Zipes, Jack: "On the Use and Abuse of Folk and Fairy Tales with Children: Bruno Bettelheim's Moralistic Magic Wand", in Zipes, Jack: Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1979.
References
External links
Missing the Message: A Critique of Bettelheim's Analysis of The Jinny and the Fisherman
Reviews of Dr. Roland Kaufhold's Bettelheim, Ekstein, Federn (in German)
Thomas Aichhorn, Essays über Bruno Bettelheim (in German) |
9521_49 | The Edith Buxbaum Journal by Roland Kaufhold
Bruno Bettelheim 1903–1990 Zehan, Karen, Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education, UNESCO, 1993.
Guide to the Richard Pollak Collection of Bruno Bettelheim Research Materials 1863-2006 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center |
9521_50 | 1903 births
1990 deaths
Austrian psychologists
American psychologists
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss
Autism researchers
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Child psychologists
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Fairy tale scholars
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Jewish American social scientists
National Book Award winners
Jewish concentration camp survivors
Writers from Vienna
People involved in scientific misconduct incidents
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in Maryland
University of Chicago faculty
University of Vienna alumni
Writers from Chicago
1990 suicides
20th-century psychologists
20th-century American Jews |
9522_0 | The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) is the official state defense force of Virginia, one of the three components of Virginia's state military along with the Virginia National Guard which includes the Virginia Army National Guard, the Virginia Air National Guard, and the unorganized militia. As of 2019, the VDF has approximately 250 soldiers. The VDF is the descendant of the Virginia State Guard, the Virginia Regiment, and ultimately the Colonial Virginia militia of the Virginia Colony. |
9522_1 | The Virginia Defense Force Command is headquartered at the historic Old City Hall, but drills out of the Waller Armory in Richmond, Virginia. State law allows the command to grow to as many as 7,800 troops to be activated in the VDF when necessary by a call out by the Governor. The VDF is all-volunteer unless activated to "Active Duty" status and augmented by unorganized militia draftees by the Governor of Virginia. The federal government authorizes purely state-level forces under which provides that state forces as a whole may not be called, ordered, or drafted into the armed forces of the United States, thus preserving their separation from the National Guard. However, under the same law, individual members serving in state-level forces are not exempt from service in the armed forces by nature of serving in a state defense force. But, under 32 USC § 109(e) "A person may not become a member of a defense force if he is a member of a reserve component of the armed forces." However, if |
9522_2 | an Officer or Soldier is placed on the retired roll of the Active Army or Reserve components, he or she is eligible, with prior approval from the Governor, to transfer their commission to a military command within that State, and continue to serve at present or higher rank. |
9522_3 | History
In 1607, the Virginia Militia was formed as a part of the English militia system in order to provide an organized defense against attacks and to give the Governor a body of men capable of bringing order during a disaster. The Indian massacre of 1622 took place in the Colony of Virginia, when Chief Opechancanough led the Powhatan Confederacy in a coordinated series of surprise attacks; they killed a total of 347 people, a quarter of the population of the Virginia colony. Soon after in 1623, the Governor, Sir Francis Wyatt, dictated that all men in the Virginia Militia must drill every month on their county court house green. He also appointed officers to lead the Militia for the first time. By 1676, the Virginia Militia had responded to numerous Indian raids and had served during Bacon's Rebellion. |
9522_4 | As the 18th century evolved into a near continuous war between the British and French Empires, and due to wars with Indian tribes and French incursions to the west of the colony, The Virginia Regiment was formed by Governor Dinwiddie in 1754 out of the Virginia Militia. It was the first all professional colonial regiment ever raised in the New World and thus given status of a regular British Army regiment during the Seven Years' War. Its officers were often unpaid volunteers and they would provide a corps to serve as Aides de Camp to the Commanding Generals of the British Army as well as fighting forces. Colonel Joshua Fry was selected as the first commander and George Washington as its Lt. Colonel. Washington became its Colonel in 1755 and established the command at Winchester, Virginia. The regiment was a hybrid and included soldiers of "foote, rangers and mounted" and fought in the southern battles of the French and Indian War. Its colors were retired in 1758 and members were |
9522_5 | returned to the Virginia Militia. |
9522_6 | As the revolutionary spirit spread across the new nation, the House of Burgesses reconstituted the Virginia Regiment and expanded it dramatically. Further, it was determined that the standard Militia unit needed to institutionalize separate mounted troops. In 1776, the State reorganized the Virginia Regiment into ten regiments of infantry called "The Virginia Line", and organized the first mounted infantry unit called the Virginia Light Horse Regiment. Colonel Theodorick Bland, a Virginia Militia officer was tasked to form, out of the Militia, this mounted regiment. In turn, it was commanded by Lt. Colonel Henry Lee III or "Light Horse Harry", father of General Robert E. Lee of the Union and Confederate Armies. |
9522_7 | In the summer of 1776, Bland and Lee organized The Virginia Light Horse regiment. This unit was predominantly led by the aristocracy of Virginia and made up of the wealthy planters and merchants sons. The Virginia Light Horse was by November of that year brought into Continental Army service and was re-designated the 1st Continental Light Dragoons. Troops 1 & 2 were stood up outside of Boston, troops 3 & 4 were stood up in Pennsylvania, and 5th & 6th troops were assigned to the Virginia Regiment/Line as it assumed Federal military duties. Henry Lee, a Virginia militia Captain, was commissioned by Congress in 1776 to form 5th Troop. 5th Troop took over 6th Troop and evolved over the years into Lee's Legion and later into the 2nd Partisan Corps; it was the primary cavalry force in the Southern Campaign and was on active duty until its colors were retired in 1783, again at Winchester, Virginia. |
9522_8 | In 1846, the main county units mustered for service in the Mexican War, but the requirements on the Virginia Regiment did not have them actually deploy west and they were sent back to their homes and colors cased again in 1848. These units formed the nucleus of the Virginia Divisions of the Confederacy in the Civil War; and though little activity took place during the reconstruction period, the Virginia troops again mustered for service in the Spanish–American War. These troops were incorporated in the 2nd U.S. Virginia Volunteer Cavalry and Infantry in 1898/99, but were not deployed and stood down in 1901, except the Fourth Virginia Infantry, Fourth Regiment Volunteers (Norfolk, mustered May 20, 1898) sent from the United States for service in Cuba. |
9522_9 | During World War I, the Virginia State Volunteers (later renamed the Virginia Volunteers) were organized as a state defense force to support civil authorities from 1917 to 1921. The group guarded bridges, waterways, fuel storage areas, and public buildings and facilities during the war years, armed with surplus weapons dating back to 1876.
Due to the possibility of imminent American involvement in World War II, Governor Price ordered the establishment of the Virginia Protective Force on January 2, 1941. The force executed the stateside duties of the National Guard until disbandment in 1947.Various units were activated and deactivated during the 1960s as crowd control units during the protests in Washington, D.C. |
9522_10 | In 1983, a change in the post-Civil War Constitution of Virginia allowed the Commonwealth to permanently re-activate the Virginia Regiment pursuant to federal law under Title 32 Section 109 of the U.S. Code regarding the re-formation of state guard units. It was modernized and brought into line with the standards of the U.S. Army regulation concerning Guard and Reserve forces. The newly reorganized command was established as the Virginia Defense Force, commanded by a Major General, subordinate the Governor of Virginia, and directly assigned to the Adjutant General's forces as an element of the Virginia Department of Military Affairs.
To date, it is one of a few US military units that can claim battle participation for campaigns and wars that took place prior to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. |
9522_11 | The Virginia Regiment (now the VDF) can also claim participation alongside such storied regiments as the 44th and 48th Infantry regiments (now Royal Anglian Regiment), and the Queen's Royal Hussars of the British Army, and the 5th Regiment de Hussards, 2d Regiment de Dragoons, and 12th Cuirassier Regiment (France) of the French Army due to the campaigns of the 18th century.
In March 2020, elements of the Virginia Defense Force were activated to assist in Virginia's COVID-19 response with medical and logistics planning.
Mission
The mission of the VDF is by the Code of Virginia to support the Virginia National Guard at the following times |
9522_12 | Provide for an adequately trained organized reserve militia to assume control of Virginia National Guard facilities and to secure any federal and state property left in place in the event of the mobilization of the Virginia National Guard.
Assist in the mobilization of the Virginia National Guard.
Support the Virginia National Guard in providing family assistance to military dependents within the Commonwealth in the event of the mobilization of the National Guard.
Provide a military force to respond to the call of the Governor in those circumstances described in § 44-75.1.
Membership
Applicants to the VDF must meet the following eligibility requirements in order to obtain membership:
Legal Resident of the United States and the Commonwealth of Virginia
A valid Social Security number
Age 16 to 65 (Minors require written consent of parent or legal guardian.)
Physical ability to perform in any assigned billet
No felony convictions
Good moral character
Uniforms |
9522_13 | Members of the VDF wear an "M81" woodland-camouflaged version of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU). Officers wear the standard "blues" uniform for dress functions, and the regular Army "Mess Dress" for formal functions. The modifications are brass/gold rank, the Virginia state flag and distinctive unit insignia on the chest pocket. The VDF wear OD green name tags with black lettering, as well as subdued division patches like standard Army issue uniforms.
The VDF no longer uses the abbreviation VaDF or State Guard. The command and control is the Department of Military Affairs, Commonwealth of Virginia; or the Virginia Defense Force.
Functionality
The creation of a state defense force by a state is authorized by 32 USC 109 (c).
Title 44-54 of the Virginia Code sets the targeted membership of the Virginia Defense Force at 1,200 members. Activation is by an executive order of the Governor in the event of an emergency; or the President if there is a declaration of a disaster area. |
9522_14 | Title 44–54.12, although providing for the use of armories and other state lands for Defense Force purposes, specifically prohibits members of the Defense Force from training with firearms, without the specific instruction/authorization of the Governor.
The Defense Force is evolving into a Civil Affairs command and will provide training in military related specialties such as communication, infrastructure restoration, public shelters, traffic control, and unarmed security missions. VDF companies and battalions are self-training but conduct annual training as a division every year at Ft. Pickett, Virginia. Many of the VDF members have conducted training with FEMA, NIMS, ICS, the United States Armed Forces, Virginia State Police, as well as meeting the requirements of SGAUS.
During the Iraq War, the VDF was tasked with securing vacated armories, maintaining equipment, and providing support to families of deployed troops. |
9522_15 | The VDF maintains several Shelter Augmentation Liaison Teams (SALT), with each team consisting of three VDF members who serve as liaisons between the Virginia State Police and the Virginia National Guard in the event that the National Guard is deployed to take over shelter management from the police during a stateside emergency. During a deployment, the teams will deploy with the state police, note the practices and procedures put in place, and brief the National Guard on these procedures when the National Guard arrive so as to provide a smooth transition in the change of command.
The Virginia Military Advisory Council is the Defense Force's link to a higher authority and the staff of the Adjutant General of Virginia.
For 2011, the budget passed by the Virginia Legislature allocated to the Virginia Defense Force about $240,000.
Reorganization and Consolidation |
9522_16 | Prior to 2014 the Virginia Defense Force command structure consisted of a single Light infantry division, the George Washington Division, with its headquarters and attached Military Policy Company and Communications Battalion operating out of the Virginia National Guard Headquarters (formerly at the Dove Street Armory in Richmond, Virginia) as command and control overseeing five Regiments, each consisting of two or more companies, representing regions across the Commonwealth. After a major force-wide reorganization by the end of 2013 several units had been dissolved including the Aviation Battalion, Riverine Detachment, and Military Police Battalion. By 2015 the 5th Regiment, based out of Gate City, Virginia, was consolidated into the 4th Regiment as 'C Company' and the 3rd Regiment, based in Winchester, Virginia, was relocated to Richmond as a reserve regiment. As a result of the force-wide reorganization the Virginia Defense Force's headquarters, now termed "Force Headquarters", was |
9522_17 | moved to Waller Depot in Richmond, Virginia. |
9522_18 | On September 29, 2019 the Virginia Defense Force consolidated its remaining four regiments into a single regiment, the 1st Regiment. In a ceremony at Ft. Pickett, the 2nd Regiment in Manassas, the 3rd Regiment (Reserve) in Richmond, and the 4th Regiment in Lynchburg were stood down while the 1st Regiment was stood up as a single consolidated command. According to Brigadier General (VA) Justin P. Carlitti, Commanding General of the VDF, the consolidation was conducted in an effort to improve the unit's agility, morale, and reduce workloads as well as position the VDF as whole for future growth in both its mission and size. |
9522_19 | Units
VDF is designed a force multiplier for the Virginia National Guard. As of 2020 the command structure of the VDF is organized as a single regiment consisting of six line companies located in Fairfax, Warrenton, Winchester, Virginia Beach, Lynchburg, and Cedar Bluff, with each company made of platoons focused on civil support security and communications. Previously known as Force Protection units, civil support security platoons provide capabilities such as traffic management, access control, gate sentry and vehicle searches, and the communications platoons utilize HF radios and tactical communication packages for data and voice messaging as well as incident management.
Current Units (2019 - present)
The major units of the VDF and where they are headquartered are: |
9522_20 | VDF Headquarters: Richmond
1st Regiment
HHC: Richmond, Virginia
A Company: Lynchburg, Virginia
B Company: Warrenton, Virginia
C Company: Winchester, Virginia
D Company: Virginia Beach, Virginia
E Company: Fairfax, Virginia
F Company: Cedar Bluff, Virginia
Communications Battalion: Lynchburg
Former Units |
9522_21 | VDF Aviation Battalion
The Virginia Defense Force maintained an aviation battalion with companies in the Hampton Roads area, Orange, and Danville. The Virginia State Guard organization of World War II also once had a "Flying Corps" of several squadrons, but these were all eventually absorbed into the Virginia Wing Civil Air Patrol (CAP). The VDF's Aviation Battalion maintained fifteen privately owned aircraft, and conducted damage assessment, aerial reconnaissance, and search and rescue missions. The Aviation Battalion assisted the DEA with counter-drug trafficking reconnaissance in rural and remote areas of Virginia. The Aviation Battalion was dissolved in the wake of the VDF's major reorganization in the fall of 2013.
VDF Riverine Detachment
The Virginia Defense Force maintained a riverine detachment which was capable of conducting inland aquatic search and rescue operations as well as transport and security operations. The Riverine Detachment was dissolved in the spring of 2013. |
9522_22 | The RD, as an (unofficial) part of the naval militia of the state, formerly carried the traditions of the Virginia State Navy.
VDF Military Police
The Virginia Defense Force Military Police operated less-than-lethal security missions. The Military Police trained in such subjects as command post security, first responder training, incident management, traffic control, crowd control, riot control, vehicle checkpoints, vehicle and personal searches, military assistance and civil disorders, baton and other skills that were necessary to ensure the safety of the personnel of the VDF and citizens of the Commonwealth. The MP Company, and subsequently MP Battalion, was a Commonwealth of Virginia Law Enforcement agency until its dissolution in a major force-wide reorganization in the fall of 2013, and some of its former personnel have been re-designated as HQ Security and Access Control Teams for their respective regiments. |
9522_23 | VDF 2nd Regiment
The 2nd Regiment, previously headquartered in Manassas was responsible for Northern Virginia with A Company operating in Manassas and Fairfax and B Company operating in Fredericksburg and Bowling Green with a detachment in Warrenton and Culpeper.
VDF 3rd Regiment
Originally the 3rd Regiment's headquarters and A Company were based in Winchester with B Company in Leesburg and C Company in Charlottesville, the previous reorganization left the 3rd Regiment in a Reserve status and relocated to Richmond. It was stood down in a ceremony on September 29, 2019 at Ft. Pickett.
VDF 4th Regiment
The 4th Regiment, headquartered in Lynchburg with three companies garrisoned in Bedford (A Company), Lynchburg (B Company), and Gate City / Pulaski (C Company, remnants of the 5th Regiment) respectively, was stood down in a ceremony at Ft. Pickett on September 29, 2019. |
9522_24 | VDF 5th Regiment
The Virginia Defense Force 5th Regiment, originally based out of Gate City, was de-activated in 2015, and its remaining companies, detachments, personnel, and materials were then absorbed into the 4th Regiment, where its made up the 4th Regiment's Company C.
Legal protection
The Code of Virginia guarantees that members of the Virginia Defense Force who are called to active duty or training are entitled to a leave of absence, and full reemployment rights after their deployment ends. However, members employed out of state or by the Federal government do not enjoy such protections. |
9522_25 | Virginia Defense Force awards
The following ribbons and medals are awarded to members of the Virginia Defense Force:
Life Saving Medal (LSM)
Distinguished Service Ribbon (DSM)
Meritorious Service Medal (MSM)
Commendation Medal (CM)
Military Commendation Certificate Ribbon (MCR)
Active Service Ribbon (ASR)
VDF Service Medal (VDFSR/VSR)
Community Service Ribbon (CSR)
Service Ribbon (SR)
Response Management Staff College Completion Ribbon (obsolete)
Operational Staff, Command, Control & Communications Course Ribbon (OSC3R) (obsolete)
Advanced Leader Course Ribbon (ALCR) (obsolete)
Company Leader Course Ribbon (CLCR) (obsolete)
Noncommissioned Officer Development Ribbon (NCODR)
Recruiting and Retention Ribbon (RRR)
State Guard Association of the United States Longevity Ribbon (SGAUSR)
State Guard Association of the United States Membership Ribbon (SGAUSLR)
VDF Unit Readiness Citation (Dead Eye) |
9522_26 | See also
State Guard Association of the United States
Virginia Military Institute
Virginia National Guard
Virginia Wing Civil Air Patrol
Virginia militia
Virginia Regiment
References
External links
Virginia Defense Force - Official Government Website
Virginia National Guard - Official Government Website
VDF Aviation Battalion (Archive)
2nd Regiment, Multifunctional Response Group C, Culpeper (Archive)
Blackhorse Brigade, 33rd Battalion - Alpha Company, Leesburg (Archive)
Highland Brigade, 34th Battalion, Gate City (Archive)
State defense forces of the United States
Military in Virginia |
9523_0 | Brigadier Sir John George Smyth, 1st Baronet, (24 October 1893 – 26 April 1983), often known as Jackie Smyth, was a British Indian Army officer and a Conservative Member of Parliament. Although a recipient of the Victoria Cross, his military career ended in controversy.
Early life and education
Smyth was born in 1893 in Teignmouth, Devon, the son of William John Smyth (1869–1893), a member of the Indian Civil Service, and Lilian May Clifford. His grandfather was Army officer Henry Smyth, who was the second son of John Henry Smyth (1780–1822), of Heath Hall, Wakefield, Yorkshire, a Whig MP for Cambridge University (1812–1822) and Lady Elizabeth Anne FitzRoy, daughter of George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton. His great-uncle John George Smyth was an MP for the City of York.
Smyth was educated at Dragon School, Repton, and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
Military career |
9523_1 | After passing out from Sandhurst, Smyth was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the unattached list for the British Indian Army on 24 August 1912, and was commissioned into the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs on 5 November 1913. He was promoted to lieutenant on 24 November 1914, three months after the outbreak of the First World War.
He was 21 years old, and a lieutenant in the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, 3rd (Lahore) Division, Indian Army during the First World War, when his actions earned him the Victoria Cross (VC). In June 1915, Smyth was awarded the VC, the United Kingdom's highest award for bravery in combat. The citation for this award, published in the London Gazette read:
As well as Smyth's VC, the Indian Distinguished Service Medal was posthumously awarded to the men killed during this incident. Smyth was also awarded the Russian Order of St. George, Fourth Class, in 1915, and was promoted to captain on 24 August 1916. |
9523_2 | Smyth continued his war service in Egypt and on the North-West Frontier.
Between the wars
In September 1920, when brigade major of the 43rd Indian Brigade, Smyth was awarded the Military Cross (MC) for distinguished service in the field in Waziristan. The citation for this award, published in the London Gazette, read:
In 1923, while serving in India, Smyth played two first-class cricket matches for the Europeans team. |
9523_3 | Returning to England, he attended the Staff College, Camberley from 1923 to 1924, and his fellow students included numerous men who would later achieve high command, including Arthur Percival, Dudley Johnson (a fellow VC recipient), Arthur Wakely, Colville Wemyss, Montagu Stopford, John Halsted, Frederick Pile, Gordon Macready, Roderic Petre, Alastair MacDougall, Edmond Schreiber, Michael Gambier-Parry, Richard Dewing, Leslie Hill, Kenneth Loch, Douglas Pratt, Balfour Hutchison, Robert Pargiter, Robert Stone and Henry Verschoyle-Campbell along with Horace Robertson of the Australian Army and Harry Crerar and Georges Vanier of the Canadian Army. Smyth received a brevet promotion to major on 1 January 1928, receiving the substantive promotion to major on 24 August 1929. By this time, he was a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) with the 3rd Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment, an appointment he vacated on 22 November 1929. An early appointment as the Indian Army instructor at the Staff |
9523_4 | College, Camberley in 1930 further indicated that Smyth's career was on the fast track, borne out by his appointment as a GSO2 at the Staff College on 16 January 1931, with the local rank of lieutenant colonel. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel on 1 July 1933, and relinquished his appointment at the Staff College on 16 January 1934. |
9523_5 | On 16 July 1936, Smyth was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel, an illustration of how rapidly his career had thus far progressed. He managed to persuade General Lord Gort, then the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) and a former instructor at the Staff College in the mid-1920s, as well as being another fellow VC recipient, to give him an undertaking that he would be given a brigade to command in the United Kingdom should hostilities break out.
Second World War
Having managed to engineer leave from India to the United Kingdom in the summer of 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, he called in his debt but was disappointed to be seconded to a United Kingdom-based staff job, as GSO1 of the 2nd London Division, a second-line Territorial Army (TA) formation, then commanded by Major General Harry Willans, which had only recently been formed. |
9523_6 | In February 1940, after further lobbying, Smyth was appointed to command the 127th Infantry Brigade. His brigade major was Charles Phibbs Jones, later to become a full general. The brigade was one of three which formed part of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, another TA formation, then commanded by Major General William Holmes, which from April he led in France as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). After the evacuation from Dunkirk in late May, he continued to command the brigade in Britain until he was summoned to return to India in March 1941. He was promoted to colonel on 23 December 1940. |
9523_7 | After briefly commanding 36th Indian Infantry Brigade in Quetta and a period of sick leave, Smyth took command of 19th Indian Infantry Division as an acting major general in October, but was reassigned to command 17th Indian Infantry Division in December. Controversy surrounds his handling of 17th Indian Division in February 1942, during its retreat across the Sittang River in Burma. It was said that he failed to expedite a strong bridgehead on the enemy's side of the river and was forced, when it came under threat from the Japanese, to order the blowing of the bridge while two-thirds of his division were still on the far side with no other means of crossing the river and therefore dooming them. Seventeen Division were the only formation standing between the Japanese and Rangoon, and this loss therefore led directly to the loss of Rangoon and Lower Burma. The Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Archibald Wavell was furious and sacked Smyth on the spot. |
9523_8 | There is also a degree of controversy about Smyth's behaviour as regards his health in this period. He had not recovered from surgery for an anal fistula, which must have caused him significant, and possibly distracting, discomfort, yet managed to be recommended as fit to stay in command by a medical board presided over by the senior doctor in his own division.
Smyth received no further posts and returned to the United Kingdom to retire with a substantive rank of colonel and honorary rank of brigadier. It took 16 years and revision of the official history before his version of the affair versus that of General Hutton, his corps commander, was clarified. Smyth's book, Milestones, 1979, gives his version in which he relates that he had made representations to General Hutton 10 days previously recommending a withdrawal to the west bank of the Sittang River, thus permitting a strong defence line to be established. His recommendation was refused. |
9523_9 | Postwar career
Smyth went into politics and stood unsuccessfully against Ernest Bevin in Wandsworth Central at the 1945 general election. At the 1950 election, he defeated the sitting Labour MP for Norwood. He was made a baronet 23 January 1956 with the style Sir John George Smyth, VC, MC, 1st Baronet Smyth of Teignmouth in the County of Devon and a privy counsellor in 1962. He retired from Parliament at the 1966 general election; as at 2015 he was the last VC recipient to sit in the Commons. |
9523_10 | Smyth was also an author, a playwright, a journalist and a broadcaster. His two brothers were distinguished soldiers, one of whom also became a brigadier. He married twice: firstly Margaret Dundas on 22 July 1920, later dissolved, with whom he had three sons and a daughter; and then Frances Chambers on 12 April 1940. One of his sons, Captain John Lawrence Smyth of the 1st Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), was killed on 7 May 1944, during the first attack on Jail Hill at the Battle of Kohima.
Smyth was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Imperial War Museum.
One of Brigadier Smyth's uniforms is on display at the armory of the Artillery Company of Newport in Newport, Rhode Island, USA.
Smyth was a cat lover and wrote three books on cats, Beloved Cats (Frederick Muller, 1963), Blue Magnolia (Frederick Muller, 1964) and Ming: The Story of a Cat Family (Frederick Muller, 1966).
Footnotes |
9523_11 | References
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)
VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915 (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)
Bibliography
Leadership in War, 1939–45; Generals in Victory and Defeat
Leadership in battle 1914–1918 : commanders in action
Story of the George Cross
The Game's the Same
Victoria Cross 1856–1964
The Only Enemy
Paradise Island
Trouble in Paradise
Ann Goes Hunting (Max Parrish, 1960)
Beloved Cats (Frederick Muller, 1963)
Blue Magnolia (Frederick Muller, 1964)
The Rebellious Rani (Frederick Muller, 1966)
Ming: The Story of a Cat Family (Frederick Muller, 1966)
External links
Outline of his career
Location of grave and VC medal (Golders Green)
Cricinfo: Brigadier Sir John Smyth
Generals of World War II
|-
|- |
9523_12 | 1893 births
1983 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Indian Army personnel of World War I
Indian Army generals of World War II
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Repton School
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Recipients of the Military Cross
English cricketers
Europeans cricketers
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
People from Teignmouth
British military personnel of the Second Mohmand Campaign
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
British military personnel of the Waziristan Campaign
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Ministers in the third Churchill government, 1951–1955
Ministers in the Eden government, 1955–1957
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley |
9523_13 | Military personnel from Devon
Indian Army personnel of World War II |
9524_0 | Raffi Ahmad is an Indonesian presenter, actor, and singer. He has been cast in a number of soap operas, television movies, and feature films. He is also involved in advertising and as a host. He has received many awards, including 2 Dahsyatnya Awards, 2 Global Seru Awards, 2 Infotainment Awards, 7 Insert Awards, 2 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards, 6 Panasonic Awards, 1 SCTV Awards, and 2 Yahoo! OMG Awards. This is list awards was received by Raffi.
Ada-Ada Aja Awards
The Ada-Ada Aja Awards are an awards ceremony were presented by Global TV and program Ada-Ada Aja for celebrities whose had to be guest star in the Global TV' reality show. Raffi has received one award.
!
|-
| 2016
| Raffi Ahmad
| Most Busiest Artist
|
|
|- |
9524_1 | Anugerah Musik Indonesia
The Anugerah Musik Indonesia (English translation: Indonesian Music Awards), is an annual Indonesian major music awards. They have been compared to the American Grammy Awards and British Brit Awards. The award was formalized in 1997 by ASIRI (Association of Indonesia Recording Industry), PAPPRI (Association of Indonesian Singers, Songwriters and Music Record Producers), and KCI (Copyright Office of Indonesia). It is the highest music awards given to outstanding artists in Indonesia.
!
|-
| 2011
| "50 Tahun Lagi" (feat. Yuni Shara)
| Best Collaboration Production Work
|
|
|-
Bintang RPTI Awards
!
|-
| 2011
| rowspan= "6" | Raffi Ahmad
| rowspan= "3" | Favorite Presenter
|
|
|-
| 2012
|
|
|-
| 2013
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2014
| Favorite Male Presenter
|
|
|-
| Favorite Star Advertisement
|
|
|-
| Celebrity Top Rating of the Year
|
|
|- |
9524_2 | Bright Awards
The Bright Awards is an giving awards to creative people the world of advertising the country on television advertising are considered the most communicative. This awards show has teamed up with MNC Media and Unity of Indonesian Advertising Companies. Raffi has received four awards.
!
|-
| rowspan= "4" | 2016
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| Favorite Male Star Advertisement
|
| rowspan= "4" |
|-
| The Brightest Star
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Favorite Star Advertisement Couple
|
|-
| Star Advertisement Couple (based on a survey of television viewers)
|
|-
Dahsyatnya Awards
First established in 2009, the Dahsyatnya Awards are an annual awards presented by the daily Indonesian TV show Dahsyat, to honour for musician who to be outstanding in music and entertainment. Raffi was received two awards from 10 nominations. |
9524_3 | !
|-
| 2011
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Yuni Shara
| rowspan= "2" | Outstanding Duo/Group Singer
|
|
|-
| 2012
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "4" | 2014
| Raffi Ahmad & Mikha Tambayong
| rowspan= "3" | Outstanding Couple
|
| rowspan= "4" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Syahrini
|
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
|
|-
| When Raffi Ahmad Back
| Outstanding Moment
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2015
| Raffi Pursuit of Love to Nagita
| Outstanding Moment
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad's Birthday
| Outstanding Birthday
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| rowspan= "2" | Outstanding Couple
|
|-
| 2016
|
|
|-
Fokus Selebriti Awards
!
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2014
| Raffi Ahmad
| Focused Male Celebrity
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad (with Yuni Shara and Wanda Hamidah)
| rowspan= "2" | Hottest News
|
|-
| 2015
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
|
|
|- |
9524_4 | Global Seru Awards
The Global Seru Awards are awarded to celebrities who have caught the attention of the public through interesting or exciting accomplishments. Raffi was received two awards.
!
|-
| 2014
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| rowspan= "2" | Most Exciting Presenter
|
|
|-
| 2015
|
|
|-
Inbox Awards
The Inbox Awards are an awards ceremony were presented by Indonesian TV program Inbox and SCTV for appreciated for talent in music and entertainment. It is first launched in 2008.
!
|-
| 2011
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Yuni Shara
| rowspan= "2" | Most Inbox Couple
|
|
|-
| 2012
|
|
|-
Indonesian Social Media Awards
First established on 2016, the Indonesian Social Media Awards are an awards were presented by SCTV to honour for celebrity in social media, which recognized for most exist and favorite. Raffi has received one award from 2 nominations. |
9524_5 | !
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2016
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| Male Celeb Facebook
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Male Celeb Twitter
|
|-
Indonesian Television Awards
The Indonesian Television Awards are an awards were given to talent for appreciated of motivation and innovation in entertainment and program television, based on social media voting. Raffi has received three awards.
!
|-
| 2016
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| rowspan= "2" | Most Popular Presenter
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2017
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Denny Cagur
| Most Popular Duet Presenter
|
|-
| 2018
| rowspan= "1" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| rowspan= "1" | The Most Popular Couple of TV Programs
|
|
|-
Infotainment Awards
The Infotainment Awards is an award presented by SCTV since 2012. Raffi has received two awards from 7 nominations. |
9524_6 | !
|-
| 2012
| Raffi Ahmad & Yuni Shara
| Most Infotainment Celebrity Couple
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2015
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Most Romantic Celebrity Couple
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Most Phenomenal Celebrity Wedding
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| Celebrity of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2016
| Gorgeous Dad
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Most Romantic Celebrity Couple
|
|-
| 2017
| Raffi Ahmad
| Gorgeous Dad
|
|
|-
Insert Awards
!
|-
| 2010
| Raffi Ahmad & Yuni Shara
| Best Celebrity Couple
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2013
| Raffi Ahmad
| Celebrity of the Decade
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad Arrested
| rowspan= "2" | The Hottest Celebrity News
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2014
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina Marriage
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad
| The Iconic Celebrity
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Celebrity Couple of the Year
|
|-
| 2015
| VIP of the Year
|
|
|-
Instagram Awards |
9524_7 | !
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2017
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Most Interaction Award
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Top 5 Most Followers
|
|-
JawaPos.com Readers Choice Awards
The JawaPos.com Readers Choice Awards was an online awards have first established in 2017 by newspaper Jawa Pos, to honour for public figure in music, film and entertainment.
!
|-
| 2017
| Raffi Ahmad
| Favorite Host
|
|
|-
Mom & Kids Awards
Introduced on 2015, the Mom & Kids Awards are an awards to honour for artist in music and entertainment as inspiration to mother and kids. Raffi was received two awards from 6 nominations.
!
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2016
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| Favorite Host
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Favorite Daddy
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| rowspan= "2" | Favorite Family
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2017
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad
| Favorite Daddy
|
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Rafathar
| Favorite Daddy & Kids
|
|- |
9524_8 | MTV Indonesia Movie Awards
The MTV Indonesia Movie Awards is an awards show in Indonesia, which was established in 1995. The show is based on the United States movie awards, MTV Movie Awards, and celebrates local films and actors.
!
|-
| 2007
| Love is Cinta
| Most Favorite Actor
|
|
|-
Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards
The Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards is Indonesian version of Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, held since 2008 in Jakarta. Raffi was received three awards from 13 nominations. |
9524_9 | !
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2008
| rowspan= "10" | Raffi Ahmad
| Favorite Actor
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Indonesian Star Wannabe Award
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2009
| Favorite Actor
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Favorite Presenter
|
|-
| Indonesian Star Wannabe Award
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2010
| Favorite Actor
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Favorite Presenter
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2011
| Favorite Actor
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Favorite Presenter
|
|-
| 2015
| Favorite Host
|
|
|-
| 2016
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Favorite Television Couple
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2017
| Favorite Family Artist
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad
| Favorite Presenter
|
|-
Obsesi Awards
!
|-
| 2016
| Raffi Ahmad
| Most Exist Celebrity
|
|
|- |
9524_10 | Panasonic Awards
The Panasonic Awards is an award presented to television programs and individuals, based on poll results. The poll was originally conducted by the Indonesian tabloid Citra, but was taken over by Nielsen Media Research in 2004. Raffi was received seven awards from 11 nominations.
!
|-
| 2007
| Olivia
| Favorite Actor
|
|
|-
| 2009
| rowspan= "5" | Dahsyat
| rowspan= "5" | Favorite Music/Variety Show Presenter
|
|
|-
| 2010
|
|
|-
| 2011
|
|
|-
| 2012
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2013
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Kata Hati
| Favorite Entertainment Talkshow Presenter
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2014
| Putri Nomor 1
| Favorite Actor
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| rowspan= "4" | Dahsyat
| Favorite Entertainment Program Presenter
|
|-
| 2015
| Favorite Music/Variety Show & Entertainment Program Host
|
|
|-
| 2016
| Favorite Entertainment Program Presenter
|
|
|-
| 2017
| Favorite Music/Variety Show/Search Talent & Reality Show Program Presenter
|
|
|- |
9524_11 | Pop Awards
The Pop Awards is an awards for celebrities which pervasive inspire the younger generation. The show was first held in 2016, which aired on RCTI. Raffi has received two awards.
!
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2016
| Raffi Ahmad & Irwansyah
| Best Friend Pop Awards
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Syahnaz Sadiqah
| Family Pop Awards
|
|-
Rumpi Awards
!
|-
| 2016
| Happy Show
| Excessive Host
|
|
|-
SCTV Awards
The SCTV Awards are an annual awards were presented by the Indonesian television station SCTV for talent who recognized of appreciated in music and entertainment, based on audience votes. Raffi has received one award from 2 nominations.
!
|-
| 2006
| Jurangan Jengkol
| rowspan= "2" | Famous Actor
|
|
|-
| 2007
| Romantika Remaja
|
|
|-
Seleb On News Awards
The Seleb On News Awards are an awards ceremony for the celebrities which to be part from the same program show on MNCTV. Raffi has received three awards from 5 nominations. |
9524_12 | !
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2016
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Most Wanted Celeb
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| rowspan= "3" | Raffi Ahmad
| Most Social Media Celeb
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2017
| Favorite Host
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Most Coolest Dad
|
|-
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Most Social Media Celeb
|
|-
Selebrita Awards
The Selebrita Awards are awarded for celebrity who had appreciated in entertainment, based on voted by fans in websites. Raffi has received two awards from 8 nominations.
!
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2015
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Most Celeb Couple
|
| rowspan= "2" |
|-
| rowspan= "3" | Raffi Ahmad
| rowspan= "2" | Most Exist Celeb
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2016
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Sensational Celeb
|
|-
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| rowspan= "2" | Most Celeb Couple
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2017
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| Raffi Ahmad
| Most Exist Celeb
|
|-
| Dahsyat
| Most Celeb Male Presenter
|
|- |
9524_13 | Silet Awards
The Silet Awards are an awards ceremony were established in 2014 and presented by infotainment Silet, to be awarded to the celebrity who had become popular in entertainment. Raffi was received two awards.
!
|-
| 2014
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Razored Romance
|
|
|-
| 2017
| RANS
| Razored Family
|
|
|-
Socmed Awards
The Socmed Awards is an awards to celebrities and public figures who dominated the popularity of various social media platforms, such as Twitter, Instagram, Blogs, and YouTube. Raffi was received one award.
!
|-
| 2016
| Raffi Ahmad
| Celeb Twit Male
|
|
|-
Yahoo OMG! Awards
Launched in 2012 by Yahoo! Indonesia, the Yahoo! OMG Awards are awarded to honour for celebrity in entertainment, based on online voting in the website. Raffi was received two awards from 5 nominations. |
9524_14 | !
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2012
| Raffi Ahmad & Yuni Shara
| Favorite Couple
|
|
|-
| rowspan= "3" | Raffi Ahmad
| Most Wanted Male
|
| rowspan= "3" |
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2013
| Most Talked About
|
|-
| Controversial Celeb Criminal Case
|
|-
| 2014
| Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Favorite Couple
|
|
|-
YKS Romantic Awards
The YKS Romantic Awards is an awards show presented by Yuk Keep Smile, a TV show which is broadcast on Trans TV. The awards show is held on February 14 every year to coincide with Valentine Day. Raffi has received one award from 3 nominations.
!
|-
| rowspan= "3" | 2014
| rowspan= "3" | Raffi Ahmad
| Most Shocked Appearance
|
|
|-
| Most Surprised Artist
|
|
|-
| Most Lulled Artist
|
|
|-
YouTube Awards
!
|-
| 2017
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina
| Rans Entertainment Channel Passing 100 000 Subscribers - Silver Play Button
|
|
|-
| 2018
| Rans Entertainment Channel Passing 1 000 000 Subscribers - Gold Play Button
|
|
|- |
9524_15 | Honor Awards, Magazine, Newspaper
Bintang Magazine
!
|-
| 2011
| rowspan= "2" | Raffi Ahmad
| Most Shining Star
|
|
|-
| 2012
| Richest Young Celebrity
|
|
|-
Intens (Entertainment Program of RCTI)
!
|-
| 2012
| Raffi Ahmad
| Most Inspirations Artist
|
|
|-
Silet (Entertainment Program of RCTI)
!
|-
| 2013
| Raffi Ahmad
| Razored Artist
|
|
|-
References
Ahmad
Ahmad |
9525_0 | The Wiccan Rede is a statement that provides the key moral system in the neopagan religion of Wicca and certain other related witchcraft-based faiths. A common form of the Rede is An ye harm none, do what ye will which was taken from a longer poem also titled the Wiccan Rede.
The word "rede" derives from Middle English, meaning "advice" or "counsel", and being closely related to the German or Scandinavian . "An'" is an archaic Middle English conjunction, meaning "if." "Ye" is an archaic or dialectal form of "you" (nominative plural). |
9525_1 | History
In its best known form as the "eight words" couplet, the Rede was first publicly recorded in a 1964 speech by Doreen Valiente. Other variants of the Rede include:
Eight words the Wiccan Rede fulfill, An it harm none do what ye will. Note: this is the first published form of the couplet, quoted from Doreen Valiente in 1964. Later published versions include "ye" instead of "it" (as the second word, following 'An'): "Eight words the Wiccan Rede fulfill – An 'ye' harm none, do what ye will" (Earth Religion News, 1974); "wilt" rather than "will": "Eight words Wiccan Rede fulfill – An' it harm none, do what ye wilt" (Green Egg, 1975); "thou" instead of "ye" or "you", or "as" in place of "what", or any combination, e.g. "...An' (it/ye/you) harm none, do (as/what) (ye/thou/you) (wilt/will)":
An it harm none, do what thou wilt
An it harm none, do as thou wilt
That it harm none, do as thou wilt
Do what you will, so long as it harms none |
9525_2 | A similar phrase, Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law, appears in Aleister Crowley's works by 1904, in The Book of the Law (though as used by Crowley it is half of a statement and response, the response being "Love is the law, love under will"). According to B.A. Robinson of the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, Crowley adopted this line from François Rabelais, who in 1534 wrote, "DO AS THOU WILT because men that are free, of gentle birth, well bred and at home in civilized company possess a natural instinct that inclines them to virtue and saves them from vice. This instinct they name their honor". |
9525_3 | King Pausole, a character in Pierre Louÿs' Les aventures du roi Pausole (The Adventures of King Pausole, published in 1901), issued a similar pair of edicts: I. — Ne nuis pas à ton voisin. II. — Ceci bien compris, fais ce qu'il te plaît. ("Do not harm your neighbor; this being well understood, do that which pleases you.") Although Gardner noted the similarity of the rede to King Pausole's words, Silver Ravenwolf believes it is more directly referencing Crowley. Another notable antecedent was put forth by the philosopher John Stuart Mill with his harm principle in the 19th century. "Mill argues that the sole purpose of law should be to stop people from harming others and that should people want to participate in victimless crimes, crimes with no complaining witness, such as gambling, drug usage, engaging in prostitution, then they should not be encroached in doing so." In addition, the first part of the phrase is strikingly similar to the Latin maxim primum non nocere (first do no |
9525_4 | harm). |
9525_5 | The Long Rede
In 1974 a complete twenty-six line poem entitled "The Wiccan Rede" was published in the neopagan magazine Earth Religion News. Each line contained a rhymed couplet laid out as a single line, the last line being the familiar "short rede" couplet beginning "Eight words...".
This poem was shortly followed by another, slightly different, version, entitled the "Rede of the Wiccae", which was published in Green Egg magazine by Lady Gwen Thompson. She ascribed it to her grandmother Adriana Porter, and claimed that the earlier published text was distorted from "its original form". The poem has since been very widely circulated and has appeared in other versions and layouts, with additional or variant passages. It is commonly known as the "Long Rede". |
9525_6 | Although Thompson wrote that this version of the Rede was in its original form, this declaration is disputed for several reasons, but primarily as the language of the poem refers to Wiccan concepts that are not known to have existed in her grandmother's lifetime. It is sometime ascribed to Thompson herself. Mathiesen and Theitic concluded that 18 to 20 of the verses are lore which would be common to the area of rural 17th to 19th century New England and compiled by the hand of someone who would have been born no later that the late 19th century, and that at least six of the verses which are deemed "The Wiccan Verses" were compiled and added by a second and later hand. Since Thompson was dispensing these 26 as a whole from around 1969 it is a reasonable assumption that hers was that second hand. Another claim is that it is adapted from a speech given by Doreen Valiente at a dinner sponsored by the Witchcraft Research Association and mentioned in volume one (1964) of the Pentagram, a |
9525_7 | United Kingdom pagan newsletter then being published. Valiente did publish a poem The Witches Creed in her 1978 book, "Witchcraft for Tomorrow", which contains some similar concepts. |
9525_8 | Dating the Rede
According to Don Frew, Valiente composed the couplet, following Gardner's statement that witches "are inclined to the morality of the legendary Good King Pausol, 'Do what you like so long as you harm none'"; he claims the common assumption that the Rede was copied from Crowley is misinformed, and has resulted in the words often being misquoted as "an it harm none, do what thou wilt" instead of "do what you will".
Thompson's attribution of the Long Rede to her grandmother has been disputed, since Adriana Porter died in 1946, well before Gerald Gardner published The Old Laws, and no evidence for Porter's authorship exists other than Thompson's word. The poem refers to Wiccan concepts that, though ostensibly very old, have not been proven to pre-date the 1940s. Its attribution to Porter may have formed part of Thompson's claim to be an hereditary witch. Its precise origin has yet to be determined. |
9525_9 | Adrian Bott, in an article written in White Dragon magazine, 2003, argues that the Long Rede's creation can be placed somewhere between 1964 and 1975. Bott bases his argument on the alleged misuse of archaic English in the poem, in particular of " an' " as an abbreviation of "and", and of "ye" instead of "the". Bott states that the author of the poem was evidently unaware that this contraction of "and" is not an archaic, but a modern convention. According to Bott, in the "eight words" couplet originally cited by Valiente, "an'" is used correctly, in the Middle English sense of " 'in the event that', or simply 'if' " (as in the Shakespearean "an hadst thou not come to my bed") and thus has no apostrophe. In the poem, this has been transformed into an abbreviated "and" and given an apostrophe, with every "and" in the poem's additional lines then being written " an' " as if to match. Accordingly, Bott concludes that the poem was an attempt to expand Valiente's couplet into a full Wiccan |
9525_10 | credo, written by someone who misunderstood the archaic language they attempted to imitate. Robert Mathiesen repeats Bott's objection to "ye", but argues that most other archaisms are used correctly. However, he states that they all derive from late 19th century revivalist usages. Based on this fact Mathiesen concludes that early twentieth century authorship of at least part of the poem is probable. He argues that its references to English folklore are consistent with Porter's family history. His provisional conclusion is that a folkloric form of the poem may have been written by Porter, but that it was supplemented and altered by Thompson to add specifically Wiccan material. Mathiessen also takes the view that the last line was probably a Thompson addition derived from Valiente. According to this account, the 1974 variant of the text, which was published by one of Thompson's former initiates, may represent one of the earlier drafts. Its publication prompted Thompson to publish what |
9525_11 | she – falsely, according to Mathiessen – claimed was Porter's "original" poem. |
9525_12 | Interpretations of the Rede
The Rede is similar to a consequentialist formulation of the Golden Rule, a belief that is found in nearly every religion. Not all traditional Wiccans follow the Rede; some Gardnerians (a sect under Wicca) espouse the Charge of the Goddess as a guide for morality. Its line "Keep pure your highest ideal, strive ever towards it; let naught stop you or turn you aside, for mine is the secret door which opens upon the door of youth" is used as a maxim for ethical dilemmas. |
9525_13 | There is some debate in the neopagan and Wiccan communities as to the meaning of the Rede. The debate centres on the concept of the Rede being advice, not a commandment. The rejection of specific exhortations and prohibitions of conduct such as those given in the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments and emphasis on the consequences of one's actions makes the Rede's character somewhat different from major religious texts such as the Bible or the Qur'an. The Rede is only a guideline which the individual must interpret to fit each particular situation and unlike most religions, which actions "do harm" (and which do not) are not discussed in the Rede. What exactly does and does not do harm is therefore open to personal interpretation. |
9525_14 | The concept of ethical reciprocity is not explicitly stated, but most Wiccans interpret the Rede to imply the Golden Rule in the belief that the spirit of the Rede is to actively do good for one's fellow humans as well as for oneself. Different sects of Wiccans read "none" differently. "None" can apply to only the self, or it may include animals and/or plants, and so forth. In essence, the Rede can be fully understood as meaning that one should always follow their true will instead of trying to obtain simple wants and to ensure that following one's will does not harm anyone or anything. In this light, the Rede can be seen as encouraging a Wiccan to take personal responsibility for their actions.
See also
Rule of Three (Wiccan)
Thelema
Utilitarianism
Wiccan morality
Notes
External links |
9525_15 | David Piper: Wiccan Ethics and the Wiccan Rede
The Wiccan Rede: A Historical Journey
The Wiccan Rede and the Three Fold Law
The Wiccan Rede: The Wiccan rule of behaviour
The Roots of the Rede
Wicca-Pagan Potpourri: Gwen Thompson's article containing The Rede of the Wiccae
Ethical principles
Religious ethics
Rede, Wiccan
Wiccan terminology |
9526_0 | I Saw It: The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima: A Survivor's True Story, titled in Japanese, is a one-shot manga by Keiji Nakazawa that first appeared in 1972 as a 48-page feature in the magazine Monthly Shōnen Jump. The story was later published in a collection of Nakazawa's short stories by Holp Shuppan. I Saw It is an autobiographical piece following the life of Nakazawa from his youngest days in post-war Hiroshima, up until his adulthood. I Saw It became the predecessor for Nakazawa's popular manga series Barefoot Gen.
The volume was released in North American in a colorized English translated volume by Educomics under the title I Saw It: The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima: A Survivor's True Story in 1982. |
9526_1 | Plot |
9526_2 | In 1945, elementary student Keiji Nakazawa's mother wakes him up during an air raid and they rush into a wet shelter. Hungry and with there being little food, Keiji would steal and eat raw rice from storage bins. To earn money, the family painted wooden clogs. His father also did traditional Japanese paintings and his brother Yasuto welded the hulls of ships at the Kure Shipyard. Keiji's brother, Shoji, left during a group evacuation, keeping in touch through letters. On August 6, 1945, on his way to school, Keiji saw a B-29 flying overhead. At 8:15 am, it dropped an atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, on Hiroshima. Keiji was knocked unconscious. The schoolyard wall had blocked most of the flames from the blast, though his cheek was impaled by a nail in a wooden board. Keiji returned to his home to learn that his mother, who had recently given birth to a baby girl, was waiting for him by the tracks on Yamaguchi Street. The rest of his family, except Yasuto, had just died. Their house |
9526_3 | had collapsed in the blast, and the father and children were trapped under the wreckage. Meanwhile, a fire had started elsewhere, but quickly spread from house to house, so the father and children were burned alive while pinned down, and while the mother listened to their screams. Later on, Keiji and Yasuto went back to their home to dig up their family's bodies. |
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