chunk_id
stringlengths 3
8
| chunk
stringlengths 1
1k
|
|---|---|
162_1 | ADFA is located in the suburb of Campbell, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, near the Australian Government district of Russell. It is situated next to Mount Pleasant, which gives some parts of ADFA a view over the rest of Canberra. ADFA is also adjacent to the Australian Army military academy, the Royal Military College, Duntroon.
Junior officers who attend the Australian Defence Force Academy hold the rank of Midshipman (MIDN) in the Royal Australian Navy, Officer Cadet (OCDT) in the Australian Army or Officer Cadet (OFFCDT) in the Royal Australian Air Force.
History
Establishment
After World War II, each of the three Armed Services adopted, as policy, that the educational standards should be raised for officers in training. |
162_2 | In 1967 an agreement was reached between the Department of Defence and the University of New South Wales, under which they would co-operate to develop the Royal Military College (RMC) into a degree-level institution. To that end, the University established the Faculty of Military Studies at RMC to conduct courses leading to the award of the University's degrees in arts, science and engineering.
Also in 1967, the University of New South Wales entered into an association with the RAN College enabling it to present approved courses. Subsequently, first year courses for certain University programs in arts, science and engineering were introduced. Successful cadets were sponsored by the Navy to complete bachelor's degrees on the University's campus. |
162_3 | Concurrent with the developments at the RAN College and RMC, from 1967 to 1970, Sir Leslie H. Martin chaired the Commonwealth Government's Tertiary Education (Services' Cadet Colleges) Committee into the feasibility of setting up a college for the joint education of officer cadets of the three Armed Services. |
162_4 | Investigations on a wider scale followed with the result that in 1974 the Commonwealth Government announced its intention of establishing a single tertiary institution for the Defence Force. In 1977 the government formally established the Australian Defence Force Academy as a Joint Service Unit under Section 32c of the Defence Act 1903. The Chief of the Defence Force, Air Chief Marshal Sir Neville McNamara, simultaneously announced the appointment of Rear Admiral Peter Sinclair, Royal Australian Navy as the Commandant. Construction began on the site in 1981. In February 1984 the University of New South Wales announced the appointment of Professor G.V.H. Wilson as Rector of the University College. In September 1985 the Interim Academy Council ceased its functions and the Australian Defence Force Academy Council held its inaugural meeting under the Chairmanship of Sir Edward Woodward. |
162_5 | In 1986 ADFA opened and began providing military and tertiary academic education for Midshipmen and Officer Cadets. In late 2003 the Australian Department of Defence entered into another agreement with the University of New South Wales for the operation of University College at ADFA.
In 2015 a $98 million redevelopment was completed. |
162_6 | Criticism, review and reform of ADFA
Over its history ADFA has been criticised for its cost of operation and for instances of cadet misbehaviour – bastardisation. In 1998, the Director of the Defence Equity Organisation, Bronwen Grey, led a review into the policies and practices to deal with sexual harassment and sexual offences at ADFA. This review – commonly referred to as the Grey Review – led to fundamental structural and cultural changes at ADFA. These included the abolition of a cadet rank hierarchy and the introduction of improved training in equity and diversity for cadets and staff. Notwithstanding these improvements, the national publicity associated with the review caused considerable damage to the Academy's reputation. |
162_7 | In July 2006, LCDR Robyn Fahy – the first woman to graduate from ADFA and the dux of her year – was awarded an undisclosed amount in compensation for abuses suffered during her service in the ADF, including instances of physical and verbal abuse suffered at ADFA. ADFA attracted further criticism from the Canberra gay and lesbian community after its commandant issued an order preventing Academy personnel from frequenting the Cube nightclub – a gay and lesbian venue. The order was in response to then recent violence at the club, in which a patron was stabbed. The ban has since been lifted. |
162_8 | In April 2011, it was alleged a male cadet used Skype to stream video of consensual sex with a female cadet to several other cadets at ADFA. The allegation achieved national media attention, and is the subject of current civil charges in the ACT courts. Aside from this court action, the incident triggered several other inquiries, investigations and reviews into ADFA. These included an inquiry led by Mr Andrew Kirkham QC into ADFA's management of the incident, and a review led by Elizabeth Broderick Sex Discrimination Commissioner, into the treatment of women at ADFA. The Broderick Review found that ADFA was a greatly improved institution since the 1990s, and that the extreme cultural concerns identified by Bronwen Grey in 1998 were no longer apparent. Notwithstanding, the Broderick Review found there were still structural and cultural deficiencies at ADFA which contributed to widespread, low-level sexual harassment. This review has led to a second tranche of major reform at ADFA, |
162_9 | which is still underway. |
162_10 | In November 2014 the Australian Government's Defence Abuse Response Taskforce recommended that a royal commission be conducted to consider all allegations of abuse at ADFA since its establishment in 1986.
Open day
ADFA has a yearly open day with displays of military hardware, demonstrations and flypasts. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 the physical open day was replaced by an on-line event. The 2021 open day is scheduled for 21 August.
Commandants
The following officers served as commandants of the academy: |
162_11 | Rear Admiral Peter Sinclair (1984–1986)
Major General Peter Day (1986–1990)
Air Vice Marshal Richard Bomball (1990–1993)
Rear Admiral Anthony Carwardine (1993–1995)
Major General Frank Hickling (1995–1996)
Air Vice Marshal Gary Beck (1996–1997)
Commodore Brian Adams (1998–2000)
Air Commodore Julie Hammer (2001–2003)
Commodore James Goldrick (2003–2006)
Brigadier Brian Dawson (2007)
Brigadier Wayne Goodman (2008–2009)
Air Commodore Margaret Staib (2009)
Commodore Bruce Kafer (2009–2013)
Air Commodore Alan Clements (2013–2016)
Brigadier Cheryl Pearce (2017–2018)
Commodore Peter Leavy (2019–2021)
Air Commodore Jules Adams (2022-[...])
Academic education
Awards
ADFA's academic education is run by the University of New South Wales, and it offers awards at the Diploma, Associate Diploma, Bachelor's Degree, Master's Degree, and Doctorate levels. |
162_12 | Under its agreement with the Department of Defence, the University of New South Wales (UNSW) provides Midshipmen (RAN) and Officer Cadets (ARA and RAAF) with a tertiary education at its University College campus (UNSW@ADFA), which is located on the Academy grounds.
Midshipmen, Officer Cadets and civilians undertake three- and four-year undergraduate degrees at ADFA. Currently, undergraduate degrees include:
Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Science
Bachelor of Business
Bachelor of Computing and Cyber Security
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Aeronautical, Civil, Electrical, Mechanical and Naval Architecture)
Bachelor of Technology (Aeronautical and Aviation) |
162_13 | However, those who do well academically and militarily have the possibility to return to ADFA for one year in order to do honours, as long as their respective services authorise further training. In addition to honours in Engineering, UNSW@ADFA offers honours in:
Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Business
Bachelor of Science
Bachelor of Information Technology
Post-graduate studies are provided to civilians, senior members of the ADF and senior public servants. Increasingly, distance-education units are being offered for service members not based in Canberra.
Entrance requirements
The UNSW and ADF have invested considerable effort in maintaining a high standard of academic performance. "83 per cent of the more than 600 students enrolled in the three-year course had tertiary entrance scores higher than 80 per cent, placing them among the nation's best academic performers". |
162_14 | Student performance
"ADFA's GTS – Good Teaching Scale – is 54, and nearly triple the Group of Eight median of 20.53. It's SPR – Student Progress Rate, which calculates the ratio of the load passed to total course load – is 93.7, compared with the Go8 median of 88. Its OSI – Overall Satisfaction Index – is 72, [compared to] the Go8 median of 39.1."
Military training |
162_15 | Year One Familiarisation Training (YOFT)
On arrival at ADFA, new Officer Cadets undertake a five-week phase of training known as Year One Familiarisation Training (YOFT). Midshipmen join the Officer Cadets approximately two weeks into this training, as they have already received some basic military training as part of their first year in the Navy. Year One Familiarisation Training encompasses weapon training, physical training, first aid, drill and academic enrollments. The training culminates with the return of second and third year cadets to ADFA, and the conduct of the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) Parade in late February/early March. |
162_16 | Joint Military Education Training (JMET)
During academic sessions, ADFA provides basic military training to Midshipmen and Officer Cadets through the Joint Military Education Training (JMET) program. The JMET program encompasses physical training (PT), leadership and management studies, equity and diversity (E&D), military history, defence studies, drill and ceremonial, the military communication program (MCP), first aid, military law, field craft and weapons training. |
162_17 | Single Service Training (SST)
At the end of each academic session, Midshipmen and Officer Cadets move to their respective single service colleges for Single Service Training (SST). Such training prepares them to be officers in the ADF. Army Officer Cadets continue this training for another 12 months after leaving ADFA at the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC-D), to later be commissioned as Lieutenants. Most Officer Cadets and Midshipmen undertake six SST periods over a three-year period. However, Midshipmen have already completed 12 months of training in the Navy so they may not be required to train in these periods. |
162_18 | Academy life
The ADFA year is split by the two academic sessions, during which academic education is carried out. However, a variety of other activities take place in and around these sessions. Before Session 1, 'first years' undertake YOFT whilst second and third years are trained on their respective SST blocks. After Session 1, a two-week holiday period begins, though first years go on their first SST block. Academics recommence after this period with the start of Session 2. At the end of Session 2, all years commence their final SST block for the year, and shortly after this, third years graduate, and this is formally recognised during the 'Grad' parade.
At ADFA, officers and senior NCOs lead the daily lives of the cadets. Since a cadet chain of command is absent, a key opportunity to gain leadership experience is by captaining one of the varsity or club sports teams. |
162_19 | Timetable
ADFA runs on standard military time and generally follows the timetable:
0700 to 0800 – Reveille and Breakfast
0800 to 1000 – Joint Military Education or PT
1000 to 1800 – Academic classes (University timetable dependant)
1800 to 1930 – Sports training (optional)
Sports
ADFA is well known within both the ADF and the Canberra local region for its sports programme. While not compulsory, it is strongly encouraged that each and every OCDT/OFFCDT and MIDN takes up at least one sport each year to develop their team, leadership and social skills. The sports available at ADFA include both ‘inter-range’ sports that are played against other civilian and ADF teams, and Academy sports that are just competed within the academy itself. Cadets are permitted to play one grade A sport and up to two grade B sports from the following non-exclusive list: |
162_20 | Grade A
Association Football (Soccer – including a women's team)
Australian Rules Football (including a women's team)
Rugby League (competing in the New South Wales Tertiary Student Rugby League competition)
Rugby Union (including a women's team)
Grade B
Voluntary extra-curricular clubs
"ADFA offers a range of sporting and voluntary extra-curricular clubs (VECCs) for cadets, encouraging them to compete against and become involved with local and interstate organisations." |
162_21 | VECCs currently offered at ADFA include:
Bands and Musical opportunities – The Australian Defence Force Academy Band (ADFA Band) is the official musical unit of the Australian Defence Force Academy. The band is composed of smaller ensembles (of which the pipe band and the marching band are the largest) who perform during ceremonies such as ANZAC Day and ADFA Graduation Day.
Community Service VECC (CSV)
ADFA Debating Society (ADS)
FOCUS (Fellowship of Christian University Students)
Military Shooting VECC (MSV)
Musical Production VECC (The ADFA Performing Arts Company)
Precision Drill Team – A platoon of ADFA with Lee Enfield Rifles. Since its establishment, the unit has performed at events such as the Brisbane Festival and the Sydney International Military Tattoo.
FSAE (Academy Racing – Formula SAE Car)
Web Design Group
Lawn Bowls
Martial Arts
Mountaineering
Cross Fit
Fencing
Photography Club
CyberSec |
162_22 | Others not mentioned on the ADFA VECCs webpage include:
Aviation Interest Group
Maritime Interest Group
ADFA 4X4 VECC
DJ VECC
ADFA Focus
ADFA Anglers Fishing VECC |
162_23 | Facilities
Most facilities at ADFA were constructed in the early 1980s, including:
Accommodation blocks, commonly known as 'divisions', or 'lines'.
An Indoor Sports Centre, with pool (and overhead obstacle course), weights gym, cardio room, boxercise room, squash courts and a basketball court.
Military and Academic lecture theatres.
One of two cyber battle boards in Australia
A Junior ranks mess, Senior NCOs mess, Officers mess and the Academy Cadets Mess (which is the largest military mess in the southern hemisphere).
Sporting facilities, including a football oval, rugby field, tennis courts, volleyball courts, netball courts, soccer fields, cross-country course and a boat shed.
ADFA also has access to a Weapons Training Simulation System.
ADFA also has the lowest student to academic staff ratio of any university in Australia at 9:1
Structure
UNSW Canberra at ADFA |
162_24 | UNSW Canberra at ADFA is managed for UNSW by a Rector. Under the Rector are the heads of schools, who manage their respective schools.
UNSW Canberra at ADFA schools were restructured from twelve discipline-based schools to four multi-disciplinary Schools as of 1 January 2012. These are:
School of Engineering and Information Technology
School of Business
School of Humanities and Social Sciences
School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
ADFA
As of January 2001, ADFA has been part of the Australian Defence College (ADC) command structure, which is also responsible for the Australian Command and Staff College (ACSC) and the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS).
The Commandant of ADFA is appointed by the Australian Defence Force for a period of three years. Command of ADFA is based upon a three-year rotation between the three services and is held by a commodore, brigadier, or air commodore. |
162_25 | Temporary command arrangements in 2011
As a result of the 'Skype incident' in April 2011, the Commandant of ADFA – Commodore Bruce Kafer – was temporarily stood down from duty. A major inquiry into ADFA's management of the incident was undertaken by Andrew Kirkham QC, and during this period several officers filled the role of Acting Commandant; Colonel Paul Petersen, Group Captain 'Loch' Mitchell and Rear Admiral James Goldrick. The findings of the Kirkham Inquiry eventually cleared the way for Commodore Kafer to be reinstated as Commandant in March 2012. |
162_26 | Organisation
ADFA is based on an amalgamation of all three services, and the organisation of the cadet side of the academy reflects this. Divisions are accommodated in accommodation blocks (commonly known as 'lines' or 'divs') consisting of five sections (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo) with a sixth section (Foxtrot) normally reserved for divisional staff and storage. Each section has two corridors (Half-sections) with four rooms and shared toilet, bathroom and laundry facilities. |
162_27 | There are six squadrons, Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, and Foxtrot, with up to four divisions in each squadron. Each division has either first- and third-years or second- and third-years, and each squadron has all three-year levels. Annually, the squadrons compete against each other in a range of activities, including drill and ceremonial, cross country, athletics, swimming, fitness excellence challenge, tug-o-war, academic results and community service. The squadron who achieves the best results across all activities are awarded the Lancaster Shield, and become the CDF squadron for the following year. CDF squadron members receive minor benefits as recognition of their hard work and efforts in the previous year. |
162_28 | Advanced students (commissioned officers and 4th year engineering students) are part of Advanced Student divisions. Advanced students may live in the Officers' Mess or off base. Prior to 2006 the years were arranged into separate squadrons, first year squadrons were tri service with cadets spending their final two years in single service squadrons. In 2010 this changed to the current system in order to increase cadet interyear interaction.
The Squadron chain of command is as follows:
Each division has a Divisional SNCO (Petty Officer/Sergeant) and Divisional Officer (Lieutenant RAN/Army Captain/RAAFFlight Lieutenant).
Each squadron has a Squadron Sergeant Major (SSM) (Chief Petty Officer/Warrant Officer Class 2 (WO2)/Flight Sergeant) and an Officer Commanding (OC) (Lieutenant Commander/Major/Squadron Leader). |
162_29 | Within each division a Midshipman/Officer Cadet is appointed as the Divisional Duty Orderly (DDO) on a weekly or fortnightly basis. The DDO is responsible for the general administration of the division, its cleanliness, and conducting the division's movements to and from military commitments. In addition, each section has a section leader appointed who is responsible for the section duties and assists the DDO. Permanent positions (referred to as the Cadet Leadership Team) are also available for mainly third year Midshipman and Officer Cadets. There are 5 major yearly positions which are: Academy Cadet Captain, Academy Cadet Executive Officer, Chief of Staff, President of the Mess Committee and Deputy President of the Mess Committee.
See also
Australian Defence College
Royal Australian Naval College
Officer Cadet School, Portsea
Officer Training Unit, Scheyville
Royal Military College, Duntroon |
162_30 | Other nations
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Royal Military College of Canada
United States Military Academy at West Point
United States Naval Academy at Annapolis
United States Air Force Academy
Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College
Staff college
References
Citations
Sources
The regulars update, Issue 184, February 2004.
External links
ADFA
ADFA Graduates Association
Educational institutions established in 1986
Buildings of the Australian government
Faculties of the University of New South Wales
Military academies
Military education and training in Australia
Military installations in the Australian Capital Territory
Military units and formations of Australia
Universities in the Australian Capital Territory
University of New South Wales
1986 establishments in Australia |
163_0 | Working Girl is a 1988 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols, written by Kevin Wade, and starring Harrison Ford, Sigourney Weaver, and Melanie Griffith. Its plot follows an ambitious secretary from Staten Island who takes over her new boss's role while the boss is laid up with a broken leg. The secretary, who has been going to business night school, pitches a profitable idea, only to have the boss attempt to take credit.
The film's opening sequence follows Manhattan-bound commuters on the Staten Island Ferry accompanied by Carly Simon's song "Let the River Run", for which she received the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The film was met with critical acclaim, and was a major box office success, grossing a worldwide total of $103 million. |
163_1 | At the 61st Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Picture, while Nichols received a nomination for Best Director. Griffith received a nomination for Best Actress, while both Weaver and Joan Cusack were nominated for Best Supporting Actress.
Plot
Tess McGill (Melanie Griffith) is an ambitious, working class 30-year-old from Staten Island with a bachelor's degree in business that she achieved by taking evening classes. She works as a stockbroker's secretary in lower Manhattan, aspiring to reach an executive position. Tess is treated like a bimbo by her boss and male co-workers, who nonetheless benefit from her intelligence and business instincts. Fed up with being humiliated by her boss, Tess quits in dramatic fashion. |
163_2 | Tess soon finds a job as an administrative assistant to Katharine Parker (Sigourney Weaver), a young associate in Mergers and Acquisitions. Seemingly supportive as fellow female professional, Katharine encourages Tess to share ideas. Tess suggests an idea for a merger between Trask Industries and a radio station. Katharine seems intrigued but eventually tells Tess it wouldn't work out.
When Katharine injures her leg skiing, she asks Tess to house-sit. While staying there, Tess discovers some meeting notes and realizes Katharine plans to pass off the merger idea as her own.
Tess decides to use her boss' absence, connections, and clothes to move ahead with her merger plans. She schedules a meeting with Jack Trainer (Harrison Ford), a mergers and acquisitions associate from another company. With her friend Cyn's (Joan Cusack) help, she cuts her hair to look more professional and raids Katherine's closet for more stylish clothing. |
163_3 | At the meeting with Trainer and his associates, Tess lacks confidence and leaves believing the meeting was a failure. Jack, however, arrives at her office and wants to move forward with her idea. Jack quickly secures a great radio network acquisition for Trask Industries and bristles when Tess attempts to meet with the Trask CEO, Oren Trask (Philip Bosco) on her own, which he soon realizes is because her plan is to meet with him while crashing his daughter's wedding. Despite Jack's misgivings, Tess's charm and quick thinking secures Trask's interest in the merger.
Jack and Tess grow closer as they prepare the financials for the merger proposal, which is ultimately a success. They give into their attraction and end up in bed. Tess is tempted to tell him the truth, but demurs when she discovers Jack is also involved with Katharine, though he was going to break up with her before her injury. |
163_4 | Katharine returns home the same day as the meeting to finalize the merger. While Tess is helping her get settled, Jack arrives to end things with Katharine, who pressures him to propose. He dodges the conversation and then runs to the merger meeting. Tess accidentally leaves her appointment book in Katharine's apartment before leaving for the same meeting, which leads to Katharine discovering what Tess has been up to.
Katharine pushes her way into the meeting and outs Tess as her secretary, accusing her of having stolen the idea. Tess begins to protest but feels nobody would believe her. She leaves, apologizing profusely.
Days later, Tess clears out her desk and then bumps into Jack, Katharine, and Trask at the lobby elevators. A confrontation between Katharine and Tess leads Jack to stand up for Tess. When Tess reveals she's discovered a hole in the deal, Trask abandons Katharine in a closing elevator and hears Tess's explanation for how she came up with the merger idea. |
163_5 | When Trask confronts Katharine, she is unable to explain where she got the merger idea. He promises to have her fired for her actions, then offers Tess an entry-level job with Trask Industries, which she happily accepts.
Tess arrives for her first day at her new job at Trask and is shown to an office where she meets Alice, the woman Tess assumes she will be working for, however Alice explains that she is actually Tess's secretary. Tess insists they work together as colleagues, showing she will be very different from Katharine. She then calls Cyn from her own office to tell her she has finally made it.
Cast
Production
Development
Screenwriter Kevin Wade was inspired to write the screenplay after visiting New York City in 1984 and witnessing throngs of career women walking through the streets in tennis shoes while carrying their high-heels. |
163_6 | Casting
Melanie Griffith read the screenplay for Working Girl over a year before the production began, and expressed interest in playing the role of Tess McGill. Approximately a year later, Mike Nichols agreed to direct the film after reading the screenplay while shooting his film Biloxi Blues in Alaska. Following Nichols' attachment, Griffith had a formal audition for the role. Nichols was so determined for Griffith to have the part that he threatened to drop out of the production if the studio, 20th Century Fox, would not hire her.
Following the casting of Sigourney Weaver and Harrison Ford—both major stars at that point—the studio agreed to cast Griffith, as they felt Weaver and Ford's involvement gave them a higher chance of box-office success. |
163_7 | Filming
Principal photography of Working Girl began on February 16, 1988, in New York City. Many scenes were shot in the New Brighton section of Staten Island in New York City. One half-day of shooting to complete the skiing accident scene took place in New Jersey. Four different buildings portrayed the offices of Petty Marsh—1 State Street Plaza; the Midday Club, which served as the company's club room; the lobby of 7 World Trade Center (one of the buildings destroyed in the September 11 attacks); and the reading floor of the L. F. Rothschild Building. One Chase Manhattan Plaza was featured at the end of the film as the Trask Industries building. Filming completed on April 27, 1988, with the final sequence being shot on the Staten Island Ferry. |
163_8 | Throughout the shoot, Griffith was in the midst of struggling with a years-long alcohol and cocaine addiction, which at times interfered with the shoot. "There were a lot of things that happened on Working Girl that I did that were not right,” Griffith recalled in 2019. "It was the late ‘80s. There was a lot going on party-wise in New York. There was a lot of cocaine. There was a lot of temptation." After Nichols realized that Griffith had arrived on set high on cocaine, the shoot was temporarily shut down for 24 hours. Griffith elaborated on the experience:
Three weeks after filming was completed, Griffith entered a rehabilitation facility to receive treatment for her addiction. Ironically, according to the biography Mike Nichols: A Life, written by Mark Harris, Nichols had been battling a cocaine addiction of his own around the same time.
Music |
163_9 | The film's main theme "Let the River Run" was written and performed by American singer-songwriter Carly Simon, and won her an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Grammy Award for Best Song. The song reached number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1989.
The credits for the film read "music by Carly Simon, scored by Rob Mounsey". A soundtrack album was released on August 29, 1989, by Arista Records, and it peaked at number 45 on the Billboard 200. |
163_10 | Track listing
"Let the River Run" – Carly Simon
"In Love" (Instrumental) – Carly Simon
"The Man That Got Away" (Instrumental) – Rob Mounsey, George Young, Chip Jackson, Grady Tate
"The Scar" (Instrumental) – Carly Simon
"Let the River Run" – The St. Thomas Choir Of Men And Boys
"Lady In Red" – Chris De Burgh
"Carlotta's Heart" – Carly Simon
"Looking Through Katherine's House" – Carly Simon
"Poor Butterfly" (Instrumental) – John Golden and Raymond Hubbell
"St. Thomas" (Instrumental) – Sonny Rollins
"I'm So Excited" – Pointer Sisters
Release
Box office
The film was released in the United States on December 21, 1988, in 1,051 theaters and grossed $4.7 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $63.8 million in North America and $39.2 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $103 million. |
163_11 | Critical response
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. It currently has an 84% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews, and an average score of 6.90/10. The site's consensus is; "A buoyant corporate Cinderella story, Working Girl has the right cast, right story, and right director to make it all come together." The film also has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 at Metacritic based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale. |
163_12 | Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and wrote, "The plot of Working Girl is put together like clockwork. It carries you along while you're watching it, but reconstruct it later and you'll see the craftsmanship". In her review for the Washington Post, Rita Kempley described Melanie Griffith as "luminous as Marilyn Monroe, as adorable as one of Disney's singing mice. She clearly has the stuff of a megastar, and the movie glows from her". Janet Maslin, in her review for The New York Times, wrote, "Mike Nichols, who directed Working Girl, also displays an uncharacteristically blunt touch, and in its later stages the story remains lively but seldom has the perceptiveness or acuity of Mr. Nichols's best work". In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "Kevin Wade shows this in his smart screenplay, which is full of the atmospheric pressures that allow stars to collide. Director Mike Nichols knows this in his bones. He encourages Weaver to play |
163_13 | (brilliantly) an airy shrew. He gives Ford a boyish buoyancy and Griffith the chance to be a grownup mesmerizer". |
163_14 | Accolades
Honors
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – No. 91
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
Tess McGill – Nominated Hero
Katherine Parker – Nominated Villain
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Let the River Run" – No. 91
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Tess McGill: "I have a head for business and a bod for sin." – Nominated
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 87
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Romantic Comedy Film |
163_15 | Home media
Working Girl was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1989 by CBS/Fox Video; "Family Portrait", one of the shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show featuring The Simpsons, was included before the movie on the VHS release. The film was released on DVD on April 17, 2001, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Special features included two theatrical trailers and three TV spots. The film was released on Blu-ray on January 6, 2015. The special features from the DVD release were carried over for the Blu-ray release.
In other media
Television
Working Girl was also made into a short-lived NBC television series in 1990, starring Sandra Bullock as Tess McGill. It lasted 12 episodes. |
163_16 | Theatre
A broadway musical version is in the works as of 2017, with a score to be written by Cyndi Lauper from Fox Stage Productions and Aged in Wood Productions. For Aged in Wood, the producers were Robyn Goodman and Josh Fiedler. Instead of a production company on Working Girl, the musical adaptation was switched to a license production by Aged in Wood Productions since Disney took over ownership of Fox Stage in 2019.
References
Sources
External links |
163_17 | 1988 comedy-drama films
1980s business films
1980s romantic comedy-drama films
20th Century Fox films
American business films
American films
American romantic comedy-drama films
American screwball comedy films
Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners
Films about businesspeople
Films about social class
Films adapted into television shows
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films produced by Douglas Wick
Films directed by Mike Nichols
Films set in offices
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Kevin Wade
Workplace comedy films |
164_0 | Dobrinj is a village and municipality in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in northwestern Croatia, on the island of Krk. There are 2,078 inhabitants in the municipality, with 91% Croats.
Geography
Dobrinj and the municipality of the same name are located on the northeast side of the island of Krk. The place is located at an elevation of about 200 meters above Soline bay.
The municipality of Dobrinj comprises three cadastral communities: Dobrinj, Soline and Sužan, with 20 settlements, covering an area of 55 km2.
In relief, this area can be divided into a low zone (mainly around Soline Bay) and a high zone (Dobrinj, Karst, Gabonjin ...). |
164_1 | The Dobrinj municipality also covers much of the eastern coast of the island of Krk, facing Crikvenica and Vinodol on the mainland, with which it has always been closely connected. The coast is full of inlets, but apart from the reefs and cliffs, there is only one islet - Veli Skoljić. On the coast, the shallow bay of Soline, almost forming lakes, stands out, with low coastlines and three settlements: Klimno, Soline and Cizici. Other significantly smaller bays are Stipanja (which is the largest municipal settlement of Silo), Petrina, Veterna, Murvenica, Jazbina, Lončarica and Slivanjska. |
164_2 | Geologically, limestone and dolomite rocks dominate the area. Due to the faster erosion of dolomite, over millions of years, a layer of loose soil has been created that enabled the development of lush vegetation. Only in the principally limestone extreme northeastern part of the Košćera. In addition to limestones and dolomites, flysch zones occur, which, unlike porous limestone, are watertight. A river stream called Veli Potok has developed on one of these flysch zones.
Population
According to the 2001 census, Dobrinj municipality had 1,970 inhabitants, distributed in 20 settlements:
Čižići - 92
Dobrinj - 122
Dolovo - 0
Gabonjin - 177
Gostinjac - 81
Hlapa - 62
Klanice - 42
Klimno - 115
Kras - 184
Polje - 295
Rasopasno - 85
Rudine - 5
Soline - 43
Sužan - 76
Sveti Ivan Dobrinjski - 34
Sveti Vid Dobrinjski - 81
Šilo - 381
Tribulje - 56
Žestilac - 8
Županje - 32 |
164_3 | Ethnic/National Composition, 2001.
Croats - 1,799 (91.32)
Bosniaks - 20 (1.02)
Serbs - 16 (0.81)
Germans - 9 (0.46)
Montenegrins - 4
Hungarians - 3
Italians - 3
Albanians - 1
Czechs - 1
Poles - 1
Slovaks - 1
Slovenians - 1
others - 62 (3.15)
undefined - 39 (1.98)
unknown - 10 (0.51)
Administration
Chief: Neven Komadina (PGS)
Deputy Chief: Zoran Kirinčić (PGS)
Council President: Alen Šamanić (PGS)
Municipal Council:
Marinko Galanto, Tomislav Saftić, Dubravko Fanuko, Darko Strčić, Ivancica Dunato (PGS)
Zdenko Kirincic, Robert Justinic, Ratko Turcic (HSLS)
Miljenko Variola, Nenad Brusic (HDZ)
Marino Samanic (HNS)
Emil Grskovic (Independent) |
164_4 | History and population trends
There are many Roman sites in the municipality, mainly on the shores of the Soline bay and in the Gostinjac area, and it is assumed that saltworks existed in the Melina area at that time. In more recent explorations, carried out at St. Peter's Bay on the northwestern side of Soline Bay, remains of Roman pottery and ancient ports have been found. However, there are several sites indicating an Illyrian presence - the Zagrajini fort near Karst, Gradišće near Dobrinj, and Dobrinj, which itself was created at the site of the previous Illyrian settlement. |
164_5 | The history of Dobrinj is inextricably linked to the history of the entire island of Krk, of which it is an integral part. Dobrinj, along with Baška, Vrbnik and Omisalj, is one of the oldest "kaštelas" (early medieval city centers), which were founded sometime in the 7th century, i.e. at the time of the Croats' migration to the present homeland. These castles, along with the already existing town of Krk, were most probably erected at the place where the Illyrians lived until then, as evidenced by the numerous Illyrian sites, as well as the very position on the hill overlooking the surroundings. The antiquity of these castles is also indicated by the archaic forms of Old Croatian, ie Old Caucasian speech, in Dobrinj - Čokavica. However, unlike other castles, Dobrinj was not located directly by the sea and never had ramparts, which may be the reason that it was repeatedly killed throughout history (in the 16th and early 17th centuries) pillaged by pirates and Uskok. |
164_6 | The name Dobrinj was first mentioned in the Grant Certificate of the famous Dragoslav, written in Croatian and Glagolitic on January 1, 1100. In it, Dobrinj and neighboring Vrbnik are referred to as church ("plavian") and municipal ("komun") units with a judge, municipal clerk, and secretary. This grant is an important witness to the cultural, communal and educational development of the contemporary population of Dobrinj and the island of Krk. Somewhere in the 11th century, Krk princes, later called the Frankopans, appeared. Their origins are still unclear but probably originated from a more powerful native (Croatian) nobility. There was a theory for a while that they were of Roman origin, but it was rejected. From then until 1480, the princes of Krk were the rulers of the whole island, including Dobrinj, which was directly governed by judges, but also by the so-called "the princes on behalf of the prince". In the second half of the 15th century, Ivan VII Frankopan, Prince of Krk, |
164_7 | settled to the western parts of the island Vlachs and Morlachs (originally Romanians who later split into Istro-Romanians) to have more manpower. These were settled in and around the areas of Dubašnica and Poljica and also in the lands between the castles of Dobrinj and Omišalj. They formed a community in the island until 1875, when the last speaker of the Istro-Romanian dialect of Krk passed away. |
164_8 | During the Middle Ages, Dobrinj was one of the most important centers of verbiage. The HAZU archive preserves the Baptist Registers of Baptism that were written in 1559 and which are the oldest registry books in Croatia. These registers were written in Glagolitic script until 1850 when they were written in Latin.
The most important industry during the Middle Ages was certainly the saltworks in the Soline bay below Dobrinj; salt was much sought after and appreciated at the time. After conquering the island, the Venetians close the salt pans, but their remains are clearly visible today. |
164_9 | In 1480, the Venetian Republic occupied the entire island of Krk and ruled it until the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797, after which the ownership of Krk changed hands several times between the Austrian and French, and eventually to the Austrian government. The Austrian government was in charge of Krk until the downfall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, at the end of the First World War in 1918. The following few years were very uncertain for all the inhabitants of the island as the Kingdom of Italy laid claims on the entire eastern Adriatic coast. |
164_10 | The twilight of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was the peak of both the village and municipality Dobrinj. The town of Dobrinj had 608 inhabitants in 1898, 390 in 1931 and only 216 in 1970. The area of the municipality reached the largest population in 1910 of 4,046, and a dozen years later of 4,033. Since then, the population has been steadily declining. After World War II the population was 3,319, in World War (1948) and 2,273 in 1971. The reason for this decline is the two world wars, but also the difficult economic situation on the island that drove its people into the new world, most notably America, but also in the fast-growing cities in a coastal area (Rijeka, Crikvenica ...) where many found jobs and livelihoods. |
164_11 | The time of the Kingdom of Serbia and Montenegro was a time of difficult life and large emigration. The whole island was a marginal and rather forgotten part of the monarchy. After World War II, the island became part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia within Yugoslavia. The difficult economic situation changed only around 1980 with the opening of the Rijeka airport and the mainland - Krk bridge, thereby removing the island from isolation, which was a prerequisite for economic development, especially tourism. Tourism is still underdeveloped in Dobrinj but has brought liveliness and interrupted almost the entire migration of population from the island and from Dobrinj. |
164_12 | Although the town Dobrinj has never reached a population of 1,000 in its history, it has been called "the city" since ancient times. Residents of the surrounding villages would say they were going to "Grad" (meaning city in Croatian) when they went to Dobrinj. Its inhabitants were called "gradars" and the inhabitants of the surrounding villages "vonskaras", ie "villagers". Dobrinj itself is divided into Dolinja, the older quarter, and Gorinja, a newer town.
Economy
Of the larger economic entities, only a construction company in Šilo operates in the municipality.
There are about 30 artisans in the Dobrinj municipality. Nevertheless, a large part of the locals work outside their municipality. |
164_13 | Although it has significant tourism resources, such as: a preserved environment and rich cultural and historical heritage, the Dobrinj municipality does not have a developed tourist offerings. The most important tourist destination is the town of Silo, which is the seat of the local tourist board. The only accommodation capacities are in apartments and rooms for rent, except in Šilo mostly in Čižići, Soline and Klimno. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for coastal-style inland remodeled homes.
Particularly great potential for tourism development exists in the Soline bay. One of the resources of this bay is the healing mud at the Meline site. The Sulinj peninsula, which closes the Soline bay, is mentioned as probably the first golf course on the island of Krk. |
164_14 | An important prerequisite for tourism, good transport links, is the existing one: the municipality is a 20-minute drive away from any tourist center on the island and from the Krk Bridge that connects the island to the mainland. In the neighboring municipality of Omisalj is the Rijeka Airport.
Formerly of great economic importance were shipbuilding, fishing, and agriculture.
Today, sheep and olive growing as sole agricultural industries of importance. The big problem for sheepdogs in the last ten years has been caused by bears and wild boars. Bears do not live permanently on the island of Krk, but come for the winter hibernation, flooding the Vinodol Channel. Sometimes they destroy whole flocks of sheep. In addition to causing considerable damage to agriculture, wild boar herds also pose a risk to people moving through the forest and even in the villages at night. |
164_15 | Olive growing in the municipality of Dobrinj has not been restored and developed as in some other municipalities on the island of Krk, for example Punat, Krk. Despite the municipality subsidizing the purchase of olive seedlings, the number of renewed or new olive trees has not yet reached its former numbers, for this region. The largest issue in the renovation of the olive groves is the great fragmentation of the estates and unresolved property and legal relations. However, there is an olive oil production plant in Polje for the production of olive oil.
The once intensively cultivated "Dobrinj field" stretching from Dobrinj, along Potok, all the way to the Soline Bay, is now almost completely neglected.
Monuments and Sights
Church of St. Vid
The Church of St. Vid dates from 1100. |
164_16 | Church of St. Stjepan
The Parish Church of St. Stjepan was first mentioned in the 1100 AD, in the "Glorious Dragoslav" grant. According to the Glagolitic inscription, it was expanded in 1510. It is dominated by elements of the Baroque and late Gothic works. Initially a single nave, the parish church in the 18th century, it became a triple nave by the merging a series of side chapels, which over the centuries were built into a one nave church. Above its entrance, there is a canopy of the unique name "cergan", and from there it overlooks much of Kvarner. There was a bell tower next to the church, but in 1720 it was destroyed by lightning and a new one was built. The new one was not built in the same place, but in a nearby old cemetery, from where it still dominates the whole area today. This bell tower suffered devastation, by the Germans during the occupation of 1944, but was rebuilt after the war.
Ethnographic Museum near Place |
164_17 | Ethnographic Collection of the Island of Krk
The Ethnographic Collection of the Island of Krk is a diligently collected archive by the Barbalić family.
Infeld Gallery
One of the largest art collectors in the world, Peter Infeld of Vienna, bought and renovated an old, large house in the heart of Dobrinj, on the Placa, where more than 400 m2 of exhibitions of famous artists are held.
Sacred Collection Museum
A museum with a collection of sacred objects is located above the square near the church of St. Anthony.
Biserujka Cave
The Biserujka Cave is located a few kilometers north of Dobrinj, near the village of Rudine. Although it is just over 100 meters long, it is very interesting and rich in stalactites and stalagmites and, as part of the tourist offer of the island of Krk, is today one of the most visited caves in Croatia.
Education |
164_18 | The first school in Dobrinj was opened by Antun Kirinčić in 1841 in a private house. This was the beginning of education in Dobrinj. For many years there was only a four-year school in "Grad", so after the 4th grade of elementary school students were forced to continue their education in neighboring Vrbnik or Malinska. That was until the construction of a new, modern school in 2007, which gave the Dobrinj and the entire municipality education the best material conditions for further development.
Dialect
In all the settlements in the Dobrinj municipality there is a special form of the Chakavian dialect, which is also called "chokavka". In some places where most of the Chakavian and Stokavian speeches have the sound a', a o sound appears. Thus, for example, Dobinj villages Gostinjac, Žestilac, Rasopasno are called Gostinjoc, Žestiloc, Rosopasno by the native population. |
164_19 | The reason is the replacement of the short Old Croatian half-voice by the voice of [23]:
čo < čə
zomi < vəzəmi "uzmi" (meaning to take)
petok < petək
In words with a once long half-tone, a: stablo, dan (but: donos "danas") appears. There is a similar relation in Omisalj, but there a short half voice gives e''. [24] Similar differences appear in the Kajkavian speeches in Prigorje and in the speeches of most of Slovenia.
Culture
Throughout its medieval history, Dobrinj was one of the most powerful centers of Glagoliticism in Croatia.
The "Ive Jelenović" Cultural and Artistic Society within which the "Zvon" mixed choir of this folklore group operates
Dobrinj Cultural Society
Carnival associations "Optimists" and "Kataroška"
Sports
Sport fishing association "Čikavica" from Šilo
Sport fishing association "Vela sten" from Čižić |
164_20 | Notable People
Ive Jelenović (from St. Vid) - ethnologist, philologist, toponomist, proofreader, screenwriter and co-author of the first documentary film on the island of Krk from 1938. Particularly important in the preserving and promoting of folk culture and tradition, especially folk songs and dance.
Ivan Črnčić (from Polje) priest, secretary of the Bishop of Krk, director of the renowned Croatian Institute of St. Jerome in Rome, the first member of JAZU, today HAZU, from the island of Krk. Writer, Slavist, philologist, historian; opened his second full-time school in Dobrinjina in his native Polje. He was the first to prepare a reading and edition of the grant of the famous Dragoslav. |
164_21 | Petar Strčić (from Karst), member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, director of its Archive, scientific and archival advisor, prominent Croatian historian, editor-in-chief of several collections, author of several mostly historical books, president of the Society for Croatian History, Chakavian Parliament, university professor.
Dinko Sučić (from Dobrinj) is a doctor, professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb, a scientist and expert in internal medicine, one of the first experts in leukemia.
Priest Bonaventura Duda, Baptized by Roko, (from Karst), Franciscan, Biblical, University Professor, Translator, Polyglot, Writer and Poet.
Vinko Fulgencije Fugošić (from Gostinjac) was an academic painter, art historian, restorer and travel writer; apart from the Diocese of Krk, he also distinguished himself in the restoration of Vatican art.
Branko Turčić (from Čižić) is a retired journalist, writer, the only writer on Čokavica |
164_22 | References
External links
Dobrinj (in English)
Krk
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
Resorts in Croatia |
165_0 | Wilhelm Cauer (24 June 1900 – 22 April 1945) was a German mathematician and scientist. He is most noted for his work on the analysis and synthesis of electrical filters and his work marked the beginning of the field of network synthesis. Prior to his work, electronic filter design used techniques which accurately predicted filter behaviour only under unrealistic conditions. This required a certain amount of experience on the part of the designer to choose suitable sections to include in the design. Cauer placed the field on a firm mathematical footing, providing tools that could produce exact solutions to a given specification for the design of an electronic filter. |
165_1 | Cauer initially specialised in general relativity but soon switched to electrical engineering. His work for a German subsidiary of the Bell Telephone Company brought him into contact with leading American engineers in the field of filters. This proved useful when Cauer was unable to feed his children during the German economic crisis of the 1920s and he moved to the US. He studied early computer techniques in the US prior to returning to Germany. According to Wilhelm Cauer's son Emil the rise of Nazism in Germany stifled Cauer's career because he had a remote Jewish ancestor. Cauer was murdered during the fall of Berlin by Soviet soldiers. |
165_2 | The manuscripts for some of Cauer's most important unpublished works were destroyed during the war. However, his family succeeded in reconstructing much of this from his notes and volume II of Theorie der linearen Wechselstromschaltungen was published after his death. Cauer's legacy continues today, with network synthesis being the method of choice for network design.
Life and career
Early life and family |
165_3 | Wilhelm Adolf Eduard Cauer was born in Berlin, Germany, on 24 June 1900. He came from a long line of academics. His early grammar school (gymnasium) was the Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium, an institution founded by his great-grandfather, Ludwig Cauer. This school was located on Cauerstrasse, named after Ludwig, in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin. The building still exists, but is now a primary school, the Ludwig Cauer Grundschule. He later attended the Mommsen Gymnasium, Berlin. His father, also Wilhelm Cauer, was a Privy Councillor and a professor of railway engineering at the Technical University of Berlin. Cauer became interested in mathematics at the age of thirteen and continued to demonstrate that he was academically inclined as he grew.
Briefly, Cauer served in the German army in the final stages of World War I. He married Karoline Cauer (a relation) in 1925 and eventually fathered six children. |
165_4 | Career
Cauer started off in a field completely unrelated to filters; from 1922 he worked with Max von Laue on general relativity, and his first publication (1923) was in this field. For reasons that are not clear, he changed his field after this to electrical engineering. He graduated in applied physics in 1924 from the Technical University of Berlin.
He then spent a period working for Mix & Genest, a branch of the Bell Telephone Company, applying probability theory to telephone switching. He also worked on timer relays. He had two telecommunications-related publications during this period on "Telephone switching systems" and "Losses of real inductors". |
165_5 | The relationship of Mix & Genest with Bell gave Cauer an easy path to collaboration with AT&T's engineers at Bell Labs in the US which must have been of enormous help when Cauer embarked on a study of filter design. Bell were at the forefront of filter design at this time with the likes of George Campbell in Boston and Otto Zobel in New York making major contributions. However, it was with Ronald M. Foster that Cauer had much correspondence and it was his work that Cauer recognised as being of such importance. His paper, A reactance theorem, is a milestone in filter theory and inspired Cauer to generalise this approach into what has now become the field of network synthesis.
In June 1926 Cauer presented his thesis paper, The realisation of impedances of specified frequency dependence, at the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of the Technical University of Berlin. This paper is the beginning of modern network synthesis. |
165_6 | In 1927 Cauer went to work as a research assistant at Richard Courant's Institute of Mathematics at the University of Göttingen. In 1928 he obtained his habilitation and became an external university lecturer.
Cauer found that he could not support his family during the economic crisis of the 1920s and in 1930 took his family to the USA where he had obtained a scholarship (a Rockefeller fellowship) to study at MIT and Harvard University. He worked with Vannevar Bush who was building machines for the solution of mathematical problems. Essentially, these were what we would now call analogue computers: Cauer was interested in using them to solve linear systems to aid in filter designs. His work on Filter circuits was completed in 1931 while still in the US.
Cauer met, and had strong contacts with, many of the key researchers in the field of filter design at Bell Labs. These included Hendrik Bode, George Campbell, Sidney Darlington, Foster and Otto Zobel. |
165_7 | For a short while, Cauer worked for the Wired Radio Company in Newark, New Jersey but then returned to Göttingen with the intention of building a fast analogue computer there. However, he was unable to obtain funding due to the depression.
Cauer seems to have got on very poorly with his German colleagues. According to Rainer Pauli, his correspondence with them was usually brief and business-like, rarely, if ever, discussing issues in depth. By contrast, his correspondence with his American and European acquaintances was warm, technically deep and often included personal family news and greetings. This correspondence went beyond his American contacts and included A.C. Bartlett of the General Electric Company in Wembley, Roger Julia of Lignes Télégraphiques et Téléphoniques in Paris, mathematicians Gustav Herglotz, Georg Pick and Hungarian graph theorist Dénes Kőnig. |
165_8 | After leaving the Technical Institute for Mix & Genest, Cauer sought to become active in the Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE, the German Electrical Engineers Society). He left the VDE, however, in 1942 after a serious falling out with Wagner, previously his PhD supervisor and ally.
Nazi era
In November 1933 Cauer signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State. |
165_9 | The rising force of Nazism became a major obstacle to Cauer's work from 1933 onwards. The anti-Jewish hysteria of the time forced many academics to leave their posts, including the director of the Mathematics Institute, Richard Courant. Although Cauer was not Jewish, it became known that he had a Jewish ancestor, Daniel Itzig, who had been a banker to Frederick II of Prussia. While this revelation was not sufficient to have Cauer removed under the race laws, it stifled his future career. Thus he gained the title of professor but was never given a chair.
By 1935 Cauer had three children whom he was finding increasingly difficult to support, which prompted him to return to industry. In 1936 he temporarily worked for the aircraft manufacturer Fieseler at their Fi 156 Storch works in Kassel and then became director of the laboratory of Mix & Genest in Berlin. Nevertheless, he did continue to lecture at the Technical University in Berlin from 1939. |
165_10 | In 1941, the first volume of his main work, Theory of Linear AC Circuits was published. The original manuscript to the second volume was destroyed as a result of the war. Although Cauer was able to reproduce this work, he was not able to publish it and it too was lost during the war. Some time after his death, however, his family arranged for the publication of some of his papers as the second volume, based on surviving descriptions of the intended contents of volume II. |
165_11 | After taking his children to stay with relatives in Witzenhausen (in Hesse) to protect them from the expected fall of Berlin to the Russians, Cauer, against advice, returned to Berlin. His body was located after the end of the war in a mass grave of victims of Russian executions. Cauer had been shot dead in Berlin-Marienfelde by Soviet soldiers as a hostage. Soviet intelligence was actively looking for scientists they could use in their own researches and Cauer was on their list of people to find but it would seem that this was unknown to his executioners. |
165_12 | Network synthesis |
165_13 | The major part of Cauer's legacy is his contribution to the network synthesis of passive networks. He is considered the founder of the field and the publication of his principal work in English was enthusiastically greeted, even though this did not happen until seventeen years later (in 1958). Prior to network synthesis, networks, especially filters, were designed using the image impedance method. The accuracy of predictions of response from such designs depended on accurate impedance matching between sections. This could be achieved with sections entirely internal to the filter but it was not possible to perfectly match to the end terminations. For this reason, image filter designers incorporated end sections in their designs of a different form optimised for an improved match rather than filtering response. The choice of form of such sections was more a matter of designer experience than design calculation. Network synthesis entirely did away with the need for this. It |
165_14 | directly predicted the response of the filter and included the terminations in the synthesis. |
165_15 | Cauer treated network synthesis as being the inverse problem of network analysis. Whereas network analysis asks what is the response of a given network, network synthesis on the other hand asks what are the networks that can produce a given desired response. Cauer solved this problem by comparing electrical quantities and functions to their mechanical equivalents. Then, realising that they were completely analogous, applying the known Lagrangian mechanics to the problem. |
165_16 | According to Cauer, there are three major tasks that network synthesis has to address. The first is the ability to determine whether a given transfer function is realisable as an impedance network. The second is to find the canonical (minimal) forms of these functions and the relationships (transforms) between different forms representing the same transfer function. Finally, it is not, in general, possible to find an exact finite-element solution to an ideal transfer function - such as zero attenuation at all frequencies below a given cutoff frequency and infinite attenuation above. The third task is therefore to find approximation techniques for achieving the desired responses.
Initially, the work revolved around one-port impedances. The transfer function between a voltage and a current amounting to the expression for the impedance itself. A useful network can be produced by breaking open a branch of the network and calling that the output. |
165_17 | Realisability
Following on from Foster, Cauer generalised the relationship between the expression for the impedance of a one-port network and its transfer function.
He discovered the necessary and sufficient condition for realisability of a one-port impedance. That is, those impedance expressions that could actually be built as a real circuit. In later papers he made generalisations to multiport networks.
Transformation
Cauer discovered that all solutions for the realisation of a given impedance expression could be obtained from one given solution by a group of affine transformations.
He generalised Foster's ladder realisation to filters which included resistors (Foster's were reactance only) and discovered an isomorphism between all two-element kind networks.
He identified the canonical forms of filter realisation. That is, the minimal forms, which includes the ladder networks obtained by Stieltjes's continued fraction expansion. |
165_18 | Approximation
He used the Chebyshev approximation to design filters. Cauer's application of Tchebyscheff polynomials resulted in the filters now known as elliptic filters, or sometimes Cauer filters, which have optimally fast passband to stopband transitions for a given maximum attenuation variation. The well known Chebyshev filters can be viewed as a special case of elliptic filters and can be arrived at using the same approximation techniques. So can the Butterworth (maximally flat) filter, although this was an independent discovery by Stephen Butterworth arrived at by a different method. |
165_19 | Cauer's work was initially ignored because his canonical forms made use of ideal transformers. This made his circuits of less practical use to engineers. However, it was soon realised that Cauer's Tchebyscheff approximation could just as easily be applied to the rather more useful ladder topology and ideal transformers could be dispensed with. From then on network synthesis began to supplant image design as the method of choice.
Further work
Most of the above work is contained in Cauer's first and second monographs and is largely a treatment of one-ports. In his habilitation thesis Cauer begins to extend this work by showing that a global canonical form cannot be found in the general case for three-element kind multiports (that is, networks containing all three R, L and C elements) for the generation of realisation solutions, as it can be for the two-element kind case. |
165_20 | Cauer extended the work of Bartlett and Brune on geometrically symmetric 2-ports to all symmetric 2-ports, that is 2-ports which are electrically symmetrical but not necessarily topologically symmetrical, finding a number of canonical circuits. He also studied antimetric 2-ports. He also extended Foster's theorem to 2-element LC n-ports (1931) and showed that all equivalent LC networks could be derived from each other by linear transformations. |
165_21 | Publications
[a]Cauer, W, "Die Verwirklichung der Wechselstromwiderstände vorgeschriebener Frequenzabhängigkeit", Archiv für Elektrotechnik, vol 17, pp355–388, 1926. The realisation of impedances of prescribed frequency dependence (in German)
Cauer, W, "Über die Variablen eines passiven Vierpols", Sitzungsberichte d. Preuß. Akademie d.Wissenschaften, phys-math Klasse, pp268–274, 1927. On the variables of some passive quadripoles (in German)
Cauer, W, "Über eine Klasse von Funktionen, die die Stieljesschen Kettenbrüche als Sonderfall enthält", Jahresberichte der Dt. Mathematikervereinigung (DMV), vol 38, pp63–72, 1929. On a class of functions represented by truncated Stieltjes continued fractions (in German)
Cauer, W, "Vierpole", Elektrische Nachrichtentechnik (ENT), vol 6, pp272–282, 1929. Quadripoles (in German)
Cauer, W, "Die Siebschaltungen der Fernmeldetechnik", Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol 10, pp425–433, 1930. Telephony filter circuits (in German) |
165_22 | Cauer, W, "Ein Reaktanztheorem", Sitzungsberichte d. Preuß. Akademie d. Wissenschaften, phys-math. Klasse, pp673–681, 1931. A reactance theorem (in German)
[b]*Cauer, W, Siebschaltungen, VDI-Verlag, Berlin, 1931. Filter circuits (in German)
[c]*Cauer, W, "Untersuchungen über ein Problem, das drei positiv definite quadratische Formen mit Streckenkomplexen in Beziehung setzt", Mathematische Annalen, vol 105, pp86–132, 1931. On a problem where three positive definite quadratic forms are related to one-dimensional complexes (in German)
Cauer, W, "Ideale Transformatoren und lineare Transformationen", Elektrische Nachrichtentechnik (ENT), vol 9, pp157–174, 1932. Ideal transformers and linear transformations (in German)
Cauer, W, "The Poisson integral for functions with positive real part", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., vol 38, pp713–717, 1932.
Cauer, W, "Über Funktionen mit positivem Realteil", Mathematische Annalen, vol 106, pp369–394, 1932. On positive-real functions (in German) |
165_23 | Cauer, W, "Ein Interpolationsproblem mit Funktionen mit positivem Realteil", Mathematische Zeitschrift, vol 38, pp1–44, 1933. An interpolation problem of positive-real functions (in German)
[d]Cauer, W, "Äquivalenz von 2n-Polen ohne Ohmsche Widerstände", Nachrichten d. Gesellschaft d. Wissenschaften Göttingen, math-phys. Kl., vol 1, N.F., pp1–33, 1934. Equivalence of 2-poles without resistors (in German)
Cauer, W, "Vierpole mit vorgeschriebenem Dämpfungsverhalten", Telegraphen-, Fernsprech-, Funk- und Fernsehtechnik, vol 29, pp185–192, 228–235, 1940. Quadripoles with prescribed insertion loss (in German)
[e]Cauer, W, Theorie der linearen Wechselstromschaltungen, Vol.I, Akad. Verlags-Gesellschaft Becker und Erler, Leipzig, 1941. Theory of Linear AC Circuits, Vol I (in German)
Cauer, W, Synthesis of Linear Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958. (published posthumously) |
165_24 | [f]Cauer, W, Theorie der linearen Wechselstromschaltungen, Vol. II, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1960. Theory of Linear AC Circuits, Vol II (published posthumously in German)
[g]Brune, O, "Synthesis of a finite two-terminal network whose driving-point impedance is a prescribed function of frequency", J. Math. and Phys., vol 10, pp191–236, 1931. |
165_25 | See also
Black box
Cauer topology
Tchebyscheff filter
References
Bibliography
Referenced works
E. Cauer, W. Mathis, and R. Pauli, "Life and Work of Wilhelm Cauer (1900 – 1945)", Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Symposium of Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems (MTNS2000), Perpignan, June 2000. Retrieved online 19 September 2008.
Belevitch, V, "Summary of the History of Circuit Theory", Proceedings of the IRE, vol 50, pp848–855, May 1962.
Bray, J, Innovation and the Communications Revolution, Institute of Electrical Engineers, 2002 .
Matthaei, Young, Jones Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures McGraw-Hill 1964. |
165_26 | Further reading
Guillemin, E A, "A recent contribution to the design of electrical filter networks". Journ. Math. Phys., vol 11, pp150–211, 1931–32. A comparison of the methods of Cauer and Zobel
Julia, R, "Sur la Theorie des Filtres de W. Cauer", Bull. Soc. Franc. Electr., October 1935. Recommended by R. Pauli as the most profound treatise on Cauer's theory (in French).
Wilhelm Cauer: His Life and the Reception of his Work Mathis, W and Cauer, E, University of Hannover, 2002. A PowerPoint presentation.
External links
1900 births
1945 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century German mathematicians
German military personnel of World War I
German civilians killed in World War II
German people of Jewish descent
German people executed by the Soviet Union
People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm |
166_0 | Dorothy Gladys "Dodie" Smith (3 May 1896 – 24 November 1990) was an English novelist and playwright. She is best known for writing I Capture the Castle (1948) and the children's novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians (1956). Other works include Dear Octopus (1938) and The Starlight Barking (1967). The Hundred and One Dalmatians was adapted into a 1961 animated film and a 1996 live-action film, both produced by Disney. Her novel I Capture the Castle was adapted into a 2003 film version. I Capture the Castle was voted number 82 as "one of the nation's 100 best-loved novels" by the British public as part of the BBC's The Big Read (2003).
Biography
Early life |
166_1 | Smith was born on 3 May 1896 in a house named Stoneycroft (number 118) on Bury New Road, Whitefield, near Bury in Lancashire, England. She was an only child. Her parents were Ernest and Ella Smith (née Furber). Ernest was a bank manager; he died in 1898 when Dodie was two years old. Dodie and her mother moved to Old Trafford to live with her grandparents, William and Margaret Furber. Dodie's childhood home, known as Kingston House, was at 609 Stretford Road. It faced the Manchester Ship Canal, and she lived with her mother, maternal grandparents, two aunts and three uncles. In her autobiography Look Back with Love (1974), she credits her grandfather William as one of three reasons she became a playwright. |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.