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152_0 | Villa Guerrero is a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico. The municipal seat is the town of Villa Guerrero. It is located on the southern slopes of the Nevado de Toluca, also known as Xinantecatl, and is 50 minutes/58 km from Toluca. |
152_1 | Its original name of the town was Tequaloyan, which literally in Náhuatl means "place where there are wild beasts that devour men". The Prehispanic philosophy said that Tequani u Ocelotl (jaguar) was the symbol of the west, where the sun goes underground, to make a nocturnal trip and visit the Mictlan or Dead World, sharing its trip with the Wolf Dog as a guide (or Venus as Tlahuiscalpanteuhctli, lord of the rising, to be born in the morning as a new flowered boon. Probably the original name either comes from the previous existence of wild animals called tecuani (tē = "someone, people"; cuā = "eat"; ni = "habitual" suffix), as now noted in the coat of arms shield. Its name was changed in 1867 to honor the duty and courage of its inhabitants, who participated in many war successes during the nineteenth century, such as the Independence battle of January 19 and 20, 1812, National Guard in 1547 and help in Monterrey under command of Santiago Tapia during American intervention, successful |
152_2 | battle on September 14, 1857, versus General Jose Maria Cobos, anti liberal army, National guard at Puebla to fight the French Army on May 5, 1862. |
152_3 | The town
Tequaloyan started out as an Ulmec settlement coming from the Gulf of Mexico, which is why the cult to the ocelot named Nahuatl Ocelotl Tequani giving significance to the name of the town and people (Tequanipas) surely was re-founded by the Otomis in the seventh century. Starting in the tenth century, it came under the influence of the Toltec and Teotihuacan civilizations. From 1221 to 1295, it was part of the Cuitlach Teuhctli domain. In 1472 the area was conquered by the Aztec Empire under Axayacatl. During this period, the town of Tequaloyan, along with some other communities, rose in importance. |
152_4 | After the Spanish conquest, the town became an administrative and political center, with the surrounding lands distributed to various conquistadors who created a number of haciendas including San Miguel, San José, and San Nicolás Buenavista. The natives were evangelized by Augustinians who came from neighboring Malinalco. One of the first secular governors was Don Miguel Sanchez, who signed a title of land for neighbour Iztlahuatzinco, with the presence of Pedro de Gante and Alonso de Santiago in 1560. True separation of ecclesiastical and secular powers came about between 1692 and 1744, finalizing with the naming of Juan de la Cruz as Governor of Tequaloyan, with ecclesiastical authority in the area remaining with Malinalco and Tenancingo. |
152_5 | During the Mexican War of Independence, one battle between the insurgents and royalist forces took place here on January 3, 1812. Rosendo Porlier of the royalist forces attacked José María Oviedo of the rebels, who fortified the town and helped to defend it. Porlier returned on January 17 to attack Tequaloyan as the nearby ravine of the Texcaltenco River, leading to Oviedo's death. This hastened the arrival of José María Morelos, who along with Hermenegildo Galeana, Nicolás Bravo and Mariano Matamoros gathered a force of 3,200 men to defeat the royalist forces on the 19th and 20th of the same month, allowing the insurgents to win again at Tenancingo two days later. |
152_6 | Because of its size at the time (over 1,000 inhabitants), Tequaloyan was designated officially as a municipality with the promulgation of the Constitución Española de Cádiz in 1812, with Don Francisco Hernández as the first mayor; however, it belonged first to the municipality of Malinalco until 1826 when the town voted to secede. This is considered to be the foundation of the town's free municipal seat status.
During American Intervention, the inhabitants were rehabilitated as National Guard and fought with the Mexican Army at Padierna and Molino del Reyn neighbourhood of Chapultepec in Mexico City. |
152_7 | At the promulgation of Liberal Constitution in 1857, the inhabitants of Tequaloyan fought many times versus the Conservator Army commanded for Jose Maria Cobos and had a successful battle on September the 14th, some time after, combat the French Army in Puebla on May 5, 1862, so at the end of Juarez Reform, its main town grew up to "Villa Guerrero", to honor duty and courage of the inhabitants. on April 20, 1867, not before at one tax trade to rebuild the official buildings.
During the Mexican Revolution, on August 18, 1914, Constitutionalist forces under Lt. Col. Bruno Neira entered the town to confront those sympathetic to the Zapatista cause.
According with the results presented by INEGI in 2005, the town has a total of 18,437 inhabitants. |
152_8 | The municipality
As municipal seat, the town of Villa Guerrero is the governing authority for the following communities: Buenavista |
152_9 | El Carmen, Cruz Vidriada, La Finca, El Islote, El Izote, Jesús Carranza (Rancho de Jesús), La Loma de la Concepción (La Loma), Matlazinca, El Moral, Porfirio Díaz, Potrero de la Sierra, Potrero Nuevo, El Progreso Hidalgo, San Bartolomé (San Bartolo), San Diego, San Felipe, San Francisco, San Gaspar, San José, San Lucas, San Mateo Coapexco, San Miguel, San Pedro Buenos Aires (San Pedro), Santa María Aranzazú (Santa María), Santiago Oxtotitlán, Tequimilpa, Totolmajac, Zacango, Coxcacoaco, Ejido de la Finca, La Joya, El Peñón, Ejido de San Mateo Coapexco, Los Ranchos de San José, La Merced (Ex-hacienda la Merced), El Potrero, Loma del Capulín, Los Arroyos (La Baja de San Felipe), Cuajimalpa (Los Cuervos), Presa Tecualoya, Loma de Zacango (El Aventurero), San Martín, El Venturero Santa María Aranzazú, La Alta de Santiago Oxtotitlán, La Loma de Santiago Oxtotitlán, El Potrero de Santiago Oxtotitlán, Potrerillos Santa María Villa Guerrero, and Zanjillas San Bartolomé. |
152_10 | The municipality is 267.8 square kilometers, and has a total population of 52,090.
Villa Guerrero is bordered to the north by Zinacantepec, Toluca, Calimaya and Tenango del Valle; to the east by the municipalities of Tenancingo and Zumpahuacán, to the south by Ixtapan de la Sal and to the west with the same Ixtapan de la Sal and Coatepec Harinas. |
152_11 | Its two major geographical features (aside from the view of the Nevado de Toluca) are the Cerro (Hill) Cuate or of Cuaximalpa with an altitude of 3,760 meters above sea level, followed by the Cerro Cuexcontepec at 3,330 meters. A chain of hills coming down from the Chignahuitecatl volcano divides the municipality on the east from Ixtapan de la Sal and Coatepec Harinas. It is noted for its deep ravines and jagged cliffs and has been compared to Riasa, in Spain. As part of the Alto Balsas basin, it has a number of rivers including the Texcaltenco, the Chiquito de Santa María, the San Gaspar, the Los Tizantez, the Tequimilpa, the Cruz Colorada or San Mateo and the Calderón. Many of these contain waterfalls such as the Salto de Candelitas, the Atlaquisca, the Maquilero; the Salto del Río Grande de San Gaspar, and the Salto de la Neblina, called like this, because never ends of falling but change its water for a perpetual foggy. The territory also possesses natural springs such as La |
152_12 | Estrella, La Piedra Ahuecada, El Coponial, Los Chicamoles, and El Agua de la Pila as well as a thermal spring popularly known as El Salitre. |
152_13 | Floriculture and logistical advantages |
152_14 | The most important economic developments in Villa guerrero occurred from the 1930s to the 1950s when large numbers of Japanese immigrants settled in the area, initiating floriculture. Roses in various varieties, are the primary flower grown, followed by the "gerbera", the lilies as "casablanca", the "stargeiser", chrysanthemum and the Dutch tulip as well as other ornamental plants such as the dollar eucalyptus, aster and most recently many filler plants. The quality of Villa Guerrero's flowers has allowed them to penetrate national and international flower markets, exporting flowers to the United States, Canada and various European countries. This floriculture is said to be the "pride of the Villaguerrenses" and is now the main economic staple of the municipality. In the 2005–2010 period the Mexican Flower Council, the most important flower and pot plant growers organization, developed a special quality program that achieved WF&FSA organization membership. |
152_15 | With more than 75% of Mexico's total flower production land, Villa Guerrero is the main producer of flowers in Mexico. Because of this, the municipality is now internationally recognized as Mexico's Flower Capital. |
152_16 | Floriculture is the most important factor in the economy of the Municipality of Villa Guerrero. According to reports from the municipal government, flower production generated 1,827 million pesos (approx. 91.35 million USD) only in 2010. However, the income by export hardly corresponds to 10% of the total production of flowers according to the most favorable estimates.
In this sense, Villa Guerrero is a paradise of fresh flower suppliers vastly unexplored by transnational American and Canadian wholesale flower companies. These companies buy flowers that are transported by plane into their territories from far out countries like Colombia, Ecuador, the Netherlands, and Kenya. |
152_17 | In counterpoint, the Municipality of Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico, is located at a highway distance of 1,152.00 km (716.00 mi) from Laredo, Texas. This means that the flowers of Villa Guerrero can be within the United States in just 13 hours of travel by land. Moreover, the currently underused Toluca International Airport is located at a highway distance of just 69.00 km (~ 42.87 mi) or one hour driving from Mexico's Flower Capital, making it yet a more competitive air freight option for the Canadian and American flower markets than any other flower growing country in the world. The great advantages in reducing the cost of shipping and reducing the transfer time from harvest to the display of flowers in the American and Canadian markets, have the potential to make Villa Guerrero the favorite flower supplier of both countries; as they would allow flower selling companies in both countries to increase the quality of the supply of flowers even in the furthest of their territories at |
152_18 | an extremely competitive price. Since Mexico has already a free trade agreement with these nations (the USMCA) this could potentially be an opportunity to Mexico for stepping up as the main flower exporter to the United States, and Canada. |
152_19 | The Municipality of Villa Guerrero has a stable microclimate that allows it to maintain its high production of flowers throughout the year. This also represents an advantage compared to countries where drastic changes in the climate limit flower production to specific seasons of the year.
Likewise, the infrastructure that flower growers have in Villa Guerrero allows them to execute sophisticated post-harvest processes in which the flowers are quickly processed for transportation in refrigerated trucks, to their storage in cooling chambers. This allows the flowers to maintain an ideal longevity once they reach the final consumer. |
152_20 | Although the production of flowers in the Municipality of Villa Guerrero remains constant throughout the year, it ostentatiously increases to cover the great demand of four national holidays in Mexico: Valentine's Day -in Mexico also known as Dia del Amor y la Amistad, in English, Day of Love and Friendship- Mother's Day -yearly celebrated in Mexico on May 10th- Day of the Dead, and Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe (in English, Day of our Lady of Guadalupe, yearly celebrated in Mexico on Dec 12th). |
152_21 | The Municipality of Villa Guerrero is one of the largest producers of Mexican marigold -in Mexico known as (z)cempasúchitl (Tagetes erecta) and/or Flor de Muerto- whose greatest production is found in the vast ejidal lands of the Progreso Hidalgo rural community. Although the marigold plant is native to Mexico, nowadays many growers choose to produce hybrid varieties of marigold, as they are more attractive in the national and foreign market and they have greater vigor and longevity compared to their native counterparts. Even though the marigold plant has a great worldwide demand for its uses in the cosmetic, food, and pigment industries, in Mexico it is produced almost exclusively to satisfy the demand for the offerings that are erected during the celebration of the Day of the Dead. |
152_22 | For most contemporary Mexican families, the academic training of the new generations is an extremely important process. For this reason, the completion of studies in basic education, upper secondary education, and higher education, is usually a reason for large family and institutional parties. For this reason, during the first two decades of the 21st century, the flower growers of Villa Guerrero have experienced an upward trend in the demand for cut flowers during the summer graduation season -mainly in the month of July- in Mexico.
Central de Abasto de Villa Guerrero (Supply Center of Villa Guerrero) |
152_23 | The Central de Abasto de Villa Guerrero (Supply Center of Villa Guerrero) began operations on October 21st, 2017 and has a total area of 234,730.94 m² (280,735.86 yd²). Fresh cut flowers are the main product commercialized at the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero. However, the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero also offers trade opportunities for farmers, ranchers, strawberry producers (fragaria), and floral accessories merchants in the region. This space is also an attractive and convenient option for thousands of interstate merchants who, since its inauguration, have come to the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero to satisfy their huge demand for floral products. These products are taken to all the states of the Mexican republic and abroad (mostly to the United States). |
152_24 | This mass commerce space has a direct connection to the Ixtapan de la Sal - Tenango del Valle Highway (Federal Highway 55D, second section), and to Federal Highway 55. Because of this, the wholesale merchants who usually transport their merchandise in trucks, and semi trucks, prefer to go to the extensive facilities of the Central de Abasto de Villa Guerrero located in the vicinity of the community of La Finca (Villa Guerrero), instead of visiting other supply centers located within densely populated cities; with traffic problems, and lack of space for maneuvers of commercial vehicles. |
152_25 | Thus, the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero has established itself as the commercial mecca of floriculture in the State of Mexico and aims to overcome Mexico City's Central de Abasto as the most important flower market of the country.
Currently, the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero has 6-meter wide roads; enough for the circulation of cars in two directions, a direct access to the Ixtapan de la Sal - Tenango del Valle Highway (Federal Highway 55D, second section), a direct access to the Federal Highway 55, two gas stations specifically designed to facilitate the maneuvers of tractors and other large vehicles, and an industrial water well to satisfy the huge water demand of the cut flower sellers. |
152_26 | In addition, the municipal government of Villa Guerrero is carrying out works to improve the loading area, parking, drainage, storm drainage, and paving. Finally, this project involves the construction of commercial premises, simple warehouses, refrigerated warehouses, restaurants, bank, chapel, and food area among other services.
ASFLORVI & ExpoFlor México |
152_27 | The Asociación de Floricultores de Villa Guerrero A.C. or Flower Growers Association of Villa Guerrero, A.C., is located in the municipal seat of Villa Guerrero and has a registry of more than 700 associates. This makes it the largest flower growers association in Mexico. Known by its acronym, ASFLORVI was founded in 1991 and is made up of the main producers of flowers, foliage and floral bouquets in Villa Guerrero. Today, ASFLORVI is internationally recognized, as it is the host of the ExpoFlor México. |
152_28 | ExpoFlor México is the most important floricultural event in the State of Mexico and was originally created by the Villa Guerrero A.C. Flower Growers Association. This event is held annually and in 2018 it had a history of 27 editions. ExpoFlor México brings together the representatives of the companies with the greatest relevance in the floriculture industry in Mexico, among which are HilverdaKooij, Plantas Técnicas Plantec, Ball SB, Sakata Seeds, Takii, Grofit Flower Seeds. This event is usually held during the fall at the facilities of the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Villa Guerrero (Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Villa Guerrero), which is the largest university in the region. |
152_29 | At ExpoFlor México, the main commercial partners and flower producers in Mexico meet to exchange their knowledge, find new commercial partners and establish cooperative links with government entities in charge of working for the benefit of all parties.
Currently, ASFLORVI seeks to expand the presence of the Mexican fresh flowers in the international market.
References
Rodolfo Guadarrama González, Ed. Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de México, 1999.
Mexican Flower Council internal documents
https://opf.news/fci-anuncia-conferencia-internacional-virtual-sobre-oportunidades-de-exportacion-de-la-floricultura-mexicana/
Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico |
153_0 | Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band the Offspring, released on June 11, 2008, by Columbia Records. It was the band's first album of new material in nearly five years, following 2003's Splinter, marking their longest gap between studio albums at the time. The Offspring had been working on new material since the fall of 2004, but showed no further signs of progress until November 2006, when they announced on their official website that they had begun recording with producer Bob Rock. The writing and recording process, spanning four years and three recording studios, was finally finished in April 2008.
The album produced four singles: "Hammerhead", "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid", "Kristy, Are You Doing Okay?", and "Half-Truism". |
153_1 | Writing and recording |
153_2 | Work for Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace dates back to September 2004, when frontman Dexter Holland said that he wanted to put out the next Offspring album in 2005 and that the new songs felt "pretty good". From June to August 2005, the band played the Vans Warped Tour for the first time, and followed that with a tour of Europe and Japan. To coincide with that tour, Sony Music released the first Offspring compilation album, Greatest Hits, which includes their hits from 1994 to 2005. After the Greatest Hits tour ended in the fall of 2005, the band took a break from writing, recording and touring. On February 7, 2006, Holland said in his journal that the band entered a demo studio to work on guitar tracks, and a week later, Holland said in his journal that he went out of town to "meet with a guy who might produce" the album. On June 13, 2006, Holland stated that the band (minus Willard) had been meeting every week and would begin recording shortly. On August 18, he posted another update |
153_3 | on the band's journal, saying that they had demoed five songs and were looking to go into the studio soon. He described the new songs as "lots of guitar, energy, lots of energy, and good songs." In September 2006, it was announced that the album would be produced by Bob Rock, who was working with Holland and "helping him sort out songs." |
153_4 | On November 16, 2006, the Offspring announced on their website that they had begun recording the album with Rock, with an intended release date of spring 2007. Recording took place in Hawaii and California with Rock. By May 2007 the music for thirteen songs had been recorded, with a further 10 tracks demoed. At this time Holland announced that all of the songs were completely new with no re-recordings of older songs, jokingly remarking "that would be cheating, wouldn't it?" (in response to rumors that the unreleased song "Pass Me By" and the re-recording of their 1992-song "Dirty Magic" would appear on the album) and commenting that the new tracks "sound like a friggin' freight train." In July 2007, Holland also confirmed that the band had finished "two more songs" and the album was being recorded in Orange County, California. On the Christmas journal entry, he claimed that he had two more lyrics to write, "a couple more" to sing and "various tweaks" to do before mixing could begin. |
153_5 | The band was at that time taking a break to spend Christmas with their families. |
153_6 | In January 2008, the band comically responded to upset fans who wanted news by having a "breaking news" story regarding the band buying plane tickets for their next show. In his journal, Holland explained that when there were no updates, it's usually because there's nothing to talk about- hence the faux "news." The next month, Holland said that the Offspring were "just in the studio getting some tracks down for the new record" and claims "it's a lot louder than the last couple". He also said the band wasn't "going to be making another Smash, or another Ixnay" but thought they were still "relevant to punk when they were created, and this one will be no different".
Holland announced on April 9, 2008, that the new album was finally finished and announced the name and release date, and that "Hammerhead" would be the first single. The album's title is derived from two tracks: "Rise and Fall" is the last track on the album and the song "Fix You" features the line "Rage and Grace". |
153_7 | Promotion and release
In June 2008, shortly before the album's release, the influential L.A. station KROQ began playing "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid", making it seem possible that this could be the second single, though the station has played non-singles from the band in the past. Six other stations in the Southwestern United States followed suit. During the Offspring's three May 2008 concerts in California, "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" was the only new song besides "Hammerhead" that was played, also causing fans to believe this would be the second single. "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" was digitally released in Australia in July 2008 as a single and also appeared on the album cover as a sticker promoting the album as "includes the songs "Hammerhead and You're Gonna Go Far, Kid". In November 2008, KROQ briefly played "Stuff Is Messed Up", another song off the album, until the plug was pulled after "Kristy, Are You Doing Okay?" was confirmed as the third single. |
153_8 | On June 2, 2008, 30 second clips of each song on the new album were accidentally released by Amazon.com. They were removed swiftly but not before fans had ripped the clips and uploaded them to several fileshare and video sharing sites.
The official premiere of the album took place on the band's imeem site on June 9 at 3pm UTC. |
153_9 | Promotional tour |
153_10 | In 2007, the Offspring first premiered "Hammerhead" at the Summersonic Festival, before any details of the new album had been revealed. The song would later be played again on the first night of the Australian Soundwave Festival, before being replaced on the set-list by "Half-Truism". "Hammerhead" was then played again on the last night of Soundwave Festival. In May 2008, during their performances on San Diego X-Fest, KROQ Weenie Roast, and the KJEE Summer Roundup, they also premiered "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" alongside "Hammerhead", and have since played both songs in their sets at the Electric Festival in Spain, Rock in Rio 2008 in Portugal and Rock am Ring and Rock im Park in Germany. The band also played a series of Japanese dates from October 6–21, 2008. After headlining the nineteenth annual KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas on December 13, 2008, they went on hiatus for a few months. In March 2009, the Offspring announced on their official website that they would be touring North |
153_11 | America from May through July with Dropkick Murphys, Alkaline Trio, Street Dogs, Pennywise, Shiny Toy Guns and Sum 41. The Offspring also joined 311 on their summer 2010 Unity Tour. The 19-date tour was held in amphitheaters around the U.S., also featuring Pepper as a special guest. After this, the Offspring played Japan's Summer Sonic Festival that August. Before the 311 and Pepper tour, the Offspring played four East Coast Dates in June, which was supported by Terrible Things. |
153_12 | Reception
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace received mixed reviews from critics. While AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine criticized the band for not changing their sound or moving forward, Kerrang! positively stated that the album is "an exquisite reminder of what a fabulous band they are".
Commercial performance
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200 with 45,700 units sold, significantly higher than Splinter'''s peak position at 30, but with sales considerably lower than the debuts of its predecessors Splinter (87,000) and Conspiracy of One'' (125,000). As of May 2013, the album has sold more than 329,000 copies in North America.
Track listing
Personnel
The Offspring
Dexter Holland – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano
Noodles – lead guitar, backing vocals
Greg K. – bass guitar, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Josh Freese – drums
Chris "X-13" Higgins – backing vocals
Bob Rock – producer, keyboards, piano |
153_13 | Production
Bob Rock – producer, engineer
Steve Masi – guitar technician
Eric Helmkamp – engineer
George Marino – mastering
Artwork
Jason Goad – illustrations
Chart performance
Certifications
Release history
Release dates from The Offspring's official website.
References
External links
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Official Page for the album
The Offspring albums
2008 albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Rock |
154_0 | Volker David Kirchner (25 June 1942 – 4 February 2020) was a German composer and violist. After studies of violin and composition at the Peter Cornelius Conservatory, the Hochschule für Musik Köln and the Hochschule für Musik Detmold, he worked for decades as a violist in the Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Frankfurt. He was simultaneously the violist in the Kehr Trio founded by his violin teacher Günter Kehr, and a composer of incidental music at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. |
154_1 | He was known for his operas which were commissioned by major German opera houses. Die Trauung was premiered at Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden in 1975, Die fünf Minuten des Isaak Babel, described as a scenic Requiem, premiered at the Opernhaus Wuppertal in 1980, and Gilgamesh was commissioned for the Expo 2000 and staged at the Staatsoper Hannover. His operas often focus on historic personalities such as Savonarola and Gutenberg. Kirchner also composed two symphonies, concertos, keyboard music, sacred music such as the Missa Moguntina for the Mainz Cathedral, and especially chamber music. His music has been recorded, and performed internationally. |
154_2 | Life
Born in Mainz, Kirchner took his first violin lessons with his grandfather. He studied at the Peter Cornelius Conservatory in Mainz from 1956 to 1959, violin with Günter Kehr and musical composition with Günter Raphael. On a recommendation by Kehr, he then studied at the Hochschule für Musik Köln from 1959 to 1963, where he was influenced by composers Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez. Kirchner studied further with Tibor Varga at the Hochschule für Musik Detmold from 1964 to 1965. He played in jazz ensembles in Cologne. |
154_3 | Kirchner was principal violist in the chamber orchestra Rheinisches Kammerorchester Köln from 1962 to 1964. He was a violist of the Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Frankfurt (RSO) from 1966 to 1988. As a chamber musician, he played viola in the Kehr Trio, with his teacher as the violinist and cellist Bernhard Braunholz, recording and touring in South America, North Africa and the Near East. In 1970, he co-founded the Ensemble 70 in Wiesbaden. From 1972 to 1974, he was also a composer of incidental music (Bühnenmusik) for the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. It prepared him for writing his operas, with a focus on the relation of text and music. |
154_4 | He became known when his first opera was premiered in 1975, Die Trauung (The Wedding), after Witold Gombrowicz's The Marriage. It was played on 27 April 1975 at the Staatstheater Wiesbaden, conducted by Siegfried Köhler. Kirchner was then commissioned to write more stage works. During the 1980s, Generalmusikdirektor Siegfried Köhler promoted his operas in Wiesbaden, conducting in 1981 Das kalte Herz (The cold heart) after a fairy-tale by Wilhelm Hauff, revised in 1987 for a performance on 27 October 1988 at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz in Munich. Kirchner's Die fünf Minuten des Isaak Babel (The five minutes of Isaac Babel), subtitled A Scenic Requiem, premiered on 19 April 1980 at the Opernhaus Wuppertal, conducted by Hanns-Martin Schneidt and staged by Friedrich Meyer-Oertel. Belshazar premiered in 1985 at the Bavarian State Opera, and Gilgamesch premiered for the Expo 2000 in Hanover. The production at the Staatsoper Hannover was staged by Hans-Peter Lehmann in a set design by |
154_5 | Ekkehard Grübler, and conducted by Stefan Sanderling. His Violin Concerto was first performed in the Berliner Philharmonie in 1984, and his Requiem Messa di pace received its first performance in Moscow 1990 for the opening of a festival. Musicians such as violinists Ulf Hoelscher and Christian Tetzlaff, violist Tabea Zimmermann, cellists Yo Yo Ma, Wolfgang Boettcher and Martin Ostertag, and pianists Lars Vogt and Nina Tichman played his music, in collaboration with conductors such as Gerd Albrecht, Leif Segerstam and Eliahu Inbal. |
154_6 | Kirchner moved to Mainz and became a freelance composer in 1988. Invited by Walter Fink, he was the third composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 1992. In 1997, the Kleines Haus of the Staatstheater Mainz opened with his Labyrinthos. In 2010, he was one of five living composers, with Toshio Hosokawa, Helmut Lachenmann, Wolfgang Rihm and Jörg Widmann, whose music celebrated the 80th birthday of Walter Fink in a concert of the Rheingau Musik Festival. His piano piece was titled Nachlese (Gleaning).
Kirchner died in Wiesbaden on 4 February 2020 at the age of 77. |
154_7 | Work
Kirchner's compositions have included solo pieces, string quartets and other chamber music, symphonies and solo concertos, culminating in works for the stage. His operas often have a political background. Isaak Babel, a 1980 work, shows a person facing the Russian Revolution. Savonarola, a 2011 opera, deals with the short reign of a religious fanatic. Gutenberg, written in 2012, shows the genius from Mainz who had difficulties introducing his invention. Kirchner composed the mass Missa Moguntina in 1993 especially for the Mainz Cathedral, reflecting his roots. The text is the Latin mass expanded by Psalm 130, "De profundis", and Kirchner studied the acoustics of the cathedral.
Kirchner's works were published by Schott, including: |
154_8 | Opera
Riten, described as "für kleines Klangtheater" (for a small sound-theatre), premiered in 1971 in Graz, , and afterwards at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
Die Trauung (The Wedding, 1974) after Witold Gombrowicz, premiered 27 April 1975, Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
Die fünf Minuten des Isaak Babel, Szenisches Requiem in zwölf Bildern (1977–79), premiered 19 April 1980 at the Opernhaus Wuppertal
Das kalte Herz / Ein deutsches Märchen after Wilhelm Hauff (1980), premiered 1981 in Wiesbaden, revised in 1987 for a performance on 27 October 1988 at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz
Belshazar (1986); commissioned by the Bayerische Staatsoper, premiered on 25 January 1985
Erinys, Threnos in two parts after the Oresteia by Aeschylos (1986–89), premiered on 15 April 1990 in Wuppertal
Inferno d'amore (Shakespearion I) after Shakespeare and Michelangelo (1992), staged premiere on 12 March 1995, Ballhof by Niedersächsisches Staatstheater |
154_9 | Labyrinthos (Shakespearion II) (1994/95), premiered 17 October 1997 in Mainz for the opening of the Kleines Haus of the Staatstheater Mainz
Gilgamesh (2002), commissioned by the Niedersächsische Staatsoper on the occasion of the EXPO 2000, premiered on 20 May 2000
Ahasver, scenic oratorio (1998–2000), commissioned by the Theater Bielefeld, premiered in 2001
Savonarola, premiered in 2011 at the Opernhaus Kiel
Gutenberg (2011–12), premiered in Erfurt on 24 March 2016 |
154_10 | Sacred music
Requiem – Messa di Pace for soloist, choir and orchestra (1988)
Missa Moguntina for soloist, choir, two echo-choirs, orchestra and organ (1993)
Aus den 53 Tagen, Passion music for soloists, mixed chorus, male chorus, boys chorus, speaker (Evangelist) and orchestra (1998); commissioned by the "93. Deutscher Katholikentag" in Mainz
Orchestra
Choral Variations for 15 solo strings (1967–1968)
Bildnisse I for orchestra (1981–1982)
Bildnisse II for orchestra (1983–1984)
Bildnisse III: Hommage à W. A. Mozart for small orchestra (1989–1991)
Symphony No. 2 "Mythen" (1992), premiered in Wiesbaden as part of the Rheingau Musik Festival
Concertante
Nachtstück: Varianten über eine Wagnersche Akkordverbindung (Nocturne: Variations on a Wagnerian Chord Progression) for viola and chamber orchestra (1980–1981, revised 1983)
Schibboleth, Poème Concertante for viola and orchestra (1989)
Violin Concerto (Homage à Krzysztof Penderecki) (1981–1982)
Oboe Concerto (1997–1998) |
154_11 | Chamber music
Dybuk for marimba solo (1995)
Aus dem Buch der Könige, 3 Meditations for cello solo (2000)
Piano Trio (1979)
String Quartet [No.1] (1982–1983)
Mysterion for altoflute, horn, viola d'amore, cello and piano (1985)
Tre Poemi for horn and piano (1987)
Drei Lieder (2 Songs) for medium voice, horn, violin, cello and piano (1985–1986)
Und Salomo sprach ... (And Solomon spoke) for cello solo (1987)
Tre poemi (3 Poems) for horn and piano (1986–1987)
Der blaue Harlekin (Hommage à Picasso) for flute, clarinet, 2 bassoons (also contrabassoon), 2 trumpets and 2 trombones (1981)
Saitenspiel for violin and cello (1993)
Gethsemani, Notturno for string sextet (1994)
Quartet for clarinet, violin, cello and piano (1984)
Il canto della notte, Poema for clarinet, horn, piano, violin, viola and cello (1997–1998)
Orphischer Gesang II for string sextet (1998)
String Trio (2000)
String Quartet No. 2 (1999)
String Quartet No. 3 (2000) |
154_12 | String Quartet No. 4 with obligato clarinet (2000)
String Quartet No. 5 (2000, revised 2002)
String Quartet No. 6 (2000)
"Meine Augen möchte ich erfreuen, Shulamith..." for flute, horn, viola, cello and piano (2001)
Pierrots Galgenlieder for clarinet solo (2001)
Kreuzweg for 2 oboes and English horn (2001)
Pietà, Partita for violin solo (2001)
Threnos for solo cello (2006); written for the Feuermann Competition
Strophen for 2 clarinets (also bass clarinet) and piano (2007) |
154_13 | Keyboard
Piano Sonata (1985–1986)
Luces and Sombras, 5 Tangos for piano (1999)
Con mortuis in lingua mortua, three pieces for organ (2000)
Nachlese for piano (2010); commissioned by Walter Fink for his 80th birthday
Recordings
Kirchner's mass Missa Moguntina was recorded in 1993, with soloists Maria Karb, Alison Browner, Mads Elung-Jensen, Johannes M. Kösters and Gregory Reinhart, organist Albert Schönberger, the Mainzer Domchor and Domkantorei St. Martin, and the Mainzer Domorchester, conducted by Mathias Breitschaft.
A recording of his quartet Exil for clarinet, violin, cello and piano, composed in 1995, was combined on a 2015 recording Beyond Time with Fabian Müller's Am Anfang for soprano and ensemble, and Messiaen's Quatuor pour la fin du temps. |
154_14 | In 2016, a recording of vocal chamber music was released entitled Media vita in morte sumus (In the midst of life we are in death) – vocal chamber music by Volker David Kirchner, containing three song collections, Obsidian-Gesänge on poems by Dana Obsidian for voice, horn, violin, cello and piano (2013), Es ist ein Weinen in der Welt, setting poems by Else Lasker-Schüler, for voice and piano (2011–2013), and Media vita in morte sumus on poems by Erich Michelsberg for soprano, clarinet, horn, piano and string trio (2006–2007). |
154_15 | Awards
Kirchner received a prize from Rhineland-Palatinate for young composers in 1974, for his first opera Die Trauung. In 1977, he was awarded the Kunstpreis Rheinland-Pfalz and in 1992 the Gutenberg Plaque of Mainz. In 1994, Kirchner was the first recipient of the Rheingau Musikpreis of the Rheingau Musik Festival. In 1995, he received the composer's prize of the Niedersächsische Sparkassenstiftung and the Kreissparkasse Hannover, and in 2007, the of Rhineland-Palatinate, the highest honour of the state. In 2014, Kirchner was awarded the "Preis für die Verdienste um die Musikkultur" by the Landesmusikrat Rheinland-Pfalz, in connection with the premiere of the orchestral composition Der mythische Fluss played by the Landesjugendorchester Rheinland-Pfalz (State youth orchestra of Rhineland-Palatinate).
References
External links
Volker David Kirchner – Werkverzeichnis (works list)
Kehr-Trio discography at Discogs |
154_16 | 1942 births
2020 deaths
German classical violists
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln alumni
Hochschule für Musik Detmold alumni
German male classical composers
Musicians from Mainz |
155_0 | Fridley is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 29,590 at the 2020 census. Fridley was incorporated in 1949 as a village, and became a city in 1957. It is part of the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Fridley is a "first ring" or "inner ring" suburb in the northern part of the Twin Cities. Fridley connects with the city of Minneapolis at its southern border. Neighboring first-ring suburbs are Columbia Heights to the south and Brooklyn Center to the west across the Mississippi River.
Geography and climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and is covered by water.
The city lies within a narrow portion of the southernmost part of Anoka County. It is longer north–south along the path of the Mississippi River, and the highways that follow the river. It is narrower east/west in the portion between the boundaries of the Mississippi River and the City of Spring Lake Park. |
155_1 | The city of Fridley borders the cities of Coon Rapids and Blaine to the north; Spring Lake Park to the northeast; Mounds View and New Brighton to the east; Columbia Heights to the southeast; Minneapolis to the southwest; and Brooklyn Park and Brooklyn Center to the west.
Fridley is at the Southern edge of the Anoka Sand Plain. Lakes in Fridley include East Moore Lake, West Moore Lake, and Locke Lake. Rice Creek flows through the central part of the city, Springbrook Creek flows through the northwest section, and the Mississippi River borders Fridley to the west. Portions of islands in the Mississippi River, including the Islands of Peace and Banfill Island, are within the borders of the city.
Climate |
155_2 | Fridley shares its climate with nearby Minneapolis. It has a hot-summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification), typical of southern parts of the Upper Midwest, and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 4b. As is typical in a continental climate, the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is great: .
History
19th century
The post-European/American settlement history of Fridley began with the construction of the Red River Ox Cart Trail in 1844. The trail traveled through Minnesota Territory from St. Paul to Pembina in present-day North Dakota). The road was used to transport furs to the south and other various supplies to the Red River Valley settlers in the north. The East River Road (Anoka County Highway 1) follows this route today within Fridley, from the border with Minneapolis to the border with Coon Rapids. |
155_3 | In 1847, John Banfill became the first settler in the area, which was known at the time as Manomin. Manomin is a variant spelling of manoomin, the Ojibwe word for wild rice, a staple of their diet. It comprised the modern-day municipalities of Columbia Heights, Fridley, Hilltop, and Spring Lake Park. The Banfill Tavern was built in 1847.
The area soon grew quickly in size. In 1851, Banfill platted the actual town of Manomin. There, a general store and sawmill were built next to Rice Creek, named after Henry Mower Rice, a settler who just two years earlier had acquired land in the area. In 1853, the first town post office was in operation, and a year later, a ferry crossing the Mississippi River was established.
In 1855, Abram M. Fridley, for whom the city is named, was elected as the first territorial representative for the area. |
155_4 | In 1857, the area separated from Ramsey County; Manomin County was established, and it became the smallest county in the United States, having only 18 sections. This distinction was short-lived, after it was annexed by Anoka County in 1870 and became a township with the same name.
The Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, which joined St. Paul to St. Anthony across from Minneapolis in 1862, began extending rail to Anoka, reaching it through Fridley in 1864.
In 1879, the Minnesota State Legislature, of which Abram M. Fridley was still a member, changed the township's name to bear his last name. |
155_5 | 20th Century
In 1949, the Fridley Township was incorporated as the Village of Fridley. The Fridley Free Press was also established. A lawsuit that challenged the incorporation of the village caused the funds to be frozen. Minnesota state law allowed cities to operate municipal liquor stores following the end of Prohibition. The Fridley Liquor store proceeds were the primary funding for the daily city operations until the lawsuit was resolved in 1950. In Minnesota there are both private liquor stores or city-owned municipal liquor stores. Fridley is the location of the headquarters of the Minnesota Municipal Beverage Association (MMBA), a lobbying coalition for municipalities with city-owned liquor stores. In conjunction with the Minnesota Licensed Beverage Association, they lobbied against Sunday liquor store sales in Minnesota until it was finally permitted in 2017.
Growth |
155_6 | In 1957, the village became as the City of Fridley, a "home rule charter city". The City Hall at 6431 University Avenue Northeast is dedicated with fire station, city services and council meetings. A newer fire station is built in 1964. The city population grew past 15,000 in the 1950s and peaked over 30,000 by the 1970s. |
155_7 | 1965 flood and tornadoes
Two of the worst disasters to hit the city happened within weeks of each other. In April 1965, all of Minnesota was affected by a "500 year flood". The spring 1965 flood on the Upper Mississippi is still the flood of record for from about 100 miles north of Minneapolis, Minnesota to Hannibal, Missouri. The crests of that April exceeded previous records by several feet at many river gauge sites. Those record crests still exceed the second highest crest by a foot or more at many of those same sites. An ice jam rising 24 feet over the river broke up when it rammed a series of ice breakers above the Sartell Dam. The Riverview Heights area where Springbrook creek enters the river was severely flooded. |
155_8 | On May 6, 1965, Fridley was hit by two F4 tornadoes. One out of every four homes in the city was destroyed or damaged. The second twister that hit was the deadliest storm in Twin Cities history (see 1965 Twin Cities tornado outbreak), which killed a total of 13 people. Portions of the City Hall and Fire Station were damaged.
In 1967 the new Civic Center Building opens at the City Hall location with a plaza located to the south. This building was remodeled in 1989. The building was demolished in 2019.
Springbrook Nature Center and Springbrook Tornado
In 1970, Fridley began purchasing land which would become the Springbrook Nature Center. On July 18, 1986, a widely photographed tornado spent 16 minutes in Springbrook Nature Center, destroying thousands of century old trees and extensive areas of mature forest habitat. Well-known aerial footage of the tornado was filmed by a KARE 11 television news helicopter passing through the area. |
155_9 | 21st Century
In 2001, Medtronic opened its new World Headquarters on the site of the 100 Twin Drive-in at Interstate 694 and Minnesota Highway 65. As of 2019, it is still the Operational Headquarters for the Medtronic, PLC, which re-organized as an Irish company in 2015.
On June 19, 2003, President George W. Bush visited the Micro Controls company in Fridley. He was promoting one of the tax relief changes made during his administration. He flew into Minnesota for only a few hours on Air Force One before returning to Washington.
In the early 2000s, the Minnesota Sports Cafe was a notable venue for Mixed martial arts competitions. Fighters who have claimed victories in Fridley include Sean Sherk, Nick Thompson, Brock Larson, Marcus LeVesseur, Brian Ebersole, and Harry Moskowitz. |
155_10 | On September 21, 2005, Fridley was struck by straight-line winds exceeding , toppling many old growth trees as large as in diameter and in turn, destroying dozens of homes and several vehicles. Cleanup efforts took as long as a week, leaving hundreds of residents stranded in their homes without power, unable to drive until streets were cleared of debris. This same storm also affected Brooklyn Center, New Brighton, Brooklyn Park, Coon Rapids, Spring Lake Park and Blaine, as well as other communities in the surrounding North Metro area.
Fridley has one of the first six stations of the Northstar Commuter Rail line connecting the northwest suburbs and downtown Minneapolis; the line opened in November 2009. |
155_11 | On July 17, 2011, heavy rains caused a washout of the BNSF rail bridge over Rice Creek. A train derailed there, and sent hopper cars containing corn into the creek. Traffic was rerouted for several days. In 2013, a Jury awarded damages from BNSF to the engineer and conductor of the train. |
155_12 | The Columbia Arena, filming location for the Disney Movie D3: The Mighty Ducks, was demolished in 2016 to make way for a new City Hall It was a controversial issue in that it was expected to cost $50 million and increase homeowner taxes by nineteen percent The Fridley Civic Campus dedication at 7071 University Avenue NE was held on November 17, 2018. The staff had moved from the previous city hall over Veteran's day weekend and began working there on November 12. The City Council approved the project in December 2016 after nearly three years of studies, meetings and workshops. The council raised the levy to pay for the project, increasing city taxes by about 16 percent for the average homeowner. A number of other Twin Cities suburbs updated their civic facilities during a 2018 "building boom of sorts", including Eagan, New Hope, Minnetonka, and Burnsville. |
155_13 | Economy
Fridley is home to the Operational (formerly World) Headquarters of Ireland-based Medtronic plc. Medtronic also has a substantial Rice Creek business campus. Other major employers in Fridley include BAE Systems (formerly United Defense), Cummins, Unity Medical Center, part of the Allina Healthcare system, part of the Mercy Hospitals, Minco Products, Inc, Kurt Manufacturing Company, and Park Construction Company. Fridley is also home to a Target Stores retail distribution center. Magnum Research, a company that produces the Desert Eagle firearm, had its headquarters in Fridley until 2010.
Both Minneapolis and Saint Paul draw their municipal water supplies from the Mississippi River at Fridley, which is upstream. The City of Minneapolis Waterworks plant and Fire Department training facility are within the city of Fridley. |
155_14 | In the 2000 Census data, there were 11,542 more jobs in Fridley than the number of workers age 16 and over. However, most Fridley residents work outside of Fridley. The most common place of employment for Fridley residents is not Fridley. It is other cities in Hennepin County and, secondly, Minneapolis. Only 21% of the 15,221 Fridley residents in the work force in 2000 were actually working in Fridley's borders. Fridley saw a decline in the number of jobs from 26,763 in 2000 to 23,845 in 2006 according to the city economic plan report.
Largest employers
According to the city's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: |
155_15 | Education
The public schools in Fridley are governed by Fridley Independent School District 14. Fridley High School, Fridley Middle School, Hayes Elementary School, and Stevenson Elementary School comprise the district. In 1978, Fridley closed three elementary schools due to declining enrollment: Gardena, Riverwood, and Parkview. The Riverwood Elementary school was demolished and single family homes were developed. The Parkview Elementary school became the Fridley Community center. The Gardena Elementary school location is now the Al-Amal school. The Rice Creek Elementary school was a fourth school closed later and demolished like Riverwood, single family homes were developed. After the 1965 Tornado, students at Parkview had to double up at the Riverwood school while it was being rebuilt. |
155_16 | Totino-Grace High School, a private Roman Catholic high school, Calvin Christian High School, a private Christian high school, and Al-Amal School, a private Islamic K-12 school, are also located in Fridley.
A small portion of the northern part of Fridley lies within the Anoka-Hennepin School District 11. Students living in an area of eastern Fridley are in the Columbia Heights School District 13. North Park elementary school is located in Fridley. Most of the students living in the north-northeastern part of the city are in Spring Lake Park School District 16. A District 16 Elementary School, Woodcrest Spanish Immersion, is located within Fridley. |
155_17 | Parks and recreation
Fridley is home to the Springbrook Nature Center park and nature reserve on its northern border with Coon Rapids. The total Fridley city park space is . There are baseball and softball diamonds, football and soccer fields, basketball courts, and tennis courts for sports. In the winter there are outdoor skating rinks with warming houses. The western border of Fridley comprises the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. Portions of islands within the recreation area are within the Fridley city limits.
Fridley has the following Anoka County parks within the city:
Manomin County Park (Rice Creek where it enters the Mississippi River and Locke Lake)
Rice Creek West/Locke Park and Regional Trail (Rice Creek)
Islands of Peace County Park (Mississippi River)
Anoka County Riverfront Regional Park (Mississippi River)
Infrastructure/Transportation |
155_18 | Interstate 694 and Minnesota State Highways 47 and 65 are three of the main routes in the city. East River Road is one of the oldest roads in the state as a Minnesota Territorial road. It was part of the Red River Oxcart Trail. The I-694 Bridge is the only crossing of the Mississippi River that connects the city directly.
The BNSF Railway main Northern transcontinental Twin Cities to Portland/Seattle double track line passes through Fridley as part of the Staples Subdivision. The Fridley Station is served by the Northstar Commuter Rail line running on the BNSF tracks into Minneapolis. The Amtrak Empire Builder passes through Fridley twice daily on this line, but does not stop within the city. The massive BNSF Northtown Classification Yards are located in the city. The Minnesota Commercial Railway also serves Fridley, with a terminal warehouse located there. |
155_19 | The Mississippi River is non-navigable for barge traffic north of the Canadian Pacific Camden Place Rail Bridge; however, small boats can travel upstream to the Coon Rapids Dam without a portage. There is a boat landing for small boats in the river near Interstate 694 at the Anoka County Riverfront Regional Park.
The Anoka County–Blaine Airport serves the area and is located in neighboring Blaine.
Nickname
Fridley has the nickname "Friendly Fridley". The nickname was spread further by a long-running series of advertisements on various radio stations for a local car dealer. The announcer would direct people to "Friendly Chevrolet up in Friendly Fridley".
The city festival is named "49'er" days, which commemorates the 1949 incorporation. It is usually held in mid June.
Sister city
Fourmies, Nord (France) - Medtronic plc has an assembly plant in Fourmies.
Demographics |
155_20 | 2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 27,208 people, 11,110 households, and 7,057 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 11,760 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 75.2% White, 11.1% African American, 1.2% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.4% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.
There were 11,110 households, of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99. |
155_21 | The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 23.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,449 people, 11,328 households, and 7,317 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,701.3 people per square mile (1,043.1/km2). There were 11,504 housing units at an average density of 1,132.1 per square mile (437.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.65% White, 3.42% African American, 0.82% Native American, 2.89% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.23% from other races, and 2.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.56% of the population. |
155_22 | There were 11,328 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males. |
155_23 | The median income for a household in the city was $48,372, and the median income for a family was $55,381. Males had a median income of $38,100 versus $29,997 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,022. About 5.3% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.
Politics
Fridley has a Council-manager government. Scott Lund is the current Mayor, first elected in 2000.
Fridley is located in Minnesota's 5th congressional district, represented by Ilhan Omar, a Democrat. Ilhan became the first Somali American elected to the United States Congress. She was one of the first two Muslim women elected to Congress. Omar is also the first Somali American elected to Congress, and the first woman of color to serve as a U.S. Representative from Minnesota. She replaced Keith Ellison, the first Muslim to be elected to the United States Congress. |
155_24 | Notable people
Bill Antonello - Major League Baseball player
Gordon Backlund -Minnesota State Politician
Connie Bernardy -Minnesota State Politician
Don Betzold - Minnesota State Politician
Satveer Chaudhary - Minnesota State Politician
L. Joseph Connors - Minnesota State Politician
Chris Dahlquist -Professional Hockey NHL Player
Ducky DooLittle - Sex educator
Brooke Elliott - actress
Mike Erlandson - Businessman
Abram M. Fridley - Minnesota State Politician and namesake of the city
Larry Hosch - Minnesota State Politician
Jon Melander - Professional Football NFL player
Donald Savelkoul - Minnesota State Politician and Lawyer
Don Simensen - Professional Football NFL player
Wayne Simoneau - Minnesota State Politician
Tom Tillberry - Minnesota State Politician
Rose Totino - Businesswoman
Warren Johnson - Former NHRA Drag Racer and Champion
Cory Wong - Guitar Player
References
External links
Official City Website
Fridley Historical Society |
155_25 | Cities in Minnesota
Minnesota populated places on the Mississippi River
Cities in Anoka County, Minnesota
Populated places established in 1847
1847 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Former county seats in Minnesota |
156_0 | "Blood Sweat & Tears" (; Japanese: ; Hepburn: Chi, ase, namida) is a song recorded in two languages (Korean and Japanese) by South Korean boy band BTS. It was written by "Hitman" Bang, Kim Do-hoon, RM, Suga, J-Hope, and Pdogg, with the latter of the six solely handling production. The Korean version was released on October 10, 2016, as the lead single from the band's second studio album, Wings (2016), by Big Hit Entertainment. The Japanese version of the song was released on May 10, 2017, through Universal Music Japan, as a single album that included the B-side tracks "Spring Day" and "Not Today", both also in Japanese. It is a moombahton, trap, and tropical house song with influences of dancehall and reggaeton. The song's lyrics address the pain of addictive love. |
156_1 | The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who were favourable towards its production, the refreshing sound, and BTS' vocal delivery. It was also likened to the musical styles of Major Lazer and Justin Bieber. It was nominated for the Song of the Year at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards and appeared on the decade-end lists of the best K-pop songs by Billboard and GQ. Commercially, the Korean version of the song debuted at number one on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, becoming the band's first number one on the chart. As of May 2019, the song has sold over 2.5 million copies in South Korea. The Japanese version peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, becoming the 22nd best-selling single of 2017 in Japan. It received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 250,000 copies in the country. |
156_2 | Two music videos were filmed for "Blood Sweat & Tears", one for the Korean version and another for the Japanese version; the first video was directed by YongSeok Choi and premiered via Big Hit's YouTube channel on October 10, 2016. Inspired by Hermann Hesse's coming of age novel, Demian (1991), the symbolism-heavy video depicts BTS exploring a museum and performing choreography. The video was awarded the Best Music Video at the 2017 Seoul Music Awards. The second video, featuring psychedelic and neon colours, was uploaded to Universal Japan's YouTube channel on May 10, 2017. BTS promoted the song with televised live performances on various South Korean music programs, including M! Countdown, Music Bank, and Inkigayo. It was also included on the set list of their second worldwide concert tour, The Wings Tour (2017). |
156_3 | Background and release
Following the conclusion of their three-part narrative "Youth" series, which presented the theme of the beauty of youth and its uncertainties, BTS announced the release of their second Korean-language studio album Wings in 2016. "Blood Sweat & Tears" was confirmed to be included on Wings when the band shared the track-listing of the album. On October 7, 2016, the song was announced as the lead single from the album. The song was written by "Hitman" Bang, Kim Do-hoon, RM, Suga, J-Hope, and its producer Pdogg. The track was engineered by the producer, while mixing was handled by James F. Reynolds at Schmuzik Studios. |
156_4 | "Blood Sweat & Tears" was released for digital download and streaming by Big Hit Entertainment on October 10, 2016, as the lead single from Wings. A Japanese version of the song was recorded, and issued digitally for purchase on May 10, 2017 by Universal Music Japan as the band's seventh Japanese-language single album, together with the Japanese versions of previously released 2017 Korean singles, "Spring Day" and "Not Today". The single album was also released as a four-version CD single in Japan on the same day, with a regular edition and three different limited editions; A, B and C. All four editions contain Japanese versions of "Blood, Sweat & Tears" as the A-side and "Not Today" as B-side track, while the Japanese version of "Spring Day" is included exclusively on the regular edition. In addition, edition A includes a DVD that contains the music videos for both the Korean and Japanese versions of "Blood, Sweat & Tears". Edition B also comes with a DVD, which contains behind the |
156_5 | scenes footage of the music video for the Japanese version of the song and the making of the album jacket photos, while C contains a 36-page photobook. The lyrics for the Japanese version were written by KM-MARKIT. It was subsequently included as the third track on BTS' third Japanese-language studio album Face Yourself (2018). |
156_6 | Music and lyrics
As opposed to BTS' signature hip hop sound, "Blood Sweat & Tears" was described as a hybrid of moombahton, trap, and tropical house. The song takes influence from dancehall and reggaeton. It is composed in the key of C minor, with a moderate tempo of 93 beats per minute, and runs for 3:37. Instrumentally, the song relies on keyboards, synthesizer, and Caribbean drums. The song employs a "layered" production that consists of "spacey chill-house beats," "airy synths," "echoing sirens" and "rhythmic claps." A reviewer from The Singles Jukebox noted similarities in the song's composition to the styles of Norwegian production duo Stargate. |
156_7 | The verses are driven by "pounding beats," and use an emotional and melancholic delivery. The vocal approaches are characterized by gentle, cascading chimes, as well as "sentimental crooning." The song features "feathery coos," "breathy" falsettos, "chopped vocal" hooks and at-times, "undulating" raps from the band. The chorus is "circuitous," in which they chant "My blood, sweat and tears, my last dance, take it all away." It leads to a smoky, electronic-dance-driven breakdown, which was compared to the "emotionally tinged" works of Major Lazer and Justin Bieber. |
156_8 | Speaking about the concept and the meaning of the song at a press conference, RM stated: "The harder a temptation is to resist, the more you think about it and vacillate. That uncertainty is part of the process of growing. 'Blood Sweat & Tears' is a song that shows how one thinks, chooses, and grows." Suga added that "the song conveys an optimistic determination to use our wings to go far, even if we encounter temptations in life." Lyrically, the song talks about the pain of addictive love. The lyrics address the themes of "temptation" and "carnal willingness" to sacrifice everything, through lines like: "Kiss me, I don't care if it hurts/ Hurry up and choke me/ So I can't get hurt any more." An editor from Billboard wrote that the song "embraces the sense of desperation that the septet had featured on previous singles, like 'I Need U' and 'Save Me'." |
156_9 | Critical reception |
156_10 | "Blood Sweat & Tears" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Jeff Benjamin of Fuse praised the track's sound and the band's vocal delivery, writing that the "wholly accessible dance single" is "perfect for today's pop soundscape." Benjamin also wrote an article for Billboard where he cited it as BTS' best song and said, "the raps, the vocal deliveries and the visuals all feel specific and important to their developing story, while still being wholly accessible to audiences around the globe [...] and only continue to push their art deeper into the global music scene." Tamar Herman, in a separate Billboard review, labelled the song as "game-changing" and called it "sonically" complex. She praised the "ethereal vocals" and "high notes," adding that the song "maintains BTS' bombastic style even while shifting away from hip-hop and toward a more mainstream, Major Lazer-esque sound." In The Malaysia Star, Chester Chin commended the song for its "infectious EDM sounds." |
156_11 | Jacques Peterson of Idolator wrote that the track "wouldn't sound out of place on Justin Bieber's Purpose." Hyun-su Yim from The Korea Herald praised the song for its "minimalist" chorus and "synth-based" production. |
156_12 | Reviewing for Vulture, T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim felt that the song evolved the band's sound and musical direction in a way "that represents a turning point in [BTS'] career." They elaborated writing: "Despite being influenced by dancehall, reggaeton, and moombahton, the number eschews the partylike atmosphere of its influences, electing instead for a baroque mysticism." Craig Jenkins, also of Vulture, deemed the track as "dark and existential." Taylor Glasby of Dazed lauded the song's production and the band's vocal delivery, writing that "BTS are able to marry the lyrics' intimate, bloodied brokenness to an opposing state of leviathan pop with such effortlessness that it dominates all that stands before it." IZMs Minhyung Hyun observed that "the theme of 'temptation' that was a new concept following 'school' and 'youth' [series], fitted with their lyrics" and displayed growth towards "a slightly intense identity" than that "shown through their previous works" with the song. He also |
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