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9 | 1739-1742 | It is different for different metals Different photosensitive materials respond differently to light Selenium
is more sensitive than zinc or copper The same photosensitive substance
gives different response to light of different wavelengths |
9 | 1740-1743 | Different photosensitive materials respond differently to light Selenium
is more sensitive than zinc or copper The same photosensitive substance
gives different response to light of different wavelengths For example,
ultraviolet light gives rise to photoelectric effect in copper while green or
red light does not |
9 | 1741-1744 | Selenium
is more sensitive than zinc or copper The same photosensitive substance
gives different response to light of different wavelengths For example,
ultraviolet light gives rise to photoelectric effect in copper while green or
red light does not Note that in all the above experiments, it is found that, if frequency of
the incident radiation exceeds the threshold frequency, the photoelectric
emission starts instantaneously without any apparent time lag, even if
the incident radiation is very dim |
9 | 1742-1745 | The same photosensitive substance
gives different response to light of different wavelengths For example,
ultraviolet light gives rise to photoelectric effect in copper while green or
red light does not Note that in all the above experiments, it is found that, if frequency of
the incident radiation exceeds the threshold frequency, the photoelectric
emission starts instantaneously without any apparent time lag, even if
the incident radiation is very dim It is now known that emission starts in
a time of the order of 10– 9 s or less |
9 | 1743-1746 | For example,
ultraviolet light gives rise to photoelectric effect in copper while green or
red light does not Note that in all the above experiments, it is found that, if frequency of
the incident radiation exceeds the threshold frequency, the photoelectric
emission starts instantaneously without any apparent time lag, even if
the incident radiation is very dim It is now known that emission starts in
a time of the order of 10– 9 s or less We now summarise the experimental features and observations
described in this section |
9 | 1744-1747 | Note that in all the above experiments, it is found that, if frequency of
the incident radiation exceeds the threshold frequency, the photoelectric
emission starts instantaneously without any apparent time lag, even if
the incident radiation is very dim It is now known that emission starts in
a time of the order of 10– 9 s or less We now summarise the experimental features and observations
described in this section (i)
For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation
(above the threshold frequency), the photoelectric current is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident light (Fig |
9 | 1745-1748 | It is now known that emission starts in
a time of the order of 10– 9 s or less We now summarise the experimental features and observations
described in this section (i)
For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation
(above the threshold frequency), the photoelectric current is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident light (Fig 11 |
9 | 1746-1749 | We now summarise the experimental features and observations
described in this section (i)
For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation
(above the threshold frequency), the photoelectric current is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident light (Fig 11 2) |
9 | 1747-1750 | (i)
For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation
(above the threshold frequency), the photoelectric current is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident light (Fig 11 2) (ii) For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation,
saturation current is found to be proportional to the intensity of
incident radiation whereas the stopping potential is independent of
its intensity (Fig |
9 | 1748-1751 | 11 2) (ii) For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation,
saturation current is found to be proportional to the intensity of
incident radiation whereas the stopping potential is independent of
its intensity (Fig 11 |
9 | 1749-1752 | 2) (ii) For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation,
saturation current is found to be proportional to the intensity of
incident radiation whereas the stopping potential is independent of
its intensity (Fig 11 3) |
9 | 1750-1753 | (ii) For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation,
saturation current is found to be proportional to the intensity of
incident radiation whereas the stopping potential is independent of
its intensity (Fig 11 3) (iii) For a given photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum
cut-off frequency of the incident radiation, called the threshold
frequency, below which no emission of photoelectrons takes place,
no matter how intense the incident light is |
9 | 1751-1754 | 11 3) (iii) For a given photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum
cut-off frequency of the incident radiation, called the threshold
frequency, below which no emission of photoelectrons takes place,
no matter how intense the incident light is Above the threshold
frequency, the stopping potential or equivalently the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons increases linearly with the
frequency of the incident radiation, but is independent of its intensity
(Fig |
9 | 1752-1755 | 3) (iii) For a given photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum
cut-off frequency of the incident radiation, called the threshold
frequency, below which no emission of photoelectrons takes place,
no matter how intense the incident light is Above the threshold
frequency, the stopping potential or equivalently the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons increases linearly with the
frequency of the incident radiation, but is independent of its intensity
(Fig 11 |
9 | 1753-1756 | (iii) For a given photosensitive material, there exists a certain minimum
cut-off frequency of the incident radiation, called the threshold
frequency, below which no emission of photoelectrons takes place,
no matter how intense the incident light is Above the threshold
frequency, the stopping potential or equivalently the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons increases linearly with the
frequency of the incident radiation, but is independent of its intensity
(Fig 11 5) |
9 | 1754-1757 | Above the threshold
frequency, the stopping potential or equivalently the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons increases linearly with the
frequency of the incident radiation, but is independent of its intensity
(Fig 11 5) (iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process without any
apparent time lag (~10– 9s or less), even when the incident radiation is
made exceedingly dim |
9 | 1755-1758 | 11 5) (iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process without any
apparent time lag (~10– 9s or less), even when the incident radiation is
made exceedingly dim 11 |
9 | 1756-1759 | 5) (iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process without any
apparent time lag (~10– 9s or less), even when the incident radiation is
made exceedingly dim 11 5 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND WAVE THEORY
OF LIGHT
The wave nature of light was well established by the end of the nineteenth
century |
9 | 1757-1760 | (iv) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process without any
apparent time lag (~10– 9s or less), even when the incident radiation is
made exceedingly dim 11 5 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND WAVE THEORY
OF LIGHT
The wave nature of light was well established by the end of the nineteenth
century The phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarisation were
explained in a natural and satisfactory way by the wave picture of light |
9 | 1758-1761 | 11 5 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND WAVE THEORY
OF LIGHT
The wave nature of light was well established by the end of the nineteenth
century The phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarisation were
explained in a natural and satisfactory way by the wave picture of light According to this picture, light is an electromagnetic wave consisting of
electric and magnetic fields with continuous distribution of energy over
the region of space over which the wave is extended |
9 | 1759-1762 | 5 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND WAVE THEORY
OF LIGHT
The wave nature of light was well established by the end of the nineteenth
century The phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarisation were
explained in a natural and satisfactory way by the wave picture of light According to this picture, light is an electromagnetic wave consisting of
electric and magnetic fields with continuous distribution of energy over
the region of space over which the wave is extended Let us now see if this
Rationalised 2023-24
281
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
wave picture of light can explain the observations on photoelectric
emission given in the previous section |
9 | 1760-1763 | The phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarisation were
explained in a natural and satisfactory way by the wave picture of light According to this picture, light is an electromagnetic wave consisting of
electric and magnetic fields with continuous distribution of energy over
the region of space over which the wave is extended Let us now see if this
Rationalised 2023-24
281
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
wave picture of light can explain the observations on photoelectric
emission given in the previous section According to the wave picture of light, the free electrons at the surface
of the metal (over which the beam of radiation falls) absorb the radiant
energy continuously |
9 | 1761-1764 | According to this picture, light is an electromagnetic wave consisting of
electric and magnetic fields with continuous distribution of energy over
the region of space over which the wave is extended Let us now see if this
Rationalised 2023-24
281
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
wave picture of light can explain the observations on photoelectric
emission given in the previous section According to the wave picture of light, the free electrons at the surface
of the metal (over which the beam of radiation falls) absorb the radiant
energy continuously The greater the intensity of radiation, the greater are
the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields |
9 | 1762-1765 | Let us now see if this
Rationalised 2023-24
281
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
wave picture of light can explain the observations on photoelectric
emission given in the previous section According to the wave picture of light, the free electrons at the surface
of the metal (over which the beam of radiation falls) absorb the radiant
energy continuously The greater the intensity of radiation, the greater are
the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields Consequently, the greater
the intensity, the greater should be the energy absorbed by each electron |
9 | 1763-1766 | According to the wave picture of light, the free electrons at the surface
of the metal (over which the beam of radiation falls) absorb the radiant
energy continuously The greater the intensity of radiation, the greater are
the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields Consequently, the greater
the intensity, the greater should be the energy absorbed by each electron In this picture, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons on the
surface is then expected to increase with increase in intensity |
9 | 1764-1767 | The greater the intensity of radiation, the greater are
the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields Consequently, the greater
the intensity, the greater should be the energy absorbed by each electron In this picture, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons on the
surface is then expected to increase with increase in intensity Also, no
matter what the frequency of radiation is, a sufficiently intense beam of
radiation (over sufficient time) should be able to impart enough energy to
the electrons, so that they exceed the minimum energy needed to escape
from the metal surface |
9 | 1765-1768 | Consequently, the greater
the intensity, the greater should be the energy absorbed by each electron In this picture, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons on the
surface is then expected to increase with increase in intensity Also, no
matter what the frequency of radiation is, a sufficiently intense beam of
radiation (over sufficient time) should be able to impart enough energy to
the electrons, so that they exceed the minimum energy needed to escape
from the metal surface A threshold frequency, therefore, should not exist |
9 | 1766-1769 | In this picture, the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons on the
surface is then expected to increase with increase in intensity Also, no
matter what the frequency of radiation is, a sufficiently intense beam of
radiation (over sufficient time) should be able to impart enough energy to
the electrons, so that they exceed the minimum energy needed to escape
from the metal surface A threshold frequency, therefore, should not exist These expectations of the wave theory directly contradict observations (i),
(ii) and (iii) given at the end of sub-section 11 |
9 | 1767-1770 | Also, no
matter what the frequency of radiation is, a sufficiently intense beam of
radiation (over sufficient time) should be able to impart enough energy to
the electrons, so that they exceed the minimum energy needed to escape
from the metal surface A threshold frequency, therefore, should not exist These expectations of the wave theory directly contradict observations (i),
(ii) and (iii) given at the end of sub-section 11 4 |
9 | 1768-1771 | A threshold frequency, therefore, should not exist These expectations of the wave theory directly contradict observations (i),
(ii) and (iii) given at the end of sub-section 11 4 3 |
9 | 1769-1772 | These expectations of the wave theory directly contradict observations (i),
(ii) and (iii) given at the end of sub-section 11 4 3 Further, we should note that in the wave picture, the absorption of
energy by electron takes place continuously over the entire
wavefront of the radiation |
9 | 1770-1773 | 4 3 Further, we should note that in the wave picture, the absorption of
energy by electron takes place continuously over the entire
wavefront of the radiation Since a large number of electrons absorb energy,
the energy absorbed per electron per unit time turns out to be small |
9 | 1771-1774 | 3 Further, we should note that in the wave picture, the absorption of
energy by electron takes place continuously over the entire
wavefront of the radiation Since a large number of electrons absorb energy,
the energy absorbed per electron per unit time turns out to be small Explicit calculations estimate that it can take hours or more for a single
electron to pick up sufficient energy to overcome the work function and
come out of the metal |
9 | 1772-1775 | Further, we should note that in the wave picture, the absorption of
energy by electron takes place continuously over the entire
wavefront of the radiation Since a large number of electrons absorb energy,
the energy absorbed per electron per unit time turns out to be small Explicit calculations estimate that it can take hours or more for a single
electron to pick up sufficient energy to overcome the work function and
come out of the metal This conclusion is again in striking contrast to
observation (iv) that the photoelectric emission is instantaneous |
9 | 1773-1776 | Since a large number of electrons absorb energy,
the energy absorbed per electron per unit time turns out to be small Explicit calculations estimate that it can take hours or more for a single
electron to pick up sufficient energy to overcome the work function and
come out of the metal This conclusion is again in striking contrast to
observation (iv) that the photoelectric emission is instantaneous In short,
the wave picture is unable to explain the most basic features of
photoelectric emission |
9 | 1774-1777 | Explicit calculations estimate that it can take hours or more for a single
electron to pick up sufficient energy to overcome the work function and
come out of the metal This conclusion is again in striking contrast to
observation (iv) that the photoelectric emission is instantaneous In short,
the wave picture is unable to explain the most basic features of
photoelectric emission 11 |
9 | 1775-1778 | This conclusion is again in striking contrast to
observation (iv) that the photoelectric emission is instantaneous In short,
the wave picture is unable to explain the most basic features of
photoelectric emission 11 6 EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY
QUANTUM OF RADIATION
In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) proposed a radically new picture
of electromagnetic radiation to explain photoelectric effect |
9 | 1776-1779 | In short,
the wave picture is unable to explain the most basic features of
photoelectric emission 11 6 EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY
QUANTUM OF RADIATION
In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) proposed a radically new picture
of electromagnetic radiation to explain photoelectric effect In this picture,
photoelectric emission does not take place by continuous absorption of
energy from radiation |
9 | 1777-1780 | 11 6 EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY
QUANTUM OF RADIATION
In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) proposed a radically new picture
of electromagnetic radiation to explain photoelectric effect In this picture,
photoelectric emission does not take place by continuous absorption of
energy from radiation Radiation energy is built up of discrete units – the
so called quanta of energy of radiation |
9 | 1778-1781 | 6 EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY
QUANTUM OF RADIATION
In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) proposed a radically new picture
of electromagnetic radiation to explain photoelectric effect In this picture,
photoelectric emission does not take place by continuous absorption of
energy from radiation Radiation energy is built up of discrete units – the
so called quanta of energy of radiation Each quantum of radiant energy
has energy hn, where h is Planck’s constant and n the frequency of light |
9 | 1779-1782 | In this picture,
photoelectric emission does not take place by continuous absorption of
energy from radiation Radiation energy is built up of discrete units – the
so called quanta of energy of radiation Each quantum of radiant energy
has energy hn, where h is Planck’s constant and n the frequency of light In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hn ) of
radiation |
9 | 1780-1783 | Radiation energy is built up of discrete units – the
so called quanta of energy of radiation Each quantum of radiant energy
has energy hn, where h is Planck’s constant and n the frequency of light In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hn ) of
radiation If this quantum of energy absorbed exceeds the minimum
energy needed for the electron to escape from the metal surface (work
function f0), the electron is emitted with maximum kinetic energy
Kmax = hn – f0
(11 |
9 | 1781-1784 | Each quantum of radiant energy
has energy hn, where h is Planck’s constant and n the frequency of light In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hn ) of
radiation If this quantum of energy absorbed exceeds the minimum
energy needed for the electron to escape from the metal surface (work
function f0), the electron is emitted with maximum kinetic energy
Kmax = hn – f0
(11 2)
More tightly bound electrons will emerge with kinetic energies less
than the maximum value |
9 | 1782-1785 | In photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs a quantum of energy (hn ) of
radiation If this quantum of energy absorbed exceeds the minimum
energy needed for the electron to escape from the metal surface (work
function f0), the electron is emitted with maximum kinetic energy
Kmax = hn – f0
(11 2)
More tightly bound electrons will emerge with kinetic energies less
than the maximum value Note that the intensity of light of a given
frequency is determined by the number of photons incident per second |
9 | 1783-1786 | If this quantum of energy absorbed exceeds the minimum
energy needed for the electron to escape from the metal surface (work
function f0), the electron is emitted with maximum kinetic energy
Kmax = hn – f0
(11 2)
More tightly bound electrons will emerge with kinetic energies less
than the maximum value Note that the intensity of light of a given
frequency is determined by the number of photons incident per second Increasing the intensity will increase the number of emitted electrons per
second |
9 | 1784-1787 | 2)
More tightly bound electrons will emerge with kinetic energies less
than the maximum value Note that the intensity of light of a given
frequency is determined by the number of photons incident per second Increasing the intensity will increase the number of emitted electrons per
second However, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons is determined by the energy of each photon |
9 | 1785-1788 | Note that the intensity of light of a given
frequency is determined by the number of photons incident per second Increasing the intensity will increase the number of emitted electrons per
second However, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons is determined by the energy of each photon Equation (11 |
9 | 1786-1789 | Increasing the intensity will increase the number of emitted electrons per
second However, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons is determined by the energy of each photon Equation (11 2) is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation |
9 | 1787-1790 | However, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectrons is determined by the energy of each photon Equation (11 2) is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation We
now see how this equation accounts in a simple and elegant manner all
the observations on photoelectric effect given at the end of sub-section
11 |
9 | 1788-1791 | Equation (11 2) is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation We
now see how this equation accounts in a simple and elegant manner all
the observations on photoelectric effect given at the end of sub-section
11 4 |
9 | 1789-1792 | 2) is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation We
now see how this equation accounts in a simple and elegant manner all
the observations on photoelectric effect given at the end of sub-section
11 4 3 |
9 | 1790-1793 | We
now see how this equation accounts in a simple and elegant manner all
the observations on photoelectric effect given at the end of sub-section
11 4 3 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
282
·
According to Eq |
9 | 1791-1794 | 4 3 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
282
·
According to Eq (11 |
9 | 1792-1795 | 3 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
282
·
According to Eq (11 2), Kmax depends linearly on n,
and is independent of intensity of radiation, in
agreement with observation |
9 | 1793-1796 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
282
·
According to Eq (11 2), Kmax depends linearly on n,
and is independent of intensity of radiation, in
agreement with observation This has happened
because in Einstein’s picture, photoelectric effect arises
from the absorption of a single quantum of radiation
by a single electron |
9 | 1794-1797 | (11 2), Kmax depends linearly on n,
and is independent of intensity of radiation, in
agreement with observation This has happened
because in Einstein’s picture, photoelectric effect arises
from the absorption of a single quantum of radiation
by a single electron The intensity of radiation (that is
proportional to the number of energy quanta per unit
area per unit time) is irrelevant to this basic process |
9 | 1795-1798 | 2), Kmax depends linearly on n,
and is independent of intensity of radiation, in
agreement with observation This has happened
because in Einstein’s picture, photoelectric effect arises
from the absorption of a single quantum of radiation
by a single electron The intensity of radiation (that is
proportional to the number of energy quanta per unit
area per unit time) is irrelevant to this basic process ·
Since Kmax must be non-negative, Eq |
9 | 1796-1799 | This has happened
because in Einstein’s picture, photoelectric effect arises
from the absorption of a single quantum of radiation
by a single electron The intensity of radiation (that is
proportional to the number of energy quanta per unit
area per unit time) is irrelevant to this basic process ·
Since Kmax must be non-negative, Eq (11 |
9 | 1797-1800 | The intensity of radiation (that is
proportional to the number of energy quanta per unit
area per unit time) is irrelevant to this basic process ·
Since Kmax must be non-negative, Eq (11 2 ) implies
that photoelectric emission is possible only if
h n > f0
or n > n0 , where
n0 =
h0
φ
(11 |
9 | 1798-1801 | ·
Since Kmax must be non-negative, Eq (11 2 ) implies
that photoelectric emission is possible only if
h n > f0
or n > n0 , where
n0 =
h0
φ
(11 3)
Equation (11 |
9 | 1799-1802 | (11 2 ) implies
that photoelectric emission is possible only if
h n > f0
or n > n0 , where
n0 =
h0
φ
(11 3)
Equation (11 3) shows that the greater the work
function f0, the higher the minimum or threshold
frequency n0 needed to emit photoelectrons |
9 | 1800-1803 | 2 ) implies
that photoelectric emission is possible only if
h n > f0
or n > n0 , where
n0 =
h0
φ
(11 3)
Equation (11 3) shows that the greater the work
function f0, the higher the minimum or threshold
frequency n0 needed to emit photoelectrons Thus,
there exists a threshold frequency n0 (= f0/h) for the
metal surface, below which no photoelectric emission
is possible, no matter how intense the incident
radiation may be or how long it falls on the surface |
9 | 1801-1804 | 3)
Equation (11 3) shows that the greater the work
function f0, the higher the minimum or threshold
frequency n0 needed to emit photoelectrons Thus,
there exists a threshold frequency n0 (= f0/h) for the
metal surface, below which no photoelectric emission
is possible, no matter how intense the incident
radiation may be or how long it falls on the surface ·
In this picture, intensity of radiation as noted above,
is proportional to the number of energy quanta per
unit area per unit time |
9 | 1802-1805 | 3) shows that the greater the work
function f0, the higher the minimum or threshold
frequency n0 needed to emit photoelectrons Thus,
there exists a threshold frequency n0 (= f0/h) for the
metal surface, below which no photoelectric emission
is possible, no matter how intense the incident
radiation may be or how long it falls on the surface ·
In this picture, intensity of radiation as noted above,
is proportional to the number of energy quanta per
unit area per unit time The greater the number of
energy quanta available, the greater is the number of
electrons absorbing the energy quanta and greater,
therefore, is the number of electrons coming out of
the metal (for n > n0) |
9 | 1803-1806 | Thus,
there exists a threshold frequency n0 (= f0/h) for the
metal surface, below which no photoelectric emission
is possible, no matter how intense the incident
radiation may be or how long it falls on the surface ·
In this picture, intensity of radiation as noted above,
is proportional to the number of energy quanta per
unit area per unit time The greater the number of
energy quanta available, the greater is the number of
electrons absorbing the energy quanta and greater,
therefore, is the number of electrons coming out of
the metal (for n > n0) This explains why, for n > n0,
photoelectric current is proportional to intensity |
9 | 1804-1807 | ·
In this picture, intensity of radiation as noted above,
is proportional to the number of energy quanta per
unit area per unit time The greater the number of
energy quanta available, the greater is the number of
electrons absorbing the energy quanta and greater,
therefore, is the number of electrons coming out of
the metal (for n > n0) This explains why, for n > n0,
photoelectric current is proportional to intensity ·
In Einstein’s picture, the basic elementary process
involved in photoelectric effect is the absorption of a
light quantum by an electron |
9 | 1805-1808 | The greater the number of
energy quanta available, the greater is the number of
electrons absorbing the energy quanta and greater,
therefore, is the number of electrons coming out of
the metal (for n > n0) This explains why, for n > n0,
photoelectric current is proportional to intensity ·
In Einstein’s picture, the basic elementary process
involved in photoelectric effect is the absorption of a
light quantum by an electron This process is
instantaneous |
9 | 1806-1809 | This explains why, for n > n0,
photoelectric current is proportional to intensity ·
In Einstein’s picture, the basic elementary process
involved in photoelectric effect is the absorption of a
light quantum by an electron This process is
instantaneous Thus, whatever may be the intensity
i |
9 | 1807-1810 | ·
In Einstein’s picture, the basic elementary process
involved in photoelectric effect is the absorption of a
light quantum by an electron This process is
instantaneous Thus, whatever may be the intensity
i e |
9 | 1808-1811 | This process is
instantaneous Thus, whatever may be the intensity
i e , the number of quanta of radiation per unit area
per unit time, photoelectric emission is instantaneous |
9 | 1809-1812 | Thus, whatever may be the intensity
i e , the number of quanta of radiation per unit area
per unit time, photoelectric emission is instantaneous Low intensity does not mean delay in emission, since
the basic elementary process is the same |
9 | 1810-1813 | e , the number of quanta of radiation per unit area
per unit time, photoelectric emission is instantaneous Low intensity does not mean delay in emission, since
the basic elementary process is the same Intensity
only determines how many electrons are able to
participate in the elementary process (absorption of a
light quantum by a single electron) and, therefore, the
photoelectric current |
9 | 1811-1814 | , the number of quanta of radiation per unit area
per unit time, photoelectric emission is instantaneous Low intensity does not mean delay in emission, since
the basic elementary process is the same Intensity
only determines how many electrons are able to
participate in the elementary process (absorption of a
light quantum by a single electron) and, therefore, the
photoelectric current Using Eq |
9 | 1812-1815 | Low intensity does not mean delay in emission, since
the basic elementary process is the same Intensity
only determines how many electrons are able to
participate in the elementary process (absorption of a
light quantum by a single electron) and, therefore, the
photoelectric current Using Eq (11 |
9 | 1813-1816 | Intensity
only determines how many electrons are able to
participate in the elementary process (absorption of a
light quantum by a single electron) and, therefore, the
photoelectric current Using Eq (11 1), the photoelectric equation, Eq |
9 | 1814-1817 | Using Eq (11 1), the photoelectric equation, Eq (11 |
9 | 1815-1818 | (11 1), the photoelectric equation, Eq (11 2),
can be written as
e V0 = h n – f 0; for
0
ν
ν
≥
or V0 =
0
eh
φe
ν
−
(11 |
9 | 1816-1819 | 1), the photoelectric equation, Eq (11 2),
can be written as
e V0 = h n – f 0; for
0
ν
ν
≥
or V0 =
0
eh
φe
ν
−
(11 4)
This is an important result |
9 | 1817-1820 | (11 2),
can be written as
e V0 = h n – f 0; for
0
ν
ν
≥
or V0 =
0
eh
φe
ν
−
(11 4)
This is an important result It predicts that the V0
versus n curve is a straight line with slope = (h/e),
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 – 1955)
Albert Einstein (1879 –
1955) Einstein, one of the
greatest physicists of all
time, was born in Ulm,
Germany |
9 | 1818-1821 | 2),
can be written as
e V0 = h n – f 0; for
0
ν
ν
≥
or V0 =
0
eh
φe
ν
−
(11 4)
This is an important result It predicts that the V0
versus n curve is a straight line with slope = (h/e),
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 – 1955)
Albert Einstein (1879 –
1955) Einstein, one of the
greatest physicists of all
time, was born in Ulm,
Germany In 1905, he
published three path-
breaking papers |
9 | 1819-1822 | 4)
This is an important result It predicts that the V0
versus n curve is a straight line with slope = (h/e),
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 – 1955)
Albert Einstein (1879 –
1955) Einstein, one of the
greatest physicists of all
time, was born in Ulm,
Germany In 1905, he
published three path-
breaking papers In the
first paper, he introduced
the notion of light quanta
(now called photons) and
used it to explain the
features of photoelectric
effect |
9 | 1820-1823 | It predicts that the V0
versus n curve is a straight line with slope = (h/e),
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 – 1955)
Albert Einstein (1879 –
1955) Einstein, one of the
greatest physicists of all
time, was born in Ulm,
Germany In 1905, he
published three path-
breaking papers In the
first paper, he introduced
the notion of light quanta
(now called photons) and
used it to explain the
features of photoelectric
effect In the second paper,
he developed a theory of
Brownian
motion,
confirmed experimentally a
few years later and provided
a convincing evidence of
the atomic picture of matter |
9 | 1821-1824 | In 1905, he
published three path-
breaking papers In the
first paper, he introduced
the notion of light quanta
(now called photons) and
used it to explain the
features of photoelectric
effect In the second paper,
he developed a theory of
Brownian
motion,
confirmed experimentally a
few years later and provided
a convincing evidence of
the atomic picture of matter The third paper gave birth
to the special theory of
relativity |
9 | 1822-1825 | In the
first paper, he introduced
the notion of light quanta
(now called photons) and
used it to explain the
features of photoelectric
effect In the second paper,
he developed a theory of
Brownian
motion,
confirmed experimentally a
few years later and provided
a convincing evidence of
the atomic picture of matter The third paper gave birth
to the special theory of
relativity In 1916, he
published the general
theory of relativity |
9 | 1823-1826 | In the second paper,
he developed a theory of
Brownian
motion,
confirmed experimentally a
few years later and provided
a convincing evidence of
the atomic picture of matter The third paper gave birth
to the special theory of
relativity In 1916, he
published the general
theory of relativity Some of
Einstein’s most significant
later contributions are: the
notion
of
stimulated
emission introduced in an
alternative derivation of
Planck’s
blackbody
radiation law, static model
of the universe which
started modern cosmology,
quantum statistics of a gas
of massive bosons, and a
critical analysis of the
foundations of quantum
mechanics |
9 | 1824-1827 | The third paper gave birth
to the special theory of
relativity In 1916, he
published the general
theory of relativity Some of
Einstein’s most significant
later contributions are: the
notion
of
stimulated
emission introduced in an
alternative derivation of
Planck’s
blackbody
radiation law, static model
of the universe which
started modern cosmology,
quantum statistics of a gas
of massive bosons, and a
critical analysis of the
foundations of quantum
mechanics In 1921, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for his contribution
to theoretical physics and
the photoelectric effect |
9 | 1825-1828 | In 1916, he
published the general
theory of relativity Some of
Einstein’s most significant
later contributions are: the
notion
of
stimulated
emission introduced in an
alternative derivation of
Planck’s
blackbody
radiation law, static model
of the universe which
started modern cosmology,
quantum statistics of a gas
of massive bosons, and a
critical analysis of the
foundations of quantum
mechanics In 1921, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for his contribution
to theoretical physics and
the photoelectric effect Rationalised 2023-24
283
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
independent of the nature of the material |
9 | 1826-1829 | Some of
Einstein’s most significant
later contributions are: the
notion
of
stimulated
emission introduced in an
alternative derivation of
Planck’s
blackbody
radiation law, static model
of the universe which
started modern cosmology,
quantum statistics of a gas
of massive bosons, and a
critical analysis of the
foundations of quantum
mechanics In 1921, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for his contribution
to theoretical physics and
the photoelectric effect Rationalised 2023-24
283
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
independent of the nature of the material During 1906-1916, Millikan
performed a series of experiments on photoelectric effect, aimed at
disproving Einstein’s photoelectric equation |
9 | 1827-1830 | In 1921, he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for his contribution
to theoretical physics and
the photoelectric effect Rationalised 2023-24
283
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
independent of the nature of the material During 1906-1916, Millikan
performed a series of experiments on photoelectric effect, aimed at
disproving Einstein’s photoelectric equation He measured the slope of
the straight line obtained for sodium, similar to that shown in Fig |
9 | 1828-1831 | Rationalised 2023-24
283
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
independent of the nature of the material During 1906-1916, Millikan
performed a series of experiments on photoelectric effect, aimed at
disproving Einstein’s photoelectric equation He measured the slope of
the straight line obtained for sodium, similar to that shown in Fig 11 |
9 | 1829-1832 | During 1906-1916, Millikan
performed a series of experiments on photoelectric effect, aimed at
disproving Einstein’s photoelectric equation He measured the slope of
the straight line obtained for sodium, similar to that shown in Fig 11 5 |
9 | 1830-1833 | He measured the slope of
the straight line obtained for sodium, similar to that shown in Fig 11 5 Using the known value of e, he determined the value of Planck’s constant
h |
9 | 1831-1834 | 11 5 Using the known value of e, he determined the value of Planck’s constant
h This value was close to the value of Planck’s contant (= 6 |
9 | 1832-1835 | 5 Using the known value of e, he determined the value of Planck’s constant
h This value was close to the value of Planck’s contant (= 6 626 × 10–
34J s) determined in an entirely different context |
9 | 1833-1836 | Using the known value of e, he determined the value of Planck’s constant
h This value was close to the value of Planck’s contant (= 6 626 × 10–
34J s) determined in an entirely different context In this way, in 1916,
Millikan proved the validity of Einstein’s photoelectric equation, instead
of disproving it |
9 | 1834-1837 | This value was close to the value of Planck’s contant (= 6 626 × 10–
34J s) determined in an entirely different context In this way, in 1916,
Millikan proved the validity of Einstein’s photoelectric equation, instead
of disproving it The successful explanation of photoelectric effect using the hypothesis
of light quanta and the experimental determination of values of h and f0,
in agreement with values obtained from other experiments, led to the
acceptance of Einstein’s picture of photoelectric effect |
9 | 1835-1838 | 626 × 10–
34J s) determined in an entirely different context In this way, in 1916,
Millikan proved the validity of Einstein’s photoelectric equation, instead
of disproving it The successful explanation of photoelectric effect using the hypothesis
of light quanta and the experimental determination of values of h and f0,
in agreement with values obtained from other experiments, led to the
acceptance of Einstein’s picture of photoelectric effect Millikan verified
photoelectric equation with great precision, for a number of alkali metals
over a wide range of radiation frequencies |
9 | 1836-1839 | In this way, in 1916,
Millikan proved the validity of Einstein’s photoelectric equation, instead
of disproving it The successful explanation of photoelectric effect using the hypothesis
of light quanta and the experimental determination of values of h and f0,
in agreement with values obtained from other experiments, led to the
acceptance of Einstein’s picture of photoelectric effect Millikan verified
photoelectric equation with great precision, for a number of alkali metals
over a wide range of radiation frequencies 11 |
9 | 1837-1840 | The successful explanation of photoelectric effect using the hypothesis
of light quanta and the experimental determination of values of h and f0,
in agreement with values obtained from other experiments, led to the
acceptance of Einstein’s picture of photoelectric effect Millikan verified
photoelectric equation with great precision, for a number of alkali metals
over a wide range of radiation frequencies 11 7 PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON
Photoelectric effect thus gave evidence to the strange fact that light in
interaction with matter behaved as if it was made of quanta or packets of
energy, each of energy h n |
9 | 1838-1841 | Millikan verified
photoelectric equation with great precision, for a number of alkali metals
over a wide range of radiation frequencies 11 7 PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON
Photoelectric effect thus gave evidence to the strange fact that light in
interaction with matter behaved as if it was made of quanta or packets of
energy, each of energy h n Is the light quantum of energy to be associated with a particle |
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