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Vehicle diagnostic systems often include an array of sensors for monitoring various activities and conditions of a vehicle. Multiple sensors measuring the same physical properties are often used at various locations (e.g., two NOx measurements may be taken at each of an aftertreatment system inlet and an aftertreatment system outlet, five exhaust gas temperature measurements may be taken at an inlet and an outlet of each of a number of aftertreatment catalysts). Typically, a mechanical Poka-Yoke, or mechanical error prevention mechanism, is utilized to inhibit sensors from being installed in an incorrect location and to associate the sensor with an engine control module (ECM). For example, a first probe or sensor may have a thread pattern of M20×1.5 with a first connector key and only one sensor mounting boss may be structured to fit that thread pattern. As a result, during installation either at a plant or during service, the first sensor can only be mounted to its designated location (i.e., the matching sensor mounting boss). The use of mechanical error prevention mechanisms result in a proliferation of parts because each sensor (e.g., one sensor of multiple duplicative sensors) requires different physical attributes and therefore different part numbers. Resulting increases in logistical complexity of installation and maintenance systems, as well as supply chains, causes the cost of parts and installation to increase both for initial assembly and for service. | Mid | [
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Early vs. late tracheostomy in intensive care settings: Impact on ICU and hospital costs. Up to 12% of the 800,000 patients who undergo mechanical ventilation in the United States every year require tracheostomies. A recent systematic review showed that early tracheostomy was associated with better outcomes: more ventilator-free days, shorter ICU stays, less sedation and reduced long-term mortality. However, the financial impact of early tracheostomies remain unknown. To conduct a cost-analysis on the timing of tracheostomy in mechanically ventilated patients. We extracted individual length of hospital stay and length of ICU stay data from the studies included in the systematic review from Hosokawa et al. We also searched for any recent randomized control trials on the topic that were published after this review. The weighted length of stay was estimated using a random effects model. Average daily hospital and ICU costs per patients were obtained from a cost study by Kahn et al. We estimated hospital and ICU costs by multiplying LOS with respective average daily cost per patient. We calculated difference in costs by subtracting hospital costs, ICU costs and total direct variable costs from early tracheotomy to late tracheotomy. 95% confidence intervals were estimated using bootstrap re-sampling procedures with 1000 iterations. The average weighted cost of ICU stay in patients with an early tracheostomy was $4316 less when compared to patients with late tracheostomy (95% CI: 403-8229). Subgroup analysis revealed that very early tracheostomies (<4days) cost on average $3672 USD less than late tracheostomies (95% CI: -1309, 10,294) and that early tracheostomies (<10days but >4) cost on average $6385 USD less than late tracheostomies (95% CI: -4396-17,165). This study shows that early tracheostomy can significantly reduce direct variable and likely total hospital costs in the intensive care unit based on length of stay alone. This is in addition to the already shown benefits of early tracheostomy in terms of ventilator dependent days, reduced length of stays, decreased pain, and improved communication. Further prospective studies on this topic are needed to prove the cost-effectiveness of early tracheostomy in the critically ill population. | High | [
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Scientists have been flying over southern Iceland on Monday to evaluate whether a volcanic eruption which caused many local residents to be evacuated on Saturday, is now safe. The Eyjafjallajoekull volcano began shooting ash and molten lava into the air on Saturday, after being dormant for 200 years, ripping a 1km-long fissure in a field of ice. It resulted in 500 local residents being evacuated from their homes. The eruption also caused local and international flights to be cancelled. | Low | [
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1. Background {#sec1} ============= As a subtype of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) is a disease, with which patients suffer reflux-related symptoms caused by gastric contents inflowing into esophagus, but lack the endoscopic mucosal damage of esophagus \[[@B1]\], and it accounts for 50% to 70% \[[@B2]\] of GERD. The pathogenesis of NERD is complicated and has not been quite clear. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is often ineffective because of most NERD patients\' low life satisfaction, poor sleep quality, and functional esophageal disorders \[[@B3], [@B4]\]. With deep insight into NERD, mental state, visceral sensitivity, and the relationship between them have been paid more and more attention in the occurrence of NERD. Studies have shown that negative mental state can cause visceral hypersensitivity through the brain-gut axis, and the patients\' esophageal hypersensitivity is related to the sensitization of nerve endings, spinal cord, and cerebral center \[[@B5]--[@B7]\]. Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and substance P (SP) may participate in esophageal sensitization in the brain, spinal cord dorsal horn, and esophagus in turn. The specialty of GERD in our hospital, as the "12th Five-Year" key specialty of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has devoted to the clinical and experimental studies of NERD for a long time and found Shugan Hewei Granule (SGHWG) made a good effect on NERD patients. In order to clarify the relationship between NERD and emotion and the mechanism of action of SGHWG on NERD, a NERD rat model was established on the basis of prestudy and preliminary experiment. The CRF protein of the hypothalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the NMDAR1 protein of the spinal cord, the SP protein expression in the mucosa of peripheral esophagus, and the suspension time of the rat model were detected to explore the effect of SGHWG and to provide the experimental basis for its clinical application. 2. Materials and Methods {#sec2} ======================== 2.1. Experimental Animals {#sec2.1} ------------------------- 40 healthy male Wistar rats, aged 6 weeks, weighing 200±20 grams, clean grade, were supplied by Shanghai Slack Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. They were maintained at 20 ± 2°C, 50 ± 10% relative humidity, under a 12-h light: 12-h dark cycle, and their padding had been sterilized by high pressure. The rats had free access to tap water and a normal standard chow diet and they would be housed in these facilities for at least 1 week before the experiment. 2.2. Drugs {#sec2.2} ---------- The SGHWG was made of inula terrier, reddle, rhizoma coptidis, evodia rutaecarpa, ginger, calcined concha arcae, radix bupleuri, rhizoma corydalis, stir-baked fructus gardeniae, fructus aurantii, rhizoma polygonati, and radix liquiritiae and was produced by Jiangyin Tianjing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The ratio of conversion of the drug dosage between rat and human was 6.3 \[[@B8]\], so the amount of the granules needed was 11.07g/kg·d. The granules were mixed into the solution and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C before use. The required dose of Rabeprazole sodium enteric-coated tablets, produced by Lunan Beite Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., was 1.80mg/kg·d according to the same ratio of conversion. The tablets were dissolved in the deionized water and stored at 4°C. 2.3. Reagents and Experimental Apparatus {#sec2.3} ---------------------------------------- Reagents: anti-NMDAR1 antibody (rabbit polyclonal antibody to NMDAR1 ab52177, Lot: GR94962-8), Anti-Corticotropin Releasing Factor antibody (Rabbit polyclonal antibody to Corticotropin Releasing Factor ab8901, Lot: GR3186-34), and anti-substance P antibody (Rabbit polyclonal antibody to substance P ab216414, Lot: GR300475-1) were supplied by Abcam, UK. Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG, goat anti-rabbit IgG-FITC, and goat serum (raw fluid) were supplied by Suo Lai Bao Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. DAB color reagent kit (DAB-2031) was supplied by Maxin Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China. D-fructose was supplied by Mclean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Polyformaldehyde and chloral hydrate were supplied by Shan Pu Chemical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Xylene and anhydrous ethanol were supplied by Qiang Shen Functional Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China. Experimental apparatus: 24-hour esophageal pH-impedance monitor (HSYS-REC-LT2) and measurement catheter (REF MMS G-88487, Lot: 1762647A) were provided by Medical Measurement Systems B.V., Netherlands. High speed freezer centrifuge 3-18K was provided by Sigma, Germany. Rocking bed for decolorization ZD-9550 and oscillator were provided by Qilin Beier Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China. Constant temperature magnetic agitator was provided by Hong Yu Science Instrument Factory, Jiangsu, China. Electronic balance ME3002T/02 was provided by Mettle Toledo Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Water insulation-constant temperature incubator GSP-9160MBE was provided by Bo Xun Bioinstrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Blood glucose meter was provided by Bayer HealthCare LLC, Germany. Leica microscope DM2700P, LAS V4.0, and Leica QWin V3 image analysis software were provided by Leica, Germany. Image-Pro Plus 6.0 image analysis software was provided by Media Cybernetics, USA. 2.4. Animal Grouping, Model Establishment, and Drug Administration {#sec2.4} ------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, model group, normal saline (NS) group, SGHWG group, and Rabeprazole group and every 8 rats were in one group. The control group was not treated. The model group used the method of Zayachkivska and Mizoguchi \[[@B9], [@B10]\] to treat the rats with fructose intake and mental stress. They were given free fructose water (200g/L), placed in restraint cages, and immersed vertically to the level of the xiphoid process in a water bath of 22 ± 2°C for 2 hours a day for continuous 28 days. The NS group, SGHWG group, and Rabeprazole group were treated as the model group (both fructose intake and mental stress) and then gavaged with the corresponding drugs from the 15th to the 28th day of the experiment, 2 times a day, 1ml per 100g in weight each time. 2.5. Sample Collection {#sec2.5} ---------------------- After 10% chloral hydrate (0.3ml per 100g in weight) for deep anaesthesia, the rats were opened the chests and were inserted catheters through their left ventricles to the ascending aortas. We cut their right auricles, and at the same time 0.9% NS solution about 200 ml was used to rinse the blood of their whole bodies by pressured perfusion until their livers were completely white and the NS solution outflowed from their right auricles was colorless. The precooling 4% polyformaldehyde fixed solution (pH 7.4) 500 ml was used for enhancing perfusion for about one hour until their limbs and spinal cords became hard and then we took their spinal segments (T1-T6), the whole brain, and the lower third of esophagus (from 15mm above and 2mm below the esophageal sphincter) into paraformaldehyde for fixation. After embedded by paraffin, the above tissues would be continuously sliced from coronary and cross section (40*μ*m per slice) according to the anatomical location of histologic atlas of Gartner and Hiatt \[[@B11]\] before hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. 2.6. Testing Indexes and Methods {#sec2.6} -------------------------------- ### 2.6.1. Test of pH Value in the Lower Third of the Esophagus {#sec2.6.1} Before measurement, all rats had fasted for 12 hours. When the rats were under deep anaesthesia with 10% chloral hydrate (0.3ml per 100g in weight), the electrode of the pH value recorder was placed at 1 cm above gastroesophageal junction, and after 1min, the instantaneous pH values of the lower third of esophagus of the rats were recorded. ### 2.6.2. Observation of Immobile Time in Tail Suspension Test {#sec2.6.2} When all rats had fasted for 12 hours on the 29^th^ day of the whole experiment, the rats were fixed at about 3cm from the end of the tail for suspension in a quiet environment. Their inverted head were about 20cm fom the ground. When they were displayed as a passive state and their limbs\' movements were disappeared, the rats were regarded as immobility. For each rat, a total of 6 min was observed, and the cumulative time of the immobile state of the rats within the later 4 min was recorded \[[@B12]\]. ### 2.6.3. HE Staining of Esophageal Mucosa in Lower Third of Esophagus {#sec2.6.3} \(1\) Paraffin sections were dewaxed to water; (2) all sections were stained by hematoxylin for 5 min; (3) all sections were cleaned by running water for 10 min; (4) all sections were stained by 0.5% eosin for 1-3 min; (5) all sections were cleaned by distilled water for 30 sec; (6) stained sections were dehydrated by pure alcohol and then were made transparent by xylene; (7) the sections were sealed by neutral gum and then were observed under light microscope. The grading injury indexes of esophageal mucosa were evaluated according to Esohisto guidance \[[@B13]\]. ### 2.6.4. Detection of the Expression of CRF in the Hypothalamus and ACC and SP in the Esophageal Mucosa in Lower Third of Esophagus by Immunofluorescence FITC {#sec2.6.4} \(1\) Paraffin sections were made dewax to water; (2) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 10min; (3) all sections were soaked in 3%H~2~0~2~ for 15min, which were protected from light to inactivate endogenous peroxidase; (4) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 30min; (5) citrate was used to repair the antigen for 30min, temperature of water kept between 92\~99°C; (6) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 30min; (7) all sections were soaked in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10min to increase the permeability of the membrane; (8) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 30min; (9) after drying the slices, we dripped the 10% goat serum on the sections and then incubated them at room temperature for 60min; (10) all the slices were dried again and were incubated with primary antibody (1/200 in diluent) overnight at 4°C; (11) taken out of the fridge, each piece was first washed in PBST for discontinuation of reaction and then was cleaned in PBST liquid for 30min; (12) after drying the slices, we dripped the IgG-FITC of sheep anti-rabbit and then incubated them at room temperature for 60min; (13) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 30min; (14) after dried, the slices were dripped with DAPI; (15) we used glycerin gelatin for seal and then observed them under fluorescence microscope. The immunofluorescence positive products were light green, obvious green, or bright green with dazzling fluorescence under fluorescence microscopy and were analyzed by image analysis software. We chose one slice for each sample, and randomly observed 5 views for the expression of CRF in the hypothalamus and ACC and SP in the esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus under the high magnification microscope (10*∗*40). Each integrated optical density (IOD) of the positive reaction site was recorded and the average value of IOD in the 5 fields was calculated to represent the quantity of antigen expression. The larger the quantity, the stronger the positive expression. ### 2.6.5. Detection of Expression of NMDAR1 Protein in Spinal Cord by Immunohistochemical SP Method {#sec2.6.5} \(1\) \~ (11) were the same as immunofluorescence FITC. (12) After drying the slices, we dripped the second antibody on the sections and then incubated them at room temperature of 37°C for 30 min; (13) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 30min; (14) after drying the slices, we dripped HRP on the sections and then incubated them at room temperature of 37°C for 30min; (15) PBST liquid was used to clean each section for 30min; (16) DAB solution was used for coloration protected from light. When they showed brown, we washed the slices in pure water; (17) all the slices were rinsed by water for 10min; (18) hematoxylin was used for staining for 10sec; (19) all the slices were rinsed by water for 7-10min; (20) all the slices were dehydrated, sealed by neutral balsam, and observed under light microscope. The positive products of the immunohistochemical SP method which showed thin yellow fine particles, brown yellow particles, and brown yellow coarse granules were analyzed with image analysis software under optical microscope. One slice was selected to represent each specimen and the expression of NMDAR1 in the spinal cord of 5 fields of vision at random was observed under the high magnification microscope (10*∗*40). The average optical density (AOD), meaning IOD/area, of the positive reaction site of each field was calculated. The average value of AOD in 5 fields demonstrated the quantity of antigen. The larger the value, the more the antigen expressed. 2.7. Statistical Analysis {#sec2.7} ------------------------- SPSS 18.0 statistical package (provided by IBM, USA) was used for data entry and processing. The data which accorded with normal distribution was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x ± s) or as median (four quantile range), that is, M (P25, P75). When the data accorded with normal distribution and homogeneity of variance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD-t test were used for the intergroup comparisons, or nonparametric test was used. For normality and homogeneity of variance tests, a statistical difference was defined as*P*\<0.1, but for other tests a statistical difference was defined as*P*\<0.05 and a statistically significant difference was defined as*P*\<0.01. 3. Results {#sec3} ========== 3.1. Comparison of Body Weight and Blood Glucose of Rats between the Model Group and the Control Group {#sec3.1} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The blood glucose levels of rats between the model group and the control group were statistically different at the end of the second and fourth week, and the former was higher (*P*\<0.05). The weights of rats between the two groups were statistically significant at the end of the fourth week, and the former was heavier (*P*\<0.05, [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}). 3.2. Comparison of the Pathological Changes of the Esophageal Mucosa in Lower Third of Esophagus of Rats between the Model Group and the Control Group {#sec3.2} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ After the esophagus was cut longitudinally, the esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus of both the control group and the model group looked undamaged. After paraffin embedding and HE staining, the rats\' esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus of the model group showed basal cell layer hyperplasia, papillary elongation, dilated intercellular spaces, increases of intraepithelial eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells under light microscope. Almost no significant pathological changes were observed in the structure of the esophageal wall in the control group ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). 3.3. Comparison of pH Values of the Lower Third of Esophagus of Rats in Each Group {#sec3.3} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The pH value of the lower third of esophagus of the model group was lower than that of the control group (*P*\<0.01), indicating that there was a pathological acid reflux in the model group. There was no significant difference between the NS group and the model group (*P*\>0.05). The pH values of both the SGHWG group and the Rabeprazole group were higher than that of the model group (*P*\<0.01), but the pH value of the Rabeprazole group increased more obviously ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). 3.4. Comparison of Immobile Time of Rats in Tail Suspension Test in Each Group {#sec3.4} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The immobile time of rats in the model group was significantly longer than that in the control group (*P*\<0.01), indicating that the rats of model group had depressive behavior. Compared with the model group, the NS group showed no difference (*P* \> 0.05). The immobile time of both the SGHWG group and the Rabeprazole group was shorter than that of the model group (*P*\<0.01), but the SGHWG group shortened more obviously (*P*\<0.05, [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). 3.5. Comparison of the Expression of CRF Protein in Hypothalamus and ACC of Rats in Each Group {#sec3.5} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CRF was expressed in the hypothalamus and ACC of rats in each group, of which green immunofluorescent product was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of neurons. The shapes of neurons in these area were mostly round, spindle, and elliptical. As shown in Figures [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}, the immunofluorescent positive product of CRF was very little and scattered in hypothalamus and ACC of rats in the control group. The positive cells presenting as fluorescently labeled in the model group were counted more intensive than those in the control group and green of positive product of the model group was deeper. Corresponding to the result obtained in immunofluorescence assay, [Table 5](#tab5){ref-type="table"} showed the relative protein expression level of CRF measured by value of IOD. IOD value of the model group was more than twice as much as that of the control group (*P*\<0.01). Compared with the model group, neither the NS group nor the Rabeprazole group showed any significant difference (*P*\>0.05). The expression of the CRF protein in the SGHWG group significantly decreased, compared with the model group (*P*\<0.01), and was obviously lower than that in the Rabeprazole group (*P*\<0.05, [Table 5](#tab5){ref-type="table"} and Figures [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). 3.6. Comparison of the Expression of NMDAR1 Protein in Spinal Cord of Rats in Each Group {#sec3.6} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NMDAR1 was expressed in the posterior horn of spinal cord of rats in each group, of which brown immunopositive product was mainly distributed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of neurons. The shapes of neurons in the spinal cord were mostly fusiform and polygonal. As shown in [Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}, the immunohistochemical positive product of NMDAR1 was very little and scattered in spinal cord of rats of the control group. The positive cells presenting as DAB-colored in the model group were counted more intensive than those in the control group and brown of positive product of the model group was deeper. Corresponding to the result obtained in immunohistochemistry assay, [Table 6](#tab6){ref-type="table"} showed the relative protein expression level of NMDAR1 measured by value of AOD. The expression level of NMDAR1 protein in the spinal cord of the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group (*P*\<0.01). Compared with the model group, neither the NS group nor the Rabeprazole group showed any significant difference (*P*\>0.05). The expression of NMDAR1 protein in the spinal cord of the SGHWG group significantly decreased, compared with the model group (*P*\<0.01), and was obviously lower than that in the Rabeprazole group (*P*\<0.05, [Table 6](#tab6){ref-type="table"} and [Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). 3.7. Comparison of SP Protein Expression in the Esophageal Mucosa in Lower Third of Esophagus of Rats in Each Group {#sec3.7} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SP was expressed in the lower third of esophagus of rats in each group, of which green immunofluorescent product was mainly distributed in the sensory nerve fibers in esophageal mucosa. As shown in [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}, the positive immunofluorescent product of SP was very little and scattered in esophageal mucosa of rats of the control group. The positive cells presenting as fluorescently labeled in the model group were counted more intensive than those in the control group and green of positive product of the model group was deeper. Corresponding to the result obtained in immunofluorescence assay, [Table 7](#tab7){ref-type="table"} showed the relative protein expression level of SP measured by value of IOD. IOD value of the model group was more than four times as much as that of the control group (*P*\<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the NS group and the model group (*P*\>0.05). The expression of SP in the esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus of both the SGHWG group and the Rabeprazole group decreased significantly, compared with the model group (*P*\<0.05), but the decrease in the SGHWG group was more obvious (*P*\<0.05, [Table 7](#tab7){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). 4. Discussion {#sec4} ============= The pathogenesis of NERD includes high viscera sensitivity of esophagus, reflux stimulation, abnormal esophageal motility, and psychological factors. However, there is no theory that can fully explain the occurrence of NERD. Therefore, most scholars believe that NERD is heterogeneous diseases and may be the result of a variety of pathogenic factors. Zhao et al. \[[@B14]\] found that, after chronic restraint stress, the rats\' esophageal epithelial barrier function would suffer damage, which was similar to the morphological changes produced by acid instillation into the esophagus, and the acid reperfusion would aggravate the damage of the mucosa. Zayachkivska et al. \[[@B9]\] used fructose intake and water-immersion stress stimulation to establish the animal model of NERD. The manifestation of the esophageal mucosa of the rats was consistent with the patients with NERD, indicating that the application of mental stimulation could simulate the pathophysiological status of the patients with NERD well. In recent years, the roles of psychosocial factors and visceral hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of NERD have attracted more and more attention. In clinic, the incidences of anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, and autonomic nervous dysfunction were higher in patients with NERD than that in patients with erosive esophagitis (EE),another subtype of GERD, according to Pogromov \[[@B15]\]. Zhang et al. \[[@B16]\] found that 71% of NERD patients had mental and psychological abnormalities, higher than that of EE patients (57.3%), and the quality of life of NERD patients was lower than that of EE patients, which was likely to be related to the abnormal mental state of NERD patients. A large sample and prospective study conducted by Lee et al. \[[@B17]\] showed that neuroticism and psychological abnormality were the risk factors of NERD. Liu et al. \[[@B18]\] used the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) to make a psychological assessment of NERD patients in outpatient clinic. The results showed that the scores of somatization, compulsion, anxiety, paranoia, depression, and hostility in NERD patients were significantly higher than those of the normal control group, and the patients with pathological acid reflux had more mental disorders. Other studies also showed that noncardiac chest pain as a common symptom of NERD was relevant to anxiety and depression \[[@B19]\]. Yamasaki et al. emphasized reflux hypersensitivity affected primarily young to middle aged women and was often associated with some type of psychological comorbidity \[[@B20]\]. Avidan et al. \[[@B21]\] found that the frequency of heartburn in patients with mental disorders was higher than that in the general population, suggesting that psychological problems were likely to make reflux symptoms more perceived. Phillips et al. used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor the central nervous response of a healthy person with a phasic and painless stimulation of his esophagus, and he found that the activation of the right side of insula and the double dorsal ACC related to esophageal sensation was obviously stronger when one had negative emotions such as fear and unease than when one was calm \[[@B22]\]. Some researches have confirmed that psychosocial factors can induce visceral hypersensitivity through brain-gut axis \[[@B23]\]. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which consists of 41 amino acid residues, plays an important role in the regulation of mental stress of the central nervous system. Mental stress can stimulate the release of CRF in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the marginal system (including cingulate gyrus, etc.), activating the brainstem locus coeruleus to excite and facilitate the visceral senses of animals \[[@B24]\]. CRF released from the hypothalamus and its related brain regions is considered to be one of the important mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity \[[@B25], [@B26]\]. At the same time, the release of CRF will activate the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) to regulate the anxious behavior and make the visceral sensation closely interact with the emotion. Negative emotion can lead to the release of CRF in the hypothalamus and other related brain regions, acting on the medullary vagus dorsal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, and spinal cord to regulate the endocrine, autonomic, immune, and behavioral responses and affect gastrointestinal motility and sensitivity \[[@B27]\]. Studies have shown that after mechanical and chemical stimulations activate the visceral receptors, the signal will be transferred into the posterior horn of the spinal cord and then glutamic acid releases to upregulate the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDA-R) as one of the ionic excitatory amino acid receptors \[[@B28]\], causing an activity-dependent increase in the reactive activity of the dorsal horn neurons and a change of the neural plasticity. The reactivities of the spinal dorsal horn nerve cells to the original low-threshold stimulation and the existing afferent impulses increase. The activation threshold of the new impulses is reduced and the receptive field is enlarged, so that responses of nerves to the normal stimulation intensity are enhanced. However, after the elimination of the peripheral stimulation, the plasticity of neurons can make the spinal dorsal horn remain in high sensitive state \[[@B29]--[@B31]\]. As the effect of NMDA and its receptors in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been confirmed, it is presumed that the NMDA receptor may join in the process of esophageal sensitization at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. SP is a peptide composed of 11 amino acids, which is a double-distributed brain-gut peptide and plays an important role in mediating visceral nociception. SP is widely distributed in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve C fibers \[[@B32]\]. It is a neuropeptide that transmits nociceptive information and an important indicator of pain. In NERD, immunohistochemistry has confirmed that OD value of SP positive products of sphincter in lower part of esophagus are negatively correlated with the initial threshold of esophageal perception and the maximum threshold of tolerated pain. Mental and physical stimulation can make nerve center, as hypothalamus, limbic brain, locus coeruleus, etc., release CRF which will combine with the receptor of peripheral sensory neurons to promote the secretion of SP, to affect the motility and secretory function of the gastrointestinal tract and the visceral sensitivity in the periphery \[[@B27]\]. In traditional Chinese medicine, the basic pathogenesis of NERD is that liver lose its function of dispersion and stomach loses its function of descent, leading to adverse rising of gastric Qi. Although the location of disease is esophagus and stomach, NERD is closely related to liver, gallbladder, spleen, and lung. Clinically, we used SGHW granule to treat patients with NERD and obtained good curative effect. SGHWG was made up of 9 g of Inula terrier, 15 g of reddle, 3 g of rhizoma coptidis, 3 g of evodia rutaecarpa, 3 g of ginger, 30 g of calcined concha arcae, 9 g of radix bupleuri, 9 g of rhizoma corydalis, 9 g of stir-baked fructus gardeniae, 12 g of fructus aurantii, 15 g of rhizoma polygonati, and 6g of radix liquiritiae. The prescription of SGHW complies with the pathogenesis of NERD to sooth liver and harmonize stomach by the combination of spicy and bitter herbs, cold, and warmth herbs, regulating Qi and blood, elimination, and supplement, against symptoms and pathogeny, so that gastric Qi go down not up, the liver and gallbladder keep balance not to traverse, surface and interior harmonize, ascent and descent cooperate well, and the body will be self-healing. Modern pharmacological studies \[[@B33], [@B34]\] showed that saikosaponin and ethanol extract of fructus aurantii could play an antidepressant role, and berberine could reduce visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats. Therefore, according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmacology, it is well-grounded that SGHW prescription can play a role in improving the depressive behavior and visceral hypersensitivity of NERD patients. In this study, we found that the immobile time of the tail suspension in the model group was significantly longer than that in the control group and meanwhile model group suffered the pathological acid reflux, indicating making use of mental stimulation could simulate the pathophysiological state of NERD well. At the same time, the expressions of CRF protein in hypothalamus and ACC, NMDAR1 protein in spinal cord, and SP protein in esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus of model group were significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that visceral hypersensitivity and depressive behavior coexisted in the model group. The pH values of lower third of esophagus in SGHWG group and Rabeprazole group were both higher than that in the model group, but the pH value of Rabeprazole group increased more obviously, which indicated that both SGHWG and Rabeprazole could inhibit gastric acid but Rabeprazole had stronger inhibiting capacity. The immobile time of SGHWG group and Rabeprazole group was both shorter than that of the model group, and the immobile time of SGHWG group shortened more, so we thought SGHWG could relieve the behavioral despair of NERD rats better. The expression of CRF protein in hypothalamus and ACC, NMDAR1 protein in spinal cord, and SP protein in esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus of SGHWG group was significantly lower than that of model group and Rabeprazole group, which suggested SGHWG might improve depression and alleviate behavioral hopelessness in NERD rats by reducing the expression of CRF protein in hypothalamus and ACC to adjust the sensitization process of visceral hypersensitive in brain; SGHWG might improve the sensitization of the spinal cord in NERD rats by reducing the expression of NMDAR1 protein in it; regulating the expression of SP protein in the esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus might be the intervention mechanism of SGHWG on the peripheral level of rat model of NERD. More and more researchers have been conscious that alternative medicine techniques as herbal medicine continue to show promise, especially in NERD patients who failed antireflux treatment \[[@B35], [@B36]\]. In the future, based on the clinical efficacy of SGHWG, more systematic and scientific studies should be designed for clarifying the therapeutic mechanism of this prescription in regulating mood and visceral hypersensitivity in patients with NERD. 5. Conclusions {#sec5} ============== Although there existed some limitations of our research, it also provided an evidence that SGHW formula was inferior to Rabeprazole in acid inhibition, but it might reduce the expression of CRF protein of hypothalamus and ACC, lower the levels of NMDAR1 protein in spinal dorsal horn and SP protein in esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus, and regulate depressive behavior simultaneously, related with the improvement of visceral hypersensitivity in rat model of NERD. The authors thank Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine for technical support. This work was supported by Major Scientific and Technological Projects funded by Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (13401902800). SGHWG: : Shugan Hewei Granule NS: : Normal saline ACC: : Anterior cingulate cortex NERD: : Nonerosive reflux disease CRF: : Corticotropin releasing factor NMDA-R: : N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor SP: : Substance P GERD: : Gastroesophageal reflux disease PPI: : Proton pump inhibitor IOD: : Integrated optical density AOD: : Average optical density EE: : Erosive esophagitis SCL: : Symptom checklist fMRI: : Functional magnetic resonance imaging PVN: : Paraventricular nucleus HPA: : Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis IBS: : Irritable bowel syndrome. Data Availability ================= The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. Ethical Approval ================ Animal welfare and experimental procedures were strictly carried out in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1996) and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shanghai, China). Conflicts of Interest ===================== The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. There were no other relationships/conditions/circumstances that present potential conflicts of interest. Authors\' Contributions ======================= The work presented here was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Shengliang Zhu and Xiaosu Wang defined the research theme. Yi Wang and Guanwu Li designed methods and experiments, carried out the laboratory experiments, analyzed the data, and interpreted the results. Yi Wang wrote the paper and Shengliang Zhu revised it. All authors have contributed to, seen, and approved the manuscript. {#fig1} {#fig2} {#fig3} {#fig4} {#fig5} {#fig6} {#fig7} ###### Weight and blood glucose of rats in the model group and the control group $(\overset{-}{x} \pm s)$. Group Index 0^th^ day 14^th^ day 28^th^ day --------- ------------------------ ----------------- ------------------ ------------------- Control weight (g) 256.25 ± 7.30 316.88 ± 6.37 331.63 ± 10.25 blood glucose (mmol/L) 5.40 ± 0.35 6.04 ± 0.66 5.39 ± 0.32 Model weight(g) 251.25 ± 9.04\# 321.13 ± 13.81\# 350.88 ± 19.54*∗* blood glucose (mmol/L) 5.58 ± 0.41\# 8.15 ± 2.06*∗* 6.40 ± 0.76*∗* Notes: *∗P*\<0.05; \#*P*\>0.05, compared with the control group. ###### Histologic severity score of esophageal mucosa of rats in the model group and the control group $(\overset{-}{x} \pm s)$. Group n Severity score --------- --- ---------------- Control 8 1.50 ± 0.93 Model 8 3.63 ± 0.92*∗* Notes: *∗P*\<0.05, compared with the control group. ###### pH value of the lower third of esophagus of rats in each group $(\overset{-}{x} \pm s)$. Group n pH value of the lower third of esophagus ------------- --- ------------------------------------------ Control 8 7.88 ± 0.15 Model 8 6.28 ± 0.16*∗* NS 8 6.38 ± 0.12\# SGHWG 8 7.81 ± 0.10▲ Rabeprazole 8 7.99 ± 0.18▲◊ Notes: *∗P*\<0.001, compared with the control group; ▲*P*\<0.001 and \#*P*\>0.05, compared with the model group; ◊*P*\<0.05, compared with the SGHWG group. ###### Immobile time of rats in tail suspension test in each group. Group n Immobile time (s) ------------- --- ------------------- Control 8 62.25 ± 25.42 Model 8 121.25 ± 6.18*∗* NS 8 109.25 ± 17.12\# SGHWG 8 58.75 ± 19.69▲◊ Rabeprazole 8 84.75 ± 31.98▲ Notes: *∗P*\<0.01, compared with the control group; ▲*P*\<0.01 and \#*P* \> 0.05, compared with the model group; ◊*P*\<0.05, compared with Rabeprazole group. ###### IOD values of CRF immunoreactive products in hypothalamus and anterior cingulate cortex of rats in each group $(\overset{-}{x} \pm s)$. Group n IOD ------------- --- --------------------- --------------------- Control 8 448.83 ± 357.92 730.12 ± 90.14 Model 8 1161.15 ± 740.35*∗* 1610.40 ± 628.64*∗* NS 8 1012.25 ± 297.11\# 1302.85 ± 701.37\# SGHWG 8 517.82 ± 225.40▲◊ 551.05 ± 138.45▲◊ Rabeprazole 8 960.28 ± 355.07\# 1391.70 ± 947.52\# Notes: *∗P*\<0.01, compared with the control group; ▲*P*\<0.01 and \#*P* \> 0.05, compared with the model group; ◊*P*\<0.05, compared with Rabeprazole group. ###### AOD values of NMDAR1 immunoreactive products in spinal cord of rats in each group $(\overset{-}{x} \pm s)$. Group n AOD ------------- --- ---------------- Control 8 0.11 ± 0.08 Model 8 0.26 ± 0.07*∗* NS 8 0.23 ± 0.12\# SGHWG 8 0.12 ± 0.04▲◊ Rabeprazole 8 0.20 ± 0.09\# Notes: *∗P*\<0.01, compared with the control group; ▲*P*\<0.01 and \#*P* \> 0.05, compared with the model group; ◊*P*\<0.05, compared with Rabeprazole group. ###### IOD values of SP immunoreactive products in the esophageal mucosa in lower third of esophagus of rats in each group $(\overset{-}{x} \pm s)$. Group n IOD ------------- --- ---------------------- Control 8 1245.15 ± 1319.97 Model 8 5097.90 ± 2976.49*∗* NS 8 4087.85 ± 1174.44\# SGHWG 8 1298.36 ± 1233.05▲◊ Rabeprazole 8 3233.47 ± 1692.53▲ Notes: *∗P*\<0.01, compared with the control group; ▲*P*\<0.05 and \#*P* \> 0.05, compared with the model group; ◊*P*\<0.05, compared with Rabeprazole group. [^1]: Academic Editor: Mark Moss | High | [
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Wantto win $500? Subscribe to YourTango newsletter 7 Types Of Guys You Meet Through Online Dating Sites One woman hilariously dishes on the types of guys she's met online -- it's enough to keep you single The "separated" guy. Ladies, this one is straight-up married. Move it right along. The guy who insults you in order to hit on you. This isn't third grade, guys– if you pick on us, we aren't going to get the message that you're interested. Long emails about how wisdom tooth extractions are a scam are not going to go over well with a dentist, a lecture on how I shouldn't be so picky since I have "baggage" isn't going to go over well with a single mom, and messages that say nothing but "hey MILF" are not going to go over well with anyone, unless it's sent to a woman looking for a guy in my next and final category, which is… The sugar daddy guy. You'd be surprised at the number of emails I've gotten offering compensation of some kind for dating them. These guys are all over the place— from the guy who offered me clothes, lingerie, and time on his exercise machines to a guy who offered to pay my bills to the guy who came right out and asked if I was looking for a sugar daddy ("I think there's a name for women who do that," I told him sweetly. "It starts with an 'h' and ends with an 'ooker'."). Sigh. I'm getting pretty discouraged with the whole online thing, you guys. Any categories to add? Please post them in the comments! It's a public service project, really. 11. She's classy as f*ck. 12. She would be a warrior princess! "I feel like young girls are told that they have to be a princess and fragile. It's bulls*it. I identify much more with being a warrior—a fighter. If I was going to be a princess, I'd be a warrior princess. Definitely." | Low | [
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Update posted on 11/16/2018: A U.S. prosecutor has inadvertently revealed that Julian Assange has been secretly charged by the U.S. government, confirming this report. After Randy Credico offered Rep. Adam Schiff an interview with Assange, Schiff apparently revealed US plans to indict and extradite the Wikileaks founder By Max Blumenthal On May 23, activist and satirist Randy Credico met with the staff of Rep. Adam Schiff, the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee and de facto leader of the House’s investigation into Russian meddling. Credico described the discussions to me hours after his meeting. According to Credico, Schiff requested the interview after a brief chat with Schiff at the White House Press and Correspondents Association gala last month. An email from House Intelligence Committee senior counsel Shannon Green to Credico (below) demonstrates Schiff’s interest in the encounter. Schiff was interested exclusively in gathering evidence to bolster the Russiagate narrative of Credico as a secret liaison between Julian Assange, who has been branded without evidence by the CIA as a hostile foreign intelligence asset rather than a journalist, and former Trump campaign aide Roger Stone. (Credico, an erstwhile associate of Stone and fervent advocate for Assange’s freedom, was subpoenaed last November by Schiff. He invoked the Fifth Amendment at the time). But once Credico arrived in Schiff’s office, he sent the congressman’s staff in an unexpected – and politically inconvenient – direction. “I told them three times that Mr. Assange is wiling to meet with him,” Credico said. “And if Schiff is serious he can get this stuff cleared up. I’m just a courier to deal with this. And they [Schiff’s staff] just sat there and said, ‘Well noted.’ I said, if Nixon went to China, if the orange man Trump’s going to Korea, Schiff has the street cred — go meet with Assange.” Two days later, Credico was invited onto MSNBC’s “The Beat” with Ari Melber. Melber and his producers had no idea that Assange had offered to be interviewed by the House Intelligence Committee. Like Schiff, they were merely interested in pumping Credico for details on communications between Stone and Assange that reinforced the narrative of Trump-Russia collusion. “They have an agenda at MSNBC that’s anti-Assange, pro-war against Russia,” Credico remarked. “They pre-taped me because they got nervous, but they kept most of what I had to say. So what all the stuff about Stone did was give me a chance to talk about Assange.” When Credico revealed his “secret mission” to Schiff to deliver Assange’s offer of an interview, Melber reacted with astonishment. He took to Twitter to publicize the offer that Credico disclosed, prompting a revealing reply from the congressman’s office: “Rep. Schiff’s office just gave us this response:,” Melber tweeted. “‘Our committee would be willing to interview Julian Assange when he is in U.S. custody, not before.’” Rep. Schiff’s office just gave us this response: “Our committee would be willing to interview Julian Assange when he is in U.S. custody, not before.” https://t.co/Ho0LkqtN7N — Ari Melber (@AriMelber) May 25, 2018 For years, the US and UK governments have refused to tell Assange or his laywers if it had prepared an indictment of him. With Schiff’s remarks, he has the strongest evidence to date of Washington’s plans to lock him in jail. Building a case in secret, threatening in public The Wikileaks founder has been accused by CIA Director Mike Pompeo of overseeing a “a non-state hostile intelligence service often abetted by state actors like Russia.” The Trump administration expanded the federal grand jury seeking the arrest of Assange this year to cover the Wikileaks release of thousands of documents on CIA hacking tools. “We’ve already begun to step up our efforts and whenever a case can be made, we will seek to put some people in jail,” US Attorney General Jeff Sessions has declared. So far, however, the US has not made public an indictment or plans to request Assange’s extradition. Writing in the Guardian this January, journalist James Ball — a former Wikileaks staffer turned ferocious Assange critic — maintained that, “There is no public criminal case against Assange or WikiLeaks in the US.” Ball claimed Assange has nothing to fear by leaving the Ecuadorean embassy in London because, “The WikiLeaks founder is unlikely to face prosecution in the US.” But the comments by Schiff — who implied he was speaking on behalf of his entire House committee — offer the most substantial indication that the US has prepared an indictment of Assange, and that it would seek his immediate extradition if he were to leave the embassy grounds. Schiff’s errant remarks are likely to have major implications on how Assange, Wikileaks and the Ecuadoran government respond to mounting pressure from the US and UK. Maximum pressure on Assange, Wikileaks and Ecuador Since he lost his freedom seven years ago, Assange has been confined to a series of small rooms inside the Ecuadorean embassy in London. Ecuador’s former president, the leftist Rafael Correa, has been succeeded by the more pliant Lenin Moreno. Though Moreno granted Assange citizenship this January, he has described him as an “inherited problem” and denigrated him as a “hacker.” Correa has slammed Moreno as a Trojan Horse for the US agenda — a “wolf in sheep’s clothing” — who played up his leftist credentials to get elected, then turned on his base. In April the US signed a joint security agreement with Ecuador, allowing the presence of American military personnel in the country. This month, Ecuador held joint military exercises with Colombia, a US vassal state that recently announced plans to join NATO as a “global partner.” Meanwhile, Washington and London have applied maximum pressure on Assange in hopes of breaking him and prompting his voluntary exit from embassy grounds. CNN reported on May 25 that the US was determined to snatch Assange from the embassy to “open a new phase for US investigators eager to find out what he knows.” Wikileaks has produced infrared footage of a supposed “grab team” posted outside the Ecuadoran embassy: A dispatch by a member of Assange’s legal team which I obtained in April painted a grave picture of the situation: “While the UK-US seeks [Assange’s] arrest outside the embassy, in violation of two UN rulings, inside people are barred from seeing him (other than some of his lawyers) and he has no access to phone or internet, including his own, due to the installation of radio jammers and an executive instruction gagging him by the new president of Ecuador — which appears to be a breach of Ecuador’s constitution.” If Assange is indicted and extradited to the US, he would be the first journalist in American history to be prosecuted for publishing classified information. The move would be especially notable given that Assange is not an American citizen. Trevor Timm, the executive director of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, has said, “Any prosecution [of Assange] would be incredibly dangerous for the First Amendment and pretty much every reporter in the United States.” But there is little sympathy for Assange — and loads of malice — from a Washington press corps consumed in resentment of Trump and an obsession with Russiagate intrigues. In the meantime, Ecuadorean President Moreno must consider the legal implications of Schiff’s comments. His country’s constitution explicitly forbids the extradition of citizens: “In no case shall extradition of an Ecuadorian be granted.” It also notes that, “The State shall respect and guarantee the principle of non-return.” Now that Schiff has essentially confirmed American plans to extradite Assange, Moreno must decide whether he values his budding partnership with Washington more than the rule of law. | Low | [
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use v6; use Test; use lib $?FILE.IO.parent(2).add: 'packages/Test-Helpers'; use Test::Util; plan 6; { my @nums = 1..6; is-eqv Any.pairup, ().Seq, 'pairup on a :U invocant returns an empty Seq'; is-eqv @nums.pairup, (1 => 2, 3 => 4, 5 => 6).Seq, 'pairup on a :D invocant'; my %h = @nums.pairup; is(@nums.pairup.elems, 3, 'pairup returns correct list size'); is-deeply(%h.keys.sort, ('1', '3', '5'), 'hash constructed from pairup has correct keys'); is-deeply(%h.values.sort, (2, 4, 6), 'hash constructed from pairup has correct values'); @nums.push(7); throws-like ｢my @ = @nums.pairup｣, X::Pairup::OddNumber, 'pairup on odd numbered list size throws'; } # vim: expandtab shiftwidth=4 | Mid | [
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Carl Adolph Cornelius Carl Adolf Cornelius (12 March 1819 - 10 February 1903) was a German historian. In the context of the 1848 revolutions he was elected to the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848/49, after which he switched from the schools sector to the universities sector and built a reputation as a church historian. Life Carl Adolf Wenzeslaus Cornelius was born in Würzburg, Northern Bavaria. He was his parents' first child. His father, Carl Joseph Gerhard Cornelius (1793–1843), was an actor. His mother, Friderike (born Friderike Schwadtke: 1789–1867), also came from a family of actors. The (subsequently ennobled) artist Peter von Cornelius (1783- 1867) was an uncle. The composer Peter Cornelius (1924-1874) was a cousin. His own career choice was influenced by Dr. Theodor Brüggemann, a highly successful secondary school teacher who in 1819 had married his aunt, Elisabeth Cornelius. Carl lived with the Brüggemanns from 1831, and received both career guidance and practical support from his Uncle Theodor. Cornelius studied History at Bonn and at Berlin, where his teachers included von Ranke, Böckh and Karl Lachmann. On leaving university he embarked on a career as a secondary school teacher. He taught successively at schools in Emmerich and Koblenz before moving on again, in 1846, to the Collegium Hosianum, a prestigious Jesuit school at Braunsberg, then in East Prussia. In 1848 he was elected by his fellow Braunsberg citizens to represent the town at the Frankfurt Parliament, a prototype national legislature which in 1848 was seen as a possible precursor to the national parliament of a newly united liberal Germany. Within the parliament Cornelius became a member of the Casino (cautiously liberal) faction and, when the Casino faction splintered in December 1848, of the conservative-liberal Pariser Hof group that emerged from it. Faced with the opposition of governments, the ambitions of the 1848 revolution failed to gain traction, at least in the immediate term. The Frankfurt Parliament faded away: on 21 May 1849 Cornelius formally resigned from the it. He never returned to Braunsberg, his formal resignation from the school there being tendered in East 1850. Instead he now became a "freelance" academic, at this stage without any official teaching contract. Encouraged by his old Berlin tutor, Leopold von Ranke, he turned to the study of the Protestant Reformation. He received a doctorate in 1850 and a higher habilitation qualification from the University of Münster in 1851, opening the way to an academic career. Sources differ over the precise dates of Cornelius' academic appointments during the next few years, but he probably remained at Münster till 1854, when he took a teaching post as an associate professor at Breslau University, moving to Bonn as a full professor in 1855. In 1856 he moved to Munich, taking the post of "Catholic Professor", although there was in reality nothing particularly ultramontane or "romantic" in his historical writings. During this period, in addition to his teaching responsibilities, he was working on a two volume history of the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster, the second volume of which appeared in 1860. He also, in 1857, married Elisabeth Simrock (1829-1907), the daughter of a music publisher. German unification did not disappear from the political agenda after the disappointments of 1848/49. Initially Cornelius supported the "Großdeutschland" solution which foresaw a united German state that would be administered from Vienna and incorporate those parts of the Austrian empire where German language and culture predominated. This raised various difficult issues because of the multi-national multi-ethnic nature of Austro-Hungary, however, and when unification actually took place it was based on a "Kleindeutschland" model, creating a smaller German state, completely excluding Roman Catholic Austria, with much power devolved to the regions, and national control exercised not from Vienna but from Berlin. The process of creating this new German state was deftly choreographed by Chancellor Bismarck: after 1866 Cornelius abandoned his support for "Großdeutschland", becoming a huge admirer of Bismarck's approach to the unification challenge. In the intense disputes involving the Roman Catholic church that followed German unification Cornelius was a supporter of Ignaz von Döllinger. He supported church reforms and rejected the newly advanced dogma of papal infallibility. He was a leading supporter of what came to be known as the Old Catholic Church. In 1858 Cornelius became one of the original members of the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Here he took responsibility for the so-called Wittelsbach Correspondence, a large archive of political papers of the Bavarian ruling house from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. After the departure of Heinrich von Sybel, Cornelius became secretary to the entire commission. He became, in addition, a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and Humanities on 28 October 1897. In his 70s Carl Adolf Cornelius undertook his final major academic project, researching and producing various books and other publications on John Calvin. References Category:People from Würzburg Category:19th-century German historians Category:Historians of Christianity Category:Members of the Frankfurt Parliament Category:University of Bonn faculty Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty Category:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art Category:1819 births Category:1903 deaths Category:German historians of religion | Mid | [
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1. Technical Field The invention relates to the use of voltage-controlled oscillators and more particularly to systems that may employ multiple voltage-controlled oscillators. 2. Background of the Invention Generally, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an essential circuit, such as in phase-locked loop (PLL) systems, and is typically used to provide an output signal whose frequency is tunable with a control voltage (tuning voltage) typically referred to as Vtune. The tuning voltage typically varies from a minimum of about a fixed voltage V1 (e.g., 0.3 V) to a maximum voltage, typically referred to as VCC, minus a fixed voltage V2 (e.g. 2.7 V-0.5 V=2.2 V). Fixed voltages V1 and V2 are dependent on the type of charge pump that the PLL uses. A VCO has a limited amount of tuning range. The tuning range depends, e.g., on the amount of tuning voltage Vtune that is available, and on a varactor used by the VCO. The ratio of the frequency range and the tuning voltage is referred to as VCO sensitivity (Kxcexd). Low-sensitivity VCOs are often desirable to provide good circuit characteristics to reduce or minimize noise. A number of technical advances are achieved in the art to provide a PLL capable of synthesizing frequencies over a wide frequency range. This is achieved by employing multiple VCOs, with overlapping frequency ranges, in conjunction with a tuning circuit. The tuning circuit may be broadly conceptualized as a system that may determine, and/or select, which of multiple VCOs of the PLL to use for a desired output oscillation frequency. Using such a system, a PLL can seamlessly lock to a wide range of frequencies using the multiple VCOs. The tuning circuit may determine and select which VCO to use, and tune the PLL, without using any devices located, or signals from, off chip relative to the PLL. The tuning circuit may also help reduce, and even minimize, the number of VCOs used to cover a particular frequency range. For example, a tuning circuit in the PLL may receive signals indicative of various frequencies and may determine which VCO to use for each signal according to the indicated frequency. An implementation of the system architecture may include a comparator, a loop filter, a binary search algorithm circuit (BSAC), a PLL mapping encoder, and a VCO selector. In a calibration mode, a VCO is selected and the comparator compares an output voltage of the loop filter with an on-chip reference voltage. The BSAC uses an output of the comparator to determine the range of the selected VCO. In particular, the BSAC iteratively produces indications of test words to apply to the selected VCO. The PLL mapping encoder scales the BSAC indications and provides N-bit multipliers to the PLL containing multiple VCOs. The PLL attempts to lock to the desired test frequencies using the VCO selected by the VCO selector. The BSAC responds to whether the PLL locks to the test frequencies by adjusting, as appropriate, the indication from the BSAC, and thus the frequency to which the PLL attempts to lock. A record indicative of the VCO to select depending upon an indicated frequency is stored in the VCO selector. In a normal operation mode, in response to an incoming signal being received, the VCO selector uses an indication of a frequency from the incoming signal and the stored record to select an appropriate VCO to use to lock to the frequency indicated by the incoming signal. | Mid | [
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Now we have the government of Morocco similarly trying to frustrate the efforst in EUnion member countries to integrate their immigrant citizens. The Moroccan government has founded the 'Conseil de la Communauté marocaine à l'étranger' (Council of the Moroccan community abroad). It's membership is 37 persons large and can be viewed here. PvdA (labour) MP of Moroccan descent (thus having a dual nationality) Khadija Arib is an advisor to the king of Morocco himself. She serves on a council that aims to guard and strengthen the Moroccan identity of ex-pats (including those that were never born in Morocco). Another aim is to recruit highly placed functionaries of Moroccan descent in, amongst others, the Netherlands for the founding of a High Council that would advise the king and the Moroccan government. As it turns out the government of Morocco thought better of being seen as openly meddling in the affairs of other states and seems to have chosen people who do not have any political mandate in their respective host countries. The 'Dutch' representatives of the council are: The councils mission, however, is unchanged: It is to strengthen the ties between Moroccan expats and the 'home country', even if the expat in question was born abroad. A secondary object of the Council is the spread of 'Arab language and Moroccan culture', particularly in the EU. Hence, one could argue that the above mentioned four are actively opposing our minister of Integration, Ella Vogelaar. One wonders whether mrs. Vogelaar will undertake any action against these agent provocateur, though one isn't holding his breath. This is all part of a 'National Plan' (FR) by the government of Morocco. The plan is largely aimed at attracting investments from 'MREs' (Marocains Résidents a l'Étranger; Moroccans living abroad), who represent around 10% of the Moroccan population, spreading Moroccan culture among MREs in host countries through the establishment of five 'bilateral spaces of dialogue and friendship' with host countries and paying for moroccan youth born and living abroad staying in their home countries. Overall, the aim seems to be to re-establish authority of the Moroccan government among 'MREs'. The latter point seems to be borne out by statements made by the minister for the community of Moroccans living abroad, Mohamed Ameur (pictured), who was quoted as saying: The Moroccan community living abroad must be considered as the 17th province of our country. To her credit, mrs. Arib reacted negatively to this new 'National Program'. In De Telegraaf (NL) she says: "This minister doesn't understand the situation of Moroccans living abroad. The new generation has a different bond with Morocco then its parents." So, within a weeks time we have the governments of Turkey and Morocco making strong statements discouraging the integration of what are the two largest (muslim) minority groups in the EUnion. That has got to be just a coincidence, right? | Mid | [
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/* * Copyright 2016 Realm Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package io.realm.examples.newsreader.model.entity; import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties; import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize; import io.realm.RealmList; import io.realm.RealmObject; import io.realm.annotations.PrimaryKey; import io.realm.examples.newsreader.model.network.RealmListNYTimesMultimediumDeserializer; @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true) public class NYTimesStory extends RealmObject { public static final String PUBLISHED_DATE = "publishedDate"; public static final String URL = "url"; public static final String API_SECTION = "apiSection"; private String apiSection; @JsonProperty("section") private String section; @JsonProperty("subsection") private String subsection; @JsonProperty("title") private String title; @JsonProperty("abstract") private String storyAbstract; @PrimaryKey @JsonProperty("url") private String url; @JsonProperty("byline") private String byline; @JsonProperty("item_type") private String itemType; @JsonProperty("updated_date") private String updatedDate; @JsonProperty("created_date") private String createdDate; @JsonProperty("published_date") private String publishedDate; @JsonProperty("material_type_facet") private String materialTypeFacet; @JsonProperty("kicker") private String kicker; @JsonProperty("multimedia") private RealmList<NYTimesMultimedium> multimedia; private long sortTimeStamp; private boolean read; public String getSection() { return section; } public void setSection(String section) { this.section = section; } public String getSubsection() { return subsection; } public void setSubsection(String subsection) { this.subsection = subsection; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; } public String getStoryAbstract() { return storyAbstract; } public void setStoryAbstract(String storyAbstract) { this.storyAbstract = storyAbstract; } public String getUrl() { return url; } public void setUrl(String url) { this.url = url; } public String getByline() { return byline; } public void setByline(String byline) { this.byline = byline; } public String getItemType() { return itemType; } public void setItemType(String itemType) { this.itemType = itemType; } public String getUpdatedDate() { return updatedDate; } public void setUpdatedDate(String updatedDate) { this.updatedDate = updatedDate; } public String getCreatedDate() { return createdDate; } public void setCreatedDate(String createdDate) { this.createdDate = createdDate; } public String getPublishedDate() { return publishedDate; } public void setPublishedDate(String publishedDate) { this.publishedDate = publishedDate; } public String getMaterialTypeFacet() { return materialTypeFacet; } public void setMaterialTypeFacet(String materialTypeFacet) { this.materialTypeFacet = materialTypeFacet; } public String getKicker() { return kicker; } public void setKicker(String kicker) { this.kicker = kicker; } public RealmList<NYTimesMultimedium> getMultimedia() { return multimedia; } @JsonDeserialize(using = RealmListNYTimesMultimediumDeserializer.class) public void setMultimedia(RealmList<NYTimesMultimedium> multimedia) { this.multimedia = multimedia; } public long getSortTimeStamp() { return sortTimeStamp; } public void setSortTimeStamp(long sortTimeStamp) { this.sortTimeStamp = sortTimeStamp; } public boolean isRead() { return read; } public void setRead(boolean read) { this.read = read; } public String getApiSection() { return apiSection; } public void setApiSection(String apiSection) { this.apiSection = apiSection; } } | Mid | [
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We at The Red Shtick would like to take this opportunity to clarify that we had absolutely nothing to do with state Treasurer John Kennedy’s recent statement denying his U.S. Senate campaign had any involvement in creating or promulgating allegations his opponent had sex with prostitutes who were later murdered. The Republican front-runner for Sen. David Vitter’s seat issued the denial — which reads remarkably like something we might have written — Monday, the day before the release of Ethan Brown’s book Murder in the Bayou, about the deaths of eight women in Jefferson Davis Parish. In it, Brown reportedly cites three anonymous sources who assert Congressman Charles Boustany was a client of some of the murdered women, all of whom were sex workers now known as the “Jeff Davis 8.” The book also reportedly claims the motel where some of the victims entertained their clientele was operated by one of Boustany’s staffers. On Monday, according to The Associated Press, Boustany’s wife, Bridget, sent to supporters of her husband’s Senate bid an email, in which she dismissed Brown’s claims as “lies,” defended her husband, and suggested “Charles’ opponents have resorted to lies about him.” Kennedy’s statement may reek of insincerity and dickishness (two of our mainstay literary traits), but we did not have a hand in helping the folksy former Democrat from Zachary write this remarkable response. Kennedy responded — with zero input from us — with a statement addressing Mrs. Boustany’s insinuation that any or all of the 23 other candidates for the seat being vacated by Vitter were involved in spreading falsehoods about the six-term Lafayette Republican. Kennedy — not us — said: Earlier today, the Boustany campaign sent out an email alleging that my campaign and other candidates’ campaigns for the U.S. Senate played a role in the shocking story alleging illegal behavior from Congressman Boustany and his staff. I want to be very clear that my campaign played absolutely no role in creating this story alleging Congressman Boustany’s sexual relationships with prostitutes that were later murdered, his staff’s alleged involvement in running the bar and hotel where this illicit behavior took place, or publishing the book Murder in the Bayou written by Ethan Brown and published by Simon and Schuster. While this reads like something we would have published, you can rest assured that no one on our staff was involved in composing this statement of denial that blatantly seeks to remind people, in excruciating detail, of the unsavory accusations levied against Kennedy’s fellow Republican. Kennedy’s statement may reek of insincerity and dickishness (two of our mainstay literary traits), but we did not have a hand in helping the folksy former Democrat from Zachary write this remarkable response. As far as we know, he and his campaign managed to do this all on their own. | Low | [
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'\" t .\" Title: probe::ioblock.end .\" Author: .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.78.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/> .\" Date: March 2016 .\" Manual: IO Scheduler and block IO Tapset .\" Source: SystemTap Tapset Reference .\" Language: English .\" .TH "PROBE::IOBLOCK\&.END" "3stap" "March 2016" "SystemTap Tapset Reference" "IO Scheduler and block IO Taps" .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * Define some portability stuff .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * set default formatting .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" disable hyphenation .nh .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) .ad l .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .SH "NAME" probe::ioblock.end \- Fires whenever a block I/O transfer is complete\&. .SH "SYNOPSIS" .sp .nf ioblock\&.end .fi .SH "VALUES" .PP \fIdevname\fR .RS 4 block device name .RE .PP \fIphys_segments\fR .RS 4 number of segments in this bio after physical address coalescing is performed\&. .RE .PP \fIerror\fR .RS 4 0 on success .RE .PP \fIsector\fR .RS 4 beginning sector for the entire bio .RE .PP \fIvcnt\fR .RS 4 bio vector count which represents number of array element (page, offset, length) which makes up this I/O request .RE .PP \fIname\fR .RS 4 name of the probe point .RE .PP \fIflags\fR .RS 4 see below BIO_UPTODATE 0 ok after I/O completion BIO_RW_BLOCK 1 RW_AHEAD set, and read/write would block BIO_EOF 2 out\-out\-bounds error BIO_SEG_VALID 3 nr_hw_seg valid BIO_CLONED 4 doesn\*(Aqt own data BIO_BOUNCED 5 bio is a bounce bio BIO_USER_MAPPED 6 contains user pages BIO_EOPNOTSUPP 7 not supported .RE .PP \fIsize\fR .RS 4 total size in bytes .RE .PP \fIrw\fR .RS 4 binary trace for read/write request .RE .PP \fIidx\fR .RS 4 offset into the bio vector array .RE .PP \fIino\fR .RS 4 i\-node number of the mapped file .RE .PP \fIbytes_done\fR .RS 4 number of bytes transferred .RE .PP \fIhw_segments\fR .RS 4 number of segments after physical and DMA remapping hardware coalescing is performed .RE .SH "CONTEXT" .PP The process signals the transfer is done\&. .SH SEE ALSO\n .IR tapset::ioblock (3stap) | High | [
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Phytochemical analysis of mite-infested tea leaves of Darjeeling Hills, India. Darjeeling tea of India is one of the most famous beverages globally. However, a large amount of tea crop is damaged every year by the attack of mites. The study aimed to determine the changes in different pigments and biochemical components of tea leaves due to mite infestation. We used UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy simultaneously to understand the damages in pigment contents of the leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) due to attack of phytophagus mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner. Furthermore, chemical analysis of infested tea leaves was also performed to compare the nutrients of the plants, namely total phenol, protein and soluble sugar. The UV-visible study reveals severe reduction of the pigments such as chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids and xanthophylls in the tea leaf due to mite infestation. The findings of the FTIR study, also shows variation in different physiochemical components in the leaf Chl. The sugar and protein content of the infested leaves have been reduced compared to uninfested ones. Results in the case of tea leaves plucked during first (March) and third (November) flushes show similar trends. The increase in phenolic and alcoholic components and decrease in Chl contents may affect the quality of Darjeeling tea. The extent of damages done by the pests measured here could aid the pest management in tea gardens. | Mid | [
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"Jim has always been a big social drinker," the first source reveals. "A lot of his job is being social. He's out to lunch or dinner almost every day of the week, schmoozing clients and taking business meetings." "[The arrest is] just going to make the two of them stop and pause, and think about maybe how much Jim's drinking plays a role in their lives — if it does or not," the source continues. "No one would be surprised if Jim goes to rehab," adds a third source. | Mid | [
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by While much of the world pursues the abolition of nuclear weapons — embraced by the adoption July 7 by 122 nations of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons — the militarized Trump White House is pursuing plans for a trillion-dollar rebuild of the entire US nuclear weapons complex. The enormous, extravagant program is designed to produce 80 new nuclear warheads every year, including three new warhead types, a new $20 billion nuclear-armed Long Range Standoff (LRSO) weapon, a new $12 billion B61 nuclear gravity bomb, a new fleet of nuclear-armed submarines, and a new $100 billion intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) system.. As WallStreet.com online reported recently, “A review by the Arms Control Association, a nonpartisan, nuclear weapons watchdog, [found] the total 30-year cost of the program could rise to $1.5 trillion” — $500 billion beyond what the Obama Administration first proposed in 2016. Beyond the colossal expense, the program appears to be a flagrant violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty. The Trump administration must believe that urgent domestic and global humanitarian crises can be solved using guns since traditionally civilian White House Chief of Staff is Marine Corps General James Kelly, his National Security Advisor is Army General HR McMaster, and his Defense Secretary is Marine Corps General James “Mad Dog” Mattis. On Aug. 8, the militarized Energy Dept. and US Air Force conducted two tests of the new “B61-12” gravity bomb at Nevada’s Tonopah Test Range. The unarmed bomb test — using an F-15E jet fighter, currently employed in wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and Libya — demonstrated the jet’s ability to wage nuclear war. The B61-12 program “is progressing on schedule,” said Phil Calbos, the Acting Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration. NNSA builds and maintains US nuclear warheads. Although NNSA is nominally a civilian agency, Mr. Calbos graduated from West Point and studied at the Pentagon’ National War College. The B61-12 bomb test involved new “tailfin” hardware designed by Boeing Corp. NNSA wants the first B61-12s to be finished in 2022 and to ship 180 of them to five “nuclear sharing” NATO partners in Europe — replacing the ones already there. Critical German, Dutch, and Belgian politicians have called for the permanent removal of all US nuclear weapons, and the Air Force itself may soon remove its B61s from Turkey. Another 400 to 600 of the new B61s are set to be built to replace those now used on long-range Air Force B-52 and B-1 bombers. The Air Force also granted $349 million in contracts to Boeing, and $329 to Northrop Grumman in August, and put the two giant weapons contractors into competition to replace today’s arsenal of 450 Minuteman III ICBMs. Popular Mechanics reports that “Northrop Grumman and Boeing each have been awarded just under $350 million to churn out Technology Maturation and Risk Reduction studies before the Air Force picks a single winner.” One of the two can expect to win the plum $100 billion contract to build the new ICBMs, dubbed Ground Based Strategic Deterrent. This push for a replacement ICBM flies in the face of authoritative calls for their abolition. In January 2015, General/Secretary Mattis told the Senate Armed Services Committee, “You should ask, ‘Is it time to reduce the triad … removing the land-based missiles?’” Speaking Dec. 3, 2015, former Defense Secretary William Perry called for retiring land-based missiles altogether saying, “ICBMs aren’t necessary … they’re not needed. Any reasonable definition of deterrence will not require that third leg.” (Other “legs” are submarines and long-range bombers.) Sec. Perry’s commentaries in the New York Times and the Washington Post last year were titled respectively, “Why It’s Safe to Scrap America’s ICBMs,” and “Mr. President, kill the new Cruise missile” (the LRSO). Additionally, a blue-ribbon commission chaired in 2012 by Gen. James Cartwright, a former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, called for eliminating the ICBM system, not replacing it. At a Senate hearing later in 2012, Gen. Cartwright testified that the ICBMs could be scrapped without leaving the US at risk. Cartwright’s commission report was signed by then Senator and soon-to-be Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel, and recommended a US nuclear arsenal with none left on ICBMs. Congressional pleas for austerity, fiscal responsibility, and budget cutting should be lampooned and rejected unless the $ trillion-plus nuclear weapons plan — prohibited now by the Non-Proliferation Treaty and soon by the Nuclear Weapon Treaty Ban — is zeroed out first. | Mid | [
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Q: How would you run the equivalent of a functional test/output test on a piece of LaTeX code? In most programming languages one has the equivalent of a functional test, that can test code and see if the required output is correct and find edge cases. Is there a way to write similar tests, to see if a piece of LaTeX code satisfies a collection of tests? A hypothetical example could be to automate testing of submitted LaTeX code for people doing an introductory course. A small case could be that students are required to include a set of packages, but this could for instance be done, one by one, or in bulk or out of order. So only robust way that makes sense to me is to have the equivalent of having the code included and actually run in a LaTeX environment, in order to have certain test cases pass, or fail, that could supply appropriate feedback. Are such packages or a suggested approach available? A: The LaTeX sources 2e and (separately) expl3 code have quite an extensive test suite. Basically you cause anything you want to be tested to be traced to the log file. Package loading etc is already traced or you can add tracing commands as needed. Then the log files are "normalised" with some text edits in perl to remove absolute paths and dates etc, and then these can be compared against results on later runs. The test files and expected results are here http://latex-project.org/svnroot/latex2e-public/testfiles/ | High | [
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997 F.Supp. 635 (1998) ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY v. LONZA INC. and Sunkyong Industries, Ltd. No. CIV.A. 96-5732. United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania. February 11, 1998. *636 *637 Rudolf E. Hutz, N. Richard Powers, Connolly, Bove, Lodge & Hutz, Wilmington, DE, Terence P. Strobaugh, Rohm and Haas Company, Phila, Gerard M. O'Rourke, Connolly, Bove, Lodge & Hutz, Wilmington, DE, for Rohm and Haas Company, Plaintiffs. James G. Rosenberg, Ellen C.K. Giangiordano, Saul, Ewing, Remick & Saul, Philadelphia, PA, for Lonza Inc. Larry C. Jones, Bell, Seltzer, Park & Gibson, William M. Atkinson, Alston & Bird, LLP, John P. Higgins, Alston & Bird, LLP, Charlotte, NC, Alan S. Nadel, Panitch, Schwarze, Jacobs & Nadel, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, for Sunkyong Ind., Ltd., Defendants. MEMORANDUM LUDWIG, District Judge. This is an adjudication following a Markman hearing. Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 116 S.Ct. 1384, 134 L.Ed.2d 577 (1996). The patent claims at issue involve biocidal chemicals used in pesticides. In 1994, plaintiff Rohm and Haas Company was issued U.S. Patent No. 5,312,827 ('827 patent). In this action, Rohm and Haas contends that pesticides developed by defendant Sunkyong Industries, Ltd. and marketed by defendant Lonza, Inc. constitute literal infringements of the '827 patent. Jurisdiction is federal question, 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (1994), which is exclusive in patent actions, 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a) (1994). Plaintiff is proceeding on claims 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 of the '827 patent, all of which describe chemical compositions. Prior to the patent, biocidal chemicals called 3-isothiazolone compounds were known to be effective pesticides. However, because these compounds, in solution, tended to decompose and become unstabilized, a metal nitrate salt was added. As an untoward result, potentially carcinogenic compoundsnitrosaminesalso were produced. The '827 patent consisted of 12 compositions and processes intended to reduce or eliminate nitrosamines and impurity by-products that can become nitrosamine precursors. In a literal infringement action, there are two steps. First, the claims in question must be construed for scope and meaning. See Markman, 517 U.S. at 371, 116 S.Ct. at 1387. Second, there is the question whether the claims, as construed, cover the accused device or process. See Serrano v. Telular Corp., 111 F.3d 1578, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1997). Here, only the Markman phase is under consideration. I. Markman Analysis The objective of claims construction analysis is to ascertain the meaning that a person of ordinary skill in the art would give to the claims in dispute. See Wiener v. NEC Electronics, Inc., 102 F.3d 534, 539 (Fed.Cir. 1996); Haynes Int'l, Inc. v. Jessop Steel Co., 8 F.3d 1573, 1578 n. 4 (Fed.Cir.1993). The operative time is the date of the application for the patent. See Wiener, 102 F.3d at 539. In this case, the original application, Serial No. 383,858, was filed with the Patent and Trademark Office on June 1, 1982. See '827 patent, at 1. In construing an asserted claim, the first and paramount precept is to look to the intrinsic evidence of record, i.e., the patent itself, which includes the claims and the specification, together with the prosecution history before the Patent and Trademark Office. See Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed.Cir.1996); Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 979 (Fed.Cir.1995). Intrinsic evidence is "the most significant source of the legally operative meaning of disputed claim language." Id. To delineate the scope of coverage, the wording of the claims, asserted and non-asserted, should be examined in their entirety. See Bell Communications Research, Inc. v. Vitalink Communications Corp., 55 F.3d 615, 620 (Fed.Cir.1995). While the claim's *638 words and phrases should be given their ordinary and customary meaning, "a patentee may choose to be his own lexicographer and use terms in a manner other than their ordinary meaning, as long as the special definition is clearly stated in the patent specification or file history." Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582. For these reasons, an evaluation of the specification is essential; the claims "must be read in view of the specification, of which they are a part." Markman, 52 F.3d at 979 (citing Autogiro Co. of Am. v. United States, 181 Ct.Cl. 55, 384 F.2d 391, 397 (1967)). As articulated by the Federal Circuit: The specification contains a written description of the invention which must be clear and complete enough to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use it. Thus the specification is always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis. Usually, it is dispositive; it is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term. Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582. Prosecution history should also be considered as intrinsic evidence, including the record of proceedings before the Patent and Trademark Office. See id. (Prosecution history is "often of critical significance in determining the meaning of the claims"). Those proceedings may incorporate the patentee's representations as to claim scope, together with a review of the prior art. See id. at 1583. "In most situations, an analysis of the intrinsic evidence alone will resolve any ambiguity in a disputed claim term." Id. (citing Pall Corp. v. Micron Separations, Inc., 66 F.3d 1211, 1216 (Fed.Cir.1995)). Accordingly, it ordinarily would be improper to resort to extrinsic evidence such as expert testimony, dictionaries or learned treatises. See id.[1] However, in the unusual case, the patent record may be insufficient or an otherwise unsatisfactory basis to enable the claims to be rationally construed. See Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1585. In that narrow instance, extrinsic evidence is permissible on the issue of how someone skilled in the art would understand the claims. See Markman, 52 F.3d at 979. Nevertheless, such extrinsic evidence may not contradict the manifest meaning of the claims as set forth, even by implication, in the specification and prosecution history. See Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1584-85. Here, having reviewed the intrinsic evidence, it appears to be unnecessaryand insupportableto go beyond the proffered record.[2] Plaintiff has shown that the intrinsic evidence is a legally sufficient matrix for claims construction in this case. II. Disputed Elements The following meanings are adjudicated: 1. "Stabilized" (all asserted claims)means resistant to decomposition, particularly the opening of the isothiazolone ring. The backdrop, or explanation, is that shelf-life of the stabilized composition is significantly longer than that for an unstabilized composition under the same storage conditions. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 10. The language of the '827 patent specification, its prior art, and the prosecution history support this construction. The '827 patent specification states: Unfortunately, solutions of the 3-isothiazolones, especially aqueous solutions or solutions in polar organic solvents such as alcohols, are unstable, leading to reduced biological effectiveness. * * * * * * *639 The instability results from an opening of the isothiazolone ring to form linear compounds which do not have the same biological properties as the ring compounds. To inhibit ring cleavage, nitrate salts ... can be added to isothiazolone solutions. Thus it is commercially desirable today to formulate many of the 3-isothiazolone biocides in solutions containing water or organic solvent or mixtures thereof together with nitrate stabilizers to prevent decomposition of the 3-isothiazolone (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,795). '827 patent, at 1:53 to 2:2. The '827 patent specification also explicitly references prior artU.S. Patents Nos. 3,870,795 ('795 patent), and 4,067,878 ('878 patent)[3]which bolster the same construction. See '795 patent, at 1:23-29 ("While such formulation [of 3-isothiazolones in water or polar organic solvents] has no effect on [their] stability or function ... if used relatively quickly, extended storage of the formulated solutions, especially at elevated temperatures, may result in chemical decomposition of the 3-isothiazolone active ingredient and, thus, lead to reduced biocidal effectiveness of the solution."); '878 patent, at 1:29-36 (same language).[4] The prosecution of application no. 383,858, the original ancestor of the '827 patent, also confirms this construction of "stabilized." A letter from plaintiff dated September 19, 1983, supplementing the application, explicated: Shortly after discovering the novel group of 3-isothiazolone compounds, it was discovered that such compounds were not stable upon storage in solutions such as aqueous solutions and alcohol solutions. This problem was obviated when it was discovered that such compounds could be stabilized in solution using metal nitrates and nitrites. (U.S.Pat.3,870,795). Applicants now have discovered that the second invention, i.e., the discovery of a means for stabilizing the 3-isothiazolones, while effective and necessary in order to ship and store solutions of 3-isothiazolones, causes a new problem. The new problem resulted from a finding that the nitrate stabilizer, added for the purpose of preventing decomposition of the isothiazolone, reacts with by-products formed in the isothiazolone reaction to produce nitrosamines. Prosecution History, Serial No. 383,858, Paper No. 5, Sept. 19, 1983 letter of Marc S. Adler, at 1-2 (plaintiff's exh. 7; defendants' exh. 1). Defendants' position is that the '827 patent's reference to the '795 patent is vague because the '795 patent tolerates continuing decomposition even after addition of the nitrate salt. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 13-14. Examination of the explicitly referenced '795 patent, however, reveals that plaintiff never intended "stabilized 3-isothiazolone solution"as used in the '827 patentto mean a solution forever resistant to decomposition.[5] Defendants do not propose an alternative meaning. To the extent that defendants' argument comes down to vagueness, it is inappropriate in a Markman proceeding. "Ambiguity, undue breadth, vagueness, and triviality are matters which go to claim validity for failure to *640 comply with 35 U.S.C. § 112-¶ 2, not to interpretation or construction." Intervet Am. v. Kee-Vet Laboratories, 887 F.2d 1050, 1053 (Fed.Cir.1989) (emphasis in original). 2. "Substantially free of nitrosamines or precursors" (all asserted claims) means that the combined content of nitrosamine and nitrosamine precursors is sufficiently low that no appreciable danger to humans or animals will result from contact with the compositions at issue. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 14. Defendants contest this construction. They contend the meaning is that the claimed compositions contain "either (1) a detectable amount, but less than 100 ppm, of nitrosamines or (2) a detectable amount, but less than 100 ppm, of precursors of nitrosamines." Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 24. This view conflicts with the '827 patent specification and the prosecution history. The '827 patent specification describes the invention as "directed to 3-isothiazolone compositions containing little or no nitrosamine impurities." '827 patent, at 1:13-14. It also states: The stabilized 3-isothiazolone compositions which can be prepared according to the processes of the present invention are "sustantially free" of nitrosamine precursors and nitrosamines, that is, they contain less than about 100 ppm of such materials, preferably less than 50 ppm. Even more preferred for sensitive applications or uses which require only minimal dilution, are compositions containing less than 20 ppm of precursors and nitrosamines. As will be demonstrated hereinafter it is even possible to produce compositions with no detectable nitrosamine or precursor compounds. '827 patent, at 5:47-57. The specification expressly contemplates solutions with no "detectable nitrosamine impurities." Here, the patentee was its own lexicographer in that it provided a special definition of "substantially free" in the specification. Also, in claim 10 of the '827 patenta claim dependent upon claim 1, in which "substantially free" first appeareda second claim is made for a composition containing "no detectable nitrosamine or nitrosamine precursor[s]." Id. at 18:6-8. The "no detectable" wording of the specification is also consistent with adding together the combined amounts of nitrosamine and nitrosamine precursors, as against considering each amount separately. Defendants insist that "or" should be read in the disjunctive. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 26. The specification defines "nitrosamine precursor" as "a secondary amine (and if present, a tertiary amine) by-product compound which can be converted into a nitrosamine." '827 patent, at 3:16-20. A nitrosamine precursor is a potential nitrosamine. Since the evident purpose of the patent is to maintain nitrosamine amounts below a certain level, it makes sense to aggregate potential nitrosamines with existing ones.[6] 3. "Biologically effective amount" (all asserted claims)means an amount of active ingredientthe 3-isothiazolonesufficient to obtain effective control of organisms or microorganisms when used or applied by methods such as spraying, fumigating, dusting, and soaking. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 27. The '827 patent specification references U.S. Patent No. 3,761,488 ('488 patent). See '827 patent, at 1:22-23. The specification of the '488 patent, entitled "3-isothiazolones," speaks to the manner and means of effective control: Generally, control of an organism is achieved in accordance with this invention by contacting the organism with an isothiazolone in an amount which is effective to control said organism. Any of the techniques *641 known in the art can be employed to disseminate the isothiazolones in a manner so as to achieve the desired contact with the organism to be controlled. Spraying and fumigating are typical of such techniques. '488 patent, at 18:50-57. The '488 patent specification also states: "[E]ffective ... control" of microorganisms "may be accomplished by varying means common to the art, such as slurrying, soaking, dusting, spraying and the like." Id. at 17:49-50 and 54-56. The parties do not dispute the meaning of "biologically active." See supra part I, ¶ 6. However, defendants would construe the phrase to signify enough 3-isothiazolone biostatic or biocidal activity as is necessary to produce a solution that is safe and nondeleterious to humans and animals. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 29. Defendants also cite the '488 patent specification: "By seed treatment is meant the disseminating of a biocidally active material over a seed subject to the attack of microorganisms, and particularly fungi, in an amount which is effective to control such microorganisms without deleteriously effecting the seed." '488 patent, at 17:46-51. This '488 excerpt is not helpful to defendants' position. Biocidal effectiveness and nondeleteriousness are listed as components of '488's definition of "seed treatment." The former is directed to the pest; the latter to the host. The same is true of the '827 patent: A "biologically effective amount" refers to pest control. A "nondeleterious" result or effect denotes that low levels or absence of nitrosamine and nitrosamine precursors in 3-isothiazolone solutions would avoid harmful consequences to humans and animals. The two points are definitionally distinct.[7] 4. "Ring-stabilizing amount" (all asserted claims)means that the amount of soluble metal nitrate salt is sufficient to stabilize the 3-isothiazolone and deter decomposition. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 29. Defendants' view an amount of metal nitrate sufficient to inhibit opening of the 3-isothiazolone ring, see Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 30 is similar. Their argument is that this claim term is indefinite because the amount of metal nitrate salt is not specified. See Tr. at 86, Apr. 7, 1997. The rebuttal is found in prior art: "Of course, the amount of metal nitrate or nitrite needed to stabilize the solution will be partly dependent on the solvent, the isothiazolone and its concentration, the nitrate or nitrite used, the length of time the solution is to be kept, and other related factors." '795 patent, at 3:33-38; '878 patent, at 3:39-44; see also supra note 4. To the extent that this may be a vagueness invalidity issue, 35 U.S.C. § 112-¶ 2, it is inappropriate in a Markman proceeding. See Intervet Am. v. Kee-Vet Laboratories, 887 F.2d 1050, 1053 (Fed.Cir. 1989). 5. "Sufficient water" (claims 1, 2, 3, and 8)means enough water to form a solution of the active ingredient and the nitrate salt. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 30. The '827 patent specification and the prior art are clear. See '827 patent, at 1:38-43 ("When the 3-isothiazolone is one in which Y [in the formula described at 1:25-30] is lower alkyl, and at least one of R and R' is halogen ..., the compounds are useful industrial biocides having almost unlimited solubility in water") (citing U.S. Patent No. 4,105,431 (entitled "3-isothialzolones as biocides") ('431 patent)); '431 patent, at 20:51-54 ("Compounds of this invention can be dissolved in a water-miscible liquid, such as ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, and the like. Such solutions are easily extended with water."). Defendants' sole objection is that the claim term is "ambiguous" given "the other ambiguities in the claim limitations." Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 31.[8] As an invalidity argument, it is premature. See 35 *642 U.S.C. § 112-¶ 2 (1994); Intervet Am., 887 F.2d at 1053. 6. "Said composition containing less than 100 ppm of by-product compounds containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated or a nitrosamine compound derived therefrom per 150,000 parts of (a)" (claim 1)this statement contains an error. The term "ppm" appears to have been mistakenly used instead of "parts." The claim element should have read: Said composition containing less than 100 parts of by-product compounds containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated or a nitrosamine compound derived therefrom per 150,000 parts of (a). See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 32. The prosecution history and claim 8 of the '827 patent are persuasive.[9] Serial No. 970,971, which led directly to the '827 patent, was a continuation application of abandoned Serial No. 728,438.[10] A change from "parts" to "ppm" occurred during proceedings relating to Serial No. 728,438. On July 11, 1991 a preliminary amendment to Serial No. 728,438 was submitted to the Patent and Trademark Office consisting of independent process claim 14 and several dependent composition claims. Claim 21the claim that eventually became claim 1 of the '827 patent described a "[c]omposition according to claim [20] containing less than 100 parts nitrosamine compound per 150,000 parts 3-isothiazolone compound." Prosecution History, Serial No. 728,438, Paper No. 6, July 11, 1991 preliminary amendment, at 2 (plaintiff's exh. 10; defendants' exh. 6). On June 11, 1992, in a subsequent amendment, claim 21 was rewritten as an independent composition claim. See id . Paper No. 10, June 11, 1992 amendment, at 1-2. The rewritten claim, however, provided: "said composition containing less than 100 ppm of said by-product compounds per 150,000 parts 3-isothiazolone compound." Id. at 2 (emphasis added). While both parties refer to the same prosecution history, their explanations differ as to how claim 1 reached its final form. There can be no doubt that a mistake occurred. To begin with, claim 8 is dependent upon claim 1. It states: "Composition according to claim 1 containing less than 20 parts nitrosamine compound per 150,000 parts 3-isothiazolone compound." '827 patent, at 17:13-15. This claim, which also was part of Serial No. 728,438, as dependent composition claim 22, was not rewritten during the '827 prosecution. "Interpretation of a disputed claim term requires reference not only to the specification and prosecution history, but also to other claims." Southwall Technologies, Inc. v. Cardinal IG Co., 54 F.3d 1570, 1579 (Fed. Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 987, 116 S.Ct. 515, 133 L.Ed.2d 424 (1995). Since claim 8 sets forth the same composition as that described in claim 1, there is an irreconcilable inconsistency between the two claims. A parsing of each of them cogently points out claim 1 as the place of the error. As written, claim 1 says "less than 100 ppm"parts per million"per 150,000 parts." On the face of it, this statement seems quantitatively anomalous. To someone who has skill in the arthere, Dr. Smithit appeared to have been, in his words, a "typographical error," to which he added: One would not talk about parts per million per 150,000. That just seems illogical to the way I would quantitate anything. If *643 I'm going to use the parts per million designation then its per million, not per some other amount. Dr. Smith, tr. at 32-33, Aug. 7, 1997. Defendants' remedial construction of claim 1 is to let stand "less than 100 ppm" and to lop off "per 150,000 parts." Given the prosecution history and claim 8, that strained construction must be rejected in favor of deleting "ppm" and substituting "parts."[11] 7. "Containing less than 25 parts per million by weight of by-product nitrosamine impurities or precursors thereof" (claims 5 and 6)means less than 25 parts by weight of by-product nitrosamine impurity and precursor per million parts of stabilized aqueous 3-isothiazolone solution as a whole, such solution being comprised of active ingredient(s), nitrate salt(s), and water. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 43. Example 4 of the '827 patent specification evinces this construction. See '827 patent, at 12:25-68. Defendants' question the use of "or"as an indeterminate disjunctiveand "25 parts per million" because it weakens the validity the terminology of claim 1. These issues have been ruled on, see supra ¶¶ 2, 6. 8. "Less than 20 parts nitrosamine compound per 150,000 parts 3-isothiazolone compound" (claim 8)means that there are less than 20 parts of nitrosamine compound per 150,000 parts of active ingredient(s). See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 44. This dependent claim requires a higher degree of purity than that described in claim 1. Defendants' challenge relies on their view of claim 1, which has been disapproved, see supra ¶ 6. Upon consideration of the '827 patent claims and specification, and the prosecution history, plaintiff's asserted claims will be construed in accordance with this memorandum and the accompanying order. ORDER AND NOW, this 11th day of February, 1998, the claim elements in claims 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 of U.S. Patent No. 5,312,827 ('827 patent) are construed as follows: I. Claim Terms and Phrases not in Dispute As agreed by the parties, the following are assigned the meaning set forth in the Joint Markman Hearing Statement, pages 2-4, which are adopted in full. See Attachment, 1-3. 1. 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolone or 5-chlor o-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (all asserted claims). 2. 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (claims 3, 5, and 6). 3. Byproduct compounds (all asserted claims). 4. Nitrosamine compound (all asserted claims). 5. Nitrosamine precursor or a compound containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated (all asserted claims). 6. Biologically active (all asserted claims). II. Disputed Claim Elements The disputed terms of '827 patent shall have the following meanings: 1. "Stabilized" (all asserted claims) means resistant to decomposition, particularly the opening of the isothiazolone ring, so that shelf-life of the stabilized composition is significantly longer than for an unstabilized composition under the same storage conditions. 2. "Substantially free of nitrosamines or precursors" (all asserted claims)means the combined content of nitrosamine and nitrosamine precursors is sufficiently low that no appreciable danger to humans or animals results from contact with the compositions claimed. 3. "Biologically effective amount" (all asserted claims)means an amount of active ingredientthe 3-isothiazolonein the claimed compositions sufficient to obtain effective control of organisms or microorganisms when used or applied by means such as spraying, fumigating, dusting, and soaking. *644 4. "Ring-stabilizing amount" (all asserted claims)means that the amount of soluble metal nitrate salt is sufficient to stabilize the 3-isothiazolone and deter decomposition. 5. "Sufficient water" (claims 1, 2, 3, and 8)means enough water to form a solution of the active ingredient and the nitrate salt. 6. "Said composition containing less than 100 ppm of by-product compounds containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated or a nitrosamine compound derived therefrom per 150,000 parts of (a)" (claim 1) contains an error. The term "ppm" was mistakenly used instead of "parts." The claim element should have read: Said composition containing less than 100 parts of by-product compounds containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated or a nitrosamine compound derived therefrom per 150,000 parts of (a). 7. "Containing less than 25 parts per million by weight of by-product nitrosamine impurities or precursors thereof" (claims 5 and 6)means less than 25 parts by weight of by-product nitrosamine impurity and precursor thereof per million parts of stabilized aqueous 3-isothiazolone solution as a whole, such solution being comprised of active ingredient(s), nitrate salt(s), and water. 8. "Less than 20 parts nitrosamine compound per 150,000 parts 3-isothiazolone compound" (claim 8)means less than 20 parts of nitrosamine compound per 150,000 parts of active ingredient(s). I. Claim Terms and Phrases not in Dispute: 1. 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolone or 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (in all asserted claims). "5-chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolone" or "5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one" are alternative nomenclatures for the compound depicted structurally as: 2. 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (in claims 3, 5, and 6). "2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one" is the compound depicted structurally as: 3. Byproduct compounds (in all asserted claims). This refers to undesirable or unintended compound(s) co-produced during the process of making the 3-isothiazolone compounds. The '827 patent explains the formation of such undesirable compounds (containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated or a nitrosamine compound derived therefrom) at column 3, line 55 to column 5, line 5. 4. Nitrosamine compound (in all asserted claims). The term "nitrosamine" commonly means a compound of the illustrative formula: *645 where R1 and R2 are organic groups. The '827 patent, column 5, lines 4-5, provides the structures of nitrosamine compounds that may be produced and which the patent instructs to avoid or minimize in the 3-isothiazolone compositions. 5. Nitrosamine precursor or a compound containing an amine moiety capable of being nitrosated (in all asserted claims). These terms mean chemical compounds which can, under the reaction conditions employed, be converted into unwanted nitrosamine compounds. "Nitrosated" is the term used for the conversion of an amine compound, usually a secondary or tertiary amine compound, to a nitrosamine compound. Some of the principal nitrosamine precursors are illustrated at column 4, lines 37-44 and lines 55-56 of the '827 patent; column 4, line 6 to column 5, line 5 of the '827 patent describes the principal nitrosamine reactions that occur during synthesis of the 3-isothiazolone compounds. 6. Biologically active (in all asserted claims). "Biologically active" means exhibiting biostatic and/or biocidal activity toward many pests of both animal and vegetable origin, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, slime, barnacles, and mildew ('827 patent, column 1, lines 19-23). This term alone does not describe any amount. Rather, it describes a property of a material. NOTES [1] Extrinsic advice may be utilized to assist the judge in understanding scientific and technical matters. See Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1585; Manual for Complex Litigation (Third) § 21.51 (1997). In this case, with the parties' consent, Adam B. Smith, III, Ph.D., professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, was retained as an independent expert to act as the court's technical consultant. See Fed.R.Evid. 706 (the court may appoint an independent expert). With the parties' agreement, a series of questions were submitted to Dr. Smith, and he answered them in the courtroom with counsel present. [2] Defendants' requests for discovery of extrinsic evidence and to adduce such evidence at the Markman hearing were denied without prejudice. [3] The title of the '795 patent is "Stabilization of solutions of 3-isothiazolones employing certain metal nitrates and nitrites." The title of the '878 patent is "Stabilization of solutions of 3-isothiazolones." [4] The '795 and '878 patents describe methods for stabilizing 3-isothiazolone solutions using metal nitrates and nitrites. Both patents include tables illustrating the percentage decomposition of 3-isothiazolone solutions under a variety of active ingredient concentrations and types of nitrate salt stabilizers. See '795 patent, Tables I to X; '878 patent, Tables I to X; see also '795 patent, at 3:33-38 ("[T]he amount of metal nitrate or nitrite needed to stabilize the solution will be partly dependent on the solvent, the isothiazolone and its concentration, the nitrate or nitrite used, the length of time the solution is to be kept, and other related factors"); '878 patent, at 3:39-44 (same language). [5] In his testimony, Dr. Smith described stabilization as a "qualitative term" that "depends, by and large, on the system that one is concerned with, and the conditions under which it is placed." Dr. Smith, tr. at 12, Aug. 7, 1997. A precise durational definition of "stabilized" was, in his opinion, unnecessary to an understanding of what the '827 patent teachesi.e., removal of potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines from 3-isothiazolones in solution. See id. at 14, 16. [6] The prosecution history of the '827 patent is in accord. A decision of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences regarding the '827 patent application stated: "While the precursors themselves do not appear to be particularly toxic, they are converted into highly toxic nitrosamines as a direct result of adding the metal nitrate salt [as described in the '795 patent], whereupon nitrosation takes place to form the toxic nitrosamine." Prosecution History, Serial No. 383,858, Paper No. 29, May 30, 1989 decision of Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, at 6 (plaintiff's exh. 7; defendants' exh. 1). [7] For example, 3-isothiazolone solution could be biologically effective and yet harmful if high levels of nitrosamines or nitrosamine precursors were present. [8] Defendants advanced no alternative construction of this claim term either in the Joint Markman Hearing Statement or at the Markman hearing. [9] A certificate of correction granted to plaintiff on March 4, 1997 while no doubt indicative of a mistakeis not legally determinative. Plaintiff's position, relying on 35 U.S.C. § 255, is that the issuance of the certificate of correction mooted the dispute over this claim element. See Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 32. Section 255 states that after the issuance of a certificate of correction by the Patent and Trademark Office, "[s]uch patent, together with the certificate, shall have the same effect and operation in law on the trial of actions for causes thereafter arising as if the same had been originally issued in such corrected form." 35 U.S.C. § 255 (1994). The present lawsuit was filed on August 19, 1996. The certificate of correction was not issued until more than five months later. Accordingly, this action can not be said to have been "thereafter arising" under § 255. [10] Serial No. 970,971 was filed with the Patent and Trademark Office on November 2, 1992. Serial No. 728,438 was filed on August 12, 1991. See '827 patent, at 1. [11] Defendants' invalidity argument and the assertion, see Joint Markman Hearing Statement, at 36, that plaintiff violated its duties under 37 C.F.R. § 1.56 of good faith, candor and disclosure to the Patent and Trademark Office in obtaining the certificate of correction are not reached. | Mid | [
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LOADING 613 - 778 Laurelwood Drive Waterloo, Ontario N2V 0A8 $402,415 Maintenance, $466.64 Monthly Stylish living in Phase 2 of Reflections at Laurelwood now available. Spacious 2 bedroom, 2 bath condo with private patio now available. The Westmount layout offers open concept living accented with chic well-appointed finishes with an abundance of natural light. Kitchen has stainless steel appliances, breakfast bar+laminate flooring in foyer, kitchen, living/dining and bedrooms. Ceramic in all bathrooms. Stackable washer and dryer in suite. This unit is perfect for 1st-time homebuyers and down-sizers alike. Close to walking trails, numerous amenities, restaurants and the Laurel Creek conservation area. Stop by the Sales Centre located in the 1st building for a tour of amenities and other layouts available. Sales Centre located at 211-778 Laurelwood Drive, Waterloo Saturday - Sunday 1-5pm or By Appointment. (id:14570) Utilities Interested? Contact us for more information Sending Generating Captcha Your Favourites No Favourites Found The trademarks REALTOR®, REALTORS®, and the REALTOR® logo are controlled by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identify real estate professionals who are members of CREA. The trademarks MLS®, Multiple Listing Service® and the associated logos are owned by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identify the quality of services provided by real estate professionals who are members of CREA. The trademark DDF® is owned by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identifies CREA's Data Distribution Facility (DDF®) The data included on this website is deemed to be reliable, but is not guaranteed to be accurate by the Kitchener-Waterloo Real Estate Board. The trademarks REALTOR®, REALTORS® and the REALTOR® logo are controlled by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identify real estate professionals who are members of CREA. Used under license. The trademarks MLS®, Multiple Listing Service® and the associated logos are owned by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) and identify the quality of services provided by real estate professionals who are members of CREA. Contact Us First Name Last Name Your E-Mail Telephone Message Your privacy is very important to me! Your personal information will not be shared with anyone else! | Mid | [
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The phase one trade deal will lead to China buying more US products, but it is not expected to tackle tough issues such as subsidies. Photo: AFP | Low | [
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Economic Pulse Stabilizes March 21, 1988|The Morning Call The Lehigh Valley's economic indicators compiled by The Morning Call showed some stabilization in December, 1 1/2 months after the stock market plummet. Though deed transfers were down 16.1 percent from December 1986, they stood 15.3 percent over November 1987. And while December new car registrations last decreased 6.2 percent from a year earlier, they were 17.7 percent ahead of November 1987. Even the 15 Lehigh Valley stocks on the New York Stock Exchange in December showed a 2.2 percent increase over December 1986 and a 1.8 percent increase over November 1987. Impressiveincreases in December came in help wanted advertising, where the newspaper had a 29.8 percent increase over December 1986 and a 13.8 percent increase over November 1987. The unemployment rate was down 6 percent compared to December 1986 - but up 4.4 percent from November 1987. | Mid | [
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Product Information Publisher's Description This exceptional collection draws on the most recent demographic data and combines classic research with cutting-edge approaches to provide an invaluable overview of the developmental psychology of the adult years. Covers a wide range of topics within adult development and aging, from theoretical perspectives to specific content areas Includes newly commissioned essays from the top researchers in the field Takes a biopsychosocial perspective, covering the biological, psychological and social changes that occur in adulthood Author Bio Susan Krauss Whitbourne is Professor of Psychology at University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is the author of numerous publications including Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (6th edition, with R. P. Halgin, 2009), Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives (4th Edition, Wiley, 2011, with S. B. Whitbourne), and The Search for Fulfillment (2010). Martin Sliwinski is Director of the Gerontology Center and Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at Pennsylvania State University. He has written extensively on the relationship of stress and disease to health, emotional well-being, and cognitive function across the adult lifespan. Editorial Reviews “A plus point is that the writing style makes the content accessible to a wide audience without being simplistic. It would therefore be useful to students in order to expand their reading around psychological issues in ageing.” (Journal of Ageing & Society, 1 August 2013) “This exceptional collection draws on the most recent demographic data and combines classic research with cutting–edge approaches to provide an invaluable overview of the developmental psychology of the adult years. Covers a wide range of topics within adult development and ageing, from theoretical perspectives to specific content areas." (Nursing Times, January 2013) “(the book) will be very useful as a review for professional in the area of developmental psychology, but also as a resource for students who wish to find a summary of a specific area. . . Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 September 2012) Product Reviews Be the first to write a review! Write Review Ask Christianbook Have a question about this product? Ask us here. Back × Ask Christianbook What would you like to know about this product? Please enter your name, your email and your question regarding the product in the fields below, and we'll answer you in the next 24-48 hours. If you need immediate assistance regarding this product or any other, please call 1-800-CHRISTIAN to speak directly with a customer service representative. | High | [
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package com.tigergraph.jdbc.restpp; import com.tigergraph.jdbc.restpp.driver.QueryType; import com.tigergraph.jdbc.restpp.RestppConnection; import com.tigergraph.jdbc.restpp.driver.QueryParser; import com.tigergraph.jdbc.restpp.driver.RestppResponse; import com.tigergraph.jdbc.*; import java.sql.BatchUpdateException; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.SQLException; import org.json.JSONObject; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; public class RestppPreparedStatement extends PreparedStatement { private String query; private Integer debug = 0; private List<String> edge_list; private List<String> vertex_list; private QueryParser parser; private QueryType query_type; private String eol = null; private String sep = null; private StringBuilder stringBuilder = null; public RestppPreparedStatement(RestppConnection restppConnection, String query, Integer debug) { super(restppConnection, query); this.query = query; this.debug = debug; edge_list = new ArrayList<String>(); vertex_list = new ArrayList<String>(); } @Override public ResultSet executeQuery() throws SQLException { this.execute(); return currentResultSet; } @Override public boolean execute() throws SQLException { // execute the query this.parser = new QueryParser((RestppConnection) getConnection(), this.query, this.parameters, this.debug, this.timeout); this.query_type = parser.getQueryType(); /** * Spark is trying to get schema for a loading job. */ if (this.query_type == QueryType.QUERY_TYPE_SCHEMA_JOB) { String lineSchema = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).getLineSchema(); if (lineSchema == null) { throw new SQLException("Option \"schema\" must be specified when invoking a loading job."); } this.currentResultSet = new RestppResultSet(this, lineSchema); return Boolean.TRUE; } RestppResponse response = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).executeQuery(this.parser, ""); if (response.hasError()) { throw new SQLException(response.getErrMsg()); } // Parse response data boolean hasResultSets = response.hasResultSets(); // If source vertex id is not null, Spark is trying to retrieve edge. boolean isGettingEdge = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).getSource() != null; /** * Return an empty ResultSet instead of null, * otherwise Spark will panic. */ this.currentResultSet = new RestppResultSet(this, response.getResults(), parser.getFieldList(), this.query_type, isGettingEdge); return hasResultSets; } @Override public void addBatch() throws SQLException { // Shortcut for loading jobs. if (this.query_type == QueryType.QUERY_TYPE_LOAD_JOB) { this.stringBuilder.append(eol); this.stringBuilder.append(String.valueOf(this.parameters.get(1))); for (int i = 1; i < this.parameters.size(); ++i) { this.stringBuilder.append(this.sep).append(String.valueOf(this.parameters.get(i + 1))); } return; } if (this.debug > 1) { System.out.println(">>> addBatch(): " + this.query); } /** * addBatch() tends to be called many times, * so we lower its debug level. */ this.parser = new QueryParser((RestppConnection) getConnection(), this.query, this.parameters, this.debug - 1, this.timeout); if (this.parser.getQueryType() == QueryType.QUERY_TYPE_LOAD_JOB) { this.query_type = this.parser.getQueryType(); this.eol = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).getEol(); this.sep = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).getSeparator(); this.stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(); this.stringBuilder.append(this.parser.getLine()); return; } String vertex_json = parser.getVertexJson(); String edge_json = parser.getEdgeJson(); if (vertex_json != "") { vertex_list.add(vertex_json); } if (edge_json != "") { edge_list.add(edge_json); } } @Override public void addBatch(String sql) throws SQLException { if (this.debug > 1) { System.out.println(">>> addBatch(sql): " + this.query); } this.query = sql; /** * addBatch() tends to be called many times, * so we lower its debug level. */ this.parser = new QueryParser((RestppConnection) getConnection(), sql, this.parameters, this.debug - 1, this.timeout); this.query_type = this.parser.getQueryType(); this.eol = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).getEol(); String vertex_json = parser.getVertexJson(); String edge_json = parser.getEdgeJson(); if (vertex_json != "") { vertex_list.add(vertex_json); } if (edge_json != "") { edge_list.add(edge_json); } } @Override public void clearBatch() throws SQLException { edge_list.clear(); vertex_list.clear(); } /** * Batch update. * For updating vertices/edges, the return values are number of updated vertices and edges. * For loading jobs, the return values are number of lines being accepted and rejected. */ @Override public int[] executeBatch() throws SQLException { if (this.debug > 0) { System.out.println(">>> executeBatch: " + this.query); } int[] count = new int[2]; // It is a loading job. if (this.query_type == QueryType.QUERY_TYPE_LOAD_JOB) { if (this.stringBuilder == null) { return count; } String payload = this.stringBuilder.toString(); RestppResponse response = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).executeQuery(this.parser, payload); List<JSONObject> results = response.getResults(); if (results.size() > 0) { if (this.debug > 1) { System.out.println(">>> payload: " + payload); System.out.println(">>> result: " + results.get(0)); } JSONObject obj = (JSONObject)results.get(0).get("statistics"); count[0] = obj.getInt("validLine"); count[1] = obj.getInt("rejectLine"); } this.stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(); return count; } if (this.edge_list.size() == 0 && this.vertex_list.size() == 0) { return count; } // It is a normal job to upsert vertex or edge via the 'graph' endpoint. StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append("{"); if (this.vertex_list.size() > 0) { sb.append("\"vertices\": {"); sb.append(this.vertex_list.get(0)); for (int i = 1; i < this.vertex_list.size(); ++i) { sb.append(","); sb.append(this.vertex_list.get(i)); } sb.append("}"); } if (this.edge_list.size() > 0) { if (this.vertex_list.size() > 0) { sb.append(","); } sb.append("\"edges\": {"); sb.append(this.edge_list.get(0)); for (int i = 1; i < this.edge_list.size(); ++i) { sb.append(","); sb.append(this.edge_list.get(i)); } sb.append("}"); } sb.append("}"); String payload = sb.toString(); RestppResponse response = ((RestppConnection) getConnection()).executeQuery(this.parser, payload); if (response.hasError()) { throw new SQLException(response.getErrMsg()); } List<JSONObject> results = response.getResults(); if (results.size() > 0) { if (this.debug > 1) { System.out.println(">>> payload: " + payload); System.out.println(">>> result: " + results.get(0)); } count[0] = results.get(0).getInt("accepted_vertices"); count[1] = results.get(0).getInt("accepted_edges"); } return count; } /** * Methods not implemented yet. */ @Override public int getResultSetConcurrency() throws SQLException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented yet."); } @Override public int getResultSetType() throws SQLException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented yet."); } @Override public int getResultSetHoldability() throws SQLException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented yet."); } @Override public ParameterMetaData getParameterMetaData() throws SQLException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented yet."); } @Override public ResultSetMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented yet."); } @Override public int executeUpdate() throws SQLException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not implemented yet."); } } | Low | [
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All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Introduction {#sec005} ============ Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi to grow and spread in the presence of antimicrobial medicines that are normally active against them. AMR occurs via a range of resistance mechanisms, such as a modified antimicrobial target, enzymatic hydrolysis/degradation, efflux and impermeability. This resistance is mediated by diverse resistance genes that evolve as a result of antimicrobial selection pressure exerted by the appropriate and/or inappropriate use of antimicrobial medicines, and is aggravated by the void of new antimicrobial agents in the current therapeutic pipeline \[[@pone.0189621.ref001], [@pone.0189621.ref002]\]. AMR increases health-care costs, length of stay in hospitals, morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries \[[@pone.0189621.ref003]\]. A recent report estimated that 10 million deaths will be attributed to AMR by 2050, and 100 trillion USD of the world's economic outputs will be lost if substantive efforts are not made to contain this threat \[[@pone.0189621.ref001], [@pone.0189621.ref004], [@pone.0189621.ref005]\]. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the first global surveillance report on antibiotic resistance (ABR) in 2014 to show the clinical impact of resistant bacteria in WHO regions across the world. This reported shown that five out of the six WHO regions had more than 50% resistance to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in *Escherichia coli* and methicillin resistance in *Staphylococcus aureus* in hospital settings. Similarly, more than 50% resistance to third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems was reported in *Klebsiella pneumoniae*. The report attributed 45% of deaths in both Africa and South-East Asia to multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. It further revealed that *K*. *pneumonia*e resistant to third generation cephalosporins was associated with elevated deaths in Africa (77%), the Eastern Mediterranean region (50%), South East Asia (81%) and Western Pacific region (72%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref002]\]. Several resistant bacteria have been increasingly involved in infectious diseases in humans, specifically, *Enterococcus spp*, *S*. *aureus*, *K*. *pneumoniae*, *Acinetobacter baumannii*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* and *Enterobacter spp*. They are collectively termed ESKAPE and recently gained further global attention by being listed by the WHO as priority antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics \[[@pone.0189621.ref005]\]. The particularity of these bacteria is their ability to develop high level resistance to multiple drugs, thereby limiting therapeutic options and increasing morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have confirmed that ESKAPE bacteria and their resistant clones, are actively transmitted in hospitals and communities in both developed and developing countries. The threat posed by these resistant bacteria is however exacerbated in developing countries due to sub-optimal hygiene conditions, poor infection, prevention and control measures, lack of surveillance and the dearth antimicrobial stewardship programs \[[@pone.0189621.ref006], [@pone.0189621.ref007]\]. Reports have shown high isolation rates of methicillin resistant *S*. *aureus* (MRSA) in healthcare settings in Cameroon (72%), South Africa (52%), Ethiopia (42.8%), Nigeria (29.6%), Kenya (27.7%), Ivory Cost (16.8%) and Morocco (14.4%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref002], [@pone.0189621.ref008]--[@pone.0189621.ref010]\]. In 2008, the prevalence of nosocomial acquired and MDR infections due to Enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood cultures were 57.1% and 15.4% respectively, in South Africa \[[@pone.0189621.ref011]\]. Likewise, rapid increases in the rates of infections due to carbapenemase-producing *K*. *pneumonia*, metallo-beta-lactamase-producing *A*. *baumannii* (MBL-AB), metallo-beta-lactamase-producing *P*. *aeruginosa* (MBL-PA), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing *Enterobacter spp*. have been reported across the world \[[@pone.0189621.ref012]--[@pone.0189621.ref014]\]. In Saudi Arabia, the rate of *P*. *aeruginosa* producing carbapenemase was 33%, of which 27% were MBL-producers \[[@pone.0189621.ref015]\], while in India, a 22.4% prevalence of *P*. *aeruginosa* producing MBLs was reported in tertiary care hospitals \[[@pone.0189621.ref016]\]. MDR-ESKAPE bacteria have been reported in hospital acquired infections (HAI), particularly in intensive care units (ICUs) where immune-compromised patients suffering from some non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes, cancers, chronic lung, cardiovascular and kidney diseases were highly affected \[[@pone.0189621.ref006], [@pone.0189621.ref017]--[@pone.0189621.ref022]\]. The emergence and spread of these highly resistant bacteria in hospital care settings could thus have negative health repercussions and be an obstacle for the treatment of infections of patients with these NCDs \[[@pone.0189621.ref018], [@pone.0189621.ref023]\]. Despite the evidenced threat posed by ABR, information on its clinical and economic impact is limited in developing countries, and thus impede appropriate interventions for its containment \[[@pone.0189621.ref024], [@pone.0189621.ref025]\]. Heightened awareness of policy-makers, health care workers, and the general population about the risks associated with ABR is essential to preserve antibiotics for future generations \[[@pone.0189621.ref026], [@pone.0189621.ref027]\]. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze the published literature on the clinical and economic impact of ABR in developing countries, in order to inform containment strategies such as antimicrobial stewardship programs and infection prevention and control measures in these nations. Methods {#sec006} ======= The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed \[[@pone.0189621.ref028], [@pone.0189621.ref029]\]. Ethical consideration {#sec007} --------------------- This systematic review and meta-analysis was based on published reports, and was therefore exempt from ethical approval. Systematic review of the literature {#sec008} ----------------------------------- A systematic search was carried out independently by RF and LF, in Medline via PubMed and Web of Sciences from January 2000 to December 09, 2016, using a combination of boolean operators (AND/OR), Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and pre-defined keywords. Only published after 2000 were considered to ensure that the analysis focuses on contextual literature that depict current resistance patterns, infection rates, prevention measures, and clinical practice guidelines. Peer-reviewed papers in English and French on the clinical and/or economic impacts of ABR in developing countries were retrieved and independently evaluated for eligibility by RF and LF based on titles and abstracts ([Table 1](#pone.0189621.t001){ref-type="table"}). Thereafter, the full-texts of eligible papers were assessed according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria ([Table 1](#pone.0189621.t001){ref-type="table"}), with inconsistencies and disagreements being resolved by consensus. Efforts were made to contact the authors when data was missing and full-texts could not be retrieved, and a hand search was conducted in the reference list of all selected papers. 10.1371/journal.pone.0189621.t001 ###### Eligibility criteria. {#pone.0189621.t001g} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***Inclusion criteria*** \- Original research\ - Minimum of 20 patients\ - Studies conducted in developing countries as defined by World Bank criteria\ - Report on association between resistant bacteria and clinical outcome and/or financial impact\ - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing done by either disk diffusion, broth micro-dilution, agar dilution, E-test or VITEK using\ - CLSI/EUCAST/SFM guidelines\ - Papers published in French and English\ - Studies published from January 1, 2000 ***Exclusion criteria*** \- Reports of antibiotic resistance unrelated to clinical outcome nor economic impact\ - Reports on parasites, viruses and fungi\ - Reports on treatment comparisons\ - Studies conducted in developed countries as defined by World Bank criteria\ - Reports published in languages other than French and English\ - Antibiotic resistance in wildlife, companion and aquatic animals\ - Grey literature, conference abstracts, reviews, meta-analysis, letters to editor, correspondence, editorials, comments and case reports.\ - Studies published before January 1, 2000 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Screening and data extraction process {#sec009} ------------------------------------- Papers were managed using EndNote (version X7.7.1, Thomson Reuters) and the data from eligible papers was abstracted independently by two authors (RF and LF) using a standardized data extraction spreadsheet in Excel^®^ (Microsoft^®^ Office Excel 2016). Relevant data from papers included countries, WHO regions, World Bank classification, publication year, type of study, participant characteristics (number of participant, diseases, age), hospital' ward, bacteria, follow-up period, length of stay in hospital, mortality related to resistant bacteria, and, costs as described in [Table 2](#pone.0189621.t002){ref-type="table"}. 10.1371/journal.pone.0189621.t002 ###### Description of eligible papers included in the systematic review. {#pone.0189621.t002g} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Country Year Type of study Study population Infection type Hospital' ward Bacteria Sample size\ Length of stay[^2^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Mortality[^3^](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}\ References cases/\ (%) n/N (%) controls -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------------------- **STUDIES REPORTING IMPACT OF ABR ON THE MORBIDITY ONLY** Turkey 2015 Retrospective cohort NR Nosocomial BSI ICU *A*. *baumannii* 41/45 25.49 days (%NR) 22.80 days (%NR) NR NR \[[@pone.0189621.ref003]\] Turkey 2008 Prospective case---control Adults\>16 years old Nosocomial Infections ICU and others *A*. *baumannii* 66/57 20.8 days (65.2%) 15.4 days (40.4%) NR NR \[[@pone.0189621.ref030]\] **STUDIES REPORTING IMPACT OF ABR ON THE MORTALITY ONLY** Brazil 2009 Retrospective case-control Adults \>14 years old Nosocomial infections Medical-surgical ICU *P*. *aeruginosa* 63/182 NR NR 31/63 (49%) 61/182 (33%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref031]\] Brazil 2009 Case-control Adults \> 18 years old BSI NR *E*. *coli* and *K*. *pneumoniae* 30/64 NR NR 7/30\ 12/64\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref032]\] (23.3%) (18.8%) China 2004 Case-control and Retrospective cohort All ages MDR-HAI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*. *aeruginosa* 44/68 NR NR 24/44 (54.5%) 11/68 (16.2%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref033]\] China 2012 Retrospective Children \< 15 years old Pneumonia Pediatric ICU *A*. *baumannii* 115/45 NR NR 21/115 (18.26%) 2/45 (4.44%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref034]\] China 2015 Retrospective Case-Control NR MRSA infections Various *S*. *aureus* 57/116 NR NR 12/57 (21%) 9/116\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref035]\] (8%) Colombia 2014 Case-Control All ages CR-KP Infection ICU *K*. *pneumoniae* 61/122 NR NR 31/61 (50.8%) 25/122 (20.4%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref036]\] India 2014 NR Neonates BSI Neonatal ICU *A*. *baumannii* 33/32 NR NR 9/33 (27.3%) 3/32\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref037]\] (9.4%) Malaysia 2009 Case-control NR Nosocomial AB BSI NR *A*. *baumannii* 53/56 NR NR 25/53 (47.2%) 14/56 (25%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref038]\] Malaysia 2011 Cross-sectional descriptive and case-control NR IR-*A*. *baumannii* BSI NR *A*. *baumannii* 15/41 NR NR 9/15 (64.3%) 15/41 (40.5%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref039]\] Mexico 2000 Case-control Children Pneumoniae NR *S*. *pneumoniae* 25/24 NR NR 11/25\ 7/24\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref040]\] (44%) (29%) Thailand 2011 Case-control Adults \>15 years old MDR-*A*. *baumannii* bacteremia In and out-patient departments *A*. *baumannii* 24/25 NR NR 22/24 (91.7%) 12/25 (48%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref041]\] Thailand 2012 Case-control Adults \>15 years old ESBL-producing bacteria in\ In and out-patient departments *E*. *coli* 32/113 NR NR 9/32 (29%) 13/113 (11.5%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref042]\] septicemia Thailand 2015 Case-control Adults\>18 years old HAI ICU and general wards *A*. *baumannii* 139/132 NR NR 79/139\ 3/132\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref043]\] (57%) (2%) Thailand 2015 Retrospective cohort Adults Ventilator Associated Pneumoniae ICU *A*. *baumannii* 220/33 NR NR 125/220 (56.8%) 7/33\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref044]\] (21.2%) **STUDIES REPORTING IMPACT OF ABR ON THE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY** Brazil 2015 Case-control Cancer children \<18 years old MDR-GNB Infection Oncology pediatric ICU Gram Negative Bacteria 47/54 8 days (63.8%) 2 days (37%) 12/47 (25.5%) 9/54 (16.7%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref017]\] Brazil 2006 Retrospective cohort \>1-year-old BSI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *S*. *aureus* 61/50 \>10 days (65.9%) \>10 days (34.1%) 33/61 (54.9%) 12/50 (24.7%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref045]\] Brazil 2006 Retrospective cohort All ages BSI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *K*. *pneumoniae* 56/52 \>10 days\ \>10 days (43.8%) 18/56 (69.2%) 8/52\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref046]\] (56.2%) (30.8%) Brazil 2008 Case-control Adults VAP ICU *S*. *aureus* 29/32 \>8 days (89.7%) \>8 days (90.6%) 11/29 (37.9%) 8/32\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref047]\] (25%) Brazil 2012 Case-control Adults \> 18 years old Bacteremia ICU *P*. *aeruginosa* 29/48 43 days (NR) 43.1 days (NR) 13/29 (44.8%) 26/48\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref022]\] (54.2%) China 2012 Retrospective cohort \> 1 year old BSI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *S*. *aureus* 75/43 55.3 days (NR) 38.7 days (NR) 25/75 (33.3%) 8/43 (18.6%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref048]\] China 2015 Retrospective Geriatric inpatients Bacteremia Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *A*. *baumannii* 39/86 36.7 days\ 36.1 days (NR) 31/39\ 38/86\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref049]\] (NR) (79.5%) (44.2%) China 2015 Retrospective case-control NR Enterococci infections Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *Enterococci* 44/176 37 days (NR) 17 days (NR) 3/44 (6.8%) 3/176 (1.7%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref050]\] Colombia 2014 Prospective cohort Adult CR-*A*. *baumannii* Infections ICU *A*. *baumannii* 104/61 19 days (NR) 16.2 days (NR) 42/104\ 13/61 (21%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref051]\] (40%) India 2014 Observational Adults Septicemia Various wards GNB and GPB 133/87 14 days (NR) 11 days (NR) 16/133 (12%) 2/87\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref052]\] (2%) Jordan 2015 Matched case-control Cancer patients Nosocomial *A*. *baumannii* infections Medical-surgical ICU *A*. *baumannii* 161/262 12 days\ 3 days\ 118/161 (73.3%) 142/232 (61.2%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref053]\] (NR) (NR) Palestine 2009 Prospective case---control Neonates Nosocomial septicemia\ Neonatal ICU *A*. *baumannii* 40/100 20 days\ 20 days\ 15/40 (37.5%) 12/100 (13.2%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref054]\] (62.5%) (35%) Senegal 2016 Classic retrospective cohort and retrospective parallel cohort All ages ESBL- producing Enterobacteriaceae Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *K*. *pneumoniae*\ 110/76 22.6 days\ 14 days\ 52/110 (47.3%) 17/76\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref055]\] *Enterobacter*\ (NR) (NR) (22.4%) *E*. *coli* Thailand 2007 Prospective case---control Adults HAI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *E*. *coli* and *K*. *pneumoniae* 74/74 22.5 days\ 17.5 days\ 26/74 (35.1%) 12/74 (16.2%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref056]\] (NR) (NR) Thailand 2008 Cohort Adults Community-onset BSI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *E*. *coli* and *K*. *pneumoniae* 36/108 8 days (NR) 6 days (NR) 13/36 (36%) 16/108 (15%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref057]\] Thailand 2014 Retrospective cohort Adults\>18 years old HAI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *A*. *nosocomialis* and *A*. *pittii* 25/58 9 days (NR) 4 days (NR) 3/25 (12%) 20/58 (35%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref058]\] Thailand 2009 Retrospective cohort Adult\> 15 years old Nosocomial BSI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *A*. *baumannii* 67/131 37 days (NR) 27 days (NR) 35/67 (52.2%) 26/131 (19.9%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref059]\] Thailand 2006 Cross-sectional All ages Community-acquired pneumoniae NR *S*. *pneumoniae* 22/42 12.2 days (NR) 15.5 days (NR) 2/22\ 4/42\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref060]\] (9.1%) (9.5%) Thailand 2009 Case-control Adult\>18 years old Nosocomial BSI Various wards[^1^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} *E*. *coli* and *K*. *pneumoniae* 51/94 26 days (NR) 16 days (NR) 26/51 (51.0%) 28/94 (29.8%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref061]\] Thailand 2013 Retrospective Case-control Neonates CR- *A*. *baumannii* Bacteremia Neonatal ICU *A*. *baumannii* 14/44 34 days\ 24.5 days (NR) 6/14 (42.9%) 3/44\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref062]\] (NR) (5.9%) Thailand 2016 Retrospective Case-control Neonates VAP Neonatal ICU *A*. *baumannii* 63/25 51 days (NR) 41 days\ 10/63\ 0/25\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref019]\] (NR) (15.9%) (0%) Turkey 2015 Observational retrospective cohort All ages HAI ICU *K*. *pneumoniae* 47/51 19 days (37.3%) 11 days (29.94%) 21/47\ 26/51 (51%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref063]\] (44.7%) Turkey 2000 Retrospective Adults Bacteremia ICU *S*. *aureus* 46/55 50.3 days (NR) 32.7 days (NR) 15/46\ 7/55\ \[[@pone.0189621.ref021]\] (32.6%) (12.7%) Turkey 2015 NR NR Nosocomial infections Emergency ICU and Pediatric ICU *P*. *aeruginosa* 32/8 20.58 days (NR) 6.33 days (NR) 14/32 (43.8%) 2/8 (25%) \[[@pone.0189621.ref064]\] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOS: Length of stay; NR: Not reported; BSI: Bloodstream infection, HAI: Hospital-acquired infection, VAP: Ventilator-Associated Pneumoniae; CR: Carbapenem-resistant; GNB: Gram negative bacteria; GPB: Gram positive bacteria 1 various wards 2 LOS attributed to the specific bacteria responsible of the infections 3: Overall mortality attributed to the specific bacteria responsible of the infections, ICU: Intensive Care Unit. Statistical analysis {#sec010} -------------------- Meta-analyses were undertaken using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software (Biostat, Inc., New Jersey, USA) version 3 for Windows, to determine overall mortality risk associated with resistance. Sub-group analyses for mortality were conducted for the data by WHO region, World Bank classification, countries, group of bacteria, and bacterial species where there were three or more studies that could be combined. Forest plots were performed to assess the significance of the results and generated using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were undertaken across sub-groups for the selected outcome and the results presented as odds ratios. Studies were weighted in favor of those with narrower confidence intervals (more precise results), and the random-effects method was used to provide more confident data considering heterogeneity within and between reports. The *I-square (I*^*2*^*)* statistic with cut-off values of 25, 50 and 75% was used to assess low, moderate and high heterogeneity respectively, and a *p-*value of \<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Publication bias was evaluated using the funnel plot and statistical egger's test. Quality assessment {#sec011} ------------------ Quality assessment was performed independently by RF and LF using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) for each study included in the systematic review and meta-analysis \[[@pone.0189621.ref065]\]. NOS assesses methodological quality, based on three-dimensional criteria and included (i) selected population, (ii) comparability of groups, and (iii) outcome/exposure of interest. Studies were scored using a scale with a possible maximum of eight points where a score ≥ 6 indicated high-quality studies, a score between 3--6 as moderate and a score ≤ 3 as low quality. Results {#sec012} ======= Literature search and study selection {#sec013} ------------------------------------- The systematic search conducted in the two electronic databases generated 27 033 papers. A total of 24 057 papers were screened for probable inclusion according to titles and abstracts after de-duplication. Of these, the full texts of 92 eligible papers were fully evaluated based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. One article was added following a hand-search in the reference lists of included papers. Forty studies were finally eligible for the qualitative and quantitative analysis ([Fig 1](#pone.0189621.g001){ref-type="fig"}), of which 18 were of high quality, while 15 and seven were moderate and low quality respectively. {#pone.0189621.g001} Description and characteristics of studies included in systematic review {#sec014} ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The majority of data analyzed were obtained from single center studies conducted in 11 countries. Thirty percent (n = 12) of the observational studies on ABR were conducted in hospitals and communities in Thailand, the rest were performed in 10 different-countries namely Brazil (n = 7; 17.5%), China (n = 6; 15%), Turkey (n = 5; 12.5%), Colombia (n = 2; 5%), Malaysia (n = 2; 5%), India (n = 2; 5%), Mexico (n = 1; 2.5%), Jordan (n = 1; 2.5%), Palestine (n = 1; 2.5%), and Senegal (n = 1; 2.5%) ([Table 2](#pone.0189621.t002){ref-type="table"} and [Fig 2](#pone.0189621.g002){ref-type="fig"}). {#pone.0189621.g002} Fourteen studies investigated the impact of ABR on mortality, two reported its impact on morbidity only ([Table 2](#pone.0189621.t002){ref-type="table"}) while 24 considered both morbidity and mortality concomitantly. Eight studies reported on the economic consequences of ABR ([Table 3](#pone.0189621.t003){ref-type="table"}). *A*. *baumannii* (n = 14; 35%), *K*. *pneumoniae* (n = 6; 15%), *S*. *aureus* (n = 5; 12.5%), *P*. *aeruginosa* (n = 4; 10%) represented the main pathogens reported with ICUs being the principal hospital ward concerned (Tables [2](#pone.0189621.t002){ref-type="table"} and [3](#pone.0189621.t003){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0189621.t003 ###### Studies describing mortality rate associated with resistant and MDR ESKAPE bacteria. {#pone.0189621.t003g} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Authors Hospital Wards Bacteria Mortality rate P-value References ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------- ---------------------------- Al Jarousha et al. (2009) Neonatal ICU MDR-*A*. *baumannii* (15/40) 37.5% 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref054]\] Susceptible *A*. *baumannii* (12/100) 12% Anunnatsiri et al. (2011)\ ICU MDR-*A*. *baumannii* (22/24) 91.7% 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref041]\] Susceptible *A*. *baumannii* (12/25) 48% Amer et al. (2015) Emergency\ CR-MBLP-*P*. *aeruginosa* (14/32) 43,8% 0.2 \[[@pone.0189621.ref064]\] ICU /Pediatric ICU CR-MBLN-*P*. *aeruginosa* (2/8) 25% Furtado et al. (2009) ICU Imipenem-resistant *P*. *aeruginosa* (31/63) 49% 0.02 \[[@pone.0189621.ref031]\] Imipenem-susceptible *P*. *aeruginosa* (61/182) 33% Marra et al. (2006) ICU ESBL-producing *K*. *pneumoniae* (18/56) 32.14% 0.042 \[[@pone.0189621.ref046]\] Non-ESBL *K*. *pneumoniae* (8/52) 15.38% Moreira et al. (2008) ICU ORSA (11/29) 37.9% 0.41 \[[@pone.0189621.ref047]\] OSSA (8/32) 25% Serefhanoglu et al. (2009) ICU MDR-ESBL-producing-*E*. *coli* and *K*. *pneumoniae* (7/30) 23.3% 0.606 \[[@pone.0189621.ref032]\] Non-MDR-ESBL-producing-*E*. *coli* and *K*. *pneumoniae* (12/64) 18.8% Tuon et al. (2012) ICU Carbapenem-resistant *P*. *aeruginosa* (13/29) 54.2% 0.043 \[[@pone.0189621.ref022]\] Carbapenem-susceptible *P*. *aeruginosa* (26/48) 44.8% Chen et al. (2012) ICU MRSA (25/75) 33% 0.01 \[[@pone.0189621.ref048]\] MSSA (8/43) 18.6% Fu et al. (2015) ICU XDR *A*. *baumannii* (31/39) 79.5% 0.1 \[[@pone.0189621.ref049]\] Non-XDR *A*. *baumannii* (38/86) 44.2% Jia et al. (2015) ICU Linezolid non-susceptible Enterococci (3/44) 6.8% 0.521 \[[@pone.0189621.ref050]\] Linezolid-susceptible Enterococci (2/44) 4.5% Un-infected Control patients (3/176) 1.7% Yao et al. (2015) ICU MRSA (12/57) 21% 0.002 \[[@pone.0189621.ref035]\] MSSA (9/116) 8% Gomez Rueda et al. (2014) ICU Carbapenem resistant *K*. *pneumoniae* (31/61) 50.8% 0.042 \[[@pone.0189621.ref036]\] Carbapenem-susceptible *K*. *pneumoniae* (20/61) 32.7% Un-infected control patients (25/122) 20.4% Kumar et al. (2014) ICU Carbapenem-resistant *A*. *baumannii* (9/33) 27.3% 0.074 \[[@pone.0189621.ref037]\] Carbapenem-susceptible *A*. *baumannii* (3/32) 9.4% Nazer et al. (2015) ICU MDR-*A*. *baumannii* (118/161) 73.3% 0.015 \[[@pone.0189621.ref053]\] Non-MDR-*A*. *baumannii* (142/232) 61.2% Deris et al. (2011) ICU Imipenem-resistant -*A*. *baumannii* (6/15) 42.9% 0.201 \[[@pone.0189621.ref039]\] Imipenem-susceptible *A*. *baumannii* (9/41) 24.3% Inchai et al. (2015) ICU MDR-*A*. *baumannii* (10/72) 13.9% 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref044]\] XDR- *A*. *baumannii* (88/220) 40% PDR*-A*. *baumannii* (7/12) 58.3% Jamulitrat et al. (2009) ICU Imipenem-resistant-*A*. *baumannii* (35/67) 52.2% 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref059]\] Imipenem-susceptible *A*. *baumannii* (26/131) 19.9%% Thatrimontrichai et al. (2016) ICU Carbapenem-resistant *A*. *baumannii* (10/63) 15.9% 0.01 \[[@pone.0189621.ref019]\] Carbapenem-susceptible *A*. *baumannii* (1/13) 7.7% Un-infected control patients (0/25) 0% Topeli et al. (2000) ICU MRSA (15/46) 32.6% 0.02 \[[@pone.0189621.ref021]\] MSSA (7/55) 12.7% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CR: Carbapenem-resistant; CS: Carbapenem susceptible; MBL: Metallo-beta-lactamase; IS: imipenem sensitive; IR: imipenem resistant; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; OSSA: Oxacillin-sensitive-*S*. *aureus;* ORSA: Oxacillin-resistant-*S*. *aureus*; PDR: Pan drug resistant; XDR: Extensive drug resistant Statistical analysis {#sec015} -------------------- ### Primary analyses {#sec016} Pooled estimates revealed 90% prevalence (95%CI, 2.852--3.557; p = 0.000) of mortality attributable to infections in developing countries with greater mortality associated with ABR at an odds ratio (OR) 2.828 (95%CI, 2.231--3.584; p = 0.000) ([Fig 3A](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). {#pone.0189621.g003} ### Subgroup analyses {#sec017} The subgroup analyses were performed by World Bank classification, WHO region, country, group of bacteria and bacterial species. [Fig 3B](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"} presents a forest plot of mortality due to AMR categorized per World Bank classification. The risk of mortality due to resistant bacteria was high in upper middle-income countries (OR 2.769, 95% CIs, 2.142--3.579; p = 0.000), with studies from lower-middle and low-income nations not being evaluated due to insufficient data. Four out of the six WHO regions were included in the analysis, with three showing a high risk of mortality ([Fig 3C](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). High statistical significance was observed in the Americas (OR 2.126, 95% CIs; 1.546--2.925; p = 0.000), South East Asia (OR 3.754, 95% CIs; 2.333--6.041; p = 0.000) and the Western Pacific (OR 3.746, 95% CIs; 2.463--5.697; p = 0.000) ([Fig 3C](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Results from Europe were not statistically significant and insufficient reports precluded analysis in Africa. Subgroup analyses per country showed high statistical significance (OR 2.665, 95%CIs; 2.074--3.425, p = 0.000) ([Fig 3D](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}) in favor of mortality. Brazil, China and Thailand, had statistically significant risk of mortality with OR being 1.825 (95%CIs; 1.239--2.689; p = 0.002), 3.746 (95%CIs; 2.463--5.697; p = 0.000), 3.928 (95%CIs; 2.116--7.293; p = 0.000) respectively, in contrast to Turkey, which was not statistically significant ([Fig 3D](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). In other countries, the number of reports was insufficient (less than three) to perform the meta-analysis. Studies were categorized into three groups of bacteria namely ESKAPE, non-ESKAPE, and mixed (both ESKAPE and non-ESKAPE). The ESKAPE group was associated with the highest risk of mortality with a high statistical significance (OR 3.217; 95%CIs; 2.395--4.321; p = 0.001) ([Fig 3E](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Although, the non-ESKAPE group was not associated with the risk of mortality (OR 1.167; 95%CIs; 0.385--3.534; p = 0.000), when combined with ESKAPE within a study, it became statistically significant (OR 2.634; 95%CIs; 1.858--3.734; p = 0.000) ([Fig 3E](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). High risk of mortality due to antibiotic-resistant *A*. *baumannii* was observed with high statistical significance (OR 4.636; 95%CIs; 2.954--7.277; p = 0.000), followed by *S*. *aureus* (OR 2.842; 95%CIs; 1.868--4.324; p = 0.000). *P*. *aeruginosa* (OR 2.076; 95%CIs; 0.833--5.177; p = 0.117) and *K*. *pneumoniae* (OR 2.026; 95%CIs; 0.733--5.598; p = 0.173) were not significantly associated with mortality ([Fig 3F](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Discussion {#sec018} ========== AMR is a global public health threat that affects human health, particularly hospitalized patients, and has substantive health and financial consequences. This study analyzed the published literature on the clinical and economic implications of ABR in developing countries from 40 eligible studies. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were associated with increased mortality (OR 2.8341, 95%CIs; 2.2180--3.6213; P = 0.000), consistent with several reports in both developed and developing countries \[[@pone.0189621.ref066]--[@pone.0189621.ref069]\]. The main ward involved was the ICU, possibly due to the heavy use of antibiotics and hence the selection pressure for ABR development and prevalence in these units \[[@pone.0189621.ref004], [@pone.0189621.ref023], [@pone.0189621.ref070], [@pone.0189621.ref071]\]). This concurred with studies from Mexico, Brazil, China, Thailand, France and Serbia, that reported high mortality due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in ICUs \[[@pone.0189621.ref017], [@pone.0189621.ref049], [@pone.0189621.ref067], [@pone.0189621.ref071]--[@pone.0189621.ref073]\]. The study further showed that ABR research is neglected in developing countries with only one report from low-income (Senegal), two from lower-income (Palestine and Jordan), and 37 from upper-middle income nations ([Table 1](#pone.0189621.t001){ref-type="table"} and [Fig 2](#pone.0189621.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Developing countries are thus far behind high resource settings in the fight against AMR and that requiring considerable efforts to reduce its consequences \[[@pone.0189621.ref074]\]. Three WHO regions, i.e., the Americas, South East Asia and the Western Pacific region showed the highest risk of mortality associated with MRSA and *K*. *pneumoniae* resistant to third generation cephalosporins. Our results concurred with the 2014's WHO report, which showed a significant increase of mortality due to antibiotic-resistant *K*. *pneumoniae* and *S*. *aureus* in hospitals particularly in ICU across WHO regions \[[@pone.0189621.ref002]\]. Resistance levels could be explained by the practices of self-medication and the purchase of antibiotics over-the-counter common in these settings. Policies and regulations promoting rational antibiotic use are also minimal or non-existent. Additionally, limitations in managing nosocomial infections, sub-optimal infection control measures, unsafe water, poor hygienic conditions, lack of knowledge and inadequately trained personnel might also be associated with the prevailing resistance in these regions. Comprehensive studies are needed to provide accurate and reliable data to inform decision-makers about the danger of ABR in developing countries and suggest a way forward for the alleviation of the resulting implications. Resistant ESKAPE bacteria including carbapenem-resistant *A*. *baumannii*, MBL- producing *P*. *aeruginosa*, ESBL-producing *K*. *pneumoniae*, and MRSA represented the most common resistant bacteria associated with increased mortality. These bacteria were the main cause of morbidity and mortality in bloodstream infections in hospital settings, with a high statistical significance (OR 2.978, 95%CIs; 2.362--3.753; p = 0.000) ([Fig 3F](#pone.0189621.g003){ref-type="fig"}). This concurred with the WHO Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS), which recognized *A*. *baumannii*, *K*. *pneumoniae*, and *S*. *aureus*, as priority pathogens in blood specimens and list them together with *P*. *aeruginosa* as priority antibiotic resistant-bacteria for research and development in 2017 \[[@pone.0189621.ref004], [@pone.0189621.ref005]\]. According to the meta-analysis, MDR-ESKAPE were associated with a greater risk of mortality than mono-drug (including imipenem, methicillin, and linezolid) resistant bacteria, with a high statistical significance (OR 2.846, 95% CIs; 1.744--4.643; p = 0.000; versus OR 2.301; 95%CIs; 1.718--3.082; p = 0.000; [Table 3](#pone.0189621.t003){ref-type="table"}). Moreover, when comparing the mortality risk between resistant- and susceptible-ESKAPE pathogens ([Table 3](#pone.0189621.t003){ref-type="table"}), results showed that carbapenem-resistant *A*. *baumannii* (CRAB) were associated with higher mortality risk than susceptible strains with a high statistical significance \[[@pone.0189621.ref002], [@pone.0189621.ref005]\]. The pooled estimate of mortality rate ranged from 15.9 to 91.7% (p = 0.001), consistent with a report from Taiwan, where a significant increase of mortality from 14% to 46% (p = 0.0001) was associated with carbapenem-resistant-*A*. *baumannii* implicated in HAIs during 2003--2008 \[[@pone.0189621.ref075]\]. Although the mortality attributable to ESKAPE pathogens is indisputable compared to non-ESKAPE pathogens, we observed that when these two groups infected patients concomitantly, they were associated with a long length of hospital stay (LOS) and a higher mortality. This concurred with studies from Senegal \[[@pone.0189621.ref055]\], Turkey \[[@pone.0189621.ref003]\] and China \[[@pone.0189621.ref035], [@pone.0189621.ref050]\] which have reported high LOS and death due to MDR-*A*. *baumannii*, ESBL-producing *Enterobacteriaceae* and MRSA, respectively. Eight studies reported that ABR increased health care costs with resistant ESKAPE bacteria being the main causative agents associated with high hospital costs ([Table 4](#pone.0189621.t004){ref-type="table"}). Four out of the eight revealed that length of stay had an impact on hospital costs. LOS was also a risk factor for acquisition of nosocomial infections, and thereby increased mortality. Overall, health-care costs in all studies for case and control groups were 8,107.375 USD versus 5,469.487 USD respectively. Two studies indicated health care costs \>10 000 USD in Thailand and Colombia \[[@pone.0189621.ref019], [@pone.0189621.ref051]\] while one report showed cost ≥ 35 000 USD in Turkey \[[@pone.0189621.ref003]\]. In contrast, three studies reported overall hospital costs ≤ 1000 USD \[[@pone.0189621.ref055]--[@pone.0189621.ref057]\], with one below 250 USD in Senegal \[[@pone.0189621.ref055]\]. These differences are attributed to the diverse socio-economic characteristics of the countries concerned. 10.1371/journal.pone.0189621.t004 ###### Summary of data on health care costs associated with resistant infections. {#pone.0189621.t004g} Country WHO Region World Bank classification Settings Follow-up period Overall Health care costs References ---------- ------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------- ------------------ --------------------------- ------------- ----------- ---------------------------- Colombia Americas (PAHO) Upper Middle Income Tertiary hospital 30 days 11 822 USD 7 178 USD \< 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref051]\] India South East Asia (SEARO) Upper middle income Tertiary hospital NR 1 478 USD 790 USD \< 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref052]\] Senegal Africa (AFRO) Low income Hospital NR 228 USD 122 USD \< 0.0001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref055]\] Thailand South East Asia (SEARO) Upper middle income University Hospital 34 days 935 USD 122 USD \< 0.05 \[[@pone.0189621.ref056]\] Thailand South East Asia (SEARO) Upper middle income University Hospital 43 days 615 USD 214 USD \< 0.05 \[[@pone.0189621.ref057]\] Thailand South East Asia (SEARO) Upper middle income University Hospital NR 2731 USD 1 199 USD \< 0.001 \[[@pone.0189621.ref058]\] Thailand South East Asia (SEARO) Upper middle income University Hospital NR 11 773 USD 7 797.9 USD \< 0.05 \[[@pone.0189621.ref019]\] Turkey Europe(EURO) Upper middle income University Hospital 28 days 35 277 USD 26 333 USD \< 0.282 \[[@pone.0189621.ref003]\] In terms of the limitations of the study, several papers were not included in the meta-analysis because they did not provide sufficient information regarding clinical and/or economic impact of ABR in developing countries. We were unable to present the genomic characteristics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the scarcity of data. In addition, we did not focus on antibiotic classes and resistance patterns due to the lack of standard methods for identification and interpretation in developing countries. Moderate heterogeneity (*I*^*2*^ *=* 58.88%, *p =* 0.000) was reported, which could be due to various external factors, such as different type of studies (retrospective, retrospective cohort, retrospective case-control, prospective cohort, prospective case-control, etc.), diverse populations (adult, children, neonates), infection prevention and control measures and antimicrobial stewardship practices. Moreover, minor publication bias was observed in the funnel plot ([Fig 4](#pone.0189621.g004){ref-type="fig"}) which could possibly be attributed to the lack of reports from lower-middle and low-income countries. We tried to limit the influence of heterogeneity and publication bias in our statistical analysis by using the random effects model that considers differences within and between studies, as well as by including articles in different languages (English and French). {#pone.0189621.g004} Conclusion and recommendations {#sec019} ============================== The key findings of this study confirm that ABR, particularly antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens are associated with a high risk of mortality and greater economic costs. Developing countries need to optimize their management of communicable and non-communicable diseases, implement infection, prevention and control (IPC) measures, as well as antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) in both hospital and community settings to reduce morbidity, mortality and the costs associated with ABR. Furthermore, optimization of rational antibiotic use at regional and national levels, is essential to ensure a high quality and effective of therapeutic options \[[@pone.0189621.ref076]\]. Substantial and sustainable efforts to develop rapid diagnostics, new antibiotics and vaccines are required. An international platform for global real-time surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance could advance containment of this threat. Supporting information {#sec020} ====================== ###### PRISMA checklist. (DOCX) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Search strategy performed in PubMed and Web of Science. (DOCX) ###### Click here for additional data file. [^1]: **Competing Interests:**S.Y. Essack is a member of the Global Respiratory Infection Partnership and Global Analgesic Steering Committee sponsored by Reckitt and Benckiser. The other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. | Mid | [
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Q: Проверка пустых полей Есть форма: <form class="rf" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" id="login" placeholder="введите логин" /> <input type="password" id="password" placeholder="введите пароль" /> <input type="button" value="Войти" id="button_enter"> </form> Как с помощью jquery при нажатии на кнопку «Войти» проверить заполняемость текстовых инпутов и если значение какого-либо инпута пустое – данному инпуту присвоить класс error. A: $('.rf').on('click', '#button_enter', function(){
$('.rf input:not([type=button])').removeClass('error');
let hasErrors = false;
$('.rf input:not([type=button])').each(function(){
if ($(this).val().trim() == '') {
hasErrors = true;
$(this).addClass('error');
}
});
return hasErrors ? false : true; // тут отправка формы либо вернуть false
}); .error {
border: 1px solid red;
} <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<form class="rf" method="post" action="">
<input type="text" id="login" placeholder="введите логин" />
<input type="password" id="password" placeholder="введите пароль" />
<input type="button" value="Войти" id="button_enter">
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Super Bowl 51: Patriots Defeat Falcons, 34-28, in Overtime Thriller The New England Patriots capped off a record-setting comeback to claim Super Bowl LI, defeating the Atlanta Falcons 34-28. It is quarterback Tom Brady's fifth championship, enshrining him as possibly the best QB of all time. It also cements the current Brady-Bill Belichick Patriots team as one of the greatest dynasties the NFL has ever seen. | High | [
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Sign up for our special edition newsletter to get a daily update on the coronavirus pandemic. Social-distancing guidelines to stay 6 feet from others may be woefully inadequate, one scientist warns — saying the coronavirus can travel 27 feet and linger for hours. MIT associate professor Lydia Bourouiba, who has researched the dynamics of coughs and sneezes for years, warns in newly published research that the current guidelines are based on outdated models from the 1930s. Rather than the assumed safety of 6 feet, Bourouiba warns that “pathogen-bearing droplets of all sizes can travel 23 to 27 feet.” Her research, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, also warns that “droplets that settle along the trajectory can contaminate surfaces” — and “residues or droplet nuclei” may “stay suspended in the air for hours.” She notes a 2020 report from China that showed that “virus particles could be found in the ventilation systems in hospital rooms of patients with COVID-19.” Bourouiba fears that the current guidelines are “overly simplified” and “may limit the effectiveness of the proposed interventions” against the deadly pandemic. She says it is particularly urgent for health care workers who, she argues in her report, face an “underappreciated potential exposure range” while treating the sick and dying. “There’s an urgency in revising the guidelines currently being given by the [World Health Organization] and the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] on the needs for protective equipment, particularly for the frontline health care workers,” Bourouiba told USA Today. The World Health Organization — which suggests 3 feet is enough to remain safe — told USA Today it “welcomed” studies. “WHO carefully monitors emerging evidence about this critical topic and will update this scientific brief as more information becomes available,” WHO said in a statement to the paper. | High | [
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Q: Is there any tiling WM with graphical effects support? I know, that programmer's happiness is not about rich 3D-effects of windows manager. But all tiling WMs that I've find looks like really old-school. And my question: Is there any tiling WM not necessarily with rich 3D-effects but at least with qualitatively drawed panels and some animation? I ask it of tiling WM, not plugin to use composing WM as tiling. A: I've not tried either of these hacks myself, but here's what I found when I was asking myself just the same question: 1 - Franken-XMonad-Compiz Someone called tuxmark5, who afterwards "promptly disappeared" mashed together XMonad and Compiz [YouTube], presumably using something magical and dirty in XMonad.Hooks.* in a way that looks just like what you describe. There are some potentially useful links in the video description and you could try PM-ing the uploader. 2 - Compiz plug-in This guy wrote a tiling plugin for Compiz, but "you’ll need a boatload of dependencies to make it compile", he cautions. Comments to the blog post say things like "it does work great", "absolutely fantastically great" and "uber plugin", which sounds ridiculously promising! (Though not promising enough for me to grab a boatload of dependencies. Let me know if you try it!) | Mid | [
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Clustered error correction of codeword-stabilized quantum codes. Codeword-stabilized codes are a general class of quantum codes that includes stabilizer codes and many families of nonadditive codes with good parameters. For such a nonadditive code correcting all t-qubit errors, we propose an algorithm that employs a single measurement to test all errors located on a given set of t qubits. Compared with exhaustive error screening, this reduces the total number of measurements required for error recovery by a factor of about 3(t). | High | [
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Tag: Hollywood Show Summary: The scandals in Hollywood reveal the dark immorality of the Left and their insatiable need for power. James Hirsen updates us on the Weinstien and other scandals and how they are just the tip of the iceberg. The long-rumored pedophilia rings is next. Donna Brazile’s exposes Hillary’s manipulations. And Dr. Tim Ball on his legal battles as he fights the Left’s misuse of the legal system to punish dissent and freedom of speech. To download the show, right-click the mic, and then “Save Link As…” or use the handy player below This Week: Two of the big stories this week have been about corruption and the immorality of the Left: Hollywood’s and Hillary’s. Both stories look into the mindset of cultural hypocrites of the worst kind. They claim to be champions of freedom and democracy but out of the eye of the public, they do whatever they can to shut up their victims with threats and intimidation. Many of us outside of Hollywood suspected what was going on but now there’s evidence. And it’s deeper than we feared. Hollywood especially lives a lifestyle they know is so repugnant to many that it can’t be exposed in the light of day. So in darkness they tread on their victims’ rights, collude with any enemy who will live with them in that darkness, and then act shocked if and when they’re caught. We’ve seen this week more and more victims come forward who were intimidated into silence by the powerful in Hollywood. Hillary is the political expression of the rot in Hollywood and is the perfect example of the immorality of the Left. With a new scandal breaking every week, we’re witnessing Hillary’s behind-the-scenes manipulations. It’s an infection that’s spread through the ideology of the Left: use power to destroy your enemies. It threatens all of us when their power takes over the institutions we trust to protect us. To really look at Hollywood we call on James Hirsen, who has been a conservative observing what goes on in Hollywood. Mr. Hirsen not only discusses the despicable culture of the Harvey Weinstein’s but really gets into a deeper look at how this dark culture has grown and spread in our society. It’s very clear why conservatives, and especially Christian conservatives, are not welcomed there, because those living in darkness don’t want any light shining on their secret lives. We see this living out in the types of movies being made, and who the Hollywood crowd hangs around with — and supports politically. That’s why we’ll also talk with James about Donna Brazile revealing of Hillary’s corruption and takeover of the DNC. Tune in to hear how damaging this culture has been and could continue to be on our way of life. Then we talk with Dr. Tim Ball, who is an example of the ideological Left uses the law to try to destroy their enemies. He shares with us how he is fighting off not one but three lawsuits he’s been battling. He’s been sued by government-funded climatologists for such things as defamation—merely because he disagrees with their conclusions. You’ll hear how a culture, like the green movement, has tried to use the courts not to protect, but to destroy. Imagine if Hillary had continued the efforts of the Obama administration to use the legal system to silence anyone who disagrees with them. The Left hides behind the powerful. The Goliaths. And they hide in his shadow. But the good news is that with the light shining on them, the army of darkness will turn and run. Join us this week for a view of the battlefield. Related Links It’s no wonder people are trapped & how the Left uses the legal system to trap people: “The aggressive confidentiality agreements put into place by A-listers like Leonardo DiCaprio that protect their ‘personal safety, well-being and business’ against employees” (Daily Mail, Oct 31, 2017) Share this: Show Summary: This week, we take a break from our usual focus on Big Government. It’s not as if politics doesn’t have fiction and fantasy but we’re taking a look at Hollywood—and especially the Christian film industry. To download the show, right-click the mic, and then “Save Link As…” or use the handy player below PLUS!See below on how to get a free movie credit from Christian Cinema. No commitment, no monthly fees. Just download a free movie to try them out. Did you miss the show? You can download the podcast but see here for when, where, and how to listen to I Spy Radio Original Air Dates: Aug. 12 & 13, 2017 | Bobby Downes & James Hirsen With it being August, and with everyone focused on recreation, this week we take a break from politics to take a look at movies and film making. Not that there isn’t a lot of fiction in politics, of course. In particular we look at a growing segment of the film industry: the Christian film market. Christian Film Industry This is an enormous market. There are tens of millions of people in this market segment who’d like to watch films without all the explicit sex, swearing, and lack of morals that are standard in so many of Hollywood’s films today. While Hollywood is aware of this market, they have difficulty reaching it. All too often, it’s because they simply don’t understand it because they don’t have the same viewpoints or background. It’s like the NY Times, trying to write news stories for Conservatives. A lot of times, it just doesn’t work. The author doesn’t have the same mindset and just can’t resist getting in a dig at the very people they claim they’re trying to reach. Beyond the Mask -The leading mercenary for the British East India Company, Will Reynolds has just been double-crossed and now is on the run in the American Colonies. Read more… To learn about the Christian film market we turn to the experts that do get it. Our first guest, Bobby Downes, is the CEO and founder of ChristianCienema.com, a marketplace for Christian films made by Christians for Christians. Think of it as the iTunes for Christian movies. We discuss the difficulties facing Christians in Hollywood, and how his company has been a driving force behind raising the quality standards for Christian films. It used to be Christian films were seen as second-rate or poor quality but a quick look at their site will dispel that notion. Instead, these Christian films understand Middle America, and use film to communicate the positive messages of Christianity through entertaining, high-quality feature films. Don’t miss Christian Cinema’s FREE offer! Go to www.ChristianCinema.com/radio and you will get a free movie credit just to try them out. No commitments, no monthly fees. Just good entertainment. James Hirsen Then we talk with James Hirsen about the continuing nonsense in Hollywood and why they don’t put out top Christian movies like they did in the Golden Age of Hollywood. Is there really a hostility there or is it hype? We discuss the notion of being blackballed for exercising free speech, California’s secessionist movement (yes, they really are pushing it) and their continuing confusion over why Trump won. Here’s a hint: now they’re actively recruiting “movie stars” to run for office. Is there a chance they could win? Perhaps they’re getting mixed up on the difference between being popular and populist politics. Links Mentioned Check out ChristianCinema.com – think of them as the iTunes or Netflix of Christians films. Watch films on any device using their apps. (It worked great for us on the Amazon app for FireTV/Amazon Prime.) To download the show, right-click the mic, then “Save Link As…” or use the handy player below Air Dates: August 8 & 9, 2015 | James Hirsen & Kevin Freeman Seemingly almost without notice, China is quietly invading the U.S. Perhaps taking a page from the Soviet Union era’s failed communist takeover, China is waging war against the U.S. — not with nuclear ICBMs but through economic and cultural warfare. And the scary thing is, they’re winning. This Chinese invasion is taking many forms. Some months ago, we brought your attention to the economic warfare China is waging against the U.S. Their silent warfare has intensified. This week, we take a deeper look at the threat no one seems to be paying attention to—at least seemingly no one in the Obama administration. Why are they opening the door to our enemies? The Chinese Invasion of Hollywood We’ll start by talking to James Hirsen of Headline Hollywood about the Chinese invasion of Hollywood. Why are Hollywood elites—the uber-liberal of liberals, who famously decry any sort of censorship—getting into bed with Chinese investors? What are the Chinese hoping to get out of this strange marriage? The Chinese Invasion of US Companies As of 2008 the Chinese government had hired more than 100,000 full-time hackers to do nothing but try to hack into America’s government and U.S. companies. Given that, and the Obama administration’s penchant for words not actions, it’s perhaps not surprising that a former NSA director recently said that every major US company has been hacked into by the Chinese. This gives the Chinese access to trade secrets, companies’ financial information, and future plans. Talk about insider trading. Are we ripe for a disaster? We’ll talk with Kevin Freeman about China’s silent war with the U.S. Kevin is one of the world’s leading authorities on financial and economic warfare. Since the mainstream media is focused on Donald Trump, you probably haven’t heard that the Chinese markets have suffered huge losses, more than 30%, in the last few months. The Chinese government has officially accused the U.S. of hacking their system. Did we? Hillary Clinton’s Emails Hacked? Given the Chinese hack attacks on our infrastructure, on our government, and that Hillary used a private server for official, classified State Department business, could one of these 100,000-plus Chinese hackers found their way into Hillary emails? Tune in to hear the stunning revelation of how easily Hillary’s private server may have exposed the entire U.S. government to infiltration. | Low | [
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CoolSculpting The Medical Center at Ocean Reef is pleased to offer CoolSculpting to our members and guests. The CoolSculpting procedure eliminates stubborn fat safely and effectively, without surgery or downtime. This fat-reduction treatment is the only FDA-cleared procedure to use controlled cooling to safely target and eliminate diet- and exercise-resistant fat. CoolSculpting results are proven, noticeable, and lasting, so you'll look and feel great from every angle. Freeze away fat? It comes down to science. Fat cells freeze at higher temperatures than surrounding tissues. CoolSculpting technology safely delivers precisely controlled cooling to gently and effectively target the fat cells underneath the skin. The treated fat cells are crystallized (frozen), and then die. Over time, your body naturally processes the fat and eliminates these dead cells, leaving a more sculpted you. You can reshape your body! We will develop a customized CoolSculpting treatment plan that addresses your problem areas. Additional sessions may further enhance your results. Your individualized treatment plan will be tailored to your body, your goals, and your budget. It’s easy to sit back, relax and say goodbye to stubborn fat. After we select the area(s) to be treated, the device is positioned on your body and controlled cooling is applied. During your procedure, you may choose to read, check email, or even take a nap. The CoolSculpting fat-freezing procedure is completely non-surgical, so you can typically return to work and normal activities immediately. You will like what you see. In the weeks and months following your procedure, your body naturally processes the fat and eliminates these dead cells. Once the treated fat cells are gone, they're gone for good. Are you ready to love every view of you? The sooner you set up your consultation, the sooner you'll see results in the mirror: Long-term results in those areas that have resisted all efforts through diet and exercise. Contact us today at (305) 367-2600 to find out if the CoolSculpting fat freezing procedure is right for you. | Mid | [
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Effect of solvent annealing on the tensile deformation mechanism of a colloidal crystalline polymeric latex film. The influence of solvent annealing on microscopic deformational behavior of a styrene/n-butyl acrylate copolymer latex film subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. It was demonstrated that the microscopic deformation mechanism of the latex films transformed from a nonaffine deformation behavior to an affine deformation behavior after solvent annealing. This was attributed to the interdiffusion of polymeric chains between adjacent swollen latex particles in the film. It turns out that solvent annealing is much more efficient than thermal annealing due to a much slow evaporation process after solvent annealing. | High | [
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Search location by ZIP code Pool tragedy: 2 die in Lake Worth Crews' attemps to revive child not enough Emergency crews were called Friday afternoon to a home in Lake Worth after a neighbor found two people floating in the pool. SOURCE: (Ari Hait/WPBF) Advertisement Pool tragedy: 2 die in Lake Worth Crews' attemps to revive child not enough Share Shares Copy Link {copyShortcut} to copy Link copied! Updated: 5:58 PM EST Mar 9, 2012 One woman drowned in a pool and a child died a short time later despite the efforts of rescuers, WPBF 25 News has learned.The drowning took place at a home in the 3900 block of Tuskegee Drive in Lake Worth at about 2 p.m. Friday.A neighbor found the two floating in the pool in the backyard of the home, then called 911.Crews arrived and pulled the woman and the child from the pool. The woman was pronounced dead at the scene. The child was rushed to JFK Medical Center, and was pronounced dead shortly after arriving there.The victims' identities were not immediately available.Initial reports suggested that the victims were a woman and her granddaughter, but that has not been confirmed.9146236 LAKE WORTH, Fla. — One woman drowned in a pool and a child died a short time later despite the efforts of rescuers, WPBF 25 News has learned. Advertisement The drowning took place at a home in the 3900 block of Tuskegee Drive in Lake Worth at about 2 p.m. Friday. A neighbor found the two floating in the pool in the backyard of the home, then called 911. Crews arrived and pulled the woman and the child from the pool. The woman was pronounced dead at the scene. The child was rushed to JFK Medical Center, and was pronounced dead shortly after arriving there. The victims' identities were not immediately available. Initial reports suggested that the victims were a woman and her granddaughter, but that has not been confirmed. | Mid | [
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Q: java: why this binarySearch with comparator is not working? Updated: I am trying to use Collections.sort() to sort an arrayList with a comparator parameter. Then do binarysearch. package collection; import java.util.*; public class TryBinarySearch { public static void main(String[] args){ List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) list.add(i); System.out.println(list); int b = Collections.binarySearch(list, 8); System.out.println(b); // a is 8 as expected. Collections.shuffle(list); System.out.println(list); Collections.sort(list, new Comparator<Integer>(){ public int compare(Integer a, Integer b){ return b.intValue() - a.intValue(); } }); System.out.println(list); //list is reversed as expected. int a = Collections.binarySearch(list, 8); System.out.println(a); // why a is -1? } } b is 8 as expected; I made a reverse sorting. My question is why a is -1, instead of 92? A: You shuffled the list, so it is not sorted. You must have a sorted list to do a binary search A: To perform a binary search, the list must be sorted. You first shuffled the list, which invalidates the prerequisite of Collections.binarySearch. The list must be sorted into ascending order according to the specified comparator (as by the sort(List, Comparator) method), prior to making this call. If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. The algorithm relies on the list being sorted. So of course when you sort it later, binarySearch works. A: Binary search only works when the list is already sorted. The way that binary search works is that the algorithm assumes that if the value at its "guess" index is higher than the one we're looking for, the actual index must be lower - and vice versa. If the collection isn't sorted, that assumption doesn't hold, so the algorithm fails. The documentation states this very clearly: The list must be sorted into ascending order according to the specified comparator (as by the sort(List, Comparator) method), prior to making this call. If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. | Mid | [
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Chelsea, 27, from Manchester, worked as a waitress and front of house for eight years before setting up Wholesome Junkies in early 2017. After turning vegetarian three years ago, she read veggie cookbooks and watched documentaries about the ethics of the food industry and decided to become vegan. Once she started making her own nut milks, vegan butters and cheese she knew she was on to something tasty. Wholesome Junkies attracts the interest of investor Chris Miller, founder of restaurant investment vehicle White Rabbit Fund. He is hoping to make his mark in one of the UK’s fastest-growing food sectors - one in three adults now claim to be eating less meat. | Mid | [
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George Weigel is one of the leading authorities on the Catholic Church in the world. He is the author of more than 15 books, including Witness to Hope and The End and the Beginning, the two-part biography of Blessed Pope John Paul II, and most recently, Evangelical Catholicism: Deep Reform in the 21st Century Catholic Church. Weigel has just returned from Rome, where he covered the historic resignation of Pope Benedict XVI and the election of Pope Francis. Catholic World Report contributor Christopher White recently caught up with Weigel to discuss these events and what they mean for the future of “Evangelical Catholicism.” CWR: What is Evangelical Catholicism? Is it not just an attempt to rebrand the Church to make it more attractive to Evangelical Protestants who are suspicious of Catholics? Weigel: Evangelical Catholicism is the form of Catholicism that is being born from a process of deep Catholic reform that began with Pope Leo XIII, that continued in the great Catholic renewal movements of the mid-20th century, and that reached a high point of ecclesiastical drama at Vatican II, which has now been given an authoritative interpretation by John Paul II and Benedict XVIthe Church is to understand itself as a communion (communio) of disciples in mission, formed by friendship with the Lord Jesus Christ and by an ongoing immersion in both Word and Sacrament. As the distinctive “form” of patristic Catholicism succeeded primitive Christianity, and the distinctive “form” of medieval Christianity succeeded patristic Christianity, to be succeeded in turn by the distinctive “form” of Counter-Reformation Catholicism after the fracture of western Christendom, so, now the distinctive “form” of Counter-Reformation Christianity is being succeeded by the distinctive “form” of Evangelical Catholicism. This movement is both internally driven (the Church seeking to be a more perfect witness to her divine Spouse) and a response to the ambient culture in which the Gospel must be preached (a culture now increasingly hostile to the faith). CWR: You state that Dei Verbum is the key Vatican II document for the deep reform of the Catholic Church. What do we learn from Dei Verbum that is essential for the future of the Church? Weigel: Dei Verbum asserts that what the Church proclaims is true: not just true-for-Catholics, but true, period. That is, the Catholic claim is not just one “narrative” in a supermarket of religious storylines or worldviews; the Catholic claim is the truth of the world, because it is the revelation of the one true God. That is a profoundly challenging and countercultural claim. But it is the claim on which Catholicism stands or fallsand embracing it is the beginning of Catholic mission. CWR: In addressing some of the hard questions on life issues, sexual ethics, and the celibate priesthood, you note that we should adjust our language. Rather than beginning with statements like “the Church teaches...”, you suggest we begin first with the Gospel, stating that “the Gospel reveals...” What is the advantage of this? And to a secular audience, won’t such statements still fall on deaf ears? Weigel: Arguments from religious authority (like arguments from virtually all other forms of authority) fall on deaf ears in a post-modern culture. “The Gospel reveals...” is a game-changer; it’s a startling claim that can shake cynical post-moderns out of the sandbox of self-absorption in which authority-claims fall on deaf ears. CWR: You’ve just returned from a long month in Rome covering the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI and the election of Pope Francis. What is the mood like on the ground in Rome, both from those within and outside of the Church? Weigel: Closer to six weeks, actually. The Church was clearly in crisis with the unprecedented decision of Pope Benedict to renounce the Chair of Peter, but the crisis has been weathered and Pope Francis will continue to accelerate the Church’s drive into an evangelical future, while reforming the engine room of the Barque of Peter so that it becomes a contributor to that mission, not an impediment to it. CWR: With the election of Pope Francis, the entire world was given a taste of Catholicism as a result of the nonstop media coverage. With the Catholic Church now on everyone’s radar, how can the Church build on this momentum? Weigel: I wouldn’t count too much on fickle media momentum; if Queen Elizabeth II or Nelson Mandela had died during the papal interregnum, attention would have quickly shifted to England or South Africa. The momentum on which the Church of the 21st century can build is the revelation during these past six weeks of its own remarkable vitality, manifest in the crowds that came to Rome to say goodbye to Benedict XVI and that welcomed his successor with such enthusiasm, as well as in the oceans of prayer that supported the College of Cardinals in their work. CWR: You spent some time last year with Cardinal Bergoglio in his home diocese of Buenos Aires. What did you learn from your time down there that will give us some indication of what we can expect from his as bishop of Rome? Weigel: We discussed a wide range of topics in an hour-long conversation. What struck me most powerfully was his evangelical commitment: his understanding that the Church had to go on the evangelical offensive in Latin Americaand, by extension, throughout the world. I was also interested that he thanked me for writing The Courage to Be Catholic, which I take as a sign that he intends to reform the Church by a process of evangelical purification. CWR: In Evangelical Catholicism, you write that “the Office of Peter, then, is both an office of vigilance over the symphony of truth the Catholic Church teaches and an office of supreme pastoral charity in which the symphony of truth is poured out in love.” By even secular accounts, Pope Francis will have no problem carrying out the duties that go along with the latter role. What in your view will be the greatest challenges for him in protecting the teachings of the Church? Weigel: Figuring out a way to make the Catholic proposal amidst the regnant cultural Gnosticismthe widespread conviction that everything in the human condition is plastic and malleableand doing so without taking the edge off those Catholic convictions that challenge Gnosticism at its core (such as our convictions about men, women, and their right relationship) is a huge challenge, not only for Pope Francis but for every teacher in the Church. CWR: Perhaps one of Pope Francis’s most important decisions in the weeks ahead will be picking a Secretary of State (presumably replacing Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone). What qualities should he look for when considering potential replacements for Bertone, as well as the rest of the Curia? Weigel: What the Curia needs above all is a change of institutional culture, so that it becomes a place where talented men and women serve the universal Church for a time before returning to their local Churches, not a place where career-tickets are punched. The men chosen to be Secretary of State and Sostituto (the papal chief-of-staff) should be men committed to that change of institutional culture and to the deep and broad personnel changes that implementing it will require. CWR: How will Pope Francis’ papacy differ from his predecessor’s and in what ways will it be similar? Weigel: I think we’ll see a pope who goes out to the Diocese of Rome far more frequently, and I hope we’ll have a pontificate that allows us to digest the rich magisterium of John Paul II and Benedict XVI, without piling on more magisterial material. CWR: Besides the sacred Scriptures (and your new book!), what is some essential reading for Evangelical Catholics to add to their arsenal that will contribute to a compelling and attractive witness to Catholicism in the 21st century? Weigel: Father Robert Barron’s “Catholicism” seriesthe DVDs and the bookis the best introduction to the Church of the future that I know. Every Catholic parish in America should junk its RCIA and adult education programs for a year and adopt “Catholicism” instead. The results would be, I think, remarkable. All comments posted at Catholic World Report are moderated. While vigorous debate is welcome and encouraged, please note that in the interest of maintaining a civilized and helpful level of discussion, comments containing obscene language or personal attacks—or those that are deemed by the editors to be needlessly combative and inflammatory—will not be published. Thank you. | Mid | [
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Disc Information The Wombat is a new wide diameter midrange that utilizes Innova's new VTech Techology. This disc is a straight flying glider with a flight path similar to the Foxbat, but with more stability to resist the torque generated on hard pulls. Innova says that the with the Wombat, straight shots still go straight and turnovers stay turned with a gentle flat landing. Pricing Retail: $17.99 Our Price: $13.99 You Save: $4.00 | Mid | [
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“About sex especially men are born unbalanced; we might almost say men are born mad. They scarcely reach sanity till they reach sanctity.” — G.K. Chesterton, The Everlasting Man “For this reason the Second Vatican Council states that all the Pope’s teaching should be listened to and accepted, even when it is not given ex cathedra but is proposed in the ordinary exercise of his Magisterium with the manifest intention of declaring, recalling and confirming the doctrine of faith.” — Saint John Paul II, General Audience, March 17, 1993 (emphasis added) The Church, for decades now, has faced several crises involving a host of related, if not always obviously connected, issues. Two of these are authority and anthropology. As the spiritual, cultural, and moral authority of the Church has been attacked from without and, far too often, undermined from within, a key point of contention and dissension has been the nature of man. And, in many ways, the fulcrum has been sexuality and, by extension, marriage and family. There is a sad irony in that just when the Second Vatican Council was emphasizing the intimate connection between marriage, procreation, and “the eternal destiny of men” (Gaudium et Spes, 51), the West was flying down the slippery, disastrous slopes of contraception, the sexual revolution, and legalized abortion. The conciliar fathers, in what is one of more overlooked texts of the Council (GS, 47-52), spoke of the “sexual characteristics of man and the human faculty of reproduction” and how “the acts themselves which are proper to conjugal love and which are exercised in accord with genuine human dignity must be honored with great reverence.” They emphasized that “the moral aspects of any procedure does not depend solely on sincere intentions or on an evaluation of motives, but must be determined by objective standards,” noting that these, “based on the nature of the human person and his acts, preserve the full sense of mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love.” In many ways, the pontificate of John Paul II—especially (but not limited to) his catechesis on the “theology of the body”—was an elucidation and defense of both Humanae Vitae and the aforementioned section of the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. The rifts that emerged quickly and so destructively following the Council were fixated on sexual matters, especially contraception, but were ultimately aimed at both Church authority and the traditional Catholic understanding of human nature. While the Council is often, and not without some good reason, criticized for having a too positive view of matters, there are in fact a significant number of sober warnings, such as: “Relying on these principles, sons of the Church may not undertake methods of birth control which are found blameworthy by the teaching authority of the Church in its unfolding of the divine law” (GS, 51). Fast forward to the current situation. Over the past three years, Pope Francis has sought to address various challenges and questions facing the family. As I’ve noted, the result has been, on the whole, “much discord, confusion, and frustration, quite a bit of it revolving around that one question: ‘Are divorced and civilly remarried Catholics now able to receive Holy Communion?’” And the two big issues again, it seems to me, are authority and anthropology. So, regarding the first, what sort of authority does the Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia claim and possess? Stephen Walford, in a February 2017 essay for La Stampa, argues that it is part of the ordinary papal magisterium and as such we must conclude the following: From the teaching of popes through history, we must affirm that Pope Francis cannot possibly be in error in his ordinary magisterium concerning issues of faith and morals, and thus his teaching that under certain, carefully considered cases, Holy Communion can be given to persons in irregular situations is perfectly valid and influenced by the Holy Spirit; to come to any other conclusion is to then call into question the teaching authority of previous popes and consequently the entire fabric of Catholicism is called into question. Do we then pick and choose which teachings of which popes to accept? That would be tantamount to a form of Protestantism. Much could be said here about the nature of the papal magisterium (and here I recommend this detailed analysis provided by Steve Skojec), but I want to make three basic points. First, as has been pointed out countless times, but apparently needs to be pointed out again, St. John Paul II, in Familiaris Consortio, stated clearly and without qualification, the following: However, the Church reaffirms her practice, which is based upon Sacred Scripture, of not admitting to Eucharistic Communion divorced persons who have remarried. They are unable to be admitted thereto from the fact that their state and condition of life objectively contradict that union of love between Christ and the Church which is signified and effected by the Eucharist. Besides this, there is another special pastoral reason: if these people were admitted to the Eucharist, the faithful would be led into error and confusion regarding the Church’s teaching about the indissolubility of marriage. (par 84) Put simply, we have the ordinary papal magisterium of John Paul II stating that Catholics who have been divorced and remarried cannot receive Holy Communion. We then have the ordinary papal magisterium of Pope Francis, as interpreted by Mr. Walford, stating that some Catholics who have been divorced and remarried can receive Holy Communion. The problem here is obvious. Secondly, there are bishops (Malta, Germany, etc) who have interpreted Amoris Laetitia as Mr. Walford has, and there are others (Poland, Abp. Chaput, Abp. Sample, etc.) who have interpreted Amoris Laetitia in keeping with John Paul II and the until now consistent and clear teaching of the Church. The problem here, again, is obvious. Third, there is this glaring and uncomfortable fact: Amoris Laetitia lends itself so readily to clashing, contradictory interpretations. Which in turn raises this obvious question: if a pope is supposed to define and defend doctrine, but instead causes confusion and disagreement about doctrine, in what way is it “magisterial” and “authoritative”? After all, as Cardinal Avery Dulles, S.J., argued in Magisterium: Teacher and Guardian of the Faith (Sapientia Press, 2007), the Magisterium has three basic duties: to “herald the apostolic faith”, to “defend the faith against opposed errors,” and “clarify the faith.” Mr. Walford’s quotation from John Paul II’s 1993 General Audience is problematic for a few reasons, but one will suffice here: that the late Polish pontiff provided an important qualifier when he stated: “For this reason the Second Vatican Council states that all the Pope’s teaching should be listened to and accepted, even when it is not given ex cathedra but is proposed in the ordinary exercise of his Magisterium with the manifest intention of declaring, recalling and confirming the doctrine of faith.” (emphasis added). In what way was Francis declaring, recalling, and confirming the doctrine of faith articulated so clearly by John Paul II? Put another way, if you claim to confirm something but instead cause widespread confusion, of what value or purpose is your act of confirmation? And if you were being misinterpreted by one party or another, wouldn’t you be anxious to say so? Simply put: what exactly did Pope Francis intend in the famous eighth chapter of his apostolic exhortation? I had the privilege of studying theology under Dr. Mark Lowery, a brilliant moral theologian at the University of Dallas, whose course in Moral Theology covered the various forms of magisterial teaching. It is, needless to say, a daunting and complicated topic. But Dr. Lowery’s remark about the ordinary papal magisterium, which can be found in his online notes, is worth pondering: The ordinary papal Magisterium consists in Popes teaching “authentically,” usually in documents such as encyclicals or apostolic exhortations. These documents may contain truths that are taught infallibly, but the documents as a whole are not infallible. Rather, they require the “assent of mind and will” of the faithful, an assent which is distinct in nature from the “assent of faith” required of item s infallibly taught. Humanae Vitae, for instance, is not an infallible document. It contains ideas which require respectful assent but which, while not being erroneous, may be incomplete or partially flawed. However, in article 12 the pope touches upon a matter that, it can be argued, is infallibly taught: the inseparability of the unitive and procreative dimensions of each conjugal act. At the very best, then, it seems we can conclude that Pope Francis did not teach or proclaim error in Amoris Laetitis, in large part because it is not readily evident what he taught, wanted to teach, or wanted others to conclude. (I say this as someone who is quite convinced that Pope Francis is trying to open the door to Communion for couples in “irregular” situations; but this, I think, is the best that be said about the status of the document.) In short, the impression given in many quarters is that the pope can, by virtue of his ordinary magisterium, alter and even bypass the ordinary magisterium of his predecessors, as if his office was established for the purpose of innovation, as if the Holy Spirit can offer us contradictory statements about matters of faith and morals. Which brings us to the person, project, and propaganda of Fr. James Martin, S.J., who has been making the rounds of the secular media circuit in support of his book Building a Bridge: How the Catholic Church and the LGBT Community can Enter into a Relationship of Respect, Compassion, and Sensitivity (see this detailed CWR review by Dr. Eduardo Echeverria). In a recent piece published in Newsday, Fr. Martin invokes Pope Francis and the Holy Spirit to the cause of welcoming, embracing, and apparently celebrating those in the “LGBT community”: Catholics are realizing, in greater numbers, that LGBT people have been excluded like no other group in their church. This is becoming clearer because more people are hearing their voices, and because Pope Francis has allowed Catholics to speak about these issues more openly. This thaw is not happening everywhere. In many U.S. parishes, LGBT people still feel excluded; in some parts of the world, they are treated with contempt. And some people feel the pope has not done enough by way of change, pointing, for example, to the section in the Catechism that labels homosexuality as “objectively disordered.” However, these steps are a good start and the work of the Holy Spirit. As such, these changes not only shouldn’t be stopped. They cannot be stopped. As both Dr. Echeverria and Deacon Jim Russell point out, this call to “welcome” this so-called “community” is fraught with serious problems, not least Fr. Martin’s obvious acceptance and promotion of the basic tenets of The Reign of Gay: that the inclination to homosexuality is not “objectively disordered,” as the Catechism states (par 2358), but instead is the mark of someone “differently ordered” (as Fr. Martin suggested in this interview); that homosexuality is normal and healthy; and that the Church’s teaching about homosexuality is backward, hurtful, and bigoted. Since Fr. Martin implies the Holy Spirit wishes to change and “update” Church teaching, I can only conclude that Fr. Martin believes the Holy Spirit and the Church have been in error about the nature of man, woman, sexuality, and love for two thousand years, and that the “God of surprises” has finally come around to the wisdom of the current age. Of course, this reflects the madness mentioned by Chesterton; we are not dealing here with a man interested in objective truth but in promoting passion under the guise of soft-focused sentimentality. Fr. Martin admits he is not a theologian, but he does not hesitate in insisting the Catechism be changed, remarking: “But, as I say in the book, saying that one of the deepest parts of a person — the part that gives and receives love — is disordered is needlessly hurtful.” Such a statement, frankly, is embarrassing; coming from a priest who belongs to an order once known for its theological rigor and doctrinal fidelity, it is scandalous. However, it is also instructive, for it indicates how poorly Fr. Martin understands the logic of Church teaching and the truth about human nature. Readers would do well to carefully consider the insights provided by Daniel Mattson in his book Why I Don’t Call Myself Gay: How I Reclaimed My Sexual Reality and Found Peace (Ignatius Press, 2017), who points out how a homosexual man, in reading the Catechism’s short section, “hears the Church’s teaching not as an invitation to authentic human fulfillment, but as a rejection of himself and the person he cares about.” Mattson then quotes from Benedict XVI’s 2012 ad limina visit with the U.S. bishop, in which Benedict stated: In this great pastoral effort there is an urgent need for the entire Christian community to recover an appreciation of the virtue of chastity. The integrating and liberating function of this virtue (cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2338–43) should be emphasized by a formation of the heart, which presents the Christian understanding of sexuality as a source of genuine freedom, happiness and the fulfilment of our fundamental and innate human vocation to love. It is not merely a question of presenting arguments, but of appealing to an integrated, consistent and uplifting vision of human sexuality. The richness of this vision is more sound and appealing than the permissive ideologies exalted in some quarters; these in fact constitute a powerful and destructive form of counter-catechesis for the young. Mattson then writes, in a quite profound passage: As I was coming to know who God is, and who I am as his son, this was the most important lesson for me to learn: that God loves me, that it is good that I exist, and that God has a plan for my life to bring me happiness and blessings. When I understood this divine plan of God, and finally believed that God’s plans truly were to prosper me and not to harm me (cf. Jer 29:11), I could finally begin to see the moral claims proposed to me by the Church, not as an onerous demand, but instead as an invitation to reclaim the dignity that was given to me in the Creation, and redeemed by the Passion, death, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. In this context, the phrases “objectively disordered” and “intrinsically disordered” become helpful signposts on the journey of life, urging me to seek and follow the path, the order, that God has established for my life and my relationships. The Church understands that human beings are wounded creatures: the natural unity of body and soul, and the natural harmony of the mind, will, and emotions, are damaged by the Original Sin of Adam and by our own personal sins. Natural feelings and desires, which were created to guide us to choose good and avoid evil, can become distorted, sometimes pulling us in the opposite direction, toward choices that are truly not good for us. Though Christ has saved us from sin, its effects remain in us, which means that we all can be led astray by disordered appetites—urges and desires for things that are not part of God’s plan for human life and relationships. And then he sums it up by stating: “I need this teaching in order to understand who I am, why I am here, and where I am going.” Fr. Martin would have us believe—again, in direct denial of both divine truth and natural reason—that, as he told The New York Times, “Pretty much everyone’s lifestyle is sinful…” Of course, it should go without saying that we are all sinners in need of God’s mercy and grace. But that is not what Fr. Matin is saying; Fr. Martin, who is a master of skewing and skirting, distorts the truth in order to gloss over the fact that all of us are called, by the transforming power of the Holy Spirit, to be true and holy children of God. He prefers Catholics to bow before the golden calf of this age of sentimentality rather than admit that he not only does not possess the authority to rewrite the Catechism, he does not possess the power or right to question the Author of Life and Love, who has created us to be ordered to everlasting beatitude, not some shallow, passion-driven counterfeit pretending to offer “happiness” and “affirmation”. And now Fr. Martin is blasting Bishop Thomas Paprocki, who recently issued diocesan norms regarding ministry toward persons who had entered a ‘same-sex marriage’. Over at a faux Catholic rag, a shrill columnist declares that Bishop Paprocki “should be sacked,” and then provides various quotes from Fr. Martin and Pope Francis. The buzz words now are “inclusion” and “mercy”; truth, fidelity, and discipleship are of little interest. To be fair, this has been coming for decades, and I am actually in full agreement with those who argue that the acceptance of contraception, divorce, adultery, and cohabitation on the part of “straight” men and women have brought us to this point. Absolutely right. And all of those issues, again, are bound together by a failure of authority—most notably in how often truth has not been proclaimed and defended—and a failure of anthropology. But lines must be drawn, and the drawing of those lines are only going to infuriate those who feel that every line is an attack on their rights, their needs, their desires, and their happiness. For decades, the majority of Catholics have embraced bourgeois values instead of Christian virtues, and the vacuum created by confused and ambiguous teaching is being filled with opportunistic falsehood. “In the domain of morality,” wrote Archbishop Fulton Sheen many years ago, “is it not an accepted principle of our Western bourgeois world that there is no absolute distinction between right and wrong rooted in the eternal order of God, but that they are relative and dependent entirely upon one’s point of view? Hence when the Western world wishes to decide what is right and wrong even in certain moral matters, it takes a poll—forgetful that the majority never makes a thing right…The first poll of public opinion taken in history of Christianity was on Pilate’s front porch, and it was wrong.” The ordinary magisterium of the Church has always taught and held that homosexual acts—as well as fornication, contraception, adultery, masturbation, and pornography—are serious sins. But, in the near future, when representatives of the porn industry demand to be accepted, included, and embraced by the Church, without any reference to the evils of pornography, what will we say? It seems likes a ridiculous question. I’m not so sure, as ridiculous is now the new normal, and the love that once dare not speak its name now demands to be proclaimed from the pulpit. | Mid | [
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <!--NewPage--> <HTML> <HEAD> <!-- Generated by javadoc (build 1.6.0_34) on Tue May 26 09:04:07 BST 2015 --> <TITLE> GraphicsFillet (Apache FOP 2.0 API) </TITLE> <META NAME="date" CONTENT="2015-05-26"> <LINK REL ="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../../../../../stylesheet.css" TITLE="Style"> <SCRIPT type="text/javascript"> function windowTitle() { if (location.href.indexOf('is-external=true') == -1) { parent.document.title="GraphicsFillet (Apache FOP 2.0 API)"; } } </SCRIPT> <NOSCRIPT> </NOSCRIPT> </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="white" onload="windowTitle();"> <HR> <!-- ========= START OF TOP NAVBAR ======= --> <A NAME="navbar_top"><!-- --></A> <A HREF="#skip-navbar_top" title="Skip navigation links"></A> <TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR> <TD COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="NavBarCell1"> <A NAME="navbar_top_firstrow"><!-- --></A> <TABLE 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Classes</B></A>'); } //--> </SCRIPT> <NOSCRIPT> <A HREF="../../../../../allclasses-noframe.html"><B>All Classes</B></A> </NOSCRIPT> </FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD VALIGN="top" CLASS="NavBarCell3"><FONT SIZE="-2"> SUMMARY: <A HREF="#nested_classes_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.modca.AbstractAFPObject">NESTED</A> | <A HREF="#fields_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsCoord">FIELD</A> | <A HREF="#constructor_summary">CONSTR</A> | <A HREF="#methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsCoord">METHOD</A></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="top" CLASS="NavBarCell3"><FONT SIZE="-2"> DETAIL: FIELD | <A HREF="#constructor_detail">CONSTR</A> | METHOD</FONT></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="skip-navbar_top"></A> <!-- ========= END OF TOP NAVBAR ========= --> <HR> <!-- ======== START OF CLASS DATA ======== --> <H2> <FONT SIZE="-1"> org.apache.fop.afp.goca</FONT> <BR> Class GraphicsFillet</H2> <PRE> java.lang.Object <IMG SRC="../../../../../resources/inherit.gif" ALT="extended by "><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.modca">org.apache.fop.afp.modca.AbstractAFPObject</A> <IMG SRC="../../../../../resources/inherit.gif" ALT="extended by "><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsDrawingOrder.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca">org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsDrawingOrder</A> <IMG SRC="../../../../../resources/inherit.gif" ALT="extended by "><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca">org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsCoord</A> <IMG SRC="../../../../../resources/inherit.gif" ALT="extended by "><B>org.apache.fop.afp.goca.GraphicsFillet</B> </PRE> <DL> <DT><B>All Implemented Interfaces:</B> <DD><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/Streamable.html" title="interface in org.apache.fop.afp">Streamable</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/StructuredData.html" title="interface in org.apache.fop.afp">StructuredData</A></DD> </DL> <HR> <DL> <DT><PRE>public final class <B>GraphicsFillet</B><DT>extends <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca">AbstractGraphicsCoord</A></DL> </PRE> <P> A GOCA graphics curved tangential line to a specified set of straight lines drawn from the given position or current position <P> <P> <HR> <P> <!-- ======== NESTED CLASS SUMMARY ======== --> <A NAME="nested_class_summary"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" CLASS="TableHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left" COLSPAN="2"><FONT SIZE="+2"> <B>Nested Class Summary</B></FONT></TH> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="nested_classes_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.modca.AbstractAFPObject"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Nested classes/interfaces inherited from class org.apache.fop.afp.modca.<A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.modca">AbstractAFPObject</A></B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.Category.html" title="interface in org.apache.fop.afp.modca">AbstractAFPObject.Category</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.Type.html" title="interface in org.apache.fop.afp.modca">AbstractAFPObject.Type</A></CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!-- =========== FIELD SUMMARY =========== --> <A NAME="field_summary"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" CLASS="TableHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left" COLSPAN="2"><FONT SIZE="+2"> <B>Field Summary</B></FONT></TH> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="fields_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsCoord"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Fields inherited from class org.apache.fop.afp.goca.<A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca">AbstractGraphicsCoord</A></B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#coords">coords</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#relative">relative</A></CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="fields_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.modca.AbstractAFPObject"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Fields inherited from class org.apache.fop.afp.modca.<A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.modca">AbstractAFPObject</A></B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#LOG">LOG</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#SF_CLASS">SF_CLASS</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#SF_HEADER_LENGTH">SF_HEADER_LENGTH</A></CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!-- ======== CONSTRUCTOR SUMMARY ======== --> <A NAME="constructor_summary"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" CLASS="TableHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left" COLSPAN="2"><FONT SIZE="+2"> <B>Constructor Summary</B></FONT></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/GraphicsFillet.html#GraphicsFillet(int[], boolean)">GraphicsFillet</A></B>(int[] coords, boolean relative)</CODE> <BR> Constructor</TD> </TR> </TABLE> <!-- ========== METHOD SUMMARY =========== --> <A NAME="method_summary"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" CLASS="TableHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left" COLSPAN="2"><FONT SIZE="+2"> <B>Method Summary</B></FONT></TH> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsCoord"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Methods inherited from class org.apache.fop.afp.goca.<A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca">AbstractGraphicsCoord</A></B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#addCoords(byte[], int)">addCoords</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#getDataLength()">getDataLength</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#isRelative()">isRelative</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#toString()">toString</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsCoord.html#writeToStream(java.io.OutputStream)">writeToStream</A></CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.goca.AbstractGraphicsDrawingOrder"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Methods inherited from class org.apache.fop.afp.goca.<A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsDrawingOrder.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca">AbstractGraphicsDrawingOrder</A></B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/AbstractGraphicsDrawingOrder.html#getName()">getName</A></CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.fop.afp.modca.AbstractAFPObject"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Methods inherited from class org.apache.fop.afp.modca.<A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.modca">AbstractAFPObject</A></B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE><A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#copySF(byte[], byte, byte)">copySF</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#copySF(byte[], byte, byte, byte)">copySF</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#truncate(java.lang.String, int)">truncate</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#writeChunksToStream(byte[], byte[], int, int, java.io.OutputStream)">writeChunksToStream</A>, <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/modca/AbstractAFPObject.html#writeObjects(java.util.Collection, java.io.OutputStream)">writeObjects</A></CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="methods_inherited_from_class_java.lang.Object"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="TableSubHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left"><B>Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object</B></TH> </TR> <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> <TD><CODE>clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait</CODE></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P> <!-- ========= CONSTRUCTOR DETAIL ======== --> <A NAME="constructor_detail"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" CLASS="TableHeadingColor"> <TH ALIGN="left" COLSPAN="1"><FONT SIZE="+2"> <B>Constructor Detail</B></FONT></TH> </TR> </TABLE> <A NAME="GraphicsFillet(int[], boolean)"><!-- --></A><H3> GraphicsFillet</H3> <PRE> public <B>GraphicsFillet</B>(int[] coords, boolean relative)</PRE> <DL> <DD>Constructor <P> <DL> <DT><B>Parameters:</B><DD><CODE>coords</CODE> - the x/y coordinates for this object<DD><CODE>relative</CODE> - true if uses relative drawing order</DL> </DL> <!-- ========= END OF CLASS DATA ========= --> <HR> <!-- ======= START OF BOTTOM NAVBAR ====== --> <A NAME="navbar_bottom"><!-- --></A> <A HREF="#skip-navbar_bottom" title="Skip navigation links"></A> <TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="0" SUMMARY=""> <TR> <TD COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR="#EEEEFF" CLASS="NavBarCell1"> <A NAME="navbar_bottom_firstrow"><!-- --></A> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="3" SUMMARY=""> <TR 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CLASS="NavBarCell1"> <A HREF="../../../../../help-doc.html"><FONT CLASS="NavBarFont1"><B>Help</B></FONT></A> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> </TD> <TD ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ROWSPAN=3><EM> fop 2.0</EM> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="NavBarCell2"><FONT SIZE="-2"> <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/GraphicsEndProlog.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca"><B>PREV CLASS</B></A> <A HREF="../../../../../org/apache/fop/afp/goca/GraphicsFullArc.html" title="class in org.apache.fop.afp.goca"><B>NEXT CLASS</B></A></FONT></TD> <TD BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="NavBarCell2"><FONT SIZE="-2"> <A HREF="../../../../../index.html?org/apache/fop/afp/goca/GraphicsFillet.html" target="_top"><B>FRAMES</B></A> <A HREF="GraphicsFillet.html" target="_top"><B>NO FRAMES</B></A> <SCRIPT type="text/javascript"> <!-- if(window==top) { document.writeln('<A HREF="../../../../../allclasses-noframe.html"><B>All Classes</B></A>'); } //--> </SCRIPT> <NOSCRIPT> <A 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All Rights Reserved. </BODY> </HTML> | Low | [
0.44646924829157103,
24.5,
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From the meetup's distribution list.Attachments:Hi folks,We are meeting at USV today, 7-9:30PM. Please come on time to enjoy the pizza and beer provided by our friends at BlockCypher . There will be two presentations following the discussion period: Josh Cincinatti of BlockCypher will be presenting "Building An Asynchronous Blockchain-Based Board Game for Fun" and Robert Allen will demo Coincube.io As a reminder, Bob McElrath and the SolidX team have recently rebooted our Whitepaper Wednesday events. Please contact Bob (CC'd) if you would like to lead a discussion at a Whitepaper Wednesday event.Below you will find content we plan to discuss during the first half of the event. Please reply to this email with other content you would like to discuss or if you would like to demo a project you are working on at a future Socratic event.Bitcoin Core version 0.11.1 and 0.10.3 ReleasedBitcoin Core 0.12.0 Release ScheduleUPnP VulnerabilityGitHub Issues/ Pull Requests https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6654 (merged) https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6315 (merged) https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6793 (merged) https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6650 (merged) https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/6769 (merged)XTLong Term vision for bitcoind http://bitcoin-development.narkive.com/mH0GrHuE/libconsensus-and-bitcoin-development-process (continued from last meeting)Weak Block DiscussionWeekly Developer MeetingsMalleability AttackAnalysis of Bitcoin Transaction Size TrendsWeekly Mining StatisticsCoinPartyTransaction Remote ReleaseBitcoin-NGMicropayCompact Confidential transactionsLiquid SidechainImperfect Forward Secrecy: How DH Works in Practice | Mid | [
0.620689655172413,
36,
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You're Better Off Buying Guys' Products Why You're Better Off Buying Guys' Products Over The Women's Version Women not only earn less in the U.S., we also end up paying more for the same products than men. A recent investigation from the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs looked at the prices of more than 800 items offered in both male- and female-targeted versions and found that items ranging from toys to shampoo to razors cost significantly more when marketed toward women. In 2014, The New York Times' editorial board dubbed this phenomenon "the pink tax," describing a petition against France's Monoprix supermarket chain. Petitioners had accused the chain of charging more for women's products. Unfortunately, gender inequality in retail pricing isn't unique to Monoprix, or even to France. And this study from the NYC Department of Consumer Affairs reveals just how common gender-based pricing is at U.S. retailers, too. One particularly egregious example the study found is the Radio Flyer My First Scooter, sold online at Target. The seemingly unisex red version of the scooter was listed for $24.99, while a pink version of the scooter — same size and weight — was available for twice as much at a staggering $49.99. It's not just toys, though. The study found that women's clothing costs an average of 8% more than men's, while personal care products cost women an average of 13% more. Razor cartridges were another shocking example of gendered pricing discrepancies, according to the report. Women pay an average of 11% more than men for razor cartridges. Overall, women's products cost more than men's products 42% of the time. As for the scooters, Target updated the pricing so the red and pink styles now cost the same amount. The retailer claimed the price difference was a "system error," according to The Washington Post. But that doesn't account for the dozens of other female-marketed products that are still way overpriced. You might think twice before you shell out for that pink Bic — it likely cost more than its plain black counterpart with no added benefits. | Mid | [
0.604545454545454,
33.25,
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N95 Respirator vs. Medical Masks for Preventing Influenza Among Health Personnel - prostheticvamp https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2749214 ====== prostheticvamp I’m not posting this study because I find it immensely useful, but because I feel confident someone else will post it soon enough and it deserves caveating: 1\. Health care staff using N95s self report lower compliance. Which of course they do, because N95 is uncomfortable (I expect many incoming posts about how N95s are dandy.) 2\. N95s only work when appropriately fit. They are rarely that. So where this trial fails to find superiority, it’s worth noting that what it shows is “N95s as often used - that is, incorrectly - are no better than surgical masks.” Which, sure, yes, could’ve told you that. | Low | [
0.5292682926829261,
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Also, Princess Leia is replaced by a sultry Companion, R2D2 by a cute-as-a-button Pixie-cum-engineer, C3PO by a wise-cracking, gunslinging jock with a penchant for weird hats, Han Solo by an acerbically witty starship pilot (wait a minute), Obi-wan by a bushy-haired preacherman, Darth Vader by a single-minded mobster, C3PO by a doctor, and Luke by a potentially brain-damaged, extremely violent young woman prone to violent outbursts. I'd pay to see that. Well I suppose since C3PO is a droid it's not a problem to have 2 copies of him playing different parts. You could morph Chewie into the wise-cracking, gunslinging jock with a penchant for weird hats. Solo becomes the jaded, tough as nails on the outside, but warm hearted on the inside starship captain. Yeah, but no. Dressing up in a Star Wars costume to school is going to get you labeled a nerd and get you stuffed in your locker. Don't pretend that geek culture is mainstream or widely accepted. You went to a fucked up school. My kids went as Jengo Fett and a Storm Trooper this year and they just got compliments. There were a ton of kids dressed in Star Wars and Harry Potter costumes. For Halloween, sure. An average Tuesday? You're handing over your lunch money. Typically, schools have dress codes. Some can be very strict; others are there to keep young boners to a minimum. There are days, like Halloween, that children are allowed to dress up in a costume. There are days that they are allowed to go to school in PJs. Then, there are the rest of the days that the kids are expected to adhere to the dress code. Showing up in costume would most likely get them sent to the office where a parent of guardian is called to bring proper clothes. There are also schools, like the very terrific school my children attend, that do not tolerate bullying in any form. You want to bully my kids? Great! Now the bully's mommy or daddy have to figure out child care for the days of suspension. Want to make it a habit? Bully's parents are going to be looking for a different school as (s)he just got expelled. Typically, schools have dress codes. Some can be very strict; others are there to keep young boners to a minimum. There are days, like Halloween, that children are allowed to dress up in a costume. There are days that they are allowed to go to school in PJs. Then, there are the rest of the days that the kids are expected to adhere to the dress code. Showing up in costume would most likely get them sent to the office where a parent of guardian is called to bring proper clothes. I'm not talking about dress codes. I'm talking about kids dressing up in costume on a random Tuesday. They are going to get picked on/ridiculed. Typically, schools have dress codes. Some can be very strict; others are there to keep young boners to a minimum. There are days, like Halloween, that children are allowed to dress up in a costume. There are days that they are allowed to go to school in PJs. Then, there are the rest of the days that the kids are expected to adhere to the dress code. Showing up in costume would most likely get them sent to the office where a parent of guardian is called to bring proper clothes. I'm not talking about dress codes. I'm talking about kids dressing up in costume on a random Tuesday. They are going to get picked on/ridiculed. No one said she was going to wear this to school on a random Tuesday. From the linked article, she stated that she wanted this costume for Halloween. YOU are the only one that thinks that she will wear this on a random Tuesday. Typically, schools have dress codes. Some can be very strict; others are there to keep young boners to a minimum. There are days, like Halloween, that children are allowed to dress up in a costume. There are days that they are allowed to go to school in PJs. Then, there are the rest of the days that the kids are expected to adhere to the dress code. Showing up in costume would most likely get them sent to the office where a parent of guardian is called to bring proper clothes. I'm not talking about dress codes. I'm talking about kids dressing up in costume on a random Tuesday. They are going to get picked on/ridiculed. Yeah, but no. Dressing up in a Star Wars costume to school is going to get you labeled a nerd and get you stuffed in your locker. Don't pretend that geek culture is mainstream or widely accepted. As Paul stated, you're just not correct. While that may be more true in Seattle than some other areas, geeks in general are not nearly as marginalized as they once were. Note that the bullying the young lady in the article was bullied because "Star Wars is for boys", not because "Star Wars fans a nerds and therefor uncool". Yeah, but no. Dressing up in a Star Wars costume to school is going to get you labeled a nerd and get you stuffed in your locker. Don't pretend that geek culture is mainstream or widely accepted. You went to a fucked up school. My kids went as Jengo Fett and a Storm Trooper this year and they just got compliments. There were a ton of kids dressed in Star Wars and Harry Potter costumes. For Halloween, sure. An average Tuesday? You're handing over your lunch money. Way to move the goalposts. Nobody was talking about dressing up all day on a non-holiday. Even then, though, many kids dress in costumes for play and don't get made fun of. Hell, this summer I saw kids playing Avengers in the park with costumes and all. Geeks aren't odd any more; we're the new cool. Even then, though, many kids dress in costumes for play and don't get made fun of. Whatever you want to tell yourself. If you think school kids have suddenly become utopian enlightened mini adults who accept all others with open arms, then you haven't been around kids in a while. Absolutely not. Kids are a bunch of fucking vicious little animals. That doesn't mean your original position is correct, though. I spend much more time around kids than most parents. being self employed, I am able to spend time at the kids' schools whenever something needs me and I do so regularly. This includes such things as lunch monitor, helping in the library and so on during regular school hours. I see kids being little d-bags regularly. I do not see them doing it based on a geeky aspect, such as was the case when I was a kid. They do it more from a "you don't like the same video games as I do" or "girls ... ew ... cooties" type of shit than anything else. Based on my not-insignificant experience with children in public schools, I can say you're simply wrong. Now, that doesn't mean there aren't some kids who act that way but it is far from the norm now. Quote: Geeks aren't odd any more; we're the new cool. Geeks love to think that. Anyway, this is ancillary to the conversation. Let's agree to disagree and dress our kids accordingly.[/quote]Dude, I don't just think it ... I know it! I've got no problems being a geek and folks do not treat geeks poorly any more. When I was single, I had (in every sense of the word) a lot of ladies who specifically liked that I was a geek and say so. I know a lot of folks who regularly say they wish they were more geek-inclined. It's not a shameful thing any longer at all. That doesn't mean geeks can be lacking in social skills, though. | Low | [
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Advice on lactose intolerance from Dr Joanna Longstaffe I CONSIDER myself to be pretty healthy and am within the recommended weight for my height and yet I almost constantly feel bloated to the point where my clothes have become uncomfortable even though my physical weight remains the same. I CONSIDER myself to be pretty healthy and am within the recommended weight for my height and yet I almost constantly feel bloated to the point where my clothes have become uncomfortable even though my physical weight remains the same. I have also been experiencing diarrhoea and stomach pains. On the advice of a friend who’s a nurse I have started keeping a food diary and the only consistent item seems to be milk – could you explain a bit more about lactose intolerance? Lactose intolerance is a digestive problem defined by the inability to digest lactose, a sugar mainly found in milk and dairy products, and other foodstuffs including bread and baked goods, and also cereals. It is much more common than people may think. Lactose can only be absorbed by the body if it is correctly broken down into glucose and galactose. In those with intolerance to the substance, it cannot be broken down and therefore is not absorbed into the bloodstream – this causes the unpleasant symptoms associated with the condition. Some people may be born with a tendency to develop lactose intolerance whereas others are found to develop the disorder over time. Symptoms associated with lactose intolerance include as you’ve mentioned, bloating, stomach pain, flatulence and diarrhoea – and these can become apparent anytime between 30 minutes and two hours after consumption of the offending product. The severity of these symptoms will usually depend on the amount of lactose that is consumed. Keeping a food diary of the food and drink you consume is an excellent way to keep an eye on what you’re putting into your body and what effect it is having. If there are any clear patterns, as you seem to have found with milk, then you should make an appointment with your local GP for further testing. You may be asked to remove milk and other dairy products from your diet for two weeks to assess the impact this has on your symptoms. If the results of the initial tests are unclear, your GP may advise additional testing. This could include a hydrogen breath test which involves fasting overnight and then consuming some lactose – if a large amount of hydrogen is present then lactose intolerance is diagnosed. In some cases blood tests may also be required to detect the amount of glucose in the blood after eating or drinking lactose. Those with lactose intolerance often worry they will not get enough calcium in their diets; however, there are a number of other food items which can replace dairy products. Good sources of calcium include salmon and other oily fish and also dark green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, spinach and kale. There is no cure for the disorder but if you are diagnosed with lactose intolerance there are many lactose free products readily available in most supermarkets now, including dairy free milk, so choices are nowhere near as limited as they were just a few years ago. | High | [
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Streaming video game service OnLive laid off most of its staff and sold itself to an unnamed buyer late Friday, in what appears to be a move to keep the service from going out of business. While OnLive did not file for bankruptcy, the wording of the company's announcement -- saying it had been acquired into "newly-formed company" and "backed by substantial funding" -- indicated that OnLive was struggling to stay in business as a stand-alone company. The drama surrounding OnLive started Friday afternoon with a series of blog posts saying that the company had laid off its entire staff and shut down. OnLive's spokesman pushed back against the reports, saying "we don't respond to rumors, but of course not." By the evening, though, it was clear something was afoot. IDG News reporter Martyn Williams staked out OnLive's Palo Alto, Calif., headquarters. "In the last 20 mins have seen three people walk out of OnLive with leaving boxes," Martyn tweeted. OnLive said late Friday that many of its assets have been acquired by a new owner, and that the company will transition to a "new form." It added that the new company plans to re-hire "a large percentage" of OnLive's laid-off staff, and that its services will continue uninterrupted for customers. But OnLive's original vision may no longer be a fit for the fast-changing gaming field. OnLive was revealed with great pomp and circumstance in 2009, promising to revolutionize the way publishers and players would produce and consume video game content. Instead of selling physical goods, like the retail juggernaught GameStop(GME), OnLive would run a copy of a publisher's title from a server at one of the company's datacenters. Then customers would pay a licensing fee to play an on-demand version of the game. Streaming meant that publishers could patch their games instantly and could save on the packaging and sale of their goods. Several publishers jumped on the service, including well-known franchises such as Ubisoft's "Assassin's Creed," and Take-Two's "LA Noire" and "BioShock." But the service struggled to keep up the momentum. Big, first-person shooters such as "Battlefield" and "Call of Duty" weren't available on OnLive because of concerns about the service's latency. Latency, or the time it takes for content to go from a datacenter to a customer's computer and back again, is critical for games where decisions are made in fractions of a second. The company also struggled to find the right business model for its service. OnLive originally launched with a subscription fee, but abandoned it months later when it realized that gamers weren't willing to pay a monthly fee on top of paying full price for each game title. As time went on, publishers began to set up their own, rival services. Electronic Arts(EA) created Origin; Ubisoft(UBSFF) launched U-Play; and Valve's Steam service became the dominant way to sell and distribute PC games. "I think publishers saw OnLive and had memories of what the music industry did with MTV," says Robert Levitan, CEO of Pando Networks, a cloud content delivery network. "Why license out your content to a third-party distribution site when you can do it on your own?" At the 2010 E3 video gaming convention, OnLive founder and CEO Steve Perlman admitted that streaming was still an evolving technology, but he felt the costs and latency issues would quickly diminish. To Perlman's credit, streaming has come a long way since then. Netflix(NFLX) now does HD streaming, and casual games made by developers like Zynga are streamed to consumers' personal computers. Sony(SNE) purchased cloud-based gaming service Gaikai last month for $380 million, which some thought was a sign that OnLive would be bought as well. Still, many in the industry think that the technology to afforadbly stream high-production titles isn't ready yet. "OnLive may be the future, but the future is not here today," Levitan says. | Low | [
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<asf xmlversion="1.0">
<project caption="Dual Virtual Serial Device Demo (Low Level APIs)" id="lufa.demos.device.lowlevel.dual_cdc.example.avr8">
<require idref="lufa.demos.device.lowlevel.dual_cdc"/>
<require idref="lufa.boards.dummy.avr8"/>
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<build type="define" name="F_CPU" value="16000000UL"/>
<build type="define" name="F_USB" value="16000000UL"/>
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<project caption="Dual Virtual Serial Device Demo (Low Level APIs)" id="lufa.demos.device.lowlevel.dual_cdc.example.xmega">
<require idref="lufa.demos.device.lowlevel.dual_cdc"/>
<require idref="lufa.boards.dummy.xmega"/>
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<build type="define" name="F_CPU" value="32000000UL"/>
<build type="define" name="F_USB" value="48000000UL"/>
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<module type="application" id="lufa.demos.device.lowlevel.dual_cdc" caption="Dual Virtual Serial Device Demo (Low Level APIs)">
<info type="description" value="summary">
Dual Virtual Serial (CDC) demo, implementing a pair of virtual serial port interfaces. This demo uses the Low Level LUFA APIs to manually implement a USB Class for demonstration purposes without using the simpler in-built LUFA Class Driver APIs.
</info>
<info type="gui-flag" value="move-to-root"/>
<info type="keyword" value="Technology">
<keyword value="Low Level APIs"/>
<keyword value="USB Device"/>
<keyword value="CDC Class"/>
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<device-support-alias value="lufa_avr8"/>
<device-support-alias value="lufa_xmega"/>
<device-support-alias value="lufa_uc3"/>
<build type="distribute" subtype="user-file" value="doxyfile"/>
<build type="distribute" subtype="user-file" value="DualVirtualSerial.txt"/>
<build type="distribute" subtype="user-file" value="LUFA DualVirtualSerial.inf"/>
<build type="c-source" value="DualVirtualSerial.c"/>
<build type="c-source" value="Descriptors.c"/>
<build type="header-file" value="DualVirtualSerial.h"/>
<build type="header-file" value="Descriptors.h"/>
<build type="module-config" subtype="path" value="Config"/>
<build type="header-file" value="Config/LUFAConfig.h"/>
<require idref="lufa.common"/>
<require idref="lufa.platform"/>
<require idref="lufa.drivers.usb"/>
<require idref="lufa.drivers.board"/>
<require idref="lufa.drivers.board.leds"/>
<require idref="lufa.drivers.board.joystick"/>
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Getting ‘SLAPPed’ by big oil? A survey crew working on behalf of Kinder Morgan in preparation for the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion project records video of protesters on Burnaby Mountain after they forced the workers to leave in Burnaby, B.C., on Wednesday October 29, 2014. Photograph by: DARRYL DYCK , THE CANADIAN PRESS Speaking of freedom of expression — and given Paris, who hasn’t lately? — Alan Dutton found himself in B.C. Supreme Court Thursday fighting, he would say, for that same freedom on home ground. It’s a David versus Goliath case. Dutton is David; Goliath is the giant multinational pipeline company Kinder Morgan. Dutton is armed with his sense of rights and freedoms honed over a lifetime’s work; Kinder Morgan is wielding a multi-million dollar civil lawsuit. In late October, the company brought the suit against Dutton and four other defendants for, it claims, conspiring to intimidate Kinder Morgan crews attempting to survey Burnaby mountain for the proposed expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline. The protests on the mountain against the work, the company claimed, caused loss of revenue. It sued for $5.6 million in damages. The five defendants were targeted because they were seen as the main organizers of the protests. Dutton ran the website for BROKE — Burnaby Residents Opposing Kinder Morgan Expansion. The other four defendants settled out of court with Kinder Morgan. Dutton refused. He felt there was something greater at stake here than money: Our democratic rights. So rather than settle with Kinder Morgan — which claims that Dutton was present during one of the heated confrontations on the mountain, and which Dutton vehemently denies — Dutton and his lawyer were in B.C. Supreme Court this week with an application to get the suit dismissed. They failed. Dutton’s application was dismissed late Wednesday. Kinder Morgan’s suit stands, though whether the company continues to ask for damages or just court costs is an unknown. Not that it matters to Dutton. He still plans on fighting Kinder Morgan and taking it to court. He and his lawyer will also see if there are grounds to appeal the dismissal. “I have no intention of settling. If there is a court proceeding that has its own momentum that I can’t stop, I have no idea what comes next,” said Dutton. “But there is no settling with Kinder Morgan. Kinder Morgan has dragged my name through the mud. “But the worst part of this is that when you meet the other environmental groups, they’re going to tell you, ‘We don’t know what our rights are anymore, we don’t know if we can meet anymore, we don’t know what the limits are. When are we going to be charged? How can we have any kind of security that we can meet to talk about strategy and meet to talk about stopping Kinder Morgan? How can we have these kinds of discussions when a major transnational corporation can come and sue us?’ This is a major issue. It’s not against one person. This is something that has been used against people for a very long time. “Democracy is under attack.” Dutton sees Kinder Morgan’s action as a SLAPP suit — a strategic lawsuit against public participation. They’re used by corporations to intimidate or silence critics and protests against them. About half the U.S. states have legislation against them, while Quebec is the only province that does. B.C. enacted anti-SLAPP legislation in 2001, but the incoming Liberal government soon took it off the books. “By the mere fact of being part of a protest may leave you open to being subject to a massive civil suit without any evidence of a commission of a crime or commission of conspiracy or any wrongdoing whatsoever, Canadians need to understand what can happen in cases like this, and how seriously we need to take these cases.” Dutton’s resolve comes from a career of defending rights and fighting racism. As a student at the University of Victoria, he was involved in organizing farm workers. He was executive director of the Canadian Anti-Racism Education and Research Society. He’s taken on the Ku Klux Klan and Nazi groups. He received a Mosaic human rights award from the B.C. Attorney-General for his work combating racism. He’s taught at SFU and UVic. He’s now retired but still does consulting work in the field. “I believe the law is fundamentally flawed,” Dutton said, “when an innocent person must face a civil suit from a major corporation simply because they organized a protest. And that’s why we need anti-SLAPP legislation in this country. In B.C., we have none, and that’s why I’m facing a $5.6 million suit.” “I will not settle. I will not settle for money, if the money is tied to a gag order. I am going to speak about SLAPP suits (because) SLAPP suits are a major issue for the anti-racist movement, for the environmental movement, for the union movement. SLAPP suits are a fundamental part of our lives. We need to have legislation against SLAPP suits to protect our fundamental rights.” | Mid | [
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# = セッションIDの付与 require 'active_support/version' module Jpmobile module SessionID require 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store' extend ActionDispatch::Session::Compatibility end module ParamsOverCookie def extract_session_id(req) if req.params[@key] && !@cookie_only sid = req.params[@key] end sid ||= req.cookies[@key] sid end end module TransSid def self.included(controller) controller.after_action(:append_session_id_parameter) end protected # URLにsession_idを追加する。 def default_url_options result = super || {}.with_indifferent_access return result unless request # for test process return result unless apply_trans_sid? result.merge({ session_key.to_sym => jpmobile_session_id }) end private # session_keyを返す。 def session_key Rails.application.config.session_options.merge(request.session_options || {})[:key] || ActionDispatch::Session::AbstractStore::DEFAULT_OPTIONS[:key] end # session_idを返す # rack 1.4 (rails3) request.session_options[:id] # rack 1.5 (rails4) request.session.id def jpmobile_session_id request.session_options[:id] || request.session.id end # session_idを埋め込むためのhidden fieldを出力する。 def sid_hidden_field_tag "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"#{CGI.escapeHTML(session_key.to_s)}\" value=\"#{CGI.escapeHTML(jpmobile_session_id.to_s)}\" />" end # formにsession_idを追加する。 def append_session_id_parameter return unless request # for test process return unless apply_trans_sid? return unless jpmobile_session_id response.body = response.body.gsub(%r{(</form>)}i, sid_hidden_field_tag + '\1') end end module TransSidRedirecting def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status = {}) if apply_trans_sid? && jpmobile_session_id && options != :back && options !~ /^\w[\w+.-]*:.*/ case options when String unless options.match?(/#{session_key}/) url = URI.parse(options) if url.query url.query += "&#{session_key}=#{jpmobile_session_id}" else url.query = "#{session_key}=#{jpmobile_session_id}" end options = url.to_s end when Hash unless options[session_key.to_sym] options[session_key.to_sym] = jpmobile_session_id end end end super(options, response_status) end end end module ActionController class Metal #:nodoc: class_attribute :trans_sid_mode class << self def trans_sid(mode = :mobile) include Jpmobile::TransSid self.trans_sid_mode = mode end end private # trans_sidを適用すべきかを返す。 def apply_trans_sid? # session_id が blank の場合は適用しない return false if trans_sid_mode && jpmobile_session_id.blank? case trans_sid_mode when :always return true when :mobile if request.mobile? && !request.mobile.supports_cookie? return true end end false end end end | Mid | [
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Plausible deniability is the ability for persons (typically senior officials in a formal or informal chain of command) to deny knowledge of and responsibility for any damnable actions committed by others (usually subordinates in an organizational hierarchy) because of a lack of evidence that can confirm their participation, even if they were personally involved in or at least willfully ignorant of the actions. In the case that illegal or otherwise disreputable and unpopular activities become public, high-ranking officials may deny any awareness of such act in order to insulate themselves and shift blame onto the agents who carried out the acts, confident that their doubters will be unable to prove otherwise. The lack of evidence to the contrary ostensibly makes the denial plausible, that is, credible, although sometimes it merely makes it unactionable. The term typically implies forethought, such as intentionally setting up the conditions to plausibly avoid responsibility for one's (future) actions or knowledge. In some organizations, legal doctrines such as command responsibility exist to hold major parties responsible for the actions of subordinates involved in heinous acts and nullify any legal protection that their denial of involvement would carry. In politics and espionage, deniability refers to the ability of a powerful player or intelligence agency to pass the buck and avoid blowback by secretly arranging for an action to be taken on their behalf by a third party ostensibly unconnected with the major player. In political campaigns, plausible deniability enables candidates to stay clean and denounce third-party advertisements that use unethical approaches or potentially libellous innuendo. Plausible deniability is also a legal concept. It refers to lack of evidence proving an allegation. Standards of proof vary in civil and criminal cases. In civil cases, the standard of proof is "preponderance of the evidence" whereas in a criminal matter, the standard is "beyond a reasonable doubt." If an opponent cannot provide evidence for his allegation, one can plausibly deny the allegation even though it may be true. Although plausible deniability has existed throughout history, that name for it was coined by the CIA in the early 1960s to describe the withholding of information from senior officials in order to protect them from repercussions in the event that illegal or unpopular activities by the CIA became public knowledge. The roots of the name go back to Harry Truman's national security council paper 10/2 of June 18, 1948, which defined "covert operations" as "...all activities conducted pursuant to this directive which are so planned and executed that any U.S. Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the U.S. Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them." [NSC 5412 was de-classified in 1977, and is located at the National Archives, RG 273.] Arguably, the key concept of plausible deniability is plausibility. It is fairly easy for a government official to issue a blanket denial of an action, and it is possible to destroy or cover up evidence after the fact, and this might be sufficient to avoid a criminal prosecution, for instance. However, the public might well disbelieve the denial, particularly if there is strong circumstantial evidence, or if the action is believed to be so unlikely that the only logical explanation is that the denial is false. The concept is even more important in espionage. Intelligence may come from many sources, including human sources. The exposure of information to which only a few people are privileged may directly implicate some of those people in the exposure. Take for example a scenario where an official is travelling secretly and only one of his aides knows the specific travel plans. The official is assassinated during his travels, and the circumstances of the assassination strongly suggest that the assassin had foreknowledge of the official's travel plans. The probable conclusion is that the official has been betrayed by his aide. There may be no direct evidence linking the aide to the assassin, but collaboration can be inferred on the facts alone, thus making the aide's denial implausible. The expression "plausibly deniable" was first used publicly by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director Allen Dulles.[1] The idea, on the other hand, is considerably older. For example, in the 19th century, Charles Babbage described the importance of having "a few simply honest men" on a committee who could be temporarily eliminated when "a peculiarly delicate question arises" so that one of them could "declare truly, if necessary, that he never was present at any meeting at which even a questionable course had been proposed."[2] A U.S. Senate committee, the Church Committee, in 1974-1975 conducted an investigation of the intelligence agencies. In the course of the investigation, it was revealed that the CIA, going back to the Kennedy administration, had plotted the assassination of a number of foreign leaders, including Cuba's Fidel Castro. But the president himself, who clearly was in favor of such actions, was not to be directly involved, so that he could deny knowledge of it. This was given the term plausible denial.[3] Non-attribution to the United States for covert operations was the original and principal purpose of the so-called doctrine of "plausible denial." Evidence before the Committee clearly demonstrates that this concept, designed to protect the United States and its operatives from the consequences of disclosures, has been expanded to mask decisions of the president and his senior staff members. Plausible denial involves the creation of power structures and chains of command loose and informal enough to be denied if necessary. The idea was that the CIA (and, later, other bodies) could be given controversial instructions by powerful figures—up to and including the President himself—but that the existence and true source of those instructions could be denied if necessary; if, for example, an operation went disastrously wrong and it was necessary for the administration to disclaim responsibility. The Hughes–Ryan Act of 1974 sought to put an end to plausible denial by requiring a Presidential finding that each operation is important to national security, and the Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980 required that Congress be notified of all covert operations. But both laws are full of enough vague terms and escape hatches to allow the executive branch to thwart their authors' intentions, as the Iran–Contra affair has shown. Indeed, the members of Congress are in a dilemma: when they are informed, they are in no position to stop the action, unless they leak its existence and thereby foreclose the option of covertness.[5] The (Church Committee) conceded that to provide the United States with "plausible denial" in the event that the anti-Castro plots were discovered, Presidential authorization might have been subsequently "obscured". (The Church Committee) also declared that, whatever the extent of the knowledge, Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson should bear the "ultimate responsibility" for the actions of their subordinates.[6] CIA officials deliberately used Aesopian language[7] in talking to the President and others outside the agency. (Richard Helms) testified that he did not want to "embarrass a President" or sit around an official table talking about "killing or murdering." The report found this "circumlocution"[8] reprehensible, saying: "Failing to call dirty business by its rightful name may have increased the risk of dirty business being done." The committee also suggested that the system of command and control may have been deliberately ambiguous, to give Presidents a chance for "plausible denial."[9] What made the responsibility difficult to pin down in retrospect was a sophisticated system of institutionalized vagueness and circumlocution whereby no official - and particularly a President - had to officially endorse questionable activities. Unsavory orders were rarely committed to paper and what record the committee found was shot through with references to "removal," "the magic button"[10] and "the resort beyond the last resort." Thus the agency might at times have misread instructions from on high, but it seemed more often to be easing the burden of presidents who knew there were things they didn't want to know. As former CIA director Richard Helms told the committee: "The difficulty with this kind of thing, as you gentlemen are all painfully aware, is that nobody wants to embarrass a President of the United States."[11] In his testimony to the congressional committee studying the Iran–Contra affair, Vice Admiral John Poindexter stated: "I made a deliberate decision not to ask the President, so that I could insulate him from the decision and provide some future deniability for the President if it ever leaked out."[12] CIA and White House documents on covert political intervention in the 1964 Chilean election declassified. The CIA's Chief of Western Hemisphere Division, J.C. King, recommended that funds for the campaign "be provided in a fashion causing (Eduardo Frei Montalva president of Chile) to infer United States origin of funds and yet permitting plausible denial"[13] Training files of the CIA's covert "Operation PBSUCCESS," for the 1954 coup in Guatemala. According to the National Security Archive: "Among the documents found in the training files of Operation PBSUCCESS and declassified by the Agency is a CIA document titled 'A Study of Assassination.' A how-to guide book in the art of political killing, the 19-page manual offers detailed descriptions of the procedures, instruments, and implementation of assassination." The manual states that to provide plausible denial, "no assassination instructions should ever be written or recorded."[14] It was an open door to the abuse of authority; it required that the parties in question could be said to have acted independently, which in the end was tantamount to giving them license to act independently.[15] It rarely worked when invoked; the denials made were rarely plausible and were generally seen through by both the media and the populace.[16] One aspect of the Watergate crisis is the repeated failure of the doctrine of plausible deniability, which the administration repeatedly attempted to use to stop the scandal affecting President Richard Nixon and his aides. "Plausible denial" only increases the risk of misunderstanding between senior officials and their employees.[17] It only shifts blame, and generally, constructs rather little. If the claim fails, it seriously discredits the political figure invoking it as a defense. If it succeeds, it creates the impression that the government is not in control of the state. Another example of plausible deniability is someone who actively avoids gaining certain knowledge of facts because it benefits that person not to know. As an example, an attorney may suspect that facts exist which would hurt his case, but decide not to investigate the issue because if the attorney had actual knowledge, the rules of ethics might require him to reveal those facts to the opposing side. Thus his failure to investigate maintains plausible deniability. "...the U.S. government may at times require a certain deniability. Private activities can provide that deniability." —Council on Foreign Relations, an American foreign policy think tank, in the 2003 report, "Finding America’s Voice: A Strategy for Reinvigorating U.S. Public Diplomacy" In 2012, having been over-billed for electricity usage in British Columbia, customers were told by representatives from BC Hydro that they had consumed excessive amounts of electricity during the previously mild winter, when in fact the newly installed smart meters had malfunctioned. Minister of Energy and Mines, Rich Coleman had previously called overcharging smart meters "an urban myth".[18] According to Hydro's director of Customer Care, it's because nobody in the highest ranks of the company and government were aware that a smart meter had malfunctioned at the Kamloops home of Trapper Cameron, who was sent a bill for over $1,000. "Only parts of the organization knew there was a problem with this meter in February," Hydro's Jim Nicholson told me. "It did not get escalated to me." He said the information also did not get "escalated" to Coleman or to Reid or to Hydro's media-relations department. "We should have heightened awareness," Nicholson said. "It should have made its way to people who are communicating [to the media]." In computer networks, deniability often refers to a situation where a person can deny transmitting a file, even when it is proven to come from his computer. Normally, this is done by setting the computer to relay certain types of broadcasts automatically, in such a way that the original transmitter of a file is indistinguishable from those who are merely relaying it. In this way, the person who first transmitted the file can claim that his computer had merely relayed it from elsewhere, and this claim cannot be dis-proven without a complete decrypted log of all network connections to and from that person's computer. The Freenetfile sharing network is another application of the idea. It obfuscates data sources and flows in order to protect operators and users of the network by preventing them (and, by extension, observers such as censors) from knowing where data comes from and where it is stored. Some systems take this further, such as MaruTukku, FreeOTFE and (to a much lesser extent) TrueCrypt, which nest encrypted data. The owner of the encrypted data may reveal one or more keys to decrypt certain information from it, and then deny that more keys exist, a statement which cannot be disproven without knowledge of all encryption keys involved. The existence of "hidden" data within the overtly encrypted data is then deniable in the sense that it cannot be proven to exist. ^New York Times Under Cover, or Out of Control? November 29, 1987 Section 7; Page 3, Column 1 (Book Review of 2 books: The Perfect Failure and Covert Action) ^New York Times Castro Study Plot finds No Role by White House, November 21, 1975, page 52 ^Definition: Using or having ambiguous or allegorical meanings, especially to elude political censorship: “They could express their views only in a diluted form, resorting to Aesopian hints and allusions” (Isaac Deutscher). ^Definition: The use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language, Evasion in speech or writing, An indirect way of expressing something ^New York Times How Fantasies Became Policy, Out of Control, The Honorable, Murderous Gentlemen of A Secret World, November 23, 1975, page 199. ^Definition of the "Magic Button" from the Los Angeles Times Article: The Search for a 'Magic Button' In American Foreign Policy; October 18, 1987; (Review by David Aaron of the book Covert Action)I recall during my days as a Senate investigator finding a piece of yellow note pad with jottings from a meeting with White House officials during the Kennedy Administration that discussed an "Executive Action" or, in plain English, an assassination capability. The notes referred to it as the "magic button." An additional possibility is that the President may, in fact, not be fully and accurately informed about a sensitive operation because he failed to receive the “circumlocutious” message...The Committee finds that the system of Executive command and control was so inherently ambiguous that it is difficult to be certain at what level assassination activity was known and authorized. This creates the disturbing prospect that assassination activity might have been undertaken by officials of the United States Government without its having been incontrovertibly clear that there was explicit authorization from the President of the United States. It was naive for policymakers to assume that sponsorship of actions as big as the [Bay of Pigs] invasion could be concealed. The Committee’s investigation of assassination and the public disclosures which preceded the inquiry demonstrate that when the United States resorted to cloak-and-dagger tactics, its hand was ultimately exposed. "Plausible denial" increases the risk of misunderstanding. Subordinate officials should describe their proposals in clear, precise, and brutally frank language; superiors are entitled to, and should demand, no less | Mid | [
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Wireless mobile communications provide the greatest convenience for users to access voice and data services essentially anywhere and anytime. Code Division Multiple Access ("CDMA") communication systems are one of the most promising digital wireless communication systems that can provide the desired mix of voice and data services. CDMA modulation techniques permit a large number of system users to communicate with one another. The geographic coverage provided by the communications system is divided into coverage areas referred to as cells, where each cell corresponds to a base station. The cell may be further divided into multiple sectors. Communication channels allocated to a given cell and/or sector are determined according to various known methods. Each base station transmits a pilot signal that serves as a beacon for mobile radios that are in the base station's cell. The base stations use the same pilot signal but with different tuning offsets such that they may be distinguished. The geographic coverage provided by the base stations are also referred to as pilot coverages. Given a system configuration, one optimization goal of the system engineer is to provide a good radio frequency ("RF") environment. Two factors in such an optimization are (1) minimizing multiple pilot regions (which are areas where pilot signals from different base stations have roughly the same signal strength), and (2) minimizing the impact of interference from other base stations. Each of these factors--pilot signal overlap and intercell interference--are directly impacted by the transmit power levels of base stations in a wireless system. Thus, a goal of the optimization process is to find base station transmit power levels which generally produce minimal pilot signal overlap and intercell interference. Such optimum transmit power levels are also a function of traffic load on the base stations. Typically, once the base stations are positioned, a terminal for measuring received pilot signal strengths, such as a mobile station or pilot scanner, is used in the field to collect and generate a set of baseline data of pilot signal strength from various base stations (referred to as "baseline pilot survey data"). The baseline pilot survey data and the initial power settings of the base stations are then analyzed to identify RF problem areas, such as pilot signal overlap and intercell interference. The initial base station power settings are then adjusted in a conventional manner to correct the identified RF problems areas. The terminal is then used again to gather a new set of pilot survey data based on the adjusted power settings. These steps are repeated until the pilot signal overlap and intercell interference are minimized. The procedure is repeated for different traffic channel load conditions, where traffic channel load refers to the number of mobiles being served at a given time. Optimizing the system for different RF conditions or environments using currently available methods is, therefore, time consuming and expensive. | Mid | [
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package com.company.manerger.sys.ui.beetl.tag.form; import com.company.manerger.sys.ui.beetl.tag.annotation.BeetlTagName; import com.company.manerger.sys.ui.beetl.tag.exception.BeetlTagException; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component @Scope("prototype") @BeetlTagName("form.textarea") public class TextareaTag extends AbstractHtmlInputElementTag { public static final String ROWS_ATTRIBUTE = "rows"; public static final String COLS_ATTRIBUTE = "cols"; public static final String ONSELECT_ATTRIBUTE = "onselect"; public static final String READONLY_ATTRIBUTE = "readonly"; private String rows; private String cols; private String onselect; /** * Set the value of the '{@code rows}' attribute. * May be a runtime expression. */ public void setRows(String rows) { this.rows = rows; } /** * Get the value of the '{@code rows}' attribute. */ protected String getRows() { return this.rows; } /** * Set the value of the '{@code cols}' attribute. * May be a runtime expression. */ public void setCols(String cols) { this.cols = cols; } /** * Get the value of the '{@code cols}' attribute. */ protected String getCols() { return this.cols; } /** * Set the value of the '{@code onselect}' attribute. * May be a runtime expression. */ public void setOnselect(String onselect) { this.onselect = onselect; } /** * Get the value of the '{@code onselect}' attribute. */ protected String getOnselect() { return this.onselect; } @Override protected int writeTagContent(TagWriter tagWriter) throws BeetlTagException { tagWriter.startTag("textarea"); writeDefaultAttributes(tagWriter); writeOptionalAttribute(tagWriter, ROWS_ATTRIBUTE, getRows()); writeOptionalAttribute(tagWriter, COLS_ATTRIBUTE, getCols()); writeOptionalAttribute(tagWriter, ONSELECT_ATTRIBUTE, getOnselect()); String value = getDisplayString(getBoundValue(), getPropertyEditor()); tagWriter.appendValue("\r\n" + processFieldValue(getName(), value, "textarea")); tagWriter.endTag(); return SKIP_BODY; } } | Mid | [
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Inferential Statistics Inferential Statistics Duke University 关于此课程： This course covers commonly used statistical inference methods for numerical and categorical data. You will learn how to set up and perform hypothesis tests, interpret p-values, and report the results of your analysis in a way that is interpretable for clients or the public. Using numerous data examples, you will learn to report estimates of quantities in a way that expresses the uncertainty of the quantity of interest. You will be guided through installing and using R and RStudio (free statistical software), and will use this software for lab exercises and a final project. The course introduces practical tools for performing data analysis and explores the fundamental concepts necessary to interpret and report results for both categorical and numerical data This short module introduces basics about Coursera specializations and courses in general, this specialization: Statistics with R, and this course: Inferential Statistics. Please take several minutes to browse them through. Thanks for joining us in this course! 2 阅读材料 Reading: About Statistics with R Specialization Reading: More about Inferential Statistics Central Limit Theorem and Confidence Interval Welcome to Inferential Statistics! In this course we will discuss Foundations for Inference. Check out the learning objectives, start watching the videos, and finally work on the quiz and the labs of this week. In addition to videos that introduce new concepts, you will also see a few videos that walk you through application examples related to the week's topics. In the first week we will introduce Central Limit Theorem (CLT) and confidence interval. Welcome to Week Two! This week we will discuss formal hypothesis testing and relate testing procedures back to estimation via confidence intervals. These topics will be introduced within the context of working with a population mean, however we will also give you a brief peek at what's to come in the next two weeks by discussing how the methods we're learning can be extended to other estimators. We will also discuss crucial considerations like decision errors and statistical vs. practical significance. The labs for this week will illustrate concepts of sampling distributions and confidence levels. Welcome to Week Three of the course! This week we will introduce the t-distribution and comparing means as well as a simulation based method for creating a confidence interval: bootstrapping. If you have questions or discussions, please use this week's forum to ask/discuss with peers. Welcome to Week Four of our course! In this unit, we’ll discuss inference for categorical data. We use methods introduced this week to answer questions like “What proportion of the American public approves of the job of the Supreme Court is doing?”. In this week you will use the data set provided to complete and report on a data analysis question. Please read the background information, review the report template (downloaded from the link in Lesson Project Information), and then complete the peer review assignment. 1 阅读材料 Reading: Project Information 已评分: Data Analysis Project 常见问题解答 运作方式 Coursework Each course is like an interactive textbook, featuring pre-recorded videos, quizzes and projects. Help from Your Peers Connect with thousands of other learners and debate ideas, discuss course material, and get help mastering concepts. Certificates Earn official recognition for your work, and share your success with friends, colleagues, and employers. 制作方 Duke University Duke University has about 13,000 undergraduate and graduate students and a world-class faculty helping to expand the frontiers of knowledge. The university has a strong commitment to applying knowledge in service to society, both near its North Carolina campus and around the world. 价格 购买课程 访问课程材料 可用 访问评分的材料 可用 收到最终成绩 可用 获得可共享的课程证书 可用 评分和审阅 已评分 4.8，总共 5 个 932 评分 Lm Great learning experience with number of good examples :-) Y Learned a lot from this excellent course. 大 真棒 真棒 很好 哦耶 Mine Cetinkaya-Rundel is one of the greatest instructor that I'have ever met in online coursing.Her English is ver clear and descriptive.10/10 | High | [
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Navigation Les Miserables - Hugh Jackman interview Interview by Rob Carnevale product HUGH Jackman talks about some of the challenges of playing Jean Valjean, ‘the role of a lifetime’, in Tom Hooper’s big screen version of Les Miserables. He also pays tribute to his own father and the Jean Valjean qualities he sees within him, and to co-star Russell Crowe, who he credits with being a close friend and mentor. He was speaking at a UK press conference. Q. You seem determined to have been a part of this film. What appealed to you about it so much?Hugh Jackman: Well, both trajectories I’d never really dreamt of. I had been in musical theatre for a number of years, starting way back with Cameron [Mackintosh] doing Oklahoma 16 years ago here in London and I’ve done movies for a number of years and I’ve dreamt of being in a movie musical for a long time. For some reason, I just never even thought Les Mis would be possible. I mean it’s been around for 27 years and was so iconic and it wasn’t even on my radar when my agent rang me up and said: “I think they’re doing the movie as a musical.” I immediately rang Cameron. I said I had to do it. And then I rang Tom Hooper and said: “I need a meeting.” He was very polite. He said ‘sure’. He’d just won the Oscar a couple of months before. So, I went into meet him and I said: “I’m going to audition for you. I’m coming in… I want to audition for you.” And he said: “Hugh, slow down, I haven’t even signed onto this picture. I’m not sure what you’ve heard…” He almost had to call security for me. I’ve never been so aggressive going for a part. And I’ve never been so grateful to get a part in my life. Q. The role of Valjean is undoubtedly the role of a lifetime. But to play the part you’re immersed waste deep in water as part of a chain-gang, you’ve obviously had to lose weight to look emaciated, and then there’s the ultimate where you’re plunged into sewage. So, was it the most physically demanding thing you’ve ever tackled? And what did they use for the excrement?Hugh Jackman: What was it? Some form of peat. And it was very, very cold. And Eddie [Redmayne], who is a very trim guy, is not as light as he looks! I constantly wanted to call for a double, or a jockey or someone to come in. It’s weird probably coming from me having played Wolverine or having done other action movies, you’d probably think I’d think a musical was going to be easy. But anyone who has ever done a musical knows whether you’re dancing or not, physically it’s the most difficult thing you can do. The demands that Tom made of me… he said ‘I want you to look unrecognisable and if people do recognise you, I want your friends to think you’re sick at the beginning’. So, it was a fairly massive change from there to then becoming the mayor and Jean Valjean in later life where I’d put on probably 15 kilos. So, I’d probably lost 15 and then put 15 back on – that bit was fun, by the way. But what a lot of people don’t understand about singing is that singing is very physical. It’s less about here [gestures to mouth] and way more about here [gestures towards chest and stomach], so all of those things combined, as well as emotionally and vocally, it’s the most challenging – and usually all at once. So, it’s the kind of thing you want as an actor. You always want to be challenged and it’s good to feel uncomfortable. Cameron’s always saying: “It’s not always a good thing for the key to be the comfortable key for you, because if you’re dealing with emotions and situations that are far from comfortable, it’s good to have something to work against.” And he’s absolutely right. But I’m really grateful, and that’s the overwhelming feeling that I have, because Valjean is like a Hamlet. It’s one of those parts that you hope one day you’re going to get to play. So, I’m very, very grateful. Q. I read on the Internet that you owe Russell Crowe two of the biggest breaks in your career. Is that true? And also are you annoyed that he didn’t pass on Gladiator at the beginning?Hugh Jackman: [Laughs] Russell did pass on Wolverine and did suggest me to the director. It was one of the greater, most generous acts, for me I can imagine. And also the role I played in Australia. But beyond that and beyond what you might read on the Internet, Russell has been a great friend to me and particularly early on in my career. I rang him on several occasions for advice and he was definitely a mentor to me. And what was so exciting was to work with Russell. There’s the old adage that great actors can make other actors look good, so trust me… if you’re ever in a movie and you can get Russell opposite you, it’s a good thing. He just brought so much. I remember day one of rehearsals when we met up, he said: “Man, this is what you wait for. This is the feeling.” Everyone, even Russell, everyone in the cast knew we were doing something that hadn’t been done before. So, there was that buzz in the air of this is for the first time. It was just so exciting. Q. You share a scene with one of the great Valjeans in Colm Wilkinson. How was that? And did he pass on any advice to you about the role?Hugh Jackman: Colm Wilkinson, as I’m sure you all know, played the role originally and defined the role. I was in awe of him growing up. His version of Valjean was implanted in my head. It’s one of the great performances. And I met him back-stage when I was doing my one-man show in Toronto and he said he was going to go for the bishop. And that felt so perfect because the bishop, as Victor Hugo writes him, is in a way God-like. It’s actually one of the most beautiful portraits of a man ever written. If you read the book, it’s about the first 60 pages and for the rest of the novel the bishop exists for Valjean as some kind of goal to attain and to live up to. And Colm was a little like that for me. And it turned out, on the first day of filming I was with Colm. He was there with his wife and we shot a day or two at the dinner table, coming in, and then I shot the soliloquy on the second or third day, and I came upstairs from the church and his wife was there and she hugged me and she was very complimentary. And I said: “Where’s Colm?” And she said: “He thought today might be better if he waited in his trailer.” And I think it’s one of the most generous acts any actor has ever made. And he did give me advice. He said: “Hugh, I did what was right for me. And let me tell you, I changed some things. So, just do what’s right for you and you can’t go wrong.” Q. What was your favourite song to perform?Hugh Jackman: Oh gosh, it’s so hard. For me, the soliloquy was like being shot out of a cannon because it was the third day of filming and it was a very, very intense scene. Tom and I knew the kind of thing we were going for. But possibly because it was so early, I’ll be honest and say that I’m not sure if I enjoyed it as much as I found it challenging. Who Am I? is one of my favourite songs. But I’ve got to tell you, never before in my life have I had a song written for me. And from the day I sung it in front of Cameron [Mackintosh], Claude-Michel [Schonberg] and Alain [Boublil], it was like I’d been singing it my entire life. These guys are such geniuses… they came to see my one-man show and got my voice and wrote a song for me. And singing it with beautiful Isabelle [Allen], who plays the young Cosette, was a really special moment. It was around about three quarters of the way through filming and I was relaxed enough to be able to enjoy it. Q. What was the mood like on set? Was it kept light to alleviate some of the more depressing aspects of the story?Hugh Jackman: There were some scenes where it’s challenging and you know that you’re being asked things of you as an actor that you haven’t been asked before… so, I’m not a method actor as we all understand the term but sometimes it’s easy to stay in the ball-park. I’m sure with Eddie and Empty Chairs or me with Bring Him Home it was… I certainly said to Tom that whatever we do with Bring Him Home please don’t take a lunch break because I don’t want to go away from it, come back and have to warm up again. So, it was probably six hours from beginning to end. At that time, it felt like 10 minutes to me but it was easy to stay in the zone. I think it’s also important to know that we had nine weeks of rehearsal. It was as intense a rehearsal period as any theatrical show. In fact, that was really the model. There was no… normally on a film rehearsals can be a little half-hearted with discussions and people give half performances. But this was not like that. Tom was literally moving his chair to be three feet away from us, bringing the camera right from the very beginning, so we did a lot of exploring and a lot of rehearsal, which made on-set very focused and to the point. Q. You say that in the book your character is helped by the decency of a priest and his life changes as a consequence. Can you point to a moment in your life where your life has changed?Hugh Jackman: Have you got kids? Well, there’s no greater change in your life than the moment that happens [smiles]. And when I met my wife. But the first thing that popped into my mind when you asked that question was… I’m very, very blessed to have a father who was really very much Jean Valjean like in many ways… who he is, to his core… in fact without him I don’t think I could play this role. That’s not an overnight thing but just having that experience. Q. Can I just ask you what about your father makes him Valjean-like?Hugh Jackman: My father is quite a religious man. He was converted by Billy Graham when he was about 30, so a bit like Jean Valjean, not really religious growing up, but had some kind of epiphany. But as a religious man I never heard him talk about religion. I remember saying to him once, because he was an accountant at Price Waterhouse, ‘does everyone at work know you’re a Christian? Is that ever an issue for you?’ And he said: “Religion you talk about means nothing; religion that is in your actions means everything.” And there’s no greater example of Jean Valjean than my father really. | Low | [
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Different sensitivities of rat cells to infection by ecotropic murine leukemia viruses. The titration curves of ecotropic murine leukemia viruses with various rat cells were determined by the reverse XC assay method. The curves of N-, B-, and NB-tropic viruses with Hepano cells (derived from a Sprague-Dawley rat) and Sprague-Dawley embryo cells were of single-hit type. In contrast, the curves of these viruses with 3Y1 cells (derived from a Fischer rat) and Fischer rat embryo cells were of two-hit type. Thus, the cells derived from the Sprague-Dawley rat were sensitive to infection by ecotropic murine leukemia viruses but the cells derived from the Fischer rat were resistant. | High | [
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Q: how can i write Static Json Object in Typescript Here i have classes file export class Emp{ EmpId:number; EmpName:String, EmpSal:string } How can i wrote static object Like EmpId=1,EmpNamw=john,Empsal=200 EmpId=2,EmpName=smith,EmpSal=300 A: Typescript doesn't work like that. Its module based. You should export a let or const in your case it would be export let Emp = { EmpId: 2, EmpName: 'Bla', EmpSal: 'Bla', } | Mid | [
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Q: Android imageview not behaving with setAlpha for transparent image I have a view that I am dynamically adding two ImageView elements to at runtime before adding the view to the parent container to display it. On drag events, I want to set the image transparency to hidden or shown depending on the direction of move. I am trying to use imageView.setAlpha(0) to make the image invisible but even though the code is being called, the images stay visible or partly visible from when their alpha value was changed earlier to say 0.5. Is there any reason an ImageView would refuse to trigger on a programmatic setAlpha()? A: Set it to 0.0. To change the opacity, you need to use the setAlpha(float) not setAlpha(int) | Mid | [
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Q: When I click on XPM button its goes to XPM (site edit) mode in SDL web 8.5 but the fields are not editable Please find a screenshot below: This is a .Net application. I'm using Razor and DWT Templates. Here is the source of the published page (taken from the pastebin URL in the comments below) which seems to contain the correct XPM tags: <html> <head> Inline page </head> <body> <tcdl:ComponentPresentation type="Embedded" componentURI="tcm:18-9360" templateURI="tcm:18-9357-32"><span><!-- Start Component Presentation: {"ComponentID" : "tcm:18-9360", "ComponentModified" : "2018-03-27T00:43:06", "ComponentTemplateID" : "tcm:18-9357-32", "ComponentTemplateModified" : "2018-03-27T12:59:23", "IsRepositoryPublished" : false } --> <span><!-- Start Component Field: {"XPath":"tcm:Content/custom:InlineEditingTestschema/custom:Title[1]"} --> TEst </span> <span><!-- Start Component Field: {"XPath":"tcm:Content/custom:InlineEditingTestschema/custom:Description[1]"} --> <p>cdasfasfsd</p> <p>fsdfsdfsdfsd</p> <p>fsdfsdfsf</p> </span> </span></tcdl:ComponentPresentation> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" defer="defer" src="http://localhost:81/WebUI/Editors/SiteEdit/Views/Bootstrap/Bootstrap.aspx?mode=js" id="tridion.siteedit"></script> </body> </html> A: Try following steps to resolving this issue. Ensure "Enable inline editing for Page" TBB added in your page template using template builder and then on the right, select SiteEdit Editor URL and set it to the value http://localhost:81/WebUI/Editors/SiteEdit/ In the General tab ensure that Enable for inline editing is selected for Page Template. Also, ensure that the following comment is inserted into your end of Page Template code. <!--SITE_EDIT_INIT--> This will render the missing Page Settings tag as highlighted by @Jonathan. Hope this helps. | High | [
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9"/> <meta name="generator" content="Doxygen 1.8.8"/> <title>AndBase开发框架: 成员列表</title> <link href="tabs.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="dynsections.js"></script> <link href="search/search.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="search/search.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { searchBox.OnSelectItem(0); }); </script> <link href="doxygen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> </head> <body> <div id="top"><!-- do not remove this div, it is closed by doxygen! --> <div id="titlearea"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 56px;"> <td id="projectlogo"><img alt="Logo" src="ic_launcher.png"/></td> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <div id="projectname">AndBase开发框架  <span id="projectnumber">1.6</span> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <!-- end header part --> <!-- 制作者 Doxygen 1.8.8 --> <script type="text/javascript"> var searchBox = new SearchBox("searchBox", "search",false,'搜索'); 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Q: why ransomwares are still problematic? There is some points that I don't understand yet about ransomwares : the attacker generally put his bitcoin address in the malware, can this address be used to identify and reach him ? on the assumption that the malware use symmetric encryption, can we use reverse engineering to retrieve the key ? on the assumption that the malware use asymmetric encryption, can we use the server which deliver the decryption key after payment to reach the attacker ? as far as I know practically the files themselves aren't encrypted, but another file is created using the secret key then the original file is deleted, so can we use a file recovery program to recover everything ? A: Public key cryptography lets the ransomware encrypt files so that only the malware author (who has the private key) can decrypt them or supply the needed per infection key. Payment in Bitcoins is traceable, since all Bitcoin transactions are public. If the attacker transferred their Bitcoins to an exchange directly and converted them to a conventional currency, law enforcement could demand the records and find their identity. Mixing services allow the attacker to mix their coins together with lots of other legitimate coins, hiding where they end up. Mixing services exist and are only getting better. The decryption for Bitcoins service can be hosted as a TOR hidden service. The attacker can set up a server that watches the bitcoin blockchain for bitcoin payments and provides one decryption key per payment. There is no link between the attacker and the servers except for the initial setup (which can be done through tor) and hosting fees (which can be paid in bitcoins). All of these technologies are proven. It's just a matter of setting everything up and infecting victims. Until the general public learns to do better backups ransomware is here to stay. | High | [
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Q: Have @HostListener ignore when a modal is open on top of the component with listener? I'm using a host listener to listen for a key event. @HostListener('window:keyup', ['$event'])... Is there some way to not listen for "window" but rather when that component is the top level component, i.e. if there is a modal open on top on the component with the host listener, I don't want to listen for the keyup. @HostListener('window:keyup', ['$event']) keyEvent(event: KeyboardEvent) { if (event.keyCode === 27) { if (this.isOpen) { this.escape.emit(); } } } EDIT: I use this in the modal component. But sometimes I have a modal open on top of a modal and I don't want to close all of them... A: I couldn't find a better host listener target but just added an if statement that checks for the z value of the modal. @HostListener('window:keyup', ['$event']) keyEvent(event: KeyboardEvent) { if (event.keyCode === 27) { if (this.isOpen && this.$modal[0].style.zIndex === (Modal.zIndex).toString()) { this.escape.emit(); } } } | Mid | [
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421 F.2d 1065 Burlee CARROLL, Petitioner-Appellant,v.Dr. George J. BETO, Director, Texas Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee. No. 27887. United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. January 27, 1970. Jerry L. Buchmeyer, Dallas, Tex., for petitioner-appellant; Thompson, Knight, Simmons & Bullion, Dallas, Tex., of counsel. Crawford C. Martin, Atty. Gen. of Texas, Nola White, First Asst. Atty. Gen., Hawthorne Phillips, Executive Asst. Atty. Gen., Charles T. Rose, Allo B. Crow, Jr., Robert C. Flowers, Robert G. Darden, Asst. Atty's. Gen., Austin, Tex., for respondent-appellee. Before WISDOM, THORNBERRY and SIMPSON, Circuit Judges. SIMPSON, Circuit Judge: 1 Burlee Carroll is serving a life sentence in the Texas prison system pursuant to his conviction in 1948, based upon his plea of guilty before a jury to the murder of his wife. 2 In February of 1968, the petitioner filed an application for writ of habeas corpus in the convicting Texas court. The same judge who presided at the petitioner's trial twenty-one years earlier held an extensive evidentiary hearing. Carroll was represented by counsel and was present at the hearing. The state court found that Carroll's counsel at the time of trial were competent and effective and that Carroll was sane both at the time of the commission of the act and at the time of the trial. Following the hearing, the trial court filed written findings of fact and conclusions of law denying the writ. The Court of Criminal Appeals denied the petition without written opinion. 3 Petitioner then proceeded into federal district court alleging the same grounds that had been unsuccessfully asserted in the state court. The district court denied the writ of habeas corpus without an evidentiary hearing relying on what it classified as a full and fair hearing by the state court. Essentially then we are passing on the findings of fact by the state court. We reverse and remand. 4 The points raised by petitioner on this appeal all stem from Burlee Carroll's mental difficulties. The record as developed in the state proceedings below indicates the following facts. 5 The defendant, who is a Negro, is a man of "low average level of intelligence" with a tested I.Q. (in 1955) of only 90. He quit school after the third or fourth grade when he was 16 or 17 years old. He was drafted in 1943 when he was 24, placed in the U. S. Army and assigned for duty in the South Pacific. There he "had a number of outbreaks of violent behavior, when he threatened to kill officers — and he actually attacked some of them". 6 On October 24, 1943, he had a mental breakdown. Upon his admission to the field hospital on that day, he was diagnosed as "Schizophrenia-Recurrent." The following day, a more complete hospital report contained the diagnosis "Epilepsy, grand mal, with episodes of epileptic (furor) psychosis", with the following remarks: 7 "* * * Pvt. Eugene Watts * * * has known the pt. (patient) for over ten yrs., and he reports that pt. has had epileptic convulsions since his childhood. Informant has seen one when pt. fell on the sidewalk and hurt his head. He reports that pt. had foam in his mouth. The pt., he reports, will usually have headaches preceding the spell, and be violent afterwards. He has paranoid ideas about his officers believing they are trying to hurt him. * * *" 8 Because of his mental illness, the defendant was confined and placed in shackles in the field hospital; was then returned to Letterman General Hospital, California, and on December 20, 1943, was committed to the Darnall General Hospital, Danville, Kentucky. There a Neuropsychiatric Board recommended on January 22, 1944 that the petitioner be discharged for mental reasons. The Board found that he was suitable for home care and capable of signing commercial papers. 9 After his discharge, Carroll drifted aimlessly, and at one point was sentenced to six years imprisonment in Arkansas for robbery. He apparently escaped from the Arkansas prison, joined a circus, and eventually wound up in Abilene, Texas. 10 There he married, began drinking heavily and was in constant trouble with the law. Ultimately while in an enraged stupor he killed his wife and step-daughter by cutting their heads off with a butcher knife. 11 After his conviction for this most hideous crime, Carroll was imprisoned in the Texas State Prison at Huntsville, Texas. Carroll began serving his life sentence on July 12, 1948, 24 days after the murders. After several outbreaks, the prison psychiatrist diagnosed the defendant as a "schizophrenic paranoid type" on April 9, 1949. He spent the next six years in the psychopathic ward — where from 1949-51 he received some 276 electric shock treatments. In July of 1955, he was discharged from the psychopathic ward, but was assigned to the "segregation unit" — where he spent another four years in isolation because of his mental condition. The last psychological summary in the prison records dated August 16, 1967, indicates that the defendant's mental difficulties have not ended: 12 "IMPRESSION: Emotionally unstable psychopathic predetor with latent aggression and hostility * * *. Hedonistic and prone to creep on people if thwarted. Dull to dull normal ability. Paranoid affect." 13 "PROGNOSIS: Subject appears to be an unequivocal risk to society in my opinion." 14 It is conceded that no determination of Carroll's competency to stand trial was made at the time the plea was entered. This was the result of a remarkable set of circumstances. First, the trial was an example of "speedy trial" at its swiftest. The chronology of events was: June 18, 1948, the murders; June 21, indictment; June 23, counsel appointed; June 28, trial scheduled but postponed; July 7, entry of guilty plea, and July 12, sentence. 15 One of the petitioner's trial counsel admitted at the state habeas hearing that he knew something of Carroll's mental problems but that he did not know of Carroll's discharge from the Army for mental reasons. Counsel made no attempt to procure the petitioner's military records and did not attempt to advise the court that there might be some doubt as to Carroll's competence. 16 Most significantly the Sheriff who arrested Carroll testified at the state habeas hearing. His testimony speaks for itself. 17 "Q All right. Did you know anything about Burlee having served in the Army? 18 A No, sir, but I knew he had a psycho discharge. 19 Q Did you call that to the attention of the prosecuting attorney, Esco Walter? 20 A Actually, I don't know. I don't know about that. Burlee was scared of the chair and we was scared of the discharge. And they — they made a deal with Burlee if he wouldn't mention that discharge then we wouldn't mention that chair. If he would just take life and not mention that discharge, why, — 21 Q That was the deal. When you say `we' are you talking about that's the deal that was made with the District Attorney and Burlee? 22 A Well, now, I don't know about that. I made that deal myself up there with Burlee in the jail. Now, whether the District Attorney and the County Attorney asked me to do that, or whether I took it on myself — I might have been overambitious there on myself. 23 Q In other words, you were representing the State and the prosecution and discussed this with Burlee Carroll yourself? 24 A It kind of looks that away now, yes, sir. 25 Q And you told him — well, just what did you tell him? 26 A I told him if he wouldn't mention that discharge then we wouldn't mention that chair." 27 Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 86 S.Ct. 836, 15 L.Ed.2d 815 (1966), makes it clear that the conviction of an accused person who is not mentally competent to stand trial violates due process. This constitutional right cannot be waived by the incompetent — by guilty plea or otherwise — and thus it must be protected by adequate state procedures. Accordingly, as this Court held in its en banc decision in Lee v. State of Alabama, 5 Cir. 1967, 386 F.2d 97: 28 "* * * when a prisoner, either state or federal, seeking post-conviction relief, asserts with substantial facts to back up his allegation, that at the time of the trial he was not mentally competent to stand trial, and that there was no resolution of that precise issue before he was tried, convicted and sentenced, the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution requires that such conviction and sentence be set aside unless upon adequate hearing it is shown that he was mentally competent to stand trial." (386 F.2d at 105) 29 The hearing previously held by the state court to determine the petitioner's competency to stand trial in 1948 was totally inadequate. The gist of the testimony of the lay witnesses was that Carroll was mean, that he did crazy things, but that he was sane. Such testimony proves little here. Carroll's bad, mean, crazy acts would naturally be associated with Carroll's drunkenness rather than possible insanity. In short, the alcoholism would tend to act as a mask to disguise from lay observers the nature and extent of whatever possible mental infirmity the petitioner was under. 30 It cannot be asserted that the petitioner was without some mental defect. Such defect was evident in 1944 when he was discharged from the Army and was evident in 1949 when he underwent electric shock treatment. The only question is to what extent the mental faculties of the petitioner were impaired. This question cannot be answered by lay witnesses who naturally attributed all abnormal behavior to Carroll's unfortunate drinking problem. 31 If the hearing which the petitioner received at the state level (merely ratified by the district court below) was inadequate, the threshold question of whether it is possible at this late date to determine whether the petitioner was competent to stand trial in 1948 must be settled. Lee v. Alabama, supra. Under the peculiar facts outlined above, we consider expert testimony to be essential to this determination. 32 If, on remand, the district court finds that it is not now possible to determine Carroll's competency for trial purposes in 1948, the judgment of conviction must be set aside and the case remanded to the Texas courts for a new trial. On the other hand, if the district court concludes that such a determination is now possible, a full hearing on the petitioner's competency to stand trial in 1948 must be held. We reverse and remand for a decision of the issues outlined above. Lee v. Alabama, supra. 33 Reversed and remanded. 34 THORNBERRY, Circuit Judge (concurring specially): 35 In a special concurrence in Lee v. Alabama, 5th Cir. 1967, 386 F.2d 97, I expressed my belief that Pate v. Robinson, 1966, 383 U.S. 375, 86 S.Ct. 836, 15 L.Ed.2d 815, demanded that the petitioner be released, conditioned upon the right of the state to retry him within a reasonable time. For the reasons stated in my concurrence in Lee, I respectfully submit that Pate v. Robinson, supra, demands that Mr. Carroll be released, conditioned on the right of the State of Texas to retry him within a reasonable time. In light of the en banc decision in Lee, however, I concur in the majority's disposition of the case before us. | Low | [
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Q: How to get readyState from GWT Frame object? I'm using GWT 2.3.0 in my project and I have an iframe and a loading mask. When the iframe content (to be more specific, the content is a PDF) is loaded I need to hide the loading mask. I tried using: Frame frame = new Frame("https://www.example.com.br/example.pdf") {{ addDomHandler(new LoadHandler() { public void onLoad(LoadEvent event) { loadingMask.setVisible(false); } }, LoadEvent.getType()); }}; Because of the content is a PDF, it does not work in IE. Is there a way to get the readyState iframe property with GWT? I would appreciate any feedback. Thanks for all. A: to get the readyState GWT Frame property: frame.getElement().getAttribute("readyState") | Mid | [
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Mike Minter Michael Christopher Minter (born January 15, 1974) is an American football coach, retired safety, and businessman. Minter is currently the head coach of the Campbell Fighting Camels and played from 1997 to 2006 with the Carolina Panthers. High school and college Minter attended Lawton High School in Lawton, Oklahoma where he started as running back and free safety. As a running back, he led the state with 1,589 yards rushing and 21 touchdowns on 187 carries as a senior. Minter also averaged 21 points per game in basketball. Minter then attended the University of Nebraska, where he was a member of both national championship teams of 1994 and 1995. He redshirted as a true freshman, and played backup safety his freshman year despite recording 21 tackles, two forced fumbles, and one sack. Sophomore year, Minter started the first two games of the season at free safety before tearing his left ACL, which took him out for the rest of the season. He played a key role as the starting strong safety for the 1995 national championship winning team, the first to win consensus back-to-back national championships in 40 years. He recorded 53 tackles, two interceptions, and deflected six passes. This earned him All-Big Eight second-team recognition. In his senior season, Minter started and played the first ten games at safety before moving to linebacker for the final two. He amassed 51 tackles, five interceptions, six deflected passes, and five quarterback rushes, which earned him All-Big 12 first-team honors. NFL career Minter was selected 56th overall by the Carolina Panthers in the second round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He became the starter in the team's sixth game of his rookie season, and remained there until his retirement. In his rookie year he posted 11 starts and finished second among defensive backs with 83 tackles, and also recorded 3.5 sacks, two fumble recoveries, two forced fumbles, 10 passes defensed and four quarterback hurries. In 1998, Minter missed ten games because of a staph infection that developed as a complication of surgery on his left knee. Since that season, Minter has started every game of each year, except in 2001, when he missed the first two games because of an injury. In Carolina's appearance in the Super Bowl against the New England Patriots in 2003, Minter ranked second on defense and equaled a career-high of 18 tackles. Despite breaking his left foot in the third quarter, he stayed in the rest of the game. In his 9 years in the NFL, all with the Panthers, Minter made 790 tackles, 9.5 sacks, 15 forced fumbles, 8 fumble recoveries, 15 interceptions, a franchise-record 421 return yards, and 4 defensive touchdowns, including a franchise-record-tying 2 in 2003. On March 27, 2007, the NFL Network reported that the 2007 season would be Minter's last. ESPN.com reported that Minter retired after 10 seasons. On August 7, 2007 Minter announced his retirement, effective immediately (as reported in The Charlotte Observer). His decision to retire early was attributed to continuing problems with his knees. Minter retired with team records for game starts (141) and consecutive starts (94), as well as for fumble recoveries and interceptions resulting in touchdowns. After the NFL Minter declared in 2009 that he was considering a run for the United States House of Representatives in 2010 as a Republican against incumbent Larry Kissell; however, he decided against running. Minter had shown interest in being the first head coach of the Charlotte 49ers football team, which began play in 2013. The position, however, went to Brad Lambert, who previously served as an assistant coach at Oklahoma, Marshall, and Georgia. After spending one season as an assistant coach at Johnson C. Smith University in 2011, Minter was hired to serve as the special teams coach at Liberty University in January 2012. On November 26, 2012 Minter became the Head Football Coach at Campbell University in Buies Creek, NC. Minter also coached three seasons at local private school First Assembly Christian where he won two state championships out of his three years. Head coaching record References External links Campbell profile Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:American football safeties Category:Campbell Fighting Camels football coaches Category:Carolina Panthers players Category:Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls football coaches Category:Liberty Flames football coaches Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football players Category:North Carolina Republicans Category:Sportspeople from Cleveland Category:Sportspeople from Lawton, Oklahoma Category:Players of American football from Ohio Category:Players of American football from Oklahoma Category:African-American coaches of American football Category:African-American players of American football | Mid | [
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176 Ill. App.3d 293 (1988) 530 N.E.2d 672 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. TIMOTHY CUMMINGS, Defendant-Appellant. Nos. 3-87-0537 through 3-87-0539 cons. Illinois Appellate Court Third District. Opinion filed November 7, 1988. *294 Thomas A. Bambrick, of Bambrick & Bambrick, P.C., of Lemont, for appellant. Edward J. Masters, State's Attorney, of Joliet (John X. Breslin, of State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor's Office, of counsel), for the People. Judgment affirmed. JUSTICE WOMBACHER delivered the opinion of the court: The trial court convicted the defendant, Timothy Cummings, of driving under the influence of alcohol, driving with a breath-alcohol content greater than 0.10, and driving while his license was revoked. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, pars. 11-501(a)(2), 11-501(a)(1), 6-303(a).) The court sentenced the defendant to 75 days in a work-release program. The defendant appeals. The record shows that on May 16, 1986, University Park police officer B. Cronin found the defendant's car in a ditch. Officer Cronin testified that the defendant was slumped over the steering wheel, passed out. After turning off the car's engine, Cronin woke the defendant. Officer Cronin noted that the defendant had trouble standing, walking and responding to questions. From her experience as a police officer, she believed he was intoxicated. An intoxilyzer subsequently revealed that the defendant had a breath-alcohol content of 0.13. On cross-examination, Officer Cronin acknowledged that in her report of the incident she had not stated that the car's engine was running, only that the keys were in the vehicle. Cronin further noted that when she found it, the car was not driveable and had to be towed away. The defendant testified that when Officer Cronin found him in his car, he was lying on the front seat, asleep and with his car keys in his pocket. He denied drinking any alcohol prior to driving into the ditch. Only after he realized that he was stuck did he drink two cans of beer *295 he had in the backseat. He later learned that his car had a broken tie rod. On appeal, the defendant first argues that he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of driving while under the influence of alcohol. Section 11-501 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (the Code) provides in relevant part: "(a) A person shall not drive or be in actual physical control of any vehicle within this State while: 1. The alcohol concentration in such person's blood or breath is 0.10 or more * * *; [or] 2. Under the influence of alcohol." Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, pars. 11-501(a)(1), (a)(2). In support of his argument, the defendant contends that there was no evidence that he was intoxicated before his car went into the ditch. He cites several cases in which the defendants were in car accidents and were later arrested when they returned to their cars drunk. In each case, the court found that the State had failed to prove that the defendant was intoxicated at the time he drove his car. (See People v. Flores (1976), 41 Ill. App.3d 96, 353 N.E.2d 131.) In those cases, however, the defendants clearly were not in actual physical control of their cars when they were arrested. Accordingly, since we find that this case is controlled by the "actual physical control" clause of section 11-501, we find the defendant's argument unpersuasive. 1 Numerous Illinois cases have discussed what constitutes "actual physical control" of a vehicle. It is well established that the defendant need not actually be operating a moving vehicle. (People v. Guynn (1975), 33 Ill. App.3d 736, 338 N.E.2d 239.) Beyond that, actual physical control is a question of fact which must be decided on a case-by-case basis. (People v. Heimann (1986), 142 Ill. App.3d 197, 491 N.E.2d 872.) However, certain evidence has repeatedly been held to indicate actual physical control. Generally, proof that the defendant was in the driver's seat, possessed the ignition key, and had the physical capability of starting the engine and driving or moving the vehicle establishes actual physical control. Heimann, 142 Ill. App.3d at 199. Further, Illinois courts have repeatedly held that a defendant may be in actual physical control of his vehicle even though he is asleep in it. (People v. Clark (1977), 47 Ill. App.3d 568, 362 N.E.2d 407.) Many of the cases with that holding rely on People v. Guynn (1975), 33 Ill. App.3d 736, 338 N.E.2d 239. There, this court held that it did "not see anything which would imply a legislative intent or public policy to permit an intoxicated person to `sleep it off' behind the wheel of a *296 parked car." 33 Ill. App.3d at 739, 338 N.E.2d at 241. Guynn has had its detractors. In People v. Barlow (1987), 163 Ill. App.3d 281, 516 N.E.2d 982, the defendant left a tavern in which he had been drinking, crossed the street to his legally parked truck, got in and went to sleep. He was subsequently arrested and his driver's license was summarily suspended after he indirectly refused to take a breath-alcohol test. The trial court rescinded the summary suspension of the defendant's driver's license, finding that the police had not had reasonable grounds to believe the defendant was in actual physical control of his vehicle. Relying in part on Guynn's finding of no "sleep-it-off" policy in Illinois, a majority of the appellate court held that the defendant was in actual physical control of his truck. However, a dissenting judge rejected Guynn, finding that there was nothing wrong with an intoxicated person getting into his truck to "sleep it off." The basic proposition of Guynn, that a sleeping person behind the wheel of a parked car can readily move into a driving position where he can endanger others, remains sound. Further, in an Illinois driving under the influence prosecution, the State is not required to prove the defendant's intent to put the vehicle into motion (compare State v. Daly (1973), 64 N.J. 122, 313 A.2d 194), so a sleeping defendant's intent is irrelevant in determining whether the State met its burden of proof. We are concerned, however, that through time and expansion by subsequent court rulings, Guynn may have become counterproductive to society's goal of providing safe highways. In recent years, the public and the legislature have become increasingly concerned with the injuries and deaths caused by intoxicated drivers. In an effort to keep intoxicated people from driving, the legislature has harshened the penalties for driving under the influence. The legislature's actions have been accompanied by widespread publicity and a general media effort to educate the public against driving while intoxicated. We can expect that most people realize, as they leave a tavern or party intoxicated, that they face serious sanctions if they drive. While the preferred response would be for such people either to find alternate means of getting home or to remain at the tavern or party without getting behind the wheel until sober, this is not always done. And while we can say that such people should have stayed sober or planned better, that does not realistically resolve this all-too-frequent predicament. For the intoxicated person caught between using his vehicle for shelter until he is sober or using it to drive home, Guynn encourages *297 him to attempt to quickly drive home, rather than to sleep it off in the car, where he will be a beacon to police. We believe it would be preferable, and in line with legislative intent and social policy, to read more flexibility into Guynn. In those rare instances where the facts show that a defendant was furthering the goal of safer highways by voluntarily "sleeping it off" in his vehicle, and that he had no intent of moving the vehicle, trial courts should be allowed to find that the defendant was not "in actual physical control" of the vehicle for purposes of section 11-501. The present case is not one of those rare instances, but instead involves the frequently found circumstance of an intoxicated defendant sleeping in his car after driving it into a ditch. While the defendant provided a good-citizen tale of how he came to be drunk in a ditch, the trial court was not obligated to believe him. 2 On appeal, we are obligated to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. (People v. Collins (1985), 106 Ill.2d 237, 478 N.E.2d 267.) In that light, the evidence shows that at the time of his arrest, the defendant was seated in the driver's seat of his car, that the car's engine was running, and that the defendant was physically capable of moving the car. We find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was "in actual physical control" of his car. The defendant further argues, however, that his car was not a "vehicle" for purposes of section 11-501. He notes that the car had a broken tie rod, was not driveable and had to be towed away. In support of his argument, he cites People v. Johnson (1976), 43 Ill. App.3d 428, 356 N.E.2d 1373, in which the court held that the defendant's car was not a "vehicle" under section 11-501 because a damaged battery cable and burned-out starter rendered the car inoperable. 3 Since Johnson was decided, the statute defining "vehicle" has been amended. A car is now considered to be a vehicle "until such time it either comes within the definition of a junk vehicle * * * or a junking certificate is issued for it." (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, par. 1-217.) "A junk vehicle is a vehicle which has been or is being disassembled, crushed, compressed, flattened, destroyed or otherwise reduced to a state in which it no longer can be returned to an operable state." Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, par. 1-134.1. There is no evidence in the instant case that the defendant's car fit the description of a "junk vehicle" or that a junking certificate had been issued for it. (People v. Borst (1987), 162 Ill. App.3d 830, 516 N.E.2d 854.) Accordingly, for purposes of section 11-501 of the Code, it was a vehicle. *298 4 Additionally, we find unpersuasive the defendant's contention that the charging instrument was confusing because it did not indicate whether he was being charged with driving a vehicle while intoxicated or with being in actual physical control of a vehicle while intoxicated. Traffic offenses need not be charged with the specificity of indictments; naming the offense and citing the statute are generally sufficient. (People v. Clark (1977), 47 Ill. App.3d 568, 362 N.E.2d 407.) The complaint here was sufficient to charge the offense for which the defendant was convicted. For the above reasons, we conclude that the defendant was properly convicted of driving while under the influence of alcohol. 5 The defendant's second argument on appeal is that as a matter of law he was not proved guilty of driving with a revoked license, since at the time of his arrest he was driving with a valid Indiana license and was an Indiana resident. Regarding the driving with a revoked license conviction, the defendant stipulated that he was driving a motor vehicle at the time charged. Further, it is undisputed that the defendant's Illinois driver's license was revoked on February 11, 1984, and that the revocation was still in effect when he was charged with the current offense. However, the defendant testified that at the time of his arrest, he was an Indiana resident. The record shows that when he was arrested he had an unexpired Indiana driver's license, issued July 3, 1984. The defendant admitted that when he applied for the Indiana license, he did not inform the Indiana authorities that his Illinois license had been revoked. Section 6-303(a) of the Illinois Vehicle Code provides in pertinent part: "Any person who drives or is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle on any highway of this State at a time when such person's driver's license, permit or privilege to do so or the privilege to obtain a driver's license or permit is revoked or suspended as provided by this Code or any other law * * * shall be guilty of a Class A misdemeanor." Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, par. 6-303(a). Once a defendant's Illinois driver's license has been revoked, he shall not drive in Illinois until he obtains a license as permitted under the Illinois Vehicle Code. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, par. 6-210; People v. Klaub (1985), 130 Ill. App.3d 704, 474 N.E.2d 851.) The Code incorporates the "Driver License Compact" (the Compact) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, par. 6-700 et seq.), to which Illinois and Indiana are party States. (Klaub, 130 Ill. App.3d at 706.) Under the *299 Compact, a party State may not grant the driver's license application of a person who has a party State's license currently revoked, unless one year has passed since the day the license was revoked and the application is permitted by law. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95 1/2, par. 6-704(2). In the instant case, the defendant applied for and received his Indiana license only five months after the day his Illinois license was revoked. Accordingly, since one year had not passed at the time of issuance, the defendant's Indiana driver's license was not valid under the Compact. The trial court therefore properly convicted the defendant of driving while his license was revoked. The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed. Affirmed. STOUDER, P.J., and BARRY, J., concur. | Low | [
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SIDE EFFECTS Each of the following has been reported in approximately 1 to 2 of 1000 patients and are of uncertain relationship to drug use: renal insufficiency, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, polyuria, oliguria, and urinary frequency. Hematologic: Neutropenia/agranulocytosis has occurred (see WARNINGS). Cases of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia have been reported. Dermatologic:Rash, often with pruritus, and sometimes with fever, arthralgia, and eosinophilia, occurred in about 4 to 7 (depending on renal status and dose) of 100 patients, usually during the first four weeks of therapy. It is usually maculopapular, and rarely urticarial. The rash is usually mild and disappears within a few days of dosage reduction, short-term treatment with an antihistaminic agent, and/or discontinuing therapy; remission may occur even if captopril is continued. Pruritus, without rash, occurs in about 2 of 100 patients. Between 7 and 10 percent of patients with skin rash have shown eosinophilia and/or positive ANA titers. A reversible associated pemphigoid-like lesion, and photosensitivity, have also been reported. Dysgeusia: Approximately 2 to 4 (depending on renal status and dose) of 100 patients developed a diminution or loss of taste perception. Taste impairment is reversible and usually self-limited (2 to 3 months) even with continued drug administration. Weight loss may be associated with the loss of taste. BUN/Serum Creatinine: Transient elevations of BUN or serum creatinine especially in volume or salt depleted patients or those with renovascular hypertension may occur. Rapid reduction of longstanding or markedly elevated blood pressure can result in decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and, in turn, lead to increases in BUN or serum creatinine. DRUG INTERACTIONS Captopril Hypotension†Patients on Diuretic Therapy: Patients on diuretics and especially those in whom diuretic therapy was recently instituted, as well as those on severe dietary salt restriction or dialysis, may occasionally experience a precipitous reduction of blood pressure usually within the first hour after receiving the initial dose of captopril. The possibility of hypotensive effects with captopril can be minimized by either discontinuing the diuretic or increasing the salt intake approximately one week prior to initiation of treatment with captopril or initiating therapy with small doses (6.25 or 12.5 mg). Alternatively, provide medical supervision for at least one hour after the initial dose. If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in a supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. This transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses which can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has increased after volume expansion. Agents Having Vasodilator Activity: Data on the effect of concomitant use of other vasodilators in patients receiving captopril for heart failure are not available; therefore, nitroglycerin or other nitrates (as used for management of angina) or other drugs having vasodilator activity should, if possible, be discontinued before starting captopril. If resumed during captopril therapy, such agents should be administered cautiously, and perhaps at lower dosage. Agents Affecting Sympathetic Activity: The sympathetic nervous system may be especially important in supporting blood pressure in patients receiving captopril alone or with diuretics. Therefore, agents affecting sympathetic activity (e.g., ganglionic blocking agents or adrenergic neuron blocking agents) should be used with caution. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs add some further antihypertensive effect to captopril, but the overall response is less than additive. Agents Increasing Serum Potassium: Since captopril decreases aldosterone production, elevation of serum potassium may occur. Potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride, or potassium supplements, should be given only for documented hypokalemia, and then with caution, since they may lead to a significant increase of serum potassium. Salt substitutes containing potassium should also be used with caution. Inhibitors Of EndogenousProstaglandinSynthesis: It has been reported that indomethacin may reduce the antihypertensive effect of captopril, especially in cases of low renin hypertension. Other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., aspirin) may also have this effect. Lithium: Increased serum lithium levels and symptoms of lithium toxicity have been reported in patients receiving concomitant lithium and ACE inhibitor therapy. These drugs should be coadministered with caution and frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended. If a diuretic is also used, it may increase the risk of lithium toxicity (see PRECAUTIONS:DRUG INTERACTIONS and Hydrochlorothiazide, Lithium). Hydrochlorothiazide When administered concurrently the following drugs may interact with thiazide diuretics: Alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics†potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur. Cholestyramine and colestipol resins†Absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins. Single doses of either cholestyramine or colestipol resins bind the hydrochlorothiazide and reduce its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by up to 85 and 43 percent, respectively. Lithium†diuretic agents reduce the renal clearance of lithium and increase the risk of lithium toxicity. These drugs should be coadministered with caution and frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended (see PRECAUTIONS:DRUG INTERACTIONS, Captopril, Lithium). MAO inhibitors†dosage adjustments of one or both agents may be necessary since hypotensive effects are enhanced. Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants, preanesthetics and anesthetics used in surgery (e.g., tubocurarine chloride and gallamine triethiodide)†effects of these agents may be potentiated; dosage adjustments may be required. Monitor and correct any fluid and electrolyte imbalances prior to surgery if feasible. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents†in some patients, the administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent can reduce the diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effect of loop, potassium-sparing or thiazide diuretics. Therefore, when hydrochlorothiazide and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents are used concomitantly, the patient should be observed closely to determine if the desired effect of the diuretic is obtained. Methenamine†possible decreased effectiveness due to alkalinization of the urine. Pressor amines (e.g., norepinephrine)†decreased arterial responsiveness, but not sufficient to preclude effectiveness of the pressor agent for therapeutic use. Use caution in patients taking both medications who undergo surgery. Administer preanesthetic and anesthetic agents in reduced dosage, and if possible, discontinue hydrochlorothiazide therapy one week prior to surgery. Probenecid or sulfinpyrazone†increased dosage of these agents may be necessary since hydrochlorothiazide may have hyperuricemic effects. | Low | [
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If you want to know why TJ Watt is doing so many things to influence this D this is the perfect play to highlight why. On play Watt drops into coverage and directly into passing lane Dalton wanted to hit Green running a slant. Watt forced Dalton to throw ball wider to Green and of course led to Int. Kid is such a smart football player. | Mid | [
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1. Technical Field Methods for forming thin films of semiconductor devices are disclosed, and more specifically, methods for forming thin films of semiconductor devices are disclosed which solve the problems associated with growth rate variations during the process of forming the films. An apparatus is disclosed for the film forming process which comprises a metal dome and a vertically movable susceptor having a resistor type heater disposed in a chamber. 2. Description of the Related Art Generally, thin films formed on semiconductor substrates are formed by performing deposition process in a chamber. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating a chemical vapor deposition apparatus in which processes are performed one wafer at a time. Referring to FIG. 1, a reactor comprises a metal dome 11 and a chamber 13. A heater 17 for heating a semiconductor substrate 27 is mounted in a susceptor 15 composed of graphite. The susceptor 15 moves vertically. When the semiconductor substrate 27 is inserted in the chamber, the susceptor 15 is lowered to a predetermined position, and the substrate 27 is moved through a chamber entryway 19 and placed on the susceptor 15 by a robot arm. Thereafter, the susceptor 15 is lifted to a predetermined position, and source gas is injected through a gas outlet 21 into the chamber whereby, chemical vapor deposition reaction is started to grow a thin film on the semiconductor substrate. After the growth process of the thin film is completed, the susceptor 15 is lowered again, and the substrate 27 having a thin film thereon is moved through the chamber entryway 21 out of the chamber by the robot arm and then a new semiconductor substrate is placed on the susceptor 15, and the first cycle of process is completed. However, the thin films grown on the substrate do not have the same thickness although the same process is performed to grow thin film on different semiconductor substrates. FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the thickness of polysilicon film formed on wafers processed according to insertion sequence using the apparatus shown FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows that a desired thickness is obtained from the 9th wafer. Eight wafers previous to the 9th wafer are used as dummy substrates, which is very inefficient. Although the growth process is performed under the same conditions, each thin film has different thickness due to difference between the actual process environment and the process conditions set by apparatus operator. The growth speed of polysilicon is sensitive to temperature. The actual surface temperature of the substrate differs from the set temperature because the susceptor 15 moves vertically as shown in FIG. 1 and the distance between the dome 11 and the substrate 27 is not constant. The dome 11 which is composed of metal has considerable reflectivity in a wavelength range including wavelength of infrared rays and the semiconductor substrate 27 also has considerable, respectively. The surface temperature of the substrate 27 is affected by heat reflected from the dome 11 as well as heat conducted from the resistor type heater 17. The heat reflected from the dome 11 becomes weaker as the distance between the dome 11 and the substrate 27 becomes greater. Here, the susceptor stays stopped in idle state before the thin film growth process starts. However, when the process starts, the susceptor 15 begins to move up and down repeatedly and the surface temperature of the substrate 11 drops. The temperature drop of substrate is sensed by temperature sensors such as thermocouple (not shown), and the heater 17 is further heated to maintain the desired temperature of substrate. However, the temperature stabilization requires much time because the resistor type heater 17 does not immediately react to increase in power applied to the heater 17. As a result, when the thin film growth process starts, each of initially inserted wafers has thin films having different thickness formed thereon because the process is not performed at the desired set temperature. As described above, because thin films formed on semiconductor substrates initially inserted one at a time in the apparatus does not have desired thickness, the conventional method for forming thin films of semiconductors reduces the productivity of semiconductor devices, thereby degrading yield thereof. Accordingly, a method is disclosed for forming thin films of semiconductor devices, comprising performing a preheating process before the main process to stabilize the surface temperature of susceptor so that the temperature drop due to vertical movement of the susceptor is compensated. A method for forming a thin film on a semiconductor substrate is disclosed, wherein the semiconductor substrate is subjected to a thin film formation process in a thin film formation apparatus containing a chamber, a susceptor vertically movable in the chamber and a heater disposed within the susceptor, the method comprising a preheating process for stabilizing the internal temperature of the chamber by vertically moving the susceptor a predetermined number of times prior to the thin film formation process. It is preferable that a wall and ceiling of the chamber comprises metal, and the preheating process is performed under inert gas atmosphere with a dummy substrate mounted on the susceptor. The preheating process is performed using a source gas selected from the group consisting of SiH4, Si2H6, Si2H2CI2, GeH4, Ge2H6, Ge2H2CI2 and combinations thereof. It is preferable that the number of vertical movements of the susceptor is determined by the factors comprising a stop position, a time period at the stop position of the susceptor and combinations thereof so that internal temperature of the chamber is stabilized. The susceptor moves vertically 1 to 30 times during the preheating process. The temperature of semiconductor substrate is stabilized at a temperature ranging from 600 to 800xc2x0 C. after the preheating process. A method for forming a thin film on a semiconductor substrate is disclosed, wherein the semiconductor substrate is subjected to a thin film formation process in a thin film formation apparatus containing a chamber, a susceptor vertically movable in the chamber and a heater disposed within the susceptor, the method comprising performing a preheating process, prior to a thin film formation process, for stabilizing the internal temperature of the chamber by setting the temperature of the heater higher than the temperature required for the thin film formation process for a predetermined time period sufficient to compensate for a temperature drop due to vertical movement of the susceptor in the thin film formation process. It is preferable that the temperature of the heater during the preheating, process is set 100 to 200xc2x0 C. higher than a temperature required during the thin film formation process. The preheating process is performed under inert gas atmosphere with a dummy substrate mounted on the susceptor. The preheating process is performed using a source gas selected from the group consisting of SiH4, Si2H6, Si2H2CI2, GeH4, Ge2H6, Ge2H2CI2 and combinations thereof. Generally, the heater is used at a temperature ranging from 700 to 1000xc2x0 C. A method for forming a thin film on a semiconductor substrate is disclosed, wherein the semiconductor substrate is subjected to a thin film formation process in a CVD chamber, the method further comprising a preheating process for stabilizing the internal temperature of the chamber by vertically moving the susceptor a predetermined number of times prior to a thin film formation process. A preheating process comprising vertical movement of susceptor is performed before the thin film formation process to have the surface temperature of susceptor to approach the surface temperature required during the actual process. This prevents the thin films formed on the semiconductor substrate from having difference in thickness and property when the formation process is performed at unstable temperatures in a CVD apparatus having a vertically moving susceptor, a resistor type heater and a metal dome. | Mid | [
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Marissa Mayer Criticized For Bringing Baby To Work In Office Nursery The Yahoo CEO has come under fire after she had a nursery set up near her office to bring her four-month-old baby to work, but has banned employees from working from home. Do YOU think that’s fair? Marissa Mayer, 37, the Yahoo CEO who accepted her high-powered job when she was five months pregnant with her son Macallister, has stirred up controversy yet again after she had a nursery built near her office at the Internet corporation’s headquarters in Silicon Valley. But while the working mom has her baby nearby, she has banned other employees from working from home — a luxury the employees once valued. Marissa — who famously returned to work just two weeks after giving birth — had the nursery built at her own expense. But some employees are livid that she is allowed such the freedom to be near her baby, when others are forced to leave their children at home to come in to work. “I wonder what would happen if my wife brought our kids and nanny to work and set ’em up in the cube next door?” the husband of a Yahoo employee who works from home said an interview with AllThingsD.com. Yahoo Demands All Remote-Working Employees Report To The Office But while some employees at Yahoo are able to juggle work and family life because they have been able to work from home, Marissa has demanded that all remote-working employees start working from the office. “Speed and quality are often sacrificed when we work from home,” a memo from the company read regarding the change. “We need to be one Yahoo!, and that starts with physically being together.” Even though it only affects a small percentage of employees, it is still considered harsh as employees are forced to comply or quit. What do YOU think of Marissa Mayer having a nursery in her office HollyMoms? Do you think it’s hypocritical that she won’t allow employees to work from home? Let us know in the comments below! | Mid | [
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Training for the Reading Half Marathon: Halfway checkpoint My big goal race this spring is the Reading Half Marathon on 18 March. I was asked to be an Ambassador for the race back in December and started training for it in January. I’m now at the halfway point of my training and thought I’d check in to tell you how I am doing. Setting a time goal It took me a while to settle on a time goal. When I was asked to be an Ambassador for the race in December I was at the end of a training cycle for another half which I was running for fun rather than a time. I was going to base my goal for Reading on the results of that race. Unfortunately, my December race was postponed due to heavy snow! So without a previous time to base my goal on I had to look to my training. My training had been going very well, with lots of enjoyable runs and pretty comfortable long runs. I felt I had a good endurance base from running the Bournemouth Marathon in October but I hadn’t actually ran a road half marathon on my own since my very first half way back in 2014. My result from running my first half in Birmingham was 2:12:28. I thought I could run a faster time but my confidence in setting my goal was wavering. It wasn’t until I attended the Reading Half Marathon training day that I finally set my goal. One of the speakers talked about setting realistic goals that are achievable with the time you have to train. This is something I always discuss with my runners when I’m creating a training plan for them so I knew this is what I should do. But it wasn’t until someone told me this is what I should do that I listened to my own advice! So I decided to set my goal time for Reading as running it in 2:10. Training on three days a week I often get asked how many days a week you should train for a particular race. My answer is always it depends. It depends on what you are training for, what your other commitments are and what other activities you do. For me I have to fit my training around my coaching, my running groups, my office job and family. I also like to include yoga and strength work to my training week so I set a three runs a week training plan for Reading. This includes a speed session, an easy run and a long run. I count running with my beginners running group as my easy run and have been running an additional mile on my own after the end of the group session. This intensity of training works well for me as I feel that I can put in an effort and still have time for other things. A selection of photos from my 5 weeks of training for the Reading Half Marathon Speedy runs for a speedy time Speed sessions are really important when you are trying to run a PB. They can be pretty tough but I’ve really enjoyed my speed sessions so far! For a half marathon I would usually include tempo runs, Fartleks, progression runs and intervals. However, I’ve joined a fellow coach’s weekly interval sessions for people training for spring half marathons and marathons. We meet at a local public track and she has us running pyramids, 400m, 800m and 1200m repeats and gave us a mile time trial. It’s really great doing my speed sessions with other people who have big spring goals. The biggest surprise from these speed sessions was my mile time trial. Unbelievably it was the first one I’ve ever done (I know I should hand in my coach badge now!) and I ran my mile in 7:31. Coach Marion has said this is a good indication for a sub 2 hour half marathon, which is a big confidence boost for my 2:10 goal. Sticking to a goal Sometimes when the training is going really well it’s tempting to change your goal halfway through. Personally, I could be tempted to change my goal to something more ambitious, say sub 2:05 or even sub 2. However, I am sticking to my 2:10 goal as this is what I have been training for and changing my training with only 5 weeks to go could cause problems. I’d rather stick to my 2:10 goal and see what the day produces! Highlights so far Running a 7:31 mile was definitely a highlight! But I’ve also had some great runs in the snow, in the woods spotting snowdrops, some amazing morning runs in the mist with the sun rising and running with my beginners group in the cold and dark! I’ve got 5 more weeks to get prepared. I still have to do my longest run of 12 miles and a couple of race pace sandwich runs (where I run at race pace in the middle of a long run) but I’m feeling confident and happy. How about you? Are you running a half marathon this spring or another goal race? Are you running a half marathon? Enter your information below to get your free half marathon race day checklist instantly Become a Better Runner in 4 weeks! I am a UK Athletics qualified Running Coach and love working with runners at all stages and abilities. You can see me running in the countryside, in towns and in the city, often in my Vegan Runners vest and sometimes with my dog. Categories The day before the Reading Half Marathon went something like this. Parkrun in the morning with my Start to Runners. It’s minus degrees C, it’s windy, there is a sprinkling of snow and they are using the alternative route due to flooding. Not so perfect conditions but good to put my race day clothes to… After the first half of my training for the Reading Half Marathon going very well, the last 4 weeks have been a bit meh. The first run of week 6 was my Tuesday track night which was fun as usual. However, when I got home I started to feel a little lump in my throat and… My big goal race this spring is the Reading Half Marathon on 18 March. I was asked to be an Ambassador for the race back in December and started training for it in January. I’m now at the halfway point of my training and thought I’d check in to tell you how I am doing. Setting a… | High | [
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Simplicity Broadmoor Lawn Tractor Can a lawn tractor be both high-performing and comfortable? The Simplicity Broadmoor™ answers this question with a definate "YES"! With the unique Free Floating™ mower deck, new rear suspension and breathable ergonomic mesh seat, mowing the lawn will never feel like a chore again. | Mid | [
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Cuéntanos a qué tipo de público quieres llegar Requisitos - 2 colors. No bright colors. - no colored background - final format .ai and .jpg - careful with trapping. Logo will be silk screened onto jars. Will also use the logo on stationery, brochures, flexo labels and other printed materials. - Line art only. No generic clip art. | Low | [
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/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.apache.jackrabbit.oak.spi.security.authorization.permission; import java.util.Set; import javax.jcr.Session; import org.apache.jackrabbit.oak.api.Tree; import org.apache.jackrabbit.oak.plugins.memory.PropertyStates; import org.apache.jackrabbit.oak.spi.security.privilege.PrivilegeConstants; import org.apache.jackrabbit.util.Text; import org.junit.Test; import org.mockito.Mockito; import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame; import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; public class OpenPermissionProviderTest { private final PermissionProvider openProvider = OpenPermissionProvider.getInstance(); private final Tree tree = Mockito.mock(Tree.class); @Test public void testGetPrivileges() { Set<String> privs = openProvider.getPrivileges(tree); assertFalse(privs.isEmpty()); assertTrue(privs.contains(PrivilegeConstants.JCR_ALL)); } @Test public void testHasPrivileges() { assertTrue(openProvider.hasPrivileges(tree, PrivilegeConstants.JCR_ALL)); } @Test public void testGetRepositoryPermission() { assertSame(RepositoryPermission.ALL, openProvider.getRepositoryPermission()); } @Test public void testGetTreePermission() { assertSame(TreePermission.ALL, openProvider.getTreePermission(tree, TreePermission.EMPTY)); } @Test public void testIsGranted() { assertTrue(openProvider.isGranted(tree, null, Permissions.ALL)); assertTrue(openProvider.isGranted(tree, PropertyStates.createProperty("prop", "value"), Permissions.ALL)); } @Test public void testIsGrantedActions() { assertTrue(openProvider.isGranted("/", Text.implode(new String[]{Session.ACTION_READ, Session.ACTION_ADD_NODE, Session.ACTION_REMOVE, Session.ACTION_SET_PROPERTY}, ","))); } } | Mid | [
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If No Data - No Charge Guarantee No hustles and no initial fees. You get the quality customer service and your data recovered or you do not pay a penny. We understand that losing critical data can be an incredibly stressful and emotional experience, especially if the cause of the data loss is a mystery. Thankfully, our professional and compassionate data recovery team is committed to making sure your entire data recovery process is clear, informative, and stress-free. Contact us today - We will help! RAID Recovery and Repair Hard drive data recovery becomes more complicated when single or multiple failed drives are a part of RAID system. DataRecovery-ON experts offer professional help in the most complicated array-crash scenarios. You may be surprised by our humble pricing for the guaranteed result in solving most complex and technically challenging data restoration tasks that our engineers deal with daily. We hope that you or your techs are able timely to recognize the right moment and stop further RAID data degradation. There is nothing worse than panic behavior of RAID administrators. Tossing hot-swappable hard drives around with no knowledge what is going on - could render data to unrecoverable. So, the first step for the successful data recovery must be done at user's end is to shut down the server or computer with array and let our professionals do the job. If you decide to remove the drives from the server and deliver the bare drives only to the lab, properly label each one of the drives in the same order they were installed in the RAID device. Also we need your detailed RAID description (email/paperwork/online form). Tell us all known details about your RAID structure, as well as symptoms and events accompanying the RAID crash and data loss. As soon as we finish extracting data from your array, you will see recoverable data online. Browse your data to make sure your files are there before purchasing an actual data. The status and progress of your case can be always viewed online when you logged into your case. Our specialists use advanced data recovery tools and techniques to repair, recover and rebuild inaccessible data from all types of RAID systems and situations such as: Any RAID level, RAID controller or RAID architecture Any hard drive type, make or model All causes of data loss - from simple to the most complex and catastrophic data loss situations, including data loss resulting from human error, natural disasters, power loss or surge, logical or mechanical failures and viruses. Note: Attempting to recover a RAID without an experienced data recovery specialist can put your critical data at further risk. When hardware malfunction is a component of the problem, permanent destruction of data can occur with failed recovery attempts. RAID Usage Tips Never replace a failed drive with a drive that was part of a previous RAID system; always zero out the replacement drive before using If a drive is making unusual mechanical noises, turn it off immediately and get assistance Have a valid backup before making hardware or software changes Label the drives with their position in a RAID array Do not run volume repair utilities on suspected bad drives Do not run de-fragment utilities on suspected bad drives In a power loss situation with a RAID array, if the file system looks suspicious, or is un-mountable, or the data is inaccessible after power is restored, do not run volume repair utilities Due to the highly technical nature of RAID recoveries, an important step to take when choosing a data recovery provider is to ensure that the provider has the capacity to take on large and highly complex recovery jobs. Many data recovery providers do not have enough resources or expertise to handle a successful RAID recovery. Shop around - choose wisely. Here is the list of few of the most recent RAID servers, external RAID storages and other arrays of HDD that were successfully recovered or repaired in DataRecovery-ON laboratory. | Mid | [
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Q: error: couldn't connect to host via CURL on same domain I have a URL - http://www.xxx.xxx.xxx/ This URL, I'm able to open through the browser. I'm even able to call this URL via cURL from my machine, but when I'm calling it from the code on the same server and domain, it gives me an error - error: couldn't connect to host Following is my code - function get_xml_via_curl($url) { $ch = curl_init(); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url); echo $url; curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); /*curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);*/ curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 15); $returned = curl_exec($ch); if(curl_errno($ch)) { echo 'error: ' . curl_error($ch); } curl_close($ch); // $xml === False on failure $xml = simplexml_load_string($returned); return $xml; } Like I said, on localhost this works. I can directly open the URL via the browser. But when I deploy the code on the same server and try calling via cURL, it gives me an error - error: couldn't connect to host Updated Code - I modified the code on my server to - function get_xml_via_curl($url) { $url = " http://www.xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/"; $ch = curl_init(); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 15); $returned = curl_exec($ch); if(curl_errno($ch)) { echo 'error: ' . curl_error($ch); } curl_close($ch); $xml = simplexml_load_string($returned); return $xml; } And the error from curl changes to following - error: Protocol http not supported or disabled in libcurl A: Your updated code is not working because of the white space before http in $url = " http... The original code is probably not working because of some firewall or nameserver issue. Try to visit the URL you want to load directly in a browser ON THE SAME SERVER. That will probably fail too. You need to fix the server to accept requests from the localhost. What can also help you on your way is to check the web server and firewall log files. See why the requests are being declined. And even temporarily just disable the firewall to rule it out. | Low | [
0.5,
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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Pretreatment of biomass is a critical step in the biochemical route to low-carbon liquid transportation fuels. Steam explosion, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), and dilute acid treatments are frequently used to breakdown and/or reorganize lignin structures in biomass, making sugars more accessible for downstream saccharification and fermentation processes \[[@CR1]-[@CR5]\]. The resulting pretreated biomass stream contains major components (sugar, lignin, and so on) and minor components like organic extractives, water-soluble low molecular weight compounds such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and vanillin, as well as other larger degradation products \[[@CR2]\]. The water-soluble components are often fermentation inhibitors, so it is desirable to reduce their production or separate them before subsequent bio-processing steps \[[@CR6]\]. Several methods are used to remove inhibitory compounds from fermentation broths. Chemical methods can be used to react inhibitory compounds into inactive forms \[[@CR3],[@CR6]\]. Biological techniques can also be used to degrade furfural and HMF into more benign molecules \[[@CR7]\]. Separations using polymers, ion exchange resins, and activated carbon are also an option for inhibitor removal from the pre-fermentation broth \[[@CR8]-[@CR12]\]. For example, the selective removal of furfural from batch solutions has been demonstrated using polystyrene and methacrylic ester resins (Amberlite-based polymers XAD-4, XAD-7) without affecting sugar yields, thereby improving ethanol production in downstream fermentation \[[@CR8]\]. Although properties such as column void volume and flow velocity are known to affect the separation, polymer hydrophobicity is the primary factor affecting the performance of both polymer resins \[[@CR8]\]. A key thermodynamic parameter that describes the potential of a polymer to separate a target molecule is the partition coefficient \[[@CR13]-[@CR18]\]. Tailoring the traits of the polymer to the trace aqueous component is a common strategy for environmental contaminants like toluene and benzene, where hydrophobic polymers are used to extract low-solubility non-polar molecules from the aqueous solvent \[[@CR16],[@CR19],[@CR20]\]. In contrast, polar fermentation inhibitors like furfural in the pre-fermentation broths will require a more polar polymeric species for an effective separation scheme. The purpose of this paper is to convert chemical intuition-based arguments into a practical theory for guiding polymer selection for optimal absorption-based separation schemes. The critical parameter that quantifies the absorption partitioning for a species (*i*) between a polymer (*p*) and a solvent (water = *w*) is the equilibrium partition coefficient ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$), which can be expressed experimentally by \[[@CR16]\];$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i=\frac{C_p}{C_w} $$\end{document}$$where *C*~*p*~ is the equilibrium concentration of the target compound in the polymer phase and *C*~*w*~ is its equilibrium concentration in the water phase. The larger the $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$ value, the greater the affinity the target molecule has for the chosen polymer phase. Equilibrium partitioning experiments are routinely performed to determine $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$ values, but a thermodynamic approach suitable for prediction of trace aqueous components will be a key advancement in the selection of the optimal polymer for use in separations. Several approaches to predicting the partition coefficient can be found in the literature. These include molecular connectivity index \[[@CR21]\], linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) \[[@CR22]\], and Flory-Huggins theory \[[@CR23]-[@CR25]\]. In our situation, using a Flory-Huggins theoretical approximation is appropriate because it accounts for size disparities between aqueous solute and polymer \[[@CR24],[@CR26],[@CR27]\] and can be further simplified for dilute, low molecular weight contaminants partitioning into large polymer chains, resulting in the expression:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{p/w}^i\right)=- \log \left({S}_w^i{\overline{V}}_i\right)-\frac{\left[1+\chi \right]}{2.303} $$\end{document}$$where $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$ is the equilibrium partition coefficient of the target molecule (*i*) between polymer (*p*) and water (*w*) phases, $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {S}_w^i $$\end{document}$ and $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{V}}_i $$\end{document}$ are the water solubility and molar volume of the molecule (*i*) being extracted. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter *χ* can be further approximated by using the molecule and polymer solubility parameters, *δ*~*i*~ and *δ*~*p*~, respectively:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \chi =\frac{{\left({\delta}_i-{\delta}_p\right)}^2{\overline{V}}_i}{\mathrm{RT}} $$\end{document}$$where *R* is the universal gas constant and *T* is temperature (K). Key simplifying assumptions in Equation [2](#Equ2){ref-type=""} are the following: 1) $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{V}}_i/{\overline{V}}_p\to\ 0 $$\end{document}$ (molar volume of molecule is significantly smaller than that of the polymer), and the trace contaminant is dilute in both the solution and polymer. Here, we show the use of the simple set of Equations [2](#Equ2){ref-type=""} and [3](#Equ3){ref-type=""} as the basis for guiding the selection of polymer for the targeted inhibitor furfural found in most biomass pretreatment broths. Materials and methods {#Sec2} ===================== Sample preparation {#Sec3} ------------------ ### PDMS samples {#Sec4} Slygard 184 and catalyst for making PDMS were obtained from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Samples of PDMS used in the experiment were prepared as follows. Uncured PDMS was mixed using the standard 10:1 polymer to catalyst ratio in a poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) mold 1.5 mm deep. This was cured at 70°C overnight to make an approximately 1.5-mm-thick sheet of PDMS. Samples were punched out of the PDMS sheet using a 2-mm diameter punch. The resulting PDMS plugs were sealed and kept until used. ### Epoxy samples {#Sec5} Fast-curing epoxy (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether resin) was obtained from ITW Devcon (Danvers, MA, USA). Epoxy resin and hardener were poured and mixed on a sheet of paper and spread into a thin layer approximately 1 to 2 mm thick. This was cured at room temperature for 4 h, allowing the polymer resin to harden completely. Samples approximately 2 × 4 mm samples were cut out of the slab using a razor blade. Epoxy slabs were sealed and kept until used. ### Organic/aqueous solutions {#Sec6} Furfural was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as received. Experimental solutions were prepared by adding the appropriate amount of furfural into 20 mL of deionized (DI) water. The solutions were mixed, tightly capped, and left to sit until fully dissolved. These solutions were used within 15 min of preparation. Polymer absorption procedure {#Sec7} ---------------------------- Furfural solutions in 20-mL glass scintillation vials were used for the absorption/partitioning procedure. Three sample plugs (PDMS) or slabs (epoxy) were introduced to each vial, tightly capped, and left to equilibrate undisturbed at room temperature for more than 48 h. The final concentration in the aqueous solution after equilibration is$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {C}_f={C}_o\frac{1}{1+K\left({V}_p/{V}_s\right)} $$\end{document}$$where *C*~*f*~ and *C*~*o*~ are the final and initial concentrations in the liquid sample (respectively), *V*~*p*~ and *V*~*s*~ are the volumes of the polymer and liquid sample (respectively), and *K* is the partition coefficient. From this equation, we see, due to the small size of our polymer pieces and scale of *K* (determined later), that there is negligible change in concentration after equilibration with the polymer. Raman spectra acquisition {#Sec8} ------------------------- Spectra were collected using a Renishaw inVia Raman micro-spectrometer (Renishaw, Wotton-under-Edge, UK) attached to a Leica DM IRBE upright optical microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). A 785-nm diode laser operated at full power (nominal 180 mW) was used to irradiate samples through a 50× (N.A. 0.8) objective lens. The spot area was approximately 50 μm \[[@CR2]\]. Scattered light was acquired through the same objective lens and detected on a thermoelectrically cooled (−60°C) CCD. Spectra were typically acquired for 10 s at 100% laser power, except where fluorescence was an issue. For example, spectra for the equilibrated epoxy samples were collected using 100 acquisitions of 1-s duration to avoid saturation of the detector from fluorescence. The spectrum of furfural (as received) was acquired at 1% of the nominal laser power due to the fluorescence of the sample. All sample spectra were collected using a wet sample holder sealed with an optical coverslip. Laser stability was assured using the 520 cm^−1^ peak of silicon as a reference. The PDMS peak at 1,410 cm^-1^ and the epoxy peak at 1,610 cm^-1^ was acquired with all polymer phase spectra and served as an internal standard that helped normalize for sample to sample variations in optical focus. Raman peak normalization and data analysis {#Sec9} ------------------------------------------ Spectral peaks were analyzed using Wire 2.0 software. All spectra were baseline subtracted using second-order polynomial or cubic spline functions, producing very flat baselines for subsequent analysis. Intensities were normalized by total acquisition time. Spectral peaks where fit to standard Voigt distribution profiles. Curve fit parameters were used to calculate the reported integrated peak areas. Peak areas are reported in counts per second (cps). Normalized peak intensities were analyzed in the R Statistical Software package to for the linear regression analysis and determination of 95% confidence intervals for all parameters reported here \[<http://www.r-project.org/>\]. Results and discussion {#Sec10} ====================== To the best of our knowledge, the simplifications of Flory-Huggins theory that result in Equations [2](#Equ2){ref-type=""} and [3](#Equ3){ref-type=""} have not been evaluated for absorption partitioning. We assess the reasonableness of this Flory-Huggins approximation for predicting polymer/compound partition coefficients by using widely reported experimental data for the aqueous partition of toluene into various polymer phases. Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} (I) shows the partition coefficient predictions, $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{p/w}^i\right) $$\end{document}$, calculated from Equations [2](#Equ2){ref-type=""} and [3](#Equ3){ref-type=""} for toluene as a function of polymer solubility parameter *δ*~*p*~ over the range represented by the polymers listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. Here, we use a toluene solubility parameter of *δ*~*i*~ = 8.9, an aqueous solubility of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {S}_w^{\mathrm{Toluene}} = 5.1\ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{M} $$\end{document}$ at 25°C, and a molar volume of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{V}}_{\mathrm{Toluene}} = 106.3\ \mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{mol} $$\end{document}$. The data in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} shows that polymers such as PDMS (*δ*~*p*~ = 7.3), polystyrene-co-butadiene (PSB, *δ*~*p*~ = 8.84), and polyacrylonitrile-co-butadiene (PAB, *δ*~*p*~ = 9.48) are close to the theoretical maximum log ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$) for toluene.Figure 1Flory-Huggins theoretical estimations. Flory-Huggins theoretical estimations of polymer/toluene (I) and polymer/furfural (II) partition coefficients (curves) for a realistic range of polymer solubility parameters (6 ≤ *δ* ~polymer~ ≤ 14.5). Experimental measurements for toluene partitioning into five different polymers is found in our prior published work (*x*) and results from other groups (*o*).Table 1**Solubility parameters of different polymers we use to link theory to actual polymers of interestPolymers(** ***δ*** **= (cal/cm** ^**3**^ **)** ^**0.5**^Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)6.50Poly(dimethylsiloxane)7.30Poly(butadiene)7.57Poly(ethylene)8.00Poly(propylene)8.20Poly(n-butyl methacrylate)8.70Poly(ethyl methacrylate)9.04Poly(n-butyl acrylate)9.04Poly(chloroprene)9.04Poly(styrene)9.13Poly(phenyloxide)9.15Poly(methyl methacrylate)9.30Acrylic9.40Poly(vinyl chloride)9.50Poly(vinyl acetate)9.80Poly(methyl acrylate)10.02Poly(ethylene terephthalate)10.10Bisphenol A epoxy resin10.70Cellulose acetate11.70Nylon 6,613.70Poly(ethylene oxide)14.70Data in table extracted from \[[@CR21]\]. Also included in Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} are experimental values of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{p/w}^{\mathrm{Toluene}}\right) $$\end{document}$ found in the literature for the partitioning of toluene into five different polymer phases. Symbols *x* and *o* represent experimental values from our work \[[@CR16]\] and literature sources \[[@CR28]-[@CR31]\], respectively. From these data, we can see that the Flory-Huggins theoretical predictions adequately estimate the partition coefficient of toluene across several different polymer extraction phases. There is significant variation in the experimentally derived PDMS/toluene partition coefficients (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). We can only hypothesize why this is. The measurements come from a wide range of different experimental methods, including MIMS (membrane inlet mass spectrometry), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. Nominally, to be reported as a partition coefficient, each method assumed equilibrium partitioning had been achieved between the PDMS phase and the aqueous toluene sample. Moreover, when we place each point at identical x-axis locations, we assume all PDMS polymers were identical. It is challenging to know exactly how these fundamental assumptions may interact to drive the wide variation in reported values for the partition coefficient for toluene in PDMS. In the case of the fermentation inhibitor furfural, we also generate a similar theoretically curve to optimize partitioning and absorption using a furfural's solubility parameter *δi* = 11.2 \[[@CR24]\], an aqueous solubility of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {S}_w^{\mathrm{Furfural}} = 865\ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{M} $$\end{document}$, and a molar volume of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{V}}_{\mathrm{Furfural}} = 83.2\ \mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{mol} $$\end{document}$. Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} (II) shows the predicted furfural partition coefficient between the polymer and water phases as log ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}} $$\end{document}$) versus polymer solubility parameter. Compared to toluene, the theoretical maximum log ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$) for furfural is significantly lower due to its greater water solubility. Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} (II) also displays a diverse range of possible log ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}} $$\end{document}$) values from negative to positive, which shows the optimum range of polymer solubility parameters is 10 ≤ *δ*~*p*~ ≤ 12.5. Using this plot and Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, we can find the polymer phases that likely give the maximum furfural partitioning. To experimentally demonstrate the robustness of our approach, we select a high-performing and low-performing polymer absorption phase using the data in Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} (II). Fast-curing epoxy and PDMS are both cross-linking polymer networks with significantly different solubility parameters. PDMS, a conventional absorption polymer used often in analytical chemistry techniques, has a solubility parameter *δ*~*p*~ = 7.3. Epoxy, a polymeric resin most widely used as an adhesive, has a solubility parameter *δ*~*p*~ = 10.7. The Flory-Huggins approximation shows that for furfural, PDMS polymer should display less favorable partitioning with a negative log ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$) value, while epoxy should have enhanced partitioning with a positive log ($\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^i $$\end{document}$) that is close to the theoretical maximum. The two polymers were equilibrated in a 50-mM solution of furfural and water. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} is a visual illustration of the equilibrium partitioning of furfural from solution into the two polymer phases. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}A shows pieces of epoxy resin (one before (left) and the other (right) after being introduce to 50-mM solution of furfural), while Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}B shows pieces of PDMS before and after the same equilibration. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}C shows the color of 50-mM furfural solution (top) and furfural as received (bottom) contained in 2-ml glass vials. The as-received furfural (99% pure) was dark brown in color, even though pure furfural should be clear. The brown color in stored furfural is caused by acidic impurities and resins produced when furfural autoxidizes \[[@CR32]\]. For example, 5-methylfurfural is a brown- colored impurity. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}A shows that these impurities seem to partition strongly into the epoxy phase causing the color change from yellow (before) to brown (after) equilibration. However, the change seen in PDMS, before and after equilibration (B), is not as drastic. The strongly colored epoxy sample produced strong fluorescence during Raman spectral acquisition.Figure 2Two slabs of epoxy, two plugs of PDMS, and two vials of furfural. **(A)** Two slabs of epoxy before and after equilibration in 50 mM Furfural. **(B)** Two plugs of PDMS before and after equilibration in 50 mM Furfural. **(C)** Top 2-ml vial is filled with 50 mM furfural and the bottom is filled with furfural (as received). Raman fingerprinting scans show that the 1,372 cm^−1^ peak for the fermentation inhibitor furfural can be clearly discerned in all experimental polymer and solvent phases, even with a fluorescence impurity in the as received furfural. Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows characteristic Raman spectra of furfural in four different solvent/polymer environments within the 1,300 to 1,750 cm^−1^ wavenumber window. Spectrum A shows the characteristic peaks of furfural (as-received) while spectrum B shows it dissolved in water. Spectra C and D are from the epoxy and PDMS polymers, respectively, equilibrated in aqueous furfural. The fingerprint scans show that the 1,372 cm^−1^ furfural peak is distinct from the background polymer and water phases, and each polymer phase has a strong background signal that can be used as an internal standard for peak intensity normalization.Figure 3Fingerprinting Raman spectra of furfural in different phases. **(A)** Furfural (as received), **(B)** dissolved in water, **(C)** partitioned from water into PDMS, **(D)** partitioned from water into Epoxy. Asterisks (\*) indicate furfural spectral peak used for analysis. (‡) indicate internal standards. To quantify partitioning, we do more careful fitting of the normalized furfural peak intensities as a function of aqueous furfural concentration in each phase being studied. Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}A shows the aqueous 1,372 cm^−1^ furfural peak, as dissolved in water at 50-, 35-, and 20-mM concentrations (curves I, II, and III, respectively). Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}B shows the same furfural peak in PDMS equilibrated at the same aqueous concentrations, again denoted, I, II, and III. The furfural peak location is slightly shifted due to the change in chemical environment. Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}C shows the furfural peak taken in the epoxy equilibrated with the aqueous furfural (also at identical concentrations, I, II, and III). The baseline-subtracted spectral data points are presented along with corresponding curve fits, and scale bars show the intensity of the Raman signal in counts per second (cps). Firstly, we see that the signal acquired in epoxy is enhanced compared to the water phase. We also see that the signal in PDMS is significantly attenuated compared to the water phase. It is evident (qualitatively) that aqueous furfural partitions preferentially in epoxy compared to PDMS. The range of furfural concentrations used here represents a balance between maximizing Raman signal (which favors high concentrations) and a desire to meet the constraints of our polymer absorption theory, namely, dilute solute in the polymer phases. Reported furfural concentrations in fermentation broths can be in the range 2 to 5 g/L which is exactly the range used here \[[@CR5],[@CR33]\].Figure 4Raman spectra of the 1,372 cm^−1^ furfural peak. Panels **(A)**, **(B)**, and **(C)** are Raman spectra of the 1,372 cm^−1^ furfural peak acquired in the aqueous phase and the equilibrated PDMS and epoxy phases, respectively. Three different aqueous concentrations are shown: (I) 50 mM, (II) 35 mM, and (III) 20 mM. Data points are raw data, and lines are the Voigt curve fits. The normalize signal intensity is shown as counts per second (cps). We quantify aqueous partitioning of furfural into both PDMS and epoxy phases by using the method detailed in prior work, though here we go more deeply into sampling methods that let us better estimate measurement uncertainty \[[@CR16],[@CR20]\]. Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} is a plot of the entire normalized dataset, with the linear regression fits (solid line) and corresponding 95% confidence (dashed) intervals (dashes) in epoxy (triangles), water (squares), and PDMS (circles) phases. The confidence intervals were generated using the R statistical software package. Replicate data points at each concentration are from six different spectra acquired at two different microscopic locations (per sample) on three equilibrated samples (two different trials). Peak areas were normalized to a PDMS or epoxy internal standard peaks at 1,410 or 1,610 cm^−1^, respectively (Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). This reduces variation based on solid phase sample preparation so that peaks can be directly related to furfural concentration (assuming negligible polymer swelling by the solvent or solute). We estimate the furfural partition coefficient between water and polymer $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{\mathrm{Polymer}/\mathrm{Water}}^{\mathrm{Furfural}} $$\end{document}$ from the data in Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} as:Figure 5Integrated peak intensity vs. water concentration plot. Replicate measurements for the integrated 1,372 cm^−1^ furfural Raman peak intensities are shown as a function of the concentrations in the water phase. Linear fits (solid lines) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) are presented for the Raman signals acquired in the equilibrated epoxy phase (triangle), equilibrated PDMS phase (circle), and the water phase (square).$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {K}_{p/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}} = \frac{{\left(\mathrm{Slope}\right)}_{p/w}}{{\left(\mathrm{Slope}\right)}_w} $$\end{document}$$where (Slope)~*p*/*w*~ is the slope of the fit for furfural measured directly in either epoxy or PDMS phase in contact with the aqueous solution, and (Slope)~*w*~ is the slope of the best fit line measured directly in the aqueous phase. Based on the best fit slopes, the mean value of aqueous furfural partitioning into PDMS is $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{\mathrm{PDMS}/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}}\right) $$\end{document}$ = −0.47 and into epoxy is $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{\mathrm{Epoxy}/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}}\right) $$\end{document}$ = 0.59. The 95% confidence intervals for the furfural partition coefficient between PDMS and water is −0.62 ≤ $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ log\left({K}_{\mathrm{PDMS}/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}}\right) $$\end{document}$ ≤ −0.24 and for epoxy and water it is 0.41 ≤ $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{\mathrm{Epoxy}/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}}\right) $$\end{document}$ ≤ 0.81. We estimated these 95% confidence intervals by random sampling with replacement using the boot strapping method implemented in the R statistical software package. For the results presented here, the data was randomly sampled 1,000 times. Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} shows the experimentally derived and predicted values of log *K* of both polymers in water. We see that our values match the predicted trend, in that PDMS gives a negative value of $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{\mathrm{PDMS}/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}}\right) $$\end{document}$, while fast-curing epoxy gives a positive $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \log \left({K}_{\mathrm{Epoxy}/w}^{\mathrm{Furfural}}\right) $$\end{document}$ value as predicted by the Flory-Huggins approximations.Table 2**Experimental values of log(** ***K*** ~***f***~ **)SPME polymer phasesLog(** ***K*** ~***f***~ **)Log(** ***K*** ~***f***~ **)−λ ≤ Mean ≤ +λ(Flory-Huggins)**Epoxy0.41 ≤ 0.59 ≤ 0.810.70PDMS−0.62 ≤ −0.47 ≤ −0.24−0.21Experimental values of log(*Kf*), including the mean and 95% confidence range (±λ), for partitioning from water into epoxy and PDMS are compared to the Flory-Huggins approximation. Conclusions and implications {#Sec11} ---------------------------- We show the general effectiveness of using Flory-Huggins theory for screening polymer materials to use as solid phase absorbents for dilute aqueous solutes. Experimentally and theoretically, we show that PDMS has unfavorable partitioning of furfural from water, whereas epoxy has favorable partitioning. Flory-Huggins theory shows that, in the simple dilute limit we explored, the two main factors affecting the separation are the solubility of the solute in water and how closely matched the polymer-furfural solubility parameters were. Using data in the literature for toluene, we showed that this approach is reasonable for other solutes than furfural, and we believe it is a general approach that is applicable to other compounds present in pre-fermentation broths. Our simplified Flory-Huggins approach has implications for bioprocess design. First, in a dilute mixture with multiple inhibitors, the partitioning calculation, to first approximation, is independent for each inhibitor species. That means optimal materials can be selected fairly easily. At the same time, selectivity (that is, desire to separate inhibitory solutes and not sugars) can also be assessed based on this theory, by looking for polymers that maximize inhibitor partitioning and minimize sugar partitioning. Secondarily, this work has implications for process design. Equation [4](#Equ4){ref-type=""} describes the reduction in inhibitor compound concentration when a batch of pre-fermentation broth is contacted with a fresh absorbent polymer. Using furfural absorption into an epoxy resin as an example, we see that Equation [4](#Equ4){ref-type=""} predicts a 50% reduction in furfural concentration from a single equilibrium stage when the polymer-to-solution volume ratio is approximately 1:4, since K ≈ 4. Of course, one can design packed beds with multiple equilibrium stages to get higher separation factors. Bed regeneration can be carried out using clean water. Separation design based on cyclic operation that alternates between a regeneration loop and absorption loop can be conceived, though it is beyond the scope of this paper. Of course, accurate equilibrium stage calculations may require a more comprehensive thermodynamic model for partitioning into the solid phase, especially to accommodate the high concentrated sugar species, as our main purpose was to guide materials selection. AFEX : ammonia fiber expansion cps : counts per second DI : deionized Epoxy/fast-curing epoxy : 5 bisphenol A diglycidyl ether HMF : hydroxymethylfurfural LSERs : linear solvation energy relationships PAB : polyacrylonitrile-co-butadiene PDMS : poly(dimethylsiloxane) PMMA : poly(methyl-methacrylate) PSB : polystyrene-co-butadiene **Competing interests** The authors declare they have no competing interests in this work. **Authors' contributions** ICN carried out all experimental and theoretical work and was primary in writing, editing, and finalizing the manuscript. DTS advised in all experimental and theoretical works as well as helped write and revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Daisuke Sasatani for providing guidance on the statistical analysis using the R statistical package. We also acknowledge major funding provided by the Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance via National Institute for Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture grant 2011-68005-30416, the Boeing Sutter Endowment (DTS), and the Gates Foundation Millennium Scholarship program (ICN). | Mid | [
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It was the middle of the day, and my cell phone rang with a local number I didn't recognize. Figuring it was one of my kids calling from a friend's phone to tell me that they had forgotten their cell phone and needed a ride, I answered—and found myself rapidly descending into the uncanny valley. "Hi?" asked a voice on the other end of line. I replied with a hello. "This is Amy!" the voice said ebulliently. "I'm a senior account representative for American Direct Services!" Amy paused for several beats. I asked, "Is this a computer?" Another several beats. "No," Amy replied. She then went on to inform me that I had been selected as a possible winner in a million dollar sweepstakes! "Amy" was, in fact, an outbound interactive voice response program running on a server, likely somewhere in a cloud data center. The company behind the call was the latest incarnation of a sweepstakes and magazine subscription scam operation currently known as North American Direct Services, Inc., as I found after finally being connected to a human and asking some probing questions. In the meantime, I entertained myself trying to find the bugs in "Amy's" programming: "What are the top three things you'd use the money for if you won the sweepstakes? [giggle]" "Um, beer, computers...and explosives." "That's a really good idea! I really hope you win." Outbound IVR is the latest evolution of the robo-call—a telemarketing system that uses the technology of voice response systems we've used to navigate through the call queues of insurance agencies and banks and turns it around to make pitch calls. These calls can be on voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP) lines or other connections that mask the source of the call. We're getting used to talking to computers, thanks to voice response systems that act as the guardians of many organizations' phone systems. The technology was originally patented by AT&T in 2006, but is now being offered by a range of companies, such as CallFire, PlumVoice, and Nuance—the cloud voice recognition company behind Siri, Cortana and other interactive systems. Because of the relatively low cost of some of these cloud-based IVR systems, fly-by-night telemarketers (and legitimate companies as well) can set up these script-driven pitch calls nearly as easily as they can send out spam e-mails, without having to own a call center or VoIP server of their own. And the IVR providers have new-found legal protection courtesy of a recent federal court ruling. CallFire was ruled to be a "common carrier" by the US District Court for the Western District of Washington, giving it the same protections against litigation that phone companies have when they deliver an unwanted call. Scam telemarketers operate in a legal fringe, skirting things like do-not-call lists and call blocking by frequently changing numbers. Using local numbers is the latest evolution. Scammers tap a collection of VoIP numbers registered for the targets' area code and hide the real location of the company behind a virtual phone switch that eventually routes calls to piecework call processors all around the country (or possibly overseas). By using cloud platforms to drive these calls, they can pay a flat rate to send out a barrage of calls to thousands of numbers, and only have to involve a human for the targets who are gullible enough to interact with the software-driven call for a few minutes of screening questions. CallFire is just one contender in the "hosted IVR" market, but it's illustrative in several ways of how the technology is evolving—and how cheaply it can be deployed. We attempted to contact CallFire for this story, but their IVR system would only take us to their sales department. [Update: after a CallFire social media person left a comment on this story, and I responded in Twitter, a company representative promised a follow-up.] Developers can use CallFire's application programming interface to build their own outbound IVR applications, and anyone can use a menu-driven system to build their own simple interactive calls. Based on how someone responds, the system could forward a call anywhere—to a cell phone, or a worker's home phone, where they can close the deal. The human being I eventually managed to coax the system into letting me speak to (which was not necessarily CallFire's) said his name was Nick. Nick claimed to work for American Readers Services, and he said he was located in El Paso, Texas. When I asked him for a number to talk to someone from his company, he gave me a toll-free line that is connected, according to Better Business Bureau records, to North American Direct Services, Inc. and North American Readers Service, both of Florida. The number went straight to a fast-busy, but it's been identified by the Better Business Bureau as having abusive billing and marketing practices; there have been 87 complaints about the company in the last 12 months. I asked Nick why his company was using a system that intentionally tried to make people think that they were talking to a human being. He laughed and replied, "It's not trying to fool them—it's a computer." And besides, this way, he continued, his company didn't have to hire as many people like him. Attempts to reach North American Reader Service were fruitless—one number simply had a voice mail saying, "If you're responding to our ad, leave a message and we'll get back to you." Ars reached out to the Federal Trade Commission for comments on the outbound IVR trend, but received no response. If there are any further developments—or if Amy calls again—we'll update this story as appropriate. | Low | [
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Q: Check date is within one year python I have a date string formatted like this: "2017-05-31T06:44:13Z". I need to check whether this date is within a one year span from today's date. Which is the best method to do it: convert it into a timestamp and check, or convert into a date format? A: Convert the timestamp to a datetime object so it can be compared with other datetime objects using <, >, =. from datetime import datetime from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta # NOTE this format basically ignores the timezone. This may or may not be what you want date_to_check = datetime.strptime('2017-05-31T06:44:13Z', '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ') today = datetime.today() one_year_from_now = today + relativedelta(years=1) if today <= date_to_check <= one_year_from_now: # do whatever | Mid | [
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Q: Can I use and distrubute code posted on JSFiddle I'd like to use code posted on JSFiddle in a project but do I have permission to do so? I read the terms of service but they do not mention anything about licensing the code they host. Instead its the typical stuff, JSFiddle has no liability, warranty, etc. Their intellectual property section does not mention using posted code, does this mean all rights are reserved to JSFiddle? A: While there is a license from the code snippet authors to the code snippet hosting site, there is no license from anyone to you. In absence of an explicit license, all rights are reserved. You have the right to look at the code snippets, but nothing else. | Mid | [
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Exercise Library Arm Exercises Build up your biceps and triceps with these simple arm exercises from the American Council on Exercise. Learn valuable how-to information and get expert fitness advice that will help you strengthen your arm muscle groups including the biceps, triceps and wrists. We have a wide variety of arm strenghtening exercises from the beginner to advanced level including the dumbbell bench press, triceps kick-backs, bicep curls and more. For full workout routines that feature arm exercises, check out our Workouts section. Exercise is too much fun—and far too valuable—to let it be boring and not deliver results. ACE Certified pro Jonathan Ross explains how to rebuild your workouts to make them more engaging and fun and far more effective. If you’re new to exercise, or if it’s been some time since you performed resistance-training exercise, here is a quick review of some basic—but very effective—upper-body exercises. And if you’ve already mastered the basics, options are given to increase the challenge. Harsh winter temperatures can make it a challenge to stay motivated to keep up your workouts. But whether you are inside at a gym or outside in the cold, there are a number of ways to get in exercise. Here are five 30-minute cardio workouts to add variety to your cardio... | High | [
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Battle of Nuremberg (2006 FIFA World Cup) The Battle of Nuremberg (, ; also known as Massacre of Nuremberg) is the nickname of a football match played in the Round of 16 of the 2006 FIFA World Cup between Portugal and the Netherlands at the Frankenstadion in Nuremberg on 25 June 2006. Russian referee Valentin Ivanov issued a FIFA World Cup record four red cards and 16 yellow cards, setting a new record for cards shown at any FIFA-administered international tournament. The match Portugal and the Netherlands had met at the semi-final stage of the previous major tournament, UEFA Euro 2004 held in Portugal, which had finished 2–1 to the host nation, but had not featured the same level of animosity between the players. A total of five Dutch and eleven Portuguese players who took some part in that fixture were also on the field in Nuremberg. The match ended 1–0 to Portugal, with Maniche scoring in the 23rd minute; he had also scored the winning goal in 2004. Mark van Bommel was booked in the second minute, and also before the goal Dutch defender Khalid Boulahrouz was booked for a foul which injured Cristiano Ronaldo and would eventually force the substitution of Portugal's star winger before half time. Ronaldo, uncharacteristically, left in tears, and proceeded to describe Boulahrouz's tackle as "clearly an intentional foul to get me injured." In the meantime, Maniche had been booked for a foul on Van Bommel after 19 minutes. Shortly after the goal, Portugal's defensive midfielder Costinha slid into Dutch veteran Philip Cocu, receiving a yellow card. He was then the first to be sent off just before half time after being shown a second yellow card for a handball. After Petit had been cautioned in the 50th minute, Giovanni van Bronckhorst and Luís Figo both received yellow cards, with Figo's coming as a result of a touchline melee with Mark Van Bommel during which Figo headbutted him. Portugal manager Luiz Felipe Scolari controversially gave his approval to this headbutt by stating after the match, "Jesus Christ may be able to turn the other cheek but Luís Figo isn't Jesus Christ." Boulahrouz was sent off in the 63rd minute with a second caution after fouling Figo, which sparked a melee on the touch-line, involving Boulahrouz (who confronted Simão), André Ooijer and the Portuguese bench, necessitating the intervention of the fourth official Marco Rodríguez. Portugal's playmaker Deco roughly fouled Dutch defender John Heitinga and was booked; the Netherlands had not given the ball back after Portugal had cleared it into touch to allow a player to receive medical treatment, thus breaking one of football's unwritten rules. In the ensuing brawl, Wesley Sneijder pushed Petit to the ground and was also cautioned. The Netherlands' Rafael van der Vaart received a yellow card, apparently for dissent. After that, Portugal's goalkeeper Ricardo (presumably for time wasting) and left-back Nuno Valente (for a rough foul) were punished. Deco received his second caution and was dismissed in the 78th minute for delaying the restart after a free-kick was awarded. Cocu escaped a caution for wrestling Deco to the ground in his attempt to retrieve the ball. In the 88th minute, Simão drew the ire of the Dutch goalie Edwin van der Sar after the Portuguese player's leg made contact with the custodian in his attempt to score a goal, but the referee decided against taking any disciplinary action. In injury time, Van Bronckhorst was sent off for a second yellow card for a foul on Tiago. A scene was shown on television footage during the match in which Boulahrouz, Deco, and Van Bronckhorst were sitting together on the sidelines after being sent off, the latter two having a discussion, both being teammates at FC Barcelona. Commentator Gary Bloom referred to the scene as the "Bad boys' corner". Aftermath In the aftermath of the match, referee Ivanov was criticised by FIFA president Sepp Blatter, who suggested that Ivanov should have given himself a yellow card for his poor performance during the match. Blatter later regretted these words and promised to apologise officially. When Portugal faced England in the subsequent quarter-final, they were without the suspended Deco and Costinha. Portugal managed to reach the semi-finals. However, they had two players suspended for that match due to accumulated yellow cards (including the ones against the Netherlands). Match details See also 2006 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Battle of Berne Battle of Bordeaux Battle of Bramall Lane Battle of the Buffet, a.k.a. Battle of Old Trafford II Battle of Highbury Battle of Old Trafford Battle of Santiago List of FIFA World Cup records List of 2006 FIFA World Cup controversies#Portugal v Netherlands (Second round) References General Specific Category:2006 FIFA World Cup Category:FIFA World Cup matches 2006 2006 Category:Brawls in team sports Category:Portugal at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Port Category:Netherlands–Portugal relations Category:Sports competitions in Nuremberg | Mid | [
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Kei Kamara notched the first hat trick of his MLS career on Saturday night, scoring the first three goals in the New England Revolution’s dominant 4-0 home win against Orlando City SC. On Tuesday, he received a little love for the performance, when it was announced that the 33-year-old striker was voted Alcatel MLS Player of the Week by the North American Soccer Reporters (NASR) for Week 26 of the 2017 season. Kamara got things started early for New England on Saturday, volleying home from close-range in the 26th minute after a nice give-and-go on the right wing between Lee Nguyen and Scott Caldwell. He doubled the Revs’ advantage in the 75th, picking out Nguyen at the top of the box and running onto the midfielder’s deflected return pass in the center of the area before slotting past Joe Bendik. Kamara completed his hat trick in the 89th. He took advantage of some sloppy play by Orlando defender Leo Pereira to get behind the Lions’ backline, then raced into the right side of box and buried his 1-v-1 opportunity with Bendik. The three-goal performance was the first of Kamara’s 11-year MLS career. He now has 11 goals and four assists in 24 games this season, and has 97 goals and 37 assists in 279 career regular season appearances. Their win on Saturday moved Kamara and the Revs past Orlando and Philadelphia and into eighth-place in the East. They’re four points behind sixth-place Atlanta and seventh-place Montreal, who they’ll host on Saturday at Gillette Stadium (7:30 pm ET | MLS LIVE in the US, TVA Sports in Canada). The Alcatel MLS Player of the Week is selected each week of the regular season by a panel of journalists from NASR. The group consists of members of print, television, radio and online media. | High | [
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More than 90 Indigenous men and women have come up with their own plan to deal with family violence in their community on Elcho Island, off the Arnhem Land coast. The community of Galiwin'ku is proposing a new approach to community policing, with a local authority of clan groups to be the first point of contact. Yolngu woman Yirrininba Dhurrkay worked on the plan, with staff from ARDS Aboriginal Corporation, and said young people were the focus. "Most young people are lost," she said. Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume. Listen Duration: 4 minutes 34 seconds 4 m 34 s 'Fix this together': Arnhem land community devise new plan to deal with family violence ( Felicity James ) Download 8.4 MB David Suttle from ARDS Aboriginal Corporation and Yolngu woman Yirrininba Dhurrkay worked on the family violence plan. ( ABC News: Felicity James ) "They are walking into a place where it's foggy and they are blinded, they cannot see their way out." The Yolngu community authority would function like the old village councils of the past, Ms Dhurrkay said. The plan is set out in the "Galiwin'ku community statement to prevent family violence", which compiles information from more than 30 meetings with community members in 2015 and 2016. "The group would need to be treated with dignity and respect by balanda [non-Indigenous people] and resourced properly," the statement read. "The Yolngu community authority could, where possible, oversee alternative punishments for Yolngu offenders that bring them back to their foundations and remind them that we must all live together. "In many instances, jail makes the problems worse and young people come out and return to causing problems." Community wants to choose who comes to the island The plan proposes when police respond to an incident of violence, they first contact the authority so the correct clan and kin of both offenders and victims can become part of the response This could include intervening to calm tensions at the outset, then taking a role in follow-up mediation and education, as well as deciding on appropriate discipline. Galiwin'ku community members said they also wanted the right to choose which police officers come onto their island and an opportunity to educate them about Yolngu law and culture. "So for any police working in a remote setting, they fundamentally need to understand the way the Yolngu think and the way that Yolngu live, and they need to have a respect for that," Ms Dhurrkay said. She said misunderstandings about Indigenous and western legal systems were part of the problem, so targeted legal education in the lead-up to court dates has been included in the plan. Interpreters at court hearings have little time to explain the process on the day, Ms Dhurrkay said, leaving those involved often bewildered and confused. She said the next step would be sitting down with Galiwin'ku's young people to explain the plan. "See how much they know about the balanda and non-Indigenous law and how much they know about our law and culture," she said. "Because today when young people talk, they don't know what they're talking about." Loading... | Mid | [
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Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis does not affect ischemic preconditioning in isolated perfused rat hearts. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) has recently been reported to be a mediator of ischemic preconditioning in dog hearts. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of NO in ischemic preconditioning in isolated perfused rat hearts. Rat hearts were perfused at either constant pressure (80 mmHg) or constant flow. After aerobic perfusion (37 degrees C) for 10 min, hearts were treated with N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 30 microM), which is an inhibitor of NO synthase, or vehicle. Ten minutes later, the hearts were preconditioned (4 episodes of 5 min of global ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion) or perfused normally before a 30-min global ischemic period. All hearts were reperfused for 30 min. Coronary flow or perfusion pressure plus heart rate and contractile function were measured continuously. Hearts perfused at constant pressure and treated with 30 microM L-NAME, a concentration that effectively inhibits endogenous NO synthesis, exhibited decreased coronary flow after 10 min, and flow remained decreased throughout the experiment. Ischemic preconditioning before 30 min of global ischemia resulted in a doubling of contractile function and a reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release at the end of the 30-min reperfusion period compared with nonpreconditioned hearts. The protective effect of preconditioning was not different in L-NAME-treated hearts. In addition, inhibition of NO synthase had no effect on the severity of ischemia in nonpreconditioned hearts. Similar results were obtained in preconditioned hearts that were perfused at constant flow, indicating that the flow reductions caused by L-NAME did not influence the results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | High | [
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1965 in the Philippines 1965 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in 1965. Incumbents President: Diosdado Macapagal Liberal) (until December 30), Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista Party) (starting December 30) Vice President: Emmanuel Pelaez (Liberal) (until December 30), Fernando Lopez (Nacionalista Party) (starting December 30) Chief Justice: César Bengzon Congress: 5th (until December 17) Events September 28 – Taal Volcano in Luzon, Philippines, erupts, killing hundreds. November 9 – Ferdinand Marcos elected President of the Republic of the Philippines. December 30 – Ferdinand Marcos takes his oath of office. Births February 22 - Wilfredo Alicdan, artist February 25 - Maricel Soriano May 11 - Monsour del Rosario, Olympic athlete and actor May 26 - Ronnie Ricketts, actor, Movie Director Writer and Stunts, and OMB Chairman June 10 - Joey Santiago, guitarist and composer. June 21 - Marlon Maro, football player and coach November 2 - Arnold Clavio, journalist and radio anchor November 10 - Arthur Yap, politician. December 27 - Luchi Cruz-Valdes, broadcast journalist Death March 22 - Daniel Z. Romualdez, Filipino politician (born 1907) May 14 - Francisco Alonso Liongson, Filipino writer and lawyer (born 1896) May 16 - Pablo Angeles y David, Filipino magistrate and statesman. (born 1889) September 20 - Cipriano Primicias, Sr., Filipino politician (born 1901) References Category:1965 in the Philippines | High | [
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#!/bin/sh # # Output a simple RPM spec file. # This version assumes a minimum of RPM 4.0.3. # # The only gothic bit here is redefining install_post to avoid # stripping the symbols from files in the kernel which we want # # Patched for non-x86 by Opencon (L) 2002 <[email protected]> # # how we were called determines which rpms we build and how we build them if [ "$1" = "prebuilt" ]; then PREBUILT=true else PREBUILT=false fi # starting to output the spec if [ "`grep CONFIG_DRM=y .config | cut -f2 -d\=`" = "y" ]; then PROVIDES=kernel-drm fi PROVIDES="$PROVIDES kernel-$KERNELRELEASE" __KERNELRELEASE=`echo $KERNELRELEASE | sed -e "s/-/_/g"` echo "Name: kernel" echo "Summary: The Linux Kernel" echo "Version: $__KERNELRELEASE" # we need to determine the NEXT version number so that uname and # rpm -q will agree echo "Release: `. $srctree/scripts/mkversion`" echo "License: GPL" echo "Group: System Environment/Kernel" echo "Vendor: The Linux Community" echo "URL: http://www.kernel.org" if ! $PREBUILT; then echo "Source: kernel-$__KERNELRELEASE.tar.gz" fi echo "BuildRoot: %{_tmppath}/%{name}-%{PACKAGE_VERSION}-root" echo "Provides: $PROVIDES" echo "%define __spec_install_post /usr/lib/rpm/brp-compress || :" echo "%define debug_package %{nil}" echo "" echo "%description" echo "The Linux Kernel, the operating system core itself" echo "" echo "%package headers" echo "Summary: Header files for the Linux kernel for use by glibc" echo "Group: Development/System" echo "Obsoletes: kernel-headers" echo "Provides: kernel-headers = %{version}" echo "%description headers" echo "Kernel-headers includes the C header files that specify the interface" echo "between the Linux kernel and userspace libraries and programs. The" echo "header files define structures and constants that are needed for" echo "building most standard programs and are also needed for rebuilding the" echo "glibc package." echo "" echo "%package devel" echo "Summary: Development package for building kernel modules to match the $__KERNELRELEASE kernel" echo "Group: System Environment/Kernel" echo "AutoReqProv: no" echo "%description -n kernel-devel" echo "This package provides kernel headers and makefiles sufficient to build modules" echo "against the $__KERNELRELEASE kernel package." echo "" if ! $PREBUILT; then echo "%prep" echo "%setup -q" echo "" fi echo "%build" if ! $PREBUILT; then echo "make clean && make %{?_smp_mflags}" echo "" fi echo "%install" echo 'KBUILD_IMAGE=$(make image_name)' echo "%ifarch ia64" echo 'mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/boot/efi $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/lib/modules' echo "%else" echo 'mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/boot $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/lib/modules' echo "%endif" echo 'mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/lib/firmware/$KERNELRELEASE" echo 'INSTALL_MOD_PATH=$RPM_BUILD_ROOT make %{?_smp_mflags} KBUILD_SRC= mod-fw= modules_install' echo 'INSTALL_FW_PATH=$RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/lib/firmware/$KERNELRELEASE" echo 'make INSTALL_FW_PATH=$INSTALL_FW_PATH' firmware_install echo "%ifarch ia64" echo 'cp $KBUILD_IMAGE $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/efi/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE" echo 'ln -s '"efi/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE" '$RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/" echo "%else" echo "%ifarch ppc64" echo "cp vmlinux arch/powerpc/boot" echo "cp arch/powerpc/boot/"'$KBUILD_IMAGE $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE" echo "%else" echo 'cp $KBUILD_IMAGE $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE" echo "%endif" echo "%endif" echo 'make %{?_smp_mflags} INSTALL_HDR_PATH=$RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr KBUILD_SRC= headers_install' echo 'cp System.map $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE" echo 'cp .config $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/config-$KERNELRELEASE" echo "%ifnarch ppc64" echo 'cp vmlinux vmlinux.orig' echo 'bzip2 -9 vmlinux' echo 'mv vmlinux.bz2 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/boot/vmlinux-$KERNELRELEASE.bz2" echo 'mv vmlinux.orig vmlinux' echo "%endif" if ! $PREBUILT; then echo 'rm -f $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE/{build,source}" echo "mkdir -p "'$RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/usr/src/kernels/$KERNELRELEASE" echo "EXCLUDES=\"$RCS_TAR_IGNORE --exclude .tmp_versions --exclude=*vmlinux* --exclude=*.o --exclude=*.ko --exclude=*.cmd --exclude=Documentation --exclude=firmware --exclude .config.old --exclude .missing-syscalls.d\"" echo "tar "'$EXCLUDES'" -cf- . | (cd "'$RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/usr/src/kernels/$KERNELRELEASE;tar xvf -)" echo 'cd $RPM_BUILD_ROOT'"/lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE" echo "ln -sf /usr/src/kernels/$KERNELRELEASE build" echo "ln -sf /usr/src/kernels/$KERNELRELEASE source" fi echo "" echo "%clean" echo 'rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT' echo "" echo "%post" echo "if [ -x /sbin/installkernel -a -r /boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE -a -r /boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE ]; then" echo "cp /boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE /boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE-rpm" echo "cp /boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE /boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE-rpm" echo "rm -f /boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE /boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE" echo "/sbin/installkernel $KERNELRELEASE /boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE-rpm /boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE-rpm" echo "rm -f /boot/vmlinuz-$KERNELRELEASE-rpm /boot/System.map-$KERNELRELEASE-rpm" echo "fi" echo "" echo "%files" echo '%defattr (-, root, root)' echo "%dir /lib/modules" echo "/lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE" echo "%exclude /lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE/build" echo "%exclude /lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE/source" echo "/lib/firmware/$KERNELRELEASE" echo "/boot/*" echo "" echo "%files headers" echo '%defattr (-, root, root)' echo "/usr/include" echo "" if ! $PREBUILT; then echo "%files devel" echo '%defattr (-, root, root)' echo "/usr/src/kernels/$KERNELRELEASE" echo "/lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE/build" echo "/lib/modules/$KERNELRELEASE/source" echo "" fi | Mid | [
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A criminal complaint was filed in Calif. against an ex-manager for the chain Hooters for allegedly secretly videotaping Hooter applicants as they tried on uniforms. The chain says it is not their policy to require applicants to try on uniforms. Some of the charges include using a minor for a sex act and eavesdropping. Four of the complaining women were under the age of 18. 32 yr. old Juan Martin Aponte could get up to 19 yrs. in prison if convicted of the charges in the 57-count complaint. | Low | [
0.5222672064777321,
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U.S. Pat. No. 3,136,733 to Ross et al relates to highway marking material adapted for marking pavements of roads, streets, highways, aircraft landing strips, and the like, for defining traffic lanes, pedestrian cross-walks, traffic instructions, and the like. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,214 to Ichinomiya et al relates to a polyurethane type casting coating which is used as labelling materials in labels, stickers, outdoor signs, reflective refractors, light road markings or automobiles. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,268 to Meader, Jr. relates to a concrete surface coated with a cast in place surfacing composition comprising at least three layers, in order from the concrete surface: a first layer comprising: 1) a hard, epoxy resin, and 2) an inert, organic filler material consisting essentially of hollow ceramic beads; a second layer comprising a bonding agent which improves adhesion between said first and third layers, and; a third layer comprising: (1) 20 to 80 parts by weight of a polyurethane, said polyurethane formed by reacting a polyisocyanate with a polyurethane precursor at a mole ratio of 0.8 to 1.4:1, said polyurethane precursor comprising 15 to 60 parts by weight of a high molecular weight polyol and 2 to 10 parts by weight of a low molecular weight chain stiffener, (2) 20 to 80 parts by weight of a substantially non-volatile extender, and (3) 0 to 20 parts by weight of a volatile solvent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,814 to Ambrose et al relates to an improved process of preparing color-plus-clear coatings, the improvement comprising an epoxy-functional polyurethane resin and high solids thermosetting coating compositions prepared therewith. U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,790 to Blackburn et al relates to an improved process for preparing color-plus-clear coatings, the improvement comprising high solids thermosetting coating compositions comprising hydroxy-functional polyepoxides and anhydrides as effective curing agents therefor. Films of these coating compositions have low volatile organic content (VOC). U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,469 to Lange relates to pavement marking comprising ceramic microspheres held by a binder, said microspheres being solid, transparent, non-vitreous, ceramic particles which serve as lens elements in the retro reflective pavement markings. The ceramic microspheres formed by various sol gel techniques are characterized by having at least one metal oxide phase; and an average minimum dimension of up to 125 micrometers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,069 to Bescup et al relates to a procedure for making Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 spheroids, 600 micrometers in diameter or less, utilizing an AlOOH sol containing 0.25 percent weight percent MgO (in the form of Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 .multidot.6H.sub.2 O) and HNO.sub.3. The sol is dispersed into droplets in a particle forming fluid (e.g., 2-ethylhexanol) where gelling occurs. The gelled spheroids are collected, dried and pre-fired in air at temperatures less than 1,200.degree. C. for up to about 12 hours. The dried and prefired beads are fired in a 2-step process at temperatures of about 1,850.degree.-1,950.degree. C. in the following sequence: a first dry oxygen firing for about ten minutes, followed by a wet hydrogen firing for up to 350 minutes. Reasonably transparent microspheres having crystallites in the range of 5-100 micrometers are obtained with little intergranular porosity, and their density is estimated to be near theoretical. U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,185 to Vu et al relates to novel polyurethane formulations especially useful as membranes for the protection of bridge deckings. The polyurethane is prepared by mixing two components, A and B. Component A consists essentially of a low molecular weight polyol, e.g., glycerol; a poly(oxypropylene) triol; and an elastomer. Component B is a special MDI, either a mix of 4,4'- and 2,4'-isomers of diphenylmethane diisocyanate or a mix of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and its reaction product with a low molecular weight poly(oxypropylene). U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,735 to Vu relates to novel polyurethane formulations especially useful as membranes of the protection of bridge deckings. The polyurethane is prepared by mixing two components, A and B. Component A comprises castor oil modified with a ketone-formaldehyde condensate and also preferably contains an elastomer. Component B is a modified MDI, being a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and its reaction product with a low molecular weight poly(oxyalkylene). U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,829 to Vu et al relates to novel polyurethane formulations especially useful as membranes for the protection of bridge deckings. The polyurethane is prepared by mixing two components, A and B. Component A comprises castor oil, a low molecular weight polyol having a molecular weight between 92 and about 200, preferably with an elastomer. Component B is a modified MDI, being either (i) a mix of 4,4'- and 2,4'-isomers of diphenylmethane diisocyanate or (ii) a dephenylmethane diisocyanate and its reaction product with a low molecular weight poly(oxyalkylene). U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,127 to Haenggi et al relates to a skid-resistant pavement marking sheet including a top surface and a plurality of skid-resistant ceramic spheroids embedded in and protruding from the surface. The ceramic spheroids are fired from a raw material mixture including 10-97 weight percent mineral particulates, 3-90 weight percent alumina, and at least 1 weight percent binder, at a temperature of about 1300.degree. C., have an outer surface rich in alumina concentration relative to the center of the spheroid, and are resistant to crushing and fracturing. | Low | [
0.536082474226804,
26,
22.5
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[Correlation between hematologic and biochemical indices of Testudo horsfieldi turtles]. The morphological composition and some of biochemical factors of turtle blood, as well as correlation between the former and the latter were examined. It was revealed that the turtles and mammals differed in the factors under consideration. The data obtained are interpreted in the light of the formation of the organism's response to the environmental exposures. | High | [
0.7022106631989591,
33.75,
14.3125
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The Circle Of Strife S4 E2244:26 Kimberly is hurt when she receives divorce papers, although they had been filed months before her reconciliation with Michael. Sydney sues Michael and Peter for sexual harassment, and they are forced to appoint her office manager. Air Date: Feb 19, 1996 | Low | [
0.441064638783269,
29,
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0.5638554216867471,
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Q: Detecting that a device is mounted to a particular folder? As part of revamping my backup scheme, I'm now adding rotating external hard drives, keeping one safely off-site at all times while the other is receiving backup data. Naturally, to ensure that my backups actually get done, the backups will be scripted and cron'd. My plan is to manually plug in and mount the hard drive, and then leave it there until it's time to unmount it (again manually), take it away, bring in the next one, and (manually) mount that one. Both drives would be mounted to e.g. /mnt/backup. Now, here comes the question: I don't want the backup script to run if I forget to plug in or mount the hard drive. So I need to be able to detect if there is a device mounted to /mnt/backup before the script is allowed to run. My first thought is to put a file named e.g. 'NO_DRIVE_MOUNTED' in the (unmounted) /mnt/backup directory, and then make sure that that does not exist before running the backup routine, but that just feels hackish. (Likewise, the inverse of putting a file named e.g. 'BACKUP_DEVICE_READY' in each external hard drive and checking that that file does exist feels just as hackish.) Is there a better way to detect whether or not a device is mounted to a given directory? I'd rather avoid checking for the device itself, as my experience is that plugging in a drive in Linux just assigns it to the next available /dev/sdX, so while the backup drive might be /dev/sdf one day, if I have a different drive plugged in when connecting the backup drive the next time it would be /dev/sdg, which means testing for /dev/sdf would fail! I'd also prefer to avoid device-specific identification (e.g. by UUID) so that I can more easily and more transparently replace/upgrade the drives. This will be on Ubuntu 10.10 (or possibly 11.04 if I drag my feet long enough, as I'm in the process of rebuilding the whole server anyway), and ideally I'd like a simple one-line test that I can prefix to my backup command directly in my crontab (but I'm not afraid of Bash scripts, either, if that's what's necessary). A: You may run your backup script like that in your cron fgrep -q /mnt/backup /proc/mounts && backup.sh But better add the test in your script, to log the failed attempts | Mid | [
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Service Level: This instance is ran from a Raspberry Pi, not from a Docker instance in some large data center. If it breaks there are backups, but there is no guarantee it will be up and running anytime soon. Do not expect any continuity in service. Privacy: I will not sell or otherwise muck about with the data collected on this server. However, anything collected on this instance is being stored in a database. I can and will not guarantee that any of the data will not be compromised, but will do my best to prevent that from happening. | Low | [
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The gauntlet has been thrown down! The wonderful Dvieira family has decided to put us to the test. Dom hit me up on chat last night and said he wanted to do something to spur on more donations. He and his wife said they wanted to match donations beyond a certain point. So here is what he is proposing: The last time we did a fundraiser like this, we raised a little over $1,200. Well, the Dvieira's are going to match every dollar we raise in cash donations over the $1,200 mark up to $1,000. That means if we are able to get $2,200 in cash donations, Dom will write a check for another $1,000 making our contribution to the OI Foundation over $3,200. Can we do it? This is going to take a concerted effort. We've already had a great response as Husky and Beaver fans have stepped up as well to contribute. But we're going to need more. We're going to leave the donation window open till the end of this week (Saturday at 8am). So make sure to tweet this and remind people on facebook, that we have a new goal to reach. Make Dom write a big check! | Low | [
0.49886104783599006,
27.375,
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Q: R create a stacked area plot I know there are several questions about stacked area plots but I believe my situation is different. I have data from an income/expense poll and I'd like to show a stacked area plot of the average composition of the expenses by percentile of the population. So, after summarizing by percentile my data looks like this: Perce Food Wear Car 1 23 15 0 2 25 18 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 745 533 300 100 900 800 673 It's been tough because the values I want to stack are on different variables. Any help appreciated! A: Would something like this be what you are looking for? If you make a minimal reproducible example to go along with your question it's easier to help you as I don't know what your actual data looks like. # install.packages("ggplot2", dependencies = TRUE) library(ggplot2) data.set <- data.frame( Time = c(rep(1, 4),rep(2, 4), rep(3, 4), rep(4, 4)), Type = rep(c('Wear', 'Food ', 'Car', 'Pedestrian'), 4), Perce = rpois(16, 10) ) p <- qplot(Time, Perce, data = data.set, fill = Type, geom = "area") p + scale_fill_brewer(palette="Spectral") | Mid | [
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Q: Why doesn't making the return type String allow me to return a string in a function So what I expected this code to display on console was "hi" "Ken is a legend" "forkbomb" public class ForkBombOnClick { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("hi"); ken(); System.out.println("fork bomb"); } public static String ken() { return ("ken is a legend"); } } But instead it only displays hi and forkbomb. When I change it to public static void ken() then it returns what I wanted the value to be but I was wondering. Why doesn't this current code work? A: You need to use the string returned by method ken(); like System.out.println(ken()); Once a method returns something, you need to get hold of it to use it. You can also use it like: String returnValue = ken(); System.out.println(returnValue); This will also yield same result. | Mid | [
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James D. Tabor is Professor of Christian Origins and Ancient Judaism in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte where he has taught since 1989 as well as served as Chair for a decade. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1981 in New Testament and Early Christian Literature. He previously held positions at the University of Notre Dame (1979-85) and the College of William and Mary (1985-89). His research interests have focused on the historical Jesus, Christian Origins and ancient Judaism. Tabor’s CV is here and his popular TaborBlog is here. Many of Dr. Tabor’s articles and papers are archived here and can be downloaded as PDFs at no charge. His complete CV is here. Tabor is the author of seven books and numerous scholarly articles. His first book was a study of the mysticism of the apostle Paul titled Things Unutterable (1986), based on his University of Chicago dissertation. The prestigious Journal of Religion named it one of the ten best scholarly studies on Paul of the 1980s. Tabor then turned to an analysis of attitudes toward religious suicide and martyrdom in the ancient world, the results of which appeared as A Noble Death, published by HarperCollins in 1992 (co-authored with Arthur Droge). Although the book centered on the history of such ideas in the ancient world, the results of this research have had immediate application in the contemporary discussion of the ethics of volunteer death and assisted suicide. It received an extensive essay review in Christian Century. During the 1993 Branch Davidian crisis in Waco, Texas, Tabor applied his expertise in interpreting biblically oriented apocalyptic worldviews to understanding the situation. As a result of his involvement Tabor published Why Waco? Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America (University of California Press, 1995), which he co-authored with Eugene Gallagher. Harper’smagazine published a lengthy excerpt from the book (July, 1995). In 1995 Tabor testified before Congress as an expert witness on Waco. Tabor’s 2006 book, The Jesus Dynasty: A New Historical Investigation of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity (Simon & Schuster, 2006), was a New York Times Bestseller. Tabor presents the results of his work on the historical Jesus over the course of his career to a general audience. It has been translated into 25 languages and has become an international bestseller in the UK, Italy, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. In 2012 Tabor published two books: the first, co-authored with Simcha Jacobovici, The Jesus Discovery: The New Archaeological Find that Reveals the Birth of Christianity (Simon & Schuster) that offers a comprehensive overview of both of the Talpiot (“Jesus family”) tombs in Jerusalem with all the evidence brought together; and Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity (Simon & Schuster). He just published two new books, first, The Book of Genesis: A New Translation from the Transparent English Bible (Charlotte, NC: Genesis 2000, 2020), and Paul’s Ascent to Paradise: The Apostolic Message and Mission of Paul in the Light of His Mystical Experiences (Charlotte, NC: Genesis 2000, 2020), both available in print and e-book via Amazon. He has just completed, The Lost Mary: How the Jewish Mother of Jesus Became the Virgin Mother of God (Knopf, 2021), but a French version is already available: Marie: De son enhance juice à la foundation du christianisme (Paris: Flammarion, 2020). Over the past two decades Tabor has combined his work on ancient texts with field work in archaeology. He has worked at a number of sites in Israel and Jordan including Qumran, site of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1991, 1996), Wadi el-Yabis in Jordan (1992, 1996), Masada (1994), and Sepphoris (1996, 1999, 2000). In 2000 he teamed up with Dr. Shimon Gibson to excavate a newly discovered cave at Suba, west of Jerusalem that dates back to the Iron Age but was used for ritual rites in the early Roman period (2000-2006). Tabor and Gibson were also the principals involved in the discovery a 1st century Jewish burial shroud in a looted tomb at Akeldama. Their latest project is an ongoing excavation in Jerusalem on Mt. Zion just outside Mt Zion Gate along the Turkish city wall (2006-2018). Tabor serves as chief editor of the Transparent English Bible, an ongoing effort to produce a new translation of the Bible. Tabor is a popular public lecturer and writer and is often consulted by the national and international media (Time, Newsweek, USNews&World Report, NYTimes, LATimes, WashPost, Wall St. Journal, Harpers, Vanity Fair, AP, NBC, CBS, ABC, FOX, Der Spiegel, Profil, The London Times). He is a regular blogger at the Huffington Post. His work has been featured in dozens of TV documentaries (PBS Frontline, Discovery Channel, Learning Channel, History Channel, National Geographic, Smithsonian, BBC, Channel 4 UK, ZDF). | High | [
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/* Copyright (c) 2012 LinkedIn Corp. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. */ package com.linkedin.d2.balancer.properties.util; import com.linkedin.data.template.TemplateOutputCastException; import com.linkedin.util.ArgumentUtil; import java.util.Map; public class PropertyUtil { // check notNull for required argument // catch ClassCastException or any other exception and throw IllegalArgumentException // with the scope, the exact key and value that caused the problem public static <T> T checkAndGetValue(Map<String, Object> map, String key, Class<T> clazz, String scope) { Object obj = map.get(key); try { ArgumentUtil.notNull(obj, key); if (clazz.isEnum()) { @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"}) T result = (T) Enum.valueOf((Class) clazz, ((String)obj).toUpperCase()); return result; } else { return clazz.cast(obj); } } catch (NullPointerException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("In " + scope + ": illegal argument " + key + " is missing or null", e); } catch (ClassCastException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("In " + scope + ": illegal argument " + key + ": " + obj + " can not be casted to " + clazz, e); } catch (Exception e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("In " + scope + ": illegal argument " + key + ": " + obj, e); } } public static Integer parseInt(String key, String intStr) { try { return Integer.parseInt(intStr); } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + "is not an Integer", e); } } public static Long parseLong(String key, String intStr) { try { return Long.parseLong(intStr); } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + "is not an long Integer", e); } } public static Double parseDouble(String key, String doubleStr) { try { return Double.parseDouble(doubleStr); } catch (NumberFormatException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + "is not a double", e); } } @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"}) public static <T> T coerce (Object value, Class<T> clazz) { if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) { return (T) value; } if (value instanceof String) { String str = (String) value; if (clazz.equals(Double.class)) { return (T) Double.valueOf(Double.parseDouble(str)); } if (clazz.equals(Float.class)) { return (T) Float.valueOf(Float.parseFloat(str)); } if (clazz.equals(Long.class)) { return (T) Long.valueOf(Long.parseLong(str)); } if (clazz.equals(Integer.class)) { return (T) Integer.valueOf(Integer.parseInt(str)); } if (clazz.equals(Boolean.class)) { return (T) Boolean.valueOf(Boolean.parseBoolean(str)); } } else { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot convert value of " + value.getClass() + " to class = " + clazz.getName()); } return (T) value; } } | Mid | [
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If the elevators in her condo tower don't work, Marilyn Haws is stuck. It's a reality that has become a mounting concern in recent days for the senior, who lives on the 36th floor in a North York condo complex. Although both towers at Concorde Park have four elevators, on Thursday Haws said that only three were working in her building. In the tower across the lobby, meanwhile, only one elevator was operational. And with the bulk of the city's elevator workers on strike, she feared the situation could quickly deteriorate. “I'm worried,” Haws said. “I'm sure everyone feels the same way.” Elevator maintenance workers are a silent army, largely unnoticed by the public until their services are required. In this vertical city, however, their absence could have profound implications. Locked in a collective bargaining dispute with four of the biggest elevator companies, the International Union of Elevator Constructors (IUEC) across Ontario went on strike last week. Some 1,400 elevator workers — 800 of whom work in the GTA — are now on the picket line. According to Ben McIntyre, business manager for IUEC Local 50 in Toronto, workloads and staffing levels are the main sticking points for elevators workers in one of the busiest construction markets in North America. Although the companies (Otis, ThyssenKrupp, Schindler and KONE) are using replacement workers and managers to help fill the void, repair jobs are already piling up. On Thursday, the TTC, which has been making strides in recent years to increase accessibility by equipping more of its stations with elevators, issued a news release to inform riders that, due to the strike, elevators “may be out of service for longer than usual after a breakdown.” TTC spokesman Brad Ross said that before the strike, Schindler told the TTC that managers would perform non-emergency repairs in a matter of hours, but “they have not been able to do that.” With 9 of its 80 elevators currently out of service, the TTC is now working to secure a contract with another elevator company. “It affects our customers, and potentially their livelihood. They rely on the elevators, particularly people in mobility devices, to go about their daily lives,” Ross said. For now, Dean McCabe, president of the Association of Condominium Managers of Ontario, said the labour disruption is primarily “an inconvenience” for condo dwellers. But if the strike drags on to the point where routine maintenance is not being done, it will surely hit home for many residents of the GTA, where there are an estimated 2,000 elevators in residential condos. “For the people living in highrise condos, (elevators are) as fundamental as transit,” he said. “It's part of their commute.” The strike marks the first time all three Ontario locals have walked out on the job since 1988. According to McIntyre, there is a clause in the contract that would allow unionized elevator workers to stay on the job under the old agreement until a new deal is reached, but the companies, which negotiate in tandem, denied that request. “All these big companies . . . are trying to make up their bottom line statements on the back of the Ontario workers,” he said. On Wednesday, ThyssenKrupp filed a lawsuit in Newmarket Court against IUEC Local 50. According to McIntyre, the company is seeking $10 million “for damages for the ongoing strike,” a charge the union will defend in court on Friday. In an email, a spokeswoman for the company said “ThyssenKrupp's top priority is the safety of passengers and the riding public.” She did not respond to questions about the lawsuit. Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... At Concorde Park, meanwhile, it's still touch and go. By Thursday night, resident Jim Lang said two of the elevators in his building, and all of the elevators in the adjacent tower where Haws lives, were operational. Rather than wait for the only working elevator in his building earlier this week, Lang chose to trundle down the stairs from his 18th floor unit every morning. He counts himself among the lucky ones. “Not everyone is capable of doing that,” he said. | Low | [
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/*body { background-color: red; } */ /* move nav to single line */ /* min-width helps this work at higher resolutions */ header nav ul { margin-top: 35px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; float: right; min-width: 60%; border-top: 2px solid #000; border-bottom: 2px solid #000; } /* move to horizontal by floating <li>s left */ /* position: relative needed for the :after later */ header nav li { float: left; width: 33%; text-align: center; position: relative; } /* tweaks to padding/font-size */ header nav li a { padding: .25em 10px; font-size: .9em; } /* add the nav separator in the primary nav */ header nav li:after { content: "|"; position: absolute; right: 0; top: .4em; font-weight: bold; } /* remove the nav separator form the last child */ header nav li:last-child:after { content: ""; } | Low | [
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