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Mechanically robust, thermally stable, broadband antireflective, and superhydrophobic thin films on glass substrates. In this study, we developed a simple and versatile strategy to fabricate hierarchically structured lotus-leaf-like superhydrophobic thin films. The thin films are broadband antireflective, and the average transmittance of coated glass substrates reached greater than 95% in the wavelength range of 530-1340 nm, in contrast to 92.0% for bare glass substrate. The thin film surface shows a static water contact angle of 162° and a sliding angle less than 4°. Moreover, the thin film is thermally stable up to 300 °C, and shows remarkable stability against strong acid, strong alkali, water drop impact, and sand impact abrasion, while retaining its superhydrophobicity. Further, the thin film can pass the 3H pencil hardness test. The current approach may open a new avenue to a variety of practical applications, including windshields, eyeglasses, windows of high rise buildings and solar cells, etc. | High | [
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Q: Cancel concurrency HTTP requests after unsubscription I have to following problem: Many API calls go through an API interface (Google API) and have to be limited in request per seconds/concurrency because of the Google API limitation. I use a subject (sink/call pool), which manages all API requests with mergeMap and returns a result to another, piped subject. Because API requests can unsubscribe before they finish, they shouldn't block my sink. So I have to stop the API request (task) after unsubscription. The issue: I don't know how to capture this unsubscribed state correctly. What I currently do is overwriting subscribe and unsubscribe to catch this state. It works but it does not look to "rxjs"ish for me. What could I improve it? import {Observable, Subject, Subscription, Subscribable, EMPTY} from 'rxjs'; import {mergeMap, tap} from 'rxjs/operators'; function doHeavyRequest() { return new Observable(subscribe => { // Simulate delay. setTimeout(() => { subscribe.next(1); subscribe.complete(); }, 1000); }); } const sink = new Subject<[Subject<any>, number]>(); sink.pipe( mergeMap(([subject, id]) => { // Stop request here if already unsubscribed. if (subject.closed) { console.log('Request cancelled:', id); return EMPTY; } return doHeavyRequest() .pipe( tap(res => { if (!subject.closed) { subject.next(res); subject.complete(); } else { console.log('Request aborted:', id); } }) ); }, 2) ).subscribe(); // Insert request into sink. // Overwrite subscribe and unsubscribe. // Track unsubscribe over the flag alive. function getSomething(id: number) { const task = new Subject(); const ob = task.asObservable(); ob.subscribe = (...args: any[]) => { const sub = Observable.prototype.subscribe.call(ob, ...args); sub.unsubscribe = () => { if (!task.isStopped) task.unsubscribe(); Subscription.prototype.unsubscribe.call(sub); }; return sub; }; sink.next([task, id]); return ob; } // Make 3 requests and unsubscribe. export function test() { const ob0 = getSomething(0); const ob1 = getSomething(1); const ob2 = getSomething(2); const sub0 = ob0.subscribe(e => { console.log('0:', e); }); setTimeout(() => sub0.unsubscribe(), 1500); const sub1 = ob1.subscribe(e => { console.log('1:', e); }); setTimeout(() => sub1.unsubscribe(), 900); const sub2 = ob2.subscribe(e => { console.log('2:', e); }); setTimeout(() => sub2.unsubscribe(), 100); } See the test.ts at plunker and the console output: https://next.plnkr.co/edit/KREjMprTrjHu2zMI?preview A: Thanks to @Badashi, using finalize worked and looks much better: import {Observable, Subject, Subscription, Subscribable, EMPTY} from 'rxjs'; import {mergeMap, tap, finalize} from 'rxjs/operators'; function doHeavyRequest() { return new Observable(subscribe => { // Simulate delay. setTimeout(() => { subscribe.next(1); subscribe.complete(); }, 1000); }); } const sink = new Subject<[Subject<any>, number]>(); sink.pipe( mergeMap(([subject, id]) => { // Stop request here if already unsubscribed. if (subject.closed) { console.log('Request cancelled:', id); return EMPTY; } return doHeavyRequest() .pipe( tap(res => { if (!subject.closed) { subject.next(res); subject.complete(); } else { console.log('Request aborted:', id); } }) ); }, 2) ).subscribe(); // Insert request into sink. // Overwrite subscribe and unsubscribe. // Track unsubscribe. function getSomething(id: number) { const task = new Subject(); const ob = task.pipe(finalize(() => { if (!task.isStopped) { task.unsubscribe(); } })); sink.next([task, id]); return ob; } // Make 3 requests and unsubscribe. export function test() { const ob0 = getSomething(0); const ob1 = getSomething(1); const ob2 = getSomething(2); const sub0 = ob0.subscribe(e => { console.log('0:', e); }); setTimeout(() => sub0.unsubscribe(), 1500); const sub1 = ob1.subscribe(e => { console.log('1:', e); }); setTimeout(() => sub1.unsubscribe(), 900); const sub2 = ob2.subscribe(e => { console.log('2:', e); }); setTimeout(() => sub2.unsubscribe(), 100); } Output: 0: 1 Request cancelled: 2 Request aborted: 1 | Mid | [
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Barton will not contest long ban 25 May 2012 05:47 QPR have announced midfielder Joey Barton will not appeal against his 12-match ban for being sent off and reacting violently at Manchester City on the final day of the Barclays Premier League season. Barton was banned and fined £75,000 on Wednesday by a Football Association-appointed independent regulatory commission after he elbowed Carlos Tevez in the face and then kicked out at Sergio Aguero as he left the pitch. "Queens Park Rangers Football Club can confirm it has now started a full internal investigation in relation to Joey Barton's dismissal and subsequent events against Manchester City on the final day of the 2012/13 Barclays Premier League season," the club said in a statement. "The QPR midfielder will not appeal against the independent regulatory commission's decision made on Wednesday and he and his team are now working in full cooperation with the club to assist in the internal investigation. "The club expects the investigation to last at least two weeks. During this period, no one from the club or Joey Barton himself will make any further comment." | Low | [
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Quarry Wood, Kent Quarry Wood is a nature reserve east of West Farleigh, which is south-west of Maidstone in Kent. It is managed by the Kent Wildlife Trust. The wood is mainly sweet chestnut coopice, but at the northern end there are mature oak and beech trees. A small stream runs along the bottom of the valley. The site is open to the public. References Category:Kent Wildlife Trust | High | [
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ROUGEMONT, N.C. (WTVD) -- A Triangle sanctuary says they have had to turn down requests for help due to a spike in the number of pot belly pig surrenders and strays. Blind Spot Animal Sanctuary in Rougemont receives more than a dozen calls weekly from both shelters and citizens looking for assistance."There is this misconception of 'teacup pigs,' 'micro-pigs.' There's no such things, they don't exist. It's just a marketing term, a misleading marketing term. So we're seeing nearly every year more and more pleas for these animals," explained Alesja Daehnrich, a co-founder of the sanctuary.Last week, they took in five pigs from shelters, including three from the Orange County Animal Shelter.Orange County Animal Shelter Executive Director Bob Marotto said they have received eight pigs so far this year; from 2014-2016, the average was one or two annually."Whether you're getting good information or bad information from a breeder, you really need to do your homework. Whether the pig can live with you, that you can provide for it, that you can meet its needs," said Marotto."A lot of the people who get a pig, they are rarely educated on their care and what to expect," said Daehnrich.While the shelter can provide short-term housing for a pig, it cannot give long-term care, making sanctuaries so important.Advocates take particular issue with the term 'teacup,' when many of these pigs can quickly grow to more than 100-pounds."Everything small, everything cute sells ten times better than when (sellers) would say it's going to be a 150-pound pig," said Alex Daehnrich, Alesja's husband and fellow co-founder.Pigs also begin producing at a very young age, creating potential additional difficulties for owners attempting to domesticate them.Blind Spot Animal Sanctuary is working with other organizations to find homes for pigs they cannot accept. They do adopt out their pigs in an effort to create more room to take others in, but urge people to do their research before adopting.Animal advocacy group PETA has written on the issue of 'teacup pigs,' urging people to "never buy one." To learn more about their position, click here | High | [
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Science panel urges rewrite of food allergy warning labels WASHINGTON- A new report is calling for a makeover of the labels used to warn consumers that a food might accidentally contain peanuts or other allergy-prone ingredients. At issue are warnings such as "may contain traces of nuts" in a food that shouldn't have any. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine says those labels don't give consumers enough information to evaluate the risk. Wednesday's report urges regulators and the food industry to clear consumer confusion with labels that better reflect the level of risk. The Food and Drug Administration says it is reviewing the report. One industry group indicated support. The report says food allergies are a serious health problem but more research is needed to determine how many people are affected and if the problem is increasing. | Mid | [
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Blog Archives Workers at NASA’s Deep Space Network complex in Goldstone, Calif., have been making precise, laser-assisted measurements to ensure a flat surface for pouring new grout as part of a major renovation on the 70-meter-wide (230-foot-wide) “Mars antenna.” While officially dubbed Deep Space Station 14, the antenna picked up the Mars name from its first task: tracking NASA’s Mariner 4 spacecraft, | Mid | [
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Q: mysql insert monitoring Please tell me how is it possible to monitor insertion rate per second for a table with mysql ? Thank you! A: You can monitor it in real time by simply doing something like this Count the number of rows Wait x seconds Count the number of rows, find delta y between two counts rate = y/x If you don't want to do it in real time, you can could parse the MySQL binary log to see how many insert statements were executed and obtain their timestamps. Or you could give each row a timestamp, and then find the average insertion rate for any arbitrary period by counting the rows inserted in that period. For example, to get a count of rows inserted in last hour... SELECT count(*) AS inserted FROM table WHERE unix_timestamp(created) BETWEEN unix_timestamp()-3600 AND unix_timestamp(); Finally, if you want some general graphing of insertions (and other operations) you could use something like munin (though by default this would be tracking all inserts, not just those in a particular table). Here's an example | High | [
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Located in southern California, Death Valley is one of the most otherworldly of America's natural wonders—an eerie panorama of salt flats and elevations. With rolling hills and steep mountains, Death Valley is also famous for Badwater, which is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere. Whether you're a competitive cyclist, Sunday rider or novice, you’re sure to enjoy an incredible weekend—and the haunting beauty—that brings JDRF Riders back year after year to cycle up to 100 miles. Register today and join us in the desert as we ride and fundraise for type 1 diabetes research! | Low | [
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#include "arm-macros.h" TEST_BEGIN mov r1, #0xc0000000 mov r2, #0xffffffff mov r3, #0 mov r4, #0x40000000 umlals r3, r4, r1, r2 TEST_END | Low | [
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Via Grant's Almost Daily, I'm your huckleberry “U.S. hedge funds from time to time have appeared in this country over the last 10 years, with the same hypothesis of shorting Canadian banks, and it hasn’t worked out very well for them,” Brian Porter, CEO of the Bank of Nova Scotia, said yesterday. “There are always going to be those that take an opposing view, and we’ll prove them wrong over the long term.” Gabriel Dechaine, banking analyst at the National Bank of Canada, likewise came to his industry’s defense in a note today: “A trend that is making us believe that sector sentiment is becoming too bearish is the re-emergence of a vocal ‘short Canada’ investment crowd.” Dechaine writes that a Stanley Cup victory for the woebegone Toronto Maple Leafs (last title, 1967) is more likely than a jump in loan losses. One well-known investor is publicly taking the challenge: Steve Eisman, portfolio manager at Neuberger Berman and a protagonist in Michael Lewis’ The Big Short. “Canada has not had a credit cycle in a few decades and I don’t think there’s a Canadian bank CEO that knows what a credit cycle really looks like,” Eisman, who is short various Canadian banks and mortgage lenders, fired back in an interview yesterday with BNN Bloomberg television. “I just think psychologically they’re extremely ill prepared.” While Canadian bank advocates and their skeptics exchange words, the formerly-white hot housing market is now in deep freeze. March sales in Vancouver collapsed by 31.4% year-over-year according to the local real estate board, the worst showing since 1986 and down 46% from the 10-year average for March. Prices also lurched lower, with the benchmark detached home price falling 10.5% year-over-year to C$1.44 million ($1.08 million). Things are more stable in Toronto, where March sales and benchmark prices were little changed from a year earlier, but those figures remain 40% and 14% below their respective levels from March 2017. As the housing market sputters, the highly-leveraged Canadian consumer displays increasing signs of distress. According to the Bank for International Settlements, Canada’s household debt stands at 100.2% of GDP as of the end of September, by far the highest ratio among G7 economies (the U.K. is next at 86.5%), while the debt service ratio, or the percentage of disposable income allocated to principal and interest payments, rose to 14.9% in the fourth quarter per Statistics Canada, just shy of the 2007 peak. That debt burden is starting to weigh on consumers. Auto loan delinquencies rose to 0.97% at year-end according to Equifax, Inc., the highest since 2009. At the same time, 36% of new auto loans in the fourth quarter were leases, the largest such share since 2007. Bill Johnston, vice president of data and analytics at Equifax Canada Co., noted that “we’re starting to see consumer behavior shift to keep the payments as low as possible.” On the credit card front, delinquencies of at least 90 days remained at a relatively low 0.79% as of February, down from 0.88% in the same month last year according to data from Bloomberg. But, as noted by the Royal Bank of Canada, consumers cut their average monthly payment to just 38% of outstanding balances in February, down from 50% in October and the lowest such ratio since 2015. RBC credit analyst Vivek Selot commented: That deterioration in payment rates may be attributed to some stress on the consumer. Considering that fragile household balance sheets could be a precipitating factor for the credit cycle to turn, any signs of consumer credit quality deterioration seem worthy of attention. Indeed, the Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy reports that consumer insolvencies rose 5.4% year-over-year in February, bringing the rolling three-month average to its highest level since 2011. The slowing housing market and increased consumer stress has taken a toll on one of the banks’ primary profit centers. According to the Bank of Canada, residential mortgage growth registered at 3.2% year-over-year in February, the lowest reading since 2001 and barely half of the 6% monthly average logged since the housing boom gathered steam in 2009. Back in March, Edward Jones & Co. investment strategist Craig Fehr noted to Bloomberg that mortgages frequently represent “the largest and most profitable and steady of the businesses that these banks operate.” Fehr concluded: “The bread and butter of profitability for Canadian banks – is going to have a little less butter on the bread.” Meanwhile, expectations remain high, with a 2019 analyst consensus of 15.7% return on equity for the S&P/TSX Bank Index, up from 14.2% last year and a five year average of 15%. For those unfazed by CEO taunts and eager to investigate the bearish case for Canada’s lenders, an analysis in the Feb. 9, 2018 edition of Grant’s Interest Rate Observer identifies one bank that stands out from the rest. | Low | [
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Lent, Week 4 Monday (12 March) 12 March, 2018 I must return unending thanks to God, who often pardoned my folly and my carelessness, and on more than one occasion spared me his great wrath. I failed to realise in good time, the grace that was in me. It is obvious to me now, what I should have understood earlier. (St Patrick) Lord, you have shown unending love for me without condition. Forgive me for the times when I have turned my back on your love. May I grow in love of you and for you. | Mid | [
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Q: In R how do I create a variable whose contents are based on what is in other variables? I have a data set which contains a list of treatments (Treatment variable) and then another person has categorised these treatments based on their mechanism of action (Mechanism variable). I want to add another mechanism of action category (Hypothermia) and I am struggling to do so. I have made a small data frame as an example of some of the treatments and their mechanism categories. Treatment <- c("Hypothermia", "CNS-1102", "Hypocapnia", "Dextrorphan", "Mannitol", "Caffeinol") Mechanism <- c("Other", "Excitotoxicity", "Blood flow", "Excitotoxicity", "Fluid regulation", "Other") df <- data.frame(Treatment, Mechanism) I'm interested in hypothermia so I want to make a new variable (called Mechanism_extra) which is a copy of Mechanism except it classifies "Hypothermia" as its own category instead of classing "Hypothermia" cases under the "Other" category. My actual data set contains ~8000 entries so I can't just do this manually. I have tried to do this with mutate from dplyr and with ifelse, but my output just doesn't work. df <- mutate(df, Mechanism_extra = ifelse(df$Treatment == "Hypothermia", "Hypothermia", df$Mechanism)) df$Mechanism_extra With the above code I'm trying to say "make a new variable called Mechanism_extra, look at the drugs in Treatment and if you see Hypothermia then put Hypothermia into the new variable, if it doesn't say Hypothermia then just write down the original mechanism of action". However my output looks like this: [1] "Hypothermia" "2" "1" "2" "3" "4" When I want it to look like this: [1] "Hypothermia" "Excitotoxicity" "Blood flow" "Excitotoxicity" "Fluid regulation" "Other" Why are there numbers? Where am I going wrong? A: You can make it a tibble instead of a data.frame using dplyr and that will work. library(dplyr) Treatment <- c("Hypothermia", "CNS-1102", "Hypocapnia", "Dextrorphan", "Mannitol", "Caffeinol") Mechanism <- c("Other", "Excitotoxicity", "Blood flow", "Excitotoxicity", "Fluid regulation", "Other") df <- tibble(Treatment, Mechanism) # changed this df %>% mutate(Mechanism_extra = if_else(Treatment == "Hypothermia", "Hypothermia", Mechanism)) Which is this: # A tibble: 6 x 3 Treatment Mechanism Mechanism_extra <chr> <chr> <chr> 1 Hypothermia Other Hypothermia 2 CNS-1102 Excitotoxicity Excitotoxicity 3 Hypocapnia Blood flow Blood flow 4 Dextrorphan Excitotoxicity Excitotoxicity 5 Mannitol Fluid regulation Fluid regulation 6 Caffeinol Other Other | High | [
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nEASE: a method for gene ontology subclassification of high-throughput gene expression data. High-throughput technologies can identify genes whose expression profiles correlate with specific phenotypes; however, placing these genes into a biological context remains challenging. To help address this issue, we developed nested Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (nEASE). nEASE complements traditional gene ontology enrichment approaches by determining statistically enriched gene ontology subterms within a list of genes based on co-annotation. Here, we overview an open-source software version of the nEASE algorithm. nEASE can be used either stand-alone or as part of a pathway discovery pipeline. nEASE is implemented within the Multiple Experiment Viewer software package available at http://www.tm4.org/mev. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. | High | [
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By CALVIN WOODWARD and HOPE YEN, Associated Press WASHINGTON (AP) — Special counsel Robert Mueller all but boldfaced this finding in his report on the Russia investigation: No exoneration for President Donald Trump on whether Trump criminally obstructed justice. But Trump and his aides are stating that Mueller's report did exonerate. No words from the report will throw them off their mischaracterization of it. A look at claims by Trump and his people on a variety of subjects from the week that produced the Mueller report, which cleared Trump of criminal conspiracy with Russia, traced multiple ways he tried to interfere in the Russia inquiry to his benefit and came to no conclusion on whether those acts broke the law. RUSSIA INVESTIGATION TRUMP: "The end result of the greatest Witch Hunt in U.S. political history is No Collusion with Russia (and No Obstruction). Pretty Amazing! — tweet Saturday. VICE PRESIDENT MIKE PENCE: "Today's release of the Special Counsel's report confirms what the President and I have said since day one: there was no collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia and there was no obstruction of justice." — statement Thursday. KELLYANNE CONWAY, White House counselor: "What matters is what the Department of Justice and special counsel concluded here, which is no collusion, no obstruction, and complete exoneration, as the president says." — remarks Thursday to reporters. THE FACTS: The special counsel's 400-plus-page report specifically does not exonerate Trump, leaving open the question of whether the president obstructed justice. "If we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state," Mueller wrote. "Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards, however, we are unable to reach that judgment." The report identifies 10 instances of possible obstruction by Trump and said he might have "had a motive" to impede the investigation because of what it could find on a variety of personal matters, such as his proposal to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. "The evidence does indicate that a thorough FBI investigation would uncover facts about the campaign and the President personally that the President could have understood to be crimes or that would give rise to personal and political concerns," the report states. In explaining its decision, Mueller's team said reaching a conclusion on whether Trump committed crimes would be inappropriate because of a Justice Department legal opinion indicating that a sitting president should not be prosecuted. It nevertheless left open at least the theoretical possibility that Trump could be charged after he leaves office, noting that its factual investigation was conducted "in order to preserve the evidence when memories were fresh and documentary material were available." "Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him," the report states. ___ SARAH SANDERS, White House press secretary, on her statements from 2017 that many people in the FBI wanted James Comey, the director, fired: "The sentiment is 100% accurate." — "CBS This Morning," Friday. THE FACTS: Her answer on this subject was far different when she gave it under oath. After Trump fired Comey, she told reporters on May 10, 2017, that "the rank and file of the FBI had lost confidence in their director" and "accordingly" the president removed him. When a reporter said most FBI agents supported Comey, Sanders said, "Look, we've heard from countless members of the FBI that say very different things." But when Mueller's team interviewed her under oath, she backed off that story. According to the Mueller report, she said it was a "slip of the tongue" to say that countless FBI people wanted Comey out, that her statement about the rank and file losing confidence in him was offered "in the heat of the moment" and that, in the report's words, it "was not founded on anything." Now she's back to suggesting that Comey was in fact unpopular in the FBI. "I said that it was in the heat of the moment, meaning it wasn't a scripted thing," she said Friday. "But the big takeaway here is that the sentiment is 100% accurate." The Mueller report says there is "no evidence" that Trump heard complaints about Comey's leadership from FBI employees before firing him. Mueller evaluated nearly a dozen episodes for possible obstruction of justice and said he could not conclusively determine that Trump had committed criminal obstruction. Among those episodes was his manner of firing Comey. Mueller found "substantial evidence" corroborating Comey's account of a dinner at which he said Trump pressed him for his loyalty. Although Sanders attributed her remark about Comey's unpopularity to "heat of the moment," Trump has voiced the same sentiment. As recently as January, he tweeted: "The rank and file of the FBI are great people who are disgusted with what they are learning about Lyin' James Comey and the so-called 'leaders' of the FBI." __ ATTORNEY GENERAL WILLIAM BARR, asked if Mueller intended for Congress, not the attorney general, to decide whether Trump obstructed justice: "Well, special counsel Mueller did not indicate that his purpose was to leave the decision to Congress. I hope that was not his view. ... I didn't talk to him directly about the fact that we were making the decision, but I am told that his reaction to that was that it was my prerogative as attorney general to make that decision." THE FACTS: Mueller's report actually does indicate that Congress could make that determination. The report states that no person is above the law, including the president, and that the Constitution "does not categorically and permanently immunize a President for obstructing justice." In his four-page memo last month, Barr said while Mueller left open the question of whether Trump broke the law and obstructed the investigation, Barr was ultimately deciding as attorney general that the evidence developed by Mueller was "not sufficient" to establish, for the purposes of prosecution, that Trump obstructed justice. But the special counsel's report specifies that Congress can also render a judgment on that question. It says: "The conclusion that Congress may apply obstruction laws to the President's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law." ___ BARR: "These reports are not supposed to be made public." — remarks Thursday at the Justice Department. THE FACTS: The attorney general is not going out on a limb for public disclosure. Justice Department regulations give Barr wide authority to release a special counsel's report in situations it "would be in the public interest." Barr had made clear during his Senate confirmation hearing in January that he believed in transparency with the report on Mueller's investigation into Russian election interference during the 2016 campaign, "consistent with regulations and the law." ___ BARR, saying it was "consistent with long-standing practice" for him to share a copy of the redacted report with the White House and president's attorneys before its release: "Earlier this week, the president's personal counsel requested and were given the opportunity to read a final version of the redacted report before it was publicly released. That request was consistent with the practice followed under the Ethics in Government Act, which permitted individuals named in a report prepared by an independent counsel the opportunity to read the report before publication." — remarks Thursday. THE FACTS: Barr's decision, citing the Ethics in Government Act, is inconsistent with independent counsel Ken Starr's handling of his report into whether President Bill Clinton obstructed and lied in Starr's probe. On Sept. 7, 1998, Clinton's attorney David Kendall requested that Starr provide him an opportunity to review the report before it was sent to Congress. Starr quickly turned him down. "As a matter of legal interpretation, I respectfully disagree with your analysis," Starr wrote to Kendall two days later. Starr called Kendall "mistaken" regarding the rights of the president's attorneys to "review a 'report' before it is transmitted to Congress." Starr's report was governed by the ethics act cited by Barr as his justification for showing the report to the president's team. It has since expired. Current regulations governing Mueller's work don't specify how confidential information should be shared with the White House. Starr's report led to the impeachment trial of Clinton in 1999. ___ ECONOMY TRUMP: "We cut your taxes. Biggest tax cut in history."— remarks Monday in Burnsville, Minnesota. THE FACTS: His tax cuts are nowhere close to the biggest in U.S. history. It's a $1.5 trillion tax cut over 10 years. As a share of the total economy, a tax cut of that size ranks 12th, according to the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 cut is the biggest followed by the 1945 rollback of taxes that financed World War II. Post-Reagan tax cuts also stand among the historically significant: President George W. Bush's cuts in the early 2000s and President Barack Obama's renewal of them a decade later. ___ TRUMP: "I believe it will be Crazy Bernie Sanders vs. Sleepy Joe Biden as the two finalists to run against maybe the best Economy in the history of our Country." — tweet Tuesday. TRUMP: "We may have the best economy we've ever had." — remarks in Minnesota. THE FACTS: The economy is healthy but not one of the best in history. Also, there are signs it is weakening after a spurt of growth last year. The economy expanded at an annual rate of 2.9 percent last year, a solid pace. But it was just the fastest in four years. In the late 1990s, growth topped 4 percent for four straight years, a level it has not yet reached under Trump. And growth even reached 7.2 percent in 1984. Independent economists widely expect slower growth this year as the effects of the Trump administration's tax cuts fade, trade tensions and slower global growth hold back exports, and higher interest rates make it more expensive to borrow to buy cars and homes. ___ Associated Press writers Josh Boak and Darlene Superville contributed to this report. ___ Find AP Fact Checks at http://apne.ws/2kbx8bd Follow @APFactCheck on Twitter: https://twitter.com/APFactCheck EDITOR'S NOTE _ A look at the veracity of claims by political figures | Low | [
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As women, we learn from an early age that our moods are a problem, an annoyance to be stuffed away. But our bodies are wiser than we imagine. Moods are a finely tuned feedback system that allows us to be more empathic, intuitive, and aware of our own capabilities. If we deny our emotionality, we deny the breadth of our talents. Yet millions of American women are medicating away their emotions with psychiatric drugs whose effects are more far-reaching than most of us realize. And even if we don't pop a pill, women everywhere are numbing their emotions with food, alcohol, and a host of addictive behaviors that deny the wisdom of our bodies and keep us from addressing the real issues we face. Psychiatrist Julie Holland knows there is a better way. In Moody Bitches, she shares insider information about the drugs we're being offered and the direct link between food and mood, and she offers practical advice on sex, exercise, and sleep strategies, as well as some surprisingly effective natural therapies. In the tradition of Our Bodies, Our Selves, this groundbreaking guide will forge a much needed new path in women's health--and offer women invaluable information on how to live better, and be more balanced, at every stage of life. "Finally, an evidence-based guide to health for women, by a woman, that speaks to the mind, body, and spirit of womanhood. An invaluable manual for moody bitches and essential reading for anyone who knows one."-- Andrew Weil, MD, author of Spontaneous Happiness "A breezy and fast-paced girlfriend's guide to hormonal fluctuations, monthly cycles, sex, breast-feeding, radically different life stages, and the drugs that dull the edges of this often wild emotional ride."-- The Washington Post | High | [
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+ 6*y + 1 Expand (-3*b + b + 3*b + (4 - 4 - 4*b)*(-3 + 2 + 0) + 2*b - b - 2*b)*(610*b**2 + 27978 - 27978). 2440*b**3 Expand (-4 + 4 + j**2)*(2*j + 0 + 0) + j**3 + 4*j**3 - 6*j**3 + 151*j**3 - 309*j**3 + 85*j**3. -72*j**3 Expand (5*v**4 - 2*v**4 - 2*v**4)*(4 - 2 + 0) + (20 - 26 + 17)*(-4*v**4 - 13*v**4 - 41*v**4). -636*v**4 Expand (2*u - 6*u + 3*u)*(516*u**2 + 460*u**2 - 1053*u**2)*((-5 + 1 + 3)*(4 - 4 - 2*u) + u + 0*u + u - 7*u + 2*u + 4*u - 2*u + 4 - 4 + 4 - 4 - 5*u). -308*u**4 Expand (-337360 - 820*g + 337360)*(-3 + 5 + 5) - 3 + 3 - 2*g. -5742*g Expand 147770 - 147770 + 6942*c + (-4 + 7 - 1)*(0*c - 2*c + 0*c). 6938*c Expand (-1100*u + 4257*u + 330*u + 5005*u)*(-4*u + 0*u + 2*u)*(-u + 4 - 4). 16984*u**3 Expand (3 - 3 + r)*(-140*r + 86*r + 73*r) + 98*r + 11*r**2 - 98*r. 30*r**2 Expand (-3*u**3 - 307 + 8*u**4 + 307)*(142*u + 6559 - 6559). 1136*u**5 - 426*u**4 Expand (-2 - 5 + 2)*(169*u**3 - 89 + 89)*(1 - 6*u - 1). 5070*u**4 Expand (-221*r**2 - 124*r**2 + 86*r**2)*(-5*r**2 + 20*r**2 - 2 - r**2). -3626*r**4 + 518*r**2 Expand (4*d**3 - 2*d**3 - 4*d**3)*(-12*d - 47 + 47) + 77*d**4 + 135*d**4 - 70*d**4. 166*d**4 Expand (10 + 18*f - 10 + (2*f - 16*f + 4*f)*(-3 + 4 + 0) - 5*f + 3*f + 4*f)*(f**2 + 0 + 0). 10*f**3 Expand (5*g**3 + 52 - 52)*(-g + 11*g + 2*g) - 5*g**2 + 5*g**2 - 2*g**4 - g**4 + g**4 - 2*g**4 + (0 + 0 + g)*(0*g**3 + 0*g**3 + g**3) - 3*g**4 - 3*g**4 + 5*g**4. 56*g**4 Expand (-15*w + 9*w - 10*w)*(-219*w**2 + 219*w**2 - 49*w**4 + (-3*w + 3*w + w)*(-w + w - w**3)). 800*w**5 Expand (-2*m + 2*m - m)*(-2*m + 2*m - m)*(-66*m + 24*m - 20*m). -62*m**3 Expand (0*f - f + 7*f)*(f - f - 3*f) + 79*f**2 + 172*f**2 + 39*f**2. 272*f**2 Expand (24 - 14 + 29)*(-2 + 2 + 6)*(2*a - 11*a + 2*a). -1638*a Expand -1662*f**3 - 225*f**3 - 929*f**3 + f**3 - 3*f**3 + 0*f**3 - 4*f**3 + 3*f**3 + 2*f**3 + (1 + 2*f**2 - 1)*(f - 2*f - f). -2821*f**3 Expand (-a**3 + 141*a - 699*a - 3064*a**2 + 3068*a**2)*(5*a**2 - a**2 - a**2). -3*a**5 + 12*a**4 - 1674*a**3 Expand (12*z - 32 + 32)*(0 + 0 + 2*z) + (-2*z + 0*z + 3 - 2)*(0*z + 4*z + 3*z) - 41*z**2 - 1361 + 1361. -31*z**2 + 7*z Expand (-17 + 12 - 28 - 13 - 28 + (-3 - 3 + 4)*(-3 + 0 + 1) - 9 + 5 - 6)*(-2*n**4 + 2*n**3 - 2*n**3). 160*n**4 Expand (-3*j + 9*j + j + (4 - 2 - 1)*(0*j - j + 3*j) - 3*j + 0 + 0)*((-j**2 + 3*j**2 + 0*j**2)*(4 + j**2 - 4) + 2*j**4 - 10 + 10). 24*j**5 Expand (62 - 62 + 17*u)*(5*u - 5*u + 4*u) + 9*u**2 + 90 - 11 - 10*u**2. 67*u**2 + 79 Expand (-23 - 4 - 26 + (0 - 2 + 1)*(5 + 4 - 5))*(-2*x - 2*x + 5*x + (-2*x + x + 2*x)*(-2 + 3 + 1) - x + x - x)*(-2*x**2 + 2*x**2 - x**3). 114*x**4 Expand (4008 + 39818 - 5717 + 7658)*(b - 2*b + 4*b**2 - 5*b**2)*(0*b - 4*b + 2*b). 91534*b**3 + 91534*b**2 Expand (1 + 2 + 4)*(-27*q + 1099*q + 80*q - 363*q + 774*q + 211*q). 12418*q Expand 0 + 2*y + 0 + (-2 - 1 - 1)*(-4 + 2*y + 4) + 1200*y + 642*y - 2694*y. -858*y Expand (-5*o**2 - 61*o**2 - 96*o**2)*(3*o - 5*o - 2*o). 648*o**3 Expand (-a - 3*a**3 + a)*((4 + 0 - 1)*(1 + 2 - 1) + (-15 + 8 + 9)*(-1 + 0 + 2))*(1 - 1 + 3). -72*a**3 Expand (4 - 3 - 6)*(-2*f + 3*f + 0*f)*(102 - 26 + 69)*(-6 + 1 + 3). 1450*f Expand (2 + 2 - 5)*(-4 + 4 + v)*(-4*v + 2*v + 0*v + (-3 + 3 - v)*(-6 + 2 + 3)*(5 + 2 - 2)). -3*v**2 Expand (-3*c**3 - 1 + 0*c**3 + c**3)*(41*c**2 + 87*c**2 - 6*c**2). -244*c**5 - 122*c**2 Expand 4 - 4 - 5*r + (1 - 4 + 1)*(-r + 4*r - 4*r) + (-83 - 50 + 46)*(3 + 2 - 4)*(-2*r - 2 + 2). 171*r Expand (-37*i - 30*i + 25*i)*(-12*i**4 + 28*i - 28*i) + i**5 - i**2 + i**2 + (-4*i**3 + 3*i**3 + 3*i**3)*(-2*i**2 - i**2 + 4*i**2) + 2*i**5 + 8*i**2 - 8*i**2. 509*i**5 Expand ((0*j + 2*j + 0*j)*(-j + j + 2*j) + j**2 - 7 + 3*j - 17 + 20)*(-98 + 43*j**2 + 98). 215*j**4 + 129*j**3 - 172*j**2 Expand (-3 + 2 + 4)*(-3*s**3 - 2*s**4 + 3*s**3) + 23*s**4 + 245*s**4 + 33*s**4. 295*s**4 Expand (3*o - 4*o - o)*(0*o**2 + 0*o**2 + 2*o**3) + 1 + 23219*o**4 - 23196*o**4 - 3. 19*o**4 - 2 Expand (10*g + 7 - 7)*(-48*g + 58*g + 123*g + 87*g + 34*g - 10). 2540*g**2 - 100*g Expand (2*q - 3*q + 2*q)*((-8*q - 10*q + 10*q)*(-72 - 14 + 18) - q + 4*q - q)*(-2*q**2 - 2*q + 2*q). -1092*q**4 Expand (3*q + 4*q - 6*q)*(-1581609*q + 2028*q**4 + 1581609*q) + q**4 - 2*q**5 - q**4. 2026*q**5 Expand (-5*l + 0*l - 3*l + (2*l - 3*l + 4*l)*(3 + 0 - 4))*(-152 - 34 + 88). 1078*l Expand (58 - 217 - 27)*(5 + 3 + 2)*(5*b - b - 3*b)*(0*b**2 + 3*b**2 - 2*b**2)*(-3*b**2 - b**2 + 3*b**2). 1860*b**5 Expand (6*b + 7*b - b)*(2*b**3 - 2*b**3 - 2*b**4) + (b**4 - 4*b**4 + 0*b**4)*(0*b - 2*b + 3*b) + (-1 + 4 + 0)*(-66*b + 9*b - b**5 + 29*b). -30*b**5 - 84*b Expand (8 + 5 + 8)*(-5*m**2 - 3 + 3)*(6 - 1 - 3) + 2*m**2 + 3 - 3 + (-2*m**2 - 3*m**2 + 3*m**2)*(-1 + 2 + 1) - 5*m**2 - 2*m**2 + 5*m**2. -214*m**2 Expand 75*m**3 - 6*m**5 - 2*m**5 - 80*m**3 + (0*m**5 + 3*m**5 - 2*m**5)*(3 + 2 + 0) + (2*m**2 - 2*m**2 + 3*m**3)*(m - m - 2*m**2). -9*m**5 - 5*m**3 Expand (0 + 54*w - 1 - 54*w - 8*w**3)*(-7*w + 6*w + 2*w + (5*w - 3*w + 0*w)*(-6 + 3 + 4) + 13 + 3*w - 13). -48*w**4 - 6*w Expand (5*u - u - 2*u)*(4 - 4 + 2) - 36*u + 47*u + 70*u + (4 - 1 - 2)*(-u + 2*u + 0*u). 86*u Expand (-3*a**2 + 3*a**2 + 15*a**2)*(-3 - 3*a + 3) + 6*a**3 + 4*a**3 - 2*a**3 + (-1 + 1 + a**3)*(0 + 0 - 2). -39*a**3 Expand (34 - 70 - 61)*(-5 + 1 + 2)*(-28*y + 90 - 90)*(3 - 1 - 1). -5432*y Expand (3 + 3 - 1)*(4*v**3 - 3*v**3 + v**3) - 15*v**3 + 7*v**3 + 4*v**3 - 5*v**2 + (v + 3 - 3)*(2*v**2 + 0*v + 0*v) - 5*v**3 + 0*v**3 - 2*v**3. v**3 - 5*v**2 Expand -2*b + 3*b + b + (2*b - b + b)*(-1 + 2 + 0) + 1 - 1 + b + (-27*b - 41*b - 12*b)*(0 - 3 + 1 + 0 + 4 - 5 + 1 + 3 - 2 + (-2 + 2 + 1)*(2 + 0 - 4)). 245*b Expand ((0*h + 2*h - 5*h)*(-3 + 3 + 2*h) + 3*h**2 - 22*h + 22*h)*(-3 + 1 + 0)*(29*h**3 + 7*h**3 - 13*h**3). 138*h**5 Expand (8496*h - 7452*h + 23035*h)*(0*h**3 + 3 + 2*h**3 - 4). 48158*h**4 - 24079*h Expand (-533*m + 90715 - 90715 + 2 - 2 - m + 3*m - 6*m + 4*m + (-2 + m + 2)*(0 + 0 + 1) - 4 - 2*m + 4 + 2 - m - 2 - m + 7*m - 2*m)*(-3 - 1 + 3). 531*m Expand (-319*i**4 - 30*i**4 + 56*i**4)*(2*i - 5*i + i). 586*i**5 Expand (4 - 2 - 1)*(9 + 10 - 5)*(7*t**2 - 9*t**2 + 30*t**2)*(-2*t**2 + 4*t**2 + 0*t**2). 784*t**4 Expand -2*t**3 - 7*t**3 - 4*t**3 + (0*t + t - 3*t)*(2*t**2 + 1 - 1) + (0 + 1 - 2)*(-t - t + 0*t)*(-4*t**2 - 16*t**2 + 2*t**2). -53*t**3 Expand (-3*m + 2*m + 2*m + (-m - m + 0*m)*(1 - 3 + 4))*(29*m**2 + 33*m**2 - 58 + 103*m**2 + 58). -495*m**3 Expand -4*a + 2*a**2 - 6*a**2 + 3*a - 2*a + 2*a + 2*a**2 + (2*a + 0*a - 4*a)*(a - 4*a + a) + 18*a**2 + 32*a**2 - 85*a**2. -33*a**2 - a Expand 2*q**4 + 481 + 374 + 958 + (-2*q + 2*q - q**3)*(-q + q - 2*q). 4*q**4 + 1813 Expand 11*n**2 - 74*n**2 + 25*n**2 + (5*n**2 - 4*n**2 + 0*n**2)*(-1 - 1 + 3) - 112*n + 112*n + 15*n**2 + (n - 2 + 2)*(4*n + 3*n - 5*n). -20*n**2 Expand (26*n + 105*n - 22*n)*(-2*n + n - 2*n) + (5*n + 0*n - 3*n)*(5*n + 2 - 2). -317*n**2 Expand (2*s + 17*s - s)*(-43 + 17 + 18) + 1 - 1 - 2*s. -146*s Expand (14*d - 25 + 16 + 10)*(-95*d + 1 - 3 + 106*d)*(-2*d + 0*d + 3*d). 154*d**3 - 17*d**2 - 2*d Expand (-4 + 1 - 10)*(-7*x**3 - 3*x**3 + 2*x**3) + (5 - 2 + 1)*(-2*x + 4*x + 0*x)*(-5 + 5 - x**2). 96*x**3 Expand -5*f**4 + f**4 + 2*f**4 + 244*f**3 + 4*f + 14*f**2 + f**4 - 211*f**3 - 15*f**2 + (-2 + 2 + 4*f)*(4*f**3 + f**3 - 7*f**3). -9*f**4 + 33*f**3 - f**2 + 4*f Expand (-79 - 83*d + 2*d**2 + 79)*(3 + 5 - 6) + 4*d**2 + 0*d**2 - 2*d**2 + (2 + 2*d - 2)*(-2*d + 0*d + 3*d) - 4*d**2 - d**2 + 4*d**2 + 3*d**2 + d**2 - 3*d**2. 8*d**2 - 166*d Expand 72*p**5 + 248 - 248 - 273 + 273 - 103*p**5 + (-3*p**4 + 0*p**4 + 4*p**4)*(6*p - 4*p - 3*p). -32*p**5 Expand (12 - 11 - 6*p + 0*p)*(-171*p - 116*p - 210*p). 2982*p**2 - 497*p Expand (z**3 - 2*z**4 - z**3)*(-214*z + 204*z + 418*z)*(0 + 0 - 2). 1632*z**5 Expand (-2*h**2 + 0*h**2 + 4*h**2)*(-2*h - h**2 + 2*h) - h**2 - 2*h**4 + h**2 + 0*h**4 - 3*h**4 + 8*h**4 - 16*h**4 - 14*h**4 + 12*h**4. -17*h**4 Expand 332*u**2 + 175*u**2 + 187*u**2 - u - 2*u - u**2 + 5*u + (-2*u + 5*u - 2*u)*(-1 - 3*u + 1). 690*u**2 + 2*u Expand (4648 - 4648 - 503*h)*(-4 + 0 - 4). 4024*h Expand 10*k + 2*k - 5*k + (158 - 21 - 85)*(-20 - 7*k + 20). -357*k Expand (-b**4 + b**2 - b**2)*(2 - 3 + 3) + (644*b**3 + 274*b**3 + 399*b**3)*(0*b - b + 2*b) + 0*b**4 + 3*b**4 - b**4. 1317*b**4 Expand ((-3 + 2 - 1)*(4 - 4 + 2*h) + 4*h - 3*h + 0*h)*(3*h - 3 + 3) - 31*h + 257*h**2 - 516*h**2 + 254*h**2. -14*h**2 - 31* | Low | [
0.514522821576763,
31,
29.25
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Cooking Classes Sometimes you want more than a nice catered meal. You want to learn how to make a new recipe or an old favorite on your own. Let Frank come to your home in Chicago and show you how to make any menu you choose with his signature cooking classes. It’s a fun, interactive experience for chefs of all ages and skill levels. It’s a great way to spend time with your family, pass on favorite family recipes or celebrate a special occasion with a fun, unique evening. | High | [
0.6748166259168701,
34.5,
16.625
] |
The Great Library of Palanthas Astinus' Office Dominating the center of this room is a massive birch desk. Legend claims this desk has supported the thousands of volumes of history Astinus has recorded. A large pot of ink, a container of sharpened quills, and a candelabra complete the desks decorations. Small windows line the room, allowing light to trickle in and gently illuminate the entire room. A comfortable couch rests against the west wall. Tapestries hang on the walls between the windows. Shelves line the walls, filled with tomes of the more recent records of heroes and villians upon the face of Krynn. The librarian notices you aren't reading anything... Astinus hands a small leaflet to an Aesthetic standing by you. You note the spine bears the word 'Jellial' scribed in purple ink. As you glance down at the page you read.. I was caught somewhere between the noonday sun and absolutely nothing in Palanthas when I realized how incredibly bored I was. Counting the coins in everyone else's pockets was getting to be as thrilling as picking my own nose and my guildmaster had the sound advice that any solid thief of reputable standing would have. "I don't know why are you bothering me with this? Go steal something." My mother always said that one's destiny is only forged by taking advantage of opportunity. So I took this g I was caught somewhere between the noonday sun and absolutely nothing in Palanthas when I realized how incredibly bored I was. Counting the coins in everyone else's pockets was getting to be as thrilling as picking my own nose and my guildmaster had the sound advice that any solid thief of reputable standing would have. "I don't know why are you bothering me with this? Go steal something." My mother always said that one's destiny is only forged by taking advantage of opportunity. So I took this g I was caught somewhere between the noonday sun and absolutely nothing in Palanthas when I realized how incredibly bored I was. Counting the coins in everyone else's pockets was getting to be as thrilling as picking my own nose and my guildmaster had the sound advice that any solid thief of reputable standing would have. "I don't know why are you bothering me with this? Go steal something." My mother always said that one's destiny is only forged by taking advantage of opportunity. So I took this golden opportunity from my guildmaster, gave him a salute, and struck out on the open road. I heard Lemish had some wealthy wizards. Now, I don't know if anyone reading this knows how difficult it is to case a wizard's stash, but usually the starting advice is to "Don't". If you're like me however, that's just extra opportunity. Hell, that's like, double extra special opportunity. So, somewhere between noondayish and a busy street in Lemish, I caught myself fingers deep in a wizards robe. Not many readers may know this, but the inside of wizards robes are absolutely filthy. They smell like rotted meat fermenting in saffron and beetlejuice and have the kind of consistency that, admittedly, looks like silk, but feels like slimy burlap. Upon inserting said digits into this lovely (See horrifying) woman's robes, I found myself smaller, very small, and tinkling. Now, I don't mean pissing down the street, not that I would, mind, but rather tinkling in the form of the sound of a bell. Soon, I found myself gazing up at some very very lovely red eyes (See horrifying) of a elven woman's robes. "Well little cat burglar, I guess we have ourselves a new precious to add to the collection." I scoffed indigently at her, giving my black furred paw a lick and push it over my ear. I was a cat now, I could act as imperious as I wanted. She picked me up, and took me home. She named me Nibbles. My mother always said that one's destiny is only forged by taking advantage of opportunity. But what did she know she was an elven whore. more to come when I can be bothered. There were some real creative geniuses when it came to the naming of the streets of Lemish. Onslaught Avenue, Legion Way, Spectre Street. All they needed was a "We Are Clearly Evil And Could Not Be Bothered" Boulevard. So I spent my following 2 to 3 weeks, I'm not really sure, there were a lot of naps, following my new master around, doing her bidding, lounging, licking myself, and attempting mischief and delight where I could. Let's not forget, she wears black robes, has red eyes, looks like a harpies sex aid, and named me Nibbles. Clearly she carries the blood of demons in her shrivelled little blacked grape she calls a heart. When she wasn't petting me, feeding me, treating me like some kind of king, well deserved as it was, she was either sleeping or studying or tormenting the lost souls of the damned as she put them through the rigours of experimental magic. Despite my selfish and narcissistic behaviour, I was always on edge during these proceedings, she usually trapped me in a bubble of force, for my own protection or so I couldn't interfere I was never sure. So, it was something beyond my ken to stop her, but that didn't stop me altogether from doing what I could. Beyond sleeping on a plush pillow, I found myself amongst the streets of Lemish quite often. I had persuaded a group of children not to throw rocks at me, and had befriended them. Now, don't get me wrong, they weren't all sunshine eyes and white tooth smiles. I like kids. But these kids could seriously get lost in a well and eaten by cannibalistic gully dwarves. There was one good one though, his name was Crandal. Crandal was a big lad, the size and shape of a small Minotaur or a large brown bear, with about the same amount of clarity of thought and mental acuity you might expect, but he was as soft with his hands as he was hard with his punches. Crandal was my ace in the hole, none of them were quick on the uptake so they usually considered me a some dumb cat. They all decided I'd be called Sparky. You know, rather than something dignified. Author: Jellial Date: Fri Jul 3 20:15:29 2015 Subject At First I was Friendly Part 2 While these kids had the cumulative brain power, if in liquid format, could probably fill something like a quarter flask. I myself, being the master thief and judicial purveyor of wit that I was, managed to convince Crandal I was something more than just a cat. My first few attempts failed miserably. Trying to write "Hey Crandal, I'm not a cat, I'm a Half Elf in cursed form," in the dirt, resulted in him clapping and smiling and picking me up and petting my head and irritating me beyond all human comprehension before I was sure pit fiends would be in awe of my enraged train of thought. Of course, the big lout couldn't read, a minor oversite on my part. I rectified this later when he picked me up, by punching him in the face a couple times with my paw till he was paying attention, pointed to my eyes, then his, then nodded. That got his attention a little more clearly, eventually I managed to work out the simple fact that yes, I was a sentient magical cat. Fear me, I am Nibbles. So Eventually I started leading him around, showing him secret hidey holes where I had sequestered spare gold or copper, directed him to people in need, and eventually had him beat the hell out of the largest bully in his group, and become their de factor leader. Crandal was convinced I was a divine being sent by Habbakuk to lead him on the path of Paladinhood. I had neither the inclination nor the ability to correct him. For all I know he could've been right. Eventually opportunity arose, and you know what they say about opportunity. Destiny, forging, path, something, something, etc. The witch had put me out this day, instead of putting me in a bubble, saying something about hellfire and whatnot. I was too enraptured by this chance to do anything more than go find Crandal, and get some sweet sweet payback. Crandal had become something of a local hero to the downtrodden, the dragonarmy wouldn't really bother too much with him, and they knew better than to try to put him down because he was well, huge. Like, really huge. The last time they tried to arrest him he suplexed one goblin into yet another goblin. It was glorious. So upon finding him, I meowed like a whiney bastard, led him to the house, and let him bring down "The vile witch that had been plaguing these lands for too long!" Or something. She was a little too engrossed with running a dagger into her palm to more than look up blankly before Crandal lopped her head off with one swipe. The look of complete dumbfounded confusion in her lifeless eyes as it rolled across the floor is still recalled by me when I have trouble sleeping at night. Crandal picked me up, carried me throughout the house as he put it to the torch, and we bailed. I was still a cat, Crandal was probably morally justified, and the wicked witch was dead. I call that about breaking even. So picking up where I left off some weeks down the line. It was clear to me that there are generally about four or five things you try not to do within the city limits of Lemish. First off, generally forget everything you know about cliche. Lemish wrote, published and sold the book on it. The witches are evil, the priests wear black robes, the guards kick puppies and the bards wish for happier times. You could basically paint a picture of lemish and you wouldn't be able to think of anything other than "In a time when we desperately needed a hero." Which is immediately followed by the number two of "Do not repeat this crap within Lemish." Which is, don't be a hero. That, upon, is followed by number three, don't murder people in their homes and then burn their houses down. No matter how ugly they are. Even the city of Lemish has it's laws. Sort of. That left me and Crandal in a bit of a tough spot, since a dozen or so people saw him leave the burning building, yours truly in hand, who was known as the old witch's pet. It couldn't really have gotten any deeper for the giant warrior. He was really in the gully pile at this point, and if it wasn't for me jumping out of his arms and leading him out of town, he'd be swinging by his neck in the town square. So, inevitably, he was living out of a cave somewhere off the outskirts of the town, having chased the bears, actual bears, out of it, he nestled in and started to think. Sadly, thinking was not Crandal's strong suit, however, his divine avatar of Habbakuk who was leading him on the path of paladinhood (see myself), was definitely the kind of man... cat, that could come up with a plan on the fly. It didn't take long for me to evade Crandal's peripheral vision, or vision, or awareness, since when the man sleeps, he makes noises that would impress lumber mills, and was my cue to leave. I quickly made it back in town, which was near in an uproar. I found Crandal's boys easily enough, without their leader they were all terrified of who was going to take the blame and with shared mutual fear of being ratted out, were huddled together in a sort of glaring standoff to see who'd leave first and no doubt be tackled from behind. The moment they saw me they shouted, "It's Sparky! Hey! Maybe he knows where Crandal is!" Gods bless those stupid, stupid children. I wasted no time leading them up and through the city where they could witness firsthand the turmoil going throughout, making sure to take a circuitous route so even the dimmest would realize the folly of turning on my chosen champion. Eventually, we made it to the cave, whereupon his posse fell on Crandal like a gaggle of loss sheep to a Shepard. Now, despite my criticism of the man, he was actually a quite capable leader. After a moment of two of consolation and quite thanks and greetings, he got them lined up with barking orders, had them all discussing plans and doing maths and whatever it is little kids do when they think they are going to live through the night. As for me, well, I was 45. I knew better. The gaurds weren't going to just wait around the town of Lemish. I scooted out under the cover of the conversation, heading back into the town to discover hunting dogs already heading to the cavesite. This gave me more than an amount of pause. I didn't want them hurt, but beyond that there was little I could do. So I headed further into the city itself, scampering from alley to rooftop, watching the gate like a... cat, patient and unblinking until the whole crew, minus a few guards and kids each, were dragged in by their legs, clearly unconscious. A shock of blond hair proved that my protege, while not unharmed, was at least alive. At first, I was coming up with new and intricate, possibly even revolutionary ways of picking a lock on a cell door with no fingers. Barring that, stealing the keys and carrying them over in my mouth like the loyal sort of elf I am. However, and this was the fourth thing I found out about Lemish that I promised I'd never repeat, which is actually surmountable given my profession, is that they actually do not, keep you overnight for murder and arson, or even petty crime. No, they drag you into town square, and let the executioner have his fun, and the citizens get a show. So I was there, climbing down, winding my way through the crowd as the executioner listed crimes, grievances, personal anecdotes, really he was actually very well put together and had a natural talent for crowd working and showmanship. As if possessed of some great inner strength, and a heavy helping of actual physical outer strength, Crandal let out a huge scream, and rent the wood on his stockade. The executioner, as if he had somehow knew this would happen by script, turned around, extending his hand, which, unfortunately, was grasping a wand. That day, I was unaware of three facts. One, the city of Lemish routinely employs magic users as executioners. Two, wands of polymorph are a thing. And three, I apparently always land on my feet. So I leaped from the crowd into the ray's blast, turned from once gorgeous cat to even more gorgeous, sexy, intelligent, well endowed, and vibrant man, and indeed, landed on my feet. There was a long, possibly about 5 or 6 seconds of entirely stunned silence, which was followed by a small furtive smile to Crandal, and the words, spoken fluently with a real mouth. "RUN AWAY!" With that, me and my young friend barrelled our way through the crowd, down some streets, out the closing gates, and into what would no doubt be amazing amiable mutual profit. Author: Jellial Date: Tue Jul 7 01:43:24 2015 Subject Bad Kitty What most people don't know about the kapak of the red dragon army is that their coats are incredibly comfortable, roomy, and they breathe exceptionally well when you're standing somewhere outside the city of Palanthas in the sun waiting for the right type of mage to come buy. Mostly, I've gotten into the habit of robbing from mages, they are weak, slow, and tend to be incredibly susceptible to being pushed down, having dirt kicked in their face and then robbed blind. I'd like to point out that this was my second attempt at robbing a mage, and we all remember how that first attempt went. So there I was, standing off to the side of the road in stolen uniforms with my loyal probee Crandal, who had learned some very important lessons in life. "So, why are we standing out here again?" "Crandal, what is the first rule of being a paladin of Habbakuk?" "Don't ask questions?" "You got it, now get down, someone is coming." My stomach initially turned at the sight of yet another caster, my life seems to be absolutely plagued by them, not that that isn't sort of kinda my own fault. I stepped out of the shadows of the foliage, feeling like I was wearing doom itself on my shoulders and shouted, "Halt! In the name of the Emperor!" Sadly, this particularly brilliant and well thought out fear tactic only illicited a response familiar to me, a spell called lightning bolt. So, I hit her with my cosh, because honestly, screw that noise. Author: Jellial Date: Wed Jul 8 03:57:16 2015 Subject Bad Kitty Pt.2 Have you ever been at that point in life where you're being hit by a lightning bolt and fleeing into an alley, sprinting as fast as you can while stripping your stolen disguise like man dressed in burning clothes? I was about at that point right now. I was spun on my heels by the force of the blow, turning and blinking the wrath of the very elements out of my eyes. I streaked down the alley to my right, hearing fleeing footsteps up ahead, which was just lovely. I ducked into the shadows like a black cat going down a dark hallway and pulled the protege in by his beefy wrist. I put a hand over his mouth as I watched the young woman report my particular sort of kinda maybe wrongdoing and sent the guard down the road I had just fled from like a naked Solamnic during draconian bath night. Using the ears I was born with and the senses that'd put lesser men to shame, which would be most of them, I watched as the girl took down the completely inebriated warrior, and fled yet again. The night at least wasn't a total wash, as the man had some lovely shoes and a few coins and a complete lack of conciousness which was too ethereal to take. However, everything else was free gain. So, after about an hour later I was catching my breath somewhere inside a corn field south of Palanthas, Crandal to my left, looking worried. He always looks worried lately, like he wants to say something but is unsure he'd like the answer. Not sure what's wrong with the lad. Author: Jellial Date: Wed Jul 8 04:09:17 2015 Subject Bad Kitty Pt.3 I leaned back on my own boots, the new shiny expensive ones tucked away somewhere in Crandal's backpack. The sun was beating down on my neck like the evil red gaze of some hithertoo and inevitable horrible deathbeast. "Why did we attack that woman? Why are we taking this man's shoes? I don't think I understand, Jellial," cam Crandal's worries. Bless his heart. "Because my fine man!" I stated simply with an easy smile as I threw my arm around him. "It's in our inevitable experience in the service of Habbakuk that we do, and be, within the dominion of personal purveyance and gain. Ergo, we took his boots. He had plenty of money and would no doubt have more, enough to buy some more boots. In the end, we did nothing wrong." "I don't know..." "Well, no..." "And I always know what I'm talking about." "Well, yes..." "So off to Solanthus we go! Keep up now!" I started, jogging away on slippery morality like I do it every day. Hint: I do. Author: Jellial Date: Wed Jul 8 16:27:58 2015 Subject Bad Kitty Pt.3 I leaned back on my own boots, the new shiny expensive ones tucked away somewhere in Crandal's backpack. The sun was beating down on my neck like the evil red gaze of some hithertoo and inevitable horrible deathbeast. "Why did we attack that woman? Why are we taking this man's shoes? I don't think I understand, Jellial," cam Crandal's worries. Bless his heart. "Because my fine man!" I stated simply with an easy smile as I threw my arm around him. "It's in our inevitable experience in the service of Habbakuk that we do, and be, within the dominion of personal purveyance and gain. Ergo, we took his boots. He had plenty of money and would no doubt have more, enough to buy some more boots. In the end, we did nothing wrong." "I don't know..." "Have I ever steered you wrong?" "Well, no..." "And I always know what I'm talking about." "Well, yes..." "So off to Solanthus we go! Keep up now!" I started, jogging away on slippery morality like I do it every day. Hint: I do. "You know what I hate?" "What do you hate, Jellial?" "I hate those types of stories where there is like, a ton of expository narrative and very little dialogue." "You can read?" I smacked him on top of his brown nappy head from my perch on his shoulders as he trudged down the Solanthus streets in the noonday sun. The rays of the bright orb burning his muscular thews as I leaned forward till I was eye to eye with him, albeit upsidedown. "Of course I can read. In fact, I'll be writing all the exploits of your heroic deeds down one day, and compile them into one big frickin book." His young eyes lit up with glee, the kind of glee you can only get when someone sort of kinda maybe lies to you about all your dreams coming true. He pushed his way into a bar as we continued to talk about the pending heroic deeds, me clambering down off of him like he was a wall of vines instead of nigh 7 feet of human flesh, as the table sailed past us, crashing into the side of the wall with enough force for someone to probably want to lodge a complaint with the guard. Being the wise and opportunist entrepreneur I was, I ducked out from my large friend, who drew his, well, -fists- in the name of Habbakuk and joined the fray. I popped up somewhere near some green woman and that man who's shoes I stole not too long ago. Opportunity, meet destiny. The green woman looked like the type of chick who'd go long and far in her own story about self righteousness, self discovery, and implied sexuality, while the knightly looking fellow looked like he wanted to take her up on the implied sexuality and make it into fully aggrieved and apparent sexuality. Not for nothing, but I caught him staring at her chest the moment I sat down next to them, or rather, popped up underneath the table and placed the boots down. "So," I began, turning to the drunk, or rather, the knight. "Would you be interested in buying a new pair of boots?" At this point in my career, I have robbed from the rich, the blind, the addled, the downtrodden, the less dowtroddened, the depressed, and the penniless. I find the last one in particular to be a major accomplishment, as I have stolen from people with nothing to steal. Except smiles... and teeth. Of course, with my penchant for cunning plans, the skills that would put the high lords of stealth to shame. May there names never be spoken, their footsteps never heard. I find myself once again, at the doorstep of a mages abode. And not just any mage! Considering. I mean, he could have just been any mage. I was literally throwing darts at a wall comprised of all the names of mages I knew. To be terribly honest, there weren't that many. So, staring down a red dragon army den, something that even the most bravest of heroes would balk at, given they did not have my countance, charisma, or aptitude for primal genius, I have found myself in the company of two kapak. One, a very very unconcious man, a simple leg held out and he finds himself tangled in his fancy robes, and fancy swords, and all the swearing. Okay, I might have added a simple bash to the back of the head into the formula. The other was simply dead. I don't know why, I didn't kill him. I assume he died from all the children's hearts he has consumed, I hear they are awfully fatty. Either way, three locked doors, five gaurd dogs, one patrolling lanterman, three winding staircases, tickling a maid as I passed by, I was standing inside Lord Teagues study. One of his studies. Probably not even his study. Who knows, I was just robbing the place. It was absolutely beautiful, well designed, decadant, maybe my imagination was making up at least three fourths of this description, I remembering having to defacate so bad I was crossing my legs. But not from fear, hardly that. To my beweliderment, the study comprised itself of tricks and secret doors, false levers, idle crawlspaces. For a man of my considerable talents, they were all very easy to spot, easy to avoid, and after a few moments, I had a well prized snuffer box with some nice embroidery, backtracking through three locked doors, five gaurd dogs, one patrolling lanterman, three winding staircases, and a giggling maid. I like to consider myself something of a rake at times, and so I did leave Teague a note, as I will read off to you now. Ahem. Dear Lord something something something Teague. I know you are a man of considerable wealth, time, pateince, verbosity, wealth, aclimation, acheivement, understanding, and wealth. I decided that, in the best interest of man, we should share said attributes with the world, for the bettermeant of all mortals. I do, leave unto you, my thanks, and goodwill, that your understanding and caring nature has given this opportunity, so that orphans can go fed, wrongs can be righted, and wenches can saunter w Dear Lord something something something Teague. I know you are a man of considerable wealth, time, pateince, verbosity, wealth, aclimation, acheivement, understanding, and wealth. I decided that, in the best interest of man, we should share said attributes with the world, for the bettermeant of all mortals. I do, leave unto you, my thanks, and goodwill, that your understanding and caring nature has given this opportunity, so that orphans can go fed, wrongs can be righted, and wenches can saunter without fear through the streets. Sincerely, yours, The Freindly Neighborhood Cat PS I like what you've done with the place. Interesting that it smells like sex, though. PPS Good for you though, getting up in years, it must be hard to find people interested in that with you. PPPS Also, I used your privy and I am ashamed to say that I could not for the life of me figure out how to work it. You probably are smelling it at this moment, I recommend sending in a few maids, or maybe a team. | Mid | [
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Q: How to store arbitrary data for some HTML tags I'm making a page which has some interaction provided by javascript. Just as an example: links which send an AJAX request to get the content of articles and then display that data in a div. Obviously in this example, I need each link to store an extra bit of information: the id of the article. The way I've been handling it in case was to put that information in the href link this: <a class="article" href="#5"> I then use jQuery to find the a.article elements and attach the appropriate event handler. (don't get too hung up on the usability or semantics here, it's just an example) Anyway, this method works, but it smells a bit, and isn't extensible at all (what happens if the click function has more than one parameter? what if some of those parameters are optional?) The immediately obvious answer was to use attributes on the element. I mean, that's what they're for, right? (Kind of). <a articleid="5" href="link/for/non-js-users.html"> In my recent question I asked if this method was valid, and it turns out that short of defining my own DTD (I don't), then no, it's not valid or reliable. A common response was to put the data into the class attribute (though that might have been because of my poorly-chosen example), but to me, this smells even more. Yes it's technically valid, but it's not a great solution. Another method I'd used in the past was to actually generate some JS and insert it into the page in a <script> tag, creating a struct which would associate with the object. var myData = { link0 : { articleId : 5, target : '#showMessage' // etc... }, link1 : { articleId : 13 } }; <a href="..." id="link0"> But this can be a real pain in butt to maintain and is generally just very messy. So, to get to the question, how do you store arbitrary pieces of information for HTML tags? A: Which version of HTML are you using? In HTML 5, it is totally valid to have custom attributes prefixed with data-, e.g. <div data-internalid="1337"></div> In XHTML, this is not really valid. If you are in XHTML 1.1 mode, the browser will probably complain about it, but in 1.0 mode, most browsers will just silently ignore it. If I were you, I would follow the script based approach. You could make it automatically generated on server side so that it's not a pain in the back to maintain. A: If you are using jQuery already then you should leverage the "data" method which is the recommended method for storing arbitrary data on a dom element with jQuery. To store something: $('#myElId').data('nameYourData', { foo: 'bar' }); To retrieve data: var myData = $('#myElId').data('nameYourData'); That is all that there is to it but take a look at the jQuery documentation for more info/examples. A: Just another way, I personally wouldn't use this but it works (assure your JSON is valid because eval() is dangerous). <a class="article" href="link/for/non-js-users.html"> <span style="display: none;">{"id": 1, "title":"Something"}</span> Text of Link </a> // javascript var article = document.getElementsByClassName("article")[0]; var data = eval(article.childNodes[0].innerHTML); | Mid | [
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In 2011, two episodes of Jeopardy stunned the world when the best Jeopardy players in the history squared off against IBM’s Watson Cognitive Computing System and were soundly beaten. For many, this was the moment when artificial intelligence probably became a very real thing in their minds; one contestant even scrawled "I, for one, welcome our future computer overlords" on his answer in his final losing round. He likely spoke for many in the audience. Watson dominated a game where nuanced wordplay was intrinsic to the challenge of the contest, where contestants needed to provide the question that fit an answer shrouded in double meaning. For humans, Jeopardy is a unique cognitive exercise—as anyone playing along at home can attest to—but for a machine that can be thwarted by a reCAPTCHA challenge on a web page, Watson’s success was a monumental achievement in computing that has implications for the future of practical, everyday technology. Cognitive Computing vs. Artificial Intelligence Calling cognitive computing a form artificial intelligence isn’t wrong, but it misses a fundamental distinction that makes it so remarkable. When we talk about artificial intelligence, often we are talking about something that is necessarily an incredible sophisticated functional algorithm. That is, an AI is a very, very complex decision tree—one we may not even be able to follow ourselves—that when given a specific input, will produce a predictable output. This is how autonomous vehicles work, by taking in a starting point and a destination as input and navigating between the two according to a mind-bogglingly long sequence of if-else statements. If the light is red, stop; otherwise, proceed. No human input needed. This is a radical simplification, but this is essentially what most people are talking about when they talk about AI. An AI is something that finds the best possible way to do something within a given set of parameters and makes a decision or takes action as a result. This applies to autonomous vehicles as much as it does to high-speed trading platforms on Wall Street. What is Cognitive Computing? If it isn’t just another form of AI, then what is cognitive computing? Cognitive systems use all of the same machine learning, natural language processing, and data mining techniques that the above AI uses, but it takes things a step further and seeks to emulate the way the human brain reasons and makes decisions, often with conflicting or outright contradictory information. It crunches all of this data and considers all the parameters and variables at play and sorts through each the way humans might choose which restaurant to eat at or which car to buy. It’s much more subjective than the typical AI system. When it finishes its analysis, a cognitive computational system like IBM’s Watson will provide what it thinks is the best choice for a given problem from an array of possible solutions. This is not necessarily the right choice, however. It leaves it to the human who is using the system to decide what the right course of action is in a given situation. Assisting Human Decision Making, Not Replacing It The essential distinction between cognitive platforms and artificial intelligence systems is that you want an AI to do something for you. A cognitive platform is something you turn to for collaboration or for advice. The applications for these platforms range from medicine to customer service. Doctors can use these systems to assist them in diagnosing patients, utilizing their ability to analyze a patient’s medical history against every medical textbook ever written, identifying possible diseases a Doctor might never have considered, or even know about. Businesses can use it to incorporate all kinds of risk factors into a decision before providing a company with a recommendation about an investment or a location to build a new satellite office. The possibilities for this technology in the future are enormous, and no industry will be left untouched by it in the next decade. Where Should We Expect to See the Biggest Impact? Innovation 5 Intractable Problems Quantum Computing Will Solve Financial services are the most likely place we’ll see these systems make significant advances. As we see the exponential growth of data across every sector of the economy, there will be more and more ways to make money that may not be apparent to humans who have no way to process and analyze the petabytes of data stored in the cloud. This sort of thing is precisely what these platforms is designed to do, and if anyone has the money to invest in this technology, it will be financial services firms. Health care and law both stand to gain significantly from this technology as well. With the millions of pages of case law that attorneys have to sift through when preparing lawsuits—or when defending a client from one—a whole army of paralegals could not provide the kind of analysis and assistance that this platform could provide. Consumer service will see a massive benefit from these systems, both in retail and in corporate communications, as well. Retail outlets already use AIs to act as shopping assistants for customers, and this trend will only accelerate once this technology becomes more widespread. Chatbots are already a rudimentary form of this kind of computing that can field basic customer service inquiries. As they become more sophisticated, they could eventually replace entire call centers, routing only the most unconventional customer service issue to a human agent. Considering the cost savings on this alone, we should expect to deal with a lot fewer humans on the phone than we already do. Implications for the Future When people first watched IBM’s Watson master the nuances of human language and beat the two greatest Jeopardy players back in 2011, there was considerable anxiety. A machine could suddenly beat us at something we thought only humans could do and beat us soundly. When people express anxieties about artificial intelligence taking over entire industries and displacing millions of workers, this is the technology they are talking about. Whether or not those anxieties are exaggerated remains to be seen, but without a doubt, we'll know soon enough—the cognitive computing revolution is already here and there’ll be no going back. | High | [
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Any of the driftwoods will mold over if left above the water line in humid conditions. I was soaking a few buckets of new purchased wood (including mopani) and had forgotten about them, and the tips sticking out looked the same. I boiled mine cleaned and made sure they were completely submerged after. It is mold so it could be bad for you, not sure it would impact the fish any. Can you trim it down to the water line? If you like the look of it above water and aren't worried about it, you may just need to wait out the mold. At some point it should run out of food and die off. Any of the driftwoods will mold over if left above the water line in humid conditions. I was soaking a few buckets of new purchased wood (including mopani) and had forgotten about them, and the tips sticking out looked the same. I boiled mine cleaned and made sure they were completely submerged after. It is mold so it could be bad for you, not sure it would impact the fish any. Can you trim it down to the water line? If you like the look of it above water and aren't worried about it, you may just need to wait out the mold. At some point it should run out of food and die off. Click to expand... I don’t know if I’ll be able to trim it or not because it’s a large piece of wood and I attached plants and such to it already. | Low | [
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Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold was a piano maker in Paris in the early 19th century. Petzold was born 2 July 1794 in Lichtenhayn, a village in Saxony near Meißen. His father, a Protestant minister, wanted him to learn an artistic trade and in April 1798 brought him to Dresden where he apprenticed with Charles Rodolphe August Wenzky, maker of organs and pianos to the court. After five years, Petzold travelled to Vienna with a letter of recommendation from Wenzky to Walther for whom he worked until departing for Paris December 1805. Petzold formed a partnership with J. Pfeiffer in April 1806, and their first products were a cabinet upright which Petzold called the harmomelo, and a well received triangular piano, followed by an improved square. The partners established their own workshops in 1814, and the sound, regulation and construction of Petzold's subsequent instruments earned him a distinguished reputation. The enlarged soundboard Petzold introduced in square pianos at the 1806 French National Exposition received little notice. Its purpose was to increase the amount of sound, but the arrangement increased the height of the strings and required greater action leverage than the English square action could provide. Petzold substituted a variation of an English grand action with a crank escapement and individual hammer flanges, but the heavier blows it allowed required heavier stringing, which in turn required stronger frames. These changes gave his squares an unprecedented fullness and capacity for expression, and indicated the direction of subsequent changes that would take place in the art of constructing, as well as writing for and performing on pianos. Notes This was a vertically strung, full size upright with underdampers operated by a crank from the keys. (Harding. p248); Fetis mistakes it for a kind of upright grand. References Fétis, F. J. (1867, 1880) Biographie universelle des musiciens. Didot frères, Paris. Harding, R. (1978) The Piano-Forte. Gresham Books. Old Woking, Surrey. Category:French musical instrument makers Category:Piano makers Category:French people of German descent Category:People from Saxony Category:1794 births Category:Year of death missing | Mid | [
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Facts ===== Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved molecular pathway, crucial for the development and homeostasis of most tissues.The Notch receptors, a family of trans-membrane proteins, are also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of a spectrum of human diseases, including cancer. Nowadays, Notch receptors are reported to act both as tumor suppressors and oncogenes.Inflammation is characterized by a complex mixture of mediators that have a strong impact on normal and cancer cells.The role of Notch in inflammatory-driven tumors is now emerging, but its effect is still controversial. Open question ============= How does inflammation influence Notch signaling?Is the inflammatory context a contributing factor for Notch pathway activation?What is the relevance of the Notch pathway in inflammatory-driven cancers?Can the targeting of inflammation impact Notch pathway activity? Notch signaling is a molecular pathway used as a general developmental tool for controlling organ formation and morphogenesis in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms,^[@bib1]^ and avails itself of a direct cell-cell model of communication.^[@bib2]^ The signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch pathway can orchestrate a surprisingly wide spectrum of specific programs, including differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, which are able to influence cell-fate and to regulate tissue homeostasis.^[@bib3]^ Importantly, the deregulation of Notch signaling has been found involved in many pathological processes, including cancer.^[@bib4][@bib5]^ In particular, a double role of the Notch pathway, acting as both tumor suppressor or tumor promoter, has been reported.^[@bib6]^ Although the inflammatory microenvironment arises from a normal host defense with the goal of inducing pathogen elimination, it is well documented that low-grade/chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in cancer promotion.^[@bib7]^ Moreover, the tumor microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells and their secreted factors, is an indispensable participant in cellular apoptosis/survival and migration.^[@bib8]^ Interestingly, inflammatory cells share and/or modulate some of the signaling molecules of the tumor cells, including those belonging to the Notch canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways.^[@bib9]^ Thus, inflammation could have an 'intrinsic\' effect, specifically stimulating the Notch pathway in the epithelial cells; likewise, inflammation could have an 'extrinsic\' effect on tumor progression, since it modulates Notch within cells of the inflammatory compartment, that in turn are able to interact with tumor cells ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The involvement of inflammatory mediators in the regulation of Notch signaling is documented in many malignancies, including breast cancer,^[@bib10]^ multiple myeloma,^[@bib11]^ hepatocellular carcinoma^[@bib12]^ and colorectal cancer.^[@bib13],\ [@bib14],\ [@bib15]^ Given these premises, an intriguing overview for understanding the ambiguity of Notch signaling in tumors relies on its crosstalk with the inflammatory *milieu*. Therefore, in this review we will examine the state of the art concerning the influence of inflammation on the biological effect of the Notch signaling in different types of cancer, with a particular focus on the intestinal epithelium. Canonical Notch pathway ======================= The Notch pathway, which is able to regulate many different biological functions, relies on a cell-to-cell model of communication.^[@bib16]^ In humans, the canonical Notch cascade begins when one of the specific trans-membrane Notch ligands of the sending cell (Jagged1-2, DLL1, DLL3 and DLL4) binds to one of the Notch receptors (Notch1--4) expressed on a receiving cell surface. The receptor-ligand binding triggers two consecutive proteolytic cleavages in the Notch receptor. The first proteolytic event, catalyzed by the TACE metalloproteinase (ADAM17), cleaves the extracellular portion of the receptor; the second proteolytic step involves the remaining membrane-anchored fragment, which is processed by the γ-secretase enzyme, and induces the release of the active intracellular domain of Notch (NICD). NICD translocates into the nucleus where it interacts with the transcriptional repressor protein CSL/RBP-J. Following the recruitment of Mastermind-like co-activators and the histone acetyltransferase p300, CSL/RBP-J is converted to a transcriptional activator leading to the induction of downstream target genes, including Hes1 and Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein 1.^[@bib17]^ Non-canonical Notch pathway =========================== Importantly, to date a non-canonical role for Notch signaling has been reported, especially regarding the immune system. The non-canonical Notch pathways are RBP-Jκ-independent signals involved in several physiological and pathological cellular processes, including oncogenesis.^[@bib18]^ A role for non-canonical Notch signaling in transformed cells has been suggested by the evidence that inhibition of *γ*-secretase does not block all Notch-related functions in tumor cells.^[@bib19]^ The principal mechanisms able to interact in a non-canonical manner with Notch and involved in the response to inflammation are: I- the pathway of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB);^[@bib20],\ [@bib21]^ II- hypoxia;^[@bib22],\ [@bib23],\ [@bib24],\ [@bib25],\ [@bib26],\ [@bib27]^ III- the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in particular involving Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β),^[@bib28]^ and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9);^[@bib29]^ IV- the Wnt signaling pathway, affecting the stability of β-catenin;^[@bib9],\ [@bib30]^ V- the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nutrient sensor kinase mTOR.^[@bib31]^ [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} shows the principal molecular mechanisms concerning the inflammation-driven non-canonical Notch pathways in the field of malignant progression. The Notch pathway: oncogenic or tumor-suppressive role? ======================================================= Although there has been extensive research on Notch deregulation in cancer in the last two decades, the biological effects upon Notch signaling activation are still not fully understood. Indeed, some reports clearly describe a tumorigenic activity of this pathway^[@bib32]^ but, on the other hand, a tumor suppressor function of Notch signaling has also been reported.^[@bib33]^ For instance, while studies demonstrated that the truncated form of Notch4 has a causative role in the development of mammary tumors in animal models,^[@bib34]^ others reported a possible oncogenic role of Notch1 overexpression in human breast cancer tissues.^[@bib35]^ Another context in which Notch exerts a tumor-promoting role is melanoma: indeed, global gene expression profiling revealed an overexpression of Notch receptors in primary human malignant melanomas.^[@bib36]^ Importantly, it was demonstrated that the activation of Notch1 enables primary melanoma cells to gain metastatic capability via *β*-catenin.^[@bib37]^ On the other hand, a protective role of Notch in other tumor settings has been reported. In a model of small cell lung cancer Sriuranpong and colleagues demonstrated that the overexpression of the active forms of Notch1 and Notch2 causes the block of cell cycle at G1 phase and the arrest of the tumor growth.^[@bib38]^ Furthermore, Notch1-deficient animals spontaneously develop basal cell-carcinoma-like tumors associated with upregulation of Shh signaling. The authors also found that Notch1 deficiency leads to increased expression of *β*-catenin expression in the epidermis, which was reverted by the re-introduction of a dominant active form of the Notch1 receptor.^[@bib39]^ Consistently with these findings, it has been reported a reduced expression of Notch1, Notch2 and Jagged1 in human basal cell carcinomas.^[@bib40]^ Taken together, these data highlight that the activation of Notch pathway can trigger both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions depending on the specific cell and tissue context. Inflammation and cancer: the oncogenic role of Notch ==================================================== The rationale for studying the inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis arises from the evidence that chronic inflammation is a known unfavorable condition, which predisposes to the onset of cancer; moreover, most solid tumors are characterized by an intrinsic tumor-promoting inflammatory response.^[@bib41]^ For example, Rokavec and colleagues reported a feedback loop among Interleukin (IL)-6, STAT3 and miR34a, able to increase the invasiveness of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells.^[@bib42]^ In a mouse model of colon cancer, the overexpression of IL-8 induces cancer growth and metastatization.^[@bib43]^ Several studies demonstrated a strong correlation between Notch signaling and specific inflammatory mediators. It is known that high expression levels of Jagged1, Notch 1 and Notch2 correlate with tumor progression of myeloma;^[@bib44]^ in this context, it has been recently proposed an activating role of Notch on IL-6 proliferating signals in the bone marrow niche, which results in an enhancement of tumor growth.^[@bib45]^ In a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, it has been found that the crosstalk between TNF-*α*, the basal Notch signaling and Ikk2 (the Inhibitor of *κ*B kinase 2, a component of the NF-*κ*B signaling) induces the suppression of the nuclear receptor Pparg, which encodes for the anti-inflammatory nuclear receptor Ppar*γ*. In particular, the Hes1-mediated suppression of Pparg perpetuates the autocrine inflammatory activity of tumor pancreatic cells, inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF- *α*, IL-6 and IL-1*β*. Therefore, through this loop, inflammation sustains the pancreatic cancer progression through the activation of the Notch pathway.^[@bib46]^ A role for TNF-*α*/IKK*α* in the regulation of Notch1 signaling has also been reported in liver cancer cell lines: it has been proposed that the phosphorylation of FOXA2 (critical gene required for bile acid homeostasis), by IKK*α*, leads to activation of Notch1 signaling through downregulation of NUMB, thereby inducing tumorigenesis.^[@bib47]^ Sansone *et al.* demonstrated that IL-6 is able to induce cancer stem cell renewal via Notch3 in an *in vitro* model of breast cancer.^[@bib48]^ Another study showed that a gamma secretase inhibitor, able to block the Notch signaling and to attenuate the stem-like phenotype of cancer cells, reduced the T-cell-mediated production of both IL-6 and IL-8 in an *in vitro* model of inflammatory breast cancer.^[@bib10]^ Another interesting interaction between the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 and Notch1-4 has been reported in breast cancer, where Leptin, a well-defined pro-proliferation factor, is the link that leads to the expression of pro-angiogenic molecules, promoting cell proliferation and migration.^[@bib49]^ In tongue squamous cell carcinomas, the IL-1*β* upregulates CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), that mediates cancer growth and metastasis, leading to the concomitant activation of extracellular sregulated kinase (ERK); interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 signaling reversed this up-regulation.^[@bib50]^ These multiple lines of evidence support the idea that pro-inflammatory *stimuli*, such as IL-1*β*, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-*α* can lead to the activation of Notch signaling with a tumor-promoting effect on epithelial cells. Inflammation-mediated tumor suppressor role of Notch ==================================================== As previously addressed, some data support a possible protective role of Notch signaling towards cancer progression^[@bib51]^ and also in this case inflammation plays an important role. An example is the work of Talora and colleagues, in which they demonstrated that HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cell lines express significantly lower levels of the Notch1 indicating a protective role in infected keratinocytes.^[@bib52]^ Another evidence is that NF-kB blockade and oncogenic Ras trigger invasive human epidermal neoplasia through TNF/JNK activity.^[@bib53]^ Since Notch activation leads to induction of NF-κB,^[@bib54]^ an attractive possibility is that the tumor suppressing function of Notch in keratinocytes is mediated by NF-*κ*B. Another context in which pro-inflammatory factors can drive a tumor-suppressive role for Notch is within the endothelium,^[@bib55]^ where specific pro-inflammatory cytokines play a pivotal role in regulating functions of endothelial cells.^[@bib56]^ Although this regulation is not directly connected to tumorigenesis, it is important to highlight that endothelial cell-fate is implicated in angiogenesis.^[@bib57]^ An example is provided by Quillard *et al.*, who found that the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β lead to overexpression of Notch2 over Notch4, promoting apoptosis.^[@bib58]^ On the other hand, other works support the hypothesis that proinflammatory factors, such as IL-6, may positively contribute to the abnormal angiogenesis in cancer.^[@bib59]^ The previous examples support the hypothesis that, in some specific cases, the inflammation-dependent activation of Notch signaling could result in tumor-suppressive effects. Notch activation in intestinal inflammation =========================================== The interplay between inflammation and Notch is particularly intriguing in the context of the intestinal epithelium ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In the intestinal mucosa, Notch signaling is crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype, as well as for determining cell-fate.^[@bib60]^ In particular, the balanced composition of the four types of intestinal epithelial cells is essential for intestinal homeostasis as well as for host defense functions. ATOH1, repressed by the Notch target gene Hes1, is a master regulator for differentiation of secretory cell lineages.^[@bib61],\ [@bib62]^ In this scenario, Notch activation is necessary for epithelial regeneration after an inflammatory injury (such as in ulcerative colitis) where a depletion of secretory cells is observed.^[@bib15]^ Interestingly, Kim and colleagues showed that the activation of Notch in the Apc^min/+^ mouse model converted intestinal high-grade into low-grade adenomas, suggesting a negative effect on cancer progression. They demonstrated that this mechanism is mediated by the negative control of Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein 1 on WNT target genes.^[@bib63]^ The involvement of WNT/*β*-catenin in the protective role of Notch has also been demonstrated in an *in vivo* model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), indicating that these pathways (Notch and WNT) cooperate even under sustained inflammation.^[@bib64]^ More recently, an innovative link between the above mentioned protective role of Notch and inflammation has been proposed by Taniguchi and his group. They showed that gp130, a co-receptor for IL-6, triggers activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and Notch, independently of the classic gp130 effector STAT3, in order to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and confer resistance to mucosal erosion.^[@bib65]^ In the context of colorectal cancer and inflammation, a further mechanism that explains the role of Notch activation in carcinogenesis is related to Matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP9), a protein involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Garg and colleagues demonstrated that MMP9, which is a mediator of pro-inflammatory response, plays a protective role in the AOM/DSS mouse model of colitis-associate colorectal cancer, by activating p21WAF1/Cip1, which in turn modulates Notch1 and suppresses β-catenin.^[@bib66]^ Intriguingly, in a different model of intestinal inflammation the role of MMP9 has also been related to an oncogenic function of Notch signaling. Indeed, Pope and his collaborators recently postulated that the up-regulation of Claudin-1, an integral component of the tight junctions structure, induces MMP9 and p-ERK signaling, leading to subsequent activation of Notch signaling, which in turn decreases goblet cell number thus enhancing susceptibility to mucosal inflammation.^[@bib67]^ This evidence is in accordance with our recent *in vitro* work in which we demonstrated that the Notch1 pathway is activated in CRC cells in an MMP9-dependent manner under the *stimulus* of a complex mixture of pro-inflammatory factors obtained by activated macrophages.^[@bib29]^ Indeed, other reports sustain the role of inflammatory factors in promoting Notch pathway activation and colon cancer progression, for example through the IL-6/Notch1/CD44 signaling axis.^[@bib68]^ [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"} summarizes the different roles of MMP9 realtive to the Notch activity. While the common object is Notch signaling, what effectively changes among the above-mentioned reports is the 'type\' of inflammatory context, which profoundly differs in colitis, CAC or in the inflammatory microenvironment of CRC, as explained in the next section. Therefore nowadays, what we can affirm concerning the role of Notch activation and its complex interplay with inflammatory processes in intestinal epithelium is that the 'quality\' of the inflammation and the tissue-specific characteristics certainly influence the biological meaning of the activated pathway. Further studies are needed to increase our knowledge regarding the context specific function of Notch. Notch in immune system ====================== In the previous sections we approached the issue of how the Notch signaling can be 'bidirectionally\' regulated by inflammatory context in epithelial or cancer cells. However, the modulation of Notch occurs in immune cells as well.^[@bib69]^ Since the polarization of myeloid cells, primarily macrophages, can influence carcinogenesis, this topic has to be taken into account for a complete understanding of the relationship between Notch and inflammation in cancer progression. Depending on environmental signals, macrophages can be differentially activated: they can be classically activated (M1 phenotype) or alternatively activated (M2 phenotype). While M1 macrophages are characterized by production of inflammatory mediators in response to microbial product-mediated activation of Toll-like receptors, M2 macrophages express less inflammatory molecules and play a key role in host defense and resolution of inflammation.^[@bib70]^ Specific inflammatory mediators are expressed in relation to the context; for instance, during the transition from acute to chronic inflammation of colitis, a switch from Th1-Th17 derived cytokines to a prevalent Th2 inflammatory mediated response occurs.^[@bib71]^ Several reports link Notch activation to macrophage functional phenotypes. Outz *et al.* demonstrated that Notch1 deficiency regulates vascular endothelial growth factor Receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, in particular Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), inducing a decrease of inflammation during wound healing.^[@bib72]^ In particular, Notch1 system activation in macrophages drives the acquisition of the M1 phenotype, through the axis RBP-J-TLR4-IRF8.^[@bib73]^ A recent study identified a novel function of Numb, a negative regulator of Notch1 signaling, in the induction of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-12 cytokine production in macrophages. Furthermore, Numb interacts with Itch that, in turn, regulates downstream signaling pathways, including NF-κ B p65 and p38 MAPK. Interestingly, the authors also report that sustained Notch activity in bone marrow, as a result of interrupting Numb, do not affect monocyte differentiation into macrophages, and speculate that Numb may influence cellular differentiation in a context-dependent manner.^[@bib74]^ An appropriate example of the impact of Notch signaling on inflammatory responses is represented by cardiovascular disorders, such as myocardial infarction or atherosclerosis, and Leukemia, since Notch receptors and ligands are shared or simultaneously modulated by inflammatory effectors as well as endothelial cells.^[@bib55]^ An example is provided by a mouse model of atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders resembling the cardiometabolic syndrome obtained by feeding LDL-receptor--deficient (*Ldlr*−dlrmple is provided by a mouse model of atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders resembling the cardiometabolic syndrome obtained by feeding LDL-receptor--deficient (sclerosis, and Leukemia, since Notch receptoy, reduces MCP-1 expression and attenuates the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages, thus demonstrating that Notch signaling is able to drive proinflammatory programs of gene associated with the cardiometabolic syndrome. In particular, a central role seems to be played by DLL4, which acts both in homotypic and heterotypic crosstalk between different pathways that control inflammatory responses.^[@bib75]^ Taken together, these data suggest that Notch, especially Notch1 and Notch3, appears to be a regulatory pathway controlling the balance of the immune system. Targeting inflammation to control the Notch pathway =================================================== Given its dichotomy between tumor-promoting and -suppressing function, and at the same time given its important implications in tissue homeostasis, direct intervention on Notch signaling as a target for cancer therapy is a delicate issue. When its precise function, in terms of positive or negative regulation of tumorigenesis, is clearly defined (at present only in specific *in vitro* or *in vivo* models), then the manipulation of Notch could be a relevant therapeutic target. This is the case of the employment of the γ-secretase inhibitor DBZ for the conversion of metaplastic Barrett\'s epithelium into post-mitotic goblet cells^[@bib76]^ or in mouse models of familial adenomatous polyposis.^[@bib77]^ However, since Hath1 mediates the effects of γ-secretase inhibitor, it has been proposed that only the subset of colorectal cancers that retain Hath1 expression could respond to the treatment.^[@bib78]^ This evidence suggests that the pharmacological manipulation of the Notch pathway should be considered with caution and requires an in-depth knowledge of the related context. Besides this approach, another attractive target for molecular intervention could be aimed at controlling the inflammatory processes which in turn modulate the Notch signaling. Notably, Chang Mo Moon and his group found that treatment with NSAIDs (indomethacin, sulindac and aspirin) has a suppressing effect on cancer stem cells both in an *in vitro* and in a xenograft model of colorectal cancer. Importantly, they contextually explored the modulation of Notch signaling, and they found that the effect of inhibition on colosphere formation is related to the downregulation of Notch/Hes1 signaling and to the upregulation of PPARG.^[@bib79]^ Similarly, epidemiological evidence suggests that diet supplementation with anti-inflammatory agents exerts a protective role toward tumorigenesis.^[@bib80]^ Noteworthy, our *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies revealed that the omega-3 polyunsatured fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which are natural anti-inflammatory compounds, and in particular Eicosapentaenoic Acid is able to counteract the Notch pathway at normal expression levels in different settings of inflammatory-related colorectal cancers.^[@bib29],\ [@bib66],\ [@bib81]^ Conclusion ========== The crosstalk between inflammation and Notch signaling is extremely complex, due to the multifactorial nature of the inflammatory stimulus, which is context-specific, as well as for the duality of the Notch expression pattern. We analyzed how different effects of the Notch pathway in terms of biological meaning could be at least in part explained by the influence of the inflammatory context. We explored how this interaction generates a large number of cell type-specific responses. In this scenario, the improvement of the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms at the basis of this interaction is indispensable to achieve adequate and innovative therapies. LR is supported by the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) IG Investigator grant no. 14281 and the European Community\'s Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007--2013 under grant agreement 311876, Pathway-27. Edited by R Johnstone The authors declare no conflict of interest. {#fig1} {#fig2} ###### Link between Pathways related to inflammation and non-canonical Notch pathways: involved molecular mechanisms *Inflammation-linked pathway* *Molecular mechanism* *Effect* *Model* *References* -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- NFκB Signaling Induction of Jagged 1 expression in non-cancer stem cells Stimulation of Notch signaling in cancer stem cells Basal-like breast cancer cell lines ^[@bib21]^ Induction of PI3K/Akt pathway Activation of Notch1, tumor growth Human melanoma samples and cell lines ^[@bib23]^ Tissue Hypoxia Stabilization of HIF-1a Activation of Notch, tumor growth Human melanoma samples and cell lines ^[@bib23]^ Stabilization of Hif-1a Augmented Notch1 signaling, altered expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, accelerated cell proliferation T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells ^[@bib24]^ Induction of Notch pathway, up-regulation of Notch ligand expression Induced EMT, E-Cadherin down-regulation, expression of Snail1 Cell lines of cervical, colon, glioma and ovarian cancer; breast cancer ^[@bib26],\ [@bib27]^ Induction of 66-kDA isoform of the SHC gene (p66Shc) Induction of Notch3 signaling, self-renewal (induction of Jagged1) and hypoxia survival Mammospheres ^[@bib25]^ Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) induction Expression of Hey1 and Jagged1 Epithelial cells from mammary gland, kidney tubules and epidermis ^[@bib28]^ WNT *β*-catenin/TCF-mediated transcriptional activation of Jagged1 Activated Notch1 and Notch2 in tumors containing nuclear *β*-catenin Colorectal cancer cells, human tumors from FAP ^[@bib30]^ ###### Role of interaction between MMP9 and Notch pathway in colon carcinogenesis *MMP9 function* *Molecular mechanism* *Effect on Notch pathway* *Model* *References* ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- Protective role against CAC Activation of p21WAF1/Cip1, suppression of b-catenin Increased Notch1 activation MMP9-/- and WT mice; AOM/DSS mouse model ^[@bib66]^ Enhanced susceptibility to mucosal inflammation Claudin-1 induced activation Activation of Notch signaling, inhibition of differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells into goblet cells, decrease of Muc-2 positive cells Villin-claudin1 transgenic mouse model ^[@bib67]^ Oncogenic role in CRC Inflammation-driven activation Overexpression of NICD and Jagged1; induction of Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein 1 *In vitro* model of interaction between macrophages and CRC cells ^[@bib29]^ | High | [
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Tuesday, April 28, 2015 Molly loves visiting Route 66 at Carsland in Disneyland California. It reminds her of the cross country trip she took with her family after the war. Molly brought along her camera to take photos of all the sights. | Low | [
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Differential role of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 kDa in a cockroach antigen-induced model of allergic airway hyperreactivity: systemic versus local effects. The ability of IFN-gamma to antagonize established Th2 type allergic responses is well documented. To investigate the role of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 kDa (IP10) in the allergic response, we chose to investigate the effect of IP10 neutralization on an established Th2 response. Systemic neutralization of IP10 at the time of allergen challenge increased airway hyperreactivity as well as airway eosinophil accumulation. Interestingly, IFN-gamma levels were markedly reduced in both the lung and peripheral lymph node following IP10 neutralization. Furthermore, the number of CXCR3(+)CD4(+) T cells was decreased in the peripheral lymph node following neutralization of IP10. Introduction of exogenous IP10 into the airway at the time of allergen challenge also dramatically increased eosinophil accumulation in the airway. Protein levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were significantly increased in the lung following exogenous airway administration of IP10 with allergen. Interestingly, airway hyperreactivity was significantly decreased at early time points following concurrent IP10 and allergen challenge but rebounded at 24 and 48 h post allergen challenge. Although IP10 may initially be acting locally to dampen the allergic response, its ability to recruit eosinophils may ultimately supersede any immunomodulatory effect it may have in an established allergic response. These results suggest that while systemic levels of IP10 are beneficial in controlling the allergic response, possibly by regulating cellular trafficking in the lymph node, local administration of exogenous IP10 into an established allergic response may be detrimental. | High | [
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Sometimes It’s Too Much Unlike his brother, Gerardo wasn’t prone to violence when his pills ran out. By July, when most of his medications were gone, he drifted into his own world, standing calmly in a corner for long spells as the rest of the family sat in the living room, watching television. He would look up and answer a question now and then, but it was as if he were dreaming elsewhere. “We call him our Swiss Guard,” Mario said wryly. Waiting in line and scrounging for medicines are not the only daily struggles for the Simeone family. The real trial is holding the strained, at times violent, household together. Accel still hears voices in his head, which now tell him that he can no longer sleep in his bed. He has moved to his parents’ room. Mario and Evelin’s grown son spends the night with them. Guilt haunts Evelin. She is troubled that she has not searched as hard as she can for medicine for Gerardo. “I am tired,” she said. “This is too much sometimes.” She began to cry and walked away. Accel looked up, sensing something was wrong. “It’s allergies again,” she told him. The tiny house feels cramped, with a sense of cabin fever. When there is enough medicine to clear his mind, Accel takes to writing new hip-hop lyrics. One is about his relationship with Gerardo. Another, called “The Lights Are Out,” tells of the constant blackouts in his neighborhood. Accel opened his bedroom door and pointed at lyrics written on the wall. Every inch has been covered by his frenetic writing. | Mid | [
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Malnutrition is common in individuals infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Chronic infections such as HIV result in immune impairment which leads to malnutrition, causing further immune impairment and thereby a more rapid disease progression. On the other hand, malnourished individuals have increased susceptibility to HIV and opportunistic infections, and are thereby more likely to have a faster disease progression compared with well-nourished individuals^(^[@ref1]^)^. The wasting syndrome in HIV is characterised by weight loss often accompanied by chronic diarrhoea or chronic weakness and fever^(^[@ref2]^)^. It has been one of the main characteristics of HIV and it is still a common complication in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era^(^[@ref3]^)^. In HIV-infected individuals starting ART, malnutrition may be an independent predictor of early mortality^(^[@ref4]^)^. Measurement of body composition is an important tool to assess effects of weight loss and therefore it is crucial to find an easy, quick and valid method to determine body composition. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an inexpensive, non-invasive and easy-to-use method to determine body composition^(^[@ref5]^)^. The most widely used approach predicts values for total body water, allowing calculation of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Total body water predictions are typically calibrated using data from a healthy reference population, often of white European descent, using a reference method such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and regression formulae that include height and impedance as variables, but often also other terms such as age, weight and sex^(^[@ref5]^)^. The hydration of FFM is considered relatively constant through adulthood in healthy individuals^(^[@ref6]^)^, but several illnesses and conditions such as HIV and malnutrition are associated with weight loss and thereby alter body composition^(^[@ref7]^)^, potentially also affecting hydration. Additionally, the manufacturers' equations used in BIA are typically derived in individuals of European descent^(^[@ref8]^)^. Several validation studies using the ^2^H dilution technique as the reference method have concluded that BIA was a valid method to determine body composition in HIV-infected individuals^(^[@ref9]^,^[@ref10]^)^. One of the studies was conducted in an American cohort and included black Americans^(^[@ref9]^)^. The other study was conducted in Europe based on data from a small sample^(^[@ref10]^)^. However, the accuracy of these equations, when used in African HIV-infected individuals has subsequently been questioned^(^[@ref11]^)^. Therefore, equations used in BIA based on healthy subjects of European descent may provide inaccurate results in Africans with HIV. The aim of the present study was to test the validity of BIA for the assessment of FFM in ART-naive Ethiopian HIV-infected patients. Methods {#sec1} ======= Study design and population {#sec1-1} --------------------------- This study used baseline data from the ARTfood study^(^[@ref12]^)^, which was a randomised controlled trial investigating the effects and feasibility of providing a lipid-based nutrient supplement in HIV-infected patients at initiation of ART. The sample size was calculated for the primary outcome of the trial. Participants were recruited among HIV patients eligible for ART and took place at Jimma University Specialised Hospital, and health centres in Jimma and Agaro. The inclusion criteria for the ARTfood study were ≥18 years, BMI ≥16 kg/m^2^, ART-naive, eligible for initiation of ART, and living within 50 km of the recruitment facility. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, lactating, taking micronutrients or other nutrient supplementation. Patients with BMI \<16 kg/m^2^ were invited for data collection and therefore included in this study, whereas they were excluded from intervention and referred to standard nutritional therapy according to national guidelines^(^[@ref13]^)^. Eligibility of ART during the study was based on the Ethiopian treatment guidelines from 2008. HIV patients were eligible if they had CD4 count ≤200 cells/μl irrespective of clinical symptoms, CD4 count ≤350 cells/μl if WHO stage III, or WHO stage IV irrespective of CD4 count^(^[@ref14]^)^. Data collection {#sec1-2} --------------- The study staff included nurses, laboratory technicians and pharmacists, all receiving relevant training. Data collection was carried out from July 2010 to July 2013. Background data {#sec1-3} --------------- Background data were collected through structured questionnaires in the local languages Amharic or Afaan Oromo. For the present study, data on age, sex, education and occupation were used. Anthropometric data {#sec1-4} ------------------- For height and weight measurements, participants were barefoot and wearing light clothes. A calibrated stadiometer (SECA 214 Stadiometer) and scale (Tanita-BC 418 MA) were used for height and weight, respectively. Weight was measured with 0·1 kg precision and height to the nearest 1 mm. BMI was calculated as weight divided by squared height (kg/m^2^) and categorised as \<16·0, 16·0--\<17·0, 17·0--\<18·5, 18·5--25·0 or \>25·0 kg/m^2^ according to WHO classification^(^[@ref15]^)^. HIV status {#sec1-5} ---------- Information regarding clinical stage of HIV using WHO criteria^(^[@ref16]^)^ was extracted from patient records and checked by a study clinician. CD4 cell count was determined in EDTA-stabilised whole blood using flow cytometry (Fascount; Becton Dickinson) and categorised into \<50, 50--\<100, 100--200 and \>200 cells/μl for analyses. To determine viral load, plasma was kept at −80°C before quantification of HIV-1 viral load using a commercial real-time PCR assay (RealTimeHIV-1; Abbott Laboratories) with automated extraction (M2000 Real Time System, Abbott Laboratories). HIV viral load was categorised as \<4, 4--5 and \>5 log (1 + copies/ml)^(^[@ref17]^)^. ^2^H dilution technique {#sec1-6} ----------------------- Body composition was assessed with 30 g ^2^H-labelled water (99·8 % ^2^H; Sercon) weighed with 0·01 g precision and given orally after collection of pre-dose saliva samples. Post-dose saliva samples were collected after 4 h equilibration^(^[@ref18]^)^. Saliva enrichment of ^2^H was determined by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (IRAffinity-1; Shimadzu). Total body water was calculated from post-dose ^2^H enrichment with adjustment for pre-dose enrichment, using a factor of 1·041 to adjust for proton exchange. FFM was calculated based on an assumed hydration factor of 73·2 %^(^[@ref18]^)^. FM was thereafter calculated by subtracting FFM from total body weight^(^[@ref18]^)^. Bioelectrical impedance analysis {#sec1-7} -------------------------------- Body composition was also measured using single-frequency eight-electrode BIA (Tanita-BC 418 MA). Participants were barefoot, wearing light clothes and asked to empty pockets and remove any metal objects. The Tanita body composition analyser measures body composition using a constant current source at a frequency of 50 kHz and provides impedance (*Z*) measured in ohms. Fat percentage, FM and FFM are produced by regression algorithms generated by the manufacturer, the details of which are not available, though it is described that the algorithms are based on data from 'Western' and Japanese individuals^(^[@ref19]^)^. BIA assessment was available for all participants recruited at Jimma University Specialised Hospital and the health centre in Jimma, but for logistic reasons only for some of the participants attending the health centre in Agaro. Data analysis {#sec1-8} ------------- The collected data were double-entered and validated using Epidata (EpiData Association, Denmark). Data analyses were carried out using STATA/IC version 13.0 (StataCorp LLC). FFM was used as the primary outcome to compare BIA against the ^2^H dilution technique. Paired *t* tests were used to compare FFM measured by the two different methods. Overall two paired *t* tests were conducted. The first test was stratified by sex and age group (18--\<30, 30--\<40 and \>40 years). The second test was stratified by CD4 cell count including \<50, 50--\<100, 100--200 and \>200 cells/μl. Values in the tables are mean values and standard deviations for FFM and mean differences (95 % CI). *P* values \<0·05 were considered significant. The Bland--Altman plot was used to evaluate agreement between FFM measured by BIA and the ^2^H dilution technique. Furthermore, regression models were conducted for FFM and FM to test if there were correlations between the mean difference and average by the two methods. Additionally, a calibration equation was generated from our own data. The participants were equally divided into two random samples using a random sampling generator (STATA/IC version 13; StataCorp LLC). One sample was used to develop the equation through multiple linear regression for prediction of FFM as measured by the ^2^H dilution technique. The multiple regression model included impedance index (HT^2^/z), weight, age and sex as predictors. The other sample was used to test the predictive ability of the equation using limits of agreement. The predicted FFM was tested against FFM as measured by BIA and the ^2^H dilution technique, respectively. Results {#sec2} ======= Of 453 HIV-infected patients screened between July 2010 and August 2012, 348 (77 %) were recruited for the ARTfood study. Participants were younger (32·9 *v.* 37·0 years; *P* = 0·001) and had lower education (21 *v.* 45 % with secondary school or higher; *P* \< 0·001) than those not recruited, while BMI and other demographic characteristics were similar^(^[@ref20]^)^. The ^2^H dilution technique was used for the primary outcome of the trial and the Tanita body composition analyser was not available at all sites. Of the recruited participants, data from both BIA and the ^2^H dilution technique were available in 281 (81 %) participants and therefore included in the present validation study. Characteristics of the 281 HIV-infected participants are shown in [Table 1](#tab01){ref-type="table"}. Two-thirds (68 %) of the participants were female and the mean age was 32·7 ([sd]{.smallcaps} 8·6) years. There was a high prevalence of underweight, as almost half (46 %) of the participants had BMI \<18·5 kg/m^2^. Table 1.Characteristics of antiretroviral therapy-naive individuals infected with HIV(Numbers of subjects and percentages or mean values and standard deviations)HIV positive (*n* 281)*n*%Background characteristicsAge (years) Mean32·7 [sd]{.smallcaps}8·6Female19067·6EducationNo formal schooling[\*](#tfn1_1){ref-type="table-fn"}7024·9Primary[†](#tfn1_2){ref-type="table-fn"}14451·3Secondary or higher[‡](#tfn1_3){ref-type="table-fn"}6723·8OccupationSmall-scale trader/merchant3211·4Formal job sector public/private6824·2Informal daily labourer/farmer, etc.7928·1Unemployed/housewife8731·0Other155·3Anthropometric characteristicsHeight (cm) Mean160·4 [sd]{.smallcaps}8·3Weight (kg) Mean49·3 [sd]{.smallcaps}7·9BMI (kg/m^2^)[§](#tfn1_4){ref-type="table-fn"} \<16238·2 16·0--16·93010·7 17·0--18·497627·1 18·5--24·914451·3 \>2582·9Fat-free mass (kg)[‖](#tfn1_5){ref-type="table-fn"} Mean39·5 [sd]{.smallcaps}6·4Fat mass (kg)[‖](#tfn1_5){ref-type="table-fn"} Mean9·7 [sd]{.smallcaps}5·0HIV statusCD4 count (cells/μl) \<50186·6 50--1003613·2 100--20010137·0 \>20011843·2Viral load, log (1 + copies/ml) \<44516·5 4--511241·0 \>511642·5WHO stage Stage I8029·0 Stage II7828·3 Stage III9233·3 Stage IV269·4[^1][^2][^3][^4][^5] Mean CD4 count was 196·2 ([sd]{.smallcaps} 116) cells/μl and 57 % of the participants had ≤ 200 CD4 cells/μl. More than 40 % had viral load \>5 log (1 + copies/ml) and more than two-thirds (71 %) were symptomatic (i.e. in WHO clinical stage II, III or IV). There were no significant differences between the two methods. The overall mean FFM measured by BIA was 39·5 kg, whereas the overall mean FFM measured by the ^2^H dilution technique was 39·6 kg. The mean difference between these two methods was −0·1 (95 % CI −0·3, 0·2) kg. For males, the mean FFM was 46·2 kg when assessed by BIA and 46·3 kg when assessed by the ^2^H dilution technique with a mean difference of −0·2 (95 % CI −0·7, 0·4) kg ([Table 2](#tab02){ref-type="table"}). For females, the mean FFM was 36·3 kg when assessed by BIA and 36·4 kg when assessed by the ^2^H dilution technique with a mean difference of −0·0 (95 % CI −0·3, 0·3) kg. Among those with CD4 count \<50 cells/μl, the mean difference was 1·3 kg (*P* = 0·06) ([Table 3](#tab03){ref-type="table"}). Table 2.Comparison of fat-free mass measured through the ^2^H dilution technique *v.* bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in HIV-infected individuals stratified by age group and sex[\*](#tfn2_1){ref-type="table-fn"}(Mean values and standard deviations)Fat-free mass BIAFat-free mass ^2^H dilutionAge groupParticipants (*n*)Mean[sd]{.smallcaps}Mean[sd]{.smallcaps}Difference95 % CI*P*Males[†](#tfn2_2){ref-type="table-fn"}9246·25·246·35·1−0·2−0·7, 0·40·5818--29 years1445·05·644·95·40·2−1·2, 1·60·7730--39 years4347·85·447·55·50·3−0·4, 1·00·46\>40 years3544·64·545·44·3−0·8−2·0, 0·30·16Females[‡](#tfn2_3){ref-type="table-fn"}18936·33·136·44·0−0·0−0·3, 0·30·8218--29 years9436·52·936·54·1−0·0−0·4, 0·40·9730--39 years7136·22·936·43·6−0·2−0·7, 0·20·37\>40 years2436·14·235·74·90·4−0·5, 1·30·38[^6][^7][^8] Table 3.Comparison of fat-free mass from the ^2^H dilution technique and fat-free mass measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in HIV-infected individuals stratified by CD4 cell count[\*](#tfn3_1){ref-type="table-fn"}(Mean values and standard deviations)Fat-free mass BIAFat-free mass ^2^H dilutionCD4 cell countParticipants (*n*)Mean[sd]{.smallcaps}Mean[sd]{.smallcaps}Difference95 % CI*P*All[†](#tfn3_2){ref-type="table-fn"}28139·56·139·66·4−0·1−0·3, 0·20·58\<50 cells/μl1839·96·538·65·71·3−0·0, 2·60·0650--100 cells/μl3739·86·040·26·3−0·4−1·1, 0·20·19100--200 cells/μl10339·66·039·86·7−0·1−0·6, 0·30·52\>200 cells/μl12339·46·139·56·4−0·1−0·5, 0·30·62[^9][^10] [Fig. 1](#fig01){ref-type="fig"} shows the Bland--Altman plot of FFM measured by the ^2^H dilution technique and BIA using Tanita including the regression line of the mean difference and average for FFM. BIA underestimated the ^2^H dilution technique with a mean difference of −0·1 ([sd]{.smallcaps} 2·3) kg between the two methods. These data correspond to an upper limit of agreement of 4·5 kg and a lower limit of agreement of −4·6 kg. Therefore, since the differences between the methods were normally distributed (data not shown), 95 % of the differences are expected to lie between −4·6 and 4·5 kg. The regression model for FFM showed a small correlation of −0·1 ([se]{.smallcaps} 0·02) (*P* = 0·01) between the mean difference and the average and with an *R*^2^ of 0·02. For an average FFM of 28 kg, the regression line predicted a mean difference of 0·6 kg, whereas the predicted mean difference was −1·2 kg for an average FFM of 58 kg. There was no correlation (*P* \> 0·05) between the mean difference and the average for FM (data not shown). Fig. 1.Bland--Altman plot including regression line of difference *v.* mean, comparing fat-free mass measured by the ^2^H dilution technique and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The total sample (*n* 281) was randomised into two subsamples. One was used to develop a predictive equation (equation sample) and the other to validate the equation (validation sample). There were no significant differences in characteristics between the two subsamples (data not shown). Based on data from the equation sample, FFM by the ^2^H dilution technique was predicted by the following equation: where height (*HT*) is in cm, *Z* is in ohms, weight is in kg, age is in years, and female sex is a dummy variable (*R*^2^ 0·82; standard error of estimate 2·6 kg). The predicted FFM was tested in the validation sample against Tanita and resulted in a mean difference of −0·1 ([sd]{.smallcaps} 2·2) kg and an upper limit of agreement of 4·3 kg and a lower limit of agreement of −4·5 kg. The predicted FFM tested against the ^2^H dilution technique resulted in a mean difference of −0·1 ([sd]{.smallcaps} 2·9) kg and an upper limit of agreement of −5·8 kg and a lower limit of agreement of 5·6 kg. Discussion {#sec3} ========== In this cohort, we compared BIA by the Tanita body composition analyser against the reference method of ^2^H dilution for determining FFM in Ethiopian HIV-infected individuals. There were no differences between FFM measured by the two methods neither in the comparison stratified by age and sex, nor in the comparison stratified by CD4 cell count. In the strata \<50 CD4 cells/μl and males aged 18--29 years, there were relatively few participants with *n* 18 in the first and *n* 14 in the latter. These small subgroups may have caused type II error, potentially failing to detect a difference between FFM measured by BIA and the ^2^H dilution technique. The Bland--Altman plot also indicated acceptable agreement between the two methods with a small mean difference and limits of agreements similar to other BIA studies in adults^(^[@ref11]^,^[@ref21]^)^. However, there was a small correlation between the mean difference and the average FFM with an *R*^2^ value of 0·02 indicating that 2 % of the variance in the mean difference was due to the level of FFM. The regression line indicated that BIA slightly overestimated the ^2^H dilution technique at low FFM, while it underestimated at high FFM values. Nonetheless, these differences are considered minimal. CD4 cell count is an indicator of health status and disease progression in HIV-infected individuals. Healthy individuals have a CD4 cell count between 500 and 1600 cells/μl^(^[@ref22]^)^. In the present study, approximately 60 % of the HIV-infected participants had a CD4 cell count \<200 cells/μl, which is considered very low. In this cohort, very low CD4 cell count did not seem to affect validity of BIA significantly. Further research is needed to validate BIA against the ^2^H dilution technique especially in severely ill HIV-infected individuals with a CD4 cell count \<50 cells/μl. HIV-infected individuals may vary in hydration of FFM during the different stages of the disease, caused either by dehydration or fluid retention which may influence bioelectrical resistance in the body and thereby affect the accuracy of BIA measurements^(^[@ref11]^)^. However, this problem will also affect results of the ^2^H dilution technique, which also assumes constant hydration. Equations for BIA measurement derived and validated by Kotler *et al*. in a cohort of white, black and Hispanic HIV-infected and uninfected individuals^(^[@ref9]^)^ were reported as not valid in another study in an African HIV-infected cohort^(^[@ref11]^)^. Surprisingly, among the fifteen published equations they tested, the two equations they found valid in their HIV-infected cohort were developed in uninfected individuals^(^[@ref11]^)^. This is in accordance with the present study where the manufacturer\'s equation was developed based on data from uninfected individuals. When using BIA to measure body composition, besides health status and ethnicity, other considerations need to be taken into account. These include potential intra-individual variability in hydration due to shifts in fluids and electrolytes^(^[@ref23]^)^. Intra-individual variability can be divided into inter-day changes and intra-day fluctuations which cause changes in impedance. Changes in impedance of the trunk are very small, whereas impedance changes in the upper and lower limbs are much bigger. Intra-day variability in water content and distribution is due to consumption of food and physical activity^(^[@ref19]^)^, but could also be due to changes in disease status. Inter-day changes are caused by temporary weight changes, for example caused by dehydration, over-eating and/or -drinking^(^[@ref19]^)^. It is therefore important to register and control for behaviour that may change hydration before using the BIA method^(^[@ref23]^)^. Ethnicity has also been shown to affect the accuracy of BIA, especially in African populations. The validity of BIA equations regarding ethnicity remains uncertain, as some equations have shown validity, while other equations show under- or over-estimation of BIA measurements against the reference method^(^[@ref24]^)^. This may be due to differences in length of limbs and body composition. For example, African individuals generally have longer legs than European individuals, while Asian individuals are known to have shorter legs^(^[@ref8]^)^. This is relevant in BIA because impedance is unequally distributed across regional anatomy and thereby overestimation of FM may occur if the population generally has longer legs than those used in the equations of the BIA method^(^[@ref8]^)^. However, in this cohort African ethnicity did not seem to affect BIA validity despite the fact that the equations in the BIA were based on data from 'Western' and Japanese individuals^(^[@ref19]^)^. A possible explanation is that Ethiopian individuals may have body geometry more similar to the reference population than the general African population. Another possible explanation is that the combination of 'Western' and Japanese individuals used as the reference population in the equations used by Tanita resulted in valid measurements. The overall *t* test and the Bland--Altman plot showed a mean difference of −0·1 ([sd]{.smallcaps} 2·3) kg with BIA slightly, but not significantly, underestimating FFM compared with the ^2^H dilution technique. The small correlation detected between mean difference and average FFM by the two methods reveals that there was a negligible difference when using BIA compared with the ^2^H dilution technique in this population. Measuring FFM using the Tanita body composition analyser resulted in an error of ±4·6 kg (1·96 [sd]{.smallcaps} limits of agreement) in this population. This accuracy is typical for BIA in adults^(^[@ref21]^,^[@ref24]^)^. Furthermore, a standard error of estimate of 2·3 in women and 3·0 in men has been reported as 'very good performance'^(^[@ref25]^)^. We therefore consider this accuracy of BIA clinically acceptable. Using our own data, we could predict FFM from the impedance index, age, weight and sex with an error of ±5·2 kg (1·96 [sd]{.smallcaps} limits of agreement). This is only slightly less accurate than published predictions using data from healthy African populations^(^[@ref21]^)^. Since all information is known, it would be valuable to conduct further validation using more parameters. It may be preferable to predict total body water instead of FFM to make it more comparable with other published equations. The main strength of the present study is that it used the ^2^H dilution technique as the reference method, because it is characterised with high accuracy and precision^(^[@ref26]^)^. Another strength is the large number of participants. It is also a strength that the majority of the participants had poor health status and progressed HIV infection (CD4 count \<200 CD4 cells/μl), because they are likely to differentiate more from healthy individuals than HIV-infected individuals with a better health status. However, it may be a limitation that the sample was not representative of HIV patients. The HIV-infected patients were included at ART initiation, based on criteria of the 2008 guideline, and all of them had a low CD4 count or were symptomatic. Therefore, the variety in disease severity was small. Another limitation is the potential type II error in the strata \<50 CD4 cells/μl and males aged 18--29 years. The fact that BIA measurements were not available for all participants may also be a limitation. Nonetheless, missing data were due to limitations in logistics and therefore not expected to be associated with outcome. It should be noted that the Tanita body composition analyser validated in this study is a discontinued model and the replaced model uses a different algorithm. In conclusion, the Tanita body composition analyser is considered a valid tool for the assessment of FFM in this cohort of Ethiopian ART-naive HIV patients. BIA is an easy and inexpensive method to determine body composition and according to the results from this study it was reliable in both males and females in all age groups and also in all CD4 strata. BIA may therefore be a useful method to measure body composition in routine clinical and epidemiological practice in HIV-infected African individuals. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. M. H. H. is the primary author. M. F. O. and H. F. were involved in the conceptualisation and design. M. F. O., T. G. and D. Z. were involved in data acquisition. M. H. H., M. F. O., J. C. W., T. G., H. F., D. F.-J. and D. L. C. were involved in the analysis and interpretation of data. All authors were involved in drafting or reviewing the manuscript. There were no conflicts of interest. [^1]: No formal schooling/only able to read and write. [^2]: Some primary school/finished primary school. [^3]: Finished secondary school/attended higher education. [^4]: BMI was classified according to the WHO classification, which is the International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI^(^[@ref15]^)^. [^5]: Measured using the ^2^H dilution technique. [^6]: Fat-free mass measured through the ^2^H dilution technique and BIA by the Tanita body composition analyser was compared using paired *t* tests. [^7]: All HIV-infected male participants with BIA and ^2^H dilution data. [^8]: All HIV-infected female participants with BIA and ^2^H dilution data. [^9]: Fat-free mass measured through the ^2^H dilution technique and BIA by the Tanita body composition analyser was compared using paired *t* tests. [^10]: All HIV-infected participants with BIA and ^2^H data. | Mid | [
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The proposed study has three central objectives: 1) an evaluation of the impact of the new Massachusetts mental health law on involuntary civil commitment of the mentally ill; 2) the preliminary development and evaluation of a "dangerous to others" assessment instrument; and 3) a survey of legal and psychological concepts of dangerousness and their relationship to social policy objectives. Subjects will be in-patients at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, the Boston State Hospital, the Gardner State Hospital and Bridgewater State Hospital. Socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral variables will be studied with relation to their influence on decision- making for or against the release of patients. Patients will be interviewed by project staff and will be followed up one year later by direct interview and telephone. Court proceedings for subjects for whom involuntary civil commitment is sought will be observed and data collected relevant to the adequacy of the litigation, the adequacy of the protection of the patient's civil rights and the quality of the operation of the new Massachusetts mental health statute. | High | [
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to a wetlaid paper-like nonwoven structure having a permanent crepe which does not wash out. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a paper-like structure with a permanent crepe, for example, a wipe structure which possesses both wet and dry strength and improved absorbent properties. The present invention is also concerned with the method of manufacturing such paper-like structures. 2. Description of the Background Art Crepe tissue products have a general utility in applications where absorbency is a factor. These include, for example, household and industrial wipes, towels, packaging, cushioning materials and the like. In recent years, paper products made from wood pulp combined with various types of synthetic polymers have been investigated with the intention of imparting to paper products made from wood pulp, those advantageous properties which can be introduced by the presence of synthetic polymeric materials. Thus, for example, Japanese Publication No. 48-1443 (1973) discloses creping a web from a heated roller wherein the web contains at least 20 percent by weight of a thermoplastic synthetic fiber. Thus, raw paper containing at least 20 percent by weight of thermoplastic synthetic fiber is conveyed around a pair of heating rollers having a surface temperature which varies from the softening point of the synthetic fiber to about 30.degree. C. above its melting point. The raw paper, which is heated on the rollers, is continuously scraped off the surface of the roller by means of a fixed doctor knife, thereby forming crepe patterns on the paper. The paper is then conveyed around a cooling roller to heat-set the crepe pattern. This publication specifically indicates that if there is any deviation in the amount of thermoplastic synthetic fibers included in the raw paper, for example, if the percentage weight of the thermoplastic synthetic fiber in the raw paper is less than 20 percent, crepe paper of the type desired by the publication cannot be achieved. U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,810 discloses in column 4, lines 41-47, the general advantages of providing a mixture of relatively long thermoplastic fibers and wood pulp fibers wherein the thermoplastic fibers are activated by the application of heat and/or pressure. U.S. Pat. No. 4,204,054 discloses fibrous structures in sheet form having from 10 percent to 90 percent by weight of pulp of cellulosic fibers crosslinked with formaldehyde, and 90 percent to 10 percent by weight of an additional binding product, with the amount of the additional binding product being selected to insure sufficient strength and cohesion to the structure of the sheet. The additional binding product is a non-crosslinked fiber which, in one variation, can be a synthetic pulp, such as for example low density polyethylene fibers, present within the range of 10 to 40 percent and preferably about 15 percent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,907 discloses in column 1, lines 53 to 62 that synthetic pulps, filaments and fibers are useful for the manufacture of paper articles and can be used with conventional papermaking equipment. Common synthetic materials used in the paper pulps include high density polyethylene or polypropylene, and aramids, for example, Kevlar and Nomex. Pulps prepared from other polymers are also known, for example, aliphatic polyamides, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile homopolymers and copolymers with halogenated monomers, styrene copolymers and mixtures of polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,566 discloses a process for producing an electroconductive film wherein a thermoplastic synthetic pulp is mixed with a thermoplastic composite fiber having as a first component a lower melting point than that of said thermoplastic synthetic pulp and a second component having a higher melting point than that of said thermoplastic synthetic pulp. U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,877 discloses an absorbent web structure composed of short fibers of a thermoplastic resin which is rendered hydrophilic with a surface-active agent mixed with cellulosic fibers, said thermoplastic short fibers being melt-bonded to impart self-supporting properties to the web structure. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,228 discloses forming tissue paper by pressing the web while on an up-running forming wire and transferring the web directly to a Yankee Dryer where it is creped. There appears to be no indication that the paper utilized in this patent contains synthetic fibers. | Mid | [
0.55,
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/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * acl.h * Definition of (and support for) access control list data structures. * * * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California * * src/include/utils/acl.h * * NOTES * An ACL array is simply an array of AclItems, representing the union * of the privileges represented by the individual items. A zero-length * array represents "no privileges". There are no assumptions about the * ordering of the items, but we do expect that there are no two entries * in the array with the same grantor and grantee. * * For backward-compatibility purposes we have to allow null ACL entries * in system catalogs. A null ACL will be treated as meaning "default * protection" (i.e., whatever acldefault() returns). *------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef ACL_H #define ACL_H #include "nodes/parsenodes.h" #include "utils/array.h" #include "utils/snapshot.h" /* * typedef AclMode is declared in parsenodes.h, also the individual privilege * bit meanings are defined there */ #define ACL_ID_PUBLIC 0 /* placeholder for id in a PUBLIC acl item */ /* * AclItem * * Note: must be same size on all platforms, because the size is hardcoded * in the pg_type.h entry for aclitem. */ typedef struct AclItem { Oid ai_grantee; /* ID that this item grants privs to */ Oid ai_grantor; /* grantor of privs */ AclMode ai_privs; /* privilege bits */ } AclItem; /* * The upper 16 bits of the ai_privs field of an AclItem are the grant option * bits, and the lower 16 bits are the actual privileges. We use "rights" * to mean the combined grant option and privilege bits fields. */ #define ACLITEM_GET_PRIVS(item) ((item).ai_privs & 0xFFFF) #define ACLITEM_GET_GOPTIONS(item) (((item).ai_privs >> 16) & 0xFFFF) #define ACLITEM_GET_RIGHTS(item) ((item).ai_privs) #define ACL_GRANT_OPTION_FOR(privs) (((AclMode) (privs) & 0xFFFF) << 16) #define ACL_OPTION_TO_PRIVS(privs) (((AclMode) (privs) >> 16) & 0xFFFF) #define ACLITEM_SET_PRIVS(item,privs) \ ((item).ai_privs = ((item).ai_privs & ~((AclMode) 0xFFFF)) | \ ((AclMode) (privs) & 0xFFFF)) #define ACLITEM_SET_GOPTIONS(item,goptions) \ ((item).ai_privs = ((item).ai_privs & ~(((AclMode) 0xFFFF) << 16)) | \ (((AclMode) (goptions) & 0xFFFF) << 16)) #define ACLITEM_SET_RIGHTS(item,rights) \ ((item).ai_privs = (AclMode) (rights)) #define ACLITEM_SET_PRIVS_GOPTIONS(item,privs,goptions) \ ((item).ai_privs = ((AclMode) (privs) & 0xFFFF) | \ (((AclMode) (goptions) & 0xFFFF) << 16)) #define ACLITEM_ALL_PRIV_BITS ((AclMode) 0xFFFF) #define ACLITEM_ALL_GOPTION_BITS ((AclMode) 0xFFFF << 16) /* * Definitions for convenient access to Acl (array of AclItem). * These are standard PostgreSQL arrays, but are restricted to have one * dimension and no nulls. We also ignore the lower bound when reading, * and set it to one when writing. * * CAUTION: as of PostgreSQL 7.1, these arrays are toastable (just like all * other array types). Therefore, be careful to detoast them with the * macros provided, unless you know for certain that a particular array * can't have been toasted. */ /* * Acl a one-dimensional array of AclItem */ typedef ArrayType Acl; #define ACL_NUM(ACL) (ARR_DIMS(ACL)[0]) #define ACL_DAT(ACL) ((AclItem *) ARR_DATA_PTR(ACL)) #define ACL_N_SIZE(N) (ARR_OVERHEAD_NONULLS(1) + ((N) * sizeof(AclItem))) #define ACL_SIZE(ACL) ARR_SIZE(ACL) /* * fmgr macros for these types */ #define DatumGetAclItemP(X) ((AclItem *) DatumGetPointer(X)) #define PG_GETARG_ACLITEM_P(n) DatumGetAclItemP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_RETURN_ACLITEM_P(x) PG_RETURN_POINTER(x) #define DatumGetAclP(X) ((Acl *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X)) #define DatumGetAclPCopy(X) ((Acl *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X)) #define PG_GETARG_ACL_P(n) DatumGetAclP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_GETARG_ACL_P_COPY(n) DatumGetAclPCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n)) #define PG_RETURN_ACL_P(x) PG_RETURN_POINTER(x) /* * ACL modification opcodes for aclupdate */ #define ACL_MODECHG_ADD 1 #define ACL_MODECHG_DEL 2 #define ACL_MODECHG_EQL 3 /* * External representations of the privilege bits --- aclitemin/aclitemout * represent each possible privilege bit with a distinct 1-character code */ #define ACL_INSERT_CHR 'a' /* formerly known as "append" */ #define ACL_SELECT_CHR 'r' /* formerly known as "read" */ #define ACL_UPDATE_CHR 'w' /* formerly known as "write" */ #define ACL_DELETE_CHR 'd' #define ACL_TRUNCATE_CHR 'D' /* super-delete, as it were */ #define ACL_REFERENCES_CHR 'x' #define ACL_TRIGGER_CHR 't' #define ACL_EXECUTE_CHR 'X' #define ACL_USAGE_CHR 'U' #define ACL_CREATE_CHR 'C' #define ACL_CREATE_TEMP_CHR 'T' #define ACL_CONNECT_CHR 'c' /* string holding all privilege code chars, in order by bitmask position */ #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_STR "arwdDxtXUCTc" /* * Bitmasks defining "all rights" for each supported object type */ #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_COLUMN (ACL_INSERT|ACL_SELECT|ACL_UPDATE|ACL_REFERENCES) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_RELATION (ACL_INSERT|ACL_SELECT|ACL_UPDATE|ACL_DELETE|ACL_TRUNCATE|ACL_REFERENCES|ACL_TRIGGER) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_SEQUENCE (ACL_USAGE|ACL_SELECT|ACL_UPDATE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_DATABASE (ACL_CREATE|ACL_CREATE_TEMP|ACL_CONNECT) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_FDW (ACL_USAGE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_FOREIGN_SERVER (ACL_USAGE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_FUNCTION (ACL_EXECUTE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_LANGUAGE (ACL_USAGE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_LARGEOBJECT (ACL_SELECT|ACL_UPDATE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_NAMESPACE (ACL_USAGE|ACL_CREATE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_TABLESPACE (ACL_CREATE) #define ACL_ALL_RIGHTS_TYPE (ACL_USAGE) /* operation codes for pg_*_aclmask */ typedef enum { ACLMASK_ALL, /* normal case: compute all bits */ ACLMASK_ANY /* return when result is known nonzero */ } AclMaskHow; /* result codes for pg_*_aclcheck */ typedef enum { ACLCHECK_OK = 0, ACLCHECK_NO_PRIV, ACLCHECK_NOT_OWNER } AclResult; /* this enum covers all object types that can have privilege errors */ /* currently it's only used to tell aclcheck_error what to say */ typedef enum AclObjectKind { ACL_KIND_COLUMN, /* pg_attribute */ ACL_KIND_CLASS, /* pg_class */ ACL_KIND_SEQUENCE, /* pg_sequence */ ACL_KIND_DATABASE, /* pg_database */ ACL_KIND_PROC, /* pg_proc */ ACL_KIND_OPER, /* pg_operator */ ACL_KIND_TYPE, /* pg_type */ ACL_KIND_LANGUAGE, /* pg_language */ ACL_KIND_LARGEOBJECT, /* pg_largeobject */ ACL_KIND_NAMESPACE, /* pg_namespace */ ACL_KIND_OPCLASS, /* pg_opclass */ ACL_KIND_OPFAMILY, /* pg_opfamily */ ACL_KIND_COLLATION, /* pg_collation */ ACL_KIND_CONVERSION, /* pg_conversion */ ACL_KIND_TABLESPACE, /* pg_tablespace */ ACL_KIND_TSDICTIONARY, /* pg_ts_dict */ ACL_KIND_TSCONFIGURATION, /* pg_ts_config */ ACL_KIND_FDW, /* pg_foreign_data_wrapper */ ACL_KIND_FOREIGN_SERVER, /* pg_foreign_server */ ACL_KIND_EXTENSION, /* pg_extension */ MAX_ACL_KIND /* MUST BE LAST */ } AclObjectKind; /* * routines used internally */ extern Acl *acldefault(GrantObjectType objtype, Oid ownerId); extern Acl *get_user_default_acl(GrantObjectType objtype, Oid ownerId, Oid nsp_oid); extern Acl *aclupdate(const Acl *old_acl, const AclItem *mod_aip, int modechg, Oid ownerId, DropBehavior behavior); extern Acl *aclnewowner(const Acl *old_acl, Oid oldOwnerId, Oid newOwnerId); extern Acl *make_empty_acl(void); extern Acl *aclcopy(const Acl *orig_acl); extern Acl *aclconcat(const Acl *left_acl, const Acl *right_acl); extern Acl *aclmerge(const Acl *left_acl, const Acl *right_acl, Oid ownerId); extern void aclitemsort(Acl *acl); extern bool aclequal(const Acl *left_acl, const Acl *right_acl); extern AclMode aclmask(const Acl *acl, Oid roleid, Oid ownerId, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern int aclmembers(const Acl *acl, Oid **roleids); extern bool has_privs_of_role(Oid member, Oid role); extern bool is_member_of_role(Oid member, Oid role); extern bool is_member_of_role_nosuper(Oid member, Oid role); extern bool is_admin_of_role(Oid member, Oid role); extern void check_is_member_of_role(Oid member, Oid role); extern Oid get_role_oid(const char *rolname, bool missing_ok); extern void select_best_grantor(Oid roleId, AclMode privileges, const Acl *acl, Oid ownerId, Oid *grantorId, AclMode *grantOptions); extern void initialize_acl(void); /* * SQL functions (from acl.c) */ extern Datum aclitemin(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum aclitemout(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum aclinsert(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum aclremove(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum aclcontains(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum makeaclitem(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum aclitem_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum hash_aclitem(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum acldefault_sql(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); extern Datum aclexplode(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS); /* * prototypes for functions in aclchk.c */ extern void ExecuteGrantStmt(GrantStmt *stmt); extern void ExecAlterDefaultPrivilegesStmt(AlterDefaultPrivilegesStmt *stmt); extern void RemoveRoleFromObjectACL(Oid roleid, Oid classid, Oid objid); extern void RemoveDefaultACLById(Oid defaclOid); extern AclMode pg_attribute_aclmask(Oid table_oid, AttrNumber attnum, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_class_aclmask(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_database_aclmask(Oid db_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_proc_aclmask(Oid proc_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_language_aclmask(Oid lang_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_largeobject_aclmask_snapshot(Oid lobj_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how, Snapshot snapshot); extern AclMode pg_namespace_aclmask(Oid nsp_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_tablespace_aclmask(Oid spc_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_foreign_data_wrapper_aclmask(Oid fdw_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_foreign_server_aclmask(Oid srv_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclMode pg_type_aclmask(Oid type_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mask, AclMaskHow how); extern AclResult pg_attribute_aclcheck(Oid table_oid, AttrNumber attnum, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_attribute_aclcheck_all(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode, AclMaskHow how); extern AclResult pg_class_aclcheck(Oid table_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_database_aclcheck(Oid db_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_proc_aclcheck(Oid proc_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_language_aclcheck(Oid lang_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_largeobject_aclcheck_snapshot(Oid lang_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode, Snapshot snapshot); extern AclResult pg_namespace_aclcheck(Oid nsp_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_tablespace_aclcheck(Oid spc_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_foreign_data_wrapper_aclcheck(Oid fdw_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_foreign_server_aclcheck(Oid srv_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern AclResult pg_type_aclcheck(Oid type_oid, Oid roleid, AclMode mode); extern void aclcheck_error(AclResult aclerr, AclObjectKind objectkind, const char *objectname); extern void aclcheck_error_col(AclResult aclerr, AclObjectKind objectkind, const char *objectname, const char *colname); extern void aclcheck_error_type(AclResult aclerr, Oid typeOid); /* ownercheck routines just return true (owner) or false (not) */ extern bool pg_class_ownercheck(Oid class_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_type_ownercheck(Oid type_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_oper_ownercheck(Oid oper_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_proc_ownercheck(Oid proc_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_language_ownercheck(Oid lan_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_largeobject_ownercheck(Oid lobj_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_namespace_ownercheck(Oid nsp_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_tablespace_ownercheck(Oid spc_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_opclass_ownercheck(Oid opc_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_opfamily_ownercheck(Oid opf_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_database_ownercheck(Oid db_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_collation_ownercheck(Oid coll_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_conversion_ownercheck(Oid conv_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_ts_dict_ownercheck(Oid dict_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_ts_config_ownercheck(Oid cfg_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_foreign_data_wrapper_ownercheck(Oid srv_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_foreign_server_ownercheck(Oid srv_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool pg_extension_ownercheck(Oid ext_oid, Oid roleid); extern bool has_createrole_privilege(Oid roleid); #endif /* ACL_H */ | Mid | [
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The Community Blog is a personal opinion of community members and by no means the official standpoint of DNN Corp or DNN Platform. This is a place to express personal thoughts about DNNPlatform, the community and its ecosystem. Do you have useful information that you would like to share with the DNN Community in a featured article or blog? If so, please contact [email protected]. Module Development in DNN 8: 1 – Introduction to MVC modules A new CTP for DNN 8 was released today. This CTP contains updated support for building modules using the ASP.NET MVC Framework as well as new support for building HTML 5 based modules. This adds to the existing support for building modules with ASP.NET WebForms (User Controls) and Razor scripts. With this extended support DNN 8 becomes the only .NET CMS that offers module developers a choice of all the available ways to build extensions. In this new blog series I will describe these new features while building a module to manage Contacts. This post is an introduction to developing MVC based modules. A bit about routing The first thing to note is that the approach we have taken is to embed the MVC application inside an ASP.NET Web Forms server control. This is a similar approach to how we provided Razor support a few years ago, and is also the same approach we are using to support Single Page Application style modules using HTML 5, JavaScript and CSS. This doesn’t really affect how module developers code their MVC modules, except that it means that routing is done a little differently. As an MVC module developer you don’t need to define any routes as DNN handles the routing (or URL Rewriting). We will however still support Html and Url helpers that defined links using action names and controller names. However, we will create urls that work within the DNN Url handling system. Setting up your environment In this introductory blog I will show how to set up Visual Studio (2015) to develop our first DNN MVC module. As a pre-requisite you will need to install the CTP which you can get from codeplex. Alternatively you can get the latest code by cloning the feature/8.0.0 branch of the DNN.Platform Github repository (https://github.com/dnnsoftware/Dnn.Platform). Open Visual Studio (in my case I am using Visual Studio 2015 RC) and create a solution for you MVC module. Once you have created your solution, add a Web Application Project – select the Empty template (1) but check MVC (2) so that the MVC references are added to the empty project. Figure 1 - Creating an MVC Project Remove the files and folders added by the template – except the Controllers, Models and Views folders – and add an App_LocalResources folder (for our localization resources). You should have something that looks like Figure 2. Figure 2 – Empty MVC Project I like setting up my projects so that I can deploy them to my site as well as package them for installation so in order to do that we need to add some extra files to the project. The Module.build File The first file to add is an MS Build file. This MS Build file is shown in Figure 3 (don’t worry if you can’t read everything in the file – as noted above the source for this project is available on Github (https://github.com/cnurse/DnnConnect.Demo), so you can copy the file on Github for use in your project. Figure 3 – The Module.build File There are four important properties in this file some of which will need to be modified for your installation: The BuildScriptsPath points to the folder where supporting build scripts are stored. The WebsitePath must point to the root of your DNN 8.0 website The ModuleFolderName points to where your module will be deployed within the website – your module should be under the MVC folder within DesktopModules. This is important as this will mean that the web.config file that lives in that folder will apply to your MVC module. This web.config file allows the Razor Views to work just as they would in a stand-alone MVC Application with the change that the base WebViewPage is a DnnWebViewPage. The two Imports statements points to two MS Build files that are used to deply and/or package the module. These files are copies of the files shipped with the DNN source and are located in the BuildScriptsPath folder. To enable the build file to work you need to modify the module’s project file. To do that, “Unload” the project and Edit the project as an XML file, and insert the Import element highlighted in Figure 4 at the bottom of the file. Figure 4 – Adding the Import Statement to the Project File The DNN Manifest file Next we will need to add a DNN manifest file. Figure 5 shows the DNN manifest file I have created for the ContactList project. Figure 5 – The DNN Manifest file Note the following 4 points about this file: There is a dependency node as MVC modules require a core DNN version of 8.0.0 or later The folderName property supports two levels just like legacy module types (for this property the MVC folder is implied) The controlSrc property uses the “fake” extension “.mvc” to identify that this control is an MVC control. I will go into more detail about this in a future post. The ResourceFile component and any File component needs to include the MVC folder in the basePath. Most of the other files in the root of the project are self-explanatory. In the next post in this series I will show how to build your first MVC View. I have downloaded the DnnConnect.Demo project from GitHub and when I compile it in release mode I can only see the Install PA in the Install/Modules directory of my DNN website. My question is where can i find the Source Package?? Post in the beta forum and you'll get more exposure. You can also use the DNN source and trace the cause of the issue yourself. You're experiencing a problem where someone will have to get your PA and test it themselves. I am guessing no one has the time for this now in a CTP phase. I wrote sone time ago two comments on next Charles MVC post to fix thoose little installation problem.Read comments here: http://www.dnnsoftware.com/community-blog/cid/155219/module-development-in-dnn-8-2--creating-your-first-mvc-actionview If you'd like a more streamlined alternative for handling the building / packaging side of the project, please checkout DnnPackager: http://darrelltunnell.net/blog/2015/12/01/dnnpackager-getting-started/ Really informative tutorial. But I have a small issue that I cant seem to resolve. I think its related to Module.Build File Settings. I decided to make modifications to https://github.com/cnurse/DnnConnect.Demo and install the zip file into the DNN 8 CTP 2. I changed the DNN Manifest XML files in MVC and API projects as per Fig 5 and tried to install the module DNN_ContactList_01.00.00_Install.zip under root\Install\Module Folder. However, I got following error: Content Layout Subscribe to DNN Digest Subscribe to DNN Digest DNN Digest is our monthly email newsletter. It highlights news and content from around the DNN ecosystem, such as new modules and themes, messages from leadership, blog posts and notable tweets. Keep your finger on the pulse of the ecosystem by subscribing. | Mid | [
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Renault have made it known that they want to scale back their engine supply arrangement. They feel that supplying three teams is ideal (though they’re willing to supply four). They obviously won’t give up on Red Bull, and they have an off-track relationship with Caterham. Toro Rosso want Renault engines, and given their relationship with Red Bull, it makes sense for them to use Renault, too. That means Williams and Lotus would have to find new deals. Lotus have been linked to a Honda switch in 2015, so they might keep Renault for an extra season on a one-year deal the way McLaren are sticking with Mercedes. That would leave Williams as the odd one out. A move to Mercedes makes sense, because the Mercedes engine is probably the best on the grid. Especially in terms of raw power, which would benefit Williams and their flagging fortunes. Williams need more than Ross Brawn. Ross is a great leader, but to be a great leader, you need a great car. The Renault dream reunion has not gone the way Williams has hoped and with the loss of Mclaren and the uncertainty of SFI, Mercedes would be crazy not to snap Williams up. I’m not so sure Caterham will stay with Renault myself as the have not gained what seems like any advantage from using the Redbull drivetrain and I’m sure it’s not cheap. Does Renault want to scale back engine supply as the might start their own team, again. That sounds fairly right to me. Clearly the Renault engine isn’t fit for the already weak FW35, so Mercedes power might be a smart move. Also, I’ve heard that Renault’s 2014 engines will be the most expensive on the market, at around 25 mil and as Williams’s financial status isn’t exactly good, the less-expensive (yet still as good, I believe) Mercedes engine could solve that problem. And the, we have to consider that Merc will lose a team as of 2015 (when McLaren switches to Honda) and supplying Williams might be the key to keep the a certain equilibrium. So, there you go…a lot of reasons why this could (and should) happen. Seems like there could be a big change around next year. WARNING MASSIVE RUMOUR BELOW Ferrari McLaren-Honda (new rumour suggests that Honda could return next year rather than 2015) Mercedes Lotus-Renualt Red Bull-Renault Williams – Mercedes Force India (uncertain if they will even stick around for next year let alone its engine) Marrusia-Ferrari (they will almost certainly use Ferrari engines for next year) Sauber – Ferrari Caterham (unknown, maybe renualt) Torro Rosso – Renault (an anncoucement is being made soon about the switch) Clearly the Renault engine isn’t fit for the already weak FW35, so Mercedes power might be a smart move It’s a lot easier to suggest forthcoming changes for teams who’s current form isn’t great – it seems that Williams may be, just perhaps, starting to understand what’s going on with the FW35 (see Monaco Thursday practice 1). Their problems are aero-based rather than with the engine. Plus they’ve only been with Renault power since the start of last year, so it’s a little early to jump to conclusions in my opinion. Plus, it’s perhaps a little late to be making that sort of switch, surely? I’m guessing there’ll already be a lot of correspondence with their engine suppliers now work on the 2014 cars has begun, with such a big change. Of course, I could be wrong. While Prisoner Monkeys has a good point in saying Renault is likely to be Caterham’s first pick because of their off-track work, I have seen their name mentioned in the engine rumors. It would seem they aren’t too happy about Renault’s engine prices, and are considering Ferrari or Mercedes power as well. Dutch sites are claiming the following; Mind you, they have people on the paddock. I’ve seen some blogs speculate Ferrari is going to supply half the field next season, but I don’t think Ferrari will expand beyond 3 teams. I’d like a good engine shake-up to be honest. And silly season for suppliers can be really fun in hindsight too, I remember rumors Prost was getting Mercedes engines and McLaren switching back to Peugeot back in 2000.. Renault wanting to lose a deal with somebody, and Toro Rosso wanting to pick up a Renault engine, combined with their relationship with Red Bull would suggest that both Williams and Lotus will need new engines. I don’t know what the current contracts are, or how long they last, but I’d expect something like: Williams to switch to Mercedes, given the rumours, I guess it would make sense, especially with McLaren no longer using their engines. I’ve heard (I think from Autosport) that Honda won’t supply anyone else in 2015, so that could mean that Lotus will have to wait for 2016, if they want Honda. Sauber are likely to keep with Ferrari, with Marussia making the switch as well. So, for me the question is what Lotus will do, if they do part with Renault. Ferrari or Mercedes for the next couple of years? I don’t see Lotus ditching Renault, I expect Renault to still supply 3 teams being RBR, STR and Lotus. That makes investing in development worth while. Mercedes I believe will follow suit with 3 teams, themselves, SFI and Williams. Honda will be looking to supply more teams but the fact that they are no coming on board until 2015 makes it hard for teams to commit especially as they are yet to be proven. | Mid | [
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{% include "includes/auth/janrain/signIn_traditional.html" with message='It looks like you are already verified. If you still have trouble signing in, you probably need a new confirmation link email.' %} Florida’s same-sex marriage ban faces stern test Florida’s ban on same-sex marriage faces a stern test today in a Miami courtroom, where six same-sex couples will ask a judge to throw out the state’s 2008 prohibition because it violates the U.S. Constitution. Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Sarah Zabel has scheduled a hearing for 4 p.m. in the case Pareto v. Ruvin, the latest in a series of lawsuits across the nation which stem from last summer’s U.S. Supreme Court ruling that struck down a key portion of the federal Defense of Marriage Act. Catherine Pareto and Karla Arguello, are among the six couples challenging the law. Harvey Ruvin is the Miami-Dade Clerk of the Courts. “A lot has changed in Florida and across the country on same-sex marriage,” said Sharon Kersten, a spokeswoman for Equality Florida, which is seeking to overturn the law. “We feel quite confident.” John Stemberger, president of the Florida Family Policy Council, who spearheaded the drive that led to the voter-approved constitutional amendment, said he hopes Zabel will uphold the ban despite the tide of reversals since the high court’s decision. Gay rights activists have won 18 cases involving bans in state and federal courts since justices ruled. Stemberger’s organization will argue in favor of the ban today. Attorney General Pam Bondi’s office will defend the state law. Bondi, a Republican seeking re-election, has drawn heat from same-sex marriage supporters for weighing into the the case. In a motion, Bondi said that if courts authorize same sex-marriage in Florida, it would “impose significant public harm” and “create significant problems for the state’s pension and health insurance programs.” Bondi also underscored the soundness of her constitutional position. She wrote, “The definition of marriage as a union between one man and one woman predates the founding of this Nation. There can be no doubt that the Founders assumed there was but one definition of marriage when the First Amendment was ratified.” Forget the constitution for a second (which is not being violated by the ban on homosexual marriage). There is nothing normal about two men engaging in anal sex. There is nothing appealing about bestiality either. It is just plain abnormal and sick. If homosexual marriage ban violates the constitution, then those that engage in bestiality, polygamy, and pedophilia can cry the same argument. | Low | [
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Q: Create a Matrix in RREF with indeterminates in Sage This quesetion is moreso a programming question involving Sage. I would like to be able to create a Matrix over a multivariable polynomial ring (in particular over R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x',(n-k)*n)) in Sage that has a particular form. I would like to create a $k \times n$ matrices that is in RREF form, where I can choose where the pivots should be and fill in the rest with variables from my polynomial ring. (I am assuming full rank, so there will be $k$ pivots with $n \choose k$ possible choices) $\begin{bmatrix} 1 & x1 & 0 & x2 & \cdots\\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & x3 & \cdots\\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &\cdots \\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots \end{bmatrix}$ Is there any way I can do this in Sage by just indicating which columns I want to have the pivots in? I could brute force this by creating a zero matrix that is $k \times n$ then indicating where the pivots are and going entry by entry to determine if I put a variable or not, but I am hoping for a more concise and elegant solution. A: I answered this (a while ago) on Ask SageMath: Create Matrix in RREF with indeterminates. | Mid | [
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Mathura: BJP MP Hema Malini reacts on Rahul Gandhi’s ‘aaloo ki factory’ reported remark. says, “Hamari sarkar bahut saari jagah mein factory laga chuki hai. Bahut saara aaloo ka ban raha hai, chips wagairah. Everything is being made, also export bhi kitna hota hai. The above was tweeted by news agency ANI on April 5, along with a sound bite of BJP MP and actor Hema Malini, who is responding to a question posed by a reporter. #WATCH Mathura: BJP MP Hema Malini reacts on Rahul Gandhi’s ‘aaloo ki factory’ reported remark. says, “Hamari sarkar bahut saari jagah mein factory laga chuki hai. Bahut saara aaloo ka ban raha hai, chips wagairah. Everything is being made, also export bhi kitna hota hai.” pic.twitter.com/uenbasm1fZ — ANI UP (@ANINewsUP) April 5, 2019 The video clip begins with the reporter asking “…Aloo ki factory lagayenge, ek taraf aloo dalenge doosri taraf sona niklega? (Potato factory will be set up, insert potato from one end and gold comes out from the other? – translation). To this, Hema Malini responds by saying, “Sabse pehle toh hamari sarkar bahut saari jagah mein factory laga chuki hai. Bahut saara aaloo ka ban raha hai, chips wagairah. Everything is being made, also export bhi kitna hota hai. (Firstly, our govt has set up factories at many places, lot of potato (products) like chips etc. are being made. Everything is being made. A lot is being exported- translation). What is to be noted over here is that the video clip is 18 seconds long, and begins abruptly with the reporter’s question already underway. The question is with reference to what Rahul Gandhi had supposedly once said- about setting up a ‘potato factory’, where potato turns into gold when inserted into a machine. Gandhi has been the butt of jokes on social media and beyond over his purported ‘aloo sona’ remark. Reporter posed question based on misinformation The version posted by ANI via its tweet is truncated. Like pointed out earlier, the video clip begins abruptly. Another version of the same video, which was posted on Twitter, clearly shows that the reporter asks Hema Malini, “Rahul Gandhi kehte hain na aloo ki factory lagayenge ek taraf aloo dalenge doosri taraf sona niklega?” (Rahul Gandhi says potato factories will be set up, we will put potato from one end and get gold from the other?- translation). It is the reporter herself who says, “Rahul Gandhi kehte hain (Rahul Gandhi has said)”. She is referring to the Congress president having made this ridiculous statement. Aloo Ki Factory remark is a myth The fact of the matter is that Rahul Gandhi had never said that he would set up a ‘potato factory’ where machines would miraculously turn potatoes into gold. The basis for this claim is a curtailed video clip of a rally in which Gandhi had criticised Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Gandhi was actually referring to PM Modi, saying that the latter had told farmers that he would set up a machine to convert potatoes into gold. ABP News had fact-checked this popular misinformation in January 2018. As can be seen in the video posted below, Rahul Gandhi had said, “Aloo ke kisano ko kaha, aisi machine lagaunga, iss side se aloo ghusega uss side se sona niklega. iss side se aloo dalo uss side se sona dalo. itna paisa banega apko pata nai hoga kya karna hai paise ka. Mere shabd nahi hai Narendra Modi ji ke shabd hain” (He told potato farmers, i will set up such a machine, that i will insert potato from one end and extract gold from the other. put potato at one end and extract gold from the other. You will make so much money that you will not know what to do with it. These are not my words. These are the words of Modi ji- translation). The complete video was uploaded on the Congress president’s YouTube channel. The relevant portion begins at 17:50 minutes. Rahul Gandhi was speaking at Patan, Gujarat at a public rally in November 2017. It may be noted that Rahul Gandhi’s claim amounts to political rhetoric, since there is no record of PM Narendra Modi having ever made any such statement. The reporter’s query to Hema Malini was based on misinformation which was made popular over time through repetition. It may be reiterated that Rahul Gandhi had never made such a statement, and was in fact accusing Prime Minister Narendra Modi of having made that pledge to farmers. Donate to Alt News! Independent journalism that speaks truth to power and is free of corporate and political control is possible only when people start contributing towards the same. Please consider donating towards this endeavour to fight fake news and misinformation. Donate Now To make an instant donation, click on the "Donate Now" button above. For information regarding donation via Bank Transfer/Cheque/DD, click here. You could follow Alt News posts either via our Facebook page or by following us on Twitter or by subscribing to our E-mail updates. | Low | [
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Airbus partnership aims to help aircraft “avoid” volcanic ash dangers An Airbus collaboration with easyJet and Nicarnica Aviation has successfully flight tested a system that allows pilots to “see” volcanic ash clouds – which pose a risk to jet engines – and safely navigate around them. Airbus played a further role in the evaluation, creating the cloud by deploying one tonne of Icelandic ash from an A400M test aircraft between 10,000 and 12,000 feet altitude. “Airbus, since it was first formed more than 40 years ago, has supported and performed many test programmes both independently and also in collaboration with other organisations,” said Airbus’ Executive Vice President Engineering Charles Champion. “With AVOID, we wanted to prove that the ash-detection concept can work and this has been demonstrated in the test. Now we need to analyse all data gathered.” Created by Dr. Fred Prata of Norway’s Nicarnica Aviation, the AVOID technology is similar to the weather radar system which is standard on commercial jetliners today, utilising infrared technology to supply images to pilots and operations control centres. U.K.-based easyJet – the largest Airbus A320 Family customer and operator in Europe – plans to be the first airline to deploy the system following further testing and its certification by airworthiness authorities. AVOID could then be used to gather data needed to plan safe routes through areas affected by volcanic ash clouds. “We are at the beginning of an invention which could become a useful solution for commercial aviation to prevent large-scale disruption from volcanic ash,” Champion said. These new tests further Airbus commitment to evaluating the impact of ash on safe operations. In 2010, the company offered full technical assistance to authorities during the notable eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull, which resulted in a major shutdown of European airspace and estimated global aviation losses of more than one billion euros. | High | [
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The Super Protein That Can Cut DNA and Revolutionize Genetic Engineering JAMIE CONDLIFFE | Gizmodo When scientists Phillipe Horvath and Rodolphe Barrangou set out to find a better way to make yogurt, they didn't expect to stumble across one of the future's most promising discoveries: a super protein that can accurately cut DNA--and could perhaps revolutionize genetic engineering. The protein, called Cas9, can be exploited to snip strands of DNA in exactly the place researchers want. It doesn't make genetic engineering easy, but does make it much, much easier--as it allows researchers to splice sequences of DNA together affordably, with unprecedented accuracy. So how does it work? Well, Cas9 was found last year to join forces with bacteria in such a way that, combined, they home into viruses and kill them by cutting their DNA at specific, targeted points. That's interesting--in fact, it made it a prime candidate for making yogurt production more efficient. But what's more interesting is that Cas9 can be paired with any string of RNA--strings of molecules not unlike DNA which code and regulate gene expression--to target a matching piece of DNA and snip it with incredible accuracy. Kind of like a pair of tiny, custom DNA scissors. That's not interesting--that's amazing. Now, though, reports Forbes, the world of biology is swarming over Cas9 and the possibilities it affords. George Church of Harvard University explains: "It is spreading like wildfire from everyone who knows about it and it certainly is very tantalizing. It's easy to get in and start doing lots of experiments." The embrace of Cas9 could bring with it massive advances, then. Not least the ability to study genetics in ways never before possible. Forbes explains: [S]ay there are three changes in the DNA in or around a gene that might cause a disease. Right now, it's hard to study them directly. But now, Church says, you could take a cell from a person who has already had their DNA sequenced, as he is doing with his Personal Genome Project. Then you'd create what's known as an induced pluripotent stem cell, a cell that behaves much like one in an embryo. After that, you could use Cas9 to change each of those DNA spelling changes. There is, of course, still a long way to go--this research is being conducted in Petri dishes right now, not living creatures--but it's a long time since a single protein had the entire world of biology so excited. It's only a matter of time before something major comes of it; not bad, for a protein which was originally discovered to make better yogurt. [Forbes, Science] Gizmodo is dedicated to gadgets, gizmos, and cutting-edge consumer electronics. Its tech-hungry audience stops by frequently to check out the newest products and recommendations for laptops, cell phones, PDAs, digital cameras, home entertainment, and other shiny new toys. Widely viewed as an authority in tech media, Gizmodo publishes breaking news and reviews 60 times per weekday. About The Author Zoë Schlanger is Frontpage Editor at TPM. Zoë was a TPM intern in 2011, and prior to returning here she was editor in chief of NYU Local, the alternative independent student news site at NYU. Zoë has interned at places like the Nation, InsideClimate News, The Rachel Maddow Show and Gothamist. She can be reached at [email protected]. | High | [
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What you eat isn't the only determinant of your overall health status. There are plenty of other facets of your life that play major roles in determining how functional and energetic you are. Here's how I think about the role that diet plays in contributing to health and disease: If you're consistently eating foods that nourish your cells and don't create cellular injury or inflammation, your diet can take a back seat to other high priority items, like getting enough rest, being physically active, being in a healthy environment, and spending time with people and projects that leave you feeling fulfilled. If you're not eating the right foods for your health - foods that are injuring your cells and creating inflammation in your body with or without your awareness - then your diet deserves the bulk of your attention and resources, as taking care of other areas of your life while continuously crippling your body with your food choices is a recipe for chronic disease. Figuring out what to eat to support your best health is a project that you best take on yourself, as no one else can observe all of the ways in which your body responds to the foods and beverages that you consume. Put another way, it's virtually impossible for one specific dietary program to best support everyone because we're all unique in countless ways and we're always changing. What is possible and effective for many is to follow a few specific principles that govern healthy eating, to continuously be mindful of how you're feeling, and to make modifications whenever necessary. Sometimes, modifications may be called for immediately, as in the case of discovering a food allergy. At other times, you may find that changing life circumstances - like aging or even changing of seasons - require alterations to your diet to keep you feeling strong and healthy. What follows are general principles of healthy eating that I personally strive to follow and that I recommend to my clients. 1. Eat Nutrient-Rich Foods. Nutrient-rich foods are naturally abundant in one or more of the following health-promoting nutrients: Healthy protein Healthy fat (including cholesterol) Healthy carbohydrates (including fiber) Vitamins Minerals Enzymes Water Phytonutrients (health-promoting nutrients found in plant foods) Dark or brightly colored vegetables, fruits, and legumes are generally considered to be nature's most nutrient-rich plant foods that are typically well tolerated by the masses. From the animal kingdom, eggs from healthfully raised birds and cold-water fish are good nutrient-rich food choices for many people. Broths made from vegetables and/or bones from cold water fish or healthfully raised chickens are also deeply nourishing choices. 2. Minimize Or Avoid Consumption of Highly Processed Foods. Foods that are predominantly made of sugar, flour, and highly processed grains (found in many commercially prepared cereals) are generally low in nutrient value. Ditto for the vast majority of deep-fried foods like donuts and potato chips. You may be able to indulge in highly processed foods without experiencing significant consequences to your health in the short term if your health is relatively good, but the more you stay away from this group of foods, the healthier you will be and feel in the short and long term. 3. Minimize or Avoid Consumption of Foods that Cause Cellular Injury or Inflammation. Based on everything that I know about human health and nutrition, the worst offenders are: Pasteurized and homogenized dairy products. Foods that contain shortening or partially hydrogenated oils. Most varieties of highly processed luncheon meats, hot dogs, bacon, and sausages. Factory-farmed flesh meats that have been cooked to a crisp. 4. Chew Your Foods Well. Chewing your foods until liquid takes burden off your digestive organs, and allows your body to maximally extract and absorb nutrients in the foods that you eat. You aren't what you eat; you're what you fully digest, and thoroughly chewing your foods is an essential requirement for optimal digestion and health. *** In sharing the principles noted above with clients, I'm often asked to provide examples of what I eat on a day-to-day basis. Here's a look at what I typically eat during colder months: Breakfast: Some type of fruit - usually pomegranates, apples, or clementines Lightly scrambled organic eggs - scrambled in coconut or extra-virgin olive oil Drink made by blending almond milk, frozen banana slices, and an organic whole food multi powder. Lunch: Bowl of soup, usually miso, seaweed, or Chinese radish Bowl of rice Kim Chi Filet of fish (just once in a while, usually salmon, sardines, or mackerel) Dinner: Soup Pinto beans or chickpeas (usually in the form of hummus) Rice with a number of vegetable side dishes, similar to bi bim bap, a Korean dish of rice and vegetables. The foods listed above are typical fare for our family of four, though my wife and two sons tend to have more animal protein than I do; they all do well eating small amounts of free-range chicken and turkey, and occasionally even beef, but any animal protein that they eat is accompanied by generous portions of vegetables and mineral-rich soup, as well as some rice. As a family, we also enjoy the recipes that I publish in our healthy recipes archive. For example, we'll occasionally treat ourselves to some pancakes along with fresh fruit for breakfast. Sometimes, we'll have vegetarian chili for dinner. We're big on avocados and guacamole all the time. Given that our family is pretty active, we tend to eat healthy snacks at least once a day. These snacks include smoothies and various vegetables, nuts, and seeds. We almost always have a big bin of baby organic greens in our refrigerator - we add handfuls to most of our soups. I also like to munch on a bowl of raw greens while I work, as I find that this helps keep my teeth strong. After playing tennis or doing any other type of exercise, I typically make another drink for myself with a variety of superfood powders - the same kind that I have in the morning. We regularly make our own vegetable or chicken broth to have on hand for the soups we make. I do a lot more juicing in the summers than in the winters. But even during colder months, I like to juice up a couple of heads of romaine lettuce once in a while and drink the whole batch within a few hours. Like munching on raw baby greens, drinking freshly pressed lettuce juice makes my teeth feel strong, and I also find that this practice makes it possible to participate in strenuous activities for hours at a time without feeling muscle fatigue or cramping. In the summer, we eat many of the same foods mentioned above, but we tend to eat mostly raw foods, especially during the hottest months. From about June to September, the four of us go through at least one whole watermelon a day - I'm talking about 15-pound melons. Also in the summer, I find that I prefer to eat less whole grains and more steamed vegetables, along with generous servings of a wide variety of raw vegetables. Enough about what me and my family eat. If you're looking for guidance on what to eat to get and stay healthy, I encourage you to consider the four principles mentioned above, to follow your instincts in trying foods and recipes that are appealing, to observe how you feel while eating different foods, and to make modifications whenever necessary. *** Other articles in this What to Eat series: What to Eat - How to Get the Most Out of What You Eat What to Eat - More on Getting the Most Out of What You Eat | Mid | [
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Medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is a well-established method for the treatment of medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee, which has shown good mid- and long-term results.[@B1] Several factors for good results have been suggested, including the correct indication, adequate correction angle, standardized rehabilitation protocols, and the quality of internal fixation.[@B2][@B3] Among these, there has been a recent increase in the interest of fixation methods. Several types of internal fixation devices have been used for OWHTO, including conventional plates, spacer plates, angular stable plates, etc.[@B4] However, the spacer plate, i.e., Puddu plate, has been reported to have marginally sufficient strength to withstand the axial load on the proximal tibia.[@B5][@B6] TomoFix locking plate (Synthes, Oberdorf, Switzerland) is a locking plate that has been widely used and provided good stability with multiple locking screws; however, application of the device can sometimes be challenging for Asian patients with smaller tibial bones due to the relatively large profile of the plate.[@B7][@B8] For patients with small tibiae that require considerable correction angle, a smaller locking plate with a similar strength of TomoFix would be necessary. For this purpose, we devised a novel rigid plate that has a short length (112 mm vs. 115 mm) and smaller profile (85 mm, 3-hole type vs. 95 mm, 4-hole type) than TomoFix by combining the advantages of locking plates and wedge blocks. The novel plate is equipped with semi-locking threaded plate holes, which can provide both good stability and adjustable screw orientation. Most of all, the distinguishable feature of this plate is it can be assembled with metal wedges of various sizes for the provision of stability and feasibility of surgical procedure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the novel plate and to investigate biomechanical advantages of a metal wedge. The hypotheses of this research were the plate has good biomechanical properties compared to other fixation methods available and a metal wedge can enhance biomechanical properties of the plate. METHODS ======= Design of the Plate ------------------- The novel plate (TDM, Seoul, Korea) is a T-shaped precontoured locking plate. The plate has 8 (or 9) holes, each of which has a thread to lock the screw to the plate. Proximal 4 holes are for metaphyseal fixation, distal 3 (or 4) holes are for diaphyseal fixation, and one hole in the middle is for assembling a metal wedge. The distal holes are 3 or 4 for the purpose of choosing an adequate plate size for individual patient during surgery. This middle hole is located on a small arm directed to the posterior side of the plate, which can be placed at the most posterior part of the osteotomy gap. The metal wedge is available in different sizes from 5 mm to 16 mm with an increment of 1 mm according to the osteotomy gap. Proximal holes have semi-locking fashion threads to allow for adjustment of directions of the screws according to the bone geometry during surgery ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The study involved 1-year-old female domestic pigs whose tibiae had been stored at −18℃ before use. A total of 12 specimens were used in the study and they were divided into 2 groups of 6 specimens each. The first group was subjected to fixation using the plate only and the second group had an additional reinforcement with a metal wedge. The specimens were thawed to room temperature for at least 24 hours before use. All the specimens were subjected to a medial open wedge osteotomy using an opening wedge of 8 mm. At first, an osteotomy was done on the anterior third of the tibial cortex involving the tibial tuberosity fragment in the frontal plane which was at an angle of 110° to the axial plane. Subsequently, a K-wire of 1.6 mm in size was drilled at a distance of 4 cm from the medial joint line and directed towards the tip of the fibula. The confirmation of the direction was done with the K-wire being drilled through the opposite cortex and just touching the tip of the fibula. An oscillating saw was then used with the blade placed just above the K-wire. The osteotomy was then performed along the medial tibial cortex along the direction of the K-wire from the posterior cortex to the anterior. The osteotomy was stopped at 1 cm from the lateral tibial cortex, which was marked before surgery with a waterproof marker, thus leaving a hinge for the opening of the osteotomy. The osteotomy gap was carefully opened by the 3 chisel technique aided by a valgus force being imparted to the distal fragment. The gap was measured and once confirmed to be 8 mm, then plate fixation was carried out. The 7-hole plate was used for all specimens. In the first group, fixation of the plate was performed using 4 proximal (3 transverse and 1 longitudinal) unicortical and 3 distal bicortical locking screws while the gap was not bridged with any wedge. In the second group, prior to the plate insertion, the osteotomy gap was bridged with an 8 mm metal wedge, which was introduced in the posterior 1/3 of the osteotomy space and fixed to the plate with a screw. Subsequently, the plate was fixed to the bone in the same manner as in the first group. In both groups, all screws were fixed using a sleeve guide in order to place the screws in the same direction. Biomechanical Test ------------------ The specimen tibiae with the constructs were mounted on the universal servo-hydraulic testing machine (MTS858 Bionix; MTS System Co., Eden Prairie, MN, USA) ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The major parameters for evaluation were axial stiffness of the plate, displacement within the osteotomy space, and the maximum resistance to failure load in both groups. The tibiae were mounted in a specially designed fixture that was connected to the MTS machine and aligned for the mechanical axis to pass through a point located 60%--70% lateral to the medial edge of the specimen. For assessment of displacement within the space, a mark was made on the ventral and dorsal sides of both proximal and distal tibial surfaces with a waterproof marker ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The load was applied on the tibia from 0 up to 1,000 N at the rate of 5 mm/sec and maintained for 1 minutes. This cycle was repeated 20 times. The stiffness of the plate was measured as was the displacement within the osteotomy space in the 1st and 20th cycles.[@B3] Finally, 6 specimens from each group were subjected to the maximum resistance to failure load at the rate of 5 mm/min. Failure was defined as a visible fracture of the lateral tibial cortex with or without fissuring of the lateral tibial plateau and/or a fall of the load to 30% of the maximum load. Three Dimensional Measurement of Displacement --------------------------------------------- Four markers (φ = 0.5 mm, stainless steel, pin type) were used for measurement of gap opening. Two markers were for measurement of the medial gap, which were placed on the superior and inferior borders of the wedge gap medial to the plate and the other two were for the lateral gap measurement, which were also placed on the superior and inferior borders lateral to the plate ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Three-dimensional (3D) movements of the gap before and after loading sequences were assessed in a stereo-photogrammetric setup with two digital cameras (IXUS 200IS; Cannon, Tokyo, Japan). This is a method capable of determining 3D coordinates of the markers in space. It uses the method of direct linear transformation and stereo-photogrammetry based on two images of the markers that were taken simultaneously by two cameras. The two digital cameras were oriented at 60° to the markers to form an isosceles triangle. The laboratory coordinate system was established through a calibration procedure with a specially-constructed calibration frame. MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) software was used for measurement of 3D displacement. The 3D movement of the markers, or the gap between the markers, was assessed based on changes in the 3D coordinates of the markers before and after loading sequences (resolution, 0.01 m). Statistical Analysis -------------------- The Mann-Whitney *U*-test was used for comparison of the outcomes (stiffness, failure load, posteromedial and anterolateral gap) between the two groups. The sample size, 6 specimens in each group, was calculated based on the failure load, using a significance level of 5% and a test power of 80%, as described in a previous publication.[@B9] RESULTS ======= Low Load Cyclic Test -------------------- Stiffness of the plate without a metal wedge was 454 N/mm in the 1st cycle and 1,969 N/mm in the 20th cycle. Stiffness of the plate with a metal wedge was 490 N/mm in the 1st cycle and 2,457 N/mm in the 20th cycle. There were no significant differences between the groups in both the 1st and 20th cycles ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Destructive Load Test --------------------- The mean yield load was 2,997 N without a wedge and 3,221 N with a wedge, but the difference was not statistically significant. The mean maximal load at failure was 4,354 N without a wedge and 5,380 N with a wedge. With a spacer, there was a significant improvement of the maximal failure load (*p* \< 0.05) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Displacement ------------ Under the 1,000 N axial load, the displacement measured at the posteromedial gap was 0.79 mm without a wedge and 0.62 mm with a wedge, indicating no significant difference. However, at the failure load, there was significant difference between the group with a wedge and the group without a wedge (1.41 mm vs. 0.97 mm; *p* \< 0.05) ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Regarding the displacement measured at the anterolateral gap, it was 0.80 mm and 0.99 mm, respectively, under 1,000 N and 2.86 mm and 3.49 mm, respectively at failure load for the group without a wedge and the group with a wedge; the differences were not significant under 1,000 N axial load and at failure load ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Mode of Failure --------------- Regardless of the use of a wedge, lateral cortical fracture was observed. However, screw or plate disengagement was not observed in both groups ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). DISCUSSION ========== The novel plate was developed to provide stable internal fixation after OWHTO. It is designed to have a small profile and short length compared to the TomoFix plate. The present study has shown that the novel plate has good mechanical properties with great initial fixation strength. In addition, a metal wedge enhanced the mechanical properties of the plate. Medial opening wedge osteotomy always carries the risk of loss of correction due to the inherent primary instability caused by the gap creation. Strong primary fixation is essential not only for bony healing but also for early rehabilitation involving weight bearing and range of motion exercises. In the present study, the maximum load to failure of the novel plate was 5,480 N, which is much greater than the axial compressive load applied on the adult knees in the single-leg stance in normal and brisk walking.[@B10][@B11][@B12] Kuster et al.[@B11] reported that the estimates of the tibiofemoral bone-on-bone contact forces were close to four times the body weight even during level walking and more than eight times the body weight during downhill walking. For example, a 60-kg person would have axial compressive load about 2,400 N during level walking and 4,800 N during downhill walking, which are below the maximum load to failure of the novel plate. In addition, based on the study by Morrison,[@B12] the biomechanical properties of the novel plate exceed those of human legs in normal walking. The new plate also demonstrated performance superior or comparable to that of other plates.[@B3][@B4] Agneskirchner et al.[@B4] compared different plates: a short spacer plate with multi-directionally insertable screws displayed greater maximum load to failure (3,226 N) than a short spacer plate without a locking screw (2,992 N) and a rigid long medial tibial plate fixator with locking screws (3,069 N). In comparison, the maximal load to failure of our plate was much greater (4,354 N with a wedge and 5,480 N without a wedge). Another biomechanical study on Puddu plate and TomoFix plate using artificial bones described the axial stiffness of the Puddu plate as 1,349 N/mm and that of the TomoFix plate as 1,701 N/mm. In comparison, the axial stiffness of our plate was much greater (1,969 N/mm without a wedge and 2,457 N/mm with a wedge).[@B13] The 3D measurement system was used to measure the displacement of osteotomy gap. Medial and lateral side displacements at failure load without and with a wedge were only 1.41 mm and 0.97 mm, and 2.86 mm and 3.49 mm, respectively. These results are comparable to or better than those of previous studies.[@B3][@B4] There was a significant difference in medial displacement at failure load between the two modalities of fixation. Locking mechanism of the plate allowed screws to hold strongly to the metaphysis of the tibia thus displaying good properties to resist the axial load and to maintain the osteotomy gap. Additional fixation provided by the metal wedge enhanced stability of the construct. A wedge spacer is known to be able to take up compressive forces within the osteotomy gap. Spahn et al.[@B3] reported that a wedge spacer improved the biomechanical stability in their porcine tibial model. In the study, however, the plate was for non-locking thread screws, thus the effect of the wedge spacer was considerable compared to our study. In the current study, there were significant differences in maximal failure load and displacement at the posteromedial gap depending on the use of a wedge. This implies that even in the locking plate, additional wedge can have an effect of taking up compressive forces and reducing displacement of the osteotomy gap. There could be a vacant space of the wedge spacer after removal of the plate after osteotomy has healed. However, the size is so small compared to the whole tibial plate that it does not affect the stability whether it is filled with allograft bone or not. If necessary, it can be filled with allograft or other substitution material. Porcine tibiae were used for the current study because it has been demonstrated that the average density of porcine bone is similar to that of young human bone.[@B14] Synthetic bones are used in many biomechanical studies of HTO and they are homogenous in bone quality and minimize experimental errors caused by specimen-to-specimen variability in bone mineral density and geometry; however, they do not truly represent the real bone.[@B15] In terms of clinical use, the novel plate has a small profile and shorter length so that it is easy to implant and causes less mechanical irritation after implantation. Plates developed in the Western countries are sometimes difficult to utilize in Asian people because of the relatively small size of the tibia. A metal wedge is another big plus of this plate. Maintenance of the osteotomy gap during surgery has been considered a challenge, but it can be conveniently overcome by the insertion of a metal wedge and subsequent fixation to the implant with a screw. In addition, the proximal holes are designed to allow 15° of freedom for screw movement and a mobile metal wedge can be inserted in the osteotomy gap. The present study has some limitations. First, all measurements were performed at the time zero point; therefore, the obtained values do not reflect the biomechanical properties at multiple time points. Second, only axial load perpendicular to the tibial plateau was applied to the specimen and torsional rigidity was not tested. Third, all soft tissues were removed during the preparation of the specimen; soft tissues around joints have a stabilizing effect as well as provide a completely different environment. Fourth, the osteotomy gap was made to be 8 mm only and only the 8-mm metal wedge was used; more than 8-mm osteotomy gap was not able to be created due to the small size of the porcine tibia. Fifth, porcine tibiae were used in the present study; their biomechanical properties and the geometry are not completely identical to those of the human tibiae. In conclusion, the novel locking wedge plate showed good biomechanical properties and the use of an additional wedge resulted in significant enhancement of the biomechanical properties. This plate can be considered a good fixation method in OWHTO. **CONFLICT OF INTEREST:** No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. {#F1} {#F2} {#F3} {#F4} ###### Biomechanical Properties of the Plate  Plate Stiffness (N/mm) Failure load (N) Medial gap (mm) Lateral gap (mm) --------------- ------------------ ------------------ ----------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- Without wedge 454 ± 161 1,969 ± 874 2,997 ± 359 4,354 ± 607 0.79 ± 0.45 1.41 ± 0.24 0.80 ± 0.74 2.86 ± 3.23 With wedge 490 ± 96 2,457 ± 450 3,221 ± 452 5,380 ± 952 0.62 ± 0.31 0.97 ± 0.16 0.99 ± 0.58 3.49 ± 2.59 *p*-value^\*^ 0.304 0.253 0.844 0.049 0.481 0.005 0.810 0.788 ^\*^Mann-Whitney *U*-test. ###### Failure Mode of the Specimen  Plate Lateral tibial cortex disruption Fibular fracture Dislocation of the tibiofibular joint Lateral tibia fracture Failure of the implant (plate) Failure of the implant (screw) --------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------ --------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------- -------------------------------- Without wedge 2 0 3 6 0 0 With wedge 2 0 5 6 0 0 | Mid | [
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Q: Merge two ActiveRecord arrays and order by created_at books = Book.find(:all) articles = Articles.find(:all) By reading from http://guides.rubyonrails.org/layouts_and_rendering.html I knew that I could do something like: <%= render :partial => [customer1, employee1, customer2, employee2] %> and it would use _customer and _employee partials as appropriate. So I want to do something like that: materials = books + articles materials.sort_by_created_at and in the view: <%= render :partial => materials %> How to do the merging and sorting of two ActiveRecord arrays???Thanks for help! A: You're very close. Concatenating the arrays is done with the plus sign: materials = books + articles Sorting the combined array can be done by calling the sort_by method (mixed in from Enumerable) and passing in the attribute prefixed with &: materials.sort_by(&:created_at) This won't be good performance-wise for large result sets. You might consider deriving the Book and Article models from a parent class (like Material) if they are similar, using STI (Single Table Inheritance) to store them in the same table, and using find with an order clause, so the database can do the sorting for you. A: You can also use Array#concat to merge two arrays. | Mid | [
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#!/usr/local/bin/perl =head1 list-rs-containers.pl Lists all containers owned by a Rackspace account. This command queries Rackspace's cloud files for the list of all containers owned by a user. The login and API key for Rackspace must be set using the C<--user> and C<--key> flags, unless defaults have been set in the Virtualmin configuration. By default output is in a human-readable table format, but you can switch to a more parsable output format with the C<--multiline> flag. Or to just get a list of filenames, use the C<--name-only> flag. =cut package virtual_server; if (!$module_name) { $main::no_acl_check++; $ENV{'WEBMIN_CONFIG'} ||= "/etc/webmin"; $ENV{'WEBMIN_VAR'} ||= "/var/webmin"; if ($0 =~ /^(.*)\/[^\/]+$/) { chdir($pwd = $1); } else { chop($pwd = `pwd`); } $0 = "$pwd/list-rs-containers.pl"; require './virtual-server-lib.pl'; $< == 0 || die "list-rs-containers.pl must be run as root"; } &require_mail(); # Parse command-line args $owner = 1; while(@ARGV > 0) { local $a = shift(@ARGV); if ($a eq "--multiline") { $multi = 1; } elsif ($a eq "--name-only") { $nameonly = 1; } elsif ($a eq "--user") { $user = shift(@ARGV); } elsif ($a eq "--key") { $key = shift(@ARGV); } elsif ($a eq "--container") { $container = shift(@ARGV); } else { &usage("Unknown parameter $a"); } } $user ||= $config{'rs_user'}; $key ||= $config{'rs_key'}; $user || &usage("Missing --user parameter"); $key || &usage("Missing --key parameter"); # Login and list the containers $h = &rs_connect($config{'rs_endpoint'}, $user, $key); if (!ref($h)) { print "ERROR: $h\n"; exit(1); } $files = &rs_list_containers($h); if (!ref($files)) { print "ERROR: $files\n"; exit(1); } if ($container) { @$files = grep { $_ eq $container } @$files; } if ($multi) { # Full details foreach $f (@$files) { print $f,"\n"; $st = &rs_stat_container($h, $f); if (ref($st)) { print " Created: ", &make_date($st->{'X-Timestamp'}),"\n"; print " Bytes used: ", $st->{'X-Container-Bytes-Used'},"\n"; print " Object count: ", $st->{'X-Container-Object-Count'},"\n"; } else { print " ERROR: $st\n"; } } } elsif ($nameonly) { # Container names only foreach $f (@$files) { print $f,"\n"; } } else { # Summary $fmt = "%-30.30s %-30.30s %-15.15s\n"; printf $fmt, "Container name", "Created", "Size"; printf $fmt, ("-" x 30), ("-" x 30), ("-" x 15); foreach $f (@$files) { $st = &rs_stat_container($h, $f); printf $fmt, $f, &make_date($st->{'X-Timestamp'}), &nice_size($st->{'X-Container-Bytes-Used'}); } } sub usage { print "$_[0]\n\n" if ($_[0]); print "Lists all containers owned by a Rackspace account.\n"; print "\n"; print "virtualmin list-rs-containers [--multiline | --name-only]\n"; print " [--user username]\n"; print " [--key api-key]\n"; exit(1); } | Low | [
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DESCRIPTION (APPLICATION ABSTRACT): Recent efforts to reduce costs and streamline the delivery of healthcare have led to significant changes in the acute care workplace. In addition, the increased use of technology and an aging population are likely to lead to an increased volume of intensive care unit (ICU) patients in the future. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of varied working conditions (workforce staffing and organizational climate) in ICUs on elderly patient safety outcomes (nosocomial infections [NIs], length of stay, mortality, and disposition at discharge), and healthcare worker safety (musculoskeletal injuries, blood/body fluid exposure, sick days, and disability days). To do this, we will obtain and analyze data from a variety of sources. We propose to 1) obtain Medicare data for patients admitted to ICUs participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system during 3 different years (1996, 1999, and 2002); 2) link the Medicare data to NNIS data and other existing datasets; 3) survey the same hospitals regarding ICU specific workforce staffing and healthcare worker safety; and 4) survey nursing personnel currently employed in these ICUs regarding organizational climate. We will employ econometric multivariate regression data analytic methods in which we will control for patient severity of illness, the nurse labor market and healthcare setting characteristics. A unique aspect of our proposed study is the use of NNIS data (the gold standard) to measure an important nurse-sensitive patient safety outcome across hospital-linked claims data and working conditions. By examining these data, we will be able to assess the impact of the changes in ICU working conditions on patient safety outcomes, and healthcare worker safety. Because ICU care and the nursing workforce are expected to continue to experience rapid change, this information is of major importance to those who manage or oversee health care organizations and set policies affecting the working conditions. In addition, obtaining NNIS and Medicare data creates an opportunity to explore the sensitivity and specificity of identifying NI through claims data. | High | [
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Q: How to print on a specific paper I'm having problems with printing some text on a A4 paper that has 24 labels. Basically, in every row there are 3 labels in which comes the name, surname and adress of a person and that label will be used for mails ( it's a sticky label that is sticked on a mail). So this is the paper. Its characteristics: There are 10 rows. The first and last row are the smallest and have height:0.5mm;. In first and last row there are no cells. All the rest rows have height:36mm;. All the cells have width:70mm; and height:36mm;. In every cell comes a text that is text-align:center; and vertical-align:middle;. I'm using normalize.css for css reset. CSS html,body,table{ width: 100%; height: 100%; } .first, .last{ width: 100%; height: 5mm; } .row{ width: 100%; height: 36mm; } .cell{ width: 70mm; height: 36mm; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } I'm using Chrome and I turned off the margins on printing. But still, the last two rows are printed on the next page. I need all 10 rows on the same page and that their position is fixed ( doesn't shift ) in case if there are multiple pages. How to fix/achieve that ? Or is there a simpler solution ? Here is an example of the code. A: I've used FPDF class to create a pdf for my labels. require_once ABSPATH . '/path/to/fpdf.php'; class PDF_MC_Table extends FPDF{ var $widths; var $aligns; function SetWidths($w){ //Set the array of column widths $this->widths=$w; } function SetAligns($a){ //Set the array of column alignments $this->aligns=$a; } function Row($data){ //Calculate the height of the row $nb=0; for($i=0;$i<count($data);$i++) $nb=max($nb,$this->NbLines($this->widths[$i],$data[$i])); $h = 36;// again trial and error until you fnd the desired height of your label //Issue a page break first if needed $this->CheckPageBreak($h); //Draw the cells of the row for($i=0;$i<count($data);$i++){ $w=$this->widths[$i]; $a=isset($this->aligns[$i]) ? $this->aligns[$i] : 'L'; //Save the current position $x=$this->GetX(); $y=$this->GetY(); //Draw the border. reset the parameters of the function below as you desire. $this->Rect($x,$y,$w,$h); //Print the text. reset the parameters of the function below as you desire. changing the values will resize the boxs. $this->MultiCell($w,3,$data[$i],0,$a); //Put the position to the right of the cell. reset the parameters of the function below as you desire. changing the $x and $y will shift the cells. $this->SetXY($x+$w,$y); } //Go to the next line $this->Ln($h+3); } function CheckPageBreak($h){ //If the height h would cause an overflow, add a new page immediately if($this->GetY()+$h>$this->PageBreakTrigger) $this->AddPage($this->CurOrientation); } function NbLines($w,$txt){ //Computes the number of lines a MultiCell of width w will take $cw=&$this->CurrentFont['cw']; if($w==0) $w=$this->w-$this->rMargin-$this->x; $wmax=($w-2*$this->cMargin)*1000/$this->FontSize; $s=str_replace("\r",'',$txt); $nb=strlen($s); if($nb>0 and $s[$nb-1]=="\n") $nb--; $sep=-1; $i=0; $j=0; $l=0; $nl=1; while($i<$nb){ $c=$s[$i]; if($c=="\n"){ $i++; $sep=-1; $j=$i; $l=0; $nl++; continue; } if($c==' ') $sep=$i; $l+=$cw[$c]; if($l>$wmax){ if($sep==-1){ if($i==$j) $i++; } else $i=$sep+1; $sep=-1; $j=$i; $l=0; $nl++; } else $i++; } return $nl; } } $pdf=new PDF_MC_Table(); $pdf->SetMargins(4, 2); $pdf->AddPage(); $pdf->SetFont('Arial','',8); // displays the empty row in the top $pdf->SetRightMargin(2); $pdf->SetLeftMargin(4); $pdf->Cell(0,10,'',1); $pdf->Ln(10); $pdf->SetWidths(array(50,50,50));// these are the widths of your cells. this is a trial and error process. increase the values until you find the suitable ones. $count = 0; $lables = array(); // your labels array $l = array(); $j = 0; // i used this foreach for breaking my plain array into a 2dimentional array- an array of arrays consisting 3 labels in each. foreach($lables as $i=>$lbl ){ $l[$j][] = $lbl; if($i%3==2){$j++;} // $i=0,1,2 > $j=0; $i=3,4,5 > $j=2 etc this will break the main labels array as 2D array. } // displays the empty row in the bottom. $pdf->Ln(1); $pdf->Cell(0,10,'',1); $pdf->Output(); for further information about the class and methods please refer to http://www.fpdf.org/ At best you need to understand three methods- Multicell(), Cell() and Rect() methods. There are pretty nice explanation of these methods with examples in the site. Here i've posted my solution and i've changed some code based on your problem. Most of the things are self explanatory. If you need further assist please feel free to comment. Thanks. | Low | [
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368 S.W.2d 951 (1963) UNITED STATES LEASING CORP., Petitioner, v. CENTENNIAL LIQUOR STORES, INC., Respondent. No. 16181. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, Dallas. May 31, 1963. *952 Coke & Coke and Lawrence L. Beason, Dallas, for petitioner. Jean Maier, Dallas, for respondent. WILLIAMS, Justice. Alleging that the record demonstrates absence of valid service, Petitioner, by Writ of Error, seeks reversal of a default judgment rendered in the Court below. Respondent's petition in the trial court alleges Petitioner (defendant below) to be a Texas Corporation and that service might be had upon H. David Lasseter, its "authorized agent". Sheriff's return recited service on petitioner by serving H. David Lasseter, its "agent". Judgment by default recited that service had been "duly and legally" had but defendant failed to appear. Art. 2.11 of the Texas Business Corporation Act, V.A.T.S. governs method of service on domestic corporations. It is therein provided that the "president and all vice presidents of the corporation and the registered agent of the corporation shall be agents * * * upon whom any process * * * may be served." (Emphasis ours.) In this instance H. David Lasseter is neither alleged nor shown to be one of those named by law as authorized to be served on behalf of the corporation defendant. The case is governed by our recent decision in Texaco, Inc. v. McEwen, 356 S.W.2d 809 (Tex.Civ.App., 1962, wr. err. ref. n. r. e.) wherein we reiterated the rule that the record must affirmatively show strict compliance with the statute. The record here fails to show that the person actually served was one of those expressly named by law to receive process on behalf of the corporation, and, accordingly, the judgment must fail. Reversed and remanded. | High | [
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Short hair or semi - long * The direction and growth pattern/style will be rooted how I feel best matches the particular baby . * Kits in stock for Custom Reborning : Cherish Newborn Welcome Back Taylor Ronnie by Bonnie Brown Micro Preemie Isabela (large size Reborn infant) Here is where you can look to pick out which Doll Mold (Doll face and limbs) you want : Usually if you click on the pictures (after getting to the websites below) you will be able to see what the blank,unpainted kit also looks like. Any of the kits can be made into a Caucasion OR A/A Reborn baby,or anywhere in between. http://www.valshelton.com/Her kits are very adorable and easy to work with silicone/vinyl mix (if that is the type of vinyl chosen) . Here is a Val Shelton Binky I reborned myself : Reborn Berenguer from a Un painted Kit made for reborn doll artists : **Sorry, no Reborn Berenguers at this time ** Reborn Berenguer From Walmart Playdolls : These 2 below sold on ebay . Go look at these same faces at walmart and see the amazing difference between an un-transformed (or un-"reborned" ) one and one(like below) that has been completely changed and more lifelike than ever :) . Before and After pic's of a Walmart bought Berenguer Play doll, transformed into a lifelike baby doll Collectable. He was sold on ebay from a .99NR auction that had a winning bid of $150.00 I currently have other Berenguers made by JC Toys company , in stock at this time. It is a new product they have, called the La Newborn Nursery Doll. It is 16inches. it costs aprox 20.00 and if your interested in Me reborning one for you, fully re-painted,with real hair,and a cloth body for more posability (or leave the full vinyl body if you desire) If you buy the doll itself, I will only charge $100.00 ( and if your local). I will add pictures soon . I took it out of the box,before thinking to take any pictures of those . To see examples of my most recent and past work , please visit my photo gallery by clicking here To find out how much it can cost to make your own reborn baby please click here: | Mid | [
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Stay on Top of Enterprise Technology Trends Get updates impacting your industry from our GigaOm Research Community Netflix (s nflx) has a gift for anybody who needs to ensure their cloud-hosted applications keep running even if some of the virtual servers on which they’re running die. It’s called a Chaos Monkey — but don’t worry, this monkey is very tameable and is now open source. The video rental and streaming giant is one of the world’s biggest consumer of cloud computing resources — it hosts the majority of its infrastructure on the Amazon Web Services cloud — and Netflix developed Chaos Monkey as a method for ensuring that its system is capable of healing itself or continuing to run should instances fail. “Over the last year,” Netflix cloud engineers Cory Bennett and Ariel Tseitlin wrote in a blog post announcing the open source version, “Chaos Monkey has terminated over 65,000 instances running in our production and testing environments. Most of the time nobody notices, but we continue to find surprises caused by Chaos Monkey which allows us to isolate and resolve them so they don’t happen again.” Anyone scared releasing such a wild-sounding entity into their application infrastructure (or envious that they can’t do so because they don’t run on Amazon’s cloud) need not worry. As Bennett and Tseitlin explain, Chaos Monkey is configurable and “by default, runs on non-holiday weekdays between 9am and 3pm.” It’s also flexible enough to run on clouds other than AWS, they write. Oh, and Chaos Monkey is just the first of Netflix’s Simian Army to find its way into the open source world. “The next likely candidate will be Janitor Monkey which helps keep your environment tidy and your costs down,” Bennett and Tseitlin note. Another member of the army, Chaos Gorilla — which is designed to simulate the loss of an entire AWS Availability Zone — recently made headlines when a cascading bug took down part of Amazon’s cloud in late June. Image courtesy of Shutterstock user Karen Gentry. | High | [
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'Vegas' Recap: Episode 1, 'Pilot' We've all heard the story. Retired cop just wants to settle down and have a normal life, but is called back into action when a local is murdered because he’s the only one who can bring down the killer. Enter CBS’ “Vegas.” Starring Dennis Quaid as the hardened cowboy Ralph Lamb, and Michael Chiklis as the new gangster in town, Vincent Savino, “Vegas,” set in the 1960s heyday of Sin City, is the newest cop/crime product from the CBS drama machine. We begin with Lamb on his steed, herding cattle like any normal ranch hand. But, his desert peace is disturbed nearly instantly as a low-flying plane spooks his livestock. This, naturally, makes Lamb a little more than upset. Rather than trying to round the animals back up because, you know, they’re the source of his livelihood, he takes off after the plane. The DC6 lands and we get our first glimpse at Savino as he exits. Savino gives a quick smirk as he surveys the land, but catches a glimpse of an odd figure in the hazy distance. Quicker than you can say crazy cowboy on a horse, Lamb is seen making a bee-line towards the airstrip. After voicing his displeasure to the owner of the pseudo airport about the plane getting a little too near his “heifers,” said owners’ three henchmen surround him. Lamb takes out the three thugs with relative ease, only to see the cops show up to take him away for trespassing. Cut to Vegas showgirls doing the can-can, we get our first glimpse of the Mayor, Ted Bennett (Michael O'Neill), and the assistant District Attorney, Katherine O’ Connell (Carrie-Anne Moss). There’s been a murder, and it just so happens to be the governor’s niece. They head to the crime scene and decide to give their ol’ buddy Lamb a call, as the sheriff is nowhere to be found. Mayor Bennett wants Lamb on the case as he was part of the military police back in WWII. Lamb shows up in cuffs and has a fantastic exchange with the mayor that basically encapsulates the nature of the show in its entirety. “I need you to find this killer.” “I’m not a cop.” “You were back in the war in the MP – and a damn good one … I don’t expect you to work for free.” “I don’t want your money. You get those planes to quit flying over my land and we got a deal.” So, just to recap, we’re three minutes in and we have a brawl and murder. Also, apparently, if you’re the mayor in Vegas in 1960, you have the right to investigate homicides, and if you’re a cowboy in Vegas in 1960, you have the right to move the body at a crime scene, “ … before the coyotes come.” The 60s was a wild time, man. Lamb employs the help of his brother, Jack (Jason O'Mara), to investigate the murder. Jack, not sure why he is being asked to help, says he doesn’t know anything about catching criminals. Ralph’s answer? “Ask a few questions, listen to what people have to say … what they don’t say is just as important.” Hear that professional law enforcers? Don’t you feel silly for going through all that training? Lamb also gets his son Dixon to help out, picking him up from a married woman’s house who he’s been have extramarital relations with. After doing some investigating at the scene of the crime with a guy who can only be described as Native American (not surprisingly, Mr. Native American is used to identify tire tracks in the dirt), the Lambs head over to Savino’s casino. Come to find out, the governor’s daughter, Samantha, worked at the casino in the credit office. Lamb, following his cowboy intuition, quickly gets knocked out cold by a faceless assailant when he ventures into an employees-only area located within the bowels of the casino. The screen goes black, but when we return, Lamb is holding ice on the back of his head at his home. The mayor tells Lamb this is what bellboys do to patrons who wander into the employees only area. Let that be a lesson to all of you that ever get curious in a hotel. After rounding up some bikers they find suspicious, the Lambs head back to the casino later on to do a little more investigating, and Ralph comes up with some good info on who may have been involved in the murder. They head out to a motel where they think he’s hiding. After finding said suspect, they find out Samantha’s boss is responsible for her murder. This inevitably leads to a stand off at the airport where the murderer is trying to escape. Of course, the cowboy comes through, thwarting the no do-gooder. Just when all seems well, O’Connell urgently informs Lamb that he needs to come with her. Lamb shows up to the crime scene to find the missing sheriff’s body. | Low | [
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//--------------------------------------------------------------------- // <copyright file="PropertyConstraintException.cs" company="Microsoft"> // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. // </copyright> // // @owner Microsoft // @backupOwner Microsoft //--------------------------------------------------------------------- namespace System.Data { using System; using System.Data; using System.Runtime.Serialization; using System.Security; using System.Security.Permissions; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Collections.ObjectModel; /// <summary> /// Property constraint exception class. Note that this class has state - so if you change even /// its internals, it can be a breaking change /// </summary> /// [Serializable] public sealed class PropertyConstraintException : ConstraintException { private string _propertyName; /// <summary> /// constructor with default message /// </summary> public PropertyConstraintException() // required ctor : base() { } /// <summary> /// costructor with supplied message /// </summary> /// <param name="message">localized error message</param> public PropertyConstraintException(string message) // required ctor : base(message) { } /// <summary> /// costructor with supplied message and inner exception /// </summary> /// <param name="message">localized error message</param> /// <param name="innerException">inner exception</param> public PropertyConstraintException(string message, Exception innerException) // required ctor : base(message, innerException) { } /// <summary> /// default constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="message">localized error message</param> public PropertyConstraintException(string message, string propertyName) // required ctor : base(message) { EntityUtil.CheckStringArgument(propertyName, "propertyName"); _propertyName = propertyName; } /// <summary> /// constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="message">localized error message</param> /// <param name="innerException">inner exception</param> public PropertyConstraintException(string message, string propertyName, Exception innerException) // required ctor : base(message, innerException) { EntityUtil.CheckStringArgument(propertyName, "propertyName"); _propertyName = propertyName; } /// <summary> /// constructor for deserialization /// </summary> /// <param name="info"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> private PropertyConstraintException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) : base(info, context) { if (info != null) { _propertyName = info.GetString("PropertyName"); } } /// <summary> /// sets the System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo /// with information about the exception. /// </summary> /// <param name="info">The System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo that holds the serialized /// object data about the exception being thrown. /// </param> /// <param name="context"></param> [SecurityCritical] [PermissionSet(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Unrestricted = true)] public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) { base.GetObjectData(info, context); info.AddValue("PropertyName", _propertyName); } /// <summary> /// Gets the name of the property that violated the constraint. /// </summary> public string PropertyName { get { return _propertyName; } } } } | Mid | [
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Q: How can I make a simple graph with grids using pgfplots? I want it to look like this: Preferably with comments so I can learn how to make my own! A: This should get you started: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{pgfplots} \pgfplotsset{compat=1.11} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[ axis lines=middle, grid=major, xmin=-5, xmax=5, ymin=-3, ymax=5, xlabel=$x$, ylabel=$y$, xtick={-4,-3,...,4}, ytick={-2,-1,...,4}, tick style={very thick}, legend style={ at={(rel axis cs:0,1)}, anchor=north west,draw=none,inner sep=0pt,fill=gray!10} ] \addplot[blue,thick,samples=100] {x^2}; \addlegendentry{$y=x^2$} \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} The code itself is self explanatory IMO. For details, run texdoc pgfplots from command prompt/terminal and look in to the pgfplots manual. A: Just to make you started. \documentclass{standalone} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} %grid \draw[step=1cm,gray!50,very thin] (-6.5,-4.5) grid (6.5,4.5); %axes \draw[very thick,->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=north west] {\bf{x axis}}; \draw[very thick,->] (0,-4) -- (0,4) node[anchor=south east] {\bf{y axis}}; \foreach \x in {1,2,3,4,5,6} \draw (\x cm,1pt) -- (\x cm,-1pt) node[anchor=north] {$\mathbf{\x}$}; \foreach \y in {1,2,3,4} \draw (1pt,\y cm) -- (-1pt,\y cm) node[anchor=east] {$\mathbf{\y}$}; %function \draw[scale=0.5,domain=-3:3,smooth,variable=\x,blue,very thick] plot ({\x},{\x*\x}); \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} | High | [
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Could pedal-powered beer-drinking vehicles become the post-ride cool down zones of the future? Editor’s Note: Freewheeling is the ongoing column of features editor Jason Sumner. From time to time, he uses this space to prattle on about all things cycling, be them interesting, innovative, inane or in this case, potentially amazing. If you have a comment or question, or just want to sound off, drop a note in the comments section below. Imagine a post-ride beverage that both satisfied the needs of your body (sodium, electrolytes) and soothed the soul (beer). Sounds too good to be true. Well, maybe not. A team of Australian scientists claim they’ve found a way to combine the re-hydrating properties of Gatorade-type drinks with the delectable adult beverage that the great Ben Franklin famously claimed was “proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.” A report on News-Medical.net says that nutrition experts at Queensland’s Griffith Health Institute have successfully added electrolytes to beer in order to reduce its dehydration properties, meaning gulping a few frosty cold ones after a long, hot ride could actually be a good idea — and pose less hangover risk the next day. “We basically manipulated the electrolyte levels of two commercial beers, one regular strength and one light beer and gave it to research subjects who’d just lost a significant amount of sweat by exercising,” associate professor Ben Desbrow from GHI’s Center for Health Practice Innovation told News-Medical.net. “We then used several measures to monitor the participant’s fluid recovery to the different beers.” So can you improve the health qualities of beer by combing electrolytes and reducing alcohol? Desbrow claims the answer is a resounding yes. To test out this potential wonder drink, the team of Down Under scientists had a group of people exercise strenuously (and thus sweat a lot), and then drink one of four beers: light beer, dark beer, electrolyte-infused light beer, electrolyte-infused dark beer. The goal was to consume 150 percent of the amount of lost body mass due to exercise, and do so within an one hour. Sounds like they got to pound a few beers after a hard ride. “Of the four different beers the subjects consumed, our augmented light beer was by far the most well retained by the body, meaning it was the most effective at re-hydrating the subjects,” continued Desbrow in the News-Medical.net report. “The improved light beer was actually a third more effective at hydrating a person than normal beer.” Of course being conscientious scientists, Desbrow and his team insist they don’t necessarily think binging after biking is a good idea. But they also understand that people are people. “From our perspective it’s about exploring harm minimization approaches that may still allow people to potentially drink beer as a beverage but lower the risks associated with the alcohol consumption — and hopefully improve re-hydration potential.” he said. “But alcohol in a dehydrated body can have all sorts of repercussions, including decreased awareness of risk. So, if you’re going to live in the real world, you can either spend your time telling people what they shouldn’t do, or you can work on ways of reducing the danger of some of these socialized activities.” If it’s approved by Saints, why can’t beer be part of one’s post-ride recovery routine? Of course this leaves us with a few troubling questions. No. 1 is all this business about actually drinking light beer. I for one would rather gulp Gatorade than be caught dead with Michelob Ultra in my post-ride cooler. But if you can infuse Coors Light, why not do the same thing with, say, a bottle of delicious St. Bernardus Abt 12. It has an alcohol by volume of 10.5 percent, so pulling that down to the 6-8 percent range while swapping in some electrolytes could make for a perfect middle ground. Alas, it’s also not clear what our Aussie scientist friends intend to do with this newfound knowledge. Right now it’s just a proof of concept and there are no plans to bring a new electro-brew to market. But if and when that does happen, it’s a safe bet that the two-wheeled world will provide a very captive audience. I know I’d buy some. An avid cyclist, Jason Sumner has been writing about two-wheeled pursuits of all kinds since 1999. He’s covered the Tour de France, the Olympic Games, and dozens of other international cycling events. He also likes to throw himself into the fray, penning first-person accounts of cycling adventures in British Columbia, Belgium, Brazil, Costa Rica, France, and Peru among many others. Sumner, who joined the RoadBikeReview.com / Mtbr.com staff in January, 2013, has also done extensive gear testing and edited a book on cycling tips. When not writing or riding, the native Coloradoan can be found enjoying the great outdoors with his wife Lisa and daughter Cora. Related Articles NOTE: There are two ways to comment on our articles: Facebook or Wordpress. Facebook uses your real name and can be posted on your wall while Wordpress uses our login system. Feel free to use either one. Facebook Comments: Wordpress Comments: Too bad Ben Franklin didn’t actually say that. Franklin did write, “Behold the rain which descends from heaven upon our vineyards, there it enters the roots of the vines, to be changed into wine, a constant proof that God loves us, and loves to see us happy.” Poetic license had to be deployed to get to the beer quote, that’s for sure. But hats off to my cousins across the Tas for forging ahead with this logical evolution in beer…they need to drink as much as they can as they aren’t contending for the AC and the Bledisloe stays on our shores for the 11th year in a row. While stationed in San Antonio in the 90s, a fellow airman and I rode the Shirtz to Shiner Team Race, winning the military division. Finishing at the Spoetzel Brewery, we, of course sat down curbside and drank a couple’ free, Shiner Bock beers out of plastic cups. We were unable to get up … for about an hour. Suggest drink water and electrolyes first … beer later. | Mid | [
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# frozen_string_literal: true require 'krane/kubernetes_resource/pod' module Krane class PodSetBase < KubernetesResource def failure_message pods.map(&:failure_message).compact.uniq.join("\n") end def timeout_message pods.map(&:timeout_message).compact.uniq.join("\n") end def fetch_events(kubectl) own_events = super return own_events unless pods.present? most_useful_pod = pods.find(&:deploy_failed?) || pods.find(&:deploy_timed_out?) || pods.first own_events.merge(most_useful_pod.fetch_events(kubectl)) end def fetch_debug_logs logs = Krane::RemoteLogs.new( logger: @logger, parent_id: id, container_names: container_names, namespace: @namespace, context: @context ) logs.sync logs end def print_debug_logs? pods.present? # the kubectl command times out if no pods exist end private def pods raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must define a `pods` accessor" end def parent_of_pod?(_) raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must define a `parent_of_pod?` method" end def container_names regular_containers = @definition["spec"]["template"]["spec"]["containers"].map { |c| c["name"] } init_containers = @definition["spec"]["template"]["spec"].fetch("initContainers", {}).map { |c| c["name"] } regular_containers + init_containers end def find_pods(cache) all_pods = cache.get_all(Pod.kind, @instance_data["spec"]["selector"]["matchLabels"]) all_pods.each_with_object([]) do |pod_data, relevant_pods| next unless parent_of_pod?(pod_data) pod = Pod.new( namespace: namespace, context: context, definition: pod_data, logger: @logger, parent: "#{name.capitalize} #{type}", deploy_started_at: @deploy_started_at ) pod.sync(cache) relevant_pods << pod end end end end | Mid | [
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Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove, NC The Ideal Options for Professional Cleaning Services You're able to depend on Cleaning Service Guys to offer the most suitable professional services when it comes to Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove, NC. You'll need the most sophisticated modern technology around, and our workforce of well trained professionals will provide just that. We use high quality products and cash conserving solutions to make certain that you get the finest solutions for the greatest value. We're going to assist you to put together choices for your own job, reply to your concerns, and arrange a meeting with our workers whenever you contact us by dialing 888-666-1846. We Guarantee You'll End Up Proud of Our Results Cleaning Service Guys focuses primarily on customer support guaranteeing that you are ultimately happy with our work. We are going to become familiar with your preferences and objectives of your undertaking, and we set out to complete the job to meet your complete standards. We'll be here to assist you with your concerns and questions. We predict your own questions, and we'll deal with them once you contact us. We've got the valuable experience and insight to assist you to come up with the most effective decisions about your job. Identifying Better Techniques To Suit Your Spending Budget Here at Cleaning Service Guys, we know that you will need to remain in your financial budget and lower your costs anywhere it is possible to. You will still require professional quality results for Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove, NC, and you're able to put your confidence in our company to help you save money while still supplying the highest quality services. We provide you with the finest quality even while still helping you save money. Whenever you deal with us, you will get the advantages of our knowledge and top quality products to be sure that your project lasts even while saving time and funds. We are able to achieve this by offering you the best prices available and avoiding pricey mistakes. If you wish to lower your expenses, Cleaning Service Guys is the service to connect with. Call up 888-666-1846 to communicate with our customer support associates, right now. Concerning Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove, NC, you need to be knowledgeable to come up with the best choices. We ensure that you understand what can be expected. You won't encounter any sort of unexpected surprises when you work with Cleaning Service Guys. Start by talking about your task with our customer care reps once you call 888-666-1846. We're going to review your concerns as soon as you call us and help you get arranged with a meeting. Our team will arrive at the scheduled time with all the needed equipment, and can work together with you through the entire job. Work with Cleaning Service Guys for Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove, Wyoming You have plenty of reasons to choose Cleaning Service Guys for Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove, NC. We'll be the best choice whenever you need the best money saving strategies, the best quality products, and the top rank of customer satisfaction. We are aware of your expectations and ambitions, and we are ready to help you using our experience. Dial 888-666-1846 to connect with Cleaning Service Guys and explore all of your goals about Professional Cleaning Services in Seagrove. | Low | [
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<!-- #BeginTemplate "../Main/Opti_TopPage.dwt" -->
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
<!-- #BeginEditable "doctitle" -->
<title>Users Guide</title>
<!-- #EndEditable -->
<link href="../Main/Opti_Styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<!-- #BeginEditable "MainTitle" -->
<h2 class="MainHeading">User's Guide</h2>
<!-- #EndEditable -->
<table class="TableBreakLine"><tr><td></td></tr></table>
<!-- #BeginEditable "Body" -->
<p class="Normal">
<table cellpadding="4" class="Normal" style="width: 100%">
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="ProductOverview.html">Product Overview</a></td>
<td>Introduces the OPTI Toolbox software and its main features.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="Problems.html">Optimization Problems</a></td>
<td>Describes each type of optimization problem that can be solved using
this toolbox and provides an example for each.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="Solvers.html">Optimization Solvers</a></td>
<td>A list of all supplied and interfaced solvers with
functionality and license details.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="utilities.html">Optimization
Utilities</a></td>
<td>A list of all utility functions added to the toolbox via third party
software.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="SolverConfig.html">Solver
Configuration</a></td>
<td>Lists the available options for customizing the operation of each
solver plus problem characteristic limitations.</td>
</tr>
<!--<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="intGuide/InterfaceGuide.html">
Interfaced Solver Installation Guide</a></td>
<td>Describes how to install free academic solvers such as CPLEX and interface them to OPTI.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="AMPL/ampl.html">AMPL Interfacing</a></td>
<td>Describes how to convert AMPL models to NL format suitable for use
with this toolbox.</td>
</tr>-->
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="bugs.html">Bug Reporting</a></td>
<td>Describes the information required to submit a bug or question to
the developer.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px"><a href="addSolver.html">Adding Your
Solver to OPTI</a></td>
<td>Information on how to get your solver interfaced to OPTI.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</p>
<!-- #EndEditable -->
<table class="TableBreakLine"><tr><td></td></tr></table>
<p class="Copyright">Copyright © 2011-2013 Jonathan Currie (I<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>) </p>
</body>
<!-- #EndTemplate -->
</html>
| Low | [
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30.625,
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Indonesian: Ketika orang mengatakan bahwa Isaac Newton benar mengubah bidang fisika, mereka benar-benar tidak bercanda. Sekarang, kita sudah bicara tentang tiga hukum gerak, yang kita gunakan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana benda bergerak. Tapi lain dari kontribusi yang terkenal Newton fisika adalah pemahamannya tentang gravitasi. Ketika Newton pertama kali memulai, para ilmuwan ' konsep gravitasi itu hampir tidak ada. Maksudku, mereka tahu bahwa ketika Anda menjatuhkan sesuatu, itu jatuh ke tanah, dan dari pengamatan yang cermat, mereka tahu bahwa planet dan bulan mengorbit di dengan cara tertentu. Apa yang mereka tidak tahu adalah bahwa kedua konsep yang terhubung. Tentu saja, seperti dengan gerakan, kita sekarang tahu bahwa ada lebih banyak untuk gravitasi dari apa Newton mampu mengamati. Meski begitu, ketika datang ke menggambarkan efek gravitasi pada skala, katakanlah, sistem tata surya kita, Hukum gravitasi universal Newton ini sangat berguna. Dan itu semua dimulai dengan apel. ... Mungkin. Spanish: Cuando la gente dice que Isaac Newton tranformó completamente el campo de la física, ellos no están bromeando Ahora, ya hemos hablado de sus tres leyes del movimiento, que usamos para describir cómo se mueven las cosas. Pero otra de las famosas contribuciones de Newton a la física fue su comprensión de la gravedad. Cuando Newton estaba empezando (a hacer sus estudios), el concepto científico de la gravedad era prácticamente inexistente. Es decir, ellos sabían que cuando soltabas algo, esto caía al suelo, y de la observación cuidadosa, sabían que los planetas y las lunas orbitaban de una manera particular. Lo que no sabían era que los dos conceptos estaban conectados. Por supuesto, al igual que con el movimiento, ahora sabemos que hay mucho más en la gravedad de lo que Newton fue capaz de observar. Aun así, cuando se trata de describir los efectos de la gravedad en la escala de, por ejemplo, nuestro sistema solar, La ley de la gravitación universal de Newton es increíblemente útil. Y todo comenzó con una manzana. ... Probablemente. iw: כשאנשים אומרים שאייזק ניוטון שינה לחלוטין את תחום הפיזיקה, הם ממש לא צוחקים. כבר דיברנו על שלושת חוקי התנועה שלו, בהם משתמשים כדי לתאר איך דברים זזים. אבל תרומה מפורסמת נוספת של ניוטון לפיזיקה היא ההבנה שלו את הכבידה כשניוטון רק התחיל, רעיון הכבידה אצל מדענים לא היה ממש קיים. אני מתכוונת, הם ידעו שכשמפילים משהו הוא נופל לרצפה, ומתצפיות דקדקניות הם ידעו שפלנטות וירחים נעים במסלולים מסויימים מה שהם לא ידעו, הוא ששני הרעיונות הללו מחוברים. וברור שכמו בתנועה, כעת אנחנו יודעים שישנם עוד הרבה דברים בכבידה משניוטון יכל לראות. ולמרות זאת, כשזה נוגע לתיאור הכבידה בקנה המידה של נניח, מערכת השמש חוק הכבידה האוניברסלי של ניוטון שימושי בצורה מדהימה. והכל התחיל בתפוח... ... כנראה. Turkish: İnsanlar, Isaac Newton'ın fizik dalını tamamen değiştirdiğini söylediklerinde, yalan söylemiyorlar. Newton'ın, nesnelerin hareketini anlatmakta kullandığımız 3 hareket yasası hakkında konuştuk, Fakat Newton'ın fiziğe bir başka meşhur katkısı, yerçekimini anlayışıydı. Newton çalışmalarına ilk başladığında, bilim adamlarının yer çekimi hakkındaki bilgileri yok denecek kadar azdı Yani, bir şeyi bıraktığınızda yere düştüğünü, ve dikkatli incelemeleriyle gezegen ve ayların belirli bir şekilde hareket ettiğinin farkındaydılar. Bilmedikleri şey ise bu ikisinin bağlantılı olduğuydu. Tabi ki, harekette olduğu gibi, şimdi, yerçekimine dair Newton'ın gözlemleyebildiğinden çok daha fazlasını biliyoruz. Buna rağmen, yerçekiminin, Güneş sistemimiz kadar büyük boyutlu bir şeyin üzerindeki etkilerini tanımlarken Newton'ın evrensel yerçekimi yasası inanılmaz derecede yardımcı oluyor. Ve bunların hepsi, bir elma ile başladı. ... Büyük ihtimalle. German: Wenn Leute sagen, dass Isaac Newton die Physik komplett verändert hat, dann machen sie keine Witze. Jetzt haben wir über seine drei Bewegungsgesetze gesprochen, die wir benutzen, um zu beschreiben, wie Dinge sich bewegen. Aber ein weiterer wichtiger Beitrag von Newton zur Physik ist sein Verständnis der Schwerkraft. Als Newton anfing hatten Wissenschaftler quasi kein Konzept der Schwerkraft. Ich meine, sie wusste, dass etwas zu Boden fällt, wenn man es fallen lässt, und aus ihrer Beobachtung wussten sie, dass Planeten und Monde bestimmte Umlaufbahnen haben. Was sie nicht wussten war, dass diese beiden Konzepte zusammengehören. Natürlich, genau wie bei der Bewegung, wissen wir jetzt, dass es viel mehr über Schwerkraft zu wissen gibt als was Newton beobachten konnte. Und dennoch, wenn es darum geht, die Auswirkungen der Schwerkraft in einem Maßstab von, sagen wir, unserem Sonnensystem zu beschreiben ist das Newton'sche Gravitationsgesetz unglaublich hilfreich. Und alles fing mit einem Apfel an. ... wahrscheinlich. French: Lorsque les gens disent que Issac Newton a radicalement transformé le domaine de la physique, ils ne plaisantent pas. Jusqu'ici, nous avons parlé des trois lois du mouvement, qui décrivent comment les choses se déplacent. Mais une autre des grandes contributions de Newton à la physique est sa compréhension de la gravité Quand Newton a débuté, le concept de gravité était quasi inexistant parmi les scientifiques. Enfin, ils savaient que lorsque vous laissez tomber quelque chose, celle-ci tombe au sol, et par de minutieuses observations ils savaient que les planètes et les lunes orbitaient d'une certaine façon. Ce qu'ils ne savaient pas par contre c'est que ces deux concepts étaient liés. Évidemment, comme avec le mouvement, nous savons désormais qu'il y a plus à dire de la gravité que ce que Newton pouvait observer. Malgré tout, lorsque l'on doit décrire l'effet de la gravité à l'échelle, disons, de notre système solaire, la loi de gravitation universelle de Newton est incroyablement utile. Et tout a commencé avec une pomme. ...Probablement Portuguese: Quando as pessoas falam que Isaac Newton transformou completamente o campo da Física, elas não estão brincando. Então, nós já falamos sobre suas três Leis do Movimento, que usamos pra descrever como as coisas se movem. Mas outra das famosas contribuições de Newton para a Física foi seu entendimento sobre Gravidade. Quando Newton estava começando, o conceito de gravidade para os cientistas era praticamente inexistente. Quer dizer, eles sabiam que quando você soltava alguma coisa, ela caía no chão, e por cuidadosa observação, eles sabiam que os planetas e satélites orbitavam de uma forma bem particular. O que eles não sabia era que aqueles dois conceitos estavam conectados. Claro, assim como com movimento, nós agora sabemos que existe muito mais sobre a gravidade do que o que Newton pôde observar. Mesmo assim, quando se descreve os efeitos da gravidade na escala do, digamos, Sistema Solar, a Lei da Gravitação Universal de Newton é incrivelmente útil. E tudo começou com uma maçã. ... Provavelmente. Arabic: عندما يقول الناس أن إسحاق نيوتن غيّر حقل الفيزياء بشكل كامل، فهم لا يمزحون. لقد تكلمنا بالفعل عن قوانينه الثلاثة للحركة، والتي نستخدمها لوصف حركة الأشياء. ولكن من مساهمات نيوتن المشهورة الأخرى للفيزياء هي فهمه للجاذبية. عندما كان نيوتن مبتدأً، كانت فكرة العلماء عن الجاذبية شبه معدومة. أعني، علموا أن الأشياء تسقط إلى الأرض، عندما توقعها، ومن المراقبة عن كثب، علموا أن الكواكب والأقمار تدور بطريقة معينة. ولكن ما لم يعلموه أن هاتين الفكرتين مرتبطتين. بالطبع، مثلما هو الوضع مع الحركة، نعلم الآن أن مفهوم الجاذبية أعمق وأوسع مما كان نيوتن قد اكنشف. ومع ذلك، عندما نريد وصف أثر الجاذبية على مقياس مثل، لنقل/ مجموعتنا الشمسية، فإن قانون نيوتن للجذب وبدأ كل شيء بتفاحة. على الأغلب... Croatian: Kada ljudi kažu da je Isaac Newton potpuno transformirao područje fizike, stvarno se ne šale. Sada, već smo pričali o njegova tri zakona kretanja koje smo koristili kako bismo opisali kako se stvari kreću. Ali još jedan od Newtonovih slavnih doprinosa fizici je bilo njegovo razumjevanje gravitacije. Kada je Newton počinjao sa radom, koncept gravitacije kod znanstvenika više-manje nije postojao. Mislim, znali su da kada se nešto ispusti, pada na tlo, i iz pozornog promatranja su znali da planeti i mjeseci kruže na određeni način. Ono što nisu znali je da su ta dva koncepta povezana. Naravno, kao i kod kretanja, sada znamo da ima puno više toga kod gravitacije nego što je Newton mogao promatrati. Ali svejedno, kada je riječ o opisivanju utjecaja gravitacije na razini, recimo, sunčevog sustava, Newtonov zakon univerzalne gravitacije je nevjerojatno koristan. I sve je to počelo sa jabukom. ...vjerojatno. English: When people say that Isaac Newton completely transformed the field of physics, they really aren't kidding. Now, we’ve already talked about his three laws of motion, which we use to describe how things move. But another of Newton’s famous contributions to physics was his understanding of gravity. When Newton was first starting out, scientists’ concept of gravity was pretty much nonexistent. I mean, they knew that when you dropped something, it fell to the ground, and from careful observation, they knew that planets and moons orbited in a particular way. What they didn’t know was that those two concepts were connected. Of course, just like with motion, we now know that there’s a lot more to gravity than what Newton was able to observe. Even so, when it comes to describing the effects of gravity on the scale of, say, our solar system, Newton’s law of universal gravitation is incredibly useful. And it all started with an apple. … Probably. French: [Thème musical] Il y a de grandes chances que vous ayez déjà entendu l'histoire de la pomme de Newton ou au moins une partie de celle-ci. L'histoire raconte que un jour, il était assis au pied d'un pommier dans le jardin de sa mère, quand une pomme est tombée de l'arbre. C'est à ce moment-là que Newton eut sa grande révélation: Quelque chose attirait cette pomme vers la Terre. Ce qui le mena vers une autre idée: Et si la pomme attirait aussi la Terre, mais on ne pouvait pas se rendre compte, parce que les effets de la force de la pomme sur la Terre étaient moins évident ? Des années plus tard, Newton était assis dans le même jardin quand un autre trait de génie lui vint: Et si la même force qui attirait la pomme vers le sol pouvait affecter des choses beaucoup plus éloignées de la surface de la Terre -- comme la Lune ? C'était contre-intuitif, puisque la Lune orbite autour de la Terre, au lieu de foncer en ligne droite vers le sol comme la pomme tombant de l'arbre Cependant, Newton realisa que la Lune était constamment attirée par la Terre -- elle se déplaçait néanmoins latéralement tellement vite qu'elle ne tombait jamais sur la Terre. C'est ce qui la maintient en orbite. Si la gravité maintient la Lune en orbite, est-ce qu'elle peut influencer le comportement de n'importe quel couple d'objets -- comme une planète orbitant autour du Solei ? Ça c'est la version officielle de l'histoire -- celle que Newton lui-même racontait. iw: [כתוביות בעברית: KK] רוב הסיכויים, ששמעתם את סיפור התפוח של ניוטון במהלך חייכם. על פי הסיפור, יום אחד הוא ישב תחת עץ תפוחים בגינה של אימו כשתפוח נפל מהעץ. באותו הרגע הגיעה ההברקה הגדולה של ניוטון: משהו מושך את התפוח מטה כלפי כדור הארץ. מה שהוביל לעוד רעיון: מה אם גם התפוח מושך את כדור הארץ, אבל אי אפשר לראות, כיוון וההשפעה של הכוח שמפעיל התפוח על כדור הארץ פחות ברורה. כמה שנים אחר כך, ניוטון ישב באותה גינה כשהיה לו עוד פרץ של השראה: מה אם אותו הכוח שמושך את התפוח לקרקע יכול להשפיע על דברים רחוקים בהרבה מפני השטח של כדור הארץ-כמו הירח? זה היה קצת לא אינטואיטיבי, כיוון והירח מקיף את כדור הארץ, במקום להתרסק ישירות לקרקע כמו התפוח שנופל מהעץ. אבל ניוטון הבין שהירח עדיין נמשך כלפי כדור הארץ, הוא פשוט נע הצידה כל כך מהר שהוא המשיך לפספס. זה מה שהשאיר אותו במסלול הקפה. אם כבידה השאירה את הירח במסלול, מה אם היא משפיעה על התנהגותם של כל שני עצמים- כמו פלנטה שמקיפה את השמש? זוהי הגרסה הרשמית של הסיפור-הזו שניוטון עצמו נהג לספר. English: [Theme Music] Odds are, you’ve been told the story of Newton’s apple at some point. The story goes that one day, he was sitting under an apple tree in his mother’s garden, when an apple fell out of the tree. That’s when Newton had his grand realization: Something was pulling that apple down to Earth. And that led to another idea: What if the apple was pulling on Earth, too, but you just couldn’t tell, because the effect of the apple’s force on Earth was less obvious? A few years later, Newton was sitting in the same garden when he had another stroke of inspiration: What if the same force that pulled the apple to the ground could affect things much farther from Earth’s surface -- like the Moon? It was kind of counterintuitive, because the Moon orbits Earth, instead of crashing straight into the ground like an apple that falls off a tree. But Newton realized that the Moon was still being pulled toward Earth -- it was just moving sideways so quickly that it kept missing. That’s what was keeping it in orbit. If gravity was keeping the Moon in orbit, what if it affected the behavior of any two objects -- like a planet orbiting the Sun? That’s the official version of the story -- the one Newton himself used to tell. Portuguese: Com muita chance, te falaram da história da maçã de Newton em algum momento. A história conta que um dia, ele estava sentado sob uma macieira no jardim de sua mãe, quando uma maçã caiu da árvore. Foi quando Newton teve sua grande epifania: algo estava puxando aquela maçã em direção à Terra. E aquilo o levou a outra ideia: E se a maçã também estivesse puxando a Terra, mas você simplesmente não podia ver, pois o efeito da força da maçã na Terra era bem menos óbvia? Alguns anos depois, Newton estava sentado no mesmo jardim quando ele teve uma outra grande inspiração: E se a mesma força que puxava a maçã para o chão pudesse afetar coisas muito mais distantes da superfície da Terra -- como a Lua? Foi meio que contra-intuitivo, pois a Lua orbita a Terra, ao invés de colidir diretamente no chão como uma maçã que cai de uma árvore. Mas Newton percebeu que a Lua estava sendo puxada em direção a Terra -- ela estava apenas se movendo ao redor tão rapidamente que sempre errava a Terra. Isso era o que a estava mantendo em órbita. Se a gravidade estava mantendo a Lua em órbita, e se ela afetasse o comportamento de quaisquer dois objetos -- como um planeta orbitando o Sol? Essa é a versão oficial da história -- a que o próprio Newton costumava contar. Spanish: [Tema musical] Probablemente, te han hablado de la historia de la manzana de Newton en algún momento. La historia cuenta que un día, él estaba sentado bajo un manzano en el jardín de su madre, cuando una manzana cayó del árbol. Fue entonces cuando Newton tuvo su gran realización: Algo estaba tirando esa manzana hacia abajo en la Tierra. Y que condujo a otra idea: ¿Y si la manzana también estaba tirando de la Tierra, pero no lo podía distinguir, porque el efecto de la la fuerza de la manzana en la Tierra era menos evidente? Unos años más tarde, Newton estaba sentado en el mismo jardín cuando tuvo otro golpe de inspiración: ¿Qué pasa si la misma fuerza que tiró de la manzana al suelo podría afectar las cosas mucho más lejos de la superficie de la Tierra - como la Luna? Era una especie de contra-intuición, ya que la Luna orbita alrededor de la Tierra, en lugar de estrellarse en contra del suelo como una manzana que cae un árbol. Pero Newton se dio cuenta de que la Luna era atraída hacia la Tierra - pero esta se movía de lado tan rápidamente que no acertaba el suelo. Eso es lo que la estaba manteniendo en órbita. Si la gravedad estaba manteniendo la Luna en órbita, ¿que tal si esa fuerza afectara el comportamiento de dos objetos como un planeta en órbita alrededor del Sol? Esa es la versión oficial de la historia - la que el propio Newton solía contar. German: [Titelmusik] Wahrscheinlich hast du die Geschichte von Newtons Apfel schon einmal gehört. Sie sagt, dass er einmal unter einem Apfelbaum im Garten seiner Mutter saß als ein Apfel herunterfiel. Und da hatte Newton seine große Erleuchtung: Etwas zog den Apfel auf die Erde herunter. Und das führte zu einer weiteren Idee: Was, wenn der Apfel auch an der Erde zog, aber man konnte das nicht merken, denn der Effekt der Kraft des Apfels auf die Erde war weniger klar. Ein paar Jahre später saß Newton in demselben Garten als er einen anderen Geistesblitz hatte: Was, wenn die gleiche Kraft, die den Apfel zu Boden zog, auch andere Dinge betreffen könnte, die viel weiter von der Oberfläche der Erde entfernt sind -- wie der Mond? Das war nicht intuitiv, weil der Mond die Erde umkreist und nicht auf ihn fällt wie der Apfel, der vom Baum fällt. Aber Newton stellte fest, dass der Mond trotzdem zur Erde gezogen wurde -- er bewegte sich nur so schnell zur Seite, dass er sie verfehlte. So blieb er in der Umlaufbahn. Wenn die Schwerkraft den Mond auf der Umlaufbahn hielt, was wenn sie das Verhalten von allen Gegenständen beeinflusst -- wie einem Planet, der die Sonne umläuft? Das ist die offizielle Version der Geschichte -- die, die Newton selbst gewöhnlich erzählt hat. Indonesian: [Theme Music] Odds yang, Anda telah menceritakan kisah apel Newton di beberapa titik. Cerita berlanjut bahwa suatu hari, dia duduk di bawah pohon apel di kebun ibunya, ketika sebuah apel jatuh dari pohon. Saat itulah Newton memiliki realisasi grand: Sesuatu yang menarik apel yang turun ke bumi. Dan yang menyebabkan ide lain: Bagaimana jika apel adalah menarik di bumi, juga, tapi Anda hanya tidak tahu, karena efek dari kekuatan apel di Bumi kurang jelas? Beberapa tahun kemudian, Newton sedang duduk di taman yang sama ketika ia mengalami stroke lain inspirasi: Bagaimana jika gaya yang sama yang menarik apel ke tanah dapat mempengaruhi hal-hal lebih jauh dari permukaan bumi - seperti Bulan? Itu jenis berlawanan dengan intuisi, karena Bulan mengorbit Bumi, bukan menabrak langsung ke dalam tanah seperti sebuah apel yang jatuh pohon. Tapi Newton menyadari bahwa Bulan masih ditarik menuju Bumi - itu hanya bergerak sideways begitu cepat sehingga terus hilang. Itulah yang menjaganya agar tetap di orbit. Jika gravitasi adalah menjaga Bulan di orbit, bagaimana jika itu mempengaruhi perilaku setiap dua benda - seperti planet mengorbit Matahari? Itu versi resmi dari cerita - Satu Newton sendiri digunakan untuk memberitahu. Arabic: لابد وأنك قد سمعت بقصة تفاحة نيوتن في نقطة ما من حياتك. القصة هي أنه في أحد الأيام، كان يجلس تحت شجرة تفاح في حديقة أمه، عندما سقطت تفاحة من الشجرة. وهنا قام نيوتن بإكتشافه الكبير: شيء ما كان يجذب تلك التفاحة نحو الأرض. وهذا قاده لفكرة أخرى: ماذا لو كانت التفاحة تجذب الأرض أيضاً، ولكنك لا تشعر، لأن تأثير قوة التفاحة على الأرض كانت أضعف ظهوراً؟ بعد عدة سنوات، كان نيوتن جالساً في نفس الحديقة عندما أدرك شيئاً آخر: ماذا لو كانت القوة التي جذبت التفاحة إلى الأرض تستطيع التأثير على أشياء أبعد بكثير عن سطح الأرض-- مثل القمر؟ كان الأمر محيّراً لأول وهلة، لأن القمر يدور حول الأرض، بدلاً عن الإندفاع نحوها مثل التفاحة التي سقطت من الشجرة. ولكن نيوتن أدرك أن القمر كان فعلاً ينجذب نحو الأرض -- ولكنه كان يتحرك جانبياً بسرعة شديدة لذا كان غير قادراً على إصابتها. هذا ما كان يبقيه في مداره. إن كانت الجاذبية تبقي القمر في مداره، فماذا لو كانت تؤثر على سلوك أي جسمين -- مثل كوكب يدور حول الشمس؟ هذه هي النسخة الرسمية من القصة -- القصة التي كان نيوتن يحكيها بنفسه. Turkish: [Jenerik] Büyük ihtimalle hayatınızın bir noktasında Newton'ın elma hikayesini duydunuz. Hikaye şöyle: Bir gün, Newton annesinin bahçesinde bir elma ağacının altında otururken bir elma, ağaçtan yere düşer. Newton bu müthiş şeyi o zaman fark eder: Bir şey, o elmayı yere çekiyordu. Bu da başka bir düşünceye yol açtı: Ya elma da dünyayı geri çekiyorduysa, ama farkedemiyorduk çünkü elmanın uyguladığı kuvvet çok daha az farkedilebilirdi? Birkaç yıl sonra, Newton aynı bahçede otururken başka bir ilham anı yaşadı: Ya elmayı yere çeken güç, Dünya'dan çook uzaktaki şeylere de etki edebiliyorduysa? --- Mesela Ay gibi? Biraz garip bir düşünce çünkü Ay, elma gibi yere düşmek yerine, Dünya'nın etrafında dönüyor. Ama Newton'ın farkettiği, Ay'ın hala Dünya'ya doğru çekildiği, ama bunun yana doğru ve çok hızlı olmasından dolayı sürekli ıskalıyor olduğuydu. Eğer yerçekimi Ay'ı eksende tutuyorduysa, ya başka herhangi iki nesnenin davranışını da etkiliyorduysa? -- Mesela bir gezegenin güneş etrafında dönmesini? Bu, hikayenin resmi versiyonu -- Newton'ın anlattığı versiyon. Croatian: [Glazba] Vjerojatno ste barem jednom čuli priču o Newtonovoj jabuci. Prema priči je jednog dana sjedio ispod stabla jabuke u majčinom vrtu kada je jabuka pala sa stabla. Tada je Newton imao svoju veliku spoznaju da nešto vuče jabuku dolje prema Zemlji. A to je dovelo do druge ideje: Što ako jabuka također povlači Zemlju, ali se to jednostavno ne vidi jer je utjecaj jabučine sile na Zemlju manje očit? Nekoliko godina kasnije, Newton je sjedio u istom vrtu kada je imao još jedan nalet inspiracije: Što ako ista sila koja vuče jabuku prema tlu može utjecati na stvari puno dalje od Zemljine površine -- na primjer Mjesec? To je bilo malo kontraintuitivno jer Mjesec kruži oko Zemlje umjesto da pada ravno na tlo kao što jabuka pada sa stabla. Ali Newton je shvatio da nešto svejedno povlači Mjesec prema Zemlji -- samo što se kreće u stranu toliko brzo da je stalno promašuje. To ga drži u orbiti. Ako gravitacija drži Mjesec u orbiti, što ako utječe na ponašanje bilo koja dva objekta -- na primjer planeta u orbiti oko Sunca? To je službena verzija priče -- koju je sam Newton nekad pričao. German: Die meisten Historiker denken, dass er die Geschichte etwas beschönigt hat, aber es ist wahrscheinlich etwas Wahres daran. Ob die Apfel-Geschichte wirklich passiert ist oder nicht, Newton dachte, dass seine Idee vielversprechend ist. Die Idee, dass die Schwerkraft alles beeinflusst, einschließlich der Umlaufbahnen anderer Planeten und Monde. Also fing er an, nach einer Gleichung zu suchen, die genau beschreiben würde, wie die Schwerkraft auf Gegenstände wirkt -- ob es nun ein Apfel ist, der zu Boden fällt, oder der Mond, der die Erde umkreist. Newton wusste, dass wie auch immer diese Schwerkraft funktioniert, würde sie sich wahrscheinlich verhalten wie jede andere Kraft auf einen Gegenstand -- sie wäre gleich der Masse des Gegenstands mal seiner Beschleunigung. Die Masse zu ermitteln war leicht -- es ist die Masse des Apfels oder des Monds. Es war etwas schwieriger, herauszufinden, welche Faktoren die Beschleunigung in der Gleichung beeinflussten. Das erste, von dem Newton feststellte, dass er es berücksichtigen muss, war der Abstand. Wenn ein Gegenstand nah an der Erdoberfläche ist, wie ein Apfel im Baum, beschleunigt die Schwerkraft ihn mit etwa 10 m/s^2. Aber der Mond hat eine Beschleunigung, die nur etwa ein 3600stel von der des fallenden Apfels beträgt. Der Mond ist tatsächlich etwa 60mal weiter von der Erde entfernt als der Apfel -- Portuguese: A maioria dos historiadores acham que ele estava embelezando ao menos um pouquinho, mas provavelmente tinha algum fundo de verdade. Se a história da maçã aconteceu mesmo ou não, Newton achou que sua ideia parecia promissora. A ideia de que a gravidade possa afetar tudo, inclusive as órbitas de outros planetas e satélites. Então ele começou a buscar uma equação que descreveria precisamente a forma que a força gravitacional faziam os objetos se comportarem -- fosse uma maçã caindo no chão, ou a Lua orbitando a Terra. Newton sabia que como quer que essa força funcionasse, ela provavelmente se comportaria como qualquer outra força resultante em um objeto -- ela seria igual à massa do objeto vezes sua aceleração (F = m*a). A parte da massa era fácil -- seria apenas a massa de uma maçã ou da Lua. Seria um pouco mais difícil descobrir os fatores que estariam afetando a parte da aceleração na equação. A primeira coisa que Newton percebeu foi que ele teria que levar em conta a distância. Quando um objeto está próximo à superficie da Terra, como uma maçã em uma árvore, a gravidade faz com que ela acelere à aproximadamente 10 metros por segundo ao quadrado (m/s^2). Mas a Lua tem uma aceleração que é apenas mais ou menos 1/3600 da da maçã. A Lua também está aproximadamente 60 vezes mais distante do centro da Terra do que a maçã English: Most historians think he was embellishing at least a little, but there probably is some truth to it. Whether or not the thing with the apple actually happened, Newton thought his idea seemed promising. The idea that gravity might affect everything, including the orbits of other planets and moons. So he started looking for an equation that would accurately describe the way the gravitational force made objects behave -- whether it was an apple falling on the ground, or the Moon orbiting Earth. Newton knew that however this gravitational force worked, it would probably behave like any other net force on an object -- it would be equal to that object’s mass, times its acceleration. The mass part was easy enough -- it would just be the mass of the apple or the Moon. It was going to be a little harder to figure out the factors that were affecting the acceleration part of the equation. The first thing Newton realized he’d have to take into account was distance. When an object is close to the Earth’s surface, like an apple in a tree, gravity makes it accelerate at about 10 meters per second squared. But the Moon has an acceleration that’s only about a 3600th of that falling apple. The Moon also happens to be about 60 times as far from the center of Earth as that apple would be -- Turkish: Birçok tarihçi onun hikayeyi en azından biraz süslediğini düşünüyor, ama büyük ihtimalle biraz gerçeklik payı var. Elma olayı oldu ya da olmadı, Newton, fikrinin umut verici olduğunu düşündü. Yerçekiminin ayı ve gezegenleri, her şeyi etkilediği düşüncesi. Bu nedenle yerçekminin nesnelerin hareketini tanımladığı bir formül aramaya başladı, -- Bu nesne ya bir elmanın düşmesi ya da Ay'ın dönmesi olsun. Fakat Newton, bu yerçekimi kuvveti nasıl çalışıyorduysa, büyük ihtimalle bir nesne üzerindeki başka herhangi bir kuvvet gibi davranacaktı -- Yani nesnenin kütlesi ile ivmesinin çarpımına eşit olurdu. Kütle kısmı yeterince kolaydı -- Sadece elmanın veya Ay'ın kütlesi olacaktı. Denklemin "ivme" kısmına etki edecek faktörleri anlayabilmek zor olacaktı Newton'ın farkettiği ilk şey, uzaklığı hesaba katması gerektiğiydi. Elma veya ağaç gibi, nesneler Dünya'nın yüzeyine yakın olduğunda, yerçekimi, nesneyi 10 metre / saniye kare hızında hızlandırır. Fakat Ay'ın ivmesi, düşen elmanınkinin 1/3600'ı. Ayrıca ay, Dünya'nın merkezinden elmanın olduğunun 60 katı daha uzakta, ve Indonesian: Kebanyakan sejarawan berpikir ia menghiasi setidaknya sedikit, tapi mungkin ada beberapa kebenaran itu. Apakah atau tidak hal dengan apel sebenarnya terjadi, Newton pikir idenya tampak menjanjikan. Gagasan bahwa gravitasi dapat mempengaruhi segala sesuatu, termasuk orbit planet dan bulan lainnya. Jadi dia mulai mencari persamaan yang akan akurat menggambarkan cara gaya gravitasi membuat benda berperilaku - apakah itu sebuah apel jatuh di tanah, atau Bulan mengorbit Bumi. Newton tahu bahwa bagaimanapun ini gravitasi kekuatan bekerja, mungkin akan berperilaku seperti setiap gaya total lainnya pada objek - itu akan sama dengan massa yang objek, kali percepatannya. Bagian massa cukup mudah - itu akan hanya menjadi massa apel atau Bulan. Ini akan menjadi sedikit lebih keras untuk angka out faktor yang mempengaruhi bagian percepatan persamaan. Hal pertama Newton menyadari bahwa ia harus untuk memperhitungkan adalah jarak. Ketika sebuah benda dekat permukaan bumi, seperti apel di pohon, gravitasi membuatnya mempercepat di sekitar 10 meter per kuadrat kedua. Tapi Bulan memiliki akselerasi yang hanya sekitar 3600 itu apel jatuh. Bulan juga terjadi menjadi sekitar 60 kali jauh dari pusat bumi sebagai yang apple akan - iw: רוב ההיסטוריונים סבורים שהוא שיפץ אותה, לפחות מעט, אבל יתכן ויש בה מעט אמת. בין אם הסיפור עם התפוח באמת קרה, ניוטון חשב שהרעיון שלו נראה מבטיח. הרעיון שכבידה משפיעה על הכל, כולל ההקפות של פלנטות אחרות וירחים. אז הוא החל בחיפוש אחר משוואה שתתאר במדויק את איך שכוח הכבידה גורם לעצמים להתנהג. בין אם זה היה תפוח שנופל לקרקע, או הירח שמקיף את כדור הארץ. ניוטון ידע שלא משנה כיצד עובד כוח הכבידה הזה, הוא בוודאי יתנהג כמו כל כוח שקול אחר על עצם- הוא יהיה שווה למסה של העצם, כפול התאוצה שלו. החלק של המסה היה קל- זה פשוט המסה של התפוח או הירח. זה היה טיפה יותר מסובך להבין את הגורמים שמשפיעים על החלק של התאוצה במשוואה. הדבר הראשון שניוטון הבין שהוא צריך לקחת בחשבון הוא מרחק. כשעצם קרוב יותר לפני כדור הארץ, כמו תפוח על עץ, כוח הכבידה גורם לו להאיץ בבערך 10 מטר לשנייה כל שנייה אבל לירח יש תאוצה של בערך 1 חלקי 3,600 משל התפוח הנופל. גם מרחק הירח ממרכז כדור הארץ גדול פי 60 ממרחק התפוח מהמרכז. Croatian: Većina povjesničara misli da ju je dotjerao barem malo, ali vjerojatno u njoj ima nešto istine. Bilo da se stvar sa jabukom dogodila ili ne, Newton je mislio da se njegova ideja čini obečavajućom. Ideja da bi gravitacija mogla utjecati na sve, uključujući orbite drugih planeta i mjeseca. Zato je počeo tražiti jednadžbu koja bi točno opisala način na koji gravitacijska sila predmete tjera da se ponašaju na određeni način -- bilo da je riječ o jabuci koja pada na tlo ili o Mjesecu dok kruži oko Zemlje. Newton je znao da bi se kako god da gravitacijska sila funkcionira vjerojatno ponašala kao bilo koja druga ukupna sila nad objektom -- bila bi jednaka masi tog objekta puta njegova akceleracija. Masu je dosta jednostavno dobiti -- bila bi to samo masa jabuke ili mjeseca. Bilo je malo teže otkriti faktore koji utječu na akceleracijski dio jednadžbe. Prvo što je Newton shvatio da bi trebao uzeti u obzir je bila udaljenost. Kada je predmet blizu Zemljine površine, kao na primjer jabuka na stablu, gravitacija ga ubrzava otprilike 10 metara u sekundi na kvadrat. Ali Mjesec ima akceleraciju koja je samo 3600-ina akceleracije padajuće jabuke. Također ispada da je Mjesec otprilike 60 puta dalje od središta Zemlje nego što bi ta jabuka bila -- French: La plupart des historiens pensent qui'il l'a un peu embellie, mais il y a certainement une part de vérité. Que l'histoire de la pomme ce soit vraiment passée ou pas, Newton trouvait son idée prometteuse. L'idée que la gravité peut tout influencer, y compris les orbites des autres planètes et lunes. Il a donc commencé à chercher une équation qui décrirait précisément la façon dont la force gravitationnelle influence le comportement des objets -- que ce soit une pomme tombant sur le sol, ou la Lune orbitant autour de la Terre. Newton savait que bien que cette force gravitationnelle fonctionnait bien, elle se comporterait comme tout autre force nette agissant sur un objet -- elle serait égale à la masse de l'objet, fois son accélération. La partie masse était assez facile -- ce serait juste la masse de la pomme ou de la Lune. Par contre ça allait être plus difficile de déterminer les facteurs affectant la partie accélération de l'équation. Newton réalisa que, en premier lieu, il devait prendre en compte la distance. Quand un objet est proche de la surface terrestre, comme une pomme dans un arbre, la gravité le fait accéléré d'environ 10 mètres par seconde carrée. Mais la Lune a une accélération 3600 fois moins élévé que la pomme qui tombe. La Lune se situe aussi est environ 60 fois plus loin du centre de la Terre que la pomme -- Arabic: معظم المؤرخين يعتقدون أنه كان يبالغ حتى ولو قليلاً، ولكنها تحتوي على بعض الحقيقة. سواء حصل القسم المتعلق بالتفاحة أو لم يحصل، اعتقد نيوتن أن الفكرة واعدة. فكرة أن الجاذبية قد تكون مؤثرة على كل شيء، حتى مدارات الكواكب الأخرى والأقمار. لذا بدأ البحث عن معادلة تصف بدقة الطريقة تأثير قوة الجاذبية على سلوك الأجسام -- سواء كانت تفاحة تسقط على الأرض، أو القمر الذي يدور حول الأرض. علم نيوتن أن مهما كانت طريقة عمل قوة الجاذبية هذه، فهي ستتصرف مثل أي قوة أخرى على الجسم -- ستساوي كتلة ذلك الجسم مضروبة بتسارعه. القسم المتعلق بالكتلة كان سهلاً بما يكفي، سيكون من السهل حساب كتلة الأرض أو القمر. ولكنه سيكون من الصعب حساب العوامل التي تؤثر على قسم التسارع من المعادلة. أول شيء أدرك نيوتن هو أنه سيضطر لأخذه بعين الإعتبار هو المسافة. عندما يكون الجسم قريباً من سطح الأرض، مثل تفاحة في شجرة، تجعله الجاذبية يتسارع بمعدل عشرة أمتار في الثانية المربعة. ولكن تسارع القمر يساوي واحد على 3600 من تسارع التفاحة الساقطة. وبعد القمر عن مركز الأرض يساوي 60 ضعف بعد تلك التفاحة عن المركز. Spanish: La mayoría de los historiadores creen que él embelleció la historia al menos un poco, pero probablemente hay algo de verdad en ella. Sea o no la cosa con la manzana en realidad sucedido, Newton pensó que su idea parecía prometedora. La idea de que la gravedad podría afectar a todo, incluso las órbitas de otros planetas y lunas. Así que empezó a buscar una ecuación que pudiera describir con precisión la forma en que la fuerza de gravedad hace que los objetos se comporten - ya sea si se trataba de una manzana cayendo en el suelo, o la Luna orbitando la Tierra. Newton sabía que como sea que esta fuerza gravitacional trabajara , probablemente se comportaría como cualquier otra fuerza neta sobre un objeto - que la haría ser igual a la masa del objeto por su aceleración. La parte de masa era bastante fácil - solo sería la masa de la manzana o la Luna. Pero iba a ser un poco más difícil descifrar los factores que estaban afectando a la parte de la aceleración en la ecuación. La primer cosa de la que Newton se dio cuenta, fue que tenía que considerar la distancia. Cuando un objeto está cerca de la superficie de la Tierra, como una manzana en un árbol, la gravedad hace que se acelere a unos 10 metros por segundo al cuadrado. Pero la Luna tiene una aceleración que es sólo alrededor de una 3600 parte de esa manzana cayendo. Sucede, también, que la Luna está cerca de 60 veces tan lejos del centro de la Tierra como la manzana lo estaría - German: und 60 zum Quadrat ist 3600. Daher schloss Newton, dass die Schwerkraft zwischen zwei Gegenständen mit steigendem Abstand zwischen ihnen abnimmt. Oder genauer gesagt, dass er von dem Quadrat des Abstandes abhängt. Dann ist da noch die Masse. Nicht die Masse des Apfels oder des Mondes -- die Masse des anderen Objekts, dass in dem Tanz der Schwerkraft mitspielt: in diesem Fall, die Erde. Newton stellte fest, dass je größer die Masse von zwei Gegenständen ist, die aneinander ziehen, umso stärker auch die Schwerkraft zwischen ihnen ist. Nachdem er den Abstand zwischen zwei Gegenständen und ihre Massen einbezogen hatte, hatte Newton das Meiste für seine Gleichung für die Schwerkraft zusammen: Die Schwerkraft war proportional zur Masse der beiden Gegenstände miteinander multipliziert und geteilt durch den Abstand zwischen ihnen zum Quadrat. Aber sie musste viel kleiner sein, sonst würde man eine Kraft beobachten, mit der alltägliche Gegenstände einander anziehen. Wie dieser Zauberwürfel, der dort steht, anstatt auf mich zuzukommen. Die Schwerkraft zwischen uns beiden muss also sehr klein sein. Newton fügte daher seiner Gleichung eine Konstante hinzu -- eine sehr kleine Zahl, die die Schwerkraft zu einem Bruchteil dessen macht, was du sonst ausrechnen würdest. Er nannte sie G. French: et 60 au carrée vaut 3600. Ainsi, Newton réalisa que la force gravitationnelle entre deux objets devenait plus faibles quand ils étaient plus éloignées. Plus précisément, elle doit dépendre du carré de la distance entre deux objets. Et puis il y a la masse. Pas la masse de la pomme ou de la Lune -- mais la masse de l'autre objet impliqué dans cette danse gravitationnelle : dans notre cas, la Terre. Newton realisa que plus la masse des objets s'attirant l'un vers l'autre était grandes plus la force gravitationnelle serait fortes entre eux. Une fois pris en compte la distance entre les deux objets, et leurs masses, Newton avait presque toute son équation pour décrire le comportement de la gravité: La force gravitationnelle était proportionnelle au produit de la masse des deux objets, divisé par le carré de la distance entre eux. Cependant elle doit être beacoup plus petite sinon vous verriez une force attirer tout les objet autour de vous. Comme ce Rubik's cube qui se tient devant là au lieu d'être attiré vers moi. Donc la force gravitationnelle entre nous doit être très faible. C'est pourquoi Newton ajouta une constante à son équation -- un nombre si minuscule qu'elle ferait que la force gravitationnele ne soit qu'une infime partie de ce que l'on calculerait sinon. Il l'appela G. Indonesian: dan 60 kuadrat adalah 3600. Jadi Newton pikir bahwa gaya gravitasi antara dua benda harus mendapatkan yang lebih kecil yang jauh terpisah mereka. Lebih khusus lagi, harus bergantung pada jarak antara dua benda kuadrat. Kemudian ada massa. Tidak massa apel atau Bulan - yang massa benda lain yang terlibat dalam tari gravitasi: dalam hal ini, Earth. Newton menyadari bahwa semakin besar massa dari dua benda menarik satu sama lain, semakin kuat gaya gravitasi akan berada di antara mereka. Setelah ia diperhitungkan kejauhan antara dua benda, dan massa mereka, Newton memiliki sebagian persamaan nya untuk cara gravitasi berperilaku: Gaya gravitasi sebanding dengan massa dua benda dikalikan bersama-sama, dibagi dengan kuadrat dari jarak antara mereka. Tapi itu harus jauh lebih kecil, atau Anda akan melihat kekuatan menarik bersama benda yang paling sehari-hari. Seperti, bahwa kubus Rubik yang tinggal di tempat itu bukan ditarik ke arah saya. Jadi gaya gravitasi antara kami harus sangat kecil. Jadi Newton menambahkan konstan untuk persamaan nya - Jumlah yang sangat kecil yang akan membuat gaya gravitasi hanya sebagian kecil dari apa yang Anda menghitung sebaliknya. Dia menyebutnya G. Arabic: ومربع العدد 60 هو 3600. إذاً اكتشف نيوتن أن قوة الجذب بين جسمين تصغر كل ما كبرت المسافة بينهما. بشكل أدق، إنها تعتمد على مربع المسافة بين جسمين. ثم تأتي الكتلة. لا كتلة القمر أو التفاحة -- كتلة الأشياء الأخرى المشتركة برقصة الجاذبية هذه: في هذه الحالة، الأرض. أدرك نيوتن أن كل ما زادت كتلة الجسمين الذان يجذبان بعضهما، تزيد قوة الحذب بينهما. حالما أخذ بعين الإعتبار المسافة بين جسمين، وكتلتهما، حصل نيوتن على معظم معادلته الخاصة بسلوك الجاذبية: قوة الحاذبية تتناسب مع جداء قيمتي الكتلتين، مقسماً على مربع المسافة بينهما. ولكن كان يجب أن تكون أصغر بكثير وإلا لرأيت قوةً تجذب أغلب الأجسام التي تراها يومياً. مثل، معكب الروبيك هذا بقي في مكانه بدلاً من أن ينجذب نحوي. إذاً لابد أن قوة الجاذبية بيننا صغيرة جداً. لذا أضاف نيوتن ثابتاً إلى معادلته -- عدداً صغيراً جداً يجعل شدة قوة الجاذبية مجرد جزءٍ بسيط مما كانت ستساويه بدونه. وأسماه G. iw: ו60 בריבוע זה 3,600 אז ניוטון הבין שכוח הכבידה בין שני עצמים, נעשה חלש יותר ככל שהמרחק בינם גדל. ויותר ספציפית, הוא תלוי במרחק בין שני העצמים, בריבוע. ואז ישנה מסה. לא המסה של התפוח או הירח, אלא המסה של העצם השני שמעורב בריקוד הכבידתי: במקרה הזה, כדור הארץ. ניוטון הבין שככל שהמסה של שני הגופים שמושכים זה את זה גדולה כך מתחזק הכוח הכבידתי בינם. וברגע שהוא לקח בחשבון את המרחק בין 2 עצמים, והמסות שלהם ניוטון השיג כבר את רוב המשוואה שלו לתיאור התנהגות הכבידה: הכוח הכבידתי היה פרופורציונלי למסות של שני הגופים, מוכפלות זו בזו חלקי ריבוע המרחק בינם. אבל הכוח היה צריך להיות הרבה יותר חלש, אחרת היינו רואים משיכה בין רוב הדברים בעולם. כמו למשל, הקוביה ההונגרית הזאת נותרת במקומה במקום להימשך לכיווני לכן הכוח הכבידתי בינינו צריך להיות קטן מאוד. אז ניוטון הוסיף קבוע למשוואה שלו-מספר קטן מאוד שיהפוך את הכוח הכבידתי לאחוז זעיר ממה שהייתם מחשבים אחרת. הוא קרא לו G Portuguese: e 60 ao quadrado é 3600. Então, Newton descobriu que a força gravitacional entre dois objetos deve ser menor quando maior for a distância entre eles. Mais especificamente, ela deve depender da distância entre os dois objetos, ao quadrado. Daí, havia a massa. Não a massa da maçã ou da Lua -- a massa do outro objeto envolvido na dança gravitacional: nesse caso, a Terra. Newton percebeu que quanto maior as massas desses dois objetos se atraindo, mais forte seria a força gravitacional entre eles. Uma vez que ele tenha levado em consideração a distância entre os dois objetos, e suas massas, Newton tinha a maior parte de sua equação para descrever como a gravidade funcionava: A força gravitacional era proporcional à massa dos dois objetos multiplicadas entre si, divididas pelo quadrado da distância entre seus centros. Mas ela tinha que ser bem menor, ou então você veria uma força puxando todos os objetos ao redor pro mesmo lugar. Tipo, aquele cubo de Rubik (Cubo Mágico) está parado lá onde ele está, ao invés de estar sendo puxado em direção à mim. Ou seja, a força gravitacional entre nós deve ser muito pequena. Então Newton acrescentou uma constante à sua equação -- um número bem pequeno que faria a força gravitacional ser somente uma pequena fração do que seria se você calculasse de outra forma. Ele a chamou de G. Croatian: a 60 na kvadrat je 3600. Tako da je Newton shvatio da gravitacijska sila između dva objekta mora biti manja što su oni udaljeniji jedan od drugog. Točnije, mora ovisiti o udaljenosti između dva objekta na kvadrat. A tu je i masa. Ne masa jabuke ili Mjeseca -- masa drugog objekta uključenog u gravitacijski ples, u ovom slučaju, Zemlje. Newton je shvatio da što su veće mase dvaju predmeta koji se privlače, to je jača gravitacijska sila među njima. Kada je uzeo u obzir udaljenost između dvaju objekata i njihove mase, Newton je imao veći dio svoje jednadžbe za način na koji se gravitacija ponaša: Gravitacijska sila je proporcionalna masama dvaju objekata pomnoženim zajedno podijeljeno s kvadratom udaljenosti između njih. Ali trebala je biti puno manja, inače bi vidjeli silu kako vuče većinu svakodnevnih predmeta. Na primjer, ova Rubikova kocka ostaje gdje je umjesto je ja vučem prema sebi. Dakle gravitacijska sila između nas mora biti jako mala. Zato je Newton dodao konstantu svojoj jednadžbi -- jako mali broj koji učini gravitacijsku silu samo malim dijelom onoga što bi u protivnom izračunali. Nazvao ju je G. Spanish: y del 60 al cuadrado es 3600. Así Newton imaginó que la fuerza gravitatoria entre dos objetos debe volverse menor entre más apartados estén. Más específicamente, depende de la distancia entre los dos objetos al cuadrado. Luego estaba la masa. No la masa de la manzana o la Luna - la masa del otro objeto que participa en la danza gravitacional: en este caso, la Tierra. Newton se dio cuenta de entre más grande sean las masas de los dos objetos que se atraen el uno al otro, más fuerte sería la fuerza gravitacional entre ellos. Una vez que había tomado en cuenta la distancia entre dos objetos, y sus masas, Newton tuvo la mayor parte de su ecuación para la forma en la que se comportaba la gravedad: La fuerza de la gravedad era proporcional a la masa de los dos objetos multiplicados juntos, dividido por el cuadrado de la distancia entre ellos. Pero tenía que ser mucho más pequeña, o de lo contrario vería una fuerza juntar a la mayoría de los objetos cotidianos. Al igual que el cubo de Rubik se queda justo donde está en lugar de ser atraído hacia mí. Por lo que la fuerza gravitacional entre nosotros debe ser muy pequeña. Así que Newton añadió una constante a su ecuación - Un número muy pequeño que haría que la fuerza gravitatoria fuera sólo una pequeña fracción de lo que se calcula de otra manera. Lo llamó G. English: and 60 squared is 3600. So Newton figured that the gravitational force between two objects must get smaller the farther apart they are. More specifically, it must depend on the distance between the two objects squared. Then there was mass. Not the mass of the apple or the Moon -- the mass of the other object involved in the gravitational dance: in this case, Earth. Newton realized that the greater the masses of the two objects pulling on each other, the stronger the gravitational force would be between them. Once he’d taken into account the distance between two objects, and their masses, Newton had most of his equation for the way gravity behaved: The gravitational force was proportional to the mass of the two objects multiplied together, divided by the square of the distance between them. But it had to be a lot smaller, or else you’d see a force pulling together most everyday objects. Like, that Rubik’s cube is staying right where it is instead of being pulled towards me. So the gravitational force between us must be very small. So Newton added a constant to his equation -- a very small number that would make the gravitational force just a tiny fraction of what you’d calculate otherwise. He called it G. Turkish: 60'ın karesi 3600. Böylece Newton farketti ki iki nesne arasındaki yerçekimi, birbirlerinden uzaklaştıkça gittikçe daha küçülüyor olmalı. Dahası, aradaki uzunluğun karesine bağlı olmalı. Sırada kütle vardı. Elmanın veya Ay'ın değil, yerçekiminde bulunan diğer nesnenin kütlesi -- Bu durumda, Dünya'nın. Newyon farketti ki, birbirini çeken iki nesnenin kütleleri arttıkça, oluşan yerçekimi kuvveti de daha güçlü olurdu. Uzunluk ve nesnelerin kütlelerini hesaba kattıktan sonra Newton yerçekiminin davranışının çoğu için formülü bulmuştu: Yerçekimi kuvveti, nesnelerin kütleleri çarpımı aralarındaki mesafenin karesine bölümüyle orantılıydı. Ama bundan çok, çok daha küçük olmalıydı, yoksa her gün kullandığınız nesnelerin birbirini çektiğini görürdünüz. Mesela önümdeki Rubik küp orada durmak yerine bana doğru hareket ederdi. Yani aramızdaki yerçekimi çok küçük. Bu nedenle, Newton, formülüne, formülde olmasaydı çok daha büyük değerlere ulaşmanızı engelleyecek bir sabit ekledi. Adını G Koydu. (Feriha koymadı) iw: והוא קרא למשוואה המלאה שלו: Fg=GMm\r^2 "כוח הכבידה האוניברסלי". לניוטון לא היה מושג איזה מספר יהיה G. הוא רק ידע שהוא יהיה מספר זעיר, ושם את האות G במשוואה שלה כמחזיקת מקום. לאחר מאה שנים, הנרי קוונדיש, מדען בריטי נוסף, ערך מדידות מדוייקות עם חלק מהציוד המדוייק ביותר של זמנו, והבין שG הייתה שווה לבערך 6.67 * 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2 והנה, ניוטון צדק לגבי היותה של G גדולה מספר קטן ביותר. ואפילו שלא ידע במדוייק את ערכה של G בזמנו, ניוטון ידע מספיק כדי לבסס את חוק הכבידה האוניברסלי שלו. הוא תיאר את הכבידה ככוח בין כל 2 עצמים, ופרסם את המשוואה שלו לחישובו. ואז ניוטון לקח את זה צעד אחד קדימה-ובכן, טכנית שלושה צעדים קדימה. בערך 50 שנים לפני כן, אסטרונום בשם יוהאנס קפלר ניסח שלושה חוקים שתיארו את הדרך בה מסלולי הקפה פועלים. והתחזיות האלה תאמו כמעט באופן מושלם את המסלולים שאסטרונומים ראו בשמיים Portuguese: E ele chamou a equação completa, F = GMm/r^2, a Lei da Gravitação Universal. Newton não tinha ideia de que número o G seria, entretanto. Ele apenas sabia que seria um número pequeno, e colocou a letra G em sua equação como um constante a ser descoberta. Mais ou menos um século depois, Henry Cavendish, outro cientista britânico, fez medidas cuidadosas com alguns dos instrumentos mais sensíveis da época e descobriu que G era igual a aproximadamente 6,67*10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2. Então realmente, Newton estava certo sobre o G tendo que ser bem pequeno. Mas mesmo que ele não soubesse o valor exato de G na época, Newton sabia o suficiente para estabelecer sua Lei da Gravitação Universal. Ele descreveu a gravidade como uma força entre 2 objetos quaisquer, e publicou sua equação para calcular tal força. Então, Newton levou as coisas um passo adiante -- bem, tecnicamente três passos adiante. Mais ou menos 50 anos antes, um astrônomo chamado Johannes Kepler desenvolveu três leis que descreviam como as orbitas funcionavam. E aquelas predições descreviam quase perfeitamente as órbitas que os astrônomos viam no céu. Arabic: وسمى معادلته الكاملة، F=GMm/r^2، قانون الجذب الكوني. لم يكن نيوتن يعرف أي رقم سيكون G، ولكنه علم أنه سيكون رقماً صغيراً جداً، ووضع الحرف G في معادلته لملء مكانه. بعد ذلك بحوالي قرن، هينري كافانديش، عالم بريطاني آخر، قام بحسابات دقيقة، باستخدام أكثر أدوات عصره حساسية، واكتشف أن قيمة G تساوي تقريباً: 6.67 * 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2. إذاً كان نيوتن محقاً حيال صغر قيمة الرقم G. ولكن حتى لو يعلم قيمة G بدقة آنذاك، كان لدى نيوتن ما يكفي ليؤسس قانون جذبه. وصف الجاذبية بأنها قوة بين أي جسمين، وونشر معادلته لحساب شدة تلك القوة. ثم صعّد نيوتن الأمور درجة -- أو، في الواقع، ثلاثة درجات. قبل خمسين سنة، استنتج عالم فلك اسمه يوهان كيبلر ثلاثة قوانين والتي وصفت عمل المدارات. وهذه التوقعات طابقت بشكل مثالي تقريباً المدارات التي رآها علماء الفلك في السماء. Turkish: Tüm, evrensel yerçekimi yasası formülüne de: F=G.M.m / r^2 dedi. Newton'ın büyük G'nin ne olacağı hakkında pek bir fikri yoktu, sadece çok küçük bir sayı olacağını bildiğinden yer tutacak bir harf olarak G'yi koydu. Yaklaşık bir asır sonra, Henry Cavendish, başka bir Britanyalı bilim adamı, zamanının en hassas ölçüm aletleriyle dikkatli ölçümler yaptı ve G'nin 6.67 * 10^-11 N.m^2 / kg^2 olduğunu buldu. Yani, Newton, G'nin bayağı küçük bir sayı olması konusunda haklıydı. Fakat zamanında G'nin tam değerini bilmese de, yasasını oturtmak için yeterince bilgiye sahipti. Yerçekimini, 2 nesne arasındaki kuvvet olarak tanımladı ve bu kuvveti hesaplamak için olan denklemini yayınladı. Daha sonra Newton olayları bir adım ileri aldı -- eh, teknik olarak 3 adım ileri. Yaklaşık 50 sene önce Johannes Kepler adı bir gökbilimci, eksenleri tanımlayan 3 yasa bulmuştu. Ve bu tahminler, gökbilimcilerin havada gördükleri eksenlere neredeyse mükkemmel oturuyordu. Spanish: Y llamó a esta ecuación completa, F = GMm / r ^ 2, la ley de la gravitación universal. Aunque Newton no tenía idea de qué número sería G. Sólo sabía que sería un pequeño número y pusó la letra G en la ecuación como un marcador de posición. Cerca de un siglo más tarde, Henry Cavendish, otro científico británico, hizo cuidadosas mediciones con algunos de los instrumentos más sensibles del tiempo, y descubrió que G era igual a alrededor de 6,67 * 10 ^ -11 N * m ^ 2 / kg ^ 2. Así que de hecho, Newton tenía razón sobre que G tenía que ser bastante pequeña Sin embargo, a pesar de que no conocía el valor exacto de G en el momento, Newton tuvo suficiente para establecer su ley de la gravitación universal. Él describió la gravedad como una fuerza entre 2 objetos cualesquiera, y publicó su ecuación para calcular esa fuerza. Entonces Newton tomó las cosas un paso más allá - bueno, técnicamente tres pasos más allá. Cerca de 50 años atrás, un astrónomo llamado Johannes Kepler había dado a conocer tres leyes que describen la forma en que las órbitas trabajaban. Y esas predicciones encajaban casi perfectamente con las órbitas que los astrónomos estaban viendo en el cielo. Indonesian: Dan dia disebut persamaan penuh ini, F = GMM / r ^ 2, hukum gravitasi universal. Newton tidak tahu apa nomor G besar akan menjadi, meskipun. Dia hanya tahu itu akan menjadi kecil jumlah, dan menempatkan huruf G ke dalam persamaan-nya sebagai pengganti. Sekitar satu abad kemudian, Henry Cavendish, lain Ilmuwan Inggris, membuat pengukuran hati-hati dengan beberapa instrumen yang paling sensitif waktu, dan tahu bahwa G adalah sama sekitar 6.67 * 10 ^ -11 N * m ^ 2 / kg ^ 2. Jadi memang, Newton benar tentang besar G memiliki cukup kecil. Tapi meskipun dia tidak tahu persis nilai G besar pada saat itu, Newton memiliki cukup untuk menetapkan hukum-Nya gravitasi universal. Dia menggambarkan gravitasi sebagai kekuatan antara setiap 2 benda, dan diterbitkan persamaan nya untuk menghitung kekuatan itu. Kemudian Newton mengambil hal-hal langkah lebih lanjut - baik, teknis tiga langkah lebih lanjut. Sekitar 50 tahun sebelumnya, seorang astronom bernama Johannes Kepler telah datang dengan tiga hukum yang menggambarkan cara orbit bekerja. Dan prediksi tersebut hampir cocok dengan sempurna orbit yang astronom yang melihat di langit. French: Et il appela l'équation complète, F = GMm/r^2, la loi de gravitation universelle. Newton ne savait pas du tout quel nombre était grand G. Il savait simplement que ce serait un petit nombre, et mis la lettre G dans son équation juste comme un paramètre. Environ un siècle plus tard, Henry Cavendish, un autre scientifique britannique, pris de précises mesures avec les instruments les plus précis et sensibles de son époque, et découvrit que G valait à peu près 6.67 * 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2. En fin decompte, Newton avait raison sur le fait que grand G devait être très petit. Et même si il ne connaissait pas exactement la valeur de G à ce moment là, Newton avait assez pour établir sa loi universelle de la gravitation. Il décrit la gravité comme une force entre deux objets, et publia son équation servant à calculer cette force. Ensuite, Newton est allé un pas plus loin -- bon en fait, trois pas plus plus loin. 50 ans plus tôt, un astronome nommé Johannes Kepler avait trouvé 3 lois expliquant la façon dont les orbites fonctionnaient. Et ces prédictions vérifiaient quasi parfaitement ce que les astronomes observaient dans le ciel. English: And he called this full equation, F = GMm/r^2, the law of universal gravitation. Newton had no idea what number big G would be, though. He just knew it would be a tiny number, and put the letter G into his equation as a placeholder. About a century later, Henry Cavendish, another British scientist, made careful measurements with some of the most sensitive instruments of the time, and figured out that G was equal to about 6.67 * 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2. So indeed, Newton was right about big G having to be quite small. But even though he didn’t know the exact value of big G at the time, Newton had enough to establish his law of universal gravitation. He described gravity as a force between any 2 objects, and published his equation for calculating that force. Then Newton took things a step further -- well, technically three steps further. About 50 years earlier, an astronomer named Johannes Kepler had come up with three laws that described the way orbits worked. And those predictions almost perfectly matched the orbits that astronomers were seeing in the sky. German: Und er nannte seine volle Gleichung, F = GMm/r^2, das universelle Gravitationsgesetz. Newton hatte allerdings keine Ahnung, welche Zahl G sein würde. Er wusste nur, dass sie eine winzige Zahl sein musste, und setzte den Buchstaben G als Platzhalter in seine Gleichung. Etwa ein Jahrhundert später machte Henry Cavendish, ein weiterer britischer Wissenschaftler, genaue Messungen mit einigen der sensibelsten Messinstrumenten seiner Zeit, und fand heraus, dass G etwa 6,67 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2 entspricht. Newton hatte also Recht damit, dass G sehr klein sein musste. Aber obwohl er der genauen Wert von G zu seiner Zeit nicht kannte, hatte er genug gelernt, um sein Gravitationsgesetz aufzustellen. Er beschrieb die Schwerkraft als eine Kraft zwischen zwei Gegenständen und veröffentlichte seine Gleichung, mit der die Kraft bestimmt werden konnte. Dann führte Newton alles noch einen Schritt weiter -- also, eigentlich drei Schritte weiter. Etwa 50 Jahre zuvor hatte ein Astronom namens Johannes Kepler drei Gesetze erfunden, die beschrieben, wie Umlaufbahnen funktionieren. Und diese Vorhersagen passten fast perfekt zu den Umlaufbahnen, die Astronomen am Himmel beobachteten. Croatian: A ovu je ukupnu jednadžbu nazvao F = GMm/r^2, zakon univerzalne gravitacije. Ali Newton nije imao pojma koji bi broj veliko G bilo. Samo je znao da je mali broj, i stavio je slovo G u jednadžbu kao zamjenu. Otprilike stoljeće kasnije je Henry Cavendish, još jedan Britanski znanstvenik, obavio oprezna mjerenja sa nekim od najosjetljivijih instrumenata tog vremena te je shvatio da je G jednako otprilike 6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2. Tako da et stvarno, Newton je bio u pravu, znao je da veliko G mora biti jako malo. Ali iako nije znao točnu vrijednost velikog G u to vrijeme, Newton je imao dovoljno toga za ustanoviti svoj zakon univerzalne gravitacije. On je opisao gravitaciju kao silu između bilo koja 2 predmeta i objavio je svoju jednadžbu za izračun te sile. Onda je Newton otišao korak dalje -- pa, tehnički tri koraka dalje. Otprilike 50 godina ranije astronom Johannes Kepler je otkrio tri zakona koji opisuju kako orbite funkcioniraju. I ta predviđanja su se skoro savršeno poklopila s orbitama koje su astronomi vidjeli na nebu. German: Deshalb wusste Newton, dass sein universelles Gravitationsgesetz zu den Kepler'schen Gesetzen passen musste, oder er müsste erklären, warum Kepler falsch lag. Zum Glück für Newton passte sein Gravitationsgesetz nicht nur zu den Kepler'schen Gesetzen, er konnte es auch benutzen, in Kombination mit seinen drei Gesetzen der Bewegung und Berechnung, um die Kepler'schen Gesetze zu beweisen. Nach Kepler waren die Umlaufbahnen der Planeten Ellipsen -- keinen Kreise -- mit der Sonne als einem Brennpunkt der Ellipse -- einem der beiden zentralen Punkte, die eine Ellipse beschreiben. Und das ist als erstes Kepler'sches Gesetz bekannt, und ist auf alle elliptischen Umlaufbahnen anwendbar -- nicht nur die von Planeten. Die Laufbahn unseres Mondes um die Erde ist auch eine Ellipse, und die Erde ist ein Brennpunkt dieser Ellipse. Das zweite Kepler'sche Gesetz ist, dass wenn du eine Linie von dem Planeten zur Sonne zeichnest, sie immer die gleiche Fläche in einer gegebenen Zeit überstreicht. Wenn die Erde an ihrem am weitesten von der Sonne entfernten Punkt ist, zum Beispiel, überstreicht sie im Laufe eines Tages eine Fläche, die wie ein sehr langes, sehr dünnes, schiefes Pizzastück aussieht. Und wenn wir der Sonne am nächsten sind, wird die Laufbahn an einem Tag French: Donc Newton savait que sa loi universelle de la gravitation devait vérifier les lois de Kepler, ou alors il devrait trouver un moyen d'expliquer en quoi Kepler avait tord. Heuresement pour Newton, non seulement sa loi de la gravitation fonctionne avec les lois de Kepler, mais en plus il était de l'utiliser, avec l'aide de ses trois lois du mouvement et du calcul infinitésimal, pour prouver les lois de Kepler. Selon Kepler, les orbites des planètes sont des ellipses -- et non des cercles -- avec le Soleil situé l'un des foyer de l'ellipse -- l'un des deux points importants pour décrire la courbure d'une ellipse. Et voilà ce qu'on appele la première loi de Kepler, elle s'applique en fait à toute orbite elliptique -- pas seulement à celle des planètes. L'orbite de notre lune est aussi une ellipse, et la Terre occupe l'un des foyers de cette ellipse. La deuxième loi de Kepler dit que si vous tracez une ligne d'une planète au soleil, elle balayera toujours la même aire pour un même temps donné. Quand la Terre se situe à son point le plus éloigné du Soleil, le temps d'une journée nous avons couvert une aire qui ressemble à une fine et longue part de pizza. Et au point le plus proche du Soleil, un jour passé va couvrir une aire Arabic: إذاً، علم نيوتن أن قانون الجذب الكوني يجب أن يتناسب مع قوانين كبلر، أو سيتوجب عليه إيجاد طريقة لإثبات خطأ كبلر. لحسن حظ نيوتن، لم يناسب قانون جاذبيته قوانين كبلر فقط، بل واستطاع استخدامه بالإضافة لقوانينه الثلاثة الخاصة بالحركة والتفاضل، لإثبات قوانين كبلر. بالإستناد لكبلر، مدارات الكواكب كانت قطوعاً ناقصة - وليست دوائراً - حيث تشكل الشمس أحد مراكز القطع الناقص -- هذه واحدة من النقطتان المركزيتان اللاتي استخدمت لوصف انحناء القطع. وهذا يعرف باسم قانون كبلر الأول، ويمكن تطبيقه على أي مدار إهليلجي. وليس فقط مدارات الكواكب. مدار كوكبنا حول الأرض إهليلجي أيضاً، والأرض إحدى مراكز ذلك القطع الناقص. قانون كبلر الثاني هو أنك إن رسمت خطاً من كوكب إلى الشمس، فسيمسح نفس المساحة خلال فترة زمنية معطاة. عندما تكون الأرض في أبعد نقطة عن الشمس، مثلاً، على مدار يوم واحد سنكون غطينا مساحة تبدو مثل قطعة بيتزا شديدة الطول والنحول، بجهة أكبر من الأخرى. وعندما نكون في أقرب نقطة من الشمس، مدار يوم واحد Indonesian: Jadi, Newton tahu bahwa hukum-Nya universal gravitasi harus sesuai dengan hukum Kepler, atau ia harus menemukan beberapa cara untuk menjelaskan mengapa Kepler adalah salah. Beruntung bagi Newton, hukum gravitasi tidak hanya cocok dengan hukum Kepler, ia mampu menggunakannya, dalam kombinasi dengan nya tiga hukum gerak dan kalkulus, untuk membuktikan hukum Kepler. Menurut Kepler, orbit planet-planet yang elips - sebagai lawan lingkaran - dengan Sun pada satu fokus elips - satu dari dua titik pusat digunakan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana kurva elips. Dan itulah yang dikenal sebagai Kepler pertama hukum, dan itu benar-benar berlaku untuk setiap elips orbit - bukan hanya orang-orang dari planet. orbit kami bulan mengelilingi bumi juga merupakan elips, dan bumi berada pada satu fokus elips itu. Hukum kedua Kepler adalah bahwa jika Anda menggambar garis dari sebuah planet ke matahari, itu akan selalu menyapu daerah yang sama-berukuran dalam diberikan jumlah waktu. Ketika Bumi berada pada titik terjauh dari Sun, misalnya, selama satu hari kami akan telah mencakup area yang terlihat seperti sangat panjang, sangat tipis, agak-miring pizza slice. Dan ketika kita berada di titik terdekat kami ke Sun, satu hari senilai orbit akan menyapu Spanish: Así, Newton sabía que su ley de gravitación universal tenía que encajar con las leyes de Kepler, o tendría que encontrar alguna manera de explicar por qué Kepler estaba equivocado. Por suerte para Newton, su ley de la gravitación no sólo encaja con las leyes de Kepler, él también fue capaz de usarla, en combinación con su tres leyes del movimiento y cálculo, para demostrar las leyes de Kepler. De acuerdo con Kepler, las órbitas de los planetas eran elipses - contrario a las órbitas circulares - con el Sol en uno de los focos de la elipse - una de los dos puntos centrales que se utilizan para describir cómo se "dibuja" una elipse Y eso es lo que se conoce como la primera ley de Kepler y que en realidad se aplica a cualquier órbita elíptica - no sólo las de los planetas. La órbita de la Luna alrededor de la Tierra es también una elipse, y la Tierra se encuentra en uno de los focos de esa elipse. La segunda ley de Kepler fue que si se traza una línea de un planeta al Sol, siempre va a barrer un área del mismo tamaño dentro de una determinada cantidad de tiempo. Cuando la Tierra se encuentra en su punto más alejado del Sol, por ejemplo, durante el transcurso de un día habremos cubierto un área que se parece a una porción de pizza muy larga, delgada y un poco desigual Y cuando estamos en nuestro punto más cercano al Sol, el valor de la órbita de un día barrerá Turkish: Yani Newton, yasasının Kepler'e uymak zorunda olduğunu biliyordu, Öbür türlü, Kepler'in neden haksız olduğunu açıklamak zorundaydı. Newton şanslı ki, yasaları sadece Kepler'inkilere uymakla kalmadı, kalkülüs ve kendi 3 temel hareket yasasıyla birlikte Kepler'in yasalarını kanıtladı da. Kepler'e göre, gezegen eksenleri, daire değil elipslerdi. Güneş, bu elipsin odak noktasıydı ve 2 merkez noktasından biri elipsin nasıl eğrildiğini tanımlamakta kullanılabilirdi. Bu, Kepler'in 1. yasası olarak da bilinir ve tüm elipler için geçerlidir, sadece gezegenlerin eksenleri için değil. Ay'ımızın Dünya etrafındaki ekseni de bir elips, ve o elipsin odak noktası Dünya. Kepler'in 2. yasası, eğer gezegenden Güneş'e bir çizgi çizdiniz mi, belirli bir zaman aralığında her zaman aynı miktarda alanı tarayacak olmasıydı. Mesela, Dünya Güneş'ten en uzak noktasındayken, 1 gün boyunca çok uzun, ince ve dengesiz bir pizza dilimi gibi duran bir alanı tarayacaktır. [Şekil kolay anlaşılması için abartılmıştır.] Ve Dünya Güneş'e en yakın yerdeyken, 1 günlük dönüş daha kalın ve kısa Portuguese: Então, Newton sabia que sua lei da gravitação universal devia estar de acordo com as Leis de Kepler ou ele teria que encontrar alguma forma de explicar que Kepler estava errado. Felizmente para Newton, sua lei da gravitação não apenas batia com as leis de Kepler, como ele podia usá-la, combinando com as suas 3 leis do movimento e cálculo, pra provar as leis de Kepler. De acordo com Kepler, as órbitas dos planetas eram elipses -- e não circulares -- com o Sol em um dos focos da elipse -- um dos dois pontos centrais usados para descrever como a elipse se curva. E isso era o que era conhecida a primeira lei de Kepler, e ela na verdade se aplica a qualquer órbita elíptica -- não apenas as dos planetas. A nossa órbita lunar ao redor da Terra também é uma elipse, e a Terra está em um dos focos dessa elipse. A segunda lei de Kepler era que se você desenhar uma linha de um planeta até o Sol, ela vai sempre varrer a mesma área dentro do mesmo espaço de tempo. Quando a Terra está em seu ponto mais distante do Sol, por exemplo, ao longo de um dia nós iremos ter coberto uma área que parece muito longa, bem fina, parecendo um pedaço magrelo de pizza. E quando nós estivermos no ponto mais próximo do Sol, o equivalente a um dia de órbita varrerá English: So, Newton knew that his law of universal gravitation had to fit with Kepler’s laws, or he’d have to find some way to explain why Kepler was wrong. Luckily for Newton, his law of gravitation not only fit with Kepler’s laws, he was able to use it, in combination with his three laws of motion and calculus, to prove Kepler’s laws. According to Kepler, the orbits of the planets were ellipses -- as opposed to circles -- with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse -- one of the two central points used to describe how the ellipse curves. And that’s what’s known as Kepler’s first law, and it actually applies to any elliptical orbit -- not just those of the planets. Our moon’s orbit around Earth is also an ellipse, and Earth is at one focus of that ellipse. Kepler’s second law was that if you draw a line from a planet to the sun, it’ll always sweep out the same-sized area within a given amount of time. When Earth is at its farthest point from the Sun, for example, over the course of one day we’ll have covered an area that looks like a very long, very thin, kinda-lopsided pizza slice. And when we’re at our closest point to the Sun, one day’s worth of the orbit will sweep Croatian: Tako da je Newton znao da se ili njegov zakon univerzalne gravitacije mora poklopiti sa Keplerovim zakonima ili mora naći načina da objasni zašto je Kepler bio u krivu. Srećom za Newtona, njegov zakon gravitacije ne samo da se uklapao u Keplerove zakone, također ga je mogao koristiti u kombinaciji sa svoja tri zakona kretanja i računom da dokaže Keplerove zakone. Po Kepleru su orbite planeta elipse -- a ne krugovi -- sa Suncem u jednom fokusu elipse -- jednoj od dvije centralne točke koje se koriste za opis zakrivljenosti elipse. To je znano kao Keplerov prvi zakon i zapravo vrijedi za bilo koju eliptičku orbitu -- ne samo za orbite planeta. Orbita našeg mjeseca oko Zemlje je također elipsa, a Zemlja je u jednom fokusu te elipse. Keplerov drugi zakon tvrdi da ako povučete liniju od planeta do Sunca, ona će uvijek preći preko iste površine u zadanom vremenu. Kada je Zemlja najudaljenija od Sunca, na primjer, tijekom jednog dana ćemo tako dobiti površinu koja izgleda kao jako dugačka, jako tanka, malo kosa kriška pizze. A kada smo najbliže Suncu, jedan dan orbite će preći iw: אז ניוטון ידע שחוק הכבידה האוניברסלי שלו יהיה חייב להתאים עם חוקי קפלר, או שהוא יצטרך למצוא דרך להסביר מדוע קפלר טעה. למזלו של ניוטון, חוק הכבידה שלו לא רק התאים עם חוקי קפלר, הוא גם הצליח להשתמש בו, בשילוב עם שלושת חוקי התנועה שלו וחדו"א, כדי להוכיח את חוקי קפלר. על פי קפלר, מסלולי ההקפה של הפלנטות היו אליפסות, ולא עיגולים עם השמש באחד ממוקדי האליפסה-אחת משתי נקודות המתארות את האליפסה. וזהו החוק הראשון של קפלר, שתקף לכל מסלול הקפה אליפסי ולא רק של פלנטות. מסלול ההקפה של הירח שלנו גם הוא אליפסה, כשכדור הארץ באחד ממוקדי האליפסה. החוק השני של קפלר הוא שאם תציירו קווים מפלנטה לשמש, הם תמיד יחתכו אזורים שווים באליפסה בפרקי זמן שווים. כשכדור הארץ בנקודה הרחוקה ביותר שלו מהשמש לדוגמה, במהלך יום אחד אנחנו נכסה שטח שנראה כמו חתיכת פיצה ארוכה וצרה. וכשאנחנו בנקודה הקרובה ביותר לשמש, יום אחד של הקפה יכסה Indonesian: keluar daerah yang lebih seperti pendek, gemuk potongan pizza. Hukum kedua Kepler mengatakan kepada kita bahwa jika kita mengukur mereka berdua, dua potong pizza akan memiliki area yang sama persis. Hukum ketiga adalah sedikit lebih teknis, tapi pada dasarnya sebuah pengamatan tentang apa yang terjadi ketika Anda mengambil terpanjang - atau semimayor - radius orbit planet dan kubus itu, kemudian membagi bahwa dengan periode dari orbit planet, kuadrat. Menurut Kepler, rasio yang harus sama untuk setiap planet tunggal - dan sekarang kita tahu bahwa itu adalah, hampir persis. Untuk setiap planet tunggal yang mengorbit Matahari, rasio yang baik 3,34 atau 3,35. Dan! Newton mampu menjelaskan mengapa yang sebenarnya, orbit diamati di langit malam kadang-kadang menyimpang sangat sedikit dari prediksi Kepler - Misalnya, dengan memiliki orang-orang rasio yang sedikit berbeda. Apa Kepler tidak tahu, dan Newton pikir out, adalah bahwa planet dan bulan semua menarik satu sama lain, dan kadang-kadang, yang tarik cukup kuat untuk mengubah orbitnya hanya sedikit. Ada satu hal lagi kita harus menunjukkan tentang hukum gravitasi Newton universal, yang adalah bahwa hal itu sesuai dengan apa yang kita harapkan persamaan untuk gaya total harus seperti, menurut Newton. Spanish: un área que es más como una pequeña y gorda rebanada de pizza. La segunda ley de Kepler nos dice que si medimos ambos "pedazos" , esas dos porciones de pizza tendrán la misma área. Su tercera ley es un poco más técnica, pero es básicamente una observación acerca de lo que sucede cuando se toma el más largo - o semimayor - radio de la órbita de un planeta y se eleva al cubo , y luego dividir eso por el período de la órbita del planeta al cuadrado. Según Kepler, esa relación debe ser la misma para cada planeta - y ahora sabemos que eso es así, casi exactamente. Para cada planeta que orbita alrededor de nuestro Sol, que la relación es o bien 3,34 o 3,35. ¡Y! Newton fue capaz de explicar por qué las actuales órbitas observadas en el cielo nocturno a veces se desviaban ligeramente de las predicciones de Kepler - por ejemplo, por tener esas proporciones ligeramente diferentes. Lo que no sabía Kepler y Newton descifró, era que todos los planetas y las lunas eran atraídos el uno al otro, y, a veces, que esa atracción era lo suficientemente fuerte como para cambiar sus órbitas sólo un poco. Hay una cosa más que debemos señalar sobre ley de gravitación universal de Newton, la cual es que se adapte a como debe lucir la ecuación de fuerza neta según Newton. Croatian: površinu koja je više nalik kraćoj, ali široj kriški pizze. Keplerov zakon nam kaže da bismo kada bismo izmjerili te dvije kriške pizze otkrili da imaju točno istu površinu. Njegov treći zakon je malo više tehničke prirode, ali u biti je zapažanje o tome tome što se dogodi kada se uzme najdulji radijus -- odnosno veliku poluos -- orbite planeta, kubira ga se, onda se to podijeli sa periodom orbite planeta na kvadrat. Po Kepleru taj omjer bi trebao biti isti za svaki planet -- i sada znamo da i je, skoro točno. Za svaki planet koji kruži oko našeg Sunca, taj omjer je ili 3.34 ili 3.35. I! Newton je mogao objasniti zašto stvarne, promatrane orbite na noćnom nebu nekad odstupaju jako malo od Keplerovih predviđanja -- na primjer tako što imaju te malo drugačije omjere. Ono što Kepler nije znao, a što je Newton otkrio je to da planeti i mjeseci svi povlače jedni druge i nekada je to povlačenje dovoljno jako da samo malo promjeni njihove orbite. Ima još jedna stvar koju bi trebali istaknuti kod Newtonovog zakona univerzalne gravitacije, a to je to da se uklapa u način na koji bi jednadžba za ukupnu silu trebala izgledati po Newtonu. English: out an area that’s more like a short, fat pizza slice. Kepler’s second law tells us that if we measure them both, those two pizza slices will have the exact same area. His third law is a little more technical, but it’s basically an observation about what happens when you take the longest -- or semimajor -- radius of a planet’s orbit and cube it, then divide that by the period of the planet’s orbit, squared. According to Kepler, that ratio should be the same for every single planet -- and now we know that it is, almost exactly. For every single planet that orbits our Sun, that ratio is either 3.34 or 3.35. And! Newton was able to explain why the actual, observed orbits in the night sky sometimes deviated very slightly from Kepler’s predictions -- for example, by having those slightly different ratios. What Kepler didn’t know, and Newton figured out, was that the planets and moons were all pulling on each other, and sometimes, that pull was strong enough to change their orbits just a little bit. There’s one more thing we should point out about Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which is that it fits what we expect the equation for a net force should look like, according to Newton. Turkish: bir pizza dilimi kadar bir alan tarayacaktır. Kepler'in 2. yasası bize bu iki pizza alanını ölçersek, bize tamamen aynı değeri vereceklerini söyler. 3 Yasası biraz daha tekniksel, basitçe bir gezegenin ekseninin yarıçapının uzunluğunun veya yarısının alınıp bu değerin küpünün alınıp, o gezegenin periyodunun karesine bölünmesiyle ilgili bir gözlemle ilgili bir yasa. Kepler'e göre, bu oran her gezegen için tamamen aynı olmalıydı, ve *neredeyse* öyle olduğunu biliyoruz. Güneş'in etrafında dönen her bir gezegen için, bu oran ya 3.34 ya da 3.35'e eşit. Ve, Newton, havada gözlemlenebilen gezegen hareketlerinin eksenlerinin Kepler'in tahminlerinden çok az bir miktarda kaymasını (3.34 - 3.35 olması gibi) açıklamayı başardı. Kepler'in bilmediği ve Newton'ın anladığı şey ise gezegenlerin hepsinin birbirini çektiği... ...ve bu çekme gücünün bazen eksenleri kaydırdığıydı. Newton'ın evrensel yasası hakkında belirtmemiz gereken önemli başka bir şey ise... ...Newton'a göre bir "Net Kuvvet" formülünün nasıl gözükmesi gerekiğine uyması. French: qui ressemble une petite et épaisse part de pizza. La seconde loi de Kepler dit que si nous les mesurons , ces deux parts de pizzas ont exactement la même aire. Sa troisième loi est un peu plus technique, mais c'est simplement une observation sur ce qui se passe quand vous prenez le plus long rayon -- ou demi grand axe -- de l'orbite d'une planète l'élevé au cube, puis le divisé par la période de l'orbite de la planète, au carré. Selon Kepler, le rapport doit être identique pour n'importe quelle planète -- et aujourd'hui nous savons que c'est presque exacte. Pour n'importe quelle planète orbitant autour du Soleil, ce rapport est de 3.34 ou 3.35. Encore une fois ! Newton était capable pourquoi les orbites observées durant la nuit déviaient un peu des prédictions de Kepler -- par exemple, en ayant des rapports variant légèrement. Ce que Kepler ne savait pas et que Newton a découvert, c'est que les planètes et les lunes s'attiraient les unes vers les autres, et que souvent, cette attirance était assez forte pour faire varier un peu l'oribite. Une dernière chose à dire à propos de la loi universelle de gravitation de Newton, c'est qu'elle correspond à ce à quoi une équation d'une force nette devrait ressembler, selon Newton Portuguese: uma área que mais parece um pequeno gorducho pedaço de pizza. A segunda lei de Kepler nos diz que se nós medirmos ambas, aqueles dois pedaços de pizza terão exatamente a mesma área. Sua terceira lei é um pouco mais técnica, mas é basicamente uma observação sobre o que acontece quando você pega o mais longo ou semi-maior -- raio de uma órbita planetária e eleva ao cubo, daí divide-a pelo período da órbita do planeta elevada ao quadrado. De acordo com Kepler, o raio deve ser o mesmo para cada planeta -- e agora nós sabemos que é, quase que exatamente. Para cada um dos planetas que orbita o Sol, a razão é ou 3,34 ou 3,35. E! Newton foi capaz de explicar o porquê a real órbita observada no céu noturno desviava bem pouco das predições de Kepler -- por exemplo, encontrando essas razões com diferenças bem pequenas (3,34 e 3,35). O que Kepler não sabia, e Newton descobriu, foi que os planetas e satélites estavam todos puxando uns aos outros, e algumas vezes, aquela atração era forte o suficiente para mudar um pouco suas órbitas. Há mais uma coisa que nós devemos mostrar sobre a lei da gravitação universal de Newton, que é que ela funcione da forma que a gente espera que uma equação de força resultante deva funcionar, de acordo com Newton. iw: שטח שיראה כמו חתיכת פיצה עבה וקצרה. החוק השני של קפלר אומר לנו שאם נמדוד את שתיהן, לשתי חתיכות הפיצה האלו יש את אותו השטח. החוק השלישי שלו טיפה יותר טכני, אבל הוא בעיקרון תצפית על מה שקורה כשלוקחים את הרדיוס הארוך ביותר של מסלול ההקפה של הפלנטה ומעלים אותו בשלישית, ואז מחלקים אותו בזמן ההקפה של הפלנטה, בריבוע. על פי קפלר, היחס הזה זהה לכל פלנטה המקיפה את הכוכב. ועכשיו אנחנו יודעים שזה נכון, כמעט. לכל אחת מהפלנטות המקיפות את השמש שלנו, היחס הזה הוא 3.34 או 3.35. וגם! ניוטון יכל להסביר מדוע המסלולים האמיתיים שנמדדו בשמי הלילה, מידי פעם סטו במעט מהתחזיות של קפלר-לדוגמה, עם יחס טיפה שונה. מה שקפלר לא ידע, וניוטון הבין, הוא שכל הפלנטות והירח מושכים אחד את השני, ולפעמים, המשיכה הזו חזקה מספיק כדי לשנות את המסלול שלהם, רק טיפה. יש עוד דבר אחד שכדאי שנציין לגבי חוק הכבידה האוניברסלי, ושהוא-שהחוק מתאים לאיך שהיינו מצפים ממשוואת כוח שקול תראה, על פי ניוטון. Arabic: سيغطي مساحة تشبه قطعة بيتزا قصيرة وسمينة. قانون كبلر يقول أننا إن قسنا كلاً منهما، سيكون لقطعتا البيتزا نفس المساحة تماماً. قانونه الثالث تقني بعض الشيء، ولكنه جوهرياً ملاحظة عمّا يحدث إن أخذت أطول - أو شبه أطول - نصف قطر لمدار كوكب وكعّبته ثم قسمته على مربع الزمن الذي يستغرقه الكوكب لإتمام مداره. بالإستناد إلى كبلر، تلك النسبة ستكون هي ذاتها لكل الكواكب -- ونحن نعلم أنها فعلاً ذاتها، أو تقريباً ذاتها. بالنسبة لكل كوكب يدور حول شمسنا، تلك النسبة هي إما 3.34 أو 3.35. وكان نيوتن قادراً على أن يفسر لماذا تنحرف أحياناً الأجرام التي نراها في سماء الليل عن توقعات كبلر انحرافاً خفيفاً، كمثال، عن طريق ذلك الإختلاف البسيط بالنسب. ولكن ما لم يعلمه كبلر، واكتشفه نيوتن، أن الكواكب والأقمار كلها تجذب بعضها، وأحياناً، ذلك الجذب كان كبيراً بما يكفي لتغيير مداراتهم قليلاً. يوجد شيء آخر علينا الإشارة إليه في قانون نيوتن للجذب الكوني، وهو أن معادلته تشبه معادلة محصلة قوى، بحسب نيوتن. German: eine Fläche überstreichen, die mehr wie ein kurzes, dickes Pizzastück aussieht. Das zweite Kepler'sche Gesetz sagt uns, dass wenn wir beide messen, diese beiden Pizzastücke genau die gleiche Fläche haben. Sein drittes Gesetz ist etwas theoretischer, im gründe ist es eine Beobachtung darüber, was passiert, wenn du den den größten Radius -- oder die große Halbachse -- einer Planetenlaufbahn nimmst und ihn quadrierst und ihn dann durch die Periodendauer der Laufbahn zum Quadrat teilst. Nach Kepler sollte dieses Verhältnis für jeden einzelnen Planeten gleich sein -- und wir wissen, dass das fast genau stimmt. Für jeden einzelnen der Planeten, die unsere Sonne umlaufen, ist dieses Verhältnis entweder 3,34 oder 3,35. Und! Newton konnte erklären, warum die tatsächlich beobachteten Laufbahnen am Nachthimmel manchmal etwas von Keplers Vorhersagen abweisen -- zum Beispiel mit diesen etwas unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen. Was Kepler nicht wusste und Newton herausfand, war, dass die Planeten und Monde alle gegenseitig aneinander zogen, und manchmal war dieser Sog stark genug, um ihre Laufbahn leicht zu verändern. Es gibt noch eine Sache, die wir über Newtons Gesetz der universellen Gravitation herausstellen sollten, und das ist, dass sie dazu passt, wie wir erwarten würden, dass eine Gleichung für eine Kraft aussehen sollte, nach Newton. Portuguese: Da segunda lei do movimento de Newton, nós sabemos que a força resultante é igual a massa vezes a aceleração. O que a lei da gravitação universal está dizendo, é que quando a força resultante agindo sobre um objeto vem da gravidade, a aceleração é igual a massa do objeto maior -- tipo a Terra -- dividida pela distância entre os dois objetos, vezes G. Então, você lembra como nós temos descrito a aceleração gravitacional na superfície da terra como g? Bom, g miúsculo é na verdade igual ao G vezes a massa da Terra, dividida pelo raio da Terra ao quadrado. ... Matemática! E nós podemos usar essa equação da aceleração gravitacional para ajudar a NASA com um desafio que eles estão engajados exatamente agora. Nós queremos enviar seres humanos a Marte. Mas nós temos que ter certeza que suas roupas espaciais funcionarão corretamente em uma gravidade marciana. Uma forma que a NASA testa roupas espaciais é fazendo com que astronautas voem em aviões especiais -- algumas vezes chamados de Cometas Vomitantes. Eles voam em arcos que deixam os testadores das roupas espaciais experimentarem peso reduzido -- ou nenhum peso -- por períodos curtos de tempo. Para simular a gravidade marciana, o plano de vôo terá que tentar atingir a aceleração gravitacional que você experimentaria se você começasse a pular na superfície de Marte. Spanish: A partir de la segunda ley de Newton del movimiento, sabemos que una fuerza neta es igual a la masa multiplicada por la aceleración. Lo que la ley de la gravitación universal está diciendo, es que cuando la fuerza neta que actúa sobre un objeto proviene de la gravedad, la aceleración es igual a la masa del objeto más grande - como la Tierra - dividido por la distancia entre los dos objetos al cuadrado, multiplicada por G. Así que, sabes que hemos estado describiendo la aceleración gravitacional en la superficie de la Tierra como g. Bueno, g es en realidad igual a G, multiplicado por la masa de la Tierra, dividido por el radio de la Tierra al cuadrado. ...¡Matemáticas! Y podemos usar esta ecuación de aceleración gravitacional para ayudar a la NASA con un desafío que están enfrentando en este momento. Queremos enviar seres humanos a Marte. Pero tenemos que asegurarnos que sus trajes espaciales funcionarán adecuadamente en la gravedad de Marte. Una manera en que la NASA pone a prueba los trajes espaciales es haciendo volar astronautas en aviones especiales - a veces llamados cometas del vomito - Ellos vuelan en arcos que permiten a los probadores de los trajes experimentar un peso reducido - o ninguno - Por períodos cortos de tiempo. Para simular la gravedad de Marte, el plan de vuelo tendrá que apuntar a la aceleración de la gravedad que experimentarías si empezarás a saltar sobre la superficie de Marte Turkish: Newton'ın 2. yasasından, net kuvvetin ivme ve kuvvetin çarpımına eşit olduğunu biliyoruz. Evrensel yerçekimi yasasının söylediği şey ise, bir nesneye etki eden kuvvetin kaynağı yerçekimi olduğunda, ivme, büyük olan nesnenin (Dünya gibi) kütlesi iki nesne arasındaki nesnenin uzunluğuna bölünmesi çarpı G'ye eşit olduğu. Hani Dünya'nın yüzeyindeki ivmeyi tanımlamak için "g"yi kullanıyorduk ya, Bu küçük "g" aslında büyük "G" çarpı dünya'nın kütlesinin Dünya'nın yarıçapına bölünmesine eşit! ...Matematik! Ve bu denklemi NASA'nın şu an yerçekimsel ivmeyle ilgili karşılaştığı bir sorunu... ...çözmek için kullanabiliriz. İnsanları Mars'a göndermek istiyoruz, fakat uzaydaki kıyafetlerinin Mars'ın yerçekiminde çalışacağından emin olmamız gerekiyor. NASA'nın bu uzay kıyafetlerini test etme yollarından biri, astronotları "Kusmuk Kuyrukluyıldızları" denen... ...özel uçaklarda uçurarak yapılıyor. Uzay kıyafetlerini test edecek kişilerin, kısa süre için azaltılmış, bazen de hiç hissedilmeyen ağırlık.. ...sağlayan kavislerde uçıyorlar. Mars yerçekimi simülasyonunu yaratabilmek için, uçuş planı, Mars'ın yeryüzünde gezmeye başladığınızdaki ivmeye eşit bir yerçekimi ivmesini sağlayacak bir şekilde uçmaya uygun olması gerekli. iw: מהחוק השני של ניוטון, אנחנו יודעים שהכוח השקול שווה למסה כפול התאוצה. מה שחוק הכבידה האוניברסלי אומר, הוא שכשהכוח השקול שפועל על עצם מגיע מכבידה, התאוצה שווה למסה של העצם הגדול יותר-כמו כדור הארץ חלקי המרחק בין שתי העצמים בריבוע, כפול G. אז, אתם זוכרים איך שסימנו את התאוצה הכבידתית בפני השטח של כדור הארץ כ-g? ובכן, g למעשה שווה לG כפול מסת כדור הארץ, חלקי רדיוס כדור הארץ בריבוע. ...מתמטיקה! ואנחנו יכולים להשתמש במשוואה הזו לתאוצת הכובד כדי לעזור לנאס"א באתגר איתו הם מסתבכים עכשיו. אנחנו רוצים לשלוח אנשים למאדים, אבל עלינו לוודא שחליפות החלל שלהם יעבדו כמו שצריך בכבידה המאדימית. דרך אחת בה נאס"א בודקת חליפות חלל, היא על ידי העפת אסטרונאוטים במטוסים מיוחדים שלפעמים נקראים "שביטי קיא". הם טסים בקשתות שגורמות לבודקי החליפות לחוש כבידה מוחלשת, או אפס כבידה למשך פרקי זמן קצרים. בכדי לדמות את הכבידה במאדים, תוכנית הטיסה תצטרך לכוון לתאוצת הכובד שתחוו אם התחלתם לקפץ על פני השטח של מאדים. English: From Newton’s second law of motion, we know that a net force is equal to mass times acceleration. What the law of universal gravitation is saying, is that when the net force acting on an object comes from gravity, the acceleration is equal to the mass of the bigger object -- like Earth -- divided by the distance between the two objects, times big G. So, you know how we’ve been describing the gravitational acceleration at Earth’s surface as small g? Well, small g is actually equal to big G, times Earth’s mass, divided by Earth’s radius, squared. ...math! And we can use this equation for gravitational acceleration to help NASA out with a challenge they’re grappling with right now. We want to send humans to Mars. But we have to make sure that their spacesuits will work properly in Martian gravity. One way that NASA tests spacesuits is by flying astronauts on special planes -- sometimes called Vomit Comets. They fly in arcs that let the spacesuit-testers experience reduced weight -- or none at all -- for short periods of time. To simulate Martian gravity, the flight plan will need to aim for the gravitational acceleration you’d experience if you started hopping around on the surface of Mars. French: Grâce à la seconde loi du mouvement de Newton, nous savons que la force nette est égale à la masse fois l'accélération. Ce que la loi universelle de gravitation dit, c'est que lorsque une force agissant sur un objet est dû à la gravité, l'accélération est égale à la masse d'un plus gros objet -- comme la Terre -- divisée par la distance entre les deux objets, fois grand G. Donc, maintenant savez-vous comment on a pu décrire l'accélération gravitationnelle à la surface de la Terre avec petit g ? En bien en fait, petit g est égale à grand G, fois la masse de la Terre, divisée par le rayon de la Terre au carré. ...math! Et nous pouvons utiliser cette équation de l'accélération gravitationnelle pour aider la NASA à surmonter un défi qu'elle rencontre en ce moment. On veut envoyer des hommes sur Mars. Cependant, nous voulons être certains que leurs combinaisons spatiales pourront fonctionner correctement à la gravité martienne. L'une des façons de la NASA de tester ces combinaisons et d'envoyer des astronautes voler dans des avions spéciaux -- appelés parfois Machine à Vomir. Ils volent en arc ce qui permet aux testeurs de combinaisonts de diminuer leurs poids -- jusqu'à 0 parfois -- -- pour une courte durée. Pour simuler la gravité martienne, le vol devra simuler l'accélération gravitationnelle que vous ressentiriez si vous vous amusiez à bondir sur la surface de Mars. Arabic: من قانون حركة نيوتن الثاني، نعلم أن محصلة القوى تساوي جداء الكتلة والتسارع. يقول قانون الجذب الكوني أنه عندما تكون محصلة القوى التي تؤثر على جسم نانجة عن الجاذبية، التسارع يساوي كتلة الحسم الأكبر - مثل الأرض - مقسومة على المسافة بين الجسمين، ضرب G. إذاً، أتعلمون كيف كنا نشير لتسارع الجاذبية على سطح الأرض بحرف g صغير؟ حسناً،g الصغير يساوي G الكبير مضروباً بكتلة الأرض، ومقسوماً على مربع نصف قطر الأرض. ... الرياضيات! نستطيع استخدام هذه المعادلة لتسارع الجاذبية لمساعدة الناسا في تحدٍ يواجهونه حالياً. نريد أن نرسل بشراً إلى المريخ. ولكننا نريد التأكد من أن بذلاتهم الفضائية ستعمل بشكل صحيح في الجاذبية المريخية. إحدى الطرق التي تختبر بها الناسا بذلاتها هي بوضع رواد الفضاء على طائرات خاصة -- أحياناُ تسمى نيازك القيء. يطيرون في أقواس تدع مختبري البذلات يختبرون انخفاض الوزن - أو انعدامه - لفترات قصيرة من الزمن. لمحاكاة الجاذبية المريخية، ستحتاج الطائرة لأن تحاول الوصول لتسارع الجاذبية الذي قد تختبره إن كنت تقفز على سطح المريخ. Indonesian: Dari hukum kedua Newton tentang gerak, kita tahu bahwa gaya total sama dengan massa kali percepatan. Apa hukum gravitasi universal mengatakan, adalah bahwa ketika gaya total yang bekerja pada sebuah benda berasal dari gravitasi, percepatan sama dengan massa dari objek yang lebih besar - seperti Bumi - dibagi dengan jarak antara dua benda, kali besar G. Jadi, Anda tahu bagaimana kami sudah menjelaskan percepatan gravitasi di permukaan bumi sebagai g kecil? Nah, g kecil sebenarnya sama dengan G besar, massa kali Bumi, dibagi dengan radius Bumi, kuadrat. ... Matematika! Dan kita bisa menggunakan persamaan ini untuk gravitasi akselerasi untuk membantu NASA dengan tantangan mereka bergulat dengan sekarang. Kami ingin mengirim manusia ke Mars. Tapi kami memiliki memastikan bahwa antariksa mereka akan bekerja benar di gravitasi Mars. Salah satu cara yang NASA tes antariksa adalah dengan astronot di pesawat khusus terbang - kadang-kadang disebut Vomit Komet. Mereka terbang di busur yang membiarkan ruang angkasa-penguji Pengalaman mengurangi berat badan - atau tidak sama sekali - Untuk jangka waktu yang singkat. Untuk mensimulasikan gravitasi Mars, rencana penerbangan harus bertujuan untuk percepatan gravitasi Anda akan mengalami jika Anda mulai melompat sekitar di permukaan Mars. German: Aus dem zweiten Newton'schen Bewegungsgesetz wissen wir dass eine Kraft gleich einer Masse mal der Beschleunigung ist. Das universelle Gravitationsgesetz besagt, dass wenn die Kraft, die auf einen Gegenstand wirkt, die Schwerkraft ist, die Beschleunigung gleich der Masse des größeren Gegenstands -- wie der Erde -- geteilt durch den Abstand der beiden Gegenstände zum Quadrat mal G ist. Also, weißt du warum wir die Beschleunigung durch die Schwerkraft auf der Erdoberfläche als klein g bezeichnen? Naja, klein g ist gleich groß G mal der Masse der Erde, geteilt durch den Erdradius zum Quadrat. ... Mathe! Und wir können diese Gleichung für die Beschleunigung der Schwerkraft nutzen, um der NASA bei einer Herausforderung zu helfen, mit der sie gerade kämpfen. Wir wollen Menschen auf den Mars schicken. Aber wir müssen sicherstellen, dass ihre Raumanzüge richtig funktionieren werden in der Schwerkraft auf dem Mars. Eine Art, wie die NASA Raumanzüge testet, ist indem sie Astronauten mit speziellen Flugzeugen -- manchmal Kotzbomber genannt -- fliegen lassen. Sie fliegen in Bögen, die die Raumanzug-Tester reduzierte -- oder keine -- Schwerkraft spüren lassen für kurze Zeit. Um die Schwerkraft auf dem Mars zu simulieren, muss das Flugzeug die Beschleunigung anstreben, die du erfahren würdest, wenn du auf dem Mars herumhüpfen würdest. Croatian: Iz Newtonovog drugog zakona kretanja znamo da je ukupna sila jednaka masa puta akceleracija. Ono što nam zakon univerzalne gravitacije govori je to da kada ukupna sila koja djeluje na neki objekt dolazi od gravitacije, akceleracija je jednaka masi većeg objekta -- na primjer Zemlje -- podijeljene udaljenosti između dva objekta, puta veliko G. Dakle, znate kako smo opisivali gravitacijsku akceleraciju kod Zemljine površine kao malo g? Pa malo g je zapravo jednako veliko G puta Zemljina masa, podijeljeno sa Zemljinim polumjerom na kvadrat. ...matematika! I možemo koristiti tu jednadžbu za gravitacijsku akceleraciju kako bi pomogli NASA-i sa izazovom sa kojim se upravo sada bave. Želimo slati ljude na Mars, ali moramo biti sigurni da će njihova svemirska odijela raditi kako treba u marsovskoj gravitaciji. Jedan način na koji NASA testira svemirska odijela je tako da austronaute stavljaju na posebne avione -- koji se nekad zovu bljuvaći kometi. Lete u lukovima koji omogućuju ljudima koji testiraju svemirska odijela da iskuse manju težinu -- ili nimalo težine -- na kratko vrijeme. Da bi simulirali marsovsku gravitaciju, plan leta je takav da cilja na gravitacijsku akceleraciju koju bi iskusili da počnete skakutati po površini Marsa. German: Welche Beschleunigung ist das? Nun, aus Newtons universellem Gravitationsgesetz wissen wir, dass die Beschleunigung an der Oberfläche der Mars gleich G mal der Masse des Mars geteilt durch den Radius zum Quadrat ist. Wir wissen zufällig auch schon, wie groß die Masse und der Radius des Mars sind, was... hilft. Wenn wir also die Zahlen einsetzen, können wir die Beschleunigung durch die Schwerkraft an der Marsoberfläche berechnen: Sie beträgt etwa 3,7 m/s^2. Das ist die Beschleunigung, die du auf dem Mars erfahren würdest, und die die Piloten des Kotzbombers anstreben, wenn sie fliegen -- etwa 38% der Beschleunigung, die die erfährst, wenn du hier auf der Erde vom Boden hochspringst. Nun, hunderte von Jahren nach Newton benutzt die NASA immer noch seine Formeln. Ja, ich würde sagen, er war ziemlich wichtig. Heute hast du gelernt, wie Newton sein universelles Gravitationsgesetz aufgestellt hat. Wir haben auch über die drei Kepler'schen Gesetze gesprochen und die Beschleunigung der Schwerkraft auf der Marsoberfläche berechnet. Crash Course Physics wird in Zusammenarbeit mit PBS Digital Studios produziert. Du kannst zu ihrem Kanal French: Donc, combien vaut cette accélération ? Et bien, à partir de la loi universelle de graviation de Newton, nous savons que l'accélération de tout objet à la surface de Mars serait égale à grand G fois la masse de Mars, divisé par le rayon de Mars au carré. En fait nous connaissons déjà la mars et le rayon de Mars, ce qui... aide beacoup. Donc, en remplaçant par les nombres, on peut calculer l'accélération gravitationnele à la surface de Mars: elle devrait être d'environ 3.7 mètres par seconde carré. Voilà l'accélération que vous ressentiriez sur Mars, c'est ce que la Machine à Vomir tente de maintenir lors du vol -- environ 38% de l'accélération que vous ressentez lorsque vous sauter sur le sol ici sur Terre. Finalement, des centaines d'années àprès Newton, la Nasa utilise toujours ses maths. Ouais, on peut dire qu'il était important. Aujourd'hui, nous avons appris comment Newton est parvenu à sa loi de la gravitation universelle. Nous avons aussi parlé des trois lois de Kepler et calculé l'accélération gravitationnelle à la surface de Mars. Crash Course Physique est produit en association avec PBS Digital Studios. Vous pouvez vous diriger Croatian: Dakle, kolika bi bila ta akceleracija? Pa, po Newtonovom zakonu univerzalne gravitacije, znamo da bi akceleracija stvari na Marsovoj površini bila jednaka veliko G puta masa Marsa podijeljeno s Marsovim polumjerom na kvadrat. Također već znamo Marsovu masu i polumjer, što nam pomaže. Dakle, kada ubacimo brojeve trebali bi izračunati gravitacijsku akceleraciju na površini Marsa, trebala bi biti otprilike 3.7 metara u sekundi na kvadrat. To je akceleracija koju biste iskusili na Marsu, i koju piloti bljuvaćeg kometa pokušavaju održati kada lete -- Otprilike 38% akceleracije koju biste iskusili kada padate na Zemlji. Dakle, sto godina nakon Newtona, NASA i dalje koristi njegovu matematiku. Da, ja bih rekla da je on jaka stvar. Danas ste naučili kako je Newton otkrio svoj zakon univerzalne gravitacije. Također smo pričali o Keplerova tri zakona i izračunali gravitacijsku akceleraciju na površini Marsa. Crash Course Physics se proizvodi u suradnji sa PBS Digital Studios. Možete otići Portuguese: Então, qual seria essa aceleração? Bom, pela lei da gravitação universal de Newton, nós sabemos que a aceleração das coisas na superfície de Marte seria igual a G, vezes a massa de Marte, dividida pelo raio de Marte ao quadrado. Nós também já sabemos a massa de Marte e seu raio, que... ajuda. Então, substituindo os números, nós podemos calcular a aceleração gravitacional na superfície de Marte: deve ser em torno de 3,7 m/s^2. Essa é a aceleração que você experimentaria em Marte, e que os pilotos do Cometa Vomitante tentam atingir quando eles voam -- em torno de 38% da aceleração que você experimenta quando você pula do chão aqui na Terra. Então, centenas de anos depois do dia de Newton, NASA ainda está usando sua matemática. Sim, eu diria que ele foi muito importante. Hoje você aprendeu sobre como Newton desenvolveu sua lei da gravitação universal. Nós também falamos sobre as três leis de Kepler e calculamos a aceleração gravitacional na superfície de Marte. Crash Course Physics é produzido em associação com PBS Digital Studios. Você pode ir até iw: אז, מהי התאוצה הזאת? ובכן, מחוק הכבידה האוניברסלי של ניוטון, אנחנו יודעים שהתאוצה של דברים בפני השטח של מאדים יהיו שווים לG כפול המסה של מאדים, חלקי הרדיוס שלו בריבוע. אנחנו גם כבר יודעים את המסה והרדיוס של מאדים... דבר שעוזר. אז, אם נכניס את המספרים, אנחנו יכולים לחשב את תאוצת הכובד בפני השטח של מאדים: היא צריכה להיות בערך 3.7 מטרים לשנייה בריבוע. זוהי התאוצה שתחוו במאדים, והתאוצה שצריכים לכוון אליה טייסי שביטי הקיא כשהם טסים. בערך 38% מהתאוצה שתחוו כשתקפצו מהקרקע כאן בכדור הארץ. אז, מאות שנים אחרי ימיו של ניוטון, נאס"א עדיין משתמשת במתמטיקה שלו. כן, הייתי אומרת שהוא היה די חשוב. היום למדתם כיצד ניוטון חשב על חוק הכבידה האוניברסלי שלו. דיברנו גם על שלושת חוקי קפלר, וחישבנו את תאוצת הכובד בפני השטח של מאדים. פיזיקה של Crash Course מופקת בשיתוף עם PBS Digital Studios. אתם יכולים ללכת לערוץ שלהם Turkish: Peki, bu ivme neye eşit? Newton'ın yerçekimi yasasından, Mars'ın yüzeyindeki ivmenin büyük G çarpı Mar'sın kütlesi ...bölü Mars'ın yarıçapının karesi olduğunu biliyoruz. Ve Mars'ın yarıçapı ve kütlesini de biliyoruz... Azıcık yardımcı oluyor tabi. Numaraları yerleştirdiğimizde, Mars'ın yüzeyindeki ivmeyi hesaplayabiliyoruz. yaklaşık 3.7 metre / saniye kare olmalı. Mars'ta hissedeceğiniz, ve uçaklarda test edilen ivmenin büyüklüğü bu,,... ...yani dünyada zıpladığınızda hissettiğiniz ivmenin yaklaşık %38'i. Yani, Newton'dan yüzlerce yıl sonra, NASA hala matematiğini kullanıyor. Ben derim ki, harbiden büyük adammış. Bugün, Newton'ın yerçekimi yasasını nasıl bulduğunu öğrendiniz! Ayrıca Kepler'in 3 yasası hakkında konuştuk ve Mars'ın yüzeyindeki ivmeyi hesapladık! Crash Course Physics, PBS Digital Studios işbirliği ile üretilmektedir, onların kanalına gidip English: So, what would that acceleration be? Well, from Newton’s law of universal gravitation, we know that the acceleration of stuff at Mars’s surface would be equal to big G, times the mass of Mars, divided by Mars’s radius squared. We also happen to know Mars’s mass and radius already, which ... helps. So, plugging in the numbers, we can calculate the gravitational acceleration at Mars’s surface: it should be about 3.7 meters per second squared. That’s the acceleration you’d experience on Mars, and what the Vomit Comet pilots try to attain when they fly -- about 38% of the acceleration that you experience when you jump off the ground here on Earth. So, hundreds of years after Newton’s day, NASA is still using his math. Yeah, I’d say he was a pretty big deal. Today, you learned about how Newton came up with his law of universal gravitation. We also talked about Kepler’s three laws, and calculated the gravitational acceleration on the surface of Mars. Crash Course Physics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. You can head over Indonesian: Jadi, apa yang akan percepatan itu? Nah, dari hukum gravitasi Newton universal, kita tahu bahwa percepatan barang di permukaan Mars akan sama dengan G besar, kali massa Mars, dibagi dengan radius Mars kuadrat. Kami juga kebetulan tahu massa dan radius Mars sudah, yang ... membantu. Jadi, menghubungkannya dengan angka, kita dapat menghitung percepatan gravitasi di permukaan Mars: itu harus sekitar 3,7 meter per detik kuadrat. Itulah percepatan Anda akan mengalami di Mars, dan apa pilot Vomit Comet mencoba untuk mencapai ketika mereka terbang - sekitar 38% dari percepatan yang Anda alami ketika Anda melompat dari tanah di Bumi. Jadi, ratusan tahun setelah hari Newton, NASA masih menggunakan matematika. Ya, aku akan mengatakan dia adalah kesepakatan yang cukup besar. Hari ini, Anda belajar tentang bagaimana Newton datang dengan hukum gravitasi universal. Kami juga berbicara tentang tiga hukum Kepler, dan menghitung percepatan gravitasi di permukaan Mars. Crash Course Fisika diproduksi di asosiasi dengan PBS Digital Studios. Anda dapat kepala Arabic: إذاً، ماذا سيكون ذلك التسارع؟ حسناً، نعلم من قانون نيوتن للجذب الكوني أن تسارع الأشياء على سطح المريخ سيساوي G ضرب كتلة المريخ تقسيم مربع نصف قطر المريخ. ونحن نعلم بالفعل كتلة المريخ ونصف قطره، مما... يساعد. إذاً، بإضافة الأرقام، نستطيع حساب تسارع الجاذبية على سطح المريخ : يجب أن يساوي 3.7 أمتار على الثانية المربعة. هذا هو التسارع الذي قد تختبروه على المريخ، وما يحاول طيارو نيازك القيء الوصول إليه عندما يطيرون. حوالي 38% من التسارع الذي ستختبره عندما تقفز عن الأرض هنا على الأرض. إذاً، بعد زمن نيوتن بمئات السنين، لا زالت الناسا تستخدم قوانينه الرياضية. أجل، إنه عظيم برأيي. اليوم تعلمتم عن كيفية اكتشاف نيوتن لقانونه عن الجاذبية الكونية. كما تكلمنا عن قوانين كبلر الثلاثة، وحسبنا تسارع الجاذبية على سطح المريخ. Crash Course Physics ينتج بالتعاون مع PBS Digital Studios. تستطيعون الذهاب Spanish: Así que, ¿cuál sería esa aceleración? Pues bien, a partir ley de gravitación universal de Newton, sabemos que la aceleración de la materia en la superficie de Marte sería igual a G, multiplicado por la masa de Marte, dividido por el radio de Marte al cuadrado. También sucede que ya conocemos la masa y el radio de Marte, lo que... ayuda . Por lo tanto, poniendo los números, se puede calcular la aceleración de la gravedad en la superficie de Marte: que debe ser de aproximadamente 3,7 metros por segundo al cuadrado. Esa es la aceleración que experimentaría en Marte, y lo que los pilotos cometa del vómito tratan de alcanzar cuando vuelan - aproximadamente el 38% de la aceleración que experimenta cuando se salta aquí en la Tierra. Así, cientos de años después de la época de Newton, La NASA sigue utilizando sus matemáticas. Sí, yo diría que era una gran cosa. Hoy en día, usted aprendió acerca de cómo Newton dedujo su ley de la gravitación universal. También hablamos de las tres leyes de Kepler, y se calculó la aceleración de la gravedad en la superficie de Marte. Curso acelerado de la física se produce en asociación con PBS Digital Studios. Puedes ir iw: כדי לבדוק תוכניות מדהימות כמו Deep Look, The Good Stuff, ו-PBS Space Time. פרק זה של Crash Course צולם ב Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio עם העזרה של האנשים המדהימים האלה, והגרפיקה המדהימה של הצוות בThought Cafe Arabic: لقناتهم لمشاهدة برامجهم مثلDeep Look و The Good Stuff, و PBS Space Time. هذه الحلقة من Crash Course صورت في إستديو Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio بمساعدة هؤلاء الناس الرائعين وفريق رسومياتنا الرائع Thought Cafe. English: to their channel to check out amazing shows like Deep Look, The Good Stuff, and PBS Space Time. This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio with the help of these amazing people and our equally amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe. Portuguese: o canal deles e checar shows incríveis como Deep Look, The Good Stuff e Space Time. Esse episódio de Crash Course foi filmado no Estúdio Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course. com a ajuda dessas pessoas extraordinárias e nosso igualmente incrível time de gráficos é o Thought Café. Indonesian: untuk saluran mereka untuk memeriksa pertunjukan menakjubkan seperti mendalam Lihat, The Good Stuff, dan PBS Space Time. episode Crash Course difilmkan di Dokter Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio dengan bantuan orang-orang luar biasa dan sama menakjubkan tim grafis kami adalah Pemikiran Cafe. Spanish: a su canal de revisar increíbles espectáculos como Mirada profunda, las cosas buenas, y PBS tiempo de espacio. Este episodio de Crash Course fue filmada en el doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Estudio con la ayuda de estas personas increíbles y nuestro equipo de gráficos igualmente sorprendente es Pensamiento Cafe. German: wechseln und tolle Shows ansehen wie Deep Look, The Good Stuff und PBS Space Time. Diese Folge von Crash Course wurde in den Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studios gedreht mit Hilfe dieser erstaunlichen Menschen und unser ebenso erstaunliches Grafik-Team ist Thought Cafe. French: vers leur chaîne pour voir des émissions géniales comme Deep Look, The Good Stuff, et PBS Space Time. Cet épisode de Crash Course a été filmé au Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio avec l'aide de toutes ces personnes géniales et notre équipe de graphiste est Thought Café. Croatian: na njihov kanal i pogledati nevjerojatne emisije kao što su Deep Look, The Good Stuff i PBS Space Time. Ova epizoda Crash Coursa je snimana u the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio uz pomoć ovih nevjerojatnih ljudi, a naš jednako nevjerojatan tim za grafiku je Thought Cafe. Turkish: "Deep Look", "The Good Stuff" ve "PBS Space Time" gibi muhteşem şovlarına göz atabilirsiniz! Crash Course'un bu bölümü Doktor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Stüdyosu'nda ve... ...Thought Cafe'deki müthiş insanlarla ve aynı müthişlikteki grafik takımımızın yardımıyla çekildi. | Mid | [
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Alobha wrote:That may be right for a less-formal training of the Brahma Viharas, where it depends much on the situation what is most skillful to develop. However, it stands in contrast with the non-random order given like in the Sankhitta Sutta (and a few other Suttas) and the Visuddhi Magga. Thanks Mike. I don't look into the study section very often, but this was very helpful indeed! It's interesting that there are clearly different sequential approaches to awakening and of course those depended on the context / the person who asked the Buddha for advice. Neither of them are "wrong", since they all work and lead to the same result, but different people benefit from different advice on how to best proceed. I think that's important to keep in mind. It should not be thought that the eight categories or divisions of the Pathshould be followed and practiced one after the other in the numerical order. But they are to be developed more or less simultaneously, asfar as possible according to the capacity of each individual. They are all linkedtogether and each helps the cultivation of the others. Alobha wrote:I for example would, right now, profit more from cultivating Upekkha but it doesn't look like I'm meant to develop this Brahma Vihara before reaching the third jhana in the other three. It isn't that you're not meant to develop upekkhā *at all* before reaching the third jhāna in the other three. Rather, it's that you're not meant to develop it with with the fourth jhāna as your aim. This is not to say that you can't develop it with other aims. For example, in the mettabhāvanā section of the Brahmavihāra chapter you will find quite a number of upekkhā-arousing practices, such as recollection of ownership of kamma. The mettā-developing yogi doesn't practice these aiming at the fourth jhāna, but rather to get over any antipathy towards particular beings that is impeding his arrival at non-discriminating mettā. ...and this thought arose in the mind of the Blessed One:“Who lives without reverence lives miserably.”— Uruvela Sutta, A.ii.20 It were endless to dispute upon everything that is disputable.— William Penn Some Fruits of Solitude, | High | [
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Application Details Application Details ShowHide Application Notes Western Bloting: = 1:500 - 2000. Comment Background: Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long chain fatty acids, their coenzymes and other hydrophobic ligands and small molecules in the cytoplasm. It is thought that the role of these proteins includes fatty acid uptake, intracellular lipid transport and metabolism. FABP4 encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in adipocytes. FABP4 knockout mice fed a high-fat and high-calorie diet become obese but develop neither insulin resistance nor diabetes, suggesting that this protein might be a link between obesity and insulin resistance and diabetes A related study in humans indicated a similar pattern, suggesting that FABP4 may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these disorders. | High | [
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Wednesday, April 27, 2011 Diet Tricks from Vanessa Hudgens The luxury Lifestyle blog (the home of luxury Lifestyle) presents Diet Tricks from Vanessa Hudgens. Vanessa Hudgens is learning at a young age that the secret to staying fit is eating well and working out. Vanessa says she spends and hour or two doing yoga, pilates, running or spinning every day. For her diet she tries to stick to a clean diet consisting of veggies and a lot of protein – and she stays away from carbs. Go Vanessa! She is looking healthy and fit! | Mid | [
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Leftwing actor has told how her view of the monarch changed having played her in The Crown Olivia Colman has said she has gone from being a conflicted leftwing monarchist to a staunch admirer of the Queen and sees her as the “ultimate feminist”. The actor will soon be seen in Netflix’s hit The Crown, taking over the role of Elizabeth II from Claire Foy. In an interview with the Radio Times, Colman spoke of her regard for the “extraordinary woman” she was playing. The Crown season three review – Olivia Colman spreads regal rage on toast Read more “She’s the breadwinner,” Colman said. “She’s the one on our coins and banknotes. Prince Philip has to walk behind her. She fixed cars in the second world war. She insisted on driving a king who came from a country where women weren’t allowed to drive [King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, at Balmoral in 1998]. She’s no shrinking violet.” Colman said the TV show had changed her view of the monarchy. “I’m one of those rare leftwing monarchists – very conflicted. Many countries don’t have one continuum and I’m pleased that we do. I like the fact that some extremes couldn’t happen because she’s there.” The Crown, with its £50m-a-season budget, is one of the most lavish dramas on television. The new series, beginning on 17 November, tells the story of the royal family from 1964 and the election of Harold Wilson to 1977 and the silver jubilee. The scrutiny on Colman will be intense because of how brilliant, it is generally accepted, Foy was in portraying the younger Elizabeth. Colman admitted it felt “very weird” watching the second series knowing she was taking over. Her husband would keep remarking how amazing Foy was, she said. “I had to turn the volume down on him!” She added: “I think I was doing an impression of Claire for the first couple of weeks’ filming, definitely channelling her, but then I just started to do what the script says and I’ve fallen in love with the Queen … She’s changed my views on everything.” As The Crown returns, watch out for these milestones Read more Series three will cover events including the Aberfan disaster, the Moon landing, the deaths of Winston Churchill and the Duke of Windsor, and Prince Charles’s relationship with a young Camilla Shand. It is drama, not documentary, and the royal household has gone out of its way to stress it does not give it a seal of approval. After the Guardian revealed that the writer Peter Morgan had met senior royal staff four times a year, the Queen’s communications secretary, Donal McCabe, wrote to assure readers the palace was not “complicit in interpretations”. Colman, who won an Oscar for her portrayal of Queen Anne in The Favourite, is one of Britain’s most popular actors. The Daily Telegraph columnist Charles Moore raised eyebrows when he wrote that she was not suitable to play the Queen because she had a “distinctly leftwing face”. “What the hell is a leftwing face?” said Colman. “It’s absurd.” | Mid | [
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Immunodetection of TSH receptor antibodies in sera of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). An ELISA system has been developed for detecting antibodies to TSH receptor peptides. It has been used to study antibodies against peptides corresponding to four different extracellular domains of human TSH receptor in the sera of patients with Graves' disease (N = 10, TBII positive) and Hashimoto's disease (N = 10, TBII negative). Two peptides, N (amino acid residues nos. 29-57) and P3 (nos. 359-371) are specific for TSH receptor, and two, C (nos 172-202) and P1 (nos. 398-417) are homologous with the corresponding portions of the LH/CG receptor. All of the peptides were recognized by sera from patients with Graves' disease but individual sera recognized different numbers and combinations of these peptides. Sera from patients with Hashimoto's disease did not bind to any of these peptides. These results suggest that antibodies to the TSH receptor in patients with Graves' disease recognize various regions of extracellular domain of TSH receptor in addition to TSH receptor-specific regions. | High | [
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Mountain House Spaghetti with Meat Sauce #10 Can Mountain House Spaghetti with Meat Sauce #10 Can - Tender spaghetti pasta with chunks of beef in a rich marinara sauce. A classic dish enjoyed by many - delicious, hearty and filling. Enter Quantity: Mountain House Spaghetti with Meat Sauce #10 Can - Tender spaghetti pasta with chunks of seasoned beef in a rich marinara sauce. Easy to prepare, this classic dish will please the whole family. Perfect for long term emergency food storage, camping, or everyday use. Quick prep! Just add water to the can and you're good to go in less than 10 minutes, with no cleanup! | Mid | [
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from asynctest import TestCase as AsyncTestCase from ...config.injection_context import InjectionContext from ...storage.base import BaseStorage from ...storage.basic import BasicStorage from ..models.connection_record import ConnectionRecord class TestConfig: test_seed = "testseed000000000000000000000001" test_did = "55GkHamhTU1ZbTbV2ab9DE" test_verkey = "3Dn1SJNPaCXcvvJvSbsFWP2xaCjMom3can8CQNhWrTRx" test_endpoint = "http://localhost" test_target_did = "GbuDUYXaUZRfHD2jeDuQuP" test_target_verkey = "9WCgWKUaAJj3VWxxtzvvMQN3AoFxoBtBDo9ntwJnVVCC" class TestConnectionRecord(AsyncTestCase, TestConfig): def setUp(self): self.storage = BasicStorage() self.context = InjectionContext() self.context.injector.bind_instance(BaseStorage, self.storage) self.test_info = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, their_did=self.test_target_did, their_role=None, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_ACTIVE, ) async def test_save_retrieve_compare(self): record = ConnectionRecord(my_did=self.test_did) record_id = await record.save(self.context) fetched = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_id(self.context, record_id) assert fetched and fetched == record bad_record = ConnectionRecord(my_did=None) assert bad_record != record async def test_retrieve_by_did(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, their_did=self.test_target_did, their_role=None, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_ACTIVE, initiator=ConnectionRecord.INITIATOR_SELF, ) await record.save(self.context) result = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_did( context=self.context, their_did=self.test_target_did, my_did=self.test_did, initiator=ConnectionRecord.INITIATOR_SELF, ) assert result == record async def test_retrieve_by_request_id(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, their_did=self.test_target_did, their_role=None, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_ACTIVE, initiator=ConnectionRecord.INITIATOR_SELF, request_id="abc123", ) await record.save(self.context) result = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_request_id( context=self.context, request_id="abc123" ) assert result == record async def test_active_is_ready(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_ACTIVE ) record_id = await record.save(self.context) fetched = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_id(self.context, record_id) assert fetched.is_ready == True async def test_response_is_ready(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_RESPONSE ) record_id = await record.save(self.context) fetched = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_id(self.context, record_id) assert fetched.is_ready is True async def test_request_is_not_ready(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_REQUEST ) record_id = await record.save(self.context) fetched = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_id(self.context, record_id) assert fetched.is_ready is False async def test_invitation_is_not_multi_use(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_INVITATION, invitation_mode=ConnectionRecord.INVITATION_MODE_ONCE, ) record_id = await record.save(self.context) fetched = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_id(self.context, record_id) assert fetched.is_multiuse_invitation is False async def test_invitation_is_multi_use(self): record = ConnectionRecord( my_did=self.test_did, state=ConnectionRecord.STATE_INVITATION, invitation_mode=ConnectionRecord.INVITATION_MODE_MULTI, ) record_id = await record.save(self.context) fetched = await ConnectionRecord.retrieve_by_id(self.context, record_id) assert fetched.is_multiuse_invitation is True | Mid | [
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1. Field of the Invention This invention pertains to liquid filtering and heating apparatus. More particularly, it relates to liquid filter-heater combinations which have particular utility in connection with the operation of swimming pools. 2. Prior Art Swimming pools, of the type wherein the same water is recirculated, have long had associated with them filtration apparatus for removing solid impurities from the water. It has also been customary to heat swimming pool water in those installations where it is desired to extend the length of the swimming season. Such heating would seek, for example, to raise the temperature of the swimming pool water from an ambient of 76.degree.F to a desired temperature of 82.degree.F. Most usually, the heating is achieved with a water heater generally resembling a domestic hot water heater. More recently, it has been recognized that economies in initial equipment cost and subsequent operating expenses may be realized by combining a filter with a heater to produce what may be termed a filter-heater combination. Such apparatus is shown in my own prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,139,067 and 3,386,419 granted, respectively, on June 30, 1964 and June 4, 1968. However, combined units of this type have their own particular problems. Since they are frequently located proximate swimming pools, as distinguished from in locked boiler rooms, it is important that they not present a hazard by virtue of hot external surfaces or high temperature gas emissions. While the unit can be protectively housed, this adds nothing but expense. Another problem has to do with condensation and consequent corrosion within the combustion chamber which is the natural result of having cold surfaces therein. Finally, if heat transfer is to be effected via heat exchangers (e.g. coils, fin-tubes and the like) these represent elements which are subject to clogging because of salt deposition and require periodic maintenance and replacement. | Mid | [
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Pages Monday, September 10, 2012 Roasted Strawberry & Ginger Ricotta Cheesecake I am so glad I decided to make a cheesecake this weekend. Because this cheesecake is so damn good. I seem to be a little addicted to roasting fruit at the moment. Roasted strawberries are officially my new favourite thing. Coat them in a bit of brown sugar and balsamic and they turn into decadent, glossy pieces of heaven in the oven. And strawberries are really cheap in Australia at the moment so it was the perfect time to make this. I decided to pair these roasted strawberries with another of my favourites; ginger. One of my favourite cheesecake crusts is made with Ginger Nut biscuits, I just love that zing of spices and the super crunchy texture of the biscuits. Though the rock-hard biscuits were a bit of a bitch to break up into crumbs; in the battle of food processor bowl vs. ginger nuts, the ginger nuts clearly won. Poor broken food processor. The fluffy cheesecake filling is made with cream cheese and ricotta, which makes it fairly light for a baked cheesecake. I added hints of ginger and strawberry to the filling with ground ginger and crystallised ginger pieces and lots of strawberry jam. It really helps to bring the flavours of the topping and the base together. Ugh, I am so in love with these roasted strawberries. I could sit there and eat a whole dish of them with some whipped cream. So effing good. It really does make the perfect topping for a cheesecake, especially with that thick caramelised glaze. You could even make a double batch of the strawberries and blend half of them into the cheesecake rather than using strawberry jam, but I didn't have enough strawberries to try that. If you've never tried ricotta cheesecakes before, you should definitely give this recipe a go. There is much fluffy, happy cheesecakey goodness to look forward to. I am totally eating a piece of cheesecake for breakfast as I type this. Preheat oven to 165°C (330°F) (150°C(300°F) for fan-forced), grease and line the base of a 20cm round springform tin. Place ginger nut biscuits in a food processor and pulse until they are broken down to even crumbs. Add butter and pulse to combined. Press into the base of your prepared tin and chill in fridge for 30 mins. Prepare the filling; place cream cheese, ricotta, strawberry jam, ground ginger, glace ginger & lemon zest in the bowl of a food processor and pulse until smooth. Mix water and cornflour together in a separate bowl until smooth and then add the mixture and the eggs to the food processor bowl, pulse until combined. (If you don't have a processor, beat cream cheese and ricotta until smooth and fluffy in a large mixing bowl with an electric mixer on high. Add the rest of the ingredients and then beat again until smooth.) Pour mixture over the chilled base and bake for an hour. The edges should be just golden and the centre might still be wobbly. Do not remove cheesecake from oven, turn off the heat and keep the door closed and allow the cheesecake to rest in the oven for another hour. Then remove from the oven and sit in tin on a wire rack until completely cool. Prepare the strawberries; hull and halve the berries and then place in a single layer in an oven-proof dish. Preheat oven to 200°C (390°F). Add brown sugar to berries and toss to coat. Pour over balsamic and toss again. Place in oven for 10-15 minutes, berries should be softened and the glaze will thicken as it cools. Set aside to cool completely, then remove cheesecake from tin and top with berries before serving. Can be stored in an airtight container in the fridge overnight (if not serving immediately keep the strawberries separate until ready to serve). 37 comments: Yum yum yum! This looks so good. (thought I can't imagine trying to blend ginger-nuts in my poor weak blender, maybe if I bash them on the table top a few times... or soak them in melted butter before trying to blend? hmmm...) Anyways, this look wonderful. I've never tried baking strawberries but they look so decadent here, I think I'll have to! x This looks incredible! I've used ginger biscuits before to make the biscuit base for a cheesecake, and I think they're delicious - I've never added any extra ginger to the mix, but I think I definitely will in future. Yum. I just finished a white chocolate cheesecake with a raspberry/craneberry topping it was insane! I've never made a ricotta cheesecake but always liked the sound of it and I love ginger biscuits as a base, they add that pop of flavour no one thinks is going to be there - yum. I made this the other day and it is awesome!! I didn't have enough dried ginger so I used more glace ginger. Also I put extra roasted strawberries in it a well as jam and they are yumm. Thanks for this awesome recipe. I made this to take to work today for a colleague's 60th birthday morning tea. I dont like cheesecake but was a HUGE success- gave the recipe to 4 people! WIll make again and also have those incredibly delicious roasted strawberries in other ways! So nom! Thinking of making this for my boyfriend and I for our upcoming anniversary. Only problem is, I'll likely have to make it the night before and leave it in the fridge at work the next day before I go over to his house. Will the cake keep ok in the fridge over night and most of the next day? I made this on the weekend for my birthday - it was incredibly delicious. Not difficult to make, just throw everything in the food processor. I tasted the raw mix before adding the eggs - it was unbelievably yummy and I wonder if you could just use that somehow. The roasted strawberries complement the baked cheesecake perfectly - they are a must. My cake cracked during baking but you cover it with the strawberries anyway so it didn't matter. I will definitely be making this again! I made it a day and a half ahead - it keeps well. Comments are moderated and will be published ASAP. If you are viewing this on your phone, you might have to click the Preview button before posting your comment for it to work. People who comment make my day! ♥ An email to me for permission before reusing my images/recipes on your blog or website will be greatly appreciated, and you must must must credit me with a link back to the original post(that doesn't mean the front page) if you reuse any of my content. My photos and recipes CANNOT be used for commercial purposes without my written consent. DO NOT POST MY PHOTOS ON INSTAGRAM. There are no means to sufficiently credit me and I will report any photos posted on instagram as copyright infringement. | Low | [
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Expert Sleep Coaching for Babies, Children and Families - Off to Dreamland Call (203) 828-0079 if you want to get started right away, or fill out our contact form Are you. Exhausted from hours of rocking, walking, or nursing to finally get your baby to sleep? Stuck in the catnap zone, where your baby wakes up “like clockwork” after short 20, 30 or 45 minute… Although in your heart they’ll always be “your baby”, at 18 months and beyond your child is a robust toddler or preschooler whose main mission in life to is to test limits and assert his independence while he makes the important transition from baby to big kid. Even if your little one was a dream sleeper as an infant, these years can bring unique… What our clients are saying: The “4 month sleep regression” hit our family hard, and at 5 months, our son had no regular night or nap schedule. It was clear he was overtired, and he had to be rocked or nursed (sometimes for hours) until fast asleep or he would begin screaming as soon as he hit the… I don’t think there is any way we could have accomplished the sleep training without her guidance. If we could do it over again, the only thing we would change is to call her sooner. Kira and Arjune R. Dr. Carr gave us a complete and easy to follow plan and just two weeks later our daughter is sleeping all night in her own bed and waking up rested. It’s a miracle. Sarah and Tim I will be forever grateful for her advice. The reason that this worked for us is because it wasn’t someone just telling us to let our son cry it out. Cathy L. Dr. Carr took my questions seriously.I used to think our pediatrician was the most patient person I knew but after working with Dr. Carr I’m not sure, she may have him beat! I'm so happy to be part of Goodreads, an online community for book-lovers which encourages reading and sharing information about books. And now that I have a book of my own, I'm thrilled to have a chance to share it with the folks over at Goodreads. If you don't know... We're thrilled to announce that our year-long-plus labor of love is complete! Our Putting Bungee to Bed bedtime book is now headed to bookshelves everywhere. Meet Bungee and Ben. Bungee is Ben's best friend, constant companion, and a bit of a handful. This... For parents in North America, Halloween this year may pack an extra-scary punch. Why? Because Daylight Saving Time ends at 2:00 AM this coming Sunday, November 1. In other words, since your littles don't care what time it is on the clock they will be celebrating the... | Mid | [
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[Book update for TomDispatch readers: As of now, you can read my latest work, The American Way of War: How Bush’s Wars Became Obama’s, on the Apple iPad by clicking here and downloading it. Alternately, you can download it to your Kindle by clicking here, or simply buy the superannuated Gutenberg version by clicking here. If you buy either the Kindle version or the ye-olde-paper book at Amazon.com via the links above, or any other TD book link, this website gets a small percentage of your purchase, which means you support us without paying an extra cent. In addition, don’t miss the most recent review of my book at Foreign Policy in Focus. (“Full of potency is [Engelhardt’s] combined cultural and political critique of the U.S. imperial war culture that has permeated our nation. People in the United States are blind, perhaps intentionally, to the empire their country has assembled. Such a reminder of its true nature and cost, both to people in the United States and to those affected by it around the world, is invaluable...”) Finally, if you want to catch me discussing the book and other war issues of our moment, check out the radio show Culture Shocks (one of many radio interviews I’ve been doing of late).] For Star Trek fans, the news is grim. Some set of maniacs on planet Earth is ready to take all the pleasure out of that low-budget TV show and its ensuing set of big-budget movies. They are actually planning someday to manufacture phasers, ones large enough to vaporize incoming missiles and others small enough to be hand-held and, if not vaporize, then inflict terrible pain. Sooner or later, they expect to beam them down to this planet and set them to work. Oh, sorry, those aren’t maniacs; they’re the weaponizers at defense giant Raytheon (in conjunction with the U.S. military). As the National, the English-language newspaper of the United Arab Emirates, reported recently, Raytheon is in an arms race with Boeing to produce such weaponry perhaps for the coming decade. One of the strangest aspects of these last years when two administrations, the U.S. intelligence community, and the American media have focused on, obsessed about, speculated wildly about, and generally chewed over a single potential proliferation story -- Iran’s nuclear program -- is how little other weapons proliferation stories even qualify as news. I’m excepting, of course, the usual alarums over possible nuclear weapons developments in North Korea, Syria, and the like. And I’m certainly not referring here to the estimated 200 to 400 nuclear weapons in Israel’s undeclared arsenal that hardly rate a peep in our media. I’m thinking about us. We are, after all, the numero uno weapons proliferator on the planet. I’m thinking about -- to pick a few weapons systems almost at random -- the U.S. Air Force’s next generation bomber, an advanced "platform" slated for 2018; or the truly futuristic bomber, "a suborbital semi-spacecraft able to move at hypersonic speed along the edge of the atmosphere," on the drawing boards for 2035. I’m talking about the coming generations of ever more powerful, ever more independent pilot-less drones which the Air Force is now planning out until 2047. As with the drones today, the story of those Raytheon “phasers,” large and small, if they ever come on line, will be reasonably predictable. Ever since the Soviet Union disappeared in 1991, the world has been experiencing an arms race of one. A single great power, the United States, continues to develop new weapons technology, often for the distant future, that is staggeringly advanced and strikingly destructive (potentially reaching, in some cases, an almost nuclear level of local devastation). It continues to act, that is, as if it were still in an arms race with another threatening superpower. Once our latest wonder weapon is developed, whatever it may be, it is sooner or later sold to allies -- after all, we now control almost 70% of what’s still dubbed the “global arms trade” -- while other states rush to develop their own versions of the same. (Just last week, for instance, Iran proudly unveiled its first “drone bomber.”) Sooner or later, such weaponry will predictably drop down to the level of non-state groups. Just wait for the first "suicide" drone to hit something American, or the first terrorist to unsheathe a “phaser” on some airplane. Then, of course, a drone or phaser proliferation panic will set in, “rogue states” will be threatened for having the nerve to develop such weapons, and we will redouble our anti-drone or anti-phaser research, while our media discusses appropriately aggressive actions that need to be taken ASAP. Hence, Iran’s present nuclear adventure (which, by the way, began in 1957, thanks to the Eisenhower administration’s Atoms for Peace program). As you read TomDispach regular Tony Karon’s deconstruction of the present “debate” over whether to bomb Iran back to the pre-nuclear age, take a second to wonder why there is no media debate over whether to bomb the U.S. After all, we are the planet’s foremost weapons proliferator; we have a reputation for using what we produce and parceling it out as well; and, as it happens, we’re still investing money in improvements to our vast nuclear arsenal. Tom America's march to a disastrous war in Iraq began in the media, where an unprovoked U.S. invasion of an Arab country was introduced as a legitimate policy option, then debated as a prudent and necessary one. Now, a similarly flawed media conversation on Iran is gaining momentum. Last month, TIME's Joe Klein warned that Obama administration sources had told him bombing Iran's nuclear facilities was "back on the table." In an interview with CNN, former CIA director Admiral Mike Hayden next spoke of an "inexorable" dynamic toward confrontation, claiming that bombing was a more viable option for the Obama administration than it had been for George W. Bush. The pièce de résistance in the most recent drum roll of bomb-Iran alerts, however, came from Jeffrey Goldberg in the Atlantic Monthly. A journalist influential in U.S. pro-Israeli circles, he also has access to Israel’s corridors of power. Because sanctions were unlikely to force Iran to back down on its uranium enrichment project, Goldberg invited readers to believe that there was a more than even chance Israel would launch a military strike on the country by next summer. His piece, which sparked considerable debate in both the blogosphere and the traditional media, was certainly an odd one. After all, despite the dramatics he deployed, including vivid descriptions of the Israeli battle plan, and his tendency to paint Iran as a new Auschwitz, he also made clear that many of his top Israeli sources simply didn’t believe Iran would launch nuclear weapons against Israel, even if it acquired them. Nonetheless, Goldberg warned, absent an Iranian white flag soon, Israel would indeed launch that war in summer 2011, and it, in turn, was guaranteed to plunge the region into chaos. The message: the Obama administration better do more to confront Iran or Israel will act crazy. It's not lost on many of his progressive critics that, when it came to supporting a prospective invasion of Iraq back in 2002, Goldberg proved effective in lobbying liberal America, especially through his reports of "evidence" linking Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Then and now, he presents himself as an interlocutor who has no point of view. In his most recent Atlantic piece, he professed a "profound, paralyzing ambivalence" on the question of a military strike on Iran and subsequently, in radio interviews, claimed to be "personally opposed" to military action. His piece, however, conveniently skipped over the obvious inconsistencies in what his Israeli sources were telling him. In addition, he excluded perspectives from Israeli leaders that might have challenged his narrative in which an embattled Jewish state feels it has no alternative but to launch a quixotic military strike. Such an attack, as he presented it, would have limited hope of doing more than briefly setting back the Iranian nuclear program, perhaps at catastrophic cost, and so Israeli leaders would act only because they believe the "goyim" won't stop another Auschwitz. Or as my friend Paul Woodward, editor of the War in Context website, so brilliantly summed up the Israeli message to America: "You must do what we can’t, because if you don’t, we will." Goldberg insists that he is merely initiating a debate about how to tackle Iran and that debate is already underway on his terms -- that is, like its Iraq War predecessor, based on a fabricated sense of crisis and arbitrary deadlines. Last Friday, the New York Times reported that the Obama administration had convinced Israel that there was no need to rush on the issue. Should Iran decide to build a nuclear weapon (which it has not done), it would, administration officials pointed out, quickly make its intentions clear by expelling the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors who routinely monitor its nuclear work, and breaking out of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). After that, it would still need another year or more to assemble its first weapon. In other words, despite Goldberg's breathless two-minutes-to-midnight schedule, there's no urgency whatsoever about debating military action against Iran. And then, of course, there’s the question of the very premises of the to-bomb-or-not-to-bomb “debate.” Perhaps, after all these years of obsessive Iran nuclear mania, it’s too much to request a moment of sanity on the issue of Iran and the bomb. If, however, we really have a couple of years to think this over, what about starting by asking three crucial questions, each of which our debaters would prefer to avoid or ignore? 1. Does the U.S. have a right to launch wars of aggression without provocation, in defiance of international law and an international consensus, simply on the basis of its own suspicions about another country's future intentions? Or to put it bluntly, as former National Security Council staffers Flint Leverett and Hillary Mann Leverett have: Does the U.S. have the right to attack Iran because it is enriching uranium? The idea that the U.S. has the right to take such a catastrophic step based on the fevered imaginations of Biblically inspired Israeli extremists -- Goldberg has previously suggested that Prime Minister Netanyahu believes Iran to be the reincarnation of the Biblical Amalekites, mortal enemies the ancient Hebrews were to smite -- or simply to preserve an Israeli monopoly on nuclear force in the Middle East is as bizarre as it is reckless. Even debating the possibility of launching a military strike on Iranian nuclear facilities as a matter of rational policy, absent any Iranian aggression or even solid evidence that the Iranian leadership intends to wage its own version of aggressive war, gives an undeserved respectability to what would otherwise be considered steps beyond the bounds of rational foreign policy discussion. Perhaps someone in our media hothouse could take just a moment to ask why, outside of the United States and Israel, there is no support -- nada, zero, zip -- for military action against Iran. In Goldberg's world, this may be nothing more than the eternal beast of anti-Semitism rearing its ugly head in the form of disdain for the rise of yet another Amalek/Haman/Torquemada/Hitler. A more sober reading of the international situation would, however, suggest that most of the international community simply doesn't share an alarmist view of what Iran's nuclear program represents. Indeed, it is notable that, in Goldberg's world, Arabs and Iranians never get to speak. The Arabs, we are told, secretly want Israel or the U.S. to bomb Iran's nuclear facilities out of fear that the acquisition of nuclear weapons would embolden their Persian rivals. They are, so the story goes, just not able to say so in public. Of course, when Arab leaders do publicly express their opposition to the idea of another war being launched in the Middle East, they are ignored in the Goldberg-led debate. Similarly, their rejection of Washington’s long-held premise that Israel's special security must be exempted from any discussion of the creation of a nuclear-free Middle East remains outside the bounds of the Iran-debate story. And don't expect to see any mention of the authoritative University of Maryland annual survey of Arab public opinion either. After all, it recently reported that, contrary to claims of an Arab world cowering under the threat of Iranian nukes, 57% of the Arab public actually believe a nuclear-armed Iran would be good for the Middle East! The idea that Iran's regime might exist for any purpose other than to destroy Israel is largely ignored as well. Bizarrely enough, Iranians don’t actually feature much in the American “debate” at all (beyond citations of Mad-Mullah-like pronouncements by some Iranian leaders who wish Israel would disappear). The long, nuanced relationship between Israel and the Islamic Republic, as explained by Trita Parsi, author of Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States, is simply ignored. So, too, is every indication Iran's leaders have given that they have no intention of attacking Israel or any other country. In fact, in the Goldberg debate, domestic politics in both the U.S. and Israel is understood as an important factor in future decisions; Iran, with the Green Movement presently suppressed, is considered to have no domestic politics at all, just those Mad Mullahs. 2. Even if Iran were to acquire the means to build a nuclear weapon, would that be a legitimate or prudent reason for launching a war? If Iran is actually pursuing the capability to build nuclear weapons, its leaders would be doing so in response to a strategic environment in which two of its key adversaries, the U.S. and Israel, and two of its sometime friends/sometime adversaries, Russia and Pakistan, have substantial nuclear arsenals. By all sober accounts, Iran's security posture is primarily focused on the survival of its regime. Some Israeli military and intelligence officials have been quoted in Israel's media as saying that Iran's motivation in seeking a nuclear weapon would be primarily to head off a threat of U.S. intervention aimed at regime change. Most states do not pursue weapons systems as ends in themselves, and most states are hardwired to prioritize their own survival. It is to that end that they acquire weapons systems -- to protect, enhance, or advance their own strategic position, or up the odds against more powerful rivals. In other words, the conflicts that fuel the drive for nuclear weapons are more dangerous than the weapons themselves, and the problem of those weapons can’t be addressed separately from those conflicts. An Iran that had been bombed to destroy its nuclear power program would likely emerge from the experience far more dangerous to the U.S. and its allies over the decades to come than an Iran that had nuclear weapons within reach. The only way to diminish the danger of an escalating confrontation with Iran is to address the conflict between Tehran and its rivals directly, and seek a modus vivendi that would manage their conflicting interests. Unfortunately, such a dialogue between Washington and Tehran has scarcely begun, even as, amid alarmist warnings, Goldberg and others insist it must be curtailed so as to avoid the Iranians “playing for time.” 3. Is Iran actually developing nuclear weapons? No, it is not. That's the conclusion of the CIA, the IAEA, whose inspectors are inside Iran's nuclear facilities, and most of the world's intelligence agencies, including the Israelis. U.S. intelligence believes that Iran is using a civilian nuclear energy program to assemble much of the infrastructure that could, in the future, be used to build a bomb, and that Iran may also be continuing theoretical work on designing such a weapon. Washington's spooks and its defense establishment do not, however, believe Iran is currently developing nuclear weapons, nor that its leadership has made the ultimate decision to do so. In fact, the consensus appears to be that Iran will not weaponize nuclear material, but will stop short at "breakout capacity" -- the ability, also available, for instance, to Japan, to move relatively quickly to build such a weapon. Currently, as the New York Times reported, the time frame for “breakout,” if all went well (and it might not), would be about a year, after which Iran would have enough fissile material for one bomb. (The Israelis, by comparison, are believed to have 200 to 400 nuclear weapons in their undeclared program, the Pakistanis between 70 and 90, and the United States more than 5,000.) In addition, a credible nuclear deterrent would require the production of not one or two bombs, but a number of them, which would allow for testing. For ex-CIA Director Hayden, such a breakout capacity would be "as destabilizing as their actually having a weapon." His is a logical leap that’s hard to sustain, unless you believe that it’s worth launching a war to prevent Iran from, at worst, acquiring a defensive trump card that might prevent it from being attacked. Iran's enrichment activities are, of course, a violation of U.N. Security Council resolutions backed by sanctions. Those were imposed to demand that Iran suspend its enrichment program until it satisfied concerns raised by IAEA inspectors over its compliance with the disclosure and transparency requirements of the NPT -- especially when it came to aspects of its program which have been developed in secret, raising suspicions over their future use. Three years before North Korea was in a position to test a nuclear weapon, it had to withdraw from the NPT and kick out IAEA inspectors. Iran remains within the treaty. Even as the standoff over its nuclear program continues, renewed efforts are underway to broker a confidence-building deal to exchange Iranian enriched uranium for fuel rods produced outside the country to power a Tehran reactor that produces medical isotopes. None of this will be easy, of course. The two main parties are trying to impose their own, mutually exclusive terms on any deal: Washington wants Iran to forego its treaty-guaranteed right to enrich its own uranium because that also gives it the potential means to produce bomb materiel; Iran has no intention of foregoing that right. Such longstanding pillars of foreign policy sobriety as Senator John Kerry and Colin Powell, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, have publicly deemed the U.S. position untenable. To suggest that Iran's present nuclear program represents the security equivalent of a clock ticking down to midnight is calculated hysteria that bears no relation to reality. Ah, says Goldberg, but the point is that the Israelis believe it to be so. Yes, replies former National Security Council Iran analyst Gary Sick, now at Columbia University, but the Israelis and some Americans have been claiming Iran is just a few years away from a nuclear weapon since 1992. The premises of the debate just initiated by Goldberg's piece are palpably false. More important, they are remarkably dangerous, since they leap-frog over the three basic questions laid out above and move straight on to arguing the case for war amid visions of annihilation. This campaign of panic is not Goldberg's invention. It’s been with us for a long time now. Goldberg is just the present vehicle for an American conversation initiated by others, among them those known in the Bush years as neocons, who have long been dreaming of war with Iran and are already, as Juan Cole recently indicated, planning for such a war under a future Republican administration, if not sooner. Similarly, among Israelis, Prime Minister Netanyahu, in particular, believes that Americans are politically feeble-minded; he said as much to a group of Israeli settlers in a video that surfaced recently: "I know what America is. America is a thing you can move very easily, move it in the right direction. They won’t get in [our] way.” Through Goldberg, the Israeli leader and his aides are seeking to "move America in the right direction" with dark tales of Auschwitz and Amalekites, and of Netanyahu himself as a hostage, in the Freudian sense, to a fierce and unforgiving father who won't tolerate any show of weakness in the face of perceived threats to the Jews. Goldberg's sources, including Netanyahu, make it perfectly clear that they don't believe Iran would attack Israel. Instead, they warn that an Iranian nuclear weapon would embolden Hamas and Hizballah, although the logic there is flimsy indeed. After all, if Iran would not attack Israel on its own with a nuclear weapon, why would it do so to defend its insurgent allies? Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak has suggested that a nuclear-armed Iran would prompt the best and brightest Israelis to emigrate, because they are clever people who can make a good life for themselves anywhere in the world. Indeed, and they have been doing exactly that for many years now. Some 750,000 Israeli Jews now live abroad -- one in every six Israelis -- precisely because anti-Semitism is no longer a threat to Jewish life in most of the industrialized world. None of this has anything to do with an Iranian bomb. It has to do with the frustration of Israel’s leadership that 63% of the world's Jews have chosen to live elsewhere. Despite Goldberg’s panic-inducing prediction, there are plenty of reasons to believe that, for all its bluster and threat, Israel won't, in fact, bomb Iran next year -- or any time soon. But would the Israelis like to see the United States take on their prime regional enemy? You bet they would. Indeed, Netanyahu continually insists that the U.S. has an obligation to take the lead in confronting Iran. It's patently clear in Goldberg’s piece that the Israelis are trying to create a climate in which the U.S. is pressed onto the path of escalation, adding more and more sanctions, and keeping "all options on the table" in case those don't work. In an excellent commentary that dismantles the logic of Goldberg's argument, David Kay -- the American who served as an UNSCOM arms inspector in search of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq after the U.S. invasion -- suggests that: "Israel is engaged in psychological warfare with the Obama administration -- and it only partly concerns Iran… [B]eyond Iran, of probably greater importance to the current Israeli government is avoiding the Obama administration pushing it into a choice between settlements and territorial arrangements with the Palestinians that it is unwilling to make and permanent damage to its relationship with the U.S. Hyping the Iranian nuclear program and the need for early military action is a nice bargaining counter... if the U.S. wants to avoid an imminent Israeli strike, it must make concessions to Israel on the Palestinian issues." Creating a sense of crisis on the Iran front, narrowing U.S. options in the public mind, and precluding a real discussion of U.S. policy towards Iran may serve multiple purposes for various interested groups. Taken together, however, they reduce all discussion to one issue: when to exercise that military option kept "on the table," given the unlikeliness of an Iranian surrender. The debate’s ultimate purpose is to plant in the public mind the idea that a march to war with Iran, as Admiral Hayden put it on CNN, "seems inexorable, doesn't it?" Inexorable -- only if the media allows itself to be fooled twice. Tony Karon is a senior editor at TIME.com where he analyzes Middle Eastern and other conflicts. He also blogs on his own website Rootless Cosmopolitan. Copyright 2010 Tony Karon | Mid | [
0.585648148148148,
31.625,
22.375
] |
The Black Bloods Raeli Williams was just a normal girl with a normal life. She had a little sister and a twin brother. Her family was perfect. Until the day two men came and slaughtered her entire family... all but her. After the incident, Raeli changed. Two men found her and educated her on how to control her urges and her new found abilities. However, things just got more interesting when two new students appear at Rochelle High School. What will happen to Raeli and her friends? Chapters: All around me was that warm liquid.... The floor, the walls, the windows, everything. Even I was covered in blood. I looked around and saw my parents, my little sister and my twin brother, all lying on the floor, covered in their own and each others blood. I raised my hands and screamed. I crawled to my parents room and looked in my mothers mirror. I gasped at the sight. I saw myself, but I didn't look like myself. My once pitch black hair was now white. But, it wasn't my hair that scared me. It was my eyes. Bright red. The same color of the fresh blood that covered my face, hands and body. I looked back down at my hands and stared in fear and shock as my nails grew into long sharp claws and they turned black. "What... What is happening to me?" I asked, knowing no one would answer. "I can answer that question. If you want." I was startled when I heard a male voice from behind me. I stood and spun around. Some sort of animal instinct kicked in and I snarled at the man. He raises his hand and stepped into the light. I was surprised by his appearance. Pitch black hair that fell gracefully into his golden yellow eyes. Pale skin. I noticed that his nails were long and sharp also. "Who are you?" I asked, slightly scared and angry. "My name is of no importance at the moment. I'm not going to hurt you. I'm like you." he told me. I straightened and looked at him. "You said you could answer my question. Answer it." I demanded. He put his hands down and approached me. "I will. But, not here. Please, come with me. We need to hurry. One of your neighbors has already called the police." he said. His voice sounded urgent. "But, I'm covered blood. People will see me." I objected. I heard another male voice. "Don't worry. I can deal with that." I looked around the first one and saw another man. The black haired one moved out other way and the other man stepped forward. This one had blonde hair and pitch black eyes. He had a cocky smile on his face. I noticed sharp canines and took a step back. "I won't hurt you either." he told me. He then turned to the dark haired one. "We need to go. I took care of the scene. I know you can hear the sirens loud and clear if I can just now barely hear them." he told the raven haired male. Just then, I heard the muffled sound of sirens. "Yes. We do need to go. Take care of her." The raven said to the blonde before walking out. The blonde turned to me. He walked over and held out his hand to me. I noticed that he also had long nails. I slowly took it. He closed his eyes and then a small yellow light came from his hand. When the light faded, I was clean and in pure white clothes. I stared in shock and wonder at the blonde. He just smirked at me. The raven haired one came back in, looking worried. "We must leave. Now. Take her." he said. The blonde nodded and grabbed me. He slung me onto his back and then the world around me blurred. It scared me. When we stopped, we were across town and watching as the police cars, ambulances and fire trucks drove by. "Am I going to get to go home? To my aunts or something?" I asked the raven haired male. He looked at me and with serious golden eyes, he shook his head. | Mid | [
0.573059360730593,
31.375,
23.375
] |
by the sounds of the reviews and the ingredients, i thought this recipe would be amazing... It was good, but not as good as it could have been. the chicken needs to be marinated or seasoned or SOMETHING beforehand because it was very bland in the final product. however, the raisins, curry and rice was pretty good. if i tried this again i'd make sure to give the chicken some flavor before mixing it into the casserole. as is, the recipe is very quick and easy. Reviewer: I actually have an almost identical recipe in one of my cookbooks, which happens to be a diet cookbook, except that it also calls for 1/2 cup dried apricots (snip them into pieces) which I think makes it even better. It is a good recipe, and healthy. I am adding more raisins and apricots than called for when I make it again. I might try making it with a different type or types of rice, which I think would make it even better, it would just require more cooking time. Reviewer: This was excellent! I used regular brown rice and cooked it all on the stovetop in about 55 minutes. I also had to add another 1/2 cup or so of boiling water near the end of cooking time. I cooked the chicken seperately in oil and seasoned with salt, pepper and curry powder and then mixed it in once the rice was cooked. Will definitely make again! Reviewer: This is a wonderful, quick, easy, very tasty curry dish. I've been craving curry but haven't been in a cooking mood. This looked easy and it was. It satisfied my craving too. Whomever said it was blah must have their tastebuds numbed by processed foods. I did it all on the stovetop like another person did (2 cups water and 1 cup regular brown rice) but other than that everything was the same. Hubby said it needed more heat so he added some hot sauce (he adds that to everything) but I thought it was good as is. Reviewer: I am always looking for new dishes to try with my friends... This turned out really good (other than my mistake of using regular brown rice and it didn't get done in the oven, the first time I made it) I made it again today cooking regular brown rice all the way on the top of the stove before mixing it into the rest of the recipe and into the oven... The first time I made it for 9 others and they all liked the flavor... in the future I would always cook the rice on the top of the stove before mixing into the rest... another thing I would do is to mix up the rest of the recipe the night before and let it marinade the chicken... plus makes it so easy to stick in the oven the next day and dinner is done!!! Thanks for the recipe, will use it again in the future!!! Reviewer: BLAH! This was not good in anyways whatsoever. I thought it sounded fantastic. Healthy food doesnt have to be nasty food. None of the flavors worked together AT ALL. NO harmony whatsoever. My family wouldnt finish their portions. Reviewer: Added mushrooms and frozen broccoli. Only added 2 t curry and may only add 1 1/2 next time. 3 is way too much! My husband said it tasted even better the next day leftover because the flavors had time to meld. Definitely will make again! | Low | [
0.521541950113378,
28.75,
26.375
] |
A Melbourne teacher accused of telling his grade 4 students "inappropriate" stories about violence, murder, urination, defecation and incest has lost an unfair dismissal case. Former Caulfield Junior College teacher Chris Adams also told his students to keep the stories secret, showed them R-rated fighting scenes from movies and purchased a massage from them. Fair Work Commission has ruled the teacher's termination was valid. He was sacked in January after the Education Department found that he acted in a "disgraceful, improper" manner. After receiving numerous complaints from parents in November 2015, the Department suspended the teacher from the state school and launched an investigation. | Low | [
0.525458248472505,
32.25,
29.125
] |
Payment forms Donation process and accepted payment options: Coopfunding accepts a variety of payment methods, with the double objective of facilitating donations and supporting alternatives which do not depend on the use of bank account and bank services in general. You can make donations without the need to register on the site or if you prefer you can register in such a way that your profile will be safe and will help you to track and follow the projects which you are supporting. Donation steps: 1 . When you have selected a project, you go to the project’s profile page and you will find a green rectangular button on the right which will invite you to Donate Now. 2 . After you have clicked you will be re directed to another page in which you will be able to choose the amount of your donation or type it yourself. 3 . Once you have selected the amount, you will be directed to the checkout page where you will be able to begin the payment process through: a) Credit or debit card via Fairbill b) Other forms of payment 4 . If you choose Fairbill, in the same page you will find an online form where you will be asked to fill in your details, if you are a registered user you will only need to do this once. One of the details requested will be your debit or credid card number. You need to bear in mind that this option will ask for a commission which will be automatically discounted from your donation to the project. The commission is 3.1% + 0,30€ per operation. All other options will not charge this commission and there are no other intermidiary parties, for this reason these are the options we recommend. In the case of Fairbill, the donation will be immediately credited to the Coopfunding account and to the campaign stats. The amounts recieved this way (credit card) go to the coopfunding admin account and they are transfered to the campaign’s account once a week. 5 . When you choose other payment options, you will receive an e-mail with all the ones we accept and your donation will remain pending until you have completed the relevant payment process. 6 . We will outline here what other payment methods we accept, although it may be that some projects will not have them operative, so you have to check with each project: a) Bank Transfer You will be able to transfer money electronically from your bank accountot the account number you will receive in the e mail, the subject will be Coopfunding and the name of the project you have choosen. b ) Money in cash In the e mail you will receive the details to be able to go and give the money directly to the project of your choice. c ) Ecos – CES or Integral CES d) Faircoins, Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies In the email you will receive details of how to donate according to the current exchange value. e) Other payment options We could accept payments through other methods or in other local currencies such as LETS for example. You would have to tell us which local currency you want to use and we will let you know how to accomplish the transaction. For whatever doubts or info you can write to us at: [email protected] | Mid | [
0.548523206751054,
32.5,
26.75
] |
KNOXVILLE - TVA will shutter part of its aging fleet of coal power plants and turn to nuclear power and energy conservation to power the Tennessee Valley under a 10-year plan adopted Friday. Tennessee Valley Authority President Tom Kilgore outlined a vision that calls for the nation's biggest government utility to idle at least 1,000 megawatts of coal generation - or more than 7 percent of its biggest source of power - by 2015. TVA directors approved plans here Friday to move ahead with reviving work on its unfinished Bellefonte Nuclear Plant in Alabama and restructuring electric rates next spring to encourage distributors - and ultimately customers - to limit consumption during peak demand periods. "We want to be a leader in cleaner energy and cleaner air, and that means we will have to be less reliant upon coal," Kilgore said. "That doesn't mean that coal is going away, but we are looking at idling some of our coal units pretty soon." TVA got more than 60 percent of its electricity last year from the 59 coal-fired units at its 11 fossil plants across Tennessee, Alabama and Kentucky. Before now, the only TVA-built plant to ever close was the Watts Bar Steam Plant in Rhea County, which was shuttered in 1983. Kilgore said he wants to meet with employees who might be displaced and community leaders where coal plant closings could reduce TVA in-lieu-of-tax payments before announcing which coal plants will be closed. But some of the potential units on the chopping block could include the oldest units at the Widows Creek plant near Stevenson, Ala., the John Sevier plant near Rogersville, Tenn., and the Johnsville plant in West Tennessee. MIXED REACTIONS Environmental groups gave mixed reviews to TVA's decision to phase out some coal units and build more nuclear plants and promote more conservation. Stephen Smith, executive director for the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, said shutting down the old coal plants "is absolutely the right path for TVA" and he applauded the agency for boosting its budget for energy conservation by nearly a third next year to $135 million. "We believe there are a significant number of older, inefficient, dirty plants, even beyond the 1,000 megawatts that TVA is committing to retire today, that TVA should consider phasing out," he said. TVA is facing state and private lawsuits, regulatory orders and potential congressional action to force costly limits on air emissions and carbon releases from its coal plants. During Friday's public hearing, anti-nuclear activists blasted TVA for putting $248 million in next year's budget to move ahead with reviving the Bellefonte Nuclear Plant in Hollywood, Ala., where construction was halted in 1988. TVA's new vision * Less coal: Shut down at least 1,000 megawatts, or 7 percent, of TVA's coal-fired generation by 2015 * More nuclear: Revive construction of the Unit 1 reactor at the Bellefonte plant in Hollywood, Ala., finish building a second reactor at the Watts Bar plant near Spring City, Tenn., and make upgrades to existing plants to make TVA the national leader in new nuclear generation. * More conservation: Reduce electricity consumption and peak demand by at least 3.5 percent from what it otherwise would be from new pricing schedules and conservation incentives to make TVA the leader in energy efficiency among Southeast utilities Source: Tennessee Valley Authority "Nuclear power is not safe, it's not reliable, and it's way too expensive," said Sandra Kurtz, a Chattanooga member of the Bellefonte Efficiency and Sustainability Team, a citizens group opposed to building more nuclear plants. But TVA Chairman Dennis Bottorff said nuclear power is the lowest cost option for power generation and doesn't emit carbon dioxides linked with global warming. "We think we have the best team in the country to plan, build and license these plants on time and on budget," Bottorff said, pointing to TVA's success in restarting its Browns Ferry units in the 1990s and the current effort to complete Watts Bar Unit 2 by 2012. TVA estimates it will cost between $4.3 billion and $4.7 billion to finish Bellefonte Unit 1. RESTRUCTURING PRICES In TVA's $11.8 billion budget for fiscal 2011 adopted Friday, TVA projects flat power demand. The slowdown in the growth of power consumption should be aided next April when TVA plans to change the way it prices electricity for the first time since 1992. TVA will charge distributors both for their monthly peak and their overall monthly consumption. Such demand and energy charges will be changed according to the season and ultimately according to the time of day to charge more during peak demand periods. TVA Vice President John Trawick said the change next spring will allow consumers to cut their electric bills by changing when clothes or dishes are washed at home or when electric-powered machines operate in factories. | Mid | [
0.654731457800511,
32,
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Effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on feeding, tunneling, and bait station discovery by the formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). This study evaluated the effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on feeding, tunneling, and bait station discovery by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Bioassays were conducted to determine whether Summon disks affected the aggregation and feeding behavior of termites and to determine whether the presence of Summon disks caused increased recruitment of termites to wood blocks. When termites encountered the disk, they immediately clustered on top of the disk. Termites were observed aggregating on top of the disk throughout the experiment. Consumption of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of cardboard disks in paired choice tests. The presence of a Summon disk on top of a wood block caused a significant increase in consumption of the wood block. Bioassays also were conducted to determine whether water extracts of Summon disks affected termite behavior. Consumption of filter paper disks treated with a water extract of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of control filter paper disks. Termites tunneled through sand treated with a water extract of Summon disks faster than they tunneled through untreated sand. In a field test, the rate of infestation of monitoring stations with a Summon disk was 3 times greater than the rate of infestations of stations without a disk. | Mid | [
0.637795275590551,
30.375,
17.25
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Q: How to retrieve data from Firebase to make multiple Markers on map Android this is my firebase look like firebase. And this my maps activity : public class MapsActivity extends FragmentActivity implements OnMapReadyCallback{ private GoogleMap mMap; private DatabaseReference mUsers; Marker marker; public static final String FIREBASE_URL = "https://xxx.firebaseio.com/"; private Firebase firebase; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_maps); // Obtain the SupportMapFragment and get notified when the map is ready to be used. Firebase.setAndroidContext(this); firebase = new Firebase(FIREBASE_URL); SupportMapFragment mapFragment = (SupportMapFragment) getSupportFragmentManager() .findFragmentById(R.id.map); mapFragment.getMapAsync(this); } @Override public void onMapReady(final GoogleMap googleMap) { firebase.addListenerForSingleValueEvent(new ValueEventListener() { @Override public void onDataChange(com.firebase.client.DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) { for (com.firebase.client.DataSnapshot s : dataSnapshot.child("marker").getChildren()) { String lat = s.child("lat").getValue().toString(); String lng = s.child("lng").getValue().toString(); double latitude = Double.parseDouble(lat); double longitude = Double.parseDouble(lng); LatLng loc = new LatLng(latitude, longitude); googleMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(loc).title(s.child("nama").getValue().toString())); } } @Override public void onCancelled(FirebaseError firebaseError) { } }); } } and the error says E/MarketPageConfiguration: parse page configuration json error org.json.JSONException: No value for homeIndex and when i run it, it doesn't show the marker and the location still get wrong. I think i name it wrong about the "child" and get value in it, but i have no idea how to figure it out. (the url link is all right) A: To solve this, please change the following line of code: firebase = new Firebase(FIREBASE_URL); to firebase = new Firebase(FIREBASE_URL).child("marker"); You are missing a child from the tree, which is marker and which is mandatory be used in your reference as well. Further more, remove the .child("marker") from the followig line of code: for (com.firebase.client.DataSnapshot s : dataSnapshot.child("marker").getChildren()) Shoul only be: for (com.firebase.client.DataSnapshot s : dataSnapshot.getChildren()) Also note, that you are using a very old version of Firebase and I recommend you update to the latest one. | Mid | [
0.620596205962059,
28.625,
17.5
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namespace Nikse.SubtitleEdit.Forms
{
sealed partial class UnknownSubtitle
{
/// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;
/// <summary>
/// Clean up any resources being used.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing && (components != null))
{
components.Dispose();
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
#region Windows Form Designer generated code
/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
this.labelTitle = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.buttonOK = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.richTextBoxMessage = new System.Windows.Forms.RichTextBox();
this.buttonImportPlainText = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.LabelPreview = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.textBoxPreview = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.SuspendLayout();
//
// labelTitle
//
this.labelTitle.AutoSize = true;
this.labelTitle.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(15, 25);
this.labelTitle.Name = "labelTitle";
this.labelTitle.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(114, 13);
this.labelTitle.TabIndex = 0;
this.labelTitle.Text = "Unknown subtitle type";
//
// buttonOK
//
this.buttonOK.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this.buttonOK.DialogResult = System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK;
this.buttonOK.ImeMode = System.Windows.Forms.ImeMode.NoControl;
this.buttonOK.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(457, 272);
this.buttonOK.Name = "buttonOK";
this.buttonOK.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(100, 27);
this.buttonOK.TabIndex = 8;
this.buttonOK.Text = "&OK";
this.buttonOK.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
//
// richTextBoxMessage
//
this.richTextBoxMessage.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)(((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left)
| System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this.richTextBoxMessage.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.None;
this.richTextBoxMessage.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(18, 54);
this.richTextBoxMessage.Name = "richTextBoxMessage";
this.richTextBoxMessage.ReadOnly = true;
this.richTextBoxMessage.ScrollBars = System.Windows.Forms.RichTextBoxScrollBars.Vertical;
this.richTextBoxMessage.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(539, 47);
this.richTextBoxMessage.TabIndex = 41;
this.richTextBoxMessage.TabStop = false;
this.richTextBoxMessage.Text = "If you want this fixed please send an email to mailto:[email protected] and inclu" +
"de a copy of the subtitle.";
//
// buttonImportPlainText
//
this.buttonImportPlainText.Anchor = ((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom | System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right)));
this.buttonImportPlainText.DialogResult = System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK;
this.buttonImportPlainText.ImeMode = System.Windows.Forms.ImeMode.NoControl;
this.buttonImportPlainText.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(260, 272);
this.buttonImportPlainText.Name = "buttonImportPlainText";
this.buttonImportPlainText.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(191, 27);
this.buttonImportPlainText.TabIndex = 4;
this.buttonImportPlainText.Text = "Import plain text...";
this.buttonImportPlainText.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
this.buttonImportPlainText.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.buttonImportPlainText_Click);
//
// LabelPreview
//
this.LabelPreview.AutoSize = true;
this.LabelPreview.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(17, 101);
this.LabelPreview.Name = "LabelPreview";
this.LabelPreview.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(45, 13);
this.LabelPreview.TabIndex = 44;
this.LabelPreview.Text = "Preview";
//
// textBoxPreview
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Oswald Eve Oswell Eve, sometimes referred to as Oswald. (c. 1715 – 1793, New Providence Island, The Bahamas) was a mariner, ship chandler, gunpowder manufacturer and member of the American Philosophical Society, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the College of Philadelphia and was an associate of Dr. Benjamin Rush, later signer of the Declaration of Independence. Early life Eve was born, circa 1715, possibly in Bermondsey, Surrey, England. Eve was a sea captain, and owned and commanded the brigantine Roebuck and the ship George. At the same time, he was a shipping merchant, becoming so prosperous that he part-owned some twenty-five other vessels as well. In 1756, he served as a lieutenant in Samuel Mifflin's company of Philadelphia Associators. Birth of the Frankford Powder-Mill In 1774, Eve built a water-powered factory for producing gunpowder on Frankford Creek in Frankford, which was then a village outside Philadelphia. Prior to the American Revolutionary War, Eve's powder mill at Wingohocking Street and Adams Avenue, was the only one in operation in the colonies. Silas Deane writes in July 24. 1775 Yours of the 6th I received Yesterday, and wish it were possible to obtain the Article of Powder, but it is more scarce, & more sought after than Gold. In the fall of 1775 it became very difficult to get sufficient powder for the Continental army. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress sent Paul Revere to Philadelphia to study the inner workings of Eve's mill. Upon his arrival, he met with Continental Congressmen Robert Morris and John Dickinson who provided the following letter of introduction to present to Oswald Eve: Sir Philada. Novr. 21st 1775 I am requested by some Honorable Members of the Congress to recommend the bearer hereof Mr. Paul Revere to you. He is just arrived from New England where it is discovered they can manufacture a good deal of Salt Petre in Consequence of which they desire to Erect a Powder Mill & Mr. Revere has been pitched upon to gain instruction & Knowledge in this branch. A Powder Mill in New England cannot in the least degree affect your Manufacture nor be of any disadvantage to you. Therefore these Gentn & myself hope You will Chearfully & from Public Spirited Motives give Mr. Revere such information as will inable him to Conduct the business on his return home. I shall be glad of any opportunity to approve myself. Sir Your very Obed Servt. Robt Morris P.S. Mr. Revere will desire to see the Construction of your Mill & I hope you will gratify him in that point. Sir, I heartily join with Mr. Morris in his Request; and am with great Respect, Your very hble Servt. John Dickinson'' On January 11, 1776, Eve signed a contract with Committee of Secrecy of the Continental Congress to supply gunpowder at $8 per hundredweight, with Congress supplying the niter. Because Eve had complied with the request of Congress and allowed Revere to pass through his powder manufactory, thus allowing him to obtain sufficient information that enabled him to set up a powder mill at Canton, Eve petitioned Congress for a reward: In Committee of Safety, Philadelphia, May 3, 1776. SIR: This Committee having considered the petition of Mr. Oswell Eve, are of opinion it should be laid before the honourable Congress; and they take the liberty of sending it to you for that purpose; at the same time, they certify that Mr. Eve has at different times, upon the recommendation of this Board, shown his works and improvements to such gentlemen as were appointed from this and the neighbouring Colonies to view the same. I am, sir, your most obedient, humble servant, JOHN NIXON, Chairman. To the Honourable John Hancock, Esq. Mill Legacy The Powder-Mill on Frankford Creek became the working model that was studied by all the other colonies for building their own mills in the production of gunpowder. When the British occupied Philadelphia in September 1777, they took over the mill, and it was rumored that Eve cooperated. On March 6, 1778, the Supreme Executive Council found Eve found guilty of treason for trading with the British, but he was allowed to leave the city when the British evacuated in Spring 1778, leaving his son Oswell Jr. in charge of the mill. However, on July 6, 1778, all his property, including the powder mills and , were confiscated. At the conclusion of the Revolution, Eve fled with his wife to Nassau, Bahamas, where he died in his son Joseph's house in New Providence in 1793. Family Eve was married to Anne Moore in Christ Church, Philadelphia on June 2, 1744. The couple had thirteen children, of whom seven died in infancy. One daughter, Sarah Eve, was an intimate friend of the family of Dr. Benjamin Rush, with whom she was eventually engaged to be married. However, In September 1774, she came down with a lingering illness, believed to have been tuberculosis, and died just three weeks before their wedding was to take place on Christmas of that year. Another of Eve's sons, Joseph, came under the tutelage of Dr. Rush and became a medical doctor. References Category:1715 births Category:People from Philadelphia Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:People of colonial Pennsylvania Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution Category:1793 deaths Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society Category:18th-century English people | High | [
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Myanmar (Formerly Burma) is the Largest country in the South-East Asia Peninsula. Myanmar is widely known as the Golden Land to visitors. It is a Land of unspoiled beauty, exotic fauna and flora, an ancient culture. Myanmar is a country where religion, customs and traditional have weathered the storms of time. Asia Whale Travels & Tours Co., Ltd is a Myanmar owned travel company. We give the excellent services in various tour programs. Our well qualified, energetic, honest, friendly, reliable and knowledgeable tour guides know how to make the trip beneficial and enjoyable. Our company promotes the gradual and systematic development of tourism in Myanmar. more Diving in Myanmar is becoming more popular every year. The Mergui Archipelago is visited by liveaboards. The dive sited cover a wide area of ocean and Burma liveaboard tours are typically between 3 and 10 days. The islands of Mergui are beautiful and unspoiled.more Dive Boat Fleet Mergui Archipelago Diving Tour | Dive Sites Snorkeling & Kayaking Trips Three different dive boats are at your disposition to suit your different needs. The crew is fantastic, always doing their best to make you feel safe and comfortable..... more>> The Mergui Archipelago and the remote Burmese Banks are today the "must" for every serious sea lover. Myanmar opened its rich waters to foreigners in 1997, after a closed period of .... more>> Salone or Moken, Sea Gypsies of the Myanmar Andaman Sea presents accounts of the nomads who live in the Myeik (Mergui) Archipelago of southern Myanmar........ more>> Soft silvery sands washed by the white waves of the Bay of Bengal amid the swaying of palms and fragrant....more | High | [
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Ohio Police say a woman was so upset by the unflattering photo detectives posted to Facebook that she called them and demanded that it be removed, leading to her arrest. "This is a first for us," Denise Alex-Bouzounis, public information officer with the Columbus Police Department, told The Huffington Post. "She really didn't want her face out there for everyone to see." "It included her mug shot, her name and information about the crime," said Alex-Bouzounis. The Facebook post read, in part: "On August 30th Hargrove offered a female acquaintance a ride to a pharmacy on E. Main St. to pick up a prescription. After the acquaintance got the prescription and got back in the vehicle, Hargrove robbed the victim at gunpoint, leaving her on the side of the road." According to The Columbus Dispatch, Hargrove had been indicted in the case for aggravated-robbery and kidnapping. The Facebook post, which garnered 64 shares and some 54 thousand pages views, did not go unnoticed by Hargrove. Police say the woman was so upset by the mug shot photo, which she considered unflattering, that she called within 48 hours of the post. "She contacted the detective listed on the Facebook post and said, 'Hey, I want my picture down,'" Alex-Bouzounis said. "[The detective] said, 'Come on in and we'll talk about it.'" And, police say, that is exactly what Hargrove did. "She came in and he put her under arrest," said Alex-Bouzounis. "Warrant Wednesday" has proven to be such a success for the police department that they plan to continue using Facebook to hunt down wanted individuals. "We've had a lot of Facebook followers help turn people in," said Alex-Bouzounis. So, if you're wanted in Columbus, keep in mind that well-meaning friends and frenemy's are not the only ones who might post a less-than-flattering photo of you on Facebook. | Low | [
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US air strike on IS killed 105 civilians in Iraq's Mosul Published duration 25 May 2017 image copyright AFP image caption This photo taken on 26 March shows houses destroyed in the area The United States has admitted that at least 105 Iraqi civilians were killed in an air strike it carried out in Mosul in March. US Central Command (CentCom) said it had targeted two snipers from so-called Islamic State (IS) with what it called a "precision-guided munition". However, the strike detonated explosives that militants had placed in the building, CentCom said. Civilians sheltering in the lower floors were killed when it collapsed. In another incident, 35 civilians were killed on Thursday in US-led coalition air strikes in an eastern Syrian town, monitors said. The strikes targeted the IS-held town of Mayadeen in the province of Deir Ezzor, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Families of IS fighters, including children, were among those killed, it added. CentCom said the death toll in the March attack in Iraq included four civilians in another nearby structure. Eyewitnesses claimed another 36 non-combatants were also in the building, but US authorities said it had "insufficient evidence to determine their status". CentCom previously said the planes had acted at the request of Iraqi security forces, as coalition forces attempted to wrest control of the city from IS. The civilians had gathered in the lower floors of the building after being expelled from their homes by IS fighters, a declassified summary of the report said. Those organising the strike "could not have predicted the presence of civilians in the structure prior to the engagement," it added. US officials said the type of bomb was chosen "to minimise collateral damage," but the explosives hidden by IS were at least four times more powerful than the weapon itself. media caption Battle for Mosul: IS 'using chemical weapons' "Our condolences go out to all those that were affected," Major General Joe Martin said in a statement. "The coalition takes every feasible measure to protect civilians from harm." Initial media reports had placed the casualty estimates as high as 200. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have fled the northern Iraqi city as the operation to reclaim it has continued Thousands of Iraqi security forces, Kurdish Peshmerga fighters, Sunni Arab tribesmen and Shia militiamen, assisted by US-led coalition warplanes and military advisers, are involved in the offensive, which was launched in October 2016. The government announced the full "liberation" of eastern Mosul in January 2017. But the west of the city has presented a more difficult challenge, with its narrow, winding streets. | Mid | [
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Nasty strain of flu grips Houston early Image 1 of / 5 Caption Close Nasty strain of flu grips Houston early 1 / 5 Back to Gallery This influenza season is shaping up to be one of the earliest and worst in years, with the flu-sick and those with respiratory illnesses that masquerade as influenza clogging Houston-area clinics, emergency rooms and doctor's offices. According to local health officials, most of those who have become ill did not get the flu vaccine. "I've never been this sick before," said 23-year-old Angelle Whitfield, who finally had the strength on Tuesday afternoon to go to the doctor. She spent the weekend fighting on-and-off fever. The worst came Monday. "Once I got a little ounce of energy I said: 'Let me get up and go see someone.' " More Information All sickness is not the flu: Seasonal flu is a respiratory illness distinguished by cough, sore throat, rapid onset of fever, runny eyes and muscle aches. The vaccine does not make you sick: An individual's body may have an immune reaction to the shot that could result in a runny nose, irritated injection area or other symptoms that should subside in a few days. It's not too late to get a flu shot: Flu season can begin as early as October, can last until May and usually peaks in January or February. The 2011-2012 season began late and was relatively mild compared with previous years. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention She went to Methodist's Emergency Care Center on Kirby, where she was diagnosed with an infection and prescribed antibiotics. "I should be better in the next few days," Whitfield said. "The symptoms that I had could have been the flu - especially since I didn't get the shot." By early December, Texas was among five states reporting high levels of flu illness. The uptick of ick continued into the last week of 2012, when an estimated 12 percent of the state's doctor visits were for flu-like symptoms. For Harris County hospitals, it was 18 percent - the year's peak, according to Houston health department figures. Volume is "way up" for The Methodist Hospital System's emergency departments and free-standing ERs, according to Dr. Jeff Kalina, co-medical director of the emergency department at The Methodist Hospital in the Texas Medical Center. "The majority of people testing positive with Influenza A have not had the vaccine this season," he said. Across all ages For the vaccinated who end up sick? "It either seems to be folks who had their vaccine a little too early or had a strain of A the vaccine didn't catch," Kalina said. People across all age groups are showing up for care. Texas Children's Hospital's pediatric clinics experienced a 9 percent increase in visits in November and December compared with the last two months of 2011. Emergency department visits to HCA hospitals in December were 7 percent higher than in December 2011 and increased in the last two weeks of 2012, according to Dr. Angela Shippy, chief medical officer for the system's Gulf Coast Division. Experts say if this season meets or exceeds predictions, expect more sickness, more severe illness, more hospitalizations and, yes, more deaths. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, this is the earliest regular flu peak since 2003-2004. 'Telephone triage' The majority of Houston patients have needed rest and sometimes prescriptions to get better. A few have required hospitalization - mainly those with compromised immune systems, underlying conditions, such as weak hearts and lungs, or those who develop secondary infections such as pneumonia. None of the health officials interviewed were aware of any local deaths attributed to the flu. They're running out of appointments at Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, according to Dr. Melanie Mouzoon, managing physician for immunization practices. "We're so busy that our administration is working on a telephone triage protocol" to determine who should be seen immediately and who can be sent home with a prescription for Tamiflu without putting them at risk, she said. Kelsey-Seybold has given 74,000 flu doses this season already compared with 80,000 in 2011-'12. Mouzoon advises Houstonians to get a flu vaccine, which is matched to the circulating viruses. Plenty of doses are available at doctor's offices and retail pharmacies and there's still time to get one. Whitfield, a University of Houston-Downtown student, plans to get the flu vaccine when she recovers. "I've never gotten the shot before," she said, "but now I am going to recommend it to everyone." | Low | [
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Siding As one of the primary lines of defense for your home, your exterior siding plays an important role in protecting your home from the elements as well as wildlife and other potentially harmful things. In addition to protection, your siding also makes your Allen Park Michigan home look nice! This is vital to the curb appeal of your home. With all this being said, choosing what siding to go with can be a difficult decision, and is not one that should be taken lightly. And with so many choices now on the market when it comes to home siding the decision can be a bit overwhelming. Talking with a siding … The siding in your Downriver Michigan home—it seems like an obvious area to search for energy efficiency updates. Because after all, the siding on your home stands as your initial defense against heat, strong winds, and additional weather conditions which affect your home’s overall energy performance. And for the weather in Downriver Michigan it’s best to get a siding that will last but is also energy efficient. … One of the exterior home improvement projects that you can do on your Gibraltar Michigan home that can have a huge impact on the appearance, value, and energy efficiency of your home is replacing the siding on your home. One of the most popular types of siding used in Gibraltar Michigan is vinyl siding. Vinyl siding is a great way to spruce up the exterior appearance of your home and make your home’s value go up by adding more curb appeal. However, there are more advantages when you have a qualified contractor install vinyl siding in Gibraltar Michigan which we’ll cover in this article. … Changing the siding on your home can change the look of your home dramatically. In fact, depending on the siding you currently have installed, when you get a siding contractor in Trenton Michigan to replace your siding it can completely change the look of your home. Not only will it change the color of your home but you can also change the look and design of the siding which is sometimes a problem for some home owners. There are some things that you will want to avoid when getting new siding on your home that may seem trendy and in-style but can actually cause the value of your home to … Installing new LED lightbulbs and replacing your HVAC air filter regularly can have an impact on your home’s energy efficiency. However, one home component that is usually never considered when attempting to make your home more energy efficient is the siding on your home. There are many different types of siding that you can install which will influence your home’s energy efficiency. Here are some ways to use new siding in Dearborn Michigan to make your home more energy efficient. … Everyone thinks that new siding installed on a home can make it look amazing but it can sometimes work in the opposite direction. There are several siding options today that can give your home a great outcome and these siding choices can also have added benefits that you may not be aware of. In this article I will go over some things you should look for before investing in new siding in Dearborn Michigan so that you have an amazing outcome for your siding project. … Vinyl siding is one of the most common types of siding used in America today. Even in colder weather climates such as Michigan, vinyl siding has become very popular over the past few decades. There are many advantages of using vinyl siding on your home which we’ll include in this article. This way you can determine if it’s a good fit for your home and whether you should get a siding contractor in Downriver Michigan to install it on your home. … The siding on your home is one of the first things people see when driving by. So great looking siding can help to increase your home’s value by improving it’s curb appeal. Not only that but when the siding on your home is properly installed it can give your home a great look plus it can also make your home more energy efficient. But these advantages are only realized if the siding is properly installed and to do that you’ll need a good, qualified siding contractor in Southgate Michigan to install the siding for you. Without proper installation of the siding it will fail prematurely, look bad, and may even … Giving your home a much more beautiful exterior usually starts with replacing the siding on your home. Siding replacement in Ann Arbor Michigan is a great way to increase the value and curb appeal on your home. But deciding if it’s time to replace your current siding or upgrade it to another type of siding is not always clear. In this article I’ll go over 4 signs that you can check which may give you a much better idea if your siding needs to be replaced or not. … Finding the best siding contractor in Ann Arbor Michigan can sometimes be quite difficult. Finding a contractor that is licensed, certified and insured is often times a very stressful job. Finding a siding contractor that has all three of those things and also does a really good job can make things even more stressful. That’s why 30 Tables strives to take all of that stress off of you. We proudly recommend only the best on our blog. For the best siding contractor in Ann Arbor, Michigan, take a look at A2HomePros. They proudly serve all of those in the Ann Arbor, MI, area and they have a reputation that speaks … | Low | [
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More Articles One in three Ohio children lives in a home where no parent has a full-time, year-round job. The recession hit Ohio hard, and the lingering effects continue to be toughest on children. A quarter now live in poverty, or less than $20,000 a year for a family of three. Ohio ranks 24th among states in an annual report card on the well-being of children released today by the Annie E. Casey Foundation. In Ohio and across the nation, the Kids Count 2013 analysis shows some signs of improvement in areas of education and health, but economic conditions have worsened. New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts rank highest overall for child well-being, while Nevada, Mississippi and New Mexico rank lowest. “The reality is that the bottom half has not seen the recovery yet,” said Scott Marier, executive director of the Westerville Area Resource Ministry. The service organization is operating six summer lunch programs, serving about 200 children a day, while pantry usage is up about 7 percent from last year. Most live in households where a parent has one job, sometimes two, but doesn’t earn enough or get enough hours to make ends meet. “It used to be those people who were affected,” Marier said. “Now it’s your brother-in-law or your neighbor. It’s fun to see the stock market recover, but that hasn’t trickled down.” While Ohio’s overall ranking inched up from 27th last year, the Kids Count report shows three of four economic indicators have worsened in Ohio in recent years, which should come as little surprise given the high rate of unemployment, home foreclosures and other economic hardships. Still, Ohio has reduced the proportion of children without health insurance to 6 percent, down from 7 percent in 2008. Also down are the percentage of teens who abuse drugs or alcohol and the rate of child deaths. Ohio got its lowest marks in assessments of children’s family environment. For instance, 37 percent of children live in single-parent households, up from 32 percent in 2005, while 1 in 10 lives in a family whose head of household lacks a high-school diploma. “Children are our nation’s most-precious resource, as well as our future leaders, employees, citizens and parents,” said Patrick McCarthy, president and CEO of the Annie E. Casey Foundation. “As our economic recovery continues, we cannot lose sight of doing whatever it takes to help kids, particularly kids in low-income households, reach their full potential — and that includes laying a solid foundation from the moment they are born.” Sandy Oxley, CEO of Voices for Ohio’s Children, said the report includes some encouraging trends, particularly the drop in uninsured children. But despite the improving economy, many children continue to live in poverty and sometimes don’t have enough to eat. Support for health care, food and other needs for children and their parents remains critical. “Healthy parents go to work and that has a huge impact on families,” she said. | Mid | [
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The main idea of the message (MIM) is the heart and soul of your sermon. The MIM is derived from the MIT and channeled through the Purpose Bridge. Just as the text has a singular theme/complement your teaching must have a singular theme/complement as well. For the MIM, you ask the key question, of yourself rather than of the biblical author. The Main Idea of the Message Theme: What am I talking about? Complement: What am I saying about what I am talking about? Six guidelines guide us in honing in on the MIM: 1) Develop the MIM with your audience in mind. 2) State the MIM in the most memorable sentence possible. 3) State it positively, not negatively, if possible. 4) State it in the active voice, not the passive voice. 5) State it in words or phrases which are precise, concrete, and familiar to your listeners. 6) State it so that the truth is readily seen as relevant to your audience and their needs. What are the characteristics of a good MIM? 1) It is derived from the main idea of the text. The MIT determines the MIM. 2) It is what the preacher will be talking about in his message. 3) It is a carefully worded statement. 4) It is geared to the audience. 5) It has a subject and a complement. 6) It is a complete sentence that is memorable. Now let us sound a word of warning in closing this chapter. Identifying the MIT/MIM does not give one license or permission to ignore the supporting ideas of the text. The supporting ideas must be allowed to support! Faithful exposition will honor the whole text, big ideas and little ideas. This will allow the whole as well as the parts to fulfill their divinely inspired assignment. Key points will support the main point, and minor points will support the key points. Text-driven preaching will be our guide and compass every step of the way. The main idea of a text (step 3) naturally derives from our studying of the Scriptures (step 1) and our structuring of the Scriptures (step 2). Having prayed over the entire process, we have: 1) tracked and identified the key verbs and parsed them; 2) looked for key words needing definition; 3) identified repetition of words and phrases; 4) located the seams in the text, which inform us as to the proper division of the passage; 5) noted the context; 6) searched for helpful and supporting Scripture; 7) written out any and all observations and applications discovered in the discovery process; 8) examined our study aids and commentaries for helpful insight, as well as a check and balance to our interpretation. The MIT is the text’s heart. Every text will usually have several ideas that need to be studied and developed. Still, each text will also have a main idea that all other ideas support and amplify. There are three key questions that help us identify and clarify the MIT. They are: 1) What was the main point then? (Idea) 2) What was the biblical author talking about? (Theme) 3) What was the biblical author saying about what he was talking about? (Complement) The main idea is the single idea around which the details of the text are woven. Since we want to communicate one major point for the people to hear, understand, and obey, we seek to communicate the major idea of each Scripture text in contemporary terms. The main idea of the text is the single unit of thought that binds together and gives meaning to all the particulars of a text. In some manner it should relate to your title. It should always be in the form of a full grammatical sentence, stated clearly and concisely. It places a laser beam focus on 1) what the author is talking about and 2) what the author is saying about what he is talking about. In order to get the main idea of the text, put the content of the subjects, themes, main points, or summaries together. In arriving at the MIT you are looking for accuracy and adequacy. The MIT should precisely reflect your particular text and must cover the assertions of the text. Now, here are some practical steps to consider in this stage of your work in the study. 1) Give a tentative title to the text. This could well be the “theme” of the MIT. 2) If possible, write a personal translation or paraphrase of the text reflecting the flow or argument of the text. 3) Write out the main idea of the text. Put the theme and complement in full sentence form. The full statement does not need to be long, but make it adequate. You will most likely refine it and even shorten it as you work with it. If you really desire to be an expositor of the Word of God, you will seek to impress on your people what the author stresses-the truth of this text. Remember, God is the ultimate author of the text. We want to honor what He put there. A good message should have a one sentence statement that summarizes the passage being taught. The task is not always easy, but if undertaken, it pays rich rewards. Here are a few of those dividends: 1) The preacher will avoid the often-heard criticism that expository sermons/teaching lacks structure. 2) The discipline gives the preacher a better understanding of the truths he will share with his people. 3) It will assist those hearing the message to understand the message. Unless we find the right words to identify the MIT, how will we ever teach that idea? Carefully locate the theological themes in the text. This will provide insight into its main idea. You can usually recognize the theological themes in the text by looking at the significant words you see there. Some words in Scripture bear enormous theological weight (e.g. justification, sanctification, reconciliation, repentance, calling, faith, election). Consider the plain and obvious meaning of the text for indications of the main idea. Look for a pivotal verse in the text which may contain the main theme. Though every text does not have a pivotal verse, many will. It will be the one verse which seems to capture the idea and summarize the meaning of the entire section. | Mid | [
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Effect of DHEA and metformin on corpus luteum in mice. We evaluated the effect of hyperandrogenism in ovaries with functional and regressing corpora lutea (CL) and the action of metformin in preventing these possible alterations using a mouse model. To obtain a CL functional for 9+/-1 days, immature female mice of the BALB/c strain were injected i.p. with 10 IU/mouse of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). DHEA (60 mg/kg body weight s.c., 24 and 48 h prior to kill) decreased both serum progesterone (P) and estradiol (E(2)) levels and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) from ovaries with functional CL (on day 5 after PMSG). It increased P and E(2) and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT) and decreased lipoperoxidation of ovaries with regressing CL (on day 9 after PMSG). Treatment with DHEA did not affect the production of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) or PGE by ovaries with functional CL, whereas DHEA decreased PGF(2alpha) and increased PGE production by ovaries with regressing CL. Metformin (50 mg/kg body weight, orally) given together with DHEA restored E(2) levels from mice with ovaries with functional CL and serum P, PGF(2alpha) and PGE levels, and oxidative balance in mice with ovaries with regressing CL. Metformin alone was able to modulate serum P and E(2) levels, lipoperoxidation, SOD and CAT, and the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide/(*)OH signal. These findings suggest that hyperandrogenism is able to induce or to rescue CL from luteolysis and metformin treatment is able to prevent these effects. | High | [
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The photochemical conversion of reactants having a reactant core portion of 5,7-androstadiene-1.alpha.,3.beta.-diol, into a product having an altered product core portion, 9,10-seco-5(10),6,8-androstatriene-1.alpha.,3.beta.-diol, is known. Furthermore, it is known that this reaction proceeds most efficiently when the irradiating light is restricted to being in the range from about 275 or 280 nm (nanometers) to about 310 nm. Such is discussed, for example, by Sato, et al, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 26, 545-556, 1980; in Sato, et al Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26 (10) 2933-2940 (1978); and Barton, et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 2748-2749 (1973). Unfortunately, relatively low yields, of the order of 15 to 40%, of 1.alpha.-hydroxyprevitamin D.sub.3 are producible by the prior art methods. And, such methods have normally produced relatively great amounts of undesirable byproducts through decomposition of materials in the reaction mixture. A method of producing 1.alpha.-hydroxyprevitamin D.sub.3 in better yields and with less destruction of valuable starting 1.alpha.-hydroxyprovitamin D.sub.3, and of producing related compounds, would be highly desirable. The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above. | Mid | [
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TORONTO -- Police in southwestern Ontario say a man is facing charges after allegedly finding an explosive device and materials inside his home. Authorities in Woodstock, Ont., say they searched a home Monday afternoon after receiving a tip that a local man was in possession of material commonly used to make a pipe bomb. Police say they evacuated several homes in the area. They say investigators also searched another home in the city and a vehicle in Ingersoll, Ont. Police say a 38-year-old man was arrested later in the day and charged with two counts of possession of an explosive device, possession of an explosive substance, possession of a weapon for a dangerous purpose and possession of a prohibited weapon. The man was scheduled to make a court appearance Tuesday. This report by The Canadian Press was first published on Dec. 31, 2019. | Mid | [
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Aggregate rent asked is calculated by adding all of the rents for vacant-for-rent housing units in an area. Aggregate rent asked is subject to rounding, which means that all cells in a matrix are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars. (For more information, see "Aggregate" under "Derived Measures.") Since 1996, the American Community Survey questionnaires provided a space for the respondent to enter a dollar amount. The words "or mobile home" were added to the question starting in 1999 to be more inclusive of the structure type. Since 2004, contract rent has been shown for all renter-occupied housing units. In previous years (1996-2003), it was shown only for specified renter-occupied housing units. | Low | [
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article The Bartow County Sheriff's Office is mourning the loss of one of their own. On Saturday, June 30, Deputy Jennifer Dawn New was working at the detention center when she became sick. She was taken to the hospital, where she later died. "We will always remember her kindness, great smile, and friendship," the sheriff's office said in a statement on Facebook. "Please keep her family and our BCSO family in your prayers." A funeral service is scheduled for 2 p.m. Friday at The Church at Liberty Square in Cartersville. New leaves behind three children. A memorial fund has been set up in New's honor, and funds will go directly to her family to help care for her kids. Deputy New started working for the Bartow County Sheriff's Office on March 28, 2016. | Mid | [
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Grace Mugabe faces new assault charge Former Zimbabwean first lady Grace Mugabe is facing a new charge of assault, which stems from an incident involving her housekeeper. According to VOA Zimbabwe, housekeeper Shupikai Chiroodza accused Mugabe of beating her with fists and shoes in 2017. Chiroodza said that Mugabe accused her of “milking” then president Robert Mugabe by accepting a wedding gift. According to NewsDay, Chiroodza said that the assault occurred at the Mugabes’ Blue Roof mansion where she held the position of Comptroller 111. “She started beating me with clenched fists shouting: ‘Uunoda kuzviita ani pano? (Who do you think you are here?) You are milking my husband behind my back.’ I did not utter a word as I was terrified. She removed her shoes and continued assaulting me with it and blood started gushing out of my forehead, mouth and nose. The assault continued for about 20 minutes,” Chiroodza said, according to NewsDay. She added that the assault only ended when visitors arrived. According to Chiroodza’s court application, she was summarily dismissed on May 11, 2017. She also claims that she lost access to a state vehicle without correct procedures being followed. Grace Mugabe is also facing charges in South Africa after an incident in which it is alleged that she assaulted South African model Gabriella Engels at a hotel in Sandton in August 2017. | Low | [
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On June 3, Alex Honnold made history by free-soloing up Yosemite’s El Capitan, taking the Freerider route along the southwest face, following a system of cracks to the summit more than a half-mile above the valley floor. If New York City’s Chrysler Building and Empire State Building were stacked vertically and placed next to El Cap, Freerider would rise above them for another 500 feet. Honnold completed it in just under four hours. So how, exactly, did he do it? One pitch, or rope-lengths (for those who climb with ropes), at a time. The climb has 33 pitches, but we’ve divided those into four sections. Here’s a play-by-play of one of history’s greatest climbs. Section 1: Pitches 1–10 Honnold started up Freerider at 5:32 a.m. From the foot of El Cap, the route rises along a high-angled wall, following one vertical crack to another, both just wide enough for Honnold to wedge his fingers or fists into, depending on the spot. Two hundred and five feet above the ground, the granite bulges out overhead like the overhanging edge of a roof. “Alex was a little worried about that spot when we climbed it together,” says Tommy Caldwell, one of the best big-wall climbers in the world, who roped up with Honnold on Freerider a week before Honnold’s free-solo ascent. “It’s the first insecure move on the route. If Alex slipped there, he wouldn’t have had time to catch himself. He had to be 100 percent.” Honnold traversed right, stepping on a few small edges, trusting his hands on slim cracks, and cleared the edge of the bulge. Beyond the roof, Freerider rises again up a stretch of relatively easy cracks pocked with shallow piton scars. Two hundred and thirty-five feet later, the wall’s angle drops a few degrees, and the crack ends. From there, the route arcs right, then left, across a blank expanse of slick granite for almost 150 feet. “There’s nothing to grab onto once the crack ends,” says Caldwell. “It’s the section Alex was the most stressed about. To get up it, you have to stand up almost straight and just trust the friction of your shoes against little ripples in the granite. If you tense up, it can start a downward spiral: You’ll lean forward because you’re scared, and your feet will skid out from under you.” “The slabs are super insecure — they’re the kind of spot where you couldn’t even allow yourself to sneeze,” says Brad Gobright, a fellow free-solo climber. “One of the toughest parts of free-soloing Freerider would be controlling pretty much every part of yourself for 3,000 feet.” While climbing with a partner in the fall of 2016, Honnold slipped on the upper half of the ramp and twisted his ankle. When he practiced with Caldwell a week before Saturday’s free-solo, they took an alternate route. “He went to the right,” says Caldwell. “There are two or three hard moves, and the rest is easy.” “I got a bit tense and gripped this time, actually,” Honnold told Men’s Journal about crossing this section during his free-solo. “I recognized that I was tightening up, but honestly I was just kinda, like, ‘Whatever,’ and climbed through it. It went totally fine.” Honnold finished the section by climbing left onto a bullet-shaped outcrop known as the “Triangle Ledge” — and discovered a would-be cameraman fast asleep. The ledge ends in a natural corner system that soars 140 feet up the near-vertical wall on a slow, right-arching path as a ceiling of granite intercepts it. The corner then straightens and runs for another hundred feet to another ledge. Freerider then continues up another tall vertical corner to the flat Mammoth Terraces, where most climbers spend their first night, about a thousand feet up the wall. Section 2: Pitches 11–20 From the left edge of the Mammoth Terraces, Honnold climbed 190 feet downward along several cracks to the “Heart Ledges,” each several feet wide. After a short break for food and water, he climbed up and left toward the “Lung Ledge,” 150 feet away, along a new route he’d worked out. “Alex figured out a variation to get to the Lung Ledge about a month before we went up there,” says Caldwell. “He wanted to avoid a slippery foothold, so he found 20 easier moves to get around it.” Safely on the ledge, Honnold scrambled left past a pair of startled climbers — one of them in a pink unicorn onesie, for no apparent reason — and followed a gentle 80-foot rise until it dead-ended at a left-facing corner bulging out of the wall in front of him. Beyond the corner, the Freerider drops almost straight down the wall for 90 near-vertical feet to a ledge cluttered with sharp boulders. Using a thin seam on the other side of the corner is the most common method of descent. “To get into the left crack, you have to ease around the corner and brace your foot against the far wall,” says Pete Whittaker, a renowned crack climber. “It’s a bit of a tricky step, and the down-climb is really the first spot that can tire your arms out.” According to Caldwell, Honnold rehearsed the movement around the corner. “The transition from up to down can always feel a little insecure,” he says. And Honnold had once again prepared a short detour to navigate through a treacherous section of the down-climb. “He did a variation where instead of doing the thinnest moves, he went farther left for part of it.” “I was belaying Alex on that section in 2012, and I felt the rope go tight,” says big-wall climber Mason Earle. “I looked down and asked what happened, and he says ‘I dunno, dude, my foot just slipped.’ That’s a rare moment for him. Alex almost never makes mistakes; when he does, he figures it out.” Once Honnold got down to the talus ledge and turned west, right shoulder to the wall and left shoulder to the drop-off, he’d have been facing a massive slab dubbed the “Hollow Flake” that leans against the wall, separated from the face of El Capitan by a wide gap that narrows as it rises for a hundred feet to a small ledge. Above it, a chimney splits the face for almost the same distance until it tapers into a 150-foot crack. According to Caldwell, those sections probably weren’t much of an obstacle for Honnold. “It was probably the easiest part of the route for him,” he says. “Cruiser.” Finished with the “easy” sections, he climbed left across the “Bermuda Dunes,” instead of splitting to the right, which would have taken him up a left-looping path called the “Ear.” “Honnold went left up the Dunes because, otherwise, he would’ve had to lower himself down a tricky section at the top of the Ear,” says Whittaker. “The Dunes crack is the width of a few fingers in some places, the width of a hand in others.” The crack slowly widened into the “Monster Offwidth,” a 200-foot section where the fracture in the stone is gaping enough that Honnold could’ve fit one of his legs into it and one of his arms, too, up to his shoulder. “The Monster is a spectacularly beautiful spot on the wall,” says Caldwell. “At that point, it’s pretty much vertical, and you’re so high up that it’s gutting to look down. Alex said it felt easy, but the Monster shuts down tons of strong climbers — a lot of people say it’s the hardest section on the route.” “You can’t stop and take in the view during tough free-solos,” says Gobright. “There’s no point where you can accept the vertigo — you have to be in the moment.” Several hundred feet of chimneys and cracks later, Honnold passed the flat top of El Cap Spire, a free-standing pinnacle on top of which most climbers spend their second night. After another steep 130-foot long crack and a short sloping face scramble, he made it onto a ledge, more than 1,500 feet up the wall. Just above him was “The Boulder Problem,” the most treacherous part of the route. Section 3: Pitches 23–25 Smack on the face of El Cap, the Boulder Problem is a difficult sequence across thin handholds, some no wider than a pencil. The wall is nearly vertical. “The Boulder Problem is the single reason nobody had even considered free-soloing Freerider,” says Caldwell. “It took Alex almost a decade to get comfortable on it. Otherwise, he’d probably have free-soloed it in 2009.” To get there, Whittaker suspects that Honnold slotted his fingers into a narrow crack and leaned back, letting his arms take his weight as he worked his feet, then hands, upward, repeating the process for a few dozen feet. A few other quick moves, and he was on a small ledge, just beneath the Boulder Problem. The section spans about 25 feet. Just above the last few moves, Jimmy Chin’s film crew had set up two remote video cameras on tripods to film Honnold. “I was aware of how intense the sequence would be as I approached it, for sure,” says Honnold, “but I executed it perfectly. It’s a distinct set of movements, and I had them wired — left hand, right hand, left hand… I did what I normally do, just without a rope this time.” According to Caldwell, Honnold climbed up into the sequence by pulling on a few tiny edges, the soles of his shoes smeared against small, sloping patches of rock, and grabbing a handhold the size of “a fourth-of-a-finger-pad.” After moving his left foot onto a “sloping, bad left foothold,” and gripping a small protrusion, Honnold “grabbed a hold shaped like a nose, then shuffled his feet across on terrible footholds and grabbed the nose-shaped hold with his cupped right hand, too. The next move is the single toughest of the climb. Honnold had to plant his left foot far out to the side, higher than waist-level, braced against the raised left edge of a crack. “It’s almost like a karate kick,” says Caldwell. From there, he would’ve been able to push himself up and secure a few of his left fingers in a crack. “The Boulder Problem is the kind of series where nothing is ever 100 percent,” says Gobright. “You always have to hit the foot-kick just right on every little grain of rock and shift your weight over perfectly.” Past the boulder problem, the route continues up into the “Sewer,” a steep, left-facing corner that oozes water in the spring. Though relatively easy climbing, slimy rock is a free-soloist’s worst enemy. Honnold climbed through the Sewer, until it arced left overhead. “For those final few feet of the pitch, you have to lie back as you pull yourself up and left,” says Caldwell. Honnold finished those 140 feet and pulled onto “The Block” ledge. From there, the next section was the “Sous le Toit,” 160 feet of “glorious flake climbing,” according to Caldwell. “It’s a long, clean, sweeping line. The exposure there is huge, and it becomes even more beautiful because of it.” “That pitch messes with your head a little bit,” says Whittaker. “It’s quite straightforward, but the holds don’t feel secure.” At the end of that pitch, Honnold was almost exactly half a mile above El Cap Meadow. Just above was the longest, most sustained stretch of climbing on the whole route. Section 4: Pitches 26–33 The Enduro Corners are three sustained pitches of full-body climbing. The route follows the seam of a flaring, left-facing corner almost straight up the wall for 280 feet, then arcs left for an 80-foot traverse to the “Round Table” ledge. True to its name, there are no spots to rest during those 360 feet. “The thing about Enduro is that you have fatigue and fear for such a long time,” says Gobright. “It would be terrifying to solo it.” “If I was going to try and free-solo Freerider tomorrow, that’s the section I’d be most worried about,” says Caldwell. “When I climbed it with Alex recently, I looked down at the ground and tried to imagine myself free-soloing, and was thinking, ‘Oh, my God’…” National Geographic’s video shows Honnold inching his way up, fingers slotted into the seam, pushing himself up the crack with his feet, right leg occasionally lifted wide right for balance or to press down against the face for leverage. “I had been worried about fatigue, so I just practiced it until I was confident there wouldn’t be any problems,” says Honnold. “Soloing those pitches felt amazing, I just cruised up them.” Once at the top of the corner, underneath a looming roof, Honnold had to cross the final 80-foot left traverse across shallow, pocket-shaped handholds, feet smeared against the wall, and stepped onto the Round Table ledge. “Once I got on top of that, I was so psyched that I only rested there for like 30 seconds,” he says, “because I wanted to charge up the last five pitches to the top.” “That section is really steep, but the holds are big and solid, so you can allow yourself to feel heroic,” he explained. “That was the first time I let myself really sense my surroundings, the height, exposure, all that. I imagined myself being on a victory lap, like I was taking an extra lap around a running track or something. I had to still focus and make sure I didn’t slip off, but I just kept thinking, ‘This is so, so awesome, I am cruising, this feels amazing,’ as I climbed.” Earlier that morning, Honnold’s friend Cheyne Lempe had rappelled off the top of El Cap to help Chin film Honnold’s ascent. Only 300 feet beneath the finish, Honnold paused on a small ledge to chat with Lempe. “He said he was stoked that I was there and that it was the best day of climbing ever,” says Lempe. The pair high-fived and Honnold tightened his shoes. A short while later, Honnold raced up the final pitch and stood atop El Capitan. Finished with his hardest free-solo yet, “I spent quite a bit of time on the top just chattering with Jimmy and his film crew, hugging them — getting excited and all that,” Honnold says. “Just hugs all around.” “I’ve spent a lot of time shooting on the wall, and nothing comes close to what I experienced this morning,” Lempe said that evening. “It was terrifying, and one of the most beautiful things I’ve ever seen. I don’t know if I have words for it.” For access to exclusive gear videos, celebrity interviews, and more, subscribe on YouTube! | High | [
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--- abstract: 'We study the problem of learning a generalizable action policy for an intelligent agent to actively approach an object of interest in an indoor environment solely from its visual inputs. While scene-driven or recognition-driven visual navigation has been widely studied, prior efforts suffer severely from the limited generalization capability. In this paper, we first argue the object searching task is environment dependent while the approaching ability is general. To learn a generalizable approaching policy, we present a novel solution dubbed as GAPLE which adopts two channels of visual features: depth and semantic segmentation, as the inputs to the policy learning module. The empirical studies conducted on the House3D dataset as well as on a physical platform in a real world scenario validate our hypothesis, and we further provide in-depth qualitative analysis.' author: - 'Xin Ye$^{1}$, Zhe Lin$^{2}$, Joon-Young Lee$^{2}$, Jianming Zhang$^{2}$, Shibin Zheng$^{1}$ and Yezhou Yang$^{1}$ [^1] [^2]' bibliography: - 'references.bib' - 'manipulation.bib' - 'format.bib' title: '**GAPLE: Generalizable Approaching Policy LEarning for Robotic Object Searching in Indoor Environment** ' --- INTRODUCTION ============ Enabling an autonomous robot to search and retrieve a desired object in an arbitrary indoor environment is always both fascinating and extremely challenging, as it would enable a variety of applications that could improve the quality of human life. For example, being able to navigate and localize objects is one of the basic functions that a robot elderly caregiver should be equipped with. Such technology can also be potentially used to help visually impaired people, thus significantly improving their quality of life. Moreover, self-driving cars with such an object searching capability will be able to approach and pick up their designated customers. Fundamentally, having a robot with vision that finds object is one of the major challenges that remain unsolved. With the current surge of deep reinforcement learning [@mnih2015human; @mnih2013playing; @mnih2016asynchronous], a joint learning method of visual recognition and planning emerges as end-to-end learning [@zhu2017target; @ye2018active]. Specifically, the robot learns an optimal action policy to reach the goal state by maximizing the reward it receives from the environment. Under the “robot that finds objects” setting, the goal state is the location of the target object with a high reward assigned. Several recent work have attempted to fulfill the challenge and achieved certain promising results. [@zhu2017target] adopted a target-driven deep reinforcement learning model to let robot find a specific visual scene. [@ye2018active] also proposed a recognition-guided deep reinforcement learning for robot to find a user-specified target object. Although these deep reinforcement learning models can be trained to navigate a robot to find a target scene or object in an environment, a time-consuming re-training process is needed every time the target or the environment alters. In other words, these systems suffer from an unsatisfiable generalization capability to transfer the previously learned action policy to a brand new target or a novel environment. Such defect extremely limits the applications of these methods in real-world scenarios as it is impractical to conduct the inefficient training process every single time. In this paper, we argue that the limitation is deeply rooted in the task itself. While searching an object is indeed environment and object dependent, approaching an object after seen once should be a general capability. The insight could also be explained while observing human beings searching an object in a house. We first need to explore the house to locate the object once. After the object is captured with one sight, we are able to approach the target object with fairly few back and forth explorations. While the exploration policy varies a lot, the optimal approaching policy is indispensable, and provide a critical last step for a successful object search. Thus approaching policy is a much general capability of human beings, and thus in this paper, we focus on the approaching policy learning. We define an approaching task as the robot is initialized in a state where the target object can be seen, and the goal is to take the minimal number of steps to approach the target object. To tackle the challenge, we put forward a novel approach aiming at learning a generalizable approaching policy. We first treat a deep neural network as the policy approximator to map from visual signals to navigation actions, and adopt the deep reinforcement learning paradigm for model training. The trained model is expected to navigate the robot approaching a new target object in a new environment without any extra training effort. To learn an optimal action policy that can lead to a shortest path to approach the target object, previous methods typically attempts to map visual signal to an optimal action directly, no matter the signal contains clues towards reaching the goal state or not. In such a case, these methods inherently force the policy network to encode the local map information of the environment, which is specific towards a certain scene. Thus, re-training or fine-tuning is needed to update the model parameters while facing a novel target object or a new environment. Rather than learning a mapping from each visual signal directly to a navigation action, which has a much higher chance of encoding environment-dependent features, we present a method that first explicitly learns a general feature representations (scene depth and semantic segmentation map) to capture the task-relevant features solely from the visual signal. The representations serve as the input to the deep reinforcement learning model for training the action policy. To validate our proposed method’s ability to generalize the approaching behavior, empirical experiments are conducted on both simulator (House3D) and in a real-world scenario. We report the experimental results (a sharp increase of the generalization ability over baseline methods) in Section \[sec:exp\]. RELATED WORK ============ [**Target-driven visual navigation.**]{} Among plenty of methods for target-driven visual navigation, those ones with deep reinforcement learning are most relevant, as we will not provide any human guidance or map related information to the learning system. Recently, [@mirowski2016learning] approached the target-driven deep reinforcement learning problem by jointly conducting depth prediction with other classification tasks. [@zhu2017target] proposed a target-driven framework to enable a robot to reach an image-specified target scene. [@ye2018active] introduced a recognition-guided paradigm for robot to find a target object in indoor environments. Both [@das2018embodied] and [@gordon2018iqa] aim to let robot navigate in an indoor environment and collect necessary information to answer a question. Although these methods work well in their designed domain, the generalization ability towards new object and new environment is questionable. More recently, [@ammirato2017dataset; @mousavian2018visual] attempted to benchmark and study a variety of visual representation combinations for target-driven navigation, showed that using the segmentation and detection mask yields a higher generalization ability. [**Generalization in deep reinforcement learning.**]{} While generalization ability is a critical evaluation criteria in deep learning, it is less mentioned in the literature of deep reinforcement learning, where most of work focus on improving the training efficiency and the performance of the trained model in certain specific domains [@mnih2013playing; @mnih2015human; @mnih2016asynchronous; @jaderberg2016reinforcement; @wang2016sample; @ghosh2017divide; @gu2017deep]. The authors of [@dosovitskiy2016learning] proposed to predict the effect of different actions on future measurements, resulting in good generalization ability across environments and targets. However, it is based on the condition of training the model in the complex multi-texture environments. [@pathak2017curiosity] adopted the error in predicting the consequences of robot’s actions as curiosity to encourage robot to explore the environment more efficiently. Yet it still needs a fine-tuning process when deploying the trained policy in a new environment. [@muller2018driving] addressed the driving policy transfer problem by means of modular design and abstraction, but they only studied the problem w.r.t supervised deep leaning methods, without considering the more challenging generalization issue in deep reinforcement policy learning. [**Semantic segmentation and depth prediction.**]{} Semantic segmentation and depth prediction from a single image are two fundamental tasks in computer vision and have been extensively studied. Recently, convolutional neural network and deep learning based methods show dominating performance to both tasks [@liu2009beyond; @couprie2013indoor; @laina2016deeper; @chen2018encoder; @fu2018deep]. Instead of addressing them separately, [@wang2015towards] proposed a unified framework for jointly predicting semantic and depth from a single image. [@eigen2015predicting] also adopted a single neural network to do semantic labeling, depth prediction and surface normal estimation. In work [@jafari2017analyzing], the authors analyzed the cross-modality influences between semantic segmentation and depth prediction and then designed a network architecture to balance the cross-modality influences and achieve improved results. Despite the good performance these methods achieved, multi-step training process is still required, that leads to heavy computational load in learning and using these models. In this paper, we adopt a $DeepLabv3+$ [@chen2018encoder] based model with which we can perform end-to-end training without a performance loss. OUR APPROACH {#sec:approach} ============ Overview -------- ![An overview of our GAPLE system.[]{data-label="fig:overview"}](figures/overview.png){width="\columnwidth"} We define the task as learning a generalizable action policy for a robot to approach a user-specified target object with minimal steps. The target object is specified as its semantic category. The robot’s on-board camera is the only sensor to capture RGB images, which serve as the robot’s observations. The robot starts at the location where the target object can be detected. With the current observation, the robot makes a decision upon which action to take. Afterwards, the robot receives a new observation and it repeats the decision process iteratively until it reaches a close enough location to the target object. Moreover, once the action policy is trained and deployed, the robot is expected to take reasonable number of steps to approach the user-specified target object as soon as the robot sees it, even the target object is from a new category or the environment changes. Fig. \[fig:overview\] shows an overview of our system. Since the action decision depends on the robot’s current observation, the RGB image is the input to the system. Besides, to make the system be flexible to the appearance changes of the target object in the same semantic category, we further include its semantic label as part of the input. To generalize well across various environments, the feature representations from the input image should be also general across all different environments, or so-called environment-independent. Although the deep neural network is well-suited for extracting task-relevant features [@donahue2014decaf], it tends to capture the environment-dependent features. For example, [@zhu2017target] also pointed out that a scene-specific layer is needed to capture the special characteristics like the room layouts. As a result, these models that integrally learns feature representation and navigation policies, can be easily over-fitted towards specific environments. To overcome this challenge, we propose to explicitly learn a more general feature representations. Consider our object approaching task as an example, the robot needs to capture the semantic information from its observation to identify the target object. At the same time, the depth information is crucial for the robot to navigate and avoid collisions. Thus, we adopt a feature representation module that captures both the semantic and the depth information from the input image. We further pipeline the outputs of our feature representation module as the inputs to our proposed navigation policy learning module for action policy training. The following sections introduce the feature representation module and the navigation policy learning module respectively. Semantic Segmentation and Depth Prediction ------------------------------------------ We adopt the $DeepLabv3+$ [@chen2018encoder] based model (as shown in Fig. \[fig:segmentation\]) to jointly predict the semantic segmentation and depth map from a single RGB image. $DeepLabv3+$ employs an encoder-decoder structure, where the encoder utilizes the spatial pyramid pooling to encode multi-scale contextual information. Specifically, it applies multiple filters or pooling operations that with different rates on the feature map computed by other pretrained models, such as ResNet-101 [@he2016deep] and Xception [@chollet2017xception]. That allows the filters or the pooling operations to be able to consider different field-of-views, so that they can capture rich semantic information. During the decoding process, it gradually up-samples the encoder’s output and recovers the spatial information to capture the sharp object boundaries, which leads to better semantic segmentation results. We refer interested readers to [@chen2018encoder] for more details. ![An illustration of the adopted model based on $DeepLabv3+$ [@chen2018encoder] to predict semantic segmentation and depth map from a single RGB image.[]{data-label="fig:segmentation"}](figures/segmentation.png){width="\columnwidth"} For generating the depth map at the same time, we spawn another decoder branch. The motivation is that the depth information and semantic segmentation are correlated. Either one can be used as a guidance to help predicting the other one according to [@couprie2013indoor; @liu2009beyond]. Thus it is benefiting to jointly predict both of them [@wang2015towards; @eigen2015predicting]. Here, we adopt the exactly same architecture as the one for semantic segmentation except for the output layer. Rather than a classification layer that outputs labels for each corresponding pixel, we utilize a regression layer instead to predict depth value for each pixel. $$\small \label{eq:loss} \begin{aligned} \mathbf{L} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i}^{N}{(-\mathbf{p_i}^*log(\mathbf{p_i}))} +\lambda \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i}^{N}{\Vert d_i-d_i^*\Vert_2^2} \end{aligned}$$ Specifically, our system adopts the Xception-$65$ model [@chollet2017xception] pretrained on ImageNet [@russakovsky2015imagenet] as initialization. We then define the loss function (Eq. \[eq:loss\]) to train our model in an end-to-end manner. The first term is the cross entropy loss for semantic segmentation. $\mathbf{p_i}^*$ is the one-hot encoded ground-truth semantic label for pixel $i$. $\mathbf{p_i}$ is the corresponding predicted probabilities over all possible semantic labels. The second term is the mean-square error for depth prediction, where $d_i^*$ denotes the ground truth depth value for pixel $i$ and $d_i$ represents the corresponding predicted depth value. $N$ denotes the total number of pixels in the image and $\lambda$ denotes a balancing factor. In practice, $\lambda = 0.01$ achieves good performance empirically and we train our model by minimizing the loss function through the stochastic gradient decent (SGD) optimization. Approaching Policy Learning {#sec:drl} --------------------------- With the semantic segmentation and the depth information computed as the representations of the robot’s current observation, the robot is expected to make a decision of which action to take to approach the target object. Consider the challenge that the overall [**state space**]{} for robot is unknown and each state is of high dimension, we apply the deep reinforcement learning method. First, we design a deep neural network as an estimator of the policy function. The [**policy network**]{} takes both semantic segmentation and depth information as inputs and outputs a probability distribution over all [**valid actions**]{} (also known as action policy) . The robot picks a valid action either randomly or follows the distribution predicted by the policy network. After performing the action, the robot receives a [**reward signal**]{} as a measurement of how beneficial the performed action is towards the goal. This one-step reward (or likewise the accumulated rewards after taking multiple steps) serves as the weight factor of taking the performed action as the ground truth action for training. We further introduce each part of our setting in details here. [**State space:**]{} Since we assume that the RGB image captured by robot’s camera is the only source of information, and both of the robot’s position and the target object’s location are unknown, the robot’s state can only be represented by the captured RGB image as well as the semantic label of the target object. As mentioned before, we represent the RGB image using semantic segmentation and depth map, and the semantic segmentation together with the semantic label of the target object can be further encoded as an attention mask. Afterwards, the attention mask and the depth map together represent the robot’s state (see left side of Fig. \[fig:drl\]). In addition, the size of the attention field also encodes how close the robot to the target object. Thus, we set a threshold and set the [**goal states**]{} as those with an attention field larger than the threshold. In practice, we set it as the size of fifth largest attention field among all ground truth attention masks to yield five goal states. All the possible states form the state space. [**Action space:**]{} To constrain the number of possible states, we only consider discrete actions. Without loss of generality, we consider some basic actions for the navigation purpose, namely “move forward”, “backward”, “left or right with a fixed distance”, “rotate left or right with a constant angle”. In our experiments, we define a fixed distance as $0.2$ meters and a constant angle as $90$ degrees. [**Reward function:**]{} We adopt the reward function designed by [@ye2018active] to avoid getting stuck in certain suboptimal states. We define the reward as the size of the attention field if and only if the attention field is larger than all previous ones the robot has observed. Otherwise, the reward is set to be zero. Formally, let $a_t$ be the size of the attention field the robot observes at time step $t$, the reward at this time step $r_t = a_t$ if and only if $a_t>a_{t-1},a_{t-2}...,a_0$, otherwise $r_t = 0$. As a result, the discounted cumulative reward for one episode will be $\gamma^{i_1}a_{i_1}+\gamma^{i_2}a_{i_2}+...+\gamma^{i_t}a_{i_t}$, where $\gamma$ is the discount factor for time penalty and $a_{i_1} < a_{i_2} < ... < a_{i_t} (i_1 < i_2 < ... <i_t)$. [**Policy network:**]{} Fig. \[fig:drl\] illustrates the overall policy learning architecture. The learning module takes the semantic segmentation and depth map as inputs. The semantic segmentation is then used to create an attention mask with the semantic label of the target object. We further resize both the attention mask and the depth map to the size of $10$ by $10$, and then concatenate them into a joint vector before attaching a fully connected layer to generate an embedding fusion. The embedding fusion is then feed into two separate branches, each of which consists of two additional fully connected layers to predict action policy and the state value respectively, where the state value is defined as the expected cumulative reward the robot would receive at the current state. ![The architecture of our deep reinforcement learning model for action policy training.[]{data-label="fig:drl"}](figures/drl.png){width="\columnwidth"} We follow the training protocol from [@zhu2017target]. It trains the model by running multiple threads in parallel and each thread updates the weights of the global shared network asynchronously. However, rather than assigning each thread a specific environment-target pair, we adopt a scheduler with a work stealing manner ([@chen2007scheduling]) in order to train all environment-target pairs equally, in case of certain environment-target pairs are much easier to train. EXPERIMENTS {#sec:exp} =========== Dataset ------- To train our model and test its generalization ability across different target objects and environments, we need a data efficient platform that has a diverse set of objects and environment types. Here, we adopt the publicly available simulation platform House3D [@wu2018building], a renderer that builds on SUNCG dataset [@song2013predicting]. Because House3D consists of rich 3D indoor environments for a virtual robot to interact with. During the interaction, the robot has access to the first-person view RGB images, as well as the corresponding ground truth semantic segmentations and depth maps, which makes it well suited to the feature representation learning task and the approaching policy learning task. Fig. \[fig:simu\_data\] (a) depicts an example data. -- -- -- -- We constrain the robot to perform discrete actions in these virtual environments, i.e. moving $0.2$ meters or rotating $90$ degrees every time. It also discretizes the environment into a set of reachable locations. We select a total of $248$ simulated environments that are suitable for testing. Additionally, to avoid ambiguity, we select the objects that only have one instance in an environment as the target objects for robot to approach. Fig. \[fig:simu\_data\] (b) lists example target objects used. Semantic Segmentation and Depth Prediction ------------------------------------------ In order to train our feature representation module for semantic segmentation and depth prediction, we collect RGB images, as well as their corresponding ground truth captured at all discrete locations from $100$ environments. We further delete the images that has over $80$% background and randomly sample a total of $55,697$ images for training. For semantic segmentation, $77$ semantic labels are of our interest, with all the remaining ones being classified as “background”. We take the popularly used metrics, a.k.a. mean Intersection Over Union (mean IOU) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to report the performance of our trained models in doing semantic segmentation and depth prediction respectively. Our model achieves $0.436$ in mean IOU for semantic segmentation on validation dataset, and $0.0003$ normalized RMSE for depth prediction. Fig. \[fig:seg\_depth\_results\] shows several qualitative results. ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- {width="0.35\columnwidth"} {width="0.35\columnwidth"} {width="0.35\columnwidth"} {width="0.35\columnwidth"} {width="0.35\columnwidth"} RGB Image Pred. Depth GT Depth Pred. Seg. GT Seg. ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Approaching Policy Learning {#approaching-policy-learning} --------------------------- To demonstrate the generalization ability of our proposed method across both target objects and environments, we compare our method with the following baselines and variants. Again, the map of the environment is unknown to all methods, except when calculating the minimal steps that robot needs to take to approach the target object. [**a)**]{} Random method. At each state, the robot randomly choose an action to perform. Since the map is unknown, the action might yield collision. In that case, the robot will simply stuck in the current state. The random method provides a performance lower-limit, which could calibrate how “intelligent” the other trained models are. [**b)**]{} Method from [@ye2018active]. It takes the output from the $res4f$ layer of ResNet-50 network that pretrained on ImageNet as the feature representation from both the target object and the robot’s current observation. The two channels of feature representations, as well as a binary attention mask that is generated using an object recognition module form the inputs to the deep reinforcement learning model. Here, we first use the ground truth attention mask to remove the influence from the noisy object recognition module. Then we test the method with the attention mask generated from our predicted semantic segmentation. Moreover, we adopt a single scene-specific branch for all the target objects and environments. [**c)**]{} Our method with ground truth semantic segmentation and depth map. We take the ground truth semantic segmentation and depth map as the inputs to our deep reinforcement learning model as described in Sec. \[sec:drl\], for the purpose of testing the performance upper-limit. [**d)**]{} Our method with ground truth semantic segmentation and predicted depth map. This method is used to compare with the method b) as they both adopt ground truth semantic info to generate noise-free attention mask. [**e)**]{} Our proposed method described in Sec. \[sec:approach\] that takes only an RGB image and the semantic label of the target object as the inputs, and outputs navigation actions. We train and evaluate all the methods under two settings for object-wise generalization and environment-wise generalization respectively. [**Setting 1):**]{} training on $6$ different target objects in $1$ environment. The models trained on this setting are then used to evaluate their generalization abilities across target objects. To be specific, during the testing, we use the trained models to approach $5$ unseen target objects in the same environment and report their performances respectively. [**Setting 2):**]{} training on a total of $24$ target objects in $4$ different environments ($6$ each). We then test the trained models’ performances in approaching another $24$ target objects in $4$ novel and unseen environments. For both settings, the robot always starts at the position where the target object can be detected for both the training and the testing phases. To conduct fair comparisons, for each testing environment-object pair, we randomly select $100$ starting positions. The robot stops either it reaches close enough to the target object (a successful case) or it reaches $1000$ steps (a failure case). We take two metrics to compare these methods, namely the success rate in terms of how many steps (relative to the minimal steps) are taken, and the average steps over the successful cases. Generally speaking, a higher success rate or a smaller number of average steps indicates a better approaching performance. --------------------------------------------- {width="100.00000%"} {width="100.00000%"} --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- s$1$ s$2$ s$1$ s$2$ s$1$ s$2$ s$1$ s$2$ s$1$ s$2$ Random method a) 0.50% -1.70% -0.20% -2.80% 1.00% -3.30% -0.10% -3.80% 0.10% -5.00% Method b) (gt. inputs) 25.20% 1.00% 50.00% 5.60% 51.80% 9.20% 47.10% 9.70% 44.80% 9.80% Our method c) (gt. inputs) 30.70% 1.10% 33.60% 2.40% 33.10% 2.10% 28.10% 1.30% 23.10% 1.30% Our method d) (gt. seg. + pred. depth) 20.90% 0.10% 21.90% 2.90% 17.60% 1.2% 16.70% 0.90% 16.80% 1.40% Method b) (pred. inputs) 24.00% 1.00% 28.40% 0.50% 25.90% 3.70% 26.30% 3.80% 21.70% 7.30% Our method e) (pred. inputs) 19.4% -0.50% 23.20% 2.00% 5.50% 2.00% 4.40% 1.90% 0.60% 2.40% ---------------------------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ----------------- -------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- trained obj. new obj. trained env. new env. minimal 3.88 3.89 2.58 2.06 Random a) 213.71 202.15 166.62 109.85 Method b) gt. 5.88 7.85 4.34 3.64 Method b) pred. 4.70 5.82 6.15 5.94 Our method c) 5.85 13.99 6.14 5.14 Our method d) 8.45 13.43 7.96 5.96 Our method e) 10.31 16.44 3.77 4.22 ----------------- -------------- ---------- -------------- ---------- : Average number of steps taken by all methods on two settings.[]{data-label="tbl:avgsteps"} We trained each of these models with an Nvidia V100 (6 cards with 16g memory each) machine. For setting $1$, each model’s training takes about $20$ hours. For setting $2$, the training takes about $40$ hours to converge. Fig. \[fig:successrate\], Table \[tbl:success\_rate\] and Table \[tbl:avgsteps\] report the achieved success rate, success rate drop from trained objects/environments to new objects/environments, and average steps of all methods on the two settings respectively. From Fig. \[fig:successrate\] and Table \[tbl:success\_rate\], the results indicate a clear generalization capability improvement of our method d) comparing with the method b) that both take ground truth attention mask, and our method e) with the method b) that both take predicted attention mask. At the same time, the results align well with our expectation that our method with the predicted semantic segmentation (method e)) performs worse than the method d), which also happens for method b). The reason is due to the recognition errors introduced from the predicted semantic segmentation that distracts the robot from approaching the target object. More specifically, the reward generated upon the area of the target object is not consistent due to the noisy detection. Moreover, the area of the robot’s attention (focusing on the target object) also needs to encode the goal states. With the noisy predicted semantic labels, the robot has a high likelihood to get stuck while it struggles to identify the correct goal states. Table \[tbl:avgsteps\] reports the average number of steps taken among all successful trails. With the success rate reported in Fig. \[fig:successrate\], it also matches our expectation that the average number of steps from our methods are generally larger than the method b). Here, the larger number of steps means that our methods also succeed in approaching the target object which needs larger number of steps, while the method b) fails these cases and they don’t contribute to the average number of steps. Real World Experiment --------------------- We adopt our method (method d)) in a real world scenario (on a public dataset from [@ye2018active]). Without further fine-tuning the trained model, our trained model can still guide the robot to approach the target object. For this real world experiment, we use the trained model from [@laina2016deeper] to predict depth map and the ground truth bounding box to generate the attention mask. Fig. \[fig:trajectory\] shows an example of how the robot approaches the target object, which is a “whiteboard”. ![An example of the mobile robot approaches the target object “whiteboard” using the method (d)). Upper view: RGB input; Lower view: Depth map generated. []{data-label="fig:trajectory"}](figures/trajectory.png){width="0.8\columnwidth"} Analysis and Discussion ----------------------- To better understand why our proposed method achieves better generalization ability, we further conduct analysis from the feature representation perspective. Generally speaking, the goal of the deep reinforcement learning is to learn a policy model $\pi$ that maps a state $s$ to the most “beneficial” action $a$ (or an action distribution from which the most “beneficial” action can be drawn with a high probability), i.e. to let $\pi(s) = a$. This most “beneficial” action $a$, unlike the ground truth label in a general supervised learning problem, is acquired by the intelligent agent’s trail and error interactions with the environment. For our object approaching task, the most “beneficial” action $a$ essentially depends on the local map between the current location and the goal location. In order to let $\pi(s) = a$, if the input $s$ doesn’t provide any map information directly (such as the setting from [@ye2018active]), then the model $\pi$ has to capture such information from the input $s$ through learning. To avoid the over-fitting problem, it is necessary to train the model $\pi$ on a large enough and diverse enough training data where the underlying distribution of the relations between the state $s$ and the map information can be captured. Though it is a straightforward, the well-known sample-inefficient issue lingering in the paradigm of deep reinforcement learning makes it fairly impracticable. In this work, we first adopt a feature representation model $f$ to learn the semantic segmentation and depth map from the input state $s$, then we take the semantic segmentation and the depth map as the inputs to the policy model $\pi$. In other words, we aim to let $\pi(f(s)) = a$. Here, we hypothesize that the depth map as an input to the policy network $\pi$ encodes the local map well already. In such a way, the policy model $\pi$ is not the only source for capturing the local map information well. At the same time, the feature representation model $f$ directly learns the depth map from the state $s$ in a supervised manner, which is much more sample efficient. For further validation, we examine the relationship between the distance in physical space and the one in the feature space. For each pair of the locations in an environment, we calculate their Manhattan distance in terms of steps as the physical distance. We adopt $L_1$ distance between the normalized feature maps of the images taken at the two locations with the same orientation as the feature distance. Fig. \[fig:compare\] shows the relations between the physical distance and the distance in both depth feature space and ResNet-50 feature space. From Fig. \[fig:compare\], it shows that within a small range of physical distances ($1$ to $9$ steps), the distance in depth feature space increases notably along the increment of the physical distance. While the physical distance is out of this range (over $9$ steps), the feature distance shows minor changes. This observation suggests that depth feature captures the differences between different locations within a small region, which aligns well with our assumption. On the other hand, the distance in ResNet-50 feature space grows almost independently w.r.t. the growing of the physical distance. We speculate that this observation provides the actual reason why methods (such as [@ye2018active]) fails to generalize well. ![Pair-wise feature distances w.r.t. physical distances.[]{data-label="fig:compare"}](figures/compare.png){width="0.8\columnwidth"} CONCLUSION ========== This paper presents a novel approaching policy training paradigm dubbed as GAPLE, through explicit depth estimation and semantic segmentation. Empirical studies on the House3D platform and a real physical experiment on a mobile robot validate that the new framework is able to yield a significantly higher generalization capability towards new target objects and novel environments, indicating a promising pathway for future research on achieving generalizable object searching policy on mobile robots. [^1]: $^{1}$ X. Ye, S. Zheng and Y. Yang are with the Active Perception Group at the School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, Email: [{xinye1, szheng31, yz.yang}@asu.edu]{} [^2]: $^{2}$ Z. Lin, J. Lee and J. Zhang are with Adobe Systems, Inc. San Jose, CA, USA, Email: [{zlin, jolee, jianmzha}@adobe.com]{} | High | [
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Roh Island Illias Halfhand Description: Bio: Illias Halfhand is the leader of the Black Shadows, a rebel group within the Black Forest on the North-East area of Roh. Approaching middle age, he is now pushing forward with plans to overthrow the current Monarch, King Aren “Roh” Redhand. He has built up a solid base within the Forest and area surrounding Port Arian from where he plans to launch his campaign. | Mid | [
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Q: PhoneGap: how skip inAppBrowser to open an url with Safari I have a Phonegap app on iOS and I use the InAppBrowser plugin to navigate some url. Now in a specific case, I need to open full safari browser, but the plugin of course open the embedded one. Anyone knows how to let an app to open either the embedded browser or the "full" Safari? Thanks in advance -Claudio A: Try this::: $('#btnVetResources').click(function( event ) { var myURL = encodeURI('https://www.google.co.in'); window.open(myURL, '_system'); }); | High | [
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A Bob Brown-led convoy to stop Adani's Bowen Basin mine has been greeted by hundreds of counter-protesters as it rolled into the coal-rich Queensland region. The convoy of about 400 mine opponents reached the mining town of Clermont on Saturday afternoon after politicians Matt Canavan, Clive Palmer, Pauline Hanson and Malcolm Roberts arrived earlier to support the coal industry. Police in Clermont redirected the convoy so it wouldn’t go down the main street but locals followed, determined to have their say. “Go home” was the message. @SBSNews pic.twitter.com/3FuHTKqdio — Hannah Sinclair (@HanSinclair) April 27, 2019 Locals in Clermont say anti-Adani protesters are coming to the wrong town. Bob Brown’s convoy is a few hours away @SBSNews pic.twitter.com/9jCf1NLOpL — Hannah Sinclair (@HanSinclair) April 27, 2019 Residents lined the main street and jeered as the convoy, comprising around 200 cars, arrived. Mr Brown, the former Australian Greens leader, has urged coal advocates to "use your God-given intelligence" to stop the "worsening climate emergency due to the burning of fossil fuels". "It's a complete fabrication that people in central Queensland aren't worried about this mine," he told AAP ahead of his arrival. "We should all be committed to putting the aggression to one side and talking about the issues, the key issue being the future of our children." Clive Palmer and Pauline Hanson are here in Clermont supporting Adani. Doorstop soon. @SBSNews pic.twitter.com/kFojPbsmUL — Hannah Sinclair (@HanSinclair) April 27, 2019 Local publican Kel Applegate organised the rally in support of the Adani project, saying visitors would also struggle to find a beer after Clermont's three pubs agreed not to serve them. "It's nothing personal but (the anti-Adani activists) are hypocrites," Mr Applegate told AAP. Read More Adani mine stymies battle for Queensland's marginal seats "How do they think steel gets made, or their electric trains run? It doesn't come from solar panels or wind farms." Mr Brown said his "law-abiding and peaceful" convoy would be confronted by a "gaggle" of right-wing politicians as part of the "festival of democracy", but his message would otherwise be welcomed. "I was braced for a hostile reception in Mackay and it turned out it was mega- friendly," he said. He reiterated a claim a disabled member of his convoy had been "punched" in a display of "alcohol-infused thuggery by some pro-Adani people." 0:00 20 April: More than 800 cars have signed up to be a part of the Adani convoy 00:00 / 00:00 Share Share on Twitter Share on Facebook State shadow mining minister Dale Last, also in Clermont, said residents were "very angry that this group's coming out here to tell them what they should and shouldn't be doing." "I think these protesters will be left in no doubt they've walked into a hornet's nest in this country," he said. "They're going to get a very, very hostile reception, I can assure you of that." | Low | [
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Q: Python yield vs Ruby yield In Ruby, the yield keyword is used to yield to closures for blocks of execution. How does this keyword differ in the Python language? A: In ruby, yield is a shortcut that is used to call an anonymous function. Ruby has a special syntax for passing an anonymous function to a method; the syntax is known as a block. Because the function has no name, you use the name yield to call the function: def do_stuff(val) puts "Started executing do_stuff" yield(val+3) yield(val+4) puts "Finshed executing do_stuff" end do_stuff(10) {|x| puts x+3} #<= This is a block, which is an anonymous function #that is passed as an additional argument to the #method do_stuff --output:-- Started executing do_stuff 16 17 Finshed executing do_stuff In python, when you see yield inside a function definition, that means that the function is a generator. A generator is a special type of function that can be stopped mid execution and restarted. Here's an example: def do_stuff(val): print("Started execution of do_stuff()") yield val + 3 print("Line after 'yield val + 3'") yield val + 4 print("Line after 'yield val + 4'") print("Finished executing do_stuff()") my_gen = do_stuff(10) val = next(my_gen) print("--received {} from generator".format(val)) output: Started execution of do_stuff() --received 13 from generator More code: val = next(my_gen) print("--received {} from generator".format(val)) output: Line after 'yield val + 3' --received 14 from generator From the output, you can see that yield causes a result to be returned; then execution is immediately halted. When you call next() again on the generator, execution continues until the next yield statement is encountered, which returns a value, then execution halts again. | High | [
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Home appliance chain Five Star National Summer Games warm to the appliance. Five Star Appliance Summer Games since the opening by Hang Area consumers. Last weekend, the author of "Five Star" Marketplace Went with her parents to see a dozen children Five Star Shopping attending "Five Star" Organization The skipping game, lively exception. Several parents said the five-star organization of such activities very good, household appliances sports, diving prices, not only cheaper, but children playing here very happy. There racket skipping gifts. Parents generally behave more enjoyable. Disclose the relevant five-star staff: Five Star Appliance Games will last one month summer. LCD TV Play classic sports games?? "Star? Changhong Flat Cup" sports competition game this weekend hypermarkets in five languages and three road opened, the winner will have a wonderful competitive award waiting for you to take. Upcoming five-star shopping mall which opened in Xiaoshan Five Star has to Sell Growth rate of short-listed home appliance chain ranked No. 1 strength, the Chinese home appliance chain enterprises among the top 12. Five Star 2005 is the expansion of the implementation of the national chain of Five Star currently in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in the region lead. As a starting point, this year to Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangxi, Henan, Sichuan and other provinces to expand. In Zhejiang, the number of stores to five-star end of the year will reach more than 20. At present, the five-star Xiaoshan supermarkets will soon be unveiled. The store location, followed the usual five-star boutique store Zhejiang style. Predictably, the five-star Xiaoshan store opening in turn to the local market, local consumers, a no small shock. | Low | [
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Ashley Parham died in 2009 after her airbag exploded in her Honda Accord. Motoring Airbag death so horrific ‘we thought she’d been shot’ by Benedict Brook 28th Feb 2018 3:55 PM IF YOU want a reason to return your car as part of the massive 2.3 million vehicle recall, look no further than 18-year-old student Ashley Parham. She wasn't even driving fast when she died in 2009, just days after her high school graduation. Ms Parham is likely the first victim of the deadly malfunctioning airbags made by Japanese manufacturer Takata. A former student, community volunteer and cheerleader at an Oklahoma high school, Ms Parham was on her way to pick up her brother from football practice on May 27 of that year in her 2001 Honda Accord. She was wearing a seatbelt and wasn't speeding as she drove around the car park looking for a space, according to local TV station News 9. She bumped another car, a relatively minor prang, but nonetheless the airbag in the steering wheel inflated. As it did so, it threw metal pieces at such tremendous force towards Ms Parham that one hit the teen's neck slicing open her carotid artery. She bled to death in her seat. Ashley Parham died in 2009 after her airbag exploded in her Honda Accord. Local Police Chief Brandon Clabes told Reuters her injuries were so catastrophic that doctors who treated Ms Parham initially "thought she might have been shot", . Mr Clabes said the car park ding "was just a minor traffic accident ... that most people just walk away from with no injuries at all." In the nine years since, a further 22 people have died and 230 have been injured in incidents linked to the Takata airbags. When Ms Parham died, affected Hondas were already being recalled but her model would only be added to the list following her death. A deployed airbag seen in a 2001 Honda Accord. Picture: Joe Raedle/Getty Images The Federal Government has announced a recall of millions of cars fitted with the airbags, including those made by Ford, Holden and Volkswagen, who will be forced to replace the bags free of charge. "There were no windows broken ... that would cause sharp glass to penetrate a human's body. Therefore, the force of the crash was not significant enough to cause great bodily harm to any occupant in both vehicles." It looked like Ms Tran had been stabbed, reported the New York Times. Initially, police looked into why someone might murder the Vietnamese immigrant, who never regained consciousness and later died. It was only when, a week later, a letter from Honda came through the post asking Ms Tran to get her car's airbags fixed that police realised that was the cause. In July 2017, the list of Takata tragedies, which had hit the US and Malaysia, finally hit Australian shores. A police investigation found that his death was "likely due to a fault in the airbag." A 2017 voluntary recall of Australian cars fitted with airbag was a damp squib with a million potentially deadly vehicles still on the road. In 2015, US Senator Bill Nelson points to the injury on a victim who was hit by shrapnel when a car's Takata airbag inflated. Picture: AP Photo/Susan Walsh "The previous voluntary recall has not been satisfactory overall and it's the safety of all Australians which is the first priority of this government," Assistant Minister to the Treasurer Michael Sukkar said on Wednesday. The Government said 25 car types were affected from state of the art Teslas to luxury BMWs and runabout Skodas. Takata, the company behind the airbags, started off as a seat belt manufacturer before moving into the bags in the 1980s. It then started work on manufacturing the intricate and high explosive devices that inflated the bags within a thousandth of a second, should there be a crash. According to Honda, and reported by Reuters, there were question marks about quality control at Takata and how it was storing chemicals used in the airbags as far back as 2002. An "unusual airbag deployment" occurred in 2004, the car maker said. A Takata airbag inflates after it was removed during a US recall in May 2015. Picture: EPA/Jeff Kowalsky Long term exposure to moisture and temperature fluctuations could degrade the chemical propellant used to deploy the airbags. The propellant in Takata devices was made from ammonium nitrate, a volatile explosive often used in mining. Another agent could stabilise the propellant but this was not fitted to their airbag systems. Those without the added chemical were prone to inflate with such force that a metal canister in the device could be shredded, scooped up and ejected in the process. Those injured have reported fragments in the neck, chest and eyes. | Mid | [
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All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Introduction {#sec001} ============ A wide range of daily life activities cause major problems for blind and visually impaired persons (VIPs), including wayfinding in unfamiliar surroundings, detecting objects and persons, and recognition of faces and facial expressions \[[@pone.0194737.ref001]--[@pone.0194737.ref004]\]. One such activity is face-to-face interaction: When they take place between two sighted people (SPs), much information is exchanged nonverbally via body posture, gestures, interpersonal proximity and facial expressions. For example, facial expressions are believed to be closely related to one's emotions and provide information about the message one is trying to convey \[[@pone.0194737.ref005]\]. Because of their inability to fully access nonverbal information, VIPs who lost vision early in life can experience adverse effects on their social development, ultimately impacting their social inclusion as adults \[[@pone.0194737.ref003],[@pone.0194737.ref006]--[@pone.0194737.ref008]\]. Despite demand from the VIP community \[[@pone.0194737.ref001],[@pone.0194737.ref002]\], to our knowledge, there are only few assistive technologies available that attempt to support VIPs in accessing nonverbal communication in real time during social interactions. In the absence of the ability to see, the human brain can learn to process information normally acquired through vision by using other senses, such as the auditory or haptic systems \[[@pone.0194737.ref009],[@pone.0194737.ref010]\]. For VIPs, this means that information such as color, written information, nonverbal cues, or landmarks, can be obtained through auditory or haptic cues. The most well-known example is Braille, which is widely used amongst VIPs to interpret written information \[[@pone.0194737.ref009]\]. A study in the late 1960's showed that it was possible to convey visual information to VIPs using a haptic display built into the back of a chair, a so-called sensory substitution device (SSD) \[[@pone.0194737.ref011]\]. This system, which translated visual information directly to haptic patterns, enabled VIPs (after extensive training) to pick up objects. More recently, several other SSDs were presented that use audio or tactile tongue displays to convey visual information through another sense \[[@pone.0194737.ref012]--[@pone.0194737.ref016]\]. However, in the case of conveying information during social interactions, the use of audio or a tactile tongue displays seem unsuited, for these concepts interfere with hearing and speech, which needs to be avoided during social interactions. When it comes to conveying social information, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to convey spatial information (such as the location of and distance to other persons), walking directions, person identity, and social cues to VIPs through a vibrotactile belt, using variations in vibration location, frequency, and intensity \[[@pone.0194737.ref017]--[@pone.0194737.ref022]\]. Various studies have presented a tactile grid in the back of a chair to convey facial expressions (amongst others the Haptic Face Display (HFD) \[[@pone.0194737.ref008],[@pone.0194737.ref023],[@pone.0194737.ref024]\]). While the HFD conveyed information with a high level of detail (the device used 48 tactors to display 15 vibration patterns), it was not mobile, as it required users to sit in the chair for it to be effective \[[@pone.0194737.ref008],[@pone.0194737.ref023]\]. Furthermore, a vibrotactile glove was developed to convey Ekman's facial expressions of emotions plus neutral expressions through seven different vibrotactile patterns displayed on 14 tactors mounted on the back of the fingers \[[@pone.0194737.ref025]\]. In each of these studies, participants were quickly able to learn and interpret complex vibrotactile patterns conveyed. However, both studies focused on methods to convey information about facial expressions, but did not present a fully functional system that is capable of recognizing facial expressions and conveying these to its users in real time. In this paper, a wearable SSD designed to support VIPs in determining the facial expressions of other persons is presented. The SSD classifies facial expressions into emotions, which are then conveyed using vibrotactile stimuli provided by a belt worn on the waist underneath clothing. Through user evaluations by VIPs and SPs, we sought to determine whether such a device could improve one's ability to determine the facial expressions of others and whether such as device is desired for use by VIPs. Materials and method {#sec002} ==================== Participants {#sec003} ------------ Medio 2016, VIPs who had participated in earlier studies, and lived at a reasonable distance from the University of Twente were approached to participate in the study. Ultimately, twenty participants were included in the study including 10 VIPs and 10 SPs (see [Table 1](#pone.0194737.t001){ref-type="table"} for an overview of the participant characteristics). To maximize the number of potential users, we choose to include a group of VIPs (age: 38.8, SD: 14.4, range = 18--58) with a wide range of visual impairments who reported difficulties recognizing facial expressions and consisted of both early and late blind persons. As a control, the SPs (age: 44.5, SD: 19.6, range = 20--68) were each gender and age matched to one of the VIPs, creating two groups with reasonably similar compositions. Exclusion criteria included other cognitive or sensory impairments besides visual loss. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Twente and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Data acquired from the study were only used after obtaining oral informed consent from the participant. Participants were told they could quit participation at any moment, without having to provide a reason for doing so. There were no drop-outs after informed consent was obtained. 10.1371/journal.pone.0194737.t001 ###### Overview of the VIP participant characteristics. {#pone.0194737.t001g} Visually impaired group ------------------------- ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- Male 27 Fully blind Late blind Female 18 Fully blind Early blind Male 58 Light perception Congenitally blind Female 23 Central vision loss: Stargardt Disease (macular degeneration) Late blind Female 44 Left eye: Light perception; Right eye: Tunnel vision Late blind Male 58 Blurred vision, Severe near-sightedness Late blind Female 50 Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy Congenitally blind Male 27 Peripheral tunnel vision Early blind Female 43 Left eye: Blurred vision; Right eye: Light perception, Glaucoma Congenitally blind Female 40 Light perception, Retinitis Pigmentosa Early blind Apparatus {#sec004} --------- The SSD used in the study is shown in [Fig 1](#pone.0194737.g001){ref-type="fig"}. The various components of the device were controlled and linked via custom software on a Microsoft Surface Pro 4 tablet (6th Gen 2.2-GHz Intel Core i7-6650U processor with Intel Iris graphics 540, Windows 10 operating system). Users wore a Logitech HD Pro Webcam C920 mounted on a baseball-cap to record images in the gaze direction. The detection of faces and facial expression recognition from this live video stream was achieved using FaceReader 6™ (Vicar Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). This software uses a robust real-time face detection algorithm to detect a face from the video stream \[[@pone.0194737.ref026]\] and an artificial deep neural network that can classify facial expressions into one of six basic emotions (anger, disgust, joy, fear, surprise, sadness) as well as a neutral facial expression \[[@pone.0194737.ref005],[@pone.0194737.ref027]\]. {#pone.0194737.g001} The detected facial expressions were conveyed to the user by a series of vibrating motors (tactors) which were connected to the tablet via a Bluetooth connection. These tactors (3V pancake direct current unbalanced motors with a maximum rotational speed of 150 cycles/s and maximum vibration strength of 158.3 ± 2.4 Hz), were attached to a fabric belt with Velcro worn around the waist (Science Suit, Elitac, Utrecht, The Netherlands). The waist was chosen as it is not often used for social interactions, unlike for example the hands. Furthermore, the waist provides sufficient space to place multiple tactors (sized 34 x 16 x 11mm) at the spatial distance required to ensure that people could easily distinguish vibrations from different tactors \[[@pone.0194737.ref028],[@pone.0194737.ref029]\]. Vibrotactile signals on the torso can be distinguished with an acuity of 2 to 3 cm \[[@pone.0194737.ref030]\]; an even lower acuity can be achieved on the back near the spine, where it is likely that distances lower 1.3 cm are distinguishable \[[@pone.0194737.ref031]\]. The six tactors used in the current study were placed at least 4 cm apart, meaning the minimal distinguishable distances were amply complied with. Each tactor was coupled to one of six basic emotions \[[@pone.0194737.ref005]\]. More positive emotions were positioned toward the front whereas negative emotions were positioned toward the back (see [Fig 1](#pone.0194737.g001){ref-type="fig"} for tactor placement) in line with expressions of emotions ("butterflies in the stomach" or "stabbed in the back/talking behind one's back" \[[@pone.0194737.ref032]\]). The one to one association of each tactor to an emotion was purposely chosen to make the task of learning and interpreting the vibrations very easy for VIPs. As the ultimate goal was for VIPs to use such a system in daily life situations during which they may face other sensory information and/or use other assistive devices that require their attention, the system was designed to avoid unnecessary sensory and cognitive overload in real-life situations. Upon detection of a face, the user was alerted with two 150ms vibrations on all tactors with a 50ms break in between. After another 200ms, the tactor associated with the recognized facial expression vibrated so long as the expression held. This feedback was only provided if the facial expression detected deviated from the neutral expression. A long 300ms vibration on all tactors was used to indicate when the software no longer detected a face. Materials {#sec005} --------- Three types of materials were used as test stimuli to determine how accurately persons could identify facial expressions: pictures, silent videos, and videos with audio. The pictures and videos were derived from validated sets of pictures from the Warsaw Set of Emotional Facial Expression Pictures (WSEFEP) \[[@pone.0194737.ref033]\] and videos from the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES) \[[@pone.0194737.ref034]\], and included facial expressions of joy, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and disgust \[[@pone.0194737.ref005]\]. Audio-visual stimuli were created by combining silent videos from the ADFES with (very obvious) annotated non-linguistic affect bursts (i.e. short bursts of sounds persons made while expressing an emotion) from other validated sets \[[@pone.0194737.ref035],[@pone.0194737.ref036]\]. Although the set of Hawk and colleagues \[[@pone.0194737.ref035]\] did contain both audio and video files (not combined), video files from the ADFES were used due to their better image quality. Audio and video files were matched based on the annotated emotion and its intensity and combined using video editing software. All syncing was done manually to ensure the beginning of the facial expression and the affect burst matched. To see how FaceReader performed when it was confronted with stimuli that were not directly loaded into the software, but that were subject to head movement and lighting conditions, only stimuli were used for which it was known that the software could detect the correct emotion. Therefore, prior to the experiments, all visual stimuli to be used in the experiment were loaded directly into FaceReader to verify that the software could determine the correct facial expressions in each of the stimuli under optimal conditions. Stimuli that were not correctly detected were excluded from the study. For comparison, earlier studies showed that the accuracy of SPs in determining facial expressions from these sets was 87% for the ADFES and 82% for the WSEFEP. Similarly, FaceReader achieved an accuracy of 88% and 89% for these sets, respectively \[[@pone.0194737.ref037]\]. Experimental design {#sec006} ------------------- The experiment was divided into three phases (an unsupported control phase, a training phase, and a supported phase) ([Fig 2](#pone.0194737.g002){ref-type="fig"}). The visual stimuli were projected on a wall, two meters in front of the participant ([Fig 3](#pone.0194737.g003){ref-type="fig"}), while audio was played at a volume that all participants could clearly hear from the speakers of a laptop placed right behind the participant. The size of the projected face was slightly bigger than a normal face would be at a two-meter distance to create face sizes like those encountered in normal social interactions. {#pone.0194737.g002} {#pone.0194737.g003} During the control and supported phases, 12 pictures, 12 silent videos, and 12 videos with audio were presented to the participant. The order in which stimuli were presented within each set of 12 was predefined, but randomized beforehand to ensure that participants could not guess which emotion was presented next. To avoid order bias, the stimuli sets were presented in reverse order for half of the participants (5 VIPs and 5 SPs). The training session included only pictures, the first 12 of which were presented in an order of emotion, whereas the remaining 24 were presented in a random order. The control phase was used to ascertain how accurately subjects could identify the emotions displayed in the stimulus sets whilst relying only on their functional senses. A short beep was used to indicate when a stimulus was about to be presented, after which each stimulus was displayed for six seconds. Following each stimulus, the participants were instructed to indicate which emotion was expressed. The participants were made aware that no new stimulus would be displayed until they finished giving their answer. If a VIP was unable to detect the first three stimuli of a set, the session continued to the next set of stimuli. During the training phase, which lasted for about 20 minutes to half-an-hour, participants were introduced to the SSD and received instructions on how to interpret the vibrotactile cues. After measuring waist circumference to ensure correct tactor spacing and placement, the minimum perceivable and maximum comfortable vibration strengths of each user were determined and the upper and lower boundaries of the tactor vibrations were programmed accordingly. Participants were then instructed which emotion was assigned to each tactor location. To familiarize participants with the device, three sets of 12 pictures were shown while they received the corresponding tactile cues on the belt. SPs were asked to close their eyes during training to ensure attention was directed to the vibrotactile cues. During the first 12 pictures, the participants were told which emotions were conveyed by the belt. For the second set of pictures, answers given by the participants were either confirmed or corrected by the examiner. For the final 12 pictures in the training set, participants practiced completely without receiving feedback. In the last phase of the experiment, trained participants were supported by the device and asked to identify the emotions from a stimulus set consisting of 12 pictures, silent videos and videos with audio. In addition to the questions asked during the control measurements, participants were also asked to report the location of the vibrating tactor for each stimulus. Data analysis {#sec007} ------------- Trials with correctly identified emotions were scored with a 1, whereas incorrect answers were scored with 0. For each measurement, mean performance scores were calculated. The performances of both the participant and FaceReader were rated in this way. For the user performance, it did not matter whether mistakes were made due to wrong interpretation of the vibrotactile cue by the respondent or to a misclassification by the FaceReader software causing the device to convey the wrong vibrotactile cue. The between-subject effects of group (SP or VIP), and the within-subject effects of phase (control---no SSD, supported---with SSD) and stimuli (pictures, silent videos, video with audio), were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA with an alpha of 0.05 in IBM SPSS Statistics 22. A similar analysis was also performed to analyse how participants performed when the FaceReader software misidentified the emotion shown. In this case, the between-subject effect of group (SP or VIP), and the within-subject effects of stimuli (pictures, silent videos, videos with audio) and FaceReader accuracy (wrong, correct) was analysed. Because data for some conditions were slightly skewed towards a performance 100%, the assumption of normality was violated, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Furthermore, Mauchly's test was used to test the assumption of sphericity. If the assumption of sphericity was violated, the degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser or Huynh-Feldt corrections. *Post hoc* comparisons were performed using Bonferroni adjustments. Finally, the performance of the participants was compared to that of FaceReader to determine the extent the SSD contributed to the performance of the participants. Unless otherwise stated, descriptive statistics are represented by the mean±standard error of the mean. Results {#sec008} ======= An overview of the performances for both participant groups under the different experimental phases can be found in [Fig 4](#pone.0194737.g004){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 2](#pone.0194737.t002){ref-type="table"}. Overall, higher performance levels were achieved with the support of the SSD compared to control for both SPs and VIPs across all types of stimuli. Statistical analysis showed significant main effects of phase, stimuli, and group on performance. Significant two-way interactions were found between phase and group, stimuli and group, and phase and stimuli. A significant three-way interaction also existed between phase, stimuli, and group. {#pone.0194737.g004} 10.1371/journal.pone.0194737.t002 ###### Overview of the mean performance across different phases, stimuli, and groups. {#pone.0194737.t002g} [Group]{.ul} [Stimuli]{.ul} [Phase]{.ul} ------------------------------- ----------------- -------------- ----- ---------- ----- -------------------------------------------------------- **VIP (N = 10)** **All stimuli** **35.0** 2.5 **79.4** 2.1 **44.4** \*[^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Pictures 14.2 3.2 82.5 3.5 68.3 \*\*\* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Silent videos 18.3 3.5 69.2 4.2 50.8 \*\*\* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Videos audio 72.5 4.1 86.7 3.1 14.2 \* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} **SP (N = 10)** **All stimuli** **86.9** 1.8 **94.2** 1.2 **7.2** Pictures 82.5 3.5 89.2 2.8 6.7 Silent videos 84.2 3.3 95.8 1.8 11.7 Videos audio 94.2 2.1 97.5 1.4 3.3 **All participants (N = 20)** **All stimuli** **61.0** 1.8 **86.8** 1.3 **25.8** \* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Pictures 48.3 3.2 85.8 2.3 37.5 \* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Silent videos 51.3 3.2 82.5 2.5 31.3 \* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Videos audio 83.3 2.4 92.1 1.8 8.7 \*\*\* [^**b**^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} The table presents the mean performance and standard error of the mean across different phases and stimuli for SPs and VIPs separately (top 2 sections) as displayed in [Fig 4](#pone.0194737.g004){ref-type="fig"} and that for all participants combined (bottom section). In addition, the table also indicates the differences between the mean performances of the control and supported phases. ^a^ SEM = Standard error of the mean ^b^ \*\*\* p \< .001, \* p \< .05. Effect of the SSD on performance {#sec009} -------------------------------- The SSD had a significant effect on performance (F(1,18) = 39.59, *p* \< .001) for all participants combined: Average performance scores differed significantly (*p \<* 0.001) between the supported phase (86.8±1.3%) and the control phase (61.0±1.8%). Note that Mauchly's sphericity test was not applied for this within-subject factor, as there were only two levels (unsupported and supported) In addition, there was an significant interaction effect for condition and group (F(1.18) = 20.55, *p* \< .001): Whereas the mean score of VIPs increased significantly (*p* \< 0.05) from 35.0±2.5% during control to 79.4±2.1% when supported; SPs also achieved an improvement (from 86.9±1.8% to 94.2±1.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant. These results suggested that participants were more capable of identifying facial emotions whilst supported by the SSD. Effect of sightedness on performance {#sec010} ------------------------------------ The between-subject effect of group (SP or VIP) had a significant effect on performance (F (1,18) = 42.311, *p* \< 0.001). The SPs were overall significantly better (*p* \< 0.001) in detecting facial expressions than their VIP counterparts: the average performance across both phases was 90.6±1.1% for SPs and 57.2*±*1.8% for VIPs. Without the support of the SSD in the control phase, eight of the 10 VIPs could not identify emotions at all, while two VIPs were able to use their remaining vision to achieve performance scores above chance level. However, this sample size is too small and diverse (one person had tunnel vision in one eye and light perception in the other, whereas the other had only peripheral vision due to Stargardt disease) to conduct separate statistical analysis. The differences in accuracy between VIPs and SPs were much bigger in the control phase (35.0±2.5% for VIPs vs 86.9±1.8% for SPs) than in the supported phase (79.4±2.1% for VIPs vs 94.2±1.2% for SPs). In fact, the performance of VIPs when supported by the SSD reached a level that was not significantly different from those of SPs in the control phase (t(18) = 2.061, *p* = 0.054). Altogether these findings emphasize the beneficial effects of using the SSD for VIPs in recognizing emotions. Effect of stimulus type on performance {#sec011} -------------------------------------- For the within-subject effect of stimulus, Mauchly's test showed a violation of the assumption of sphericity (χ^2^(2) = 6.044, p \< .05). Therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrections were applied (ε = .77). The type of stimulus presented to the participant (picture, silent videos, or videos with audio) had a significant effect on performance (F (1.54,27.71) = 50.259, *p* \< 0.001). *Post hoc* tests showed that performance for videos with added audio (87.7±1.5% was significantly higher than for pictures (67.1±2.1%) and silent videos (66.9±2.2%). No significant performance difference was found between pictures and silent videos. Thus, participants found it easiest to identify emotions when additional auditory cues were provided. For the two-way interaction between the type of stimuli and phase, Mauchly's test showed that the assumption of sphericity was violated (χ^2^(2) = 7.817, p \< .05) and Greenhouse-Geisser corrections were applied (ε = .731). A significant two-way interaction was found for phase and stimuli (F (1.46,26.30) = 23.05, *p* \< 0.001). Furthermore, a significant three-way interaction effect between the phase, type of stimuli, and participant group was found (F (1.46, 26.30) = 16.35, *p* \< 0.001). For SPs, there were no significant performance differences between control and supported phase for each type of stimuli. In contrast, VIPs showed significant performance improvements for pictures (68.3% increase, *p* \< 0.001), silent videos (50.8% increase, *p* \< 0.001), and videos with added audio (14.2% increase, *p* \< 0.05) compared to control. In the control phase, VIPs were significantly better at determining the expressed emotions from videos with audio than those from other types of stimuli (*p* \< 0.001). With the support of the SSD, the mean performance difference between pictures and videos with audio was no longer statistically significant. The difference between silent videos and videos with audio remained significant, possibly due to the inherent performance of FaceReader (see below). These results suggest that vibrotactile cues could enhance the recognition of facial expressions, especially in the absence of auditory cues. Interpretation of the vibrotactile signals {#sec012} ------------------------------------------ The accuracy of FaceReader was a limiting factor in the performance improvements of the VIPs. Overall, the software achieved an average accuracy of 73.6±1.6% in classifying the facial expressions from the experimental stimuli. SPs outperformed FaceReader overall, whereas VIPs performed only as well as FaceReader in absence of auditory cues whilst outperforming FaceReader (65% vs. 86.7%) when auditory cues were also provided ([Fig 5](#pone.0194737.g005){ref-type="fig"}). {ref-type="fig"} and [Table 2](#pone.0194737.t002){ref-type="table"}) compared to FaceReader (left). Error bars represent standard error.](pone.0194737.g005){#pone.0194737.g005} To examine how participants dealt with inaccuracies in FaceReader, an additional analysis was conducted to compare how participants performed when FaceReader was correct with how they performed when FaceReader was incorrect ([Fig 6](#pone.0194737.g006){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 3](#pone.0194737.t003){ref-type="table"}). Mauchly's test of sphericity showed that the assumption of sphericity is met for stimuli (χ^2^(2) = 1.275, p \< .528) and the interaction between stimuli and FR (χ^2^(2) = 4.389, p \< .111. Similar to before, the main effects of group (F (1,16) = 26.474, p \< .001), stimuli (F (2,32) = 7.921, p \< .01) and the two-way interaction between stimuli and group (F (2,32) = 3.752, p \< .05 were significant. Notably, the main effect of FR (F (2,32) = 25.456, p \< .001) and the interaction effect between FR and group (F (1,16) = 14.946, p \< .002 were also significant. No significant interaction effects were found for the two-way interaction between stimuli and FR (F (2,32) = 3.194, ns) and the three-way interaction of stimuli, FR, and group (F (2,32) = 2.016, *ns*). {#pone.0194737.g006} 10.1371/journal.pone.0194737.t003 ###### Performance of participants in relation to FaceReader accuracy. {#pone.0194737.t003g} [Group]{.ul} [Stimuli]{.ul} [FR]{.ul} [N]{.ul} [Performance Mean]{.ul} [SEM]{.ul}[^a^](#t003fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} [Mean difference]{.ul} ------------------- ---------------- ----------- ---------- ------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- Sighted Pictures Wrong 25 84.00 7.48 14.2 Correct 95 90.53 3.02 Silent videos Wrong 30 93.33 4.63 3.6 Correct 90 96.67 1.90 Videos with audio Wrong 36 94.44 3.87 2.4 Correct 84 98.81 1.19 VIP Pictures Wrong 22 36.36 10.50 54.4 \*\*\*[^b^](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Correct 98 92.86 2.61 Silent videos Wrong 35 25.71 7.50 63.3 \*\*\*[^b^](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Correct 85 87.06 3.66 Videos with audio Wrong 42 66.67 7.36 34.6 \*[^b^](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Correct 78 97.44 1.80 The table shows the mean and difference in mean participant performance, when FaceReader correctly and incorrectly detect the emotion shown. Furthermore, the table shows the number of times FaceReader was wrong/correct for each condition (N). ^a^ SEM = Standard error of the mean ^b^ \*\*\* p \< .001, \* p \< .05. The performance of SPs did not depend on the success of FR, which suggested that SPs were able to correct for the mistakes of FaceReader using visual and auditory cues. VIPs, however, performed significantly worse across all stimulus types when FaceReader conveyed the incorrect emotion. While unsurprising for stimuli lacking audio (pictures and silent videos), VIPs also performed significantly worse for videos with audio (66.7±7.4 vs 72.5±4.1). Although their performance for videos with audio exceeded that for pictures and silent videos, auditory cues were insufficient for VIPs to fully correct for FaceReader mistakes. VIPs seemed to be unable to correct for mistakes by the system using the auditory stimuli. Nevertheless, the performance of VIPs remained higher when the system was used in combination with auditory cues (86.7±3.1), because of the near perfect performance in cases where FR was correct (97.4±1.8). Discussion {#sec013} ========== The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of using a wearable device to convey facial expressions of emotions through vibrotactile feedback. By combining various existing technologies, we developed a wearable SSD that conveys facial expressions to its users in real time through a vibrotactile belt. This study showed that participants could easily distinguish and interpret vibrotactile stimulation associated with the six basic emotions in real time. In fact, VIPs significantly improved their ability to determine facial expressions while wearing the SSD for all types of stimuli, reaching an overall accuracy of 79.4%. As participants were still able to use their senses of hearing and sight, if any, in determining the facial expressions, the SSD also did not interfere with other sensory modalities. Thus, our study confirms the conclusions of previous studies that haptic cues can be a beneficial tool for conveying visual information \[[@pone.0194737.ref008],[@pone.0194737.ref018]\]. In line with earlier studies using the same annotated sets \[[@pone.0194737.ref033],[@pone.0194737.ref034],[@pone.0194737.ref037]\], SPs reached a performance mean of 86.9% without the help of the SSD. In the control phase, VIPs were able to determine the facial expression in 72.5% of the videos with audio, which is in line with the expected performance for the affects bursts \[[@pone.0194737.ref036]\]. Previous studies showed that the FaceReader software can recognize facial expressions from annotated sets of stimuli with an accuracy close to 90% \[[@pone.0194737.ref027],[@pone.0194737.ref037]\]. In our study, the software reached lower accuracy averaging 73.6% (range: 65%-81.7%). This discrepancy may be explained by the fact that the stimuli presented in our study were not directly loaded into FaceReader, but rather fed from a live video stream, and therefore subject to head movements, changing focal length, and changes in lighting and luminance. The results of the studies are consistent with the general principles of multisensory integration. According to the Bayesian view on multimodal cue integration, perception is probabilistic and in order to form a coherent percept of the world cues from different sensory modalities are combined in such a way as to favour the most reliable (or least uncertain) cues \[[@pone.0194737.ref038]\]. With limited sight, VIPs therefore generally rely on auditory and haptic cues (e.g. text-to-speech and braille). As shown in the study, VIPs achieved a high degree of accuracy in trials with auditory stimuli, even without additional haptic cues, since the auditory cues used in the study were very unambiguous and easy to interpret. The performance of VIPs to detect the correct emotion from auditory stimuli significantly improved as soon as (the even more unambiguous) haptic cues were added. This improvement of performance was highly dependent on the accuracy of the software, as inaccuracies of the software were hardly corrected for by the VIP participants. Even when auditory stimuli were presented, mistakes by the software led to a significant decrease in performance, resulting in a performance that was lower than performance in auditory stimuli only. Overall however, the accuracy of the software was sufficient to improve the performance of VIPs for all types of stimuli, including auditory. Furthermore, it is important to take into account that during social interactions in real-life conditions, emotions are often conveyed without auditory cues (e.g. smiling, frowning, etc.). In such cases, VIPs are forced to rely on the haptic cues conveyed by the vibrotactile device. It is promising that the performance of VIPs for videos with audio without haptic feedback was comparable to that for silent videos with the support of the vibrotactile belt, meaning that in the absence of auditory cues their ability to detect the correct emotion did not decrease. Moreover, the performance with both auditory and haptic feedback was higher than that with either sensory modality alone. In contrast with previous SSD studies \[[@pone.0194737.ref008],[@pone.0194737.ref011]--[@pone.0194737.ref016],[@pone.0194737.ref021],[@pone.0194737.ref022]\], the system presented here is fully wearable, does not interfere with other sensorimotor functions used in social interactions, namely touch of hand, speech, and hearing, and provides simple cues to represent a basic set of emotions to avoid cognitive overload in more realistic usage situations \[[@pone.0194737.ref039]\]. Furthermore, the full working prototype was tested in real time with VIPs, showing that the system could process live visual input and convey facial expressions of emotions in an easily interpretable fashion. The responses to the device were generally positive amongst the VIPs. VIPs described various scenarios in which the device could be beneficial including face-to-face and group meetings (in line with \[[@pone.0194737.ref021]\]) and were willing to try the device in such settings. Nevertheless, the participants stated that the device required some alterations before they would use it over an extended period. Participants namely had reservations about the weight and fit of the cap-mounted camera and were concerned that the SSD would bring unwanted attention to their impairment. Finally, to make it more worthwhile for VIPs to wear the device for the entire day, the participants desired additional features such as those within the domain of social interactions or beyond, such as outdoor navigation or the access to public transport information \[[@pone.0194737.ref001],[@pone.0194737.ref002],[@pone.0194737.ref004],[@pone.0194737.ref040]\]. Limitations of the study {#sec014} ------------------------ One could argue that it is perhaps unsurprising that VIPs were able to learn how to use the SSD within a short training period and achieve significant performance improvements, considering results from earlier studies \[[@pone.0194737.ref030],[@pone.0194737.ref031]\]. Indeed, only six tactors placed at least 4 cm apart were used on the waist, while the spatial acuity of the torso is between 2 to 3 cm \[[@pone.0194737.ref030]\]. Moreover, participants were only required to learn one to one associations between six tactors and emotions, while earlier research has shown that persons are able to learn far more complex (vibrotactile) cues \[[@pone.0194737.ref008],[@pone.0194737.ref009],[@pone.0194737.ref011],[@pone.0194737.ref012],[@pone.0194737.ref015]\]. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal was to create a system that VIPs could easily use in real-life situations. According to \[[@pone.0194737.ref041],[@pone.0194737.ref042]\], the ability to process tactile information is likely to be significantly worse in real-world conditions where other sensory inputs are competing for attention. The simplicity of the system and the sensory mapping was therefore intentional lest the vibrotactile cueing becomes unnecessarily difficult in daily life. Another drawback of the study is its potential lack of generalizability to real-life situations, a concern that was also raised in \[[@pone.0194737.ref041],[@pone.0194737.ref042]\]. In the experimental setup, the stimuli were presented on a fixed position and participants were instructed as to where the stimuli were presented. In real-life, users would have to localize and aim the camera towards the targeted person on their own. The lighting and gaze direction of the conversation partner were also stable in the experimental setup but would change continuously in the real world, thus impacting the quality of the analysis of facial expressions. Furthermore, it is important to thoroughly determine how well device users can interpret the vibrotactile cues in real-life situations, where other sensory stimuli might compete for attention and cognitive overload might become an issue. Second, there was a purposeful 550ms delay between the displayed stimulus and the vibrotactile cues associated to the displayed facial expression to warn users that a face was recognized. This caused for the fact that audio and visual cues were often interpreted before vibrotactile information was conveyed. In such cases the vibrotactile cues were merely used to confirm or adjust already made decisions and caused more confusion than clarity. Conclusions {#sec015} ----------- This study showed that a SSD like the one presented, using vibrotactile cues at the waist, was a feasible method to convey information about facial expressions to VIPs, which may lead to improvements in their social interactions \[[@pone.0194737.ref002],[@pone.0194737.ref018]\]. Participants were quickly able to learn how to interpret the cues conveyed by the device and combined this with information acquired from other functional senses. Furthermore, VIPs saw potential use of the device in real situations. Nevertheless, for the device to be readily adopted and accepted by VIPs as a daily life assistive technology, a more aesthetically pleasing design is required (e.g. smaller camera, less weight, unobtrusiveness) and more usage goals should be addressed (e.g. navigation). Finally, studies that are more closely resembling realism are needed to determine the accuracy of the device in real-life situations and user acceptance of the technology over time. Supporting information {#sec016} ====================== ###### Performance data. The data that was used for analysis. (XLSX) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Enhancing emotion recognition in VIPs with haptic feedback. Extended abstract presented as a poster at the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 17--22 July 2016, Toronto, CA. (PDF) ###### Click here for additional data file. [^1]: **Competing Interests:**Tjerk Kostelijk is employed at VicarVision, which developed the FaceReader software used in this study. There are no patents, additional products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. | High | [
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// // CGSize+Utils.swift // WeScan // // Created by Julian Schiavo on 17/2/2019. // Copyright © 2019 WeTransfer. All rights reserved. // import Foundation extension CGSize { /// Calculates an appropriate scale factor which makes the size fit inside both the `maxWidth` and `maxHeight`. /// - Parameters: /// - maxWidth: The maximum width that the size should have after applying the scale factor. /// - maxHeight: The maximum height that the size should have after applying the scale factor. /// - Returns: A scale factor that makes the size fit within the `maxWidth` and `maxHeight`. func scaleFactor(forMaxWidth maxWidth: CGFloat, maxHeight: CGFloat) -> CGFloat { if width < maxWidth && height < maxHeight { return 1 } let widthScaleFactor = 1 / (width / maxWidth) let heightScaleFactor = 1 / (height / maxHeight) // Use the smaller scale factor to ensure both the width and height are below the max return min(widthScaleFactor, heightScaleFactor) } } | Mid | [
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