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206 F.2d 842 UNITED GAS PIPE LINE CO.v.FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION. No. 11014. United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit. Argued June 5, 1953. Decided August 27, 1953. Thomas Fletcher, Houston, Tex. (Wilbert O. Crain, George D. Fiser, E. J. Freiberg, Vernon Woods, Wilkinson, Lewis & Wilkinson, Shreveport, La., James W. McCartney, Vinson, Elkins, Weems & Searls, Houston, Tex., C. Huffman Lewis, Shreveport, La., on the brief), for petitioner. Reuben Goldberg, Washington, D. C. (Bradford Ross, Gen. Counsel, Bernard A. Foster, Jr., Asst. Gen. Counsel, Louis L. DaPra, Pascal B. Frazier, Attys., Federal Power Commission, Washington, D. C., on the brief), for respondent. Before GOODRICH, McLAUGHLIN and KALODNER, Circuit Judges. KALODNER, Circuit Judge. 1 Does this Court have jurisdiction to review an Order of the Federal Power Commission ("Commission") in a rate investigation proceeding under Section 5(a) of the Natural Gas Act1 ("Act") which directs a gas distributing company to "go forward first with the presentation of its evidence?" 2 That is the primary question presented by the instant Petition of the United Gas Pipe Line Company ("United") to Review and Set Aside the Order and the Commission's Motion to Dismiss. 3 United asserts that this Court has jurisdiction under Section 19(b) of the Act2 and Section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act;3 the Commission contends the contrary is true. 4 The admitted relevant facts preceding the filing of the Petition to Review and the Motion to Dismiss are as follows: 5 By order issued November 26, 1952, the Commission consolidated four separate proceedings. The proceedings at Docket No. G-1142, with which we are primarily concerned, was an investigation of United's rates and charges for the transportation or sale of natural gas for resale, subject to the Commission's jurisdiction, initiated by the Commission by order of October 12, 1948, pursuant to Section 5(a) of the Act, in order to determine whether such rates and charges were just and reasonable, and if after hearing, they were found to be unjust and unreasonable, to fix just and reasonable rates and charges. 6 The proceeding at Docket No. G-1508, arose on an order of the Commission issued October 16, 1950, requiring United to file a restatement of its effective rates, charges, classifications, practices, regulations and contracts for the transportation or sale of natural gas for resale subject to the Commission's jurisdiction on or before January 2, 1951, in the form required by Commission regulations, or to show good cause at a public hearing why it should not be required to do so. 7 Docket No. G-2019 is a proceeding with respect to a proposed increase in rates and charges by United to five natural-gas companies amounting to approximately $9,500,000 annually, based on estimated sales for the twelve-month period ending April 30, 1953, which United filed on July 3, 1952, and with respect to notices of cancellation, filed at the same time by United, of rate schedules on file with the Commission which United asserts are no longer subject to the Commission's jurisdiction. 8 By order issued August 1, 1952, the Commission, pursuant to the authority of Section 4(e) of the Act, suspended the proposed rate increases and the proposed notices of cancellation until January 3, 1953, and until such further time as they might be made effective in the manner prescribed by the Act. The order also provided for a public hearing, to be held at a time and place to be fixed by further order of the Commission. 9 On September 16, 1952, United filed certain revised sheets to its effective tariff, proposing a rate increase of approximately $131,258 annually, to United Gas Corporation, its parent, for resale in fifteen communities and towns located in northwest Mississippi. The Commission, by order issued October 15, 1952, at Docket No. G-2074, suspended such proposed increase until March 17, 1953, and until such further time thereafter as such revised sheets might be made effective in the manner prescribed by Act. Additionally, such order consolidated the proceeding upon the proposed increases at Docket No. G-2019 with that at Docket No. G-2074. The order also provided for a public hearing to be held in the consolidated proceedings at a time and place to be fixed by further order of the Commission. 10 Subsequently, by order issued January 14, 1953, at Docket No. G-2019, and April 1, 1953 at Docket No. G-2074, the proposed rate increases were permitted to become effective, under bond, subject to refund upon final disposition of the proceedings at Docket Nos. G-2019 and G-2074. 11 By order issued November 26, 1952, as previously stated, the Commission consolidated the two suspension proceedings at Docket Nos. G-2019 and G-2074, with the rate investigation proceeding at Docket No. G-1142 and the show-cause proceeding at Docket No. G-1508, and ordered that a public hearing be held commencing on December 15, 1952, concerning the issues raised by such consolidated proceedings. The Commission found that: 12 "3. It is necessary and appropriate to carry out the provisions of the Natural Gas Act, and it is in the public interest, that the procedure hereinafter prescribed shall be followed at the hearing in order to conduct these proceedings with reasonable dispatch." And by paragraph (C) of this order provided: 13 "United Gas Pipe Line Company shall go forward first with the presentation of its evidence at Docket Nos. G-1142, G-1508, G-2019 and G-2074." 14 Additionally, paragraph (D) of the said order prescribed the procedure to be followed after the presentation of testimony by United by other parties to the proceedings. 15 Thereafter, on December 4, 1952, United filed "Objections of United to the Order of the Commission Herewith Issued on November 26, 1952, and Motion for Continuance". United therein prayed that "its objections to being ordered to go forward in Docket No. G-1142 be sustained and that said order be corrected and amended accordingly and that all of United's rights and privileges be preserved and waived in no manner whatsoever." 16 By order issued December 11, 1952, which is the only order United asks this Court to review, the Commission granted petitioner's motion for a continuance and postponed the hearing theretofore to be held commencing December 15, 1952, until February 2, 1953. The Commission denied, however, the request for modification of the requirement that United go forward first with the presentation of evidence. The Commission found that "Orderly procedure requires that United shall go forward first with the presentation of its evidence in each of the dockets involved in these proceedings." 17 Notwithstanding such denial, on January 9, 1953, United repeated the same request for modification of the November 26 order in a "Motion for Rehearing" of the December 11 order. 18 Subsequently, by order issued January 15, 1953, the Commission further postponed the hearing in these consolidated proceedings from February 2 to March 3, 1953. Such postponement was ordered upon consideration of a motion of United to postpone other proceedings before the Commission. 19 On February 25, 1953, the petition to review the order issued December 11, 1952 was filed by United, together with a motion for stay of the Commission's order, requiring United to go forward first with the presentation of its evidence so far as that requirement extends to Docket No. G-1142. The motion for stay was denied by this Court by order entered March 2, 1953, after oral argument. 20 Thereafter, on April 22, 1953 the Commission filed its motion to dismiss. The latter is premised on the Commission's contention that the Order in controversy is procedural and interlocutory in nature and accordingly this Court is without jurisdiction to review it at this time.4 On that score the Commission makes reference to Section 15(b) of the Act.5 The latter provides as follows: 21 "All hearings, investigations, and proceedings under this act shall be governed by rules of practice and procedure to be adopted by the Commission, and in the conduct thereof the technical rules of evidence need not be applied. No informality in any hearing, investigation, or proceeding or in the manner of taking testimony shall invalidate any order, decision, rule, or regulation issued under the authority of this act." (Emphasis supplied.) 22 United, however, contends that the burden of proof in a Section 5(a) proceeding is upon the Commission, and that the disputed Order subverts that burden, thus violating one of its fundamental rights.6 23 The contentions stated make it imperative for us to direct our attention to the nature of the Commission's Order, and to determine primarily whether it is a "mere procedural order" or one which constitutes an administrative action of substantial character approaching some degree of finality. Algonquin Gas Transmission Co. v. Federal Power Commission, 1 Cir., 1953, 201 F.2d 334, 337, 338. It is settled that in order to be reviewable an order of the Commission must be "sufficiently final and definitive to justify us in exercising the power of review vested in us by the statute." Atlantic Seaboard Corp. v. Federal Power Commission, 4 Cir., 1953, 201 F.2d 568, 572. See Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. v. United States, 1942, 316 U.S. 407, 425, 62 S.Ct. 1194, 1204, 86 L.Ed. 1563.7 24 Time and again, the Supreme Court has cautioned us that reviewability is limited "to orders of a definitive character dealing with the merits of a proceeding before the Commission and resulting from a hearing upon evidence and supported by findings appropriate to the case." Federal Power Commission v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 1938, 304 U.S. 375, 383, 384, 58 S.Ct. 963, 967, 82 L.Ed. 1408. Particularly pertinent to the issue presented here is the ruling in that case that Section 313(b) of the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C.A. § 825l(b) (substantially identical with Section 19(b) of the Natural Gas Act), is not to "be construed as authorizing a review of every order that the Commission may make, albeit of a merely procedural character" and that "Such a construction, affording opportunity for constant delays in the course of the administrative proceeding for the purpose of reviewing mere procedural requirements or interlocutory directions, would do violence to the manifest purpose of the provision."8 25 Applying the principles stated to the issue here presented we are of the opinion that the Order in controversy is wholly procedural and that it does not affect the substantive rights of United, nor does it partake in any degree of the "finality" requisite for review. It is merely an order dealing with the burden of going forward with the evidence. It does not bear in any respect upon the issue of the "burden of proof" as contended by United. Indeed, the Order does not even purport to chart the procedure for the entire hearings to be conducted by the Commission. It merely provides that after United has presented its evidence, Counsel for the Commission "shall conduct as much of their cross-examination as they are then prepared to undertake." It does not deal with the presentation of the Commission's evidence or opportunity for rebuttal by United. In every respect it is but a piece-meal procedural order, specifying the conduct of the proceedings only to the point where United has presented its testimony and the Commission's cross-examination with respect thereto. It does not in any sense, or degree, bear upon the merits of the controverted fundamental issues which must ultimately be adjudicated by the Commission. 26 Viewed from any aspect, the Commission's Order does not subvert the burden of proof nor does it in any way affect the substantive rights of United. United's contention that it violates a fundamental right impales it on the horns of a dilemma. If such were indeed the case such violation would obviously infect the entire proceedings and would be correctible upon review of the Commission's final dispositive order on the merits. Philadelphia Company v. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1948, 84 U.S.App.D.C. 73, 175 F.2d 808, 816. 27 Comment is unavoidable that United has attempted by its petition for review "to enjoin administrative hearings because of a supposed or threatened injury, and thus obtain judicial relief before the prescribed administrative remedy has been exhausted" and it is settled that such attempts "have been held to be at war with the long-settled rule of judicial administration." Federal Power Commission v. Metropolitan Edison Co., supra, 304 U.S. at page 385, 58 S.Ct. at page 968, 82 L.Ed. 1408. 28 For the reasons stated the Commission's Motion to Dismiss United's Petition for Review will be granted. Notes: 1 Act of June 21, 1938, c. 556, 52 Stat. 831, 15 U.S.C.A. § 717(d) 2 15 U.S.C.A. § 717r(b) 3 Act of June 11, 1946, c. 324, 60 Stat. 237, 5 U.S.C.A. §§ 1001-1011 4 In its Motion to Dismiss the Commission also urged that the Petition to Review was not "timely" and further that "In any event, United is not aggrieved by the procedure prescribed by the Commission." 5 52 Stat. 829 (1938), 15 U.S.C.A. § 717n 6 United concedes that it must carry the burden in the other Dockets 7 The Supreme Court there said: "The ultimate test of reviewability is not to be found in an overrefined technique, but in the need of the review to protect from the irreparable injury threatened in the exceptional case by administrative rulings which attach legal consequences to action taken in advance of other hearings and adjudications that may follow, the results of which the regulations purport to control." Cf. Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 1949, 337 U.S. 541, 546, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528, affirming Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp. v. Smith, 3 Cir., 1948, 170 F.2d 44, 49. 8 See Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 1938, 303 U.S. 41, 58 S.Ct. 459, 82 L.Ed. 638 | Low | [
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Workplace health promotion: what public-sector employees want, need, and are ready to change. To examine whether employees selected appropriate health change targets (HCTs) compared with self-reported lifestyle factors (smoking, nutrition, alcohol, physical activity [PA], sedentariness, weight status, and psychological distress) and readiness to change their HCT. Cross-sectional data of 3367 state-government employees from Tasmania, Australia, were collected in 2010. Overall, respondents chose HCTs relevant to their health behaviors. The most frequently selected HCTs were PA, diet, and weight. The majority was in the "action" stage for their HCT, except for those nominating smoking cessation, changes to work characteristics, and moderating alcohol intake. Employee perceptions of their own health needs broadly corresponded to their health-related behaviors, weight status, and stress. Workplace health facilitators should be prepared for variable uptake on smoking cessation programs. Physical activity interventions are likely well received, irrespective of risk-related lifestyle factors. | Mid | [
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Convergence of nanotechnology and cardiovascular medicine : progress and emerging prospects. Advances in the emergence of biological probes, materials, and analytical tools limited to the nanoscale size range, collectively referred to as 'nanotechnology', are increasingly being applied to the understanding and treatment of the major pathophysiological problems in cardiovascular medicine. Analytical techniques based on high-resolution microscopy and molecular-level fluorescence excitation processes capable of detecting nanoscale interactions have been used to elucidate cardiovascular pathology. Nanotechnology has also significantly impacted diagnostic intervention in cardiology, with the use of nanoparticles as contrast agents, for targeted biomedical imaging of vulnerable plaques, for detection of specific pathologic targets signaling the onset of atherosclerosis, and for tracking inflammatory events. Real-time nanoscale biosensors can be used to measure cardiovascular biomarkers, and nanopore sequencing has the potential to speed up the analysis of gene expression in cardiovascular disease. Potential therapeutic applications include the use of nanomaterials in cardiovascular devices, for delivery of drugs and bioactive molecules, or in novel technologies for reducing cholesterol accumulation and for dissolving clots. | High | [
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Wednesday, October 1, 2008 "Mounds" Chocolate Candy Dark chocolate.....chewy coconut....crunchy almonds.....does this make your mouth water for a Mounds candy bar? I recently discovered a sugar-free recipe for homemade Mounds. They not only taste better and fresher than the store-bought candy, but they actually offer nutrients! They are made with virgin, unrefined coconut oil which makes them especially tasty! (An added benefit to spending $10 on a jar of coconut oil is that you can also use it on your skin. It is extremely moisturizing and smells heavenly, too.) I tested the recipe last night and gave the little Mounds to several different people and they were a big hit! They are a perfect little disc size that will quench your sweet tooth. I think it would be hard to overeat them because they are so fatty and rich. Unlike cookies where you end up eating a handful straight from the oven, these little chocolate dreams are stored in the freezer to keep the coconut oil from melting, and somehow one is enough! I'm a pretty good judge about things like this because I rarely eat only one of something I love. Preparing them takes only about 10 minutes, but there is some waiting/freezing time involved. From the time you begin, you will have a finished product in one hour. They are so good. Thanks to The Nourishing Gourmet for the recipe! 5 comments: i am thrilled to find your blog as i have recently (sept.21) given up refined sugar and white flour. i am attempting to follow a low-glycemic diet (limiting ALL sweeteners). i want to lose weight, have more energy and be healthy. i have appreciated reading your journey. How exciting to commit to healthier eating! You will find all sorts of interesting facts along the way. I hope your experience will be enriching. If you have any suggestions or would like some more information on a subject like glycemic index, let me know. I love learning along the way, too! Me too, Amy. I'm doing my best to avoid refined sugar and white flour. I think the human body was not designed to eat these at all. My Year Without, thanks for this recipe. I love chocolates but when I became health-conscious, it's one of the first foods that I began limiting in my diet. Your recipe might allow me to re-incorporate chocolate back into my diet, moderately of course. I made these today and they were yummy. Next time I would do these in mini muffin tins and use whole almonds. i LOVE almonds! I didn't have almond extract so I used vanilla and it still turned out great. I think I would also like to add in some peppermint oil something (in the chocolate mixture) for a change. These were very yummy. I love that we got a superfood snack out of something that seemed not healthy. We used raw cacao (superfood). Love it! | Mid | [
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1. Field of Invention This invention relates to vehicle ventilation, specifically to divert air flowing over vehicle, primarily small trucks, into rear window of vehicles equipped with rear operable windows. 2. Discussion of Art Heretofore, fresh air was provided by factory installed vents, in or below dash, supplied by ducts from front of vehicle or by opening side windows. Opening rear window only provided easy exit for air. Due to length, size, and routing of ducts, air flow from vents is often insufficient and must be supplemented by using an electric fan. Also incoming air often comes from near road surface. Lowering side windows increases air flow but creates much noise while air flows behind passengers. Some deflectors have been designed to attach to the top rear of vehicles, primarily station wagons, which were to deflect air across rear window and down behind vehicle and to act as spoilers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,000,663 to Gino J. Lucchesi, June 23, 1959, Ser. No. 822,316. PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,863 to Hane Dotz Boblingen, Oct. 27, 1977, Ser. No. 846,256. PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,674,788 to Yutaka Ohmura, Ryouji Shimura, Feb. 27, 1985. Whereas my invention moves air from above vehicle, at a velocity related to vehicle speed, against inside of windshield to be diffused more evenly around interior of vehicle with little noise. Therefore in the competitive auto aftermarket industry the rear operative windows have been used primarily for air flow exit. Whereas my invention not only uses this opening for air flow exit but also as a source for incoming fresh air. | Mid | [
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580 F.3d 748 (2009) Teresa SUTHERLAND, Plaintiff-Appellant, Valerie Corey, Plaintiff, v. MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, Defendant-Appellee. No. 08-3000. United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. Submitted: March 10, 2009. Filed: September 8, 2009. *749 Christopher S. Moberg, The Law Firm of O'Reilly & Jensen, LLC, Springfield, MO, argued, for appellant. Ryan E. Bertels, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, MO, argued (Jeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon, Atty. Gen., on the brief), for appellee. Before GRUENDER, ARNOLD, and BENTON, Circuit Judges. *750 BENTON, Circuit Judge. Teresa Lynn Sutherland sued her employer, the Missouri Department of Corrections, for discrimination and sexual harassment under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. The district court[1] granted summary judgment to the Department. Sutherland appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms. I. A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Anda v. Wickes Furniture Co., 517 F.3d 526, 531 (8th Cir.2008). The non-movant's evidence is taken as true, drawing all reasonable favorable inferences from it, and the movant must be entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Alagna v. Smithville R-II Sch. Dist., 324 F.3d 975, 979 (8th Cir.2003). The facts here are those construed favorably to Sutherland. Sutherland, a corrections officer, has been employed by the Department since 1999. She alleges Captain Raymond Alvin Lewis, a co-worker, sexually harassed her on August 27, 2005. Both before and after this incident, Sutherland filed memorandums and grievances alleging she had been treated unfairly by female visiting-room staff and subjected to a hostile work environment. In July 2005, she was ordered to take a drug screen and believed it was in retaliation for these earlier grievances. Although Lewis previously had been her supervisor, he was not her supervisor at the time of the harassment. On August 27, Lewis was alone with Sutherland in a stairwell at work. He told her he was happy she was transferring from duty in the "snake pit" (visiting room) and put his hand on her shoulder. Then he told her, if they worked together, "they would have fun" and he "would take care of her ... if you know what I mean." He began rubbing her arm, eventually moving up and down her arm and touching the side of her breast and grabbing it. She feared for her safety. After a few moments, she broke away, ran to the bathroom, but then pretended that nothing had happened. On September 1, 2005, she filed a written report about the touching. Lewis was put on administrative leave for about 30 days. Lewis was ordered to attend cross-gender communication classes after his return to work, and to have no contact with Sutherland. After the incident, the Department did not schedule the two to work together. There was no further contact between them. The Department conducted an investigation. Sutherland contends the investigator was biased against her and the investigation was incomplete. During the initial investigation, the investigator did not interview women who worked on different shifts than Sutherland. The investigator reopened the investigation after Sutherland informed Department officials that Lewis had harassed other female employees. Following the investigation, Sutherland was ordered to attend cross-gender communication classes, which she did not do. The Department did not tell her when Lewis would be returning to work, which she alleges was harassment. Dissatisfied with the Department's investigation, Sutherland filed a Charge of Discrimination on November 7, 2005. She continued to file numerous other grievances with the Department. After filing the Charge of Discrimination, she was "written up" for spending too much time looking up the employee grievance policies and having a "ragged appearance." *751 She was subjected to drug screens. She was intimidated and badgered by co-workers, including comments that other employees should be "be careful" around her because she would file harassment charges. She also asserts other co-workers threatened to "break her legs" if she continued to allege her co-employees were harassing her. Her performance rating was lowered from "highly successful" to "successful" three months after filing her initial discrimination charge. After she filed this suit, newspaper clippings regarding it were anonymously placed on a table in the workplace. Upon learning about the clippings, the superintendent of the institution ordered them removed. Lewis's wife (also a Department employee) solicited letters of support for him onsite during work hours (until the Department ordered her to stop). Sutherland filed a second discrimination charge for retaliation on June 7, 2006. On April 5, 2007, Sutherland requested and received a transfer to another facility. She believes her new co-workers retaliated against her by spilling coffee on her and also trying to intimidate her. She has not applied for any promotions, nor has she had a change in pay grade, hours, or days off since she filed any of her complaints. Sutherland sued the Department alleging sexual discrimination, sexual harassment, and a hostile work environment. She also contends the Department retaliated against her for making complaints about the harassment, the perceived discrimination, and a hostile work environment. II. To prove a sexual harassment claim of hostile work environment, Sutherland must show (1) she was a member of a protected group; (2) she was subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on sex; (4) that it "affected a term, condition, or privilege of employment;" and (5) that her employer knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to take appropriate remedial action. Id. The Department does not contest the first three elements. The fourth element, actionable harm, is a high threshold. Duncan v. General Motors Corp., 300 F.3d 928, 934 (8th Cir.2002). Sutherland must show that "the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult." Id., quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993). The harassment must be so severe or pervasive that it alters the employment conditions. Anda, 517 F.3d at 531. A sexually objectionable environment must be both subjectively and objectively offensive. Alagna, 324 F.3d at 980. The totality of the circumstances is examined to determine if the environment was sufficiently hostile. Nitsche v. CEO of Osage Valley Elec. Coop., 446 F.3d 841, 846 (8th Cir.2006). Sutherland must prove the conduct was "extreme in nature and not merely rude or unpleasant." Id. Sutherland asserts Hathaway v. Runyon, 132 F.3d 1214, 1221-22 (8th Cir.1997) requires a jury to decide if the "actionable harm" requirement is met. In Hathaway there were two instances of physical touching and other offending behavior. Id. The jury had returned a verdict for Hathaway, determining there was a connection between the physical advances and the other offending behavior. Id. The district court overturned the verdict, granting judgment as a matter of law to the defendant. Id. at 1220. This court found that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude as it did. Id. at 1225. This court did not hold that actionable harm must always be determined by a jury. Other, more recent *752 decisions affirm summary judgment in hostile work environment cases. See, e.g., Anderson v. Family Dollar Stores of Ark., Inc., 579 F.3d 858, 861-63, 2009 WL 2747013, *2-4 (8th Cir.2009) (8th Cir.2009); Vajdl v. Mesabi Acad. of KidsPeace, Inc., 484 F.3d 546, 552 (8th Cir.2007); Nitsche, 446 F.3d at 847; Meriwether v. Caraustar Packaging Co., 326 F.3d 990, 992-93 (8th Cir.2003). The August 2005 incident with Lewis involved offensive touching. The other harassment alleged did not involve Lewis or physical contact. Sutherland must show the alleged harassment was severe or pervasive. Anda, 517 F.3d at 531. Offensive conduct is insufficient to support a claim if it does not result in the requisite effect on the terms and conditions of employment. Woodland v. Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., 302 F.3d 839, 843 (8th Cir.2002). Taking the facts favorably to Sutherland, they do not constitute actionable harassment under Title VII. The district court correctly granted summary judgment on the hostile work environment claim. III. To establish a retaliation claim, Sutherland must show (1) she engaged in a protected activity; (2) a reasonable person would have perceived the alleged retaliatory action materially adverse; and (3) this adverse action was causally linked to her protected conduct. Higgins v. Gonzales, 481 F.3d 578, 589 (8th Cir.2007). The filing of incident reports (and grievances), Charges of Discrimination, and this lawsuit are protected activity. See Ogden v. Wax Works, Inc., 214 F.3d 999, 1007 (8th Cir.2000). However, Sutherland must prove that a reasonable person would perceive as retaliatory the actions she finds offensive. Higgins, 481 F.3d at 589. The Supreme Court has stated that an employee is not protected "from all retaliation, but from retaliation that produces an injury or harm." Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 67, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006). Sutherland alleges the re-classification of her performance from "highly successful" to "successful" three months after her complaint is a material adverse action done in retaliation for filing a charge of discrimination against Lewis. Following the new evaluation, Sutherland had no reductions in pay, salary, benefits, or prestige. A lower satisfactory evaluation, by itself, does not provide a material alteration of Sutherland's employment and is not actionable. See Clegg v. Arkansas Dep't of Corr., 496 F.3d 922, 927 (8th Cir. 2007). Sutherland complains that the actions of non-supervisory co-workers are retaliation. Petty slights and minor annoyances in the workplace, as well as personality conflicts and snubs by co-workers, are not actionable. See Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405. The actions by Sutherland's co-workers are not sufficient to support a conclusion that they were materially adverse retaliatory actions. See id.; Clegg, 496 F.3d at 929. Sutherland did not establish the second requirement for a retaliation claim. The district court properly granted summary judgment on this claim. IV. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. NOTES [1] The Honorable John T. Maughmer, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of Missouri, to whom the case was referred for decision by the consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). | Low | [
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Q: Keystroke to ASCII Value I want to take a keystroke and get its ASCII representation. This includes when the SHIFT key is pressed, i.e. "shift =" returns 43 "a" returns 97 "shift a" returns 65 Is there a way I can do this without writing a lot of code? Edit: document.onkeypress = function () {
console.log(event.which);
} A: In very less code, you can do: document.onkeypress = function () {
console.log(event.which);
} Check out your console after running the above code. ps: The weight of the above code is 55 chars. ;) Update: It should be onkeypress and not onkeydown. Thanks Timo. | Mid | [
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Q: Developing Mobile Native iOS applications to intergrate with SAP middleware I am currently involved in defining strategy for a large future project, where it is proposed to developed native mobile phone applications that would integrate with SAP middleware. I would like to understand how one would develop a native iOS mobile app that would communicate with SAP NetWeaver, using Odata? Regards. A: You can create server side OData service and communicate with it from mobile app by http/https protocol. OData supports both JSON and XML formats. If your application is rather simple - common BSP application can be used. It works faster but a little bit harder to develop complex application. | High | [
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Michelle Malkin appeared on "Hannity" tonight to react to the chaos that broke out at the University of California-Berkeley over a scheduled speech by conservative activist and journalist Milo Yiannopoulos. One night after violent protests erupted at the University of California-Berkeley before his scheduled speaking engagement, conservative activist and journalist Milo Yiannopoulos joined Tucker Carlson to discuss the incident. On "The First 100 Days" tonight, Ben Shapiro and Richard Fowler reacted to the chaos that broke out at the University of California-Berkeley over a scheduled speech by conservative activist and journalist Milo Yiannopoulos. | Mid | [
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Influence of a microbial phytase and zinc oxide on young pig growth performance and serum minerals. Crossbred pigs (n=288; average age=21±3 d and BW=7.1±0.2 kg) were used in a 42-d trial to determine the influence of a microbial phytase and various doses of ZnO on growth performance and serum minerals. Pigs (6 castrated males or females/pen) were randomly allotted to treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with 2 dietary levels of a microbial phytase (0 or 2,500 phytase units/kg) and 3 dietary levels of supplemental ZnO [0, 1750, or 3,500 mg/kg ZnO (72% Zn)] with 4 pens of castrated males and 4 pens of females per treatment. Diets were formulated to exceed all nutrient requirements, including Ca and P from d 0 to 21 (phase 1) and d 22 to 42 (phase 2). Growth performance, serum Zn, and serum P were not influenced (P>0.05) by a ZnO×phytase interaction during phase 1, phase 2, or overall (d 0 to 42). Phytase increased (P=0.01) ADFI and improved (P=0.02) ADG in phase 1 and improved (P=0.01) overall ADG, regardless of the level of ZnO supplemented. Zinc oxide supplementation linearly reduced (P=0.05) ADG, and ZnO at 3,500 mg/kg reduced (quadratic, P=0.04) G:F in pigs (phase 2). During phase 1, phytase increased serum Ca, but only in the absence of ZnO supplementation, which resulted in a ZnO×phytase interaction (P=0.02). Serum Zn was increased (linear, P<0.001) and serum P was decreased (linear, P=0.05) as ZnO supplementation increased in the diet (phase 1). In phase 2, serum Ca was reduced (linear, P=0.04) and serum Zn was increased (linear, P=0.02) as ZnO supplementation increased in the diet. Phytase supplementation increased (P=0.009) serum Zn and increased (P=0.003) serum P (phase 1). There was no influence of phytase supplementation on serum minerals in phase 2. In summary, supplemental ZnO reduced growth performance in this experiment. Phytase supplementation improved ADG in Ca- and P-adequate diets regardless of the level of ZnO supplemented, which may be attributed to the reduction of phytate as an antinutrient. In addition, through phytate hydrolysis, phytase reduced phytate-Zn interactions and increased serum Zn, Ca, and P. However, supplementing ZnO increased serum Zn, which reduced serum P and Ca, indicating Ca-Zn-P precipitation. In addition, phytase increased serum Ca, but only in the absence of Zn, further indicating a complex interaction between Zn, Ca, and P in the blood. | Mid | [
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Cornelia de Lange syndrome--photo essay. Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a rare developmental malformation syndrome characterized by developmental delay, retardation of growth, limb reduction abnormalities and dysmorphic facial features. With the exception of one case with a de novo translocation (Ireland et al., 1991) there are no consistent chromosomal abnormalities or biochemical markers. Diagnosis is therefore dependent on the recognition of the distinctive facial features. In this photo essay we focus on those features which are most specific to the syndrome and highlight possible diagnostic pitfalls. | High | [
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Yay! My Plurasight article just got published! “Concurrency is vital. Without it, our computers and smartphones wouldn’t provide the seamless user experience we’ve come to rely on. Today’s computers and operating systems can start, execute and finish multiple tasks within the same time period. This allows us to interact with the UI while the app performs background tasks like networking, filing I/O, database queries or other, long-running operations. While users undoubtedly benefit from concurrent programming, actually implementing the concept can be a challenge.” Continue reading on Pluralsight | Low | [
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“Let’s All Learn How to Fish,” by Michael S. Falk (foreword by Laurence B. Siegel) A departure from the CFA Institute Research Foundation’s traditional area of focus, this Research Monograph advocates greater self-reliance, social safety nets that act more like trampolines, and a better, more fiscally responsible society. My Foreword places the book in context and showers it with the usual praise found in forewords. Or – much better idea – read the whole book! The CFA Institute Research Foundation, March 2016. “Be Kind to Your Retirement Plan – Give It a Benchmark,” with Daniel P. Cassidy, Michael W. Peskin, and Stephen C. Sexauer. Journal of Retirement, June 2012. A shorter version appeared under the title “Be kind to your retirement decumulation plan – give it a benchmark” in Risks and Rewards, Society of Actuaries, August 2012. “Wake up and smell the coffee: DC plans aren’t working – Here’s how to fix them,” with M. Barton Waring and Timothy Kohn. Journal of Investing, Winter 2007. An earlier version was published in Investment Insights, Barclays Global Investors, San Francisco, June 2006 (volume 9, issue 3). A shorter version, co-authored with Barton Waring and Bill Chinery, is in Defined Contribution Monitor (Toronto, Canada), February 2008 (Vol. 4, no. 1). Summarized in The CFA Digest, May 2008. Forewordsto (almost) all Research Foundation of CFA Institute Research Monographs, 2006-present. “The Myth of the Absolute-Return Investor,” with M. Barton Waring, Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 2006 (winner of the Graham and Dodd Award for Best Perspectives Piece in 2006). An earlier version was published in Investment Insights, Barclays Global Investors, March 2005. “A new framework for international investing,” with Andrew R. Olma, Journal of Portfolio Management, 2004 (30th anniversary issue, volume 30, number 5). An earlier version was published in Investment Insights, Barclays Global Investors, San Francisco, May 2004. “TIPS, the dual duration, and the pension plan,” with M. Barton Waring, Financial Analysts Journal, September/October 2004. (Winner of the 2004 Graham and Dodd Scroll Award.) An earlier version under the sole authorship of Laurence B. Siegel was presented at the Barclays Capital Global Inflation-Linked Bond Conference, Key Biscayne, Fla., January 2003. “Broad-capitalization indices of the U.S. equity market,” with Francis Enderle and Brad Pope, The Journal of Investing, Spring 2003. (Summarized in the CFA Digest, August 2003. A longer version of the article is in Investment Insights, Barclays Global Investors, San Francisco, May 2002; an excerpt appears in in Schoenfeld, Steven, ed., Active Index Investing,John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003.) “The future of value investing,” with John G. Alexander,The Journal of Investing, Winter 2000. (Reprinted in Risk and Insurance, vol. 12, issue 2 [February 2001], p. 38 ff. A shorter version was published as an INVESCO Research Summary,Atlanta, first quarter 2000.) “Tasa de descuento: Aplicación de técnicas avanzadas de valuación financiera a mercados nacientes,” with David G. Clarke, et al.; translated into Spanish by Jorge A. Suárez, and distributed by Sociedad de Ingenieros Civiles Valuadores, A.C., Mexico City, January 1994. Also published as “Discount rates: Applying advanced financial valuation techniques to emerging markets,” Business Valuation Review,June 1994. “Taming your optimizer,” with Scott L. Lummer and Mark W. Riepe, in Global Asset Allocation: Techniques for Optimizing Portfolio Management, Jess Lederman and Robert Klein, eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994. Translated into Japanese and published by the Security Analysts Association of Japan. “Introduction to international equities,” with Roger G. Ibbotson and Marvin B. Waring, and “Introduction to international bonds,” with Robert A. Brown, in Quantitative International Investing, Brian R. Bruce, ed., Probus Publishing Co., Chicago, 1990. 1985 – 1989 “How to forecast long-run asset returns,” with Roger G. Ibbotson, in Japanese, Investment Management Review, January/February 1989. (Reprinted in English in Ibbotson, Roger G., and William N. Goetzmann, The Equity Risk Premium, Oxford University Press, 2006; an earlier version in English was published under the sole authorship of Roger G. Ibbotson, Investment Management Review,1988.) “Risk, taxes, and marketability in a macro-consistent capital market equilibrium,” with Jeffrey J. Diermeier, Proceedingsof the Seminar on the Analysis of Security Prices, Center for Research in Security Prices, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, May 1983. “The Age of Experts: A Review of Marc Levinson’s An Extraordinary Time,” with Stephen C. Sexauer, NABE, October 26, 2017.“Let’s All Learn How to Fish,” by Michael S. Falk (foreword by Laurence B. Siegel) A departure from the CFA Institute Research Foundation’s traditional area of focus, this Research Monograph advocates greater self-reliance, social safety nets that act more like trampolines, and a better, more fiscally responsible society. My Foreword places the book in context and showers it with the usual praise found in forewords. Or – much better idea – read the whole book! The CFA Institute Research Foundation, March 2016. | Mid | [
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The story starter provides more than one billion different story starters. The Story Starter randomly generates 1,862,718,000 story starters. This idea generator can be used for short stories, novels, plays, scripts, or just for fun. The starter generates a sentence from which to build a story. Also featured is a Story Starter for Kids. iFake Text Message is a great tool for creating authentic looking materials to engage students and shift materials design into a genre that’s both relevant and familiar. The tool enables you to create a screen image of a text conversation. Our goal with Fable is to give you a whole new way for expressing yourself virtually. Use your own avatar in augmented reality to tell stories, express feelings, share moments and create memories. This is the new generation of emoji and the next step in making virtual communication more personal. Emojis are old, create a Fable! Want to know how to do great storytelling on your website? Well, using a parallax layout is one way and here's a post that lists the most effective 11 examples. I'm periodically asked about telling stories on websites, so these examples should spark some ideas -- whether you use parallax or not. While it's true that most of these examples are educational and not necessarily focused on business, that doesn't mean you can't make the translation. Think about one of your signature stories -- maybe your brand story about how your business got started and why, and then how that translated into a unique offering in the marketplace. "In this blog, Jason Ohler discusses 20 revelations about digital storytelling. From simple storytelling technologies in the early days of smartphones to the plethora of information that is available today, he tells a story about the good and the bad, the new and the old, and how we continue learning to find our own narrative ..." "Too often, student voice is treated as a novelty. But it should surprise no one that the same people who spend a majority of their time in school would have a lot of constructive ideas about it. ...This issue looks at student-led and school-based collaborations that elevate student voice and agency. " Mary Zdrojewski was in for a surprise. Not long ago, the librarian in the Scio (NY) Central School District had been assigned a class of teens at her K–12 school. Zdrojewski asked the students what they wanted from their library class, expecting to hear requests for coding, robotics, or hands-on projects. “They just wanted me to read aloud to them,” Zdrojewski recalls. “I tried short stories, including the ‘Guys Read’ series, because I thought they would be ‘cool.’” But she soon discovered that “the students really wanted pictures to look at.” Picture books and older students: More educators are making this match in their teaching, with significant success. While graphic and illustrated novels gain traction among teen and tween readers, traditional picture books hold a place of their own and provide versatile, effective teaching tools for a range of students. The ubiquity of social media might explain why today’s youth are particularly visually oriented, but that’s only part of the picture, says Wendy Lukehart, youth collections coordinator at the District of Columbia Public Library’s Penn Center. “People of all ages have always responded well to pictures,” she says. For centuries, she notes, humans spent quite a bit of time gazing at art, and, in the 20th century, flipping through photography-centric magazines, such as Life, to engage with current events and culture. "BoomWriter Media, Inc. today announced its second annual Online Writing Camps, which offer five-day camp sessions where students can collaborate to write and publish a chapter book. Teachers promote and run their own camps, selecting camp dates and flexible daily schedules. "BoomWriter will provide support for educators with web-based professional development will give teachers strategies and ongoing direction on how to provide their campers with effective feedback and how to manage students’ revision requests. "The Online Writing Camps include writing instruction, personalized feedback, and collaborative peer review. To get their campers started each day, educators post a web-based writing lesson provided by BoomWriter. "At the end of the camp, participants receive a published, paperback copy of the story sent directly to their home by BoomWriter. Teachers will be paid within two weeks of completing camp." Your students can become moviemakers, too, thanks to some powerful apps for mobile devices. With these tools, your children can take videos and edit their work to make professional quality movies using iOS devices (iPads and iPhones) and Android tablets. One good thing about this easy-to-use technology is that students can still use important English language arts skills like writing a narrative, planning a sequential story, and including key details when getting ready to make a movie. These apps can enhance the work that you are doing with children in the classroom and give them room to be creative storytellers. Engaging, multimedia-rich digital stories can capture the attention of students and increase their interest in exploring new ideas.Combining storytelling with powerful digital creates a truly authentic learning experience that helps students develop a wide range of intellectual skills.Hope you like my Facebook Page full of knowledge-sharing goodness https://www.facebook.com/sociallearningcommunity/. "Dr. Meals grew up in Shawnee Mission, Kansas. He attended Rice University, majored in biology, and gained a deep appreciation for the diversity and adaptations of animal life. At Vanderbilt University Medical School, he further explored the workings and failings of human tissues, especially bone. "An orthopedic surgery residency at Johns Hopkins Hospital gave Dr. Meals the opportunity to drill down, both literally and figuratively, on living bone. Following a hand surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Dr. Meals joined the faculty at UCLA where he is currently a Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery. He has served as President of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand and has also been on the editorial board of the Journal of Hand Surgery for most of his career. This included a five-year term as Editor-in-Chief. "Along the way, Dr. Meals lived in Turkey for two years and took the opportunity to travel extensively in the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. These trips expanded his interest in the historical and cultural aspects of bone. He continues to be an ardent traveler and has discovered interesting information about bone during his visits to 48 states and 49 countries. "Dr. Meals has authored two books, One Hundred Orthopedic Conditions Every Doctor Should Understand and The Hand Owner’s Manual. A Hand Surgeon’s Thirty-Year Collection of Important Information and Fascinating Facts. Now he has turned his attention to extolling the many virtues of bone in his blog www.aboutbone.com , which will eventually expand into a book. "When not seeing patients, teaching, traveling, or writing, Dr. Meals is likely strengthening his bones by gardening, cycling, or jogging." Jim Lerman's insight: Meals writes a quirky, erudite but down-to-earth blog about bones, medicine, and history. It's enjoyable and you can learn a lot; interesting mixture of science, social studies, and written expression. Probably best for high school on up to any age. "There are many books on the subject and I’ve found flow to be highly beneficial. My process of flow looks like this: 1. Go to the gym and workout hard so endorphins are released and I’m relaxed2. Do five minutes of meditation before I start3. Drink a black tea or coffee before I start4. Warm up on some inspiring videos on YouTube that give me goosebumps "Once I have done these four things, I’m usually able to get into flow really quickly." Jim Lerman's insight: This article has additional practical suggestions and strategies. I see it as a useful resource. Nice graphic, above, too. Meet the Little Prompter The Little Prompter is a compact, versatile, and easy to use tool that helps you quickly deliver a polished video to your students, to your employees, or to the public. Up until now, teleprompters have been clunky, expensive, and difficult to operate–and many required film studios or a production team. The Little Prompter changes all of that. It’s a simple tool that promises to help you nail a smooth delivery using just a smartphone and your desktop computer, DLSR, or webcam. If you want to create professional videos a teleprompter will really help you make an impression on your audience. This clever and inexpensive device turns your cell phone and webcam into a simple teleprompter. Check it out! Teachers and parents, use these picture books to model the process of writing a story. Some of these books show how writers get ideas. Others show the challenges of plotting and drafting the words in a story. All are about a part of the process of storytelling. Kids need plenty of these examples to encourage them as they develop their own story telling abilities. You’ll want to look for books that meet your children where they are. What are your children or students struggling with currently? Is it finding ideas? Start there. Maybe it’s facing the challenges that come with writing a draft. I’ve divided the list into three parts: Finding an Idea, Plotting and Drafting, and The Writer’s Life and Getting Published. Who says children's books can't teach us the craft of writing? I had no idea of the number of creative and adorable books on the subject.. Wish I had some of these when I was in school. Better late than never. ***This review was written by Penelope Silvers for her curated content on "Writing Rightly"*** Select a character to represent you and speak for you as you talk about yourself, your life story and your interests. Introduce yourself, talk about who you are, what you do, what you're interested in, what you like or don't like. Sharing your scoops to your social media accounts is a must to distribute your curated content. Not only will it drive traffic and leads through your content, but it will help show your expertise with your followers. Integrating your curated content to your website or blog will allow you to increase your website visitors’ engagement, boost SEO and acquire new visitors. By redirecting your social media traffic to your website, Scoop.it will also help you generate more qualified traffic and leads from your curation work. Distributing your curated content through a newsletter is a great way to nurture and engage your email subscribers will developing your traffic and visibility. Creating engaging newsletters with your curated content is really easy. | Mid | [
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Landau-Zener-Stueckelberg Physics with a Singular Continuum of States. This Letter addresses the dynamical quantum problem of a driven discrete energy level coupled to a semi-infinite continuum whose density of states has a square-root-type singularity, such as states of a free particle in one dimension or quasiparticle states in a BCS superconductor. The system dynamics is strongly affected by the quantum-mechanical repulsion between the discrete level and the singularity, which gives rise to a bound state, suppresses the decay into the continuum, and can produce Stueckelberg oscillations. This quantum coherence effect may limit the performance of mesoscopic superconducting devices, such as the quantum electron turnstile. | High | [
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How to make your documents and designs more readable White Space White space is far more attractive than increased size of letters. The greater the amount of whitespace, the greater the number of readers that will pay attention to the ad. Improvements in the distribution of whitespace increase ease of reading more than improvements in writing style. Copy Make your copy shorter. The average person spends 10 seconds looking at an ad and will read less than 10 percent of the ad. The percentage decreases with the amount of words on a page. The more words on a page, the fewer words a person reads. Value & Color Black type is most legible against a paper with a yellowishtone. Bright white papers are not easy to read. Type set white on black is 15% more difficult to read than type set black on white. 3/4 of all readers prefer black on white If reversed type or white type on a solid background (color or black and white) is specified, it should be no smaller than 12 points. It's better to switch to a heavy or bolder weight to make the type more readable. Typography The majority of readers confronted with good typography and bad typography recognized bad typography immediately. Serif typefaces are slightly more legible than sans-serifs for long body copy. Serifs increase both legibility and recognition. 2/3 of readers favor serif typefaces. Serif typefaces should not be specified for television or the web unless they have been custom made for that purpose. On a monitor or television, serifs are actually less legible than san serifs. The most legible typesizes for text weights are between 9-12 points. The optimal size depends on the x-height of the typeface. When working with very tight spaces, a typeface with a higher x-height in comparison to it's point size will yield better readability. Spacing Paragraphs set with a slight indentation (2-3 em) are easier to read than paragraphs without indentation. Spacing within paragraphs also increases readability and can be a substitute for indentation. (I prefer additional paragraph spacing rather than indentation) Kerning that is visually proportional to the letter's width affords then highest degree of legibility. Lowercase letters are much more legible than uppercase letters. There is no difference in legibility between headlines set in all lowercase and those set in Uppercase/Lowercase. Display lines set in all capital letters are difficult to read. Body copy set in all caps is totally illegible. Words set in all caps are read letter by letter. Reading is approximately 15% slower in words set in all caps. Variations Condensed or expanded letters are not as legible as normal width letters Medium or normal variations are more legible than boldface or light variations Regular versions are more legible than italics, bold, condensed or expanded type Boldface is a much better choice for emphasis than italics. However too much bold on a page tires the reader. | High | [
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A Muslim aerospace engineer has sued the Spirit Boeing Employees Association for religious discrimination stemming from a party at a lake in Wichita, Kansas. The American Civil Liberties Union filed a federal lawsuit Friday on behalf of Munir Zanial, a Malaysian national of Indian ancestry. The association declined to comment. Zanial rented the group's lake last year to host a party to celebrate Malaysian Independence Day. The lawsuit alleges the association reported him out of fear he used the lake to hold an Islamic State meeting. It alleged an American flag that had been "desecrated ISIS symbols." But the flag was actually a Malaysian flag and the guests included people of Malaysian Indian ancestry, some wearing hijabs. Spirit filed a complaint with the FBI, and the association terminated his rental benefits. | Mid | [
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Monday, July 12, 2010 The Oklahoma Wump When Little Guy was young, his favorite book was THE WUMP WORLD by Bill Peet.Every time we went to the library, he wanted that book.I read it to him so many times, both of us memorized most of the story.(If you haven’t read it, you should.) So what is a wump, you ask?Well, to get a definitive answer, you’d have to ask Bill Peet, and unfortunately, he is no longer available for questioning.But a wump looks much like a capybara (except that a capybara does not have a tail.) A capybara is the world’s largest rodent, much like a giant guinea pig.It lives in South America, where it frequents dense vegetation surrounding lakes, rivers, swamps, and ponds. Last week the body of a 120 pound capybara was found by the U.S. Highway 59 bridge over the Arkansas River, south of Sallisaw.I’ve been wondering about that critter for days now.How did a capybara end up in Oklahoma?Are more of them hanging around the Arkansas River? I’m about as verbal about this situation as a wump.As far as I can remember, wumps only used one word, but they used it repeatedly.Whenever they were frightened or excited, they cried, “Wump, wump!”That’s what I’m likely to say if I run into a capybara in Oklahoma. 4 comments: Yes, I read the book to him so many times that I started having the Wumps say "Grump, Grump". Every blessed time we went to the Zoo a mandatory stop in front of the Wump (Capybara) pen was in order. Some day, when he has his own kids, Grandpa is going to buy them their own pet Wump. I guarantee it. Follow by Email site counter Okie Bookwoman and Veto About Me I retired in May 2008 after many years of teaching. Although I've also taught adults, high schoolers, and middle schoolers, most recently I worked in an elementary school. I taught fourth grade during my last years of teaching, which is an absolutely terrific age. Now that I'm retired from teaching, I'm spending more time on another of my passions--writing. I write for both children and adults, but mostly for kids. | Mid | [
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Category Other categories Baby Footage Page 1 (1 - 50/102,178) This page lists stock videos of Baby. PIXTA offers high quality stock footage at a low price. Each video starts from as low as $15. Our clips are royalty-free, so you can use them as many times as you need without paying any extra fees. Show all | Low | [
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Archive for September, 2007 In the latest (September 2007) issue of Game Developer, my old slave driver during my Neversoft days, Mick West, wrote a nice article about responsiveness in games. One thing Mick’s article covers in quite some detail is input latency and how this latency changes between a game running at 60 fps and at 30 fps. Read the rest of this entry » Over the years, several methods have been suggested for testing the intersection status of two triangles. Perhaps the most well-known presentations are by [Möller97] and [Held97]. Other presentations include [Roy98], [Shen03], and [Guigue03]. It is always cool when developers reveal technical information about their games, especially when it is a team that has done really good work and you’re likely to pick up some good nuggets of information. One of the most interesting presentations of late was the Capcom MT Framework presentation (in Japanese) from CEDEC 2006 posted by the Japanese site Impress Watch. Read the rest of this entry » | High | [
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Fraudulent director stole my UK company This is a discussion on Fraudulent director stole my UK company within the Business Contracts & Partnerships forum, part of the BUSINESS & FINANCE LAW category; I created a company some 5 years ago 50/50 with another. Invested money, my father invested money. I worked for ... I created a company some 5 years ago 50/50 with another. Invested money, my father invested money. I worked for 3 years without pay depleting 70,000 pounds of savings and reinvested every penny profit. The company was my concept. We were growing and importing palm trees, and went from nothing to the biggest company of its type in north europe with over 1 million turnover, high profits and half a million in stock. We decided the future was in growing and it was limited in holland where the main nursery was ( even though it was a UK limited company ) so i went to brazil to start a production company and left my 50% partner and director in charge. I invested all my money in plants and sent to our company in holland. I did not know he had started a new company when I left for brasil and the plants went straight into a new company greenhouse. Then I was told the company was almost bankrupt and all our huge stock of plants had died in the previous winter and was provided with a valuation of 50k and debts of 210K. This was ridiculous, the debts were around 60K including half of which was to me. I took legal advice and was told 50K to fight him. I had nothing, and was in brasil with a wife and 2 kids to feed without money. He laughed at me and told me I was burning my own money on his expensive lawyer paid for by our company. I was told I only got my money I invested back if I agreed to sign over the company or I got nothing. Without money and in a foreign country and without ability to fight him I was forced to sign it all over for a pittance. I also had to sign a contract saying I would remain silent. Since then the company has prospered and he has appeared on forums advertising plants for sale that were not included in the valuation. he is not even honest about the plants he is selling and is conning people. I wrote this on the forum and he informed me that he will now sue me for defamation under the contract I signed. I have lost everything because I did not have the money to fight him and now he wants to grind me in the dirt and sell stolen plants that he claimed had died in winter in front of my face. Can anybody help me. I wish to inform you that your agreement will govern your rights. In this regard if your statement on forum was true then you may inform other person that there cannot be defamation because defamation arises when any false statement is being made. As your statement was not false but correct mention of facts thus you cannot be held liable for defamation. Further foreign judgments will be enforced in Brazil after they are recognized by Superior Federal Court. You may contest judgment granted by a court in Europe against you on the ground that you were not having any opportunity to respond and due process of law was not followed. I have not written anything that was not true but it is one word against another. He has the money and I have nothing. I could not defend against his fraud because he had control of the money so i fear he can do as he likes because without money i already lost 50% of a company worth half a million. I wish there was a way I could contest the contract i signed on basis of him admitting to existence of large numbers of plants he claimed died in winter, aside from the blackmail aspect. I go back to UK in march so if its possible to contect the contract and claim compensation for fraud I would do it. Probably I cant do it for same reason I lost the company, no money to fight him with. It seems to me that the absurd costs of fighting a corporate action means that there is no justice for those that cannot pay. Use of the Forums is subject to our Disclaimer which prohibits unapproved advertisements, solicitations or other commercial messages, and false, harassing or abusive statements. All postings reflect the views of the author but become the property of WORLD Law Direct.Questions and information submitted in the Forums are assumed inquiries for general information and not legal advice. | Mid | [
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In a career that is in its 14th season, Ian Kinsler has four walks and three hits in 18 pinch-hit appearances. The idea has always been that he would get many more than that this season. “Yeah, absolutely,” Kinsler said of knowing he’d eventually transition into a role player when he signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Padres in the offseason. “I knew the situation of the ball club.” The initial thinking was it would already have happened. But second baseman Luis Urias struggled, and shortstop Fernando Tatis Jr. got hurt. So Kinsler has pinch-hit just three times this season and on Saturday made his 33rd start at second base. But the Padres’ decision makers discuss the timing of Urias’ next promotion virtually every day. There is a thought that at some point the 21-year-old must be brought up, even if the team believes he still has work to do on his approach and mechanics. And it is hoped Tatis, who is up to running at 90 percent but still feeling some tightness as he works back from a left hamstring strain suffered April 28, is back for at the start of the next road trip, May 24 in Toronto. Kinsler’s transformation will likely begin in earnest around that time. “You know, I expect to play baseball,” Kinsler said. “But that’s not going to deter me from trying to help the team win in whatever role that I’m in. That’s the reality of it. And right now, my focus is to play good baseball and try to help this team win however I can. And as the summer goes along, whatever that role takes on, that’s what it’s going to be.” While he has never had to think and ready himself like a role player, Kinsler has begun to mine advice from career back-up Greg Garcia and first base coach Skip Schumaker, who spent time as a utility player in his career. “Yes, learning how to prepare yourself to pinch-hit is something new, but we have guys in the clubhouse that do it,” Kinsler said. “Greg’s obviously one of the best that we have, and Skip did it for a lot of his career, so I talk to him about it. There’s people who have experience in that role and, for me, it’s just trying to find what gets me to be ready the best way I know how. Outside that, it just comes down to performing.” Wingen’ it Right-hander Trey Wingenter is expected to be activated Sunday after looking good throwing a live batting practice session — or half of one — on Saturday afternoon. He was so strong that manager Andy Green halted the session early. “Stuff was coming out really well,” Green said. “We shut down the live BP quicker than we thought we would just so we could hasten his return.” Basically, Wingenter can’t get back quick enough. He was pitching almost exclusively in high-leverage situations, taking some of that responsibility from Craig Stammen, whose workload was bordering on excessive. Since Wingenter was shut down May 4 with a shoulder strain, the Padres have had to use Phil Maton and Brad Wieck in multiple close-and-late situations. “He looked like the guy you’d like to have on the mound in a pivotal situation,” Green said of Wingenter’s turn on the mound Saturday. Quantribution Cal Quantrill will make his third major league start on Sunday against the Pirates. He’s done well to get as far as he has in his first two starts, which is the backdoor compliment no pitcher wants. Quantrill allowed a double and triple and one run in his first inning against the Braves on May 1 and then made it two outs into the sixth inning having allowed one more run that night. In his last start, May 7 against the Mets, two doubles and two singles and two runs in the top of the first were the only times the Mets scored off him in 4 2/3 innings. Just 58 percent of Quantrill’s pitches have been strikes. His 52 percent first-pitch strike rate is 10 percent below the major league average for starting pitchers. He turns two-strike counts into outs just 55 percent of the time, 20 percent below the MLB average. One thing he does remarkably well is get out of trouble. He turns 2-0, 2-1 or three-ball counts into outs 60 percent of the time, 10 percent higher than the league average. Problem is, Quantrill has been in those counts 17 times in the 41 plate appearances against him. × Hear from Padres manager Andy Green on starting pitcher Cal Quantrill’s role with the team. “We like the bulldog mentality we’ve seen in him and we like his ability to make pitches in pivotal situations,” Green said. “We want him to pitch ahead. … He pitches ahead, he’s going to have a lot of success. The first couple outings, that hasn’t really been the case, but he’s battle to make it through a lot of tough situations.” The 24-year-old, who was the Padres’ first-round pick in 2016, is making these starts to provide an extra day of rest for Chris Paddack and Matt Strahm. Both of them are building strength after pitching limited innings in recent years due to injury. Paddack and Strahm pitch Monday and Tuesday, respectively. The Padres are off Thursday, which creates natural space before their following starts. That likely means another turn in Triple-A for Quantrill, as the Padres do not figure to need an extra starter again until the first week of June. | Low | [
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Uralite Halt railway station Uralite Halt (TQ 702 737 ) was a halt between Milton Range Halt and Cliffe station on the Hundred of Hoo Railway. Built to serve the British Uralite works, it opened in July 1906 and closed on 4 December 1961. The halt was demolished soon after closure. References. Sources. External links Subterranea Britannica Kent Rail Uralite Halt station on navigable 1940 O. S. map Category:Disused railway stations in Kent Category:Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1906 Category:Railway stations closed in 1961 Category:Transport in Medway | Low | [
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Q: Calculation involving Interdependent columns in dataframe Data <- data.frame( A = rnorm(1:10), B = rnorm(1:10), C = rnorm(1:10), D = rnorm(1:10), X = sample(c(1,0), size=10, replace = TRUE) ) In the Data dataframe I need to create two columns Y and Z where First observation of Y will be equal to a constant let's say 10 Second and subsequent observations of Y i.e from row 2 to 10 in this case will be equal = 10 + Z[previous observation] example if Z[1] = 10 then Y[2] = 10 + Z[1] = 20 if Z[2] = 20 then Y[3] = 10 + Z[2] = 30 if Z[3] = 50 then Y[4] = 10 + Z[3] = 60 and so on till the length of Data dataframe. Now as far as Z is concerned it is calculated as follows: First observation of Z is IF(X1>0,0,Y1-SUM(A1+B1+C1+D1)) Second observation of Z is IF(X2>0,0,Y2-SUM(A2+B2+C2+D2)) Third observation of Z is IF(X3>0,0,Y3-SUM(A3+B3+C3+D3)) i.e it checks if X observation from same row is > 0 it is then Z for that row is 0 otherwise it is Y1 - sum(A:D) for the same row and so on till length of Data frame. A: As there is an interdependency in every row on the previous row used for loop here Data$Y <- 10 Data$Z <- 0 for (i in seq_len(nrow(Data))) { if(i > 1) Data$Y[i] <- Data$Y[1] + Data$Z[i-1] if(Data$X[i] > 0) Data$Z[i] <- 0 else Data$Z[i] <- with(Data, Y[i] - (A[i]+B[i]+C[i]+D[i])) } Data # A B C D X Y Z #1 0.6607697 0.05785971 0.2053518 -0.3366816 0 10.00000 9.412700 #2 -2.0529830 1.10397550 1.0162833 -0.6592560 0 19.41270 20.004681 #3 -1.4992061 -0.02561697 0.4089990 -0.1007670 1 30.00468 0.000000 #4 1.4712331 0.51484639 -0.7052355 0.7039078 0 10.00000 8.015248 #5 1.4591385 0.99005668 0.2356143 0.4380549 0 18.01525 14.892384 #6 0.1401390 0.30345432 0.3451300 1.4971479 0 24.89238 22.606512 #7 0.2091844 -0.93007223 -1.0197996 0.2162444 1 32.60651 0.000000 #8 -3.0360898 0.08403068 -1.4118223 -1.4953378 0 10.00000 15.859219 #9 -0.4869341 0.52677963 -1.3638423 0.1249940 1 25.85922 0.000000 #10 -1.0878673 0.01586862 0.8731049 -1.0380945 0 10.00000 11.236988 data set.seed(234) Data <- data.frame( A = rnorm(1:10), B = rnorm(1:10), C = rnorm(1:10), D = rnorm(1:10), X = sample(c(1,0), size=10, replace = TRUE) ) | Mid | [
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Bowl Championship Series Rankings Week 5: November 23, 1998 All four unbeaten teams won again this week. Tennessee, UCLA and Kansas State continue to battle it out for the two spots in the BCS Fiesta Bowl. Meanwhile, undefeated Tulane is ranked 11th in this week's standings, victims of their 103rd-ranked schedule. The rumblings about a possible mess have grown louder over the past weeks. What happens if the top three teams remain undefeated and only two play in the so-called national championship game, the other goes to a "lesser" bowl, and at the end of the season we still have two undefeated teams (or three, if you include Tulane)? The final BCS standings come out in two weeks. What's left for the contenders? Tennessee will face Vanderbilt this Saturday, then either Arkansas or Mississippi in the SEC Championship game on December 5. UCLA has a bye week before facing a surging Miami team on December 5 in the make-up of the early-season game that was postponed because of Hurricane Georges. Kansas State is off until December 5, when it closes the regular season against Texas A&M in the Big 12 title game. The Wildcats need help strengthening their schedule. If Tennessee and UCLA continue to win, it will be difficult, if not impossible, for KSU to move up at all. This coming weekend, Kansas State will be rooting hard for Syracuse to beat Miami and for Texas A&M to beat Texas, because a Hurricane loss would weaken UCLA's schedule and a Texas A&M win would strengthen the Wildcats'. Team AP ESPN/USA PAvg. ST Sagarin NYT CAvg Sked Q-Rank L Total Tennessee 1 2 1.5 2 3 2 2.33 14 0.56 0 4.39 UCLA 3 3 3 1 2 2.25 (4) 1.75 8 0.32 0 5.07 Kansas St. 2 1 1.5 3 1 3 2.33 62 2.45 0 6.31 Florida St. 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 5 0.20 1 8.20 Texas A&M 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 13 0.52 1 12.52 Ohio St. 5 5 5 7 6 6 6.33 27 1.08 1 13.41 Arizona 7 7 7 6 7 7 6.67 51 2.04 1 16.71 Florida 8 8 8 11 9 9 9.67 20 0.80 2 20.47 Notre Dame 9 10 9.5 8 12 (17) 8 9.33 60 2.40 1 22.23 Wisconsin 10 9 9.5 10 10 11 10.33 65 2.6 1 23.43 Tulane 11 11 11 9 16 18.75 (37) 14.58 103 4.12 0 29.70 Nebraska 14 17 15.5 12 8 15 (17) 11.67 15 0.60 3 30.77 Arkansas 13 13 13 16 15 23.25 (31) 18.08 56 2.24 2 35.32 Michigan 15 16 15.5 18 22 15 18.33 11 0.44 3 37.27 Georgia 12 12 12 13 24 27.75 (30) 21.58 46 1.84 2 37.42 Air Force 18 14 16 22 21 10 17.67 92 3.68 1 38.35 Virginia 16 15 15.5 17 26 21 21.33 54 2.16 2 40.99 Oregon 22 23 22.5 14 11 18.75 (28) 14.58 23 0.92 3 41.00 Georgia Tech 17 18 17.5 20 25.5 (27) 14 19.83 61 2.44 2 41.77 Miami-FL 19 20 19.5 27.75 (34) 25 12 21.58 73 2.92 2 46.00 Legend PAvg.— The average of the Associated Press media poll and ESPN-USA Today coaches poll. Others receiving votes are calculated in order received. CAvg.— The average of The Hester & Anderson/Seattle Times, Jeff Sagarin's rankings and New York Times rankings. In order to prevent differences in individual formulas, a maximum adjusted deviation of no greater than 50 percent of the average of the two lowest computer rankings is utilized. Quartile Rank— Rank of schedule strength compared to other Division I-A teams divided by 25. The component is calculated by determining the cumulative won/loss records of the team's opponent (66.6 percent) and the cumulative won/loss record of the team's opponent's opponents (33.3 percent). Losses— One point for each loss during the season. Notes: BCS rankings each week will list the top 15 or down to the lowest-ranked BCS-affiliated conference leader. | Low | [
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Football talk takes timeout for hockey 'The best news for Regier in a nonseason that hasn't produced much good news is the play of goalie Ryan Miller in Rochester. The young guy who experienced a meltdown after getting shelled in an early season game with the Sabres in 2003 is a different player physically and emotionally. He's the big reason the Amerks have become dominant after their slow start.' | Mid | [
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Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal acquired Tashichho Dzong fortress of the auspicious religion in 1641. The Dzong was destroyed by fire in 1771 and earthquake in 1897. In 1952 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck renovated the Dzong in traditional style using neither nails nor written plans. The Dzong is located on the banks of Wangchu River and it houses the throne room, offices of the King of Bhutan and religious head of Bhutan, Je Khenpo. Memorial chorten Memorial chorten, popularly known as Thimphu Chorten is a prominent landmark in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. The chorten was built in 1974 to honor the third king of Bhutan. The chorten is an extraordinary example of Buddhist architecture and artwork with its intricate sculptures and paintings. The visitors see that the elderly circumambulation the chorten throughout the day to reach one step closer to enlightenment. Sitting Buddha People do not believe that it is the largest sitting Buddha but they believe that it is the most handsome Buddha. Buddha Dordenma is sited amidst the ruins of Kuensel Phodrang, the palace of Sherab Wangchuk, the thirteenth Druk Desi, overlooking the southern approach to Thimphu. The statue of Shakyamuni/Dordenma measures in at a height of 51.5 meters. The statue is made of bronze and is gilded in gold. The statue fulfills an ancient prophecy dating back to the 8th century AD that was discovered by Terton Pema Lingpa (Religious Treasure Discoverer) and is said to emanate an aura of peace and happiness to the entire world. According to some Bhutanese GNH is every country man being contented with what they do, are and without desire for material wealth. It is the mental happiness derived from whatever one has as Bhutan being a regional country, every one believes that nothing but only inner happiness helps in attains nirvana. One industry which has helped in both GNH and GDP of the country is hospitality and tourism. As Bhutan is one of those country which has its own and unique nature, culture and tradition which gives a lot of inner peace and happiness of the nature beauty and history told in the form of the dances and tails hold in a very unique manner. Some of the foreigner that has come and visited Bhutan has nothing to say but only a smile on their face says it all. GNH as the measurement of the country’s development, it’s very difficult to say whether the country has been successes in it. | Mid | [
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Villa Rental in Antigua Waterfront Jolly Harbour Villa 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, WIFI & CTV Stunning Villa Rental in Antigua available all year. Villa Sundowner is a Jolly Harbour Villa situated in a tranquil waterfront position on Golf Course Way within the renowned and gated Jolly Harbour Resort. Close to two stunning white sandy beaches. The front of Villa Sundowner overlooks the picturesque Jolly Harbour Golf Course. The Villa has a west facing waterfront sun deck on the ground floor where you will watch the most amazing sunsets. Not only perfect for sunbathing on the loungers during the day, it is an ideal place for a sundowner cocktail. Villa Sundowner Sundeck The villa is open plan downstairs furnished in a contemporary style, with luxury leather seating and dining for six. The kitchen is fully equipped with everything you need including a large American oven, microwave, and large fridge freezer. The spacious living area extends through patio doors on to the sun deck, which has a retractable canopy to shade from the sun. Upstairs you will find two spacious bedrooms both with en-suite bathrooms. The master bedroom has a Queen sized bed with a private balcony that overlooks the water. The second twin-bedded room overlooks the second fairway of Jolly Harbour Golf Course. Both bedrooms have ample storage and space for a cot or Z bed. FURTHER DETAIL: The kitchen is fully equipped with everything you need, including pots & pans, a complete set of crockery and glassware, cooking utensils, kettle, coffee maker, toaster, microwave, a large American oven with four ring stove, fridge-freezer, ironing board & iron. The living and dining area for six people has contemporary furnishings with a slate tiled dining table, luxury leather sofas, glass coffee tables and a Swedish relax chair. There is al-fresco dining available on the waterfront patio. Villa Sundowner offers free WIFI, flat screen cable TV with DVD player, and a Playstation II with games. The living area extends through patio doors to the west facing sun deck with retractable sunshade canopy, patio dining table and chairs, plus two sun loungers. The spacious master bedroom with en-suite bathroom has a Queen sized bed. There is a large double wardrobe, ample storage space and space for an additional bed/cot. The patio doors lead on to a west facing private balcony overlooking the water. The large second bedroom with en-suite walk in shower room has two single beds with views over the golf course. There is a double wardrobe, large chest of drawers for storage, and space for an additional bed/cot. Linens and bathroom towels are provided. There is an optional housekeeping service, including linen change, for stays of 2 weeks or more at extra cost. The villa has AC, ceiling fans & insect screens. A few minutes golf buggy ride to The Jolly Harbour Villa Commercial Centre where you will find a large Epicurean supermarket, banks, ATM, bars & restaurants, pharmacy, hair and beauty salon, swimming pool, tennis courts and a marina. The sports centre with pool is free to guests with a nominal charge for tennis and squash. Tennis & squash racquets are provided at the villa. The golf course and gym is a few minutes’ walk from the villa. No smoking and no pets. This villa rental in Antigua is the perfect vacation for couples and families, with everything you need on the doorstep. Please be aware that this property is on the waterfront and caution should be exercised with children There are very occasional interruptions to power and WIFI, cable services etc., and whilst endeavours are made to provide the services listed above they cannot be guaranteed. | Mid | [
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Say Oui Desserts impress at the French Food Festival April 20. Sara Ayyash, pastry chef at the Jefferson Hotel, went tropical to win the dessert competition at the fifth annual RVA French Food Festival on Saturday. Using passion fruit mousse and curd, ginger meringue powder and blood orange, Ayyash struck an artful balance of texture, flavor and appeal to capture the prize. A similar dish is on the menu at the hotel. Named a close runner up was the chocolate sea salt caramel crème brulee from Amour Wine Bistro owner Paul Heitz. The dessert's prime ingredients make it a consistent favorite at his Carytown establishment. The festival drew a record-setting crowd that queued up to sample cuisine from chefs Paul Elbling, John Maher and Sean Murphy among others. Proceeds benefit Little Sisters of the Poor. rvafrenchfoodfestival.com. | Mid | [
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Program The Drexel Post-Graduate Certificate in Medical Therapy introduces a variety of practicing healthcare professionals who already have an advanced degree (MS, MD or PhD) to the ways acute and chronic medical illnesses and conditions influence and are influenced by psychosocial, relational, and family conditions and environments. This one-year certificate program makes it possible for couple and family therapists and other professionals trained in the subspecialty of medical family therapy (or collaborative healthcare) to learn to work cooperatively to bridge gaps in the healthcare systems, and provide comprehensive and culturally congruent family-focused services. What you’ll learn The Post-Graduate Certificate in Medical Family Therapy program emphasizes culturally sensitive approaches to therapy. We graduate innovative and competent healthcare providers who are prepared for work in a variety of workplace environments ranging from mental health facilities to community agencies, school programs and medical settings. What makes the Drexel Post-Graduate Certificate in Medical Family Therapyprogram unique? Convenient online format is ideal for non-traditional and working students. Coursework is career-oriented for individualized specialty areas. Renowned and experienced faculty. You are part of theDrexel University College of Nursing and Health Professions with access to clinical practice environments. COMPLIANCE The College of Nursing and Health Professions has a compliance process that may be required for every student. Some of these steps may take significant time to complete. Please plan accordingly. Admission Requirements Degree: Master's degree in a related healthcare profession or a master's degree and employed in a healthcare setting. GPA of 3.0 or above from the master’s degree education. Standardized Tests:N/A Transcripts: Official transcripts must be sent directly to Drexel from all the colleges/universities that you have attended. Transcripts must be submitted in a sealed envelope with the college/university seal over the flap. Please note that transcripts are required regardless of number of credits taken or if the credits were transferred to another school. An admission decision may be delayed if you do not send transcripts from all colleges/universities attended. Transcripts must show course-by-course grades and degree conferrals. If your school does not notate degree conferrals on the official transcripts, you must provide copies of any graduate or degree certificates. If your school issues only one transcript for life, you are required to have a course-by-course evaluation completed by an approved transcript evaluation agency Use our Transcript Lookup Tool to assist you in contacting your previous institutions Prerequisites: N/A References: Two letters of recommendation are required as a part of the application process. Recommendation letters must include address, phone number, and signature of the recommender. You may use our electronic letter of recommendation service If a recommender prefers to submit an original, hard copy letter, please remind them that it must include an ink signature and be submitted in a sealed envelope. Personal Statement/ Essay: Required. Interview/Portfolio: Interview may be required. CV/Resume: Required. Licenses: N/A Clinical/Work/VolunteerExperience: While specific experience not required, previous related work experience may make applicant more competitive. International Students: International applicants, as well as immigrants to the United States and U.S. permanent residents whose native language is not English and who have not received a bachelor's degree or higher in the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom, must show proficiency in English speaking as well as listening, writing and reading. American citizens born on U.S. military bases abroad may be waived from the TOEFL requirement after providing documentation of this status. Otherwise, applicants must meet one of the following requirements: If you take the TOEFLiBT exam, you must have: a minimum combined score for listening, writing, and reading sections of 79 plus a speaking section score of 26 or higher. a minimum score of 550 or higher and a Test of Spoken English score (TSE) of 55 or higher. | High | [
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Q: Single solution for website datacenter networking I am looking at different solution for datacenter need of a web application. Below is my requirement. I would first like to have a solution which offers it all in one box to have it as simple as possible Edge Firewall(as we only have web application, need firewall connected to world without traditional firewall like cisco asa) Load balancer Can create DMZ and firewall traffic between world, dmz and internal Can Handle SSL Web Application Firewall (PCI-Dss compliant) Reverse-proxy VPN (SSL) - this will be only point of entry into network for us so need full access through VPN Our datacenter will have two redundant machine for above solution then application servers like web, app and database servers. No router, no another firewall. I know there are army of companies that offer load balancer, firewall, VPN solutions but are there any offer single solution? If already have used how was your experience? A: I'm pretty sure there is no solution for that as ready-to-buy commercial appliance. You could build it yourself using open source components, fx: Linux Linux' Netfilter firewall, perhaps using a management frontend such as Shorewall. Apache 2.2 for SSL, L7 load balancing, and with Mod_Security as web application level firewall. Squid or Varnish for caching (reverse proxy). OpenVPN for SSL VPN. Building that is a pretty major project unless you have strong Unix sysadmin expertise. I would not advise it. Some of your concerns seem to go in the wrong direction. I don't see how you reduce complexity to cramming this much functionality into just one device. I would suggest to split this up on multiple devices along the boundaries that are normally used in our industry, and perhaps let consultants handle the parts that you are less familiar with. | Mid | [
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Studies in People's History Studies in People’s History is a peer reviewed journal. It is a forum that embraces all aspects of History under the broadest of definitions, but always bearing in mind their relationship with society at large. It is published twice a year by SAGE Publications in association with Aligarh Historians Society. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Abstracting and indexing Studies in People’s History is abstracted and indexed in: J-Gate External links Homepage References http://publicationethics.org/members Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals Category:Biannual journals Category:History journals Category:Publications established in 2014 | High | [
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Pages Friday, August 29, 2014 Where do they keep getting these people from??? The last time Elizabeth Warren was asked about her views on the Israeli attack on Gaza – on July 17 – she, as Rania Khalek put it, “literally ran away” without answering. But last week, the liberal Senator appeared for one of her regularly scheduled “office hours” with her Massachusetts constituents, this one in Hyannis, and, as a local paper reported, she had nowhere to run. One voter who identified himself as a Warren supporter, John Bangert, stood up and objected to her recent vote, in the middle of the horrific attack on Gaza, to send yet another $225 million of American taxpayer money to Israel for its “Iron Dome” system. Banger told his Senator: “We are disagreeing with Israel using their guns against innocents. It’s true in Ferguson, Missouri, and it’s true in Israel . . . The vote was wrong, I believe.” To crowd applause, Bangert told Warren that the money “could have been spent on infrastructure or helping immigrants fleeing Central America.” But Warren steadfastly defended her “pro-Israel” vote, invoking the politician’s platitude: “We’re going to have to agree to disagree on this one.” According to the account in the Cape Cod Times by reporter C. Ryan Barber, flagged by Zaid Jilani, Warren was also asked about her Israel position by other voters who were at the gathering, and she went on to explain: “I think the vote was right, and I’ll tell you why I think the vote was right. America has a very special relationship with Israel. Israel lives in a very dangerous part of the world, and a part of the world where there aren’t many liberal democracies and democracies that are controlled by the rule of law. And we very much need an ally in that part of the world.” Warren said Hamas has attacked Israel “indiscriminately,” but with the Iron Dome defense system, the missiles have “not had the terrorist effect Hamas hoped for.” When pressed by another member of the crowd about civilian casualties from Israel’s attacks, Warren said she believes those casualties are the “last thing Israel wants.” “But when Hamas puts its rocket launchers next to hospitals, next to schools, they’re using their civilian population to protect their military assets. And I believe Israel has a right, at that point, to defend itself,” Warren said, drawing applause. Warren even rejected a different voter’s suggestion that the U.S. force Israel to at least cease building illegal settlements by withholding further aid: “Noreen Thompsen, of Eastham, proposed that Israel should be prevented from building any more settlements as a condition of future U.S. funding, but Warren said, ‘I think there’s a question of whether we should go that far.’” In her defense, Warren has long been clear that this is what she would do. Her Senate campaign website still contains statements such as “it is a moral imperative to support and defend Israel” and ”as a United States Senator, I will work to ensure Israel’s security and success.” During her time in the national spotlight, Warren has focused overwhelmingly on domestic issues, rarely venturing into foreign policy discussions. Many of those domestic views, particularly her strident-for-D.C. opposition to banks, have been admirable, elevating her to hero status for many progressives. But when Warren has spoken on national security, she has invariably spouted warmed-over, banal Democratic hawk tripe of the kind that she just recited about Israel and Gaza. During her Senate campaign, for instance, she issued wildly militaristic – and in some cases clearly false – statements about Iran and its nuclear program that would have been comfortable on the pages of The Weekly Standard. Even as conservative Democratic Senate candidates from red states such as Nebraska’s Bob Kerrey were vehemently condemning the threat of war against Iran during their campaigns, Warren was claiming (contrary to the U.S. Government’s own assessment) that “Iran is pursuing nuclear weapons”, adding: “I support strong sanctions against Iran and believe that the United States must also continue to take a leadership role in pushing other countries to implement strong sanctions as well.” Those claims about Iran’s pursuit of nuclear weapons remained her position even after she was told that they squarely contradict the U.S. intelligence community’s clear assessment of Iran’s actions. In related news, the British newspaper The Telegraph yesterday published the names of all 504 children who were killed in Gaza over the last 50 days by Israel. In the last week, Israel deliberately destroyed an entire large residential apartment building after giving its residents less than an hour to vacate, leaving more than 40 families homeless, and also destroyed a seven-story office building and two-story shopping center (the video of the apartment building destruction is online and ugly to watch). Echoing Benjamin Nentayahu (and Hillary Clinton), Elizabeth Warren’s clear position is that Israel bears none of the blame for any of this. Or, to use her words, “when Hamas puts its rocket launchers next to hospitals, next to schools, they’re using their civilian population to protect their military assets. And I believe Israel has a right, at that point, to defend itself.” Such carnage is the ”last thing Israel wants.” The last thing. That, ladies and gentlemen, is your inspiring left-wing icon of the Democratic Party. No comments: Post a Comment So I am a blogger now. This is my entry into the world of blogging. Don't know if anyone will ever see it or care, but here it goes. I intend it be a humorous, music, sports and current issues flavored site with postings of links to my favorite videos, info about my favorite bands, stuff I find funny and things I find newsworthy. It might become political at times. I just can't help myself. I will also use this as a forum to put things out there for information and education sake. I like to expose people to alternative ways of viewing events both past and present. I never believe everything I read and don't claim to have all the answers despite what many of you who know me believe. Hence the title of my blog. I hope you enjoy it and feel free to pass on any comments. Disclaimer: Many of the articles I post here are taken from some of my favorite alternative news sites and blogs. I do my best to post the link to the the source of the original article as well as the author's name if it is provided. If someone notices any omission on my part or feels that they would prefer that I not post their articles here, please contact me. I try to post the work of others in bold and italics. My comments or any work that is original to me, is presented in regular type format. My intention is to pass on information I find interesting or important to others for informational and/or educational value. Again, if someone wishes that I not use their work, please contact me. I will gladly remove it and refrain from posting it in the future. | Low | [
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The leader of the Obama administration’s response to the Ebola crisis had some blunt words for President Donald Trump concerning the coronavirus outbreak. Speaking to Chris Hayes on MSNBC on Thursday, Ron Klain gave the current administration’s response a D+ grading and said that the president should “put down the iPhone,” should stop “saying ridiculous things on camera and let public health authorities brief people and tell us the truth.” He also said that the tactic of travel restrictions to delay the arrival of the virus only works if you use that time to prepare — the threat has been widely known since early January, and not enough was done. Mr Klain accused the president of focusing on optics and keeping the number of cases low by being slow about testing: “If you don’t test, you don’t know. He is focused on numbers, he’s focused on the stock market being up and the case count being down.” “Those are the two wrong things to focus on,” he added. Drawing on his experience managing a health crisis, Mr Klain suggested that the administration should be working on getting more people tested and treated, and preparing hospitals for an influx of patients. To date in the US, there are currently 230 cases spread across 20 states, with 14 deaths. | High | [
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Meet the Berger Bullets Tech Team Meet the Berger Bullets Tech Team The Berger Bullets Technical Team recently transitioned from being partially operated by Sinclair International to fully operated by Berger Bullets, so we thought this would be a great opportunity to introduce our new team! Their combined experience in the field is vast, spanning from varmint to large game hunting as well as several types of competitive shooting such as 3-Gun, F-Class and short to long range Benchrest. Each of our Technical Specialists are NRA Certified Reloading Instructors and they have extensive knowledge of everything shooting related from rifle makes and models to reloading equipment and components. Now that the Tech Team is fully in-house, it allows us to be more active throughout the shooting community. You will see our team out on several public forums engaging shooters by answering questions not only about our products, but about other aspects of reloading and the shooting sports in general. You can also expect to soon see new technical articles in our Tech Talk section as well as Blogs where our experts share their knowledge and experiences. Below you will find the profiles for our entire Tech Team. They are available Monday through Friday, 8:00am to 4:30pm EST (excluding holidays). You can reach them via email at [email protected] or phone at 660-460-2802. Walt Berger Founder and Chief Technical Consultant A legend in the Benchrest shooting community, Walt has been helping shooters with technical questions about Berger bullets since he founded the company. While he now spends most of his time consulting our team and shooting in competitions, he still finds the time to answer the more complicated customer questions that only someone with his vast experience can answer. Bob Blaine Technical Specialist Bob started reloading with his father when he was just six and a half years old. Before he turned seven, his grandfather had given him his old Winchester Model 270 pump action 22 Long Rifle. When he was a teenager he worked at Lomont Precision Bullets, where he learned about bullet casting and wildcatting. By the time he was in college he had begun to work for the local Winchester Gun Club where he learned to shoot Trap and Skeet. From there, he continued to improve his reloading skills and eventually met Bill Gravatt, who invited him to work for Sinclair. Bob was soon introduced to the art of shooting Benchrest. He loved it. While working at Sinclair, he got to learn a lot about different types of products. For several years, Sinclair’s Tech Team handled the Tech Line calls for Berger Bullets. Bob learned a great deal about Berger Bullets as well as various different reloading equipment and shooting gear during his 20 years at Sinclair. In late 2013 when he was offered a position on the Berger Bullets Tech Team, working directly under Walt Berger, Bob jumped on the opportunity. After all, “how many folks have been in the position to say they have had the privilege of learning from Bill Gravatt, Fred Sinclair, Eric Stecker and Walt Berger.” While the majority of Bob’s experience is in short range Benchrest, he has also taken up long range rifle shooting. He believes that different disciplines offer challenges that are unique, and that if one masters the basics of these disciplines, that it will make that person a better all-around shooter in the end. Phil Hoham Technical Specialist Phil was taught to shoot at an early age by his father and grandfather. His great grandfather was very active in competitive shooting and the love for the sport was passed down through the generations. Phil was very active in what was known at the time as Action Pistol competitions, and mostly reloaded 45 ACP and 45 Long Colt to feed his action and target pistols. In 2000, Phil was approached by Bill Gravatt of Sinclair and offered a position to work on their Tech Team. Working for Sinclair was a dream come true, and he learned a lot about precision reloading thanks to the team. Over the years he branched out in competitive shooting and started to shoot long range prone Fullbore and Palma style matches, finding that these competitions truly put his reloading skills to the test. As 3-Gun competitions became more popular, Phil began to gravitate naturally towards this sport since it was so similar to what he initially competing in. Phil joined the Berger Bullets Tech Team in late 2014. Phil had been answering technical questions about Berger Bullets for years as a member of Sinclair’s Tech Team, and when offered the position at Berger, he saw it as a perfect fit. Even with all of his experience competing and working for the Sinclair Tech Team, he strives to learn even more about bullets, reloading and precision shooting. Corey Schwanz Technical Specialist Corey has had a passion for shooting since his dad first took him hunting when he was five years old. “I remember squirrel hunting with my first air rifle at the age of six or seven. Santa Claus brought me my first shotgun a few years later. Since then, I’ve found every excuse possible to get out to the shooting range or hunting fields when I can.” In 2009, Corey joined the Sinclair Tech Team. He already had years of personal hands on experience, but was able to learn so much more while working for Sinclair. Around the same time, he also began competitively shooting in USPSA pistol competitions. As with many competitive pistol shooters, he began to learn about 3-Gun and had to give it a try. He won the Inaugural Pro-AM (Amateur Division) his first year competing and has qualified for the 16-man shoot-off every year for the past three years when competing in the Indiana Multi-Gun Series. He has also dabbled in F-Class and long range competitive shooting. Corey joined the Berger Bullets Tech Team at the same time as Phil in late 2014. Having worked on Sinclair’s Tech Team for years, he had the experience and know how necessary to take on the new position. As a team member of Berger Bullets, he plans to continue to competitively shoot Pistol, Multi-Gun and long range matches. | Mid | [
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While the number of women operating their own business is increasing globally, women continue to face huge obstacles that stunt the growth of their businesses. In Sub-Saharan Africa, around 56 per cent of women entrepreneurs cite either unprofitability or lack of finance as a reason for closing their businesses. And of course, they remain under-represented in the technology sector while their start-ups see limited venture capital funding compared to their male counterparts. What can be done to rectify this? Olga Arara-Kimani, Regional Head of Corporate Affairs, Brand & Marketing in Africa and the Middle East, speaks to CNBC Africa's Godfrey Mutizwa.... | High | [
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.set noat # allow manual use of $at .set noreorder # don't insert nops after branches .set gp=64 .include "macros.inc" .section .text, "ax" glabel __osSetSR mtc0 $a0, $12 nop jr $ra nop | Low | [
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"Last season on Being Human..." "Once a month, I'm a killer." "I've been trying to be clean for a decade." " Are you serious?" " About what?" "Being normal?" "I'm Sally." "Hi!" "A door?" "The portal that takes you beyond when it's time to mosey." "Don't miss it 'cause of me." "I'm stuck here." " This is your secret?" " Aaah!" "Josh?" "There's no cure." "And just a scratch was enough." "You are the leader now." "She wants to meet you." "So I guess we should've started slower with the whole being-normal thing, huh?" "* I've been waiting *" "* Waiting and wishing*" "* Lying and cheating *" "* Hoping you'll come alive for me tonight, babe *" "* Hope I come alive *" "Aw!" "I can't do this, man!" "No, you can." "It just takes a little getting use to." "So much killing." "With the cleanup crews and the system, we are all at risk of exposure." "What do you want us to do?" "We're feeling all alone." "I'm trying to help with that." "Really?" "'Cause none of us know what the hell we're doing out here." "Tommy, I've only been at this a few weeks!" "Nobody comes into this world alone." "That's what Bishop told us, right before you killed him." "Oh, Aidan, we were promised a new kind of family." "I left my wife, my kids for what?" "For this?" "You gotta step up, man." "You gotta step up and make this right." "I can get you more of this." "Look, you know where I work, right?" " Yeah." " Come by tomorrow." "I'll see what I can do." "Who's she?" "What?" "I keep hearing:" ""She's coming." ""She's coming."" "What the hell does that mean?" "I'll tell you tomorrow." ""Freedom" is just pretty way of saying that you've gone off the grid." "For better or for worse, you're out of options." "But we call it "Freedom" We write songs about it." "You probably crank them in your car, and never thought about it much." "Some people think it's exhilarating not having your future mapped out." "Others start to drown in all that nothing." "Maybe you'll enjoy for a moment the purity of doing what you want, when you want." "Beer for breakfast, sex in the afternoon." "But obligations sneak up... duty, moral code." "Some of us are wired to put ourselves back into cages." "Freedom is just that moment of calm before the dread sets in." "Aidan, we need blood." "We need the blood." "Aidan, please!" "I need my blood." "It's OK." "Just don't..." "Because no matter what you freed yourself from, you only get so far down the open road, car windows down, music blasting, before you're forced to take a turn, make a choice and sentence yourself to the next adventure." "Hmm..." "Hmm..." "You OK?" "Yeah, I just..." "Yeah, right, and the doctor said..." "She said 4 weeks." "Four weeks." "And yeah, it's..." "It's been about a month since that night... so I should be fine." "Oh, I missed your skin." "Uh..." "You can't miss that." "I missed all of it." "You are a morning person!" "Yeah, yeah." "I know." "I'm..." "I'm sorry." "It's the wolf." "It's, um..." "If I may refer to it in the 3rd person." "I just get a little..." "So I see." "Yeah." "What else do you feel?" "What's it like?" "Nora, you saw it." "Yeah, I know, I know, but we haven't talked about it." "We haven't talked about any of it." "OK, um..." "The couple days before, uh... your senses get heightened." "It's like after a rainstorm." "The wind changes direction and you notice things." "And taste is like..." "First I want a burger and then I'm like:" ""Screw the frickin' burger." ""I want a mound of raw steak."" "Not a mound, but..." "You don't have to do this." "You don't have to take all this on right now." "I mean, the whole point of this was not to do this." "The point of what?" "An apartment." "A job, um... a girlfriend who's too good for me." "Normalcy." "That's the whole point." "Sally, how 'bout I..." " I can do it!" " Or your way's good." "Ah!" "How important is it really that the blood is warm?" "He had a rough night." "I'll just..." "So, there were an unusual amount of tweaky-looking vampires scuffling around the doorstep last night." "And I took care of them." "It's temporary." "A month is a little long to be temporary." "Do you want coffee?" "I can pour coffee." "I do want coffee, Sally, but I want it in my mug." "I'm sorry, sorry." "So, I thought you killing Bishop was wiping the slate clean." "Yeah, well, because I killed Bishop, it's my responsibility to control the chaos." "Because..." "What?" "You want one of the doorstep tweakers doing it?" "I want to contain this, survive this quietly, and the least I can do is set an example of what I do believe which is normalcy, civility, living our lives without taking others'." "Sorry." "Nice work." "Look, Josh, Mother's coming to meet with me." "So, that is happening?" "Because it's been weeks since we heard anything, and I was just thinking maybe she was on a cruise in, like, Alaska." "It's really nice this time of year." "When you live forever, a few weeks is nothing." "Look, when Mother gets here, she will determine the proper order and that's that and not even the council can go against her word." "It's all good!" "If there could be a lot less" ""Mother will determine the proper blah, blah, blah"" "and... and floating, broken coffee mugs when Nora comes down here, that would be awesome." "OK, come one." "I mean, she knows I'm here." "She saw Aidan not die." "She saw you wolf out." "You know, in the words of Don Aidan, it's all good." "No, it's not." "Is Sally here?" "She is." "What's that?" "I found it in the bathroom trash can." "Her high-school reunion is today." "Does she even know?" "Yes, she knows." "She found it in the mail, and expended a lot of energy trying to hide it in the tras." "But thanks, Nora!" "So you're not going?" "What's the point?" " Oh!" " Yeah." "She's wondering why she should go." "Oh!" "You have to go." "It's like going to your own funeral, only way... better." "OK, reunions are all about proving your success." "Right?" "What am I proving?" "That I can sometimes hold a spoon?" "I can't." "I can't." "Too depressing." "Can't do it." "She has very valid reservations." "Well, she..." "You will only be seen in the best light." "Everyone there will be talking about you." ""She was so young, so beautiful."" "Oh, come on." "It's true." "Well, I gotta go look at my hair." "You can't change your hair." "I can still look at it!" "Sally, I promise you that you're way better off than everyone who's gonna be starving themselves this week." "Am I right, girlfriend?" "She's gone, isn't she?" "Yeah." "She's considering her hair." "Right." "Hey, so, we should get to work." "Nora, you wanna..." "I'm not on till 1:00." "That's right." "Bye." "Bye." "See you before I turn." "I'll see you soon." "OK, Mr. Sims, showtime!" "The changing of the linens." "Mr. Sims?" "Oh my god!" "I know you." "You live with Aidan." "You should probably page him, stat." "Oh, would you mind..." "Uh, could you..." "Standing watch?" "Be your lookout?" "I don't know, sure!" "Why would I..." "Why would I mind?" "I woke up this morning with such a void in my life," "I am "jonesing" to be an accessory to murder." "Let's do this." "I'm so sorry." "I came to meet you." "I was walking down the hall." "It's just..." "It's this place." "It's everywhere." "No, it's OK." "I know." "You idiot!" "I was trying to help you." "I was starving!" "I couldn't wait for that bag piss you call food!" "What's the point of staying in the shadows and keeping a low profile when she's just gonna kill us anyway?" "What?" ""The culling." That's what they're calling it." "Bishop built up his illegal army and Mother's just gonna kill us all to protect the other families or some other vampire political crap." "Listen, I cannot die again." "You hear me?" "I can't." "And you're not gonna." "Look, I told you..." "I'm doing everything that I can." "Adele, come here!" "Every time I start getting weepy," "I remember Van Hogan "pantsing" me in the cafeteria." "Yeah, and then I remember high school sucked." "Stevie Atkins?" "Oh my god!" "Ha!" "I thought..." "I thought you were..." "You thought I was dead?" "Good, we're gonna go with that." "You know what I mean." "I gotta say, I'm surprised you're haunting high school." "Why?" "'Cause I killed myself to get out of here?" " Yes." " It's compulsively interesting." "And plus, they totally glamourize my suicide." "It's a great message for the kids." "Right, well, how pissed are you that I'm stealing the spotlight this year?" "Murdered, my friend, by my fiancé." " Wow, that..." "That's cold." " Mm-hmm." "You know who bit it a few months ago?" " Who?" " Diane Alcott." "Hmm!" "What, she like, uh, she get crushed under the weight of her pageant tiara?" "Did her lustrous hair smother her in her sleep?" "Did her boobs creep up and, you know, punch her in the face or something, hmm?" "Malaria." "She was a Goodwill Ambassador in Africa." "Malaria." "Well, that's just stupid." "They have drugs for that." "Look, you don't have to do this." "You don't have to do this." "Excuse me." "I thought you said that there were people that were vampires that you could call who clean stuff like this up, like the Merry Maids who help make gunk disappear." "Yeah." "There are." "There were, but when I killed Bishop, the institutions, the levers that he used to control, this is all fractured now and now it's all on me." "I didn't ask for it." "I don't want it, but there it is." "I have to make it disappear." "But I have Nora." "And med school." "I know." "It's just too many things" "I'm trying to accomplish that don't involve..." " I know." "It's OK." "Wow, Brian, what happened to you?" "Here's the problem with reunions:" "You have the girls who look better." "You have the guys who look worse, but the girls remember them as they used to be." "Next, she's calling her friend to pick her up in front of his hotel after they've just had awkward, half-chub reunion sex, and all does not end well." "You know, you are far too wise to look this young." " Oh, here we go." " Ah!" "Stevie!" "Classic." "Sally!" "She's so beautiful!" "I miss her so much." "Me too." "Oh, come on." "Bitter much?" "Please." "I just never saw the point in Diane Alcott." "Yeah, what is the point in a body like that anyway?" "Honestly!" "You've liked her?" "Isn't it sweet?" "It's amazing how you can touch someone's life without ever really knowing them, right?" "Yeah..." "Did you guys go here too?" "We were in your class." "But I killed myself in junior year, so it's cool if you don't re... remember me." "Junior year was pretty stressful." "Well, I'm Diane." "Hegeman." "I wasn't expecting you." "Of course we're all here." "The council?" "When you told me that she wanted to see me," "I guess I was expecting more of a dialogue, a discussion, not a spectacle." "Validation." "She's here to give you Boston." "This is the traditional way." "I just..." "Things haven't exactly gone smoothly over the last month." "I have questions." "No, you don't." "You have only answers." "When she asks you to accept, you say yes." "That is all you say." "That is all that is ever said." "Tradition, Aidan." "My condolences." "Bishop." "I know you two were close." "Thank you." "Do you speak on behalf of the council, Hegeman?" "Only to reiterate that Aidan has our full backing." "Along with yours, it would, we believe, confer upon him the upmost legitimacy in Boston." "Hmm..." "And Hegeman..." "Please, sit." "Those that Bishop turned, the illegitimate ones, what is to become of them?" "All that they deserve, Mother." "They were turned in blatant violation of our agreement." "Naturally, they will be culled." "And you, Aidan." "Do you feel the same about Bishop's orphans?" "I think..." "I think many are confused, scared, not sure what they did to be singled out." "Your recommendation?" "Mercy." "We must be careful not to paint them with the same brush that we've painted Bishop with." "It was his ambition that was the enemy, not those he turned, many of which could prove extremely useful." "No." "They'll be culled." "We've gathered here to confirm the best vampire to lead Boston." "And so we shall." "That person is my daughter." "And she's..." "Is she well?" "Very." "I think what he means is..." "Are you sure it wouldn't be too much for her, asking her to return to this place?" "Boston?" "Here, this hotel." "One wonders if the memories of what she did... might be too overwhelming." "This is exactly where she needs to be." "And she will have the best of stewards to guide her." "Aidan." "Excuse me?" "You will be my daughter's second." "You will answer her every question, her every need." "You will stand behind her as she brings Boston fully under her control." "In return," "I will overlook your peccadilloes, your heresy, and upon her success," "I would be willing to grant you true release from all this." "Is that something that would interest you?" "Freedom?" "Is that your secret?" "I'm sorry?" "You're skinny because you eat raw meat?" "What the hell diet is that?" "Um, it's actually a "paleo" thing." "Have you heard of those guys?" "You know, you eat like cavemen, run like you're being chased by a dinosaur." "Yeah, it's... it's a lot of raw meat." "And, uh, bamboo..." "I know I'm a nurse, but wouldn't diet pills be so much easier?" "I know." "This is disgusting." "Can I have a chip?" "Ha!" "Thank God!" "You're human." "Yeah." "Mmm!" "Do you ever regret ending it before you knew what was gonna happen?" "You were 16." "I didn't really think it through." "I mean, I did, enough to get the pills, but..." "You know, part of me always thought, you know:" ""Someone's gonna stop me." "This can't actually work."" "Oh, Stevie." "And what about your door?" "Moving on?" "I mean, that's something to look forward to." "Yeah, maybe for you." "It's kind of a known known, if you off yourself, no door." "Tell me about it." "I saw my door." "Missed it." "What happened?" "You know, life, afterlife..." "Yeah." "You ever try sleeping, just block it out?" "Ha!" "I wish." "Wait..." "Can we even do that?" "We can if we want to." "I mean, it just kind of helps speed up the endless nothing, and I actually dream, and the dreams are great." "It's kind of like living, except everything turns out right." "Things can still turn out right for you." "Trying to get a party started?" "No, not me." "Diane Alcott." "Hey." "Hi." "So..." "What time do you actually... turn?" "Why are you asking?" "Well, I wanna pick you up." "I'll take you to the woods." "It's good, right?" "That I should be with you?" "So what time?" "Yeah, let's not do that." "Excuse me?" "I just don't think it's, um..." "I've seen it!" "Wasn't that what you were scared of?" "It's out there, Josh." "We're past that." "We're not past it." "It's all we ever talk about." "No, actually, we've talked about anything else for the last 30 days." "Only this morning did I start asking you questions, really, finally, about this." "Yeah, and you saw it." "You've seen it." "So what else do you want to know?" "I wanna know how you feel, if you're scared, if..." "I don't know." "If you like it." "Of course I don't like it." "I just wanna know you." "You do!" "I'm sorry." "You know the version of me that I wanted you to know." "And now, unfortunately, you know the rest." "I'm just gonna go alone tonight." "OK?" "We can talk about all this later." "Sure." "Let's put it off for another month." "Nora, please." "Nora!" "We've known each other far too long, Hegeman." "Far too long." "Maybe you can tell me, then, why is it the young never seem to want what we want?" "Your daughter will succeed, Mother, in time." "You blame yourself far too much for her shortcomings." "You're wrong." "It's always the mother's fault." "A vampire whose only wish is to forsake all vampires." "How did the Aidan I knew 80 years ago become that... a heretic?" "He cannot fail." "My daughter cannot fail." "Not again." "We must help him, Hegeman, you and I." "No folly, no distractions, no wolf." "You've been a little bit hard on me." "Really?" "Yeah, a little bit." "Well..." "OK, not a ton." "Just a pinch." "We made a deal." "I know, and it is the most important thing in my life." "She's asked me to help lead Boston." "Mother?" "Am I supposed to be clutching my pearls in shock?" "'Cause I'm not shocked." "I know." "I'm just telling you, because... in order to be free, really and truly free," "I'm gonna have to do this." "There's a good chance that I will become... something... that you would not recognize." "And when..." "And if that happens..." "Josh, I'm gonna need you to somehow remind me... what we started here." "And I always wanted to tell you when we were both back in high school and I..." "I guess it just never really slipped out, you know." "And now you're here and I do wanna tell you, and as I said, you know, we're here and..." "Hey!" "Oh!" "Hi!" "Hi!" "I have news for you." "We're dead." "You're dead, and that pretty much levels the playing field." "So don't write off a guy like Stevie just because he's not cool enough." "Nobody's watching." "You can do whatever you want!" "If I can do whatever I want, then why are you forcing me on Suicide Stevie?" "I'm standing right here, hearing everything." "You haven't been dead that long, so maybe you haven't gotten to that soul-searching part yet, so why don't I save you some time?" "You were shallow." "You were conceited." "You made the entire cafeteria a killing field." "God, Stevie killed himself and you don't even remember him?" "Really, Diane?" "'Cause I remember you planning a memorial just to get votes for prom queen." "Seriously?" "Life is easy for people like you." "Death shouldn't be." "Wow!" "Yeah." "You're right." "I was a terrible person." "OK..." "I'm sorry I didn't remember you." "The truth is, I was always jealous of girls like you." "When I died, for my last split-second." "I was thinking:" ""Thank God!"" "I can finally just relax!" "I've been sucking my stomach in for 15 years." "Oh!" "Thank you!" "Was that there before?" "And there's your door." "My what?" "She doesn't even know what it is!" "Come on." "The car's up front." "Show yourselves." "What the hell are you doing, Tommy?" "We just need to talk to her." "A few seconds, Mother." "Please, that's all we need." "Not like this." "Not here." "We didn't do anything, Aidan." "She can't just slaughter us like cattle." "I told you I'd deal with it." "Then deal with it!" "Join us... and we'll all be free." "Don't do this." "Aaah!" "Aidan..." "Go!" "Come on." "Aaah!" "Aaah!" "Thanks for letting me do this." "Sure." "When I was a freshman in college," "I woke up in some theater major's apartment with my clothes across the room, my hair still smelling like vomit." "I'd puked in front of the entire party, repeatedly, while reciting "Stopping By the Woods on a Snowy Evening"" "just to prove that I wasn't drunk." "The point is once you've picked your naked way across the theater geek's living room in the cold light of day, after a vodka binge..." "It's not the same, Nora." "No, it's not the same thing." "But the reason that I want to be here for you, is that I don't want you to feel alone in this." "You want to hold my hair back while I vomit." "Yes." "Yeah, essentially." "I love you." "Now, seriously, please get as far away from me as possible." "* Hold me *" "* Memory *" "* You see *" "Guys?" "* Where I'm going *" "Capital." "* Give back all I had before *" "* Moving *" "* Escaping *" "* Growing *" "* Entropy that is *" "* Oh *" "* Oh *" "* Eclipsing into *" "* All that I can't ignore *" "Whoa." "Guys, get your friggin' asses down here!" "This is incredible!" "Hello?" "Aidan!" "Josh!" "Family meeting!" "Now, please!" "Hello!" "Who are you?" "What do you want?" "Oh!" "Oh!" "My little girl." "Oh, thank you, thank you." "Thank you." "Oh!" "No!" "No, Josh!" "Josh!" "Josh!" "Josh!" "Josh!" "Nora." "Josh!" "Nora!" "Aaah!" | Low | [
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A need exists for a substantially global radio telecommunications system that can provide communication services to substantially any point on or near the surface of the earth. For such a system to achieve widespread acceptance, it should be capable of operating with portable subscriber units. In order for subscriber units to have acceptable portability, they should be capable of low power battery operation, and they should be capable of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals through a relatively small antenna. Such a global radio telecommunications system and other radio telecommunications systems may desire to know the locations of the subscriber units. A radio telecommunications system may then qualify the communication services offered to subscriber units depending upon subscriber unit locations. For example, services may be denied within geopolitical jurisdictions where the system has not received permission to operate from governmental licensing agencies. Moreover, the system may be responsible for billing in connection with the use of communication services, and the rates charged for such services may vary from location to location due to tariffs and the like. Likewise, different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used for communications depending upon where a subscriber unit is located. Accordingly, it would be desirable to configure the system so that the locations of subscriber units may be determined and so that information describing locations may be transmitted to controllers which are responsible for making decisions regarding the granting or denying of communication services, billing rates, and the like. Many prior art location determination systems are known, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), GLONASS, Loran, and the like. While subscriber units could be configured to incorporate components which take advantage of such location determination systems, these components would substantially increase costs of the subscriber units. Moreover, relying on such known location determination systems could reduce reliability of the radio telecommunications system by introducing reliance upon an external system. The techniques used by such prior art systems to determine location could potentially be incorporated into a radio telecommunications system, but the introduction of such techniques could seriously degrade communication services. For example, most prior art location systems require the use of two or more transmitters or receivers ("locators") that are located at distant positions and that are capable of transmitting or receiving signals to or from a locatable unit whose location is to be determined. Furthermore, some prior art location systems require the use of coherent transceiver designs. The requirement for two or more locators to be within view over the entire globe makes this approach economically undesirable. While this requirement might be met by placing satellite locators in high or geosynchronous orbits around the earth, higher orbits place satellites further away from locatable subscriber units on the earth. This larger distance causes the subscriber units to consume excessive power or incorporate massive antennas just to participate in communication services. Moreover, higher orbits require increased spectrum allocation to carry a given amount of communications because the allocated spectrum may be reused less frequently in a given area. The requirement for a coherent transceiver design is also economically undesirable. Unless satellite locators orbit the earth in very high orbits, such satellite locators move relative to a point on the surface of the earth. Unless locators are substantially motionless relative to locatable units, significant amounts of Doppler are present. This Doppler constantly changes. Likewise, signal propagation delay between the satellites and subscriber units constantly changes. A coherent transceiver design which operates in spite of these extreme and changing signal parameters is undesirably complex and experiences an undesirably low reliability and undesirably high manufacturing and sales costs. | Mid | [
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Anthropogenic soils and land use patterns in relation to small mammal and flea abundance in plague endemic area of Western Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Heterogeneity in the landscapes of West Usambara Mountains on land use and human activities has been reported. However, the interface of land use patterns and human modified soils with small mammal and flea abundance for possible explanation of plague has not been explored. This study was carried out to determine the link between anthropogenic soils and land use patterns on small mammal and flea abundance and the occurrence of reported plague in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. Standard soil survey methods were used to identify and describe soils and land use patterns on lower slopes and valley bottoms on which the surrounding villages are reported to have high and medium plague frequencies. The identified soils were characterised in terms of their morphological and physico-chemical properties and classified according to FAO-World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Small mammals were trapped on the same landscape positions and identified to genus/species level. Fleas were removed from the trapped small mammals, counted and identified to species level. In total 57 small mammals were captured from which 32 fleas were collected. Results show that human settlements and mixed cultivation on lower slopes and continuous vegetable cropping in the valley bottoms are dominant land use types. Intensive use of forest soils, manuring and irrigation on farms in the studied landscapes have contributed to the development of uniquely human modified soils namely Hortic Anthrosols in the lower slopes and Plaggic Irragric Hortic Anthrosols in valley bottoms. The identified anthropogenic soils and land use patterns are associated with high abundance of small mammals (Mastomys natalensis) and flea species (Xenopsylla brasiliensis and Dinopsyllus lypusus). This phenomenon is vividly apparent in the villages with medium to high plague frequencies. The study suggests that plague surveillance programmes should consider the existing relationship between anthropogenic soils, land use patterns, small mammal and flea abundance. | High | [
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Q: Abort DoJo XHR-Request I'm using the dojo/request/xhr module for HTTP Requests. Is it possible to abort the active request as it is possible with a XMLHttpRequest? Thank you in advance, Frank A: The promise returned by dojo/request/xhr has a cancel method (like normal promises), which aborts the HTTP request. var request = xhr("foo/bar").then(someHandler, someErrorHandler); ... if(!request.isResolved()) { request.cancel(); // aborts request and triggers the error handler } Example here: http://fiddle.jshell.net/QgWNA/ | High | [
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If you're interested in losing weight through healthy and natural methods, The Diet Solution has the information you've been looking for. This system is built around healthy eating and a deeper understanding of the nutritional value of certain foods. It explains how cutting elements, like carbs or fats, completely out of your diet is more harmful than effective, and it gives you healthy alternatives that make you feel better while you are losing the weight. 1. Stay Away From Supplements. The Diet Solution teaches you that the nutrients and fat burning power of vitamin supplements can be found naturally through eating the right foods in the right quantities. You don't need to take extra pills to lose weight if you understand how your body uses the food it needs. Through the lessons in this system you will learn how to safely boost your metabolism and burn fat without resorting to any chemical crutches. 2. Low Fat Is A Fallacy. The food advice you will receive through The Diet Solution will teach you how to use all foods in moderation. It explains that everyone needs to eat the right amount of fat so that your body can function properly, and cutting fat from your diet can be harmful. You'll learn which foods are the most essential sources of healthy fat for your diet, and how you must eat fats so that your body can burn off the excess fat that you don't want anymore. 3. Why Diet Foods Don't Help. There is a huge diet food industry today. The Diet Solution will explain why the foods that are offered by this new market are actually causing you to gain weight instead of lose weight. This program will show you exactly what ingredients are included in the most popular diet foods, and how those ingredients make you put on more weight the more often you eat them. This basic understanding of the nutritional value of foods will give you the tools you need to eat more healthily and lose weight in the process. You will feel better and have more energy as you shed the extra pounds. Is The Diet Solution a scam? Visit http://www.millionsreview.com/the-diet-solution-review.html to read a FREE report and find out the truth about this All Natural Diet & Nutrition Program On The Internet! | Low | [
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Q: How to draw random numbers in a circle and a square? I want to visualize the the Algorithm of the Polar method from two perspectives (bird's-eye and frog's eye view). To draw the first step of the method I need random number of the uniform distribution in a square and a circle. I've already been able to plot the circle in a square, but how to plot random numbers (z1) inside of this construct? require (plotrix) require (grid) z1 = runif (100) plot (c(-1,1), c(-1,1), type="n", asp=1) rect(-1,-1,1,1) draw.circle (0,0,1) And how to change the perspective? A: You can do without 'rejecting' any points. The following R function needs 3*n random numbers and will generate n randomly chosen points in a circle of radius r: randp <- function(n = 1, r = 1) { if (n < 1 || r < 0) return(c()) x <- rnorm(n) y <- rnorm(n) r <- r * sqrt(runif(n)/(x^2 + y^2)) if (n == 1) U <- c(x, y) else U <- cbind(r*x, r*y) return(U) } A: To plot points, you need both x and y coordinates. ...But since your square is from -1 to 1, you also need to scale the points (or change the square): x = runif(100, min=-1, max=1) y = runif(100, min=-1, max=1) points(x,y) UPDATE Here's a function that generates random numbers on a circle. It uses rejection to discard points outside the circle. It uses an (in my opinion) interesting way to do so: It generates a batch of numbers, rejects some and then generates some more until enough values are available. This is typically much more efficient than generating one number at a time... UPDATE AGAIN I improved the speed by not appending the new batch until the end. Also added speed comparisons. rndCircle <- function(n = 100, r=1) { scale <- 1.15 # Generate 15% more values than requested m <- matrix(0, 0, 2, dimnames=list(NULL, c('x','y'))) lst <- list(m) nMore <- n while (nMore > 0) { #cat("nMore=", nMore, "\n") # uncomment to see how many iterations are needed m <- matrix(runif(floor(nMore*scale)*2, min=-1, max=1), ncol=2) m <- m[rowSums(m*m) <= 1, , drop=FALSE] nMore <- nMore - nrow(m) lst[[length(lst)+1L]] <- m } # Combine and truncate to desired length do.call(rbind, lst)[seq_len(n),]*r } # Measure performance set.seed(42); system.time( rndCircle(1e6) ) # 0.19 # Compare to @Hans Werner's solution set.seed(42); system.time( randp(1e6) ) # 0.26 | Mid | [
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Every product was carefully curated by an Esquire editor. We may earn a commission from these links. The Vaguely Interested Man's Guide to the World Cup What to watch, when to gamble, how to talk trash, the truth about Team USA, and more these are the parts you actually need to know for the next month Jun 11, 2010 Ben Goldstein What to watch, when to gamble, how to talk trash, the truth about Team USA, and more — these are the only 11 things you actually need to know for the next monthSTAY TUNED: Chris Jones Is on the Ground at the Cup for Esquire.com! Ben Goldstein 1 of 24 How It Works Eight groups of four teams. Ten different stadiums. Nine South African cities. Each team plays the other three teams in their group once. Then the top two from each group move on to a single-elimination tournament. Joe Klamer/AFP/Getty Images 2 of 24 First Game Mexico vs. South Africa, Friday, June 11, at 10:00 A.M. ET. A win would be a major thing for South Africa, a relatively weak team that hopes to avoid being the first host nation to fail to advance past the group stage. Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images 3 of 24 First Game You Might Care About England vs. U. S. A., Saturday, June 12, at 2:30 P.M. ET. Sandra Behne/Bongarts/Getty Images 4 of 24 Important Rivalries: Germany vs. England The English enjoy reminding the Germans of their record in past notable competitions. Their customary chant: "Two world wars and one World Cup." Bob Thomas/Getty Images 5 of 24 Important Rivalries: Argentina vs. England Goes back to at least 1986, when Diego Maradona scored with an intentional handball, unnoticed by referees, giving Argentina the victory. Daniel Garcia/Getty Images 6 of 24 Important Rivalries: Brazil vs. Argentina The two best teams in South America. Their enmity is intense. Each believes it produced the best player ever: Argentina has Maradona and Brazil has Pelé. John MacDougall/AFP/Getty Images 7 of 24 Important Rivalries: France vs. Italy Head-butt, 2006. Jasper Juinen/Getty Images 8 of 24 Best Bet (In Terms of Scoring) Chile vs. Spain, Friday, June 25, at 2:30 P.M. ET. Both teams are very aggressive and score often. Since this will probably be a win-or-go-home game for Chile, look for them to push even more than usual. Courtesy of FIFA 9 of 24 Could Be a Good Year for the U.S. Not to actually win the thing — that's still a long way off. But to advance and hold our own among the top teams would be a huge accomplishment. Andrew Yates/AFP/Getty Images 10 of 24 Neuropsychiatric Disorder You'll Hear About Every Time The U.S. Plays U. S. goalie Tim Howard has Tourette's syndrome. Samuel Kubani/AFP/Getty Images 11 of 24 Players to Watch: Wayne Rooney (England) One of the top players in the world. Looks and plays like a thug. Lluis Gene/AFP/Getty Images 12 of 24 Players to Watch: Lionel Messi (Argentina) FIFA World Player of the Year. Fun to watch. Streeter Lecka/Getty Images 13 of 24 Players to Watch: Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal) Extraordinary dribbler. Jasper Juinen/Getty Images 14 of 24 Players to Watch: Xavi (Spain) One of the best playmakers in the world. Jose Jordan/AFP/Getty Images 15 of 24 Players to Watch: Fernando Torres (Spain) Spectacular goal scorer. Antonio Scorza/AFP/Getty Images 16 of 24 Players to Watch: Kaka (Brazil) One of the best — and best-named — players in the world. Ian Kington/AFP/Getty Images 17 of 24 American Player to Watch Clint Dempsey. The scrappy striker from Nacogdoches, Texas, has been on a tear with his club, the English Premier League's Fulham. A clutch player. Courtesy of Adidas 18 of 24 The Uniforms Twelve of the countries (including Germany, France, Spain, and Argentina) wear new Adidas uniforms called TechFit. An elastic crisscross on the back supposedly stores energy and leads to increased vertical leap (by 4 percent), power (by 5.3 percent), speed (by 1.1 percent), and claims of cheating (by anyone who doesn't have them). This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io This commenting section is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page. You may be able to find more information on their web site. A Part of Hearst Digital Media Esquire participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. | Mid | [
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Adsorption of liquid-phase alkane mixtures in silicalite: simulations and experiment. A combination of experimental and computational studies of adsorption from liquid-phase mixtures of linear alkanes in the zeolite silicalite is presented here. Configurational biased grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations combined with identity-swap moves are used to equilibrate the simulations in reasonable times. Interesting trends observed in experiments have been captured quantitatively by simulations. A siting analysis of the simulation data reveals that, during adsorption from a liquid mixture, shorter alkanes prefer the zigzag channels and longer alkanes concentrate in the straight channels of silicalite. | High | [
0.6918767507002801,
30.875,
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Flies, worms and the Free Radical Theory of ageing. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have provided the largest body of evidence addressing the Free Radical Theory of ageing, however the evidence has not been unequivocally supportive. Oxidative damage to DNA is probably not a major contributor, damage to lipids is assuming greater importance and damage to proteins probably the source of pathology. On balance the evidence does not support a primary role of oxidative damage in ageing in C. elegans, perhaps because of its particular energy metabolic and stress resistance profile. Evidence is more numerous, varied and consistent and hence more compelling for Drosophila, although not conclusive. However there is good evidence for a role of oxidative damage in later life pathology. Future work should: 1/ make more use of protein oxidative damage measurements; 2/ use inducible transgenic systems or pharmacotherapy to ensure genetic equivalence of controls and avoid confounding effects during development; 3/ to try to delay ageing, target interventions which reduce and/or repair protein oxidative damage. | Mid | [
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Q: MySQL: символ A = 0? Писал sql запрос, нашёл ошибку в результатах. Когда стал детально изучать, увидел косяк в case ... when .... До этого работал с Oracle, он бы такое не пропустил, а MySQL, видимо, кушает всё, что ему дают. Вопрос - почему выражение select 'A' = 0 возвращает истину? MySQL видит в символе A 0-ю букву алфавита? upd: посмотрел - любое выражение вида select 'some text' = 0 возвращает истину. MySQL как-то преобразует строку в число? A: Как я понял это неявное преобразование типов. Вот примеры сравнивания чисел со строками в mysql. Равно: mysql> SELECT 1 = 0; -> 0 mysql> SELECT '0' = 0; -> 1 mysql> SELECT '0.0' = 0; -> 1 mysql> SELECT '0.01' = 0; -> 0 mysql> SELECT '.01' = 0.01; -> 1 | High | [
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The invention relates to a method of controlling a torque transmission system, to a torque transmission system for carrying out the method of controlling, and to a method of monitoring torque transmission systems. It is known from the vehicle industry that, when changing the transmission ratio of a gear between a driving machine and a gearbox unit, the required clutching processes can be assisted or automated by a control or regulating algorithm. This facilitates the servicing of the engine unit or gearbox, and the clutching operation can be carried out in an energy saving manner with careful treatment of the materials. Furthermore, the control of a torque transmission system which is mounted at the output side of an automatic gearbox can be helpful, for example, in undertaking or guaranteeing adjustment processes and protective functions in the case of, for example, cone pulley belt contact gearboxes. WO 94/04852 discloses a method of controlling torque transmission systems in conjunction with an automatic gearbox. The torque transmission system comprises a load branching out with a torque converter which is mounted in parallel with a friction clutch. In accordance with this method, a driving torque transmitted by an engine unit is broken up into a hydraulic part which is to be transmitted by the converter and a mechanical part which is to be transmitted by the friction clutch, such as a lockup clutch. A central computer unit determines or calculates, in dependency upon the relevant operating condition of the system, the torque which is to be transmitted each time by the friction clutch. The remaining torque to be transmitted by the hydraulic torque converter constitutes the difference between the applied torque and the torque transmitted by the friction clutch and corresponds directly to a slip between the input and output parts of the torque transmission system. Such method of controlling can be resorted to only in conjunction with an automatic gearbox and a lockup clutch. However, the acceptability of automatic gearboxes is only minimal in many fields of use. Furthermore, a lockup clutch of such kind is cost-intensive and bulky. An object of the invention is to provide a method of controlling which can be used practically universally, the regulating quality of which is high, and which exhibits a clearly improved load change behavior for torque transmission systems. In addition, one should achieve cost advantages in comparison with conventional torque transmission systems. Furthermore, an object is to provide a torque transmission system which can be utilized for the practice of such controlling method. The above objects are accomplished in that the clutch torque which can be transmitted from an input side to an output side of a torque transmission system with or without load distribution or branching out is utilized as a control value and such control value is calculated and/or determined in dependency upon an input or driving torque. This amounts to a realization of a torque matching concept. The basic concept underlying the method of such kind resides in controlling the setting member primarily in such a way that the clutch torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmitting parts is mainly just above or just below the driving torque at the input side or drive side of the torque transmission system. As a rule, a torque transmission system must be designed for the transmission of two to three times the maximum driving torque of a driving machine, such as an engine. However, the driving torque which is typical of the operation is but a fraction of the maximum driving torque. The torque matching renders it possible to establish only that force-locking engagement which is required between the torque transmitting parts in lieu of a quasi permanent excessive overpressure. A further advantage resides in the provision of a controlling method. In contrast to a regulation, the feedback of condition values of the torque transmission system is not absolutely necessary. It serves merely for a possible enhancement of the control but is not required in order to establish the operation of the torque transmission system. The task of a torque transmission system of such kind is to transmit torque. Therefore, it is expedient to use the transmittable clutch torque as a control value. An advantageous embodiment of the invention is characterized in that, in a method of controlling a torque transmission system with or without load distribution or branching out which controls the torque adapted to be transmitted from an input side to an output side of the torque transmission system, the latter comprises a sensor system for detecting the values to be measured and a central control or computer unit which is connected with the sensor system, the torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmitting system being controlled in such a way that the transmittable torque is calculated, adapted and controlled as a function of a driving torque, and deviations from an ideal state are compensated for long-term through corrections. Furthermore, it can be of advantage to resort to a method which serves to control a torque transmission system, especially for motor vehicles, wherein the torque transmission system is installed in the power flow downstream of a driving machine and in the power flow upstream or downstream of a shiftable device, such as a gearbox, and controls the torque which can be transmitted from an input side to an output side of the torque transmission system, and the power transmission system includes a control or computer unit which is in signal connection with sensors and/or other electronic units, the torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmitting system being calculated as a function of a driving torque and being adaptively controlled, with deviations from an ideal condition compensated for long-term through corrections. According to another embodiment, the control value can be triggered by means of a setting member supplied with a setting value which is functionally dependent upon the transmittable clutch torque, in such a way that the transmittable clutch torque lies within a predetermined tolerance range at a slip limit wherein this slip limit is reached when the effect of a torque being applied at the input side exceeds the clutch torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmitting parts. The method according to such embodiment can be carried out particularly in such a way that the torque which can be transmitted by a torque transmission system, such as a friction clutch and/or a hydrodynamic torque converter with or without converter lockup clutch and/or a starter clutch for automatic gearboxes and/or a turning set clutch and/or a torque transfer system connected in front of or behind an infinitely adjustable gearbox, such as a cone pulley belt contact gearbox, can be controlled as a function of a driving torque so that in the case of systems with load distribution or load branching, such as a hydrodynamic torque converter with converter lockup clutch, the torque which can be transmitted by the clutch is determined in accordance with the torque equation MKSoll=KME*MAN and MHydro=(1xe2x88x92KME)*MAN wherein the two equations apply for KMExe2x89xa61 and MKSoll=KME*MAN and MHydro=0 applies for KME greater than 1 with KME=torque division factor MKSoll=desired clutch torque MAN=applied torque MHydro=torque transmittable by the hydrodynamic torque converter and a torque difference between the torque MAN applied to the torque transmission system by the driving aggregate and the torque MKSoll transmittable by the clutch is transmitted through the hydrodynamic torque converter wherein a minimum slip is established independently between the engine and the output of the torque transmission system in dependency upon the torque division factor KME and deviations from the ideal condition are adoptively detected, processed and compensated for long-term. A further embodiment of the method according to the invention proposes that the torque transmittable by the torque transmission system be controlled as a function of a driving torque so that in the case of systems without load distribution, such as a friction clutch and/or a starting clutch and/or a turning set clutch and/or a torque transmission system of an automatic gearbox or an infinitely adjustable gearbox, such as a cone pulley belt contact gearbox, the torque which can be transmitted by the friction clutch or starting clutch MKSoll=KME*MAN is ascertained and a definite overpressing of the torque transmitting parts is carried out for KMExe2x89xa71. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the torque which can be transmitted by a torque transmission system is varied as a function of a driving torque in such a way that in the case of systems without load distribution, such as a friction clutch and/or a starter clutch and/or a torque transfer system of an automatic gearbox and/or an infinitely adjustable cone pulley belt contact gearbox, the torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmission system MKSoll=KME*MAN+MSicher is ascertained and for KME less than 1 a fictitious load distribution is reconstructed through a supporting control loop to be a copy of the behavior of a parallel-connected torque transmission system, such as a hydrodynamic torque converter, and a proportion of the transmittable torque is transmitted through the torque control and the remaining torque is subsequently transmitted in dependency upon slip through a safety torque MSicher. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the safety torque MSicher is selected in dependency upon each operating point. Similarly, it can be advantageous if the safety torque MSicher is ascertained and/or controlled in functional dependency upon the slip xcex94n or the throttle valve position d according to MSicher=f(xcex94n, d). Similarly, it can be expedient if the safety torque MSicher is ascertained and/or controlled in accordance with MSicher=const.*xcex94n. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the torque division factor KME is constant within the entire operating range of the power train. Similarly, it can be advantageous if the torque division or branching off factor KME assumes an individual value which is ascertained for each operating point and/or assumes at least in a portion of the operating range a relevant constant value each time; the values set in different portions of the operating range can be different. In this manner, it is advantageously possible to divide the entire operating range into partial ranges wherein, in each partial range, the KME value is kept constant and the constant KME value can vary from operating range to operating range. Furthermore, it may be advantageous if the value of the torque division factor KME is in functional relationship dependent upon the input RPM and/or the vehicle speed. In accordance with the inventive concept, it can be advantageous if the value of the torque division factor KME is dependent exclusively upon the speed of the driving aggregate. It can be equally advantageous if the value of the torque division factor is dependent, at least in a portion of the entire operating range, both upon the RPM and upon the input torque of the driving aggregate. Furthermore, it may be advantageous if the value of the torque division factor KME is dependent not only upon the output RPM but also upon the torque of the driving aggregate. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if a certain desired clutch torque is transmitted by the torque transmission system substantially at each point in time. It can thereby be expedient if the transmittable clutch torque follows the existing torque. Such embodiment exhibits the advantage that the contact pressure of the torque transmission system need not be maintained permanently at the highest value. According to the teaching of prior art, a torque transmission system (such as a clutch) is acted upon by a multiple of the nominal engine torque. In an automated torque transmission system, the following of the transmittable torque entails that the setting device or actor not only initiates the opening and closing processes during switching and starting but that the setting device selects the transmittable torque at each operating point to a value which corresponds at least substantially to the desired value. In order that the setting device or actor need not be constantly active during follow-up, it may be expedient if the torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmission system is controlled with an overpressure and the overpressure lies within a narrow scatter band in relation to the desired value. It can be expedient if the overpressure AM is dependent upon the operating point. It can be particularly advantageous if the operating range is divided into partial ranges and the contact pressure and/or the maximum overpressure is fixed for each partial range. In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, it may be advantageous if the application of the contact pressure and/or of the overpressure and/or of the transmittable clutch torque is variable in time. Similarly, according to the inventive concept, it may be advantageous if the transmittable clutch torque which is to be selected does not drop below a minimum value MMin. The minimum torque can depend upon the operating point and/or upon the momentary operating range and/or upon the time. Furthermore, the torque follow-up can be carried out by a combination of a time-variable follow-up with a minimum value which follow-up is specific to the operating point. According to the inventive concept, it can be advantageous if an operating point or the existing operating condition of a torque transmission system and/or of a combustion engine is ascertained on the basis of condition values determined or calculated from measurement signals, such as in dependency upon the engine RPM and the throttle valve angle, in dependency upon the engine RPM and the fuel throughput, in dependency upon the engine RPM and the inlet manifold underpressure, in dependency upon the engine RPM and the injection time or in dependency upon the temperature and/or friction value and/or slip and/or the load lever and/or the load lever gradient. In a torque transmission system with a combustion engine mounted at the input side, it is of advantage if the input torque of the combustion engine can be determined from at least one of the condition values of the operating point, such as the engine RPM, throttle valve angle, fuel throughput, inlet manifold underpressure, injection time or temperature. Still another embodiment of the method proposes that the torque MAN*KME which is applied at the input side of the torque transmission system is influenced and/or altered with a dependency taking into account the dynamics of the system, the dynamics of the system being adapted to be caused by the dynamic behavior as a result of the mass moment of inertia and/or free angles and/or damping elements. It can be advantageous to provide means which purposefully restrict or influence the dynamics of the system. Similarly, it can be advantageous if the dynamics of the system are realized to influence MAN*KME in a form corresponding to that of gradient restriction. The gradient restriction can be realized as a limitation of a permissible increment. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the gradient restriction is realized in that the time-dependent change and/or the time-dependent increased intensity of a signal is compared with the maximum permitted slope or slope function and, when the maximum permissible increment is exceeded, the signal is replaced with a substitute signal which is incremented with a previously defined slope. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the influencing or restriction of the dynamics of the system is set up according to the principle of a timely dynamic and/or variable filter wherein the characteristic time constants and/or amplifications are time variable and/or dependent upon the operating point. Advantageously, the dynamics of the system are taken into account and/or processed with a PT1 filter. It can likewise be advantageous if the dynamics of the system are characterized by a maximum restriction wherein, when a certain threshold value is exceeded, the desired value is represented by the threshold value and, consequently, the desired value does not exceed a maximum value which is represented by the threshold value. Furthermore, it can be advantageous to connect in series at least two means for controlling the system, such as a gradient restriction and a filter stage. It can likewise be advantageous to connect in parallel at least two means for influencing the dynamics of the system, such as a gradient restriction and a filter. It is particularly advantageous if the dynamics of the combustion engine and the dynamics of the secondary consumers which cause a load distribution are taken into account when determining the driving torque MAN. In such instances, it is especially advantageous if the mass moments of inertia of the utilized flywheel masses and/or elements are resorted to in order to take into account the dynamics of the combustion engine. It can likewise be advantageous if the injection behavior of the combustion engine is relied upon and/or forms the basis for the consideration of the dynamics of the combustion engine. It is likewise within the scope of the controlling method according to the invention to compensate for deviations from the ideal state long-term by taking into consideration the secondary consumers and/or the correction and/or the compensation for disturbances and/or sources of disturbances. It can be advantageous if the torque being applied at the input side of the torque transmission system is detected and/or calculated as a difference between the engine torque Mmot and the sum of the torques taken up or branched off by the secondary consumers. For example, the secondary consumers to be considered can include the climate control and/or the dynamo and/or the servo pumps and/or the steering aid pumps. According to the inventive concept, it can be advantageous if system condition values, such as the engine RPM and the throttle valve angle, the engine RPM and the fuel throughput, the engine RPM and the inlet manifold underpressure, the engine RPM and the injection time, the engine RPM and the load lever are used to determine the value of the engine torque Mmot. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if system condition values are relied upon to ascertain the engine torque Mmot from a characteristic field of the engine. Analogously, it can be advantageous if system condition values are used to determine the engine torque Mmot and the engine torque is determined through the solution of at least one equation or an equation system. The solution of the equation or the equation system can be carried out numerically and/or can be ascertained from the characteristic field data. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the torque takeup resp. the load distribution of the secondary consumers is determined from measured values, such as voltage and/or current measured values of the dynamo and/or switch-on signals of the relevant secondary consumers and/or other signals indicating the operating condition of the secondary consumers. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the torque takeup of the secondary consumers is determined by means of measured values from the characteristic fields of the relevant secondary consumers. Likewise, the torque takeup of the secondary consumers can be determined by solving at least one equation or an equation system. According to the inventive concept, it can be expedient if the corrected transmittable clutch torque can be determined according to the torque equation MKSoll=KME*(MANxe2x88x92MKorr)+MSicher and the correction torque MKorr is obtained from a correction value which is dependent upon the sum of torques taken up or branched off by the secondary aggregates. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if a correction is carried out for disturbances or breakdowns which influence measurable system input values. It can be particularly advantageous for the novel method if measurable disturbance factors are detected and/or identified and are at least partially compensated for and/or corrected through a parameter adaption and/or a system adaption. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if one utilizes measurable system input values in order to identify disturbance or breakdown values and/or to correct and/or to compensate at least partially for such values through parameter adaption and/or system adaption. In order to identify a disturbance value and/or to correct the same by means of a parameter adaption and/or system adaption and/or to compensate for the same, at least in part, it is possible to use as parameters certain system input values such as for example temperatures, RPM, friction value and/or slip. It can be particularly advantageous for the method if a compensation and/or correction of measurable disturbance factors is carried out through adaption of the characteristic field of the engine. In such instances, it may very well be the case that one observes or registers a disturbance or breakdown value which need not be causally connected with the characteristic field of the engine but a correction of such disturbance value through an adaption of the characteristic field of the engine can be advantageous. In such instance, the cause of the disturbance is not corrected or compensated for. Furthermore, it can be of advantage if a correction field of characteristic lines is established on the basis of a comparison between the desired clutch torque and the actual clutch torque, and a correction value is or can be ascertained for each operating point; such correction value is linked, additively and/or multiplicatively, with the value of the engine torque from the characteristic field of the engine. Furthermore, it can be particularly expedient if, in view of a deviation detected at an operating point between the desired value and the actual value, analyses and/or undertakings are introduced in order to calculate and/or establish deviations and/or correction values at other operating points of the entire operating range. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if, in the light of a deviation detected at an operating point, one introduces analyses and/or measures in order to calculate or establish deviations and/or correction values at other operating points of a limited operating range. As concerns the method, it can be of advantage if the limited operating ranges are set up in dependency upon the characteristic field. Advantageously, an embodiment of the invention can be characterized in that the analyses and/or undertakings for the determination and/or calculation of deviations and correction values at the additional operating points take into account the entire operating range or a restricted operating range. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the analyses and/or undertakings for the calculation of deviations and/or correction values at the further operating points embrace only partial areas around the actual operating point. It can be particularly advantageous if the analyses and/or undertakings for the determination and/or calculation of deviations and/or correction values are carried out at the further operating points in such a way that weighting factors evaluate or emphasize different portions of the entire operating range in different ways. It can be advantageous if the weighting factors are selected and/or calculated as a function of the operating point. It can likewise be advantageous if the weighting factors can depend upon the type of the disturbance or breakdown value and/or upon the cause of the breakdown. Furthermore, it can be particularly advantageous if, upon completed determination of the correction value and/or subsequent to weighting of the characteristic correction field, a time behavior is impressed upon the correction value. For example, such time behavior may take into account the dynamic behavior of the system. It can be advantageous if the time behavior is determined through a pulse frequency, a scanning of the correction value and/or if the time behavior is determined by at least one digital and/or analog filter. It can be particularly advantageous in an embodiment of the invention if the time behavior is varied for different breakdown values and/or different breakdown sources, namely in the event of using a relevant filter the parameters of the filter are set in dependency upon the nature and the manner of action of the breakdown source. Thus, the time constants and amplifications of the filters conform to the respective breakdown sources in order to guarantee an at least substantially optimal adaption. It can be advantageous if the time behavior is selected in dependency upon the value of the corrections. It can be particularly advantageous if the driving torque is adapted with an adaption method with greater or smaller time constant than the time constant of the adaption method of the clutch torque. It is advantageous if the time constant is within a range of between 1 second and 500 seconds, but preferably within a range of between 10 seconds and 60 seconds and most preferably within a range of between 20 seconds and 40 seconds. In accordance with a further embodiment, it can be expedient if the time constant is dependent upon the operating point and/or if the time constant is selected and/or ascertained differently for different operating ranges. Furthermore, it can be of advantage if a compensation for and/or correction of measurable breakdown values is carried out through adaption of the inverse transfer function of the transmission unit with setting member. A further advantageous embodiment of the method provides that indirectly measurable breakdown values, such as especially the aging and/or straying of individual component parts of the torque transmission system are detected in that some characteristic values of the torque transmission system are monitored and the actually disturbed parameters are detected and corrected in dependency upon such monitoring and/or virtual breakdown sources can be put to use in the form of program modules in order to correct and/or compensate for the influence of the breakdown values. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if disturbances from non-measurable influence values, the straying of individual component parts and/or the aging are detected and/or compensated for through deviations from condition values of the system. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if disturbances or breakdowns, such as straying or aging or other non-measurable influence values, are not detected from measurable input values but are recognized only by observing reactions of the system. It can likewise be advantageous if the deviations from system condition values or condition values and/or observations of system reactions are measured directly and/or calculated from other measured values in a method model. It can likewise be advantageous to carry out the detection of deviations from calculated method models by resorting to characteristic reference fields and/or unequivocal characteristic reference values of the system. Another advantageous further development of the invention provides that, for the correction and/or for the compensation of a detected disturbance or breakdown from non-measurable input values a breakdown source be localized and/or a breakdown source be fixed and the deviations at these breakdown sources be corrected and/or compensated for. Furthermore, it can be expedient if, for the correction of and/or for the compensation for a detected breakdown, one fixes a fictional breakdown source which need not have a causal connection with the breakdown and at which the detected deviation is corrected. Advantageously, the fixed breakdown source can be an actually existing function block and/or the fixed breakdown source can constitute a virtual breakdown model whilst preserving the correcting action. According to a further development of the invention, the timely progress of the actual clutch torque is monitored and analyzed to ascertain whether conclusions regarding the type of error and/or the detection of the breakdown source and/or the localization of the breakdown source can be arrived at. Furthermore, it can be advantageous to permanently carry out the adaptive correction of the breakdown value. A further advantageous embodiment proposes that the adaptive correction of the breakdown values be carried out only at certain operating points and/or within certain operating ranges and/or time ranges. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the adaption can be active when the control is inactive. In this context, xe2x80x9cinactivexe2x80x9d can denote that the control does not engage in or cause or carry out any activity of the setting member since, for example, an operating range is selected or actually exists in which a torque follow-up is not carried out but, instead, a stationary value is set. In this operating range, one can carry out an adaption of the parameter without carrying out an active control. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the adaption is not carried out within special operational ranges, especially in the event of pronounced acceleration. It can be expedient if, within the operating ranges of inactive adaption, one utilizes correction values of the setting values which were detected within the previously determined operating ranges of active adaption. Furthermore, for such procedure, it may be expedient if the previously detected values for an adaption are stored in an intermediate memory and can be addressed in situations of a deactivated adaption. In a further embodiment of the invention, it may be expedient if, within the operating ranges of inactive adaption, one applies correction values of the breakdown values which can be extrapolated with active adaption from correction values in previously detected operating ranges. In accordance with a further method according to the invention, it can be expedient if one adopts virtual breakdown models and/or virtual breakdown values for the areas of the engine torque and/or for the area of the net engine torque, after taking into account the secondary consumers, and/or for the desired clutch torque. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if one introduces and/or employs the inverse transfer function of the transmitting unit with setting member as a virtual breakdown source. Furthermore, it can be expedient if the characteristic field of the engine is used as the virtual breakdown source. It is particularly advantageous if virtual breakdown sources are used to define breakdown values whose original causes cannot be localized, such as for example straying in the region of manufacturing tolerances of the individual component parts. A further novel concept of the invention relates to a method of controlling a torque transmission system with or without load distribution wherein the clutch torque adapted to be transmitted from an input side to an output side of the torque transmission system is used as a control value and such control value is put to use by means of a setting member to which is assigned a setting value which is functionally dependent upon the transmittable clutch torque, so that the transmittable clutch torque always lies within a predetermined tolerance band around the slip limit, and the slip limit is reached at the exact time when the action of the torque developing at the input side exceeds that clutch torque which can be transmitted by the torque transmitting parts. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the setting member is assigned as a setting value a value which corresponds to the clutch torque adapted to be transmitted between the torque transmitting parts of the torque transmission system. A further expedient development of the invention proposes that the setting value be determined in dependency upon a transmittable clutch torque and that, in order to calculate such transmittable clutch torque, one establishes a difference between the value of the driving torque and a correction value wherein the correction value is increased or reduced in dependency upon at least one condition value of the torque transmission system. Furthermore, it can be expedient if the correction value is determined in dependency upon a differential RPM between an input RPM and an output RPM, designated slip RPM, the correction value being increased as long as the slip RPM is below a predetermined threshold slip value and the correction value being reduced as long as the slip RPM is above such or another predetermined threshold slip value. Furthermore, it can be of advantage if the correction values are increased incrementally as long as the slip RPM is below the one threshold slip value and the correction value is reduced stepwise as long as the slip RPM is above the one or another threshold slip value. Stopping phases of adjustable length are provided between the relevant stages and, during each stopping stage, the correction value is kept constant at a value set at the outset of each stopping stage. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the times during which the input RPM exceeds the output RPM by a defined slip RPM are recognized as the slip phase and at the end of each slip phase the correction value is set again to a definite value. An advantageous embodiment of the invention proposes that the times during which the input RPM exceeds the output RPM by a definite slip RPM be recognized as slip phases, and that the relevant correction value at which the slip RPM assumes its maximum value be stored in an intermediate memory and at the end of a slip phase the actual correction value be again replaced by the stored correction value. It can likewise be advantageous if the correction value be kept constant at its relevant value for a fixable interval of time at the end of each slip phase. According to another embodiment of the invention, it can be advantageous if the setting member is assigned a preset value in dependency upon a characteristic field or a characteristic line which embraces the area of all transmissible clutch torques or has at least one partial area within which only one preset value is allocated for the setting member for all transmissible clutch torques. Furthermore, it can be advantageous that, in order to calculate the transmissible clutch torque, one forms a difference between an input torque value and the correction value, and this difference is increased by a torque value which is dependent upon slip. According to a further embodiment of the invention, it may be of advantage if the rise of the actual clutch torque is restricted in the form of a gradient restriction in that the relevant actual value of the transmissible clutch torque is compared with a comparison torque value which consists of a previously detected transmissible clutch torque value and an additive fixable limiting value and that, in dependency upon such comparison, the smaller torque value is assigned to the setting member as the new preset value. It can be particularly advantageous if several condition values, such as for example the engine RPM, throttle valve angle and/or suction intake pressure, are ascertained from a combustion engine mounted at the input side of the torque transmission system and the input torque of the combustion engine is detected from these condition values by means of stored characteristic lines or characteristic line fields. Furthermore, the invention proposes that eventual branchings of output between the drive and the torque transmission system be monitored at least partially or at least temporarily and the thus obtained measured values be used to calculate the input torque actually arising at the input side of the torque transmission system. It can be advantageous if each time a part of the input torque corresponding to a proportion factor be used to calculate the transmissible clutch torque and if such proportion factor is determined each time from the stored characteristic line fields or characteristic lines. Furthermore, it can be expedient if, with torque transmission systems without load distribution, a load distribution is reconstructed through a slave control program. According to the inventive concept, it can be advantageous if measurable breakdown values, such as in particular temperatures and/or RPM, are detected and are compensated for at least partially through a parameter adaption and/or through a system adaption. An expedient further development proposes that indirectly measurable breakdown values of the control method, such as in particular aging and/or straying of individual component parts of the torque transmission system, be detected by monitoring some condition values of the torque transmission system and, in dependency upon such monitoring, the actually affected parameters are recognized and corrected and/or virtual breakdown sources which can be switched on in the form of program modules are used in order to correct and/or compensate for the influence of the breakdown values. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if a first engagement of the clutch is made possible only subsequent to checking of the authority of the user. It can likewise be advantageous if a display, such as a user display, is controlled in dependency upon the status of the control method in such a way that a switching recommendation is given for the user. This switching recommendation can be carried out through the display in an optical manner or, alternatively, in an acoustic manner. It can also be advantageous if phases of idleness, particularly of a vehicle, are recognized by monitoring significant operating values, such as accelerator pedal and/or gear linkage position and/or tacho RPM and, upon elapse of a defined time period, the driving unit is arrested and restarted when necessary. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if operating phases of the torque transmission system with minimal or without load takeoff are recognized as freewheel phases and if the clutch is disengaged during such freewheel phases and is reengaged at the end of the freewheel phase. The end of the freewheel phase can take place or can be recognized, for example, through a detected change of the position of the load lever and/or of the load lever gradient. According to a further embodiment of the invention, an antiblocking system can be assisted by applying the control method in such a way that, when the ABS system is active, the clutch is completely disengaged. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the setting member is controlled within certain operating ranges after actuation of the antislip control. The invention not only relates to the aforedescribed method of controlling a torque transmission system but also relates especially to a torque transmission system for the transmission of torque from an input side to an output side wherein an internal combustion engine, such as a motor, is disposed at the input side and a gearbox is disposed at the output side and the torque transmission system has a clutch, a setting member and a control device. Furthermore, the invention relates to a torque transmission system which can be controlled by means of the method described above and serves to transmit torque from an input side to an output side, wherein the output of the torque transmission system is connected in the power flow of a driving unit, such as a combustion engine, and a variable-transmission device, such as a gearbox, is installed in the power flow at the upstream or at the downstream side, and the torque transmission system comprises or contains a clutch and/or a torque converter with lockup clutch and/or a starting clutch and/or a turning set clutch and/or a safety clutch for limiting the transmissible torque, a setting member and a control device. According to the inventive concept, particularly advantageous if the clutch is a self-adjusting or self resetting clutch. It can be equally advantageous if the clutch automatically adjusts or compensates for wear, for example, upon the friction linings. According to the inventive concept, it can be of advantage in actual practice of the invention if, in order to transmit the torque from an input side to an output side, the torque transmission system have a clutch, a setting member and a control unit wherein the clutch is operatively connected with the setting member through a hydraulic conduit which contains a slave clutch cylinder and the setting member is actuated by the control unit. A further advantage resides in the utilization of a setting member having an electric motor which acts through an eccentric upon a hydraulic master cylinder which is attached to the hydraulic conduit which, in turn, is connected to the clutch, a clutch path sensor being mounted in the housing of the setting member. In order to achieve a compact and flexible solution for the arrangement of the device according to the invention, it is advantageous if the electric motor, the eccentric, the master cylinder, the clutch path sensor and the required control and load electronics are mounted in the housing of the setting member. It can likewise be of advantage if the axes of the electric motor and of the master cylinder are mounted to extend in parallelism with each other. It is particularly advantageous if the axes of the electric motor and of the master cylinder are mounted to extend in parallelism with each other in two different planes and are operatively connected to each other by the eccentric. It can furthermore be of advantage if the axis of the electric motor extends in parallelism with a plane which is formed essentially by the board of the control and output electronics. According to a further development of the novel torque transmission system, the mode of operation of the transmission system can be optimized by mounting a spring concentrically with the axis of the master cylinder in the housing for the setting member. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if a spring is mounted in the housing of the master cylinder concentrically with the axis of the master cylinder. It can be advantageous for the functioning of the apparatus according to the invention if a characteristic curve of the spring is selected in such a way that the maximum force to be applied by the electric motor to engage and disengage the clutch is approximately the same in the pull and push directions. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the characteristic curve of the spring is designed in such a way that the resulting progress of the forces acting upon the clutch is linearized during disengagement and engagement of the clutch. According to a further development, the power requirement and thus the size of the electric motor is minimized. Those forces which are required for the disengagement of the clutch are decisive for the dimensioning of the electric motor to be used since a greater force is needed for the disengagement than for the engagement of the clutch because the force of the spring assists the disengagement and, therefore, one can use a weaker electric motor. By using a spring within the master cylinder piston, no additional space is required for the spring. Furthermore, it can be of advantage if the electric motor having a motor output shaft acts upon a segment wheel through a worm and the segment wheel carries a crank which is operatively connected with the piston of the master cylinder by a piston rod in such a way that it is possible to transmit pushing and pulling forces. It can likewise be of advantage if the worm and the segment wheel constitute a self-locking transmission. The invention does not, however, relate only to the aforedescribed method of controlling a torque transmission system and to the torque transmission system itself, but also encompasses a monitoring method for a torque transmission system with a manually actuatable gearbox, wherein relevant gear lever positions and an input torque of a driving unit at the input side are detected with a sensor system and at least one corresponding gear lever signal and at least one comparison signal are recorded and different possible characteristics of the progress of these signals, such as for example a difference, are recognized and identified as the switching intention and a switching intention signal is then transmitted to a clutch operating system at the output side. As concerns the inventive concept, it can be advantageous if at least one progress of the gear lever signal is evaluated to detect the selected gear and such information is used to identify a switching intention. The monitoring method ascertains the gear which is engaged at that time, and such information can be used to determine the comparison signal. In this manner, one provides a method with which an eventual switching intention of the user is recognized at a high speed and in a highly reliable manner without it being necessary to use a specific sensor. A predominantly automated torque transmission system requires early information regarding a possible switching intention in order to disengage the clutch in good time. It can be advantageous if a gear lever signal and a comparison signal are evaluated in such a way that intersecting points of these signal paths are detected and then a switching intention signal is transmitted to the clutch operating system at the output side. If, in order to detect the switching intention, only two signal paths are investigated or evaluated for intersecting points, there is no longer any need for expensive software or hardware. According to the inventive concept, it can be advantageous if, with the switching gearbox, a selection path is differentiated between the switching lanes and a switching path within the switching lanes. The switching path and/or the selection path can be monitored in order to determine the relevant gear lever position. Also, there is no need for additional sensor systems for the generation of the comparison signal since, as a rule, the single input value (namely the input torque) can already be determined. Since the comparison signal is formed from a filter signal wherein the filter signal is intensified and/or weakened by a constant value and an offset signal, it is practically ensured that the gear lever signal and the comparison signal intersect only if a switching intention actually exists. In accordance with an advantageous further development, the existence of a switching intention is detected during monitoring of the two signal paths of the gear lever signal and the comparison signal if an intersection point is detected and, at such time, the switching intention is verified by means of a switching intention counter. With the claimed switching intention counter, one ensures that a definite interval of time elapses between the realization of the switching intention and the transmission of the switching intention signal, and such interval of time suffices to ascertain whether a switching operation is actually initiated. In this manner, the torque transmission system is effectively protected against an unintentional release. The gear lever signal is filtered with an adjustable time delay in order to generate a filter signal. It can be particularly advantageous if the gear lever signal can be processed to form the filter signal with a PT1 characteristic. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the gear lever signal is monitored and a change of the switching path within a defined portion of the gear lever path is evaluated within a fixable measuring period in such a way that a switching intention signal is transmitted to devices at the output side when a fixable switching path change threshold is not reached. The gear lever signal, which is used to ascertain the existence of a switching intention, which in turn is passed on, can be tuned by means of individually adjustable filters, which are universally usable through filter parameters, in such a way that a wide variety of torque transmission systems can be monitored by resorting to the same method. It is advantageous if the measuring period is fixed in such a way that it is always clearly greater than a half vibration period resp. vibration amplitude of the gear lever which is not actuated during operation of the vehicle. It can be expedient if the defined portion of the gear lever path is outside of the gear lever path areas within which the non-operated gear lever moves when the vehicle is in operation. In order to practice the method according to the invention, it is necessary as a rule to average the gear lever vibration periods. In this manner, the duration of the measuring period can be fixed in dependency upon the formation of average value of the gear lever vibration period. In accordance with a further development, one can ascertain whether the gear lever vibrates freely during operation of the vehicle or has a different vibration behavior, especially when a hand is placed thereon. The mean value formation to determine the length of the measuring periods is carried out in dependency upon the results of such monitoring. According to a further development of the invention, it can be advantageous if the direction of movement of the gear lever is detected and when such direction of movement is reversed, a control signal is transmitted to the switching intention counter and/or an already transmitted switching intention signal is rescinded. In this manner, the direction of movement of the gear lever is additionally observed and a reversal of such direction of movement entails a rescinding of a switching intention signal which would otherwise be transmitted as a result of vibration of the gear lever. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the constant value for the generation of the comparison signal is selected in dependency upon the typical operating vibration amplitude of the non-operated gear lever of the torque transmission system. It can likewise be advantageous if the delay time with which the filter signal is generated is caused to conform to the vibration frequency of the gear lever which is not actuated during operation of the vehicle. In accordance with the inventive concept, it can be particularly advantageous for a control method if the driving load is monitored and, on exceeding a fixable driving load, a control signal is transmitted to the switching intention counter. In this manner, one can prevent that, in the event of an increased torque at the engine side, the clutch is unintentionally disengaged or engaged. It can likewise be advantageous if the offset signal is applied in dependency upon the relevant throttle valve angle in a combustion engine which is used as the driving unit. In accordance with the inventive concept, it is expedient if the switching or selection path of the gear lever is ascertained by a potentiometer. It can likewise be advantageous if the switching and/or selection path of the gear lever is ascertained by a potentiometer in such a way that the gear setting can be recognized by the potentiometer. However, the invention does not relate only to the aforediscussed method of controlling a torque transmission system but also encompasses those processes for controlling a torque transmission system having a device for controlling the torque transmission system, the torque transmission system is mounted at the output side in the power flow of a driving unit and at the input and/or output side in the power flow of a variable transmission device, the variable transmission device being provided with endless flexible means which transmit torque from a first means to a second means, the first means being operatively connected with the input shaft of a gearbox and the second means being operatively connected with an output shaft of the gearbox, the endless flexible means is in frictional contact with the first and the second means through contact pressure or tensioning and the contact pressure or tensioning of the endless flexible means being controlled in dependency upon the operating point, characterized in that the torque transmission system is started with follow-up torque, namely with a transmissible torque which is dimensioned at each operating point in such a way that the endless flexible means of the variable transmission device does not begin to slip. This means that the slip limit of the torque transmission system is controlled at each operating point so that the slip limit of the endless flexible means is always greater and if the applied torque is excessive, the torque transmission system always begins to slip before the endless flexible means slips. Furthermore, it can be advantageous if the contact pressure and/or tensioning of the endless flexible means is determined and applied at each operating point in dependency upon the applied engine torque and/or the load distribution or branching off regarding the secondary consumers and an additional safety tolerance and the transmissible torque of the torque transmission system is controlled in dependency upon the operating point and the torque transmissible by the torque transmission system entails, in the event of torque fluctuations, slippage of the torque transmission system before the slip limit of the endless flexible means is reached. It is particularly expedient if the slip limit of the torque transmission system at each operating point is lower than the slip limit of the endless flexible means of the variable transmission device. In accordance with the novel concept, it can be of additional advantage if the torque transmission system with its slip limit dependent upon the operating point isolates and/or damps torque fluctuations and torque surges at the input side and/or at the output side and protects the endless flexible means against slip. Thus, the endless flexible means is protected against slippage because the slippage under the above outlined circumstances could lead to destruction of the endless flexible means and thus to a breakdown of the gearbox. According to the inventive concept, it is expedient to control the contact pressure or the tensioning of the endless flexible means in dependency upon the operating point and, in addition to the applied torque, to take into account a safe reserve which can be caused to approximate and/or to conform to the transmissible torque through the selection of the transmissible torque of the torque transmission system. The adaptation of safety torque can be carried out in this case in such a way that the selected safety reserve can be less than in accordance with prior art proposals. It can be particularly advantageous if the safety reserve of the contact pressure or tensioning is as low as possible as a result of protection of the torque transmission system against slip. It is particularly expedient if the torque transmission system slips or slides only briefly in the event of torque surges. It is thus possible to isolate or damp or filter torque surges at the input side or at the output side; such surges may occur in extreme driving situations and could damage or destroy the endless flexible means. The invention relates not only to the aforedescribed method but also to an apparatus, such as a variable transmission device, which is controlled in accordance with the aforementioned method and wherein the variable transmission device can be an infinitely adjustable gearbox. It may be especially advantageous if the variable transmission device is an infinitely adjustable cone pulley belt contact gearbox. It can also be particularly advantageous if the torque transmission system which is part of the apparatus is a friction clutch or a converter lockup clutch or a turning set clutch or a safety clutch. The clutch can be a dry clutch or a wet clutch. Furthermore, it may be expedient to provide a setting member which controls the transmissible torque and is controlled electrically and/or hydraulically and/or mechanically and/or pneumatically, or the actuation of the setting member is effected by a combination of these undertakings. The invention does not relate only to the aforedescribed methods but especially also to an apparatus with at least one sensor for the detection of the effective gear ratio or the engaged gear of a gearbox, a central computer unit being provided to process the sensor signals and to calculate the gearbox input speed. For such calculation, it is further necessary to take into consideration the transmission ratios, such as the transmission ratios of the differential. It can be of advantage if the ascertained rotational speeds of the wheels are averaged and the thus obtained averaged signal is utilized to ascertain or to calculate the gearbox input RPM by taking into consideration the transmissions in the power train and the transmission ratio of the gearbox. It is of advantage if the rotational speed of the wheels is ascertained by utilizing one to four sensors, and is particularly advantageous if one employs 2 or 4 sensors. The apparatus can be constructed in a particularly advantageous manner and way if the sensors which serve to detect the rotational speeds of the wheels are in signal transmitting connection with the antiblocking system or constitute component parts of an antiblocking system. The invention will be explained in greater detail with reference to an embodiment in the vehicle industry. | Mid | [
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Use of leeches in plastic and reconstructive surgery: a review. Leeches possess properties that make them uniquely able to assist with venous compromised tissue. Their saliva contains an anticoagulant and a histamine-like vasodilator that promote local bleeding, a local anesthetic, and hyaluronidase that promotes the local spread of the other leech salivary secretions into the wound/bite. In addition, active pharyngeal peristalsis further promotes the egress of venous blood. Resurgence in the use of leeches has been stimulated by Upton in the United States and Mahaffey in Europe. Currently, leeches are used at many microsurgical centers to provide critical venous outflow for compromised tissue replantations and transfers that might otherwise be unsalvageable. As the use of leeches becomes more widespread, knowledge of leech biology and physiology is important. This review reports on Hirudo medicinalis, the species used most often medically in Europe and the United States. | High | [
0.6570743405275781,
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Speaking Carolyn Greenleaf is also available for speaking engagements. Topics include: Wholeness & self discovery, empowering your choices and creativity, as well as inspiring self healing. Inspirational speech or talks Each speech or talk is geared toward the purpose of what the facility or group wishes to convey. These speeches will always have an inspirational message and tone that directs the audience toward reconnecting to their innate ability to solve whatever stands in their way toward the success they wish. Within these speeches or talks, Carolyn explains the importance and joy of healing the internal relationship with self. This relates to reconnecting with the hearts wisdom and going within for the best answers to personal as well as professional problems. In addition, the connection an individuals thoughts and negative beliefs have on the physical and emotional health is addressed and utilized as a doorway into transformation and healing. Also, shared is the internal doorway to access the individual’s ability to find or create better and creative solutions for the personal or professional problems they grapple with. A simple, yet powerful meditation can also accompany these speeches. If you are interested in a booking or would like more information, please contact Carolyn via email: [email protected] | High | [
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Bethesda Softworks - New Studio Opened Bethesda sent word that they are opening a new studio in Austin. The game they will be working on is unannounced at the moment but as Rich Vogel is heading it, they might be working on a MMO title. Bethesda Softworks Opens Battlecry Studios in Austin Long-time Industry Veteran Rich Vogel to Head Development at New Studio October 3, 2012 (Rockville, MD) – Bethesda Softworks®, a ZeniMax® Media company, is pleased to announce it has established a new studio in Austin, Texas, Battlecry Studios, to be headed by long-time industry veteran Rich Vogel. Most recently, Vogel worked at Bioware where he served as the executive producer on the development of Star Wars: The Old Republic. Rich has a long history in the industry having worked on Ultima Online, and Star Wars Galaxies as well as other online and console titles during his 20+ years in game development. The new studio is currently hiring other experienced game developers to fill key roles for an unannounced project. “I have always admired and respected Bethesda’s approach to making great, original games,” said Vogel. “It’s a belief and passion I share, and I’m looking forward to building a team of high quality developers who want to bring that same commitment and creative energy to the games we’ll be creating.” “We are very pleased to have someone with Rich’s vast experience join us at Bethesda,” said Vlatko Andonov, President of Bethesda Softworks. “Rich has a history of building and managing talented development teams and bringing high quality games to market, and we look forward to working with him on a new exciting project.” Battlecry Studios will be the second ZeniMax studio located in Austin, joining Arkane® Studios, whose highly-anticipated title, Dishonored™, ships this month. For more information about Bethesda Softworks and available jobs at Battlecry Studios, visit: http://jobs.zenimax.com/. | Mid | [
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Q: Jquery Cookie : one time use cookie I want to put cookie to my page. Here's the logic : When I load the page, I want it to load a popup or bootstrap modal. But the modal only load once when the browser is active. And only will load again when the browser tab is closed or exits the browser application. I have used session to do this, but I prefer to use cookie for personal preferences. Is there a way to do this with javascript? I've tried with $(window).load(), and $(window).on('beforeunload',function()); Javascript : <script type="text/javascript"> $(window).load(function () { if( $.cookie('firstLoad') == 'unloaded' || $.cookie('firstLoad') == 'null' || $.cookie('firstLoad') == null ) { $('#openLoading').modal('show'); var time_exp = 1; $.cookie('firstLoad','loaded',{ expires: time_exp }); } }); $(window).on('beforeunload', function (){ alert($.cookie('firstLoad')); $.cookie('firstLoad','unloaded'); }); </script> The problem is sometimes the app browser will execute location.reload() and will reset the cookie in some way and make the popup appear again. Please provide solution, thanks. PS : the var time_exp and expires : time_exp is a last resort if the unload doesn't work A: The beforeunload event doesn't just fire when the tab is closed. It will fire whenever the user goes to a new page in the same tab, including a page on your site. So you are resetting your cookie every time the user navigates between pages. There is no event you can use to tell you the user is leaving your site specifically. The closest you can do is not set an expires, so that the cookie will automatically be deleted when the browser exits. You could put a close button in the modal, and set a cookie when it is clicked so you know the user has viewed the modal and you don't need to show it again for however long you decide. | Low | [
0.516806722689075,
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5 What is the third root of 417943 to the nearest integer? 75 What is 397317 to the power of 1/5, to the nearest integer? 13 What is the cube root of 11443021 to the nearest integer? 225 What is 7176157 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 2679 What is 1635364 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 1279 What is the sixth root of 915253 to the nearest integer? 10 What is the third root of 301539 to the nearest integer? 67 What is the cube root of 13966412 to the nearest integer? 241 What is 798729 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 894 What is 7718323 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer? 198 What is the eighth root of 739145 to the nearest integer? 5 What is the square root of 165664 to the nearest integer? 407 What is the cube root of 29971 to the nearest integer? 31 What is the tenth root of 4136178 to the nearest integer? 5 What is 312345 to the power of 1/5, to the nearest integer? 13 What is the square root of 63803 to the nearest integer? 253 What is 18721653 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 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5841 What is the square root of 2994215 to the nearest integer? 1730 What is 107213 to the power of 1/4, to the nearest integer? 18 What is 10582521 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 3253 What is 44644 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 211 What is the cube root of 242866 to the nearest integer? 62 What is the square root of 33186041 to the nearest integer? 5761 What is the square root of 284660 to the nearest integer? 534 What is the cube root of 16391713 to the nearest integer? 254 What is 853299 to the power of 1/9, to the nearest integer? 5 What is 2190354 to the power of 1/10, to the nearest integer? 4 What is the square root of 78663 to the nearest integer? 280 What is the square root of 7199336 to the nearest integer? 2683 What is the third root of 478449 to the nearest integer? 78 What is the fifth root of 4555825 to the nearest integer? 21 What is the cube root of 12912485 to the nearest integer? 235 What is the eighth root of 10663932 to the nearest integer? 8 What is 72324 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 269 What is the square root of 1246400 to the nearest integer? 1116 What is the square root of 59262 to the nearest integer? 243 What is 2664926 to the power of 1/10, to the nearest integer? 4 What is 111899 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer? 48 What is the square root of 1684800 to the nearest integer? 1298 What is the third root of 7057479 to the nearest integer? 192 What is 79528 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer? 43 What is 161281 to the power of 1/6, to the nearest integer? 7 What is 6460305 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 2542 What is 8788672 to the power of 1/7, to the nearest integer? 10 What is 587254 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 766 What is 316325 to the power of 1/10, to the nearest integer? 4 What is 209811 to the power of 1/3, to the nearest integer? 59 What is 330285 to the power of 1/2, to the nearest integer? 575 | Low | [
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. . Monday, January 27, 2014 21 Day Fix - Loose up to 15 lbs in 21 Days So this is HUGE right!??! I'm sure you have heard all over the place about this new 21 Day fix program that is coming out. It's totally the talk of the fitness world right now and I'm pretty excited about it. It's a brand new fitness program that is being released on February 3rd, 2014. It's a fitness program designed to get you QUICK results. This includes a nutrition plan, portion control containers, a workout program, and me as your personal coach who you have connections with 24/7 for support and accountability. Pretty Cool Right!??! This program makes loosing weight so simple and easy to follow, You Will NEVER have to DIET Again!! The 21 Day Fix program takes the guesswork out of weight loss. It's a unique portion-control system combined with easy-to-follow workouts that fit into anyone's busy schedule. Trainer Autumn Calabrese shares her passion for food and fitness as she shows you how to make simple choices that add up to life-changing results. I am SO extatic about this program. I have so many challengers that follower there workout programs and eat right but just can't seem to get those portion sizes under control. With this program you no longer have to put any guess work into it. You follow the exact nutrition plan laid out for you, use your portion cups to get the exact amount of food you need, and follow your workout plan. This is DESIGNED to help you get your nutrition (the most important part of the equation) under control. GENIUS!! I'm pretty sure this is going to change EVERYTHING for some people. I love that this workout program is great for beginners and experts. There are modifications to all moves and you just pick the person that is up to your speed and follow there lead. As you progress with in the program you can also advance up to the more advanced workouts. This program is great for all ages and sizes. Would you like to be included in this Exclusive Test Group and get your own copy of the 21 Day Fix!?!? The first step is going to my site and creating a free account that automatically assigns me as your free coach. Then THIS WEEK I will send you all the information you need about the 21 day fix. I will also be hosting a 21 Day EXCLUSIVE TEST GROUP for those of you who would like to receive the extra accountability, support, guidance, and motivation to complete the program. We will start and finish together as a group. If you have decided you would like to be apart of this group then please fill out the application below to be considered for a spot. I'm only selecting a number of people to join this group of FOCUS!! In this group I will be right there to walk you through your nutrition plan, share my tips, and show you how to create a LIFESTYLE rather than just another diet. I will show you how I plan to succeed each week. This challenge group is done through an online closed support group. Only the members of the group can see what is being posted. When you join one of my challenge groups I commit to NOT LETTING YOU FAIL!! If you invest in ME, I will invest in YOU!! The only cost for this group is what the challenge pack costs. My groups are completely free as long as you get your challenge pack through me which includes everything you need to get started. This includes the nutrition plan, the workouts, the program manual, FREE SHIPPING, a discounted price, and of course you get ME as your personal coach (who has been RIGHT where you are) So let's do this!! It's time to get that body ready for summer. Don't you want to feel CONFIDENT instead of covering up!?!? I know I do - So let's do it!! | High | [
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411 N.W.2d 71 (1987) In Matter of Application of Frederick D. KRAEMER for Reinstatement to the Bar of the State of North Dakota. In the Matter of the Application for Disciplinary Action Against Frederick D. KRAEMER. Civ. Nos. 10701, 870061. Supreme Court of North Dakota. August 12, 1987. *72 Vivian E. Berg, Staff Counsel for the Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court, Bismarck, for Disciplinary Board. Frederick D. Kraemer, Scottsdale, Ariz., pro se. PER CURIAM. This is a consolidated proceeding against attorney Frederick D. Kraemer which involves a formal disciplinary complaint pending at the time this court disbarred him from the practice of law, and a petition for reinstatement. We continue Kraemer's disbarment. On August 16, 1984, we suspended Kraemer's certificate of admission pending final disposition of disciplinary proceedings filed against him as a result of a North Dakota state court conviction for theft of property and federal convictions for interstate transportation of stolen goods, mail fraud, and conspiracy. Matter of Discipline of Kraemer, 353 N.W.2d 36 (N.D. 1984). After a certified copy of an Order of Disbarment by the Supreme Court of Minnesota was filed with this court [Matter of Discipline of Kraemer, 361 N.W.2d 402 (Minn.1985)], we revoked Kraemer's certificate of admission on June 13, 1985. Matter of Discipline of Kraemer, 370 N.W.2d 513 (N.D.1985). At that time there were additional, unrelated complaints of misconduct pending against him in this state,[1] and a formal complaint on those accusations was heard by a Hearing Panel on January 9, 1987. On March 3, 1987, the Hearing Panel recommended that Kraemer be disbarred for those acts of misconduct. On January 6, 1987, Kraemer filed a petition for reinstatement from his original disbarment. A hearing was held on Kraemer's petition and thereafter the Hearing Panel recommended that Kraemer not be reinstated to the practice of law in North Dakota. Kraemer does not directly challenge the Hearing Panel's findings regarding the additional acts of misconduct and its recommendation that he be disbarred for that conduct. However, he asks us to consider alternative methods of punishment and conditions of reinstatement. Kraemer contends that the three-year time period in which his certificate of admission has been suspended or revoked warrants mitigation and reinstatement to practice law. He asserts that he was suffering from alcoholism at the time of that misconduct and has since recovered. He also states that, if he is reinstated, a North Dakota attorney has agreed to supervise his law practice. Kraemer has also offered to do extensive "pro bono" work for three years or longer as a condition of reinstatement. At oral argument Kraemer also requested that any *73 order for discipline give him sufficient direction to plan for his future. Our resolution of the recommendation of disbarment makes it unnecessary to consider Kraemer's petition for reinstatement. The recommendation for disbarment is unusual because Kraemer is currently disbarred. It thus evokes not only the question of our authority to investigate charges of misconduct occurring before that disbarment, but also the discipline to be ordered for that misconduct. Under Art. VI, § 3, N.D. Const., this court may promulgate rules and regulations governing an attorney's admission to practice, conduct, discipline, and disbarment, unless otherwise provided by law. N.D.C.C. § 27-14-01 permits this court to revoke or suspend the certificate of admission of an attorney. N.D.C.C. § 27-14-03, authorizes this court to refer a complaint alleging attorney misconduct to the State Bar Board for investigation whenever the complaint is filed. Pursuant to our constitutional and statutory authority, we have adopted rules of disciplinary procedure, including Rule 15 of the North Dakota Rules of Disciplinary Procedure for reinstatement of a disbarred attorney, but we have not adopted a specific rule regarding the investigation of a disbarred attorney's pre-disbarment conduct. N.D.R.D.P. 1(b) defines a "complaint" as an allegation that a person holding an unrevoked certificate of admission to the bar has committed misconduct, and N.D.R.D.P. 8 authorizes the Disciplinary Board to investigate "complaints." However, nothing in the plain language of the rules of disciplinary procedure restricts the timing of the Disciplinary Board's investigation of a complaint. Kraemer held an unrevoked certificate of admission when the misconduct involved in the instant case occurred. Thus, this court clearly would have jurisdiction over that misconduct had Kraemer not been disbarred subsequently for other misconduct. Also, this court has jurisdiction to reinstate Kraemer, and in reinstatement proceedings his post-disbarment conduct is relevant and subject to investigation. See McKinnon v. Disciplinary Board of Supreme Court, 264 N.W.2d 448 (N.D.1978). It is anomalous to suggest that this court has the authority and obligation to investigate a disbarred attorney's post-disbarment conduct but not his pre-disbarment conduct. The objective of disciplinary proceedings is to determine, in the public interest, if the attorney should be permitted to practice law. Disciplinary Board of Supreme Court v. O'Neil, 326 N.W.2d 879 (N.D. 1982). Permitting the investigation of both post and pre-disbarment conduct is consistent with that purpose. There is also the interrelated objective of instilling public confidence in the legal profession's ability to regulate and discipline its members. We believe these objectives, coupled with our statutory authority to investigate complaints whenever they are filed, authorize the investigation and resolution of all complaints of attorney misconduct, including a disbarred attorney's pre-disbarment conduct, as they arise. To defer resolution of a complaint alleging pre-disbarment misconduct until the initiation of reinstatement proceedings would hamper the availability and recollections of witnesses, restrict or defeat restitution, and impair fairness to the respondent and the complainant. We therefore conclude that we have the authority and obligation to investigate a disbarred attorney's pre-disbarment conduct, and we will consider Kraemer's pre-disbarment conduct and the Disciplinary Board's recommendation for disbarment. The Hearing Panel recommended that Kraemer be disbarred for the following admitted acts of misconduct: "(a) Kraemer sought to buy with a car and money the silence of Charlotte Skjonsby in the criminal investigation regarding the aforementioned airline ticket scheme. (Para. V of the Formal Complaint.) "(b) That Kraemer represented Marie Michaeloff in a criminal matter in Olmsted County, Minn., in September, 1983, and met with law enforcement officials against her interests in July, August, and September, 1983. (Para. VII of the Formal Complaint.) *74 "(c) Kraemer did not maintain the integrity of his trust account, as follows: "1. Kraemer deposited in his trust account in June, 1980, $4,000 on behalf of Thomas Flood. From that time until May 15, 1981, when he deducted $984 from the $4,000, there were instances when the balance in the trust account fell below $4,000; the balance of $3,016 was refunded to Flood on or about March 3, 1982, and there were instances from May 15, 1981, to March 3, 1982, when the balance in the trust account fell below $3,016. (Para. VIII of the Formal Complaint.) "2. From July, 1981, to November, 1981, there were instances when the trust account was overdrawn and instances when checks were returned for nonsufficient funds. (Also Para. VIII of the Formal Complaint.) "(d) Kraemer represented Leland Wolsky in a bankruptcy matter and failed to file with the bankruptcy court a true and correct petition regarding fees paid to his firm; the Honorable William A. Hill, Judge of Bankruptcy Court, by Order entered March 28, 1984, ordered restoration to the debtor's estate of the sum of $6,297.82, which restoration has not been fully made. (Para. X of the Formal Complaint.)" The purpose of disciplinary proceedings is not to punish an attorney but to determine, in the public interest, if the attorney should be permitted to practice law, and each disciplinary action must be decided on its own particular facts in order to determine the appropriate discipline. Disciplinary Board of Supreme Court v. O'Neil, supra. An attorney may be disbarred if he has committed an offense having a direct bearing on his ability to serve the public as an attorney. N.D.C.C. § 27-14-02. Misconduct constituting grounds for disbarment also includes conduct contrary to accepted standards of honesty, justice, or morality [N.D.R.D.P. 2], or which tends to bring reproach upon the legal profession. N.D.C.C. § 27-14-02. In this disciplinary proceeding Kraemer has admitted that he sought to buy the silence of another in the criminal investigation which resulted in his convictions in federal court. This misconduct was designed to directly affect the integrity and outcome of a legal proceeding and appears to constitute a class C felony. N.D.C.C. § 12.1-09-01. While the record in this case does not reflect that Kraemer has been prosecuted for this admitted act of misconduct, under N.D.R.D.P. 2(b), a conviction in a criminal proceeding is not a prerequisite to the institution of disciplinary proceedings, nor is acquittal necessarily a bar thereto. See In re Lyons, 193 N.W.2d 462 (N.D.1971). This particular act of misconduct has a direct adverse bearing on Kraemer's ability to serve the public as an attorney and is also contrary to accepted standards of honesty and justice. As an officer of the court, Kraemer's act of bribery demonstrates a flagrant disregard for the law and the ethical code of an attorney. An attorney's disregard for the law is more serious than similar conduct by a layperson. Matter of Ivers, 236 N.W.2d 887 (N.D.1975). An attorney's disregard of the weighty obligation arising from his special status as an officer of the court raises grave concern about his ability to act as an officer of the court. While the gravity of this item of misconduct is sufficient by itself to warrant disbarment, Kraemer also has admitted additional pre-disbarment misconduct, including the betrayal of a client's interests, the misuse of a trust account and the failure to file a correct petition regarding fees in a bankruptcy case. Each of these acts represents serious misconduct that tends to discredit the integrity of the legal profession and undermine public confidence. For example, we have continually recognized the seriousness of the misuse of a trust account and have suspended[2] attorneys for *75 that misconduct. See Matter of Overboe, 403 N.W.2d 1 (N.D.1987). It is unquestionable that Kraemer's pre-disbarment misconduct warrants disbarment. However, Kraemer is already disbarred for serious crimes involving theft and fraud. These convictions denigrate the legal profession and cast serious doubt about Kraemer's ability to practice law. See Application of Christianson, 202 N.W.2d 756 (N.D.1972). N.D.R.D.P. 15 provides that a disbarred attorney may apply for reinstatement after the expiration of one year or "such time as may be fixed by the Court," and that reinstatement may be conditioned upon the furnishing of such proof of competency as this court determines necessary. We conclude that the appropriate disciplinary action is to fix the time in which Kraemer may apply for reinstatement to be not less than three years from the date of this opinion. That time period plus the three years which he has already been prevented from practicing law is commensurate with the length of his original sentence for the criminal convictions. We believe the three year waiting time to apply for reinstatement may be sufficient to enable Kraemer to restore his damaged reputation and establish a pattern of conduct that evidences his rehabilitation and fitness to engage in the practice of law. However, nothing in this opinion should be construed as an assurance that Kraemer will be reinstated to the practice of law in three years. Rather, we hold that Kraemer must wait at least three years before he may apply for reinstatement. It is further ordered that if and when reinstatement is allowed, it shall be conditioned on Kraemer's receiving a passing score on the North Dakota bar examination, including an examination on professional responsibility. NOTES [1] Throughout this opinion we use the term pre-disbarment conduct as a synonym for acts of misconduct that occurred prior to Kraemer's disbarment and are unrelated to the misconduct which led to his disbarment. [2] N.D.R.D.P. 1 defines "suspension" and "disbarment" as follows: "(d) `Disbarment' or `disbarring' means the revocation of a certificate of admission to the bar. * * * * * * "(k) `Suspension' or `suspending' means the revocation of a certificate of admission to the bar for a limited period of time or until the happening of an event certain." | Low | [
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Art History: What to Expect The Art History major at Carolina will give you a broad knowledge of Western art and the cultures that generate it. Through your coursework, you will develop skills in theory, research, analysis, and criticism. The Art History program offers courses in the areas of ancient, medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, modern, American, Asian, and African art. In addition, surveys and special-topics courses in art history are offered on a regular basis. All courses are taught by faculty with graduate assistants serving as tutorial leaders. You can gain additional experience through research and internship opportunities. The following courses fulfill some of the course requirements for a Bachelor of Arts with a major in Art History: Enhancing your Experience Study Abroad allows you to earn academic credits toward your USC degree while seeing the world! Overseas study can complement any academic program or major. You may also choose to intern, volunteer, or conduct research abroad. You are encouraged to visit the Study Abroad Web site for more information on opportunities to broaden and extend your knowledge and perspectives. Student Organizations can be instrumental in helping you adjust to life on campus and network within your field. The University of South Carolina has a family of nearly 300 student organizations. Getting involved in an organization that interests you can help you network, meet new friends, and develop leadership skills. You can also seek out volunteer opportunities that relate to your major. Find a student organization on campus that interests you!Graduate School is one of many possibilities following graduation. Art History majors often go on to pursue graduate programs in Art Studio, Art History, and Media Arts.Departmental Scholarships: The Art Department awards a variety scholarships each year. Internship and Research Opportunities Internships can be an important asset to your overall educational experience. Internship experiences often help you confirm your career interests, give you hands-on experience in a professional setting, help build your resume, reinforce what you’ve learned in class and can often lead to full-time employment. Likewise, pursuing professional research opportunities as an undergraduate student can also help enrich your academic experience while at the University. As an undergraduate student, you can work closely with faculty research mentors and explore a discipline that interests you. Both internship and research opportunities help you build a competitive edge in the job market. As a USC student you will have numerous resources at your disposal to assist you with locating internship and research opportunities. The USC Career Center is the central location at USC for assisting students with internship preparation and finding an internship. In addition, be sure to visit your academic department as many programs offer supplemental internship guidance specific to your major. The Office of Undergraduate Research assists all USC undergraduates by providing research and scholarly experiences in their chosen fields. The USC Career Center offers numerous resources which provide more information about career opportunities for students in this major. Once admitted, a Career Development Coach is available to help you assess your interest areas, make decisions about your career path, and identify the experiences and skills that will help you accomplish your goals. Spur Connections will help you locate mentors from among USC alumni, employers and community members who can provide insights based on their careers and experiences. Early planning and preparation are keys to success. About the Department of Art The Department of Art boasts an 85,000-square-foot facility designed specifically for the study and creation of the visual arts. The department offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in four major artistic disciplines: Art Education, Art History, Art Studio, and Media Arts. Our faculty members possess national and international reputations in their areas of expertise and are a cohesive group of cutting-edge professionals who have dedicated their lives to art and its teaching. The Department of Art is in the College of Arts and Sciences. Points of Pride The University of South Carolina Department of Art is the largest and most comprehensive art department in the state. Our facilities include extensive studio space, a slide library of more than 150,000 artworks, and the Huntington Gallery, a department exhibition area for students and faculty. We sponsor a Students’ Annual Art Sale at the end of each fall semester, and an annual art auction of student and faculty work. | High | [
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The Best Natural Treatments for Vertigo Disclaimer: Results are not guaranteed*** and may vary from person to person***. Last week, I was enjoying a fantastic spring day while walking in the park with my friend, Kate. Then, all of a sudden she got dizzy. She told me her head just started spinning, and that she felt lightheaded. The sensation would soon re-appear. A few days later, the random spinning returned. “It was like I was on a roller roaster,” Kate said of her condition. Kate’s experience reminded me of a National Hockey League game I once saw on TV back in 2011. The Anaheim Ducks were playing the San Jose Sharks. The Ducks’ goalie, Jonas Hiller, had an awful game. He was slow to react and allowed three goals on only 10 first-period shots. After the game, the goalie reported symptoms of dizziness and lightheadedness. What is the condition that affected both Kate and Jonas? They both had the vestibular disorder, vertigo. Ad What is Vertigo? Kate and Jonas are not alone in their struggle. In the U.S., vertigo and dizziness affect about 5% to 10% of the population. However, in adults older than 40, this number jumps to 40%.It is important to note that dizziness does not necessarily result in vertigo. Vertigo is a certain type of dizziness where you feel as if everything is spinning, off balance, or unsteady when there is absolutely no movement going on. Some people associate vertigo with a fear of heights. But this is a condition called acrophobia. Causes and Symptoms of Vertigo What are the most common vertigo causes? Your dizziness is likely the result of an inner ear imbalance. Or, there is a disturbance in sensory nerve pathways or parts of the brain (called central vertigo). Perhaps it’s associated with ongoing migraines, another cause of vertigo.Vertigo can be a symptom brought on by several different conditions. In many cases, the vertigo causes are inner ear or peripheral conditions— the most common one being benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). With this form, the slightest change in head position causes the sudden spinning sensation associated with vertigo. In most cases, BPPV is considered spontaneous. While other times, it can be caused by ear surgery, a head injury, prolonged bed rest, and reduced blood flow to a particular area of the brain. BPPV can also result from the viral infection labyrinthitis, which is an inner ear labyrinth and vestibular nerve inflammation. The other vertigo-related inflammatory condition is vestibular neuronitis, also stemming from vestibular nerve inflammation. Meniere’s disease is another inflammatory ear-related form of vertigo. But this one is considered a viral and bacterial infection. This vertigo is caused by fluid pressure in the inner ear. Other possible vertigo causes include anemia, dehydration, calcium deficiency, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Other symptoms associated with vertigo include blurry or double vision, ear pain, facial paralysis, vomiting, nausea, cold feet, and tinnitus—which is known as ringing in one or both ears. If you think your dizziness and head spinning may be a bout of vertigo, consult a doctor for a diagnosis immediately. This process includes a medical history, and the Dix-Hallpike test in which you hang your head after moving it to the side. Dietary Changes to Ease Vertigo Symptoms Luckily, appropriate lifestyle changes and natural vertigo treatments may improve your symptoms. A good place to start is your diet. What are some good strategies for an anti-vertigo diet? 1. Reduce High Cholesterol High cholesterol can sometimes lead to vertigo and dizziness caused by poor circulation in the body. You can easily balance cholesterol levels with a high-fiber diet by including a variety of fruit, vegetables, and legumes. Some great choices include raspberries, strawberries, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, lentils, pinto beans, and black beans. Essential fatty acids also protect the heart. Good sources include flaxseeds and fatty fish like salmon or mackerel. 2. Reduce High Blood Pressure High blood pressure and atherosclerosis are possible vertigo causes as well. As a result, necessary dietary changes can help combat it at the source. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is often prescribed for high blood pressure. The diet consists of high amounts of vegetables and fruits, low-fat dairy, and whole grains. The DASH method is low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and high in fiber, protein, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. 4. Consume Plenty of Magnesium-Rich Foods Vertigo is thought to be a symptom of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium-rich foods in an anti-vertigo diet should include quinoa, buckwheat, ginger, salmon, basil, collard greens, beets, tomatoes, sunflower seeds, kale, and tofu. Foods to Avoid There are many other food causes of vertigo. The following are foods you should avoid: 1. Salty Foods If your diet contains many processed foods, it is likely also high in sodium. Sodium can disrupt fluid regulation and balance in the body, leading to vertigo symptoms. A nutritious anti-vertigo diet with natural foods will provide sufficient sodium for a healthy adult. Avoid processed snack foods, frozen dinners, and canned products. 3. Migraine Food Triggers The amino acid tyramine can trigger migraine headaches. It is best to avoid tyramine-rich foods. These include aged meats like smoked sausage, liverwurst, and pepperoni, and aged cheeses like provolone, brie, cheddar, and mozzarella. Other high-tyramine foods include figs, bananas, nuts, chocolate, and yogurt. Vertigo Home Remedies There are plenty of other natural strategies for vertigo treatment at home. A great natural remedy for vertigo includes regular intake of water. It is best to keep well hydrated with 10 8-oz glasses of filtered water. Add a pinch of salt, black pepper, and juice from half an organic lemon to a glass of lukewarm water to make lemon water, which is known to reduce feelings of dizziness. What are some other natural vertigo remedies? Herbal Remedies Herbal remedies have long been used to treat vertigo, nausea, and dizziness. Some effective herbal supplements include ginger, wild indigo, cayenne, turmeric, butcher’s broom, and ginkgo biloba. Other Supplements Some other supplements used to reduce vertigo symptoms are vinpocetine, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), dimethylglycine, vitamin C with bioflavonoids, and vitamin B complex. Homeopathic Remedies Some common vertigo homeopathy remedies include bryonia, calcarea carbonica, cocculus, conium, nux vomica, phosphorus,petroleum, iodine, ferrum metallicum, and ambra grisea. The homeopathic remedy “Vertigoheel” is also considered an effective vertigo treatment. In a double-blinded, randomized, and controlled study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in 2005, researchers found that Vertigoheel improved vertigo symptoms. The study observed 170 atherosclerosis-related vertigo patients between the ages of 60 and 80 years old for a six-week period. There were 87 patients given Vertigoheel, and 83 received ginkgo biloba. Both treatments were deemed effective in reducing atherosclerosis-related vertigo symptoms. Other Vertigo Treatments and Considerations There are some considerations for vertigo treatment. For instance, over-the-counter drugs can increase vertigo symptoms; these include aspirin, antacids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Avoid consuming tobacco, alcohol, or caffeine, as they are also known to increase vertigo symptoms. Some people recover quite easily with sufficient sleep—so all you may need is a good night’s rest. What are other vertigo prevention and treatment methods? Overall, it is best to develop a healthy lifestyle and reduce stress. But some other natural therapies for vertigo include cranial sacral therapy, acupuncture, hypnosis, guided imagery, and biofeedback. Regular light exercises can help you relax—especially yoga, meditation, tai chi, and qigong. Follow these strategies to alleviate vertigo right away: Move slowly; it allows you to focus and clear your head Avoid looking down or up; this could worsen symptoms of dizziness Focus on a distant object; things from afar move slower, and this can reduce dizziness Avoid repetitive movements; they also worsen vertigo symptoms and imbalance the body Michael Kessler, DC is supremely qualified to help you heal your health problems using the most natural cures on earth. A fully certified DC and an expert in German Biological Medicine, Dr. Kessler takes pride in educating his patients about alternative therapies that can be more effective than prescription drugs or surgery and using a variety of healing techniques in his practice, including natural herbal extracts, dietary modifications, and homeopathy, to successfully treat “the untreatable.” Email: [email protected] Popular Stories Advertisement Our Readers' Comments "I enjoy reading the everyday advice from all the Doctors with different approach for our health and I thank all of you Doctors for you good intentions. I hope many people like me take advantage and follow your advice and get the benefits." L.F., Levittown, NY "Excellent information." R.M., Clemson, SC "I look forward in reading my Chinese Medicine Healing Miracles newsletter. It gives me a better look at things beside the chemicals that our government is trying to pump into us and all the side effects. 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Doctors Health Press, a division of Lombardi Publishing Corp. and its employees are not responsible for medically unsupervised activities that could be harmful to your health. Results are not guaranteed*** and may vary from person to person***. All of the Doctors Health Press publications come with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. If you’re not satisfied with your newsletter, you can simply cancel your subscription and receive a pro-rated refund on all undelivered issues. For our books and special reports, we will give you a full refund of your purchase price within 30 days of your order. We pride ourselves on excellent customer service. | Low | [
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Q: Change the spacing on a listbox control in silverlight Space between items is to much. how can I lessen it? A: Set the ItemContainerStyle to set the Margin and Padding as needed. Blend will help with this retemplating. You can then also consider setting the DataTemplate. | Mid | [
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873 P.2d 393 (1994) 127 Or. App. 478 In the Matter of the Compensation of Eileen N. Ferguson, Claimant. Eileen N. FERGUSON, Petitioner, v. U.S. EPPERSON UNDERWRITING and Universal Underwriter Ins., Respondents. 91-08692, CA A77177. Court of Appeals of Oregon. Argued and Submitted July 2, 1993. Decided April 20, 1994. Kevin Keaney, Portland, argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief was Pozzi, Wilson, Atchison, O'Leary & Conboy. Richard Pearce, Lake Oswego, argued the cause and filed the brief for respondents. Before WARREN, P.J., and EDMONDS and LANDAU, JJ. LANDAU, Judge. Claimant seeks review of a Workers' Compensation Board order awarding her unscheduled permanent partial disability (PPD) benefits. She argues that the Board rated her disability under invalid temporary rules concerning disability rating standards, and that the Board erred in finding that it lacked authority to determine the validity of those rules. We do not reach the merits of claimant's challenge. We hold, instead, that her challenge to the temporary rules is moot and affirm on that basis. In October and November of 1990, the Department of Insurance and Finance (DIF) adopted temporary rules concerning disability rating standards, which took effect immediately. By operation of law, the temporary rules were scheduled to expire on May 19, 1991. ORS 183.335(6)(a). Two months before that date, however, DIF adopted permanent rules concerning disability rating standards, which include the following provisions (OAR 436-35-003(1) and (2)): "(1) These rules apply to the rating of permanent disability pursuant to [ORS] chapter 656 and shall be applied to all claims closed on or after April 1, 1991, for workers medically stationary after July 1, 1990. For workers medically stationary prior to July 1, 1990, Administrative Order 6-1988 shall apply to the rating of permanent disability. "(2) For claims in which the worker was medically stationary after July 1, 1990, the Appellate Unit shall apply the disability rating standards in effect on the date of issuance of the Determination Order or Notice of Closure." Claimant compensably injured her lower back and legs on March 7, 1990. By a *394 Determination Order dated December 12, 1990, her claim was closed, and she received an award of 17 percent unscheduled PPD. An Order on Reconsideration dated June 21, 1991, increased the award of unscheduled PPD to 21 percent, in accordance with the temporary rules. Claimant requested a hearing, at which she challenged the validity of the temporary rules. In an opinion and order dated October 28, 1991, the referee held that he was obligated to apply the disability standards in effect at the time the claim was closed by Determination Order which, in this case, were the temporary rules. He held that he lacked authority to declare those rules invalid. Accordingly, he applied them and arrived at an award of 25 percent unscheduled PPD. The Workers' Compensation Board affirmed, finding that it lacked authority to consider the validity of the temporary rules. On review, claimant's sole assignment of error is that the Board does have authority to rule on the validity of the temporary rules. In Edmunson v. Dept. of Ins. and Finance, 314 Or. 291, 838 P.2d 589 (1992), the petitioner challenged the validity of the same temporary rules under ORS 183.400. He argued that, although the temporary rules had expired, the permanent rules still incorporated them by reference, and that reference to the temporary rules rendered them amenable to challenge. The court rejected the petitioner's argument and held that his challenge to the temporary rules was moot. The court observed that, although the permanent rules referenced the expired temporary rules, "it is that cross-reference in the present rule that establishes the applicable law. That is, all claims are governed by the present permanent rule, not the former temporary ones. If there is an invalid or indeterminate cross-reference in the present rule, that is a problem with the present rule, not with any past rules. "The former temporary rules have now passed out of existence, and no one presently purports to be acting pursuant to any power originating in them. A challenge to those temporary rules is, therefore, moot." 314 Or at 295. (Emphasis in original; citations omitted.) In this case, the Board's rules required the application of the disability rating standards in effect at the time the Order on Reconsideration was issued. OAR 438-10-010(2).[1] By that date, June 21, 1991, the temporary rules had expired, and the permanent rules were in effect. Those permanent rules required the application of what had been the temporary rules to claimant's case. Accordingly, as in Edmunson, no one acted pursuant to any power originating in the temporary rules. Those rules had passed out of existence. The Board and the referee applied the temporary rules only insofar as they had been incorporated by the permanent rules. The case, therefore, is governed by the permanent rules, the validity of which claimant does not challenge. Claimant's sole challenge is directed at the temporary rules, which no longer exist. Her challenge to those rules is moot, and she asserts no other basis for reversing the Board's order. Affirmed. NOTES [1] OAR 438-10-010(2) provides: "For claims in which the claimant was medically stationary after July 1, 1990, the disability rating standards in effect on the date of issuance of the reconsideration order shall be applied at hearing and on review of the reconsideration." | Mid | [
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For more than a year, Halle Berry has been engaged in a legal and custodial battle to move permanently out of California. She wants to move to France with her fiancé Olivier Martinez, and she wants to take Nahla with her. The problem? Gabriel Aubry, Nahla’s father, put his foot down. Gabriel believed that this “moving to France” thing was just another attempt by Halle to deprive him of his custodial rights. Halle’s side always seemed to be that she didn’t want Nahla to grow up around the American tabloid press culture, and that somehow France would be better for Nahla. Of course, Duchess Kate’s topless photo scandal ruined that (Kate was photographed topless… on a private estate… in France). This particular custody issue has been going on for a long, long time, and it’s just been resolved. Sort of. Apparently, the judge just ruled on Friday that Halle is NOT allowed to move Nahla out of the country without Gabriel’s permission: Halle Berry just lost big in court — a judge has ruled she cannot permanently move her 4-year-old daughter to France … TMZ has learned. Halle had been fighting tooth and nail with her baby daddy Gabriel Aubry to bring Nahla to Paris, where Halle wants to live with her fiance Olivier Martinez. Halle argued the L.A. paparazzi scene made life in California too dangerous for her and her daughter — but today the judge in the case ruled in favor of Gabriel, refusing to let Halle jet to France with their kid. The full details of the ruling are unclear — but one thing’s for sure … Halle did NOT get what she wanted. Halle has said from the beginning she never wanted to remove Gabriel from Nahla’s life — she merely believed France would be safer for everyone involved. CB usually covers these stories because I have a history of going hard on Halle. So, let me go out of my way to be fair to Halle: I do think she has a point about the American tabloid/celebrity culture and how detrimental that kind stuff is for a kid. Unfortunately for Halle, she had already tried several other legal maneuvers in an attempt to limit Gabriel’s custody rights, so this argument just seemed like the latest in a long line of bitchy moves. Also: I’ve always felt Halle used the celebrity press when it was convenient for her, like when she wants to push an image of herself as a loving mother and how she has a “happy family” with Olivier, there are always some happy, “candid” paparazzi photos. My point is that she’s an active participant in the gossip-game too, so this “I must move to Paris, to be left alone!” argument never really held water with me. So I’m glad Gabriel’s rights were upheld. Also, cannot but imagine just how much of a crazy, dishes-smashing, yelling-at-top-of her-lungs freak out Halle is having right now. Olivier, take a good hard look at the scene and RUN. Just run away and don’t look back. Yes, if you’ll recall Halle goes by the “one drop rule.” and therefore historically refuses to acknowledge her or her daughters whiteness. This refusal to acknowledge her own caucasean heiratage or her daughters whiteness is not meant to be seen out of any type of her own bigotry or rascism, however. No. Not at all. Not even a bit. wouldnt want to alienate her fan base, right? Thats all in her mind. Pfft. She is just wildly lameo. Get with the times Halle. Yes Nahla is considered black… If you do not understand the ” One Drop Rule” then do some research …. That rule was created by white america who wanted to keep their race “Pure” … and in nowhere in this country are people like ” Pres Obama… Halle Berry …. Alicia Keyes considered anything but black…. You would not even know they were half if they did not tell you … Yes half black and white are considered BLACK … blame racist white america not halle for being realistic with her child… Even Halle White mother told her to accept that you are black and that is just the way it is .. PLEASE do some homework on the black experience in America if you do not understand but do not dismiss it I think the problem is that for all purposes the cromosomes that give pigmentation are dominant, and any mixed race kid of parents of dirrerent colors have that evident on them. genetically she has 3/4 white genes (potentially, depending on the ones thaat Halle gave to her) but dominant hair eyes and skin color are dominant. So even socially it’s easy to be pegged as such. Nahla will have to decide for herself what best represents her identity when she grows up…The one drop rule is culturally obsolete, mixed races tend to identify with one or more of their backgrounds. Is it still legally binding, though? Because she’s neither black or white, she’s mixed rare, if anything, she should be listed as both. But this whole kinda reeks of nazi Germany, so in mixed race cases the individual should really have a say in it, and not defined by any standard rule. Besides, unless you’re an albino or straight out of central africa, you’re not white or black. Maybe they should establish color gradients, 8-16 or so, and just compare color against it. Because what’s the purpose of it, really, shouldn’t the picture give it away? Seems like a label to me, not actually identifiable features. The argument is ridiculous. She could easily avoid the paps right here in America. She could move 30 minutes outside of LA and avoid the paps. Also, let’s be real here. Who actually looks forward to Halle Berry movies. The only reason she is followed is because of her relationships and how much drama she always seems to have. If she stopped all of her nonsense and just agreed to quietly co-parent this child with her father no one would be following her anywhere. I came here to write exactly the same thing. How come there are much more relevant actresses who live in America and still menage to avoid the paps almost entirely and she cannot? She lives in LA and always takes her daughter to the most paps-friendly areas, where she has about 90% chance to be photographed, that’s why. It would be weird if she was left alone under those circumstances. If she wants privacy, I think she should move out of LA but not to France – some smaller American town would be enough. she signed up for paparazzi when she decided to be an actor/actress—- which she is not great at, she just does not have amazing acting talent. And to TAKE A CHILD AWAY FROM A LOVING FATHER … is just disgusting no matter what her reasons would be. She lured him to have a child, I do not feel he was beating down her door to have a baby with her. Wow, talk about a sexist comment…Halle didn’t “lure” him into anything. Sex sometimes leads to babies, every adult knows that and if you don’t protect yourself chances are someone will get pregnant. On Oprah Halle said they had tried several times, so it wasn’t an accident or her luring him. He wanted a baby just as much as Halle did. If all she wanted was a sperm donor, she would have gone to a clinic – less hassle that way. I heard her say she took at least 30 pregnancy tests. I have no doubt they both wanted the child, but I would not be surprised to learn that it was her plan just eliminate GA from both her and Nahla’s life, when the time came. Anyway, hooray for GA and Nahla on the Judge’s wise decision. Halle was good in Cloud Atlas. I do agree that she could move to a less pap infested area of Southern California. Tom Hanks her co star in Cloud Atlas goes years without one pap shot of him. Many other actors and actresses to. It can be done. Just to throw some logic on the Tom part of the comment. Pictures of Tom Hanks don’t sell. Paps take pictures that get them money. It is their disgusting job. Pics of Halle sold because of her overreacting to them. The actual pictures of her and her daughter are not going to make the cover a tabloid. But Halle screaming cursing and throwing things at them will sell. I agree about her being able to avoid them to some degree. more high profile celebs whose picture fetch a great deal of not photographed on daily basis. The paps do follow her but she could use other means to avoid them. but when people talk about this celeb or that one not being photographed there is a truth that the pictures of them don’t sell. Yaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaay!!!!!!!! Now, maybe, her child has a slim chance at a semi-decent relationship with a loving father. I don’t think that Helle is done fighting, but at least this one judge’s decision is a significant victory for Nahla. Much bigger stars than Helle do not get papped. They work in L.A. and live in the area but we never see pics of them or their kids. Don’t want to get papped Helle? Try dialing down the crazy, vengeful drama that makes you tabloid fodder. Try not calling the paps and telling them where you’re going to be when you want a photo op showing what a great mother you are. Try moving to Santa Barbara. I would kill to move away from my ex. But the law states I cannot even move more than 30 miles from him… ever… at least until our kid is 18. Why should that witch be allowed to take her kid outta the country! That is not at all in the best interest of her child or the child’s relationship with her father. She is just being vindictive. Duh. Good decision Judge. Exactly. Gabriel Aubry may be a complete and utter douche. Possibly a terrible spouse, but there is no (concrete) evidence he’s an unfit father. To effectively remove him from his daughter’s life hurts his daughter. And the fact that Halle Berry actively tried to do that speaks volumes. Hate your ex – that’s fine, I get it – but he’s the father of your child and she appears to love him. Don’t ruin that. My prediction would have been that if this asinine case was ruled in her favor and she moved her daughter to France, in about a year we would be hearing how hard it is for her to raise her daughter alone and that Gabriel had all but abandoned his daughter. She was always/will always find a way to crucify him. Other men run away from their parental duties. You have a man who loves his daughter. Wants to be in her life. Halle is trying to deprive her daughter of that love. So selfish. So vendictive. Shame on you Halle. To keep the child living in the state she is accustomed to. She cant go from opulant splendor in a masion with halle to a crummy little apartment in Gabriels. She accepted to make a baby with this man knowing he will never, ever have as much money as her. She secretly hoped he wouldnt be that interested in his daughter and maybe walk away easily as her own father did. Well, she was wrong. Its totally fair she gives him money to help raise their child. THEIR child. Not her child alone. I suspect he started asking for child support because after a year of fighting through the courts to continue to see his child he was nearly broke. Speaking as someone who has seen perfectly normal fathers almost bankrupt themselves with normal-scale court costs to achieve that – he has to try to match her turbo-charged, insanely expensive legal team. It ain’t cheap, and I very much doubt the “child support” covers those bills, even now. I think that at the beginning he was not asking for money from her, but the continuous litigations of Halle started to impact him, theremis another legal reason, but I do not remember it, not just “greed”. I agree with his defending. Girl needs his father. @lisa2 Well..people do question women too…however doesnt maternity take more of a toll on women rather than men? So nature itself didnot create this equal for the genders. And as for support checks, doesnt he have a job too…and shouldn’t he be realistic to what he can provide for his daughter? After all love is greater than material comforts. I have no doubt that this was a b-tchy move by Halle to try to separate Nahla from her dad. I really cannot handle Halle generally, but especially in this case – there is no denying that Gabriel loves his daughter and wants to spend as much time with her as he is allowed to. Best news all week! Judge saw through Halle’s vicious, selfish wants. Given her track record with marriages and men the move wouldn’t have lasted long. Men always “turn on her” and treat “her” wrong…blah, blah, blah. It never has anything to do with her actions. I am glad the judge ruled that Nahla stay in the US. I think Halle might only be thinking of what is good for Halle. I wonder what Nahla is going to think and feel years from now, when she reads about this public fight on the internet? I refuse to jump on the hate-halle bandwagon because there is always two sides to every story. Gabriel should get a proper job and support himself and Halle should meet him half way, hence why I say move to Quebec Canada where everyone involved will feel right at home! This arguement always makes me laugh…”Gabriel should get a job and not take Halles money” First of all, he has a job…model…pretty sure they make good money…secondly, dont you think that if Halle wants their daughter all to herself, that she has already offerred Gabriel a boat load of money to relinquish his parental rights? Wow. Ok. first of all you’re way too invested in these strangers drama but moving on… I don’t know all the details but I am pretty sure he gets a sum from Halle every month that goes beyond the costs for their daughter. Second, modeling doesn’t actually pay that well unless you are a big name and do a major campaign or a lot of catalog work. I haven’t seen much of his work but from I can tell, he doesn’t have a lot of work going on atm. He should get a *proper* job to support himself and their daughter. Again, Halle needs to meet him half way and stop trying to get rid of him. I can see both sides of the story here unlike some people who attack Halle as if she had done something personal to them. Creepy… @I’m going to Guam – lol…I am not invested in these strangers lives at all…just putting in my two cents on a celebrity website…however, I think you need to take a deep breath and go take your meds, since you are the one going all crazy, cause I dare to criticise Halle Berry! It is MY OPINION that Halle is a self absorbed, delusional, spiteful person…but its just my opinion…you are welcome to yours! Blond on the dock… I am currently sitting in my kitchen in the suburbs outside of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Just so you know, Quebec French and France French are the same language. We can and do understand each other very well. It’s the same as the difference between British English and Canadian/American English. Some terms and expressions are different but it’s the same language. In this case Halle is clearly wrong. Just like every other person in the state of California she is subject to the law. There is no reason for Gabriel to give up his legal rights for the sake of comprimise the last I checked California is the nations third largest state that gives her plenty of space to move around. As for the fiction that Gabriel is a deadbeat he is far from it HOWEVER there is a difference in Halle’s income and his. This affects what he can provide for Nahla in terms of security,staffing,and travel expenses (for instance traveling to movie sets etc). Just as any women would be given CHILD support so should Gabriel. Comprimise needs to come from a place of respect. They must get along for the sake of Nahla but neither is required to abdicate their legal rights Calm down attack dog, I never said Quebec is the same as France but it’s a place where the french culture is alive and where people actually speak french! Woohoo win-win! Again, you guys are waaaaay too invested in these people’s lives, it’s seriously creepy. And I have also not said that ONE parent should do more than the other, please READ before you comment. I said Halle should meet him half way and they BOTH have the same responsibilities as parents obviously. Very calm and not attacking anyone just stating facts. As for Gabriel he was (and is) one of the few upper echeleon of male models since well before he met Halle.iIn fact Halle herself said she saw him on a billboard and had the hots for him before they met. In fact up until their separation Aubry was in high profile ads for Gillette. Once they separated and custody got dicey Gabriel cut back his travelling first to care for Nahla on Halle’s movie set in South África and then to start defending his rights in this custody battle. Gabriel has a job. I presume you’re quibbling about the child support money? From having read the comments here many times before, I understand that California calculates child support based on a formula that looks at both parents income, regardless of the gender of the parent. (I may be mistaken, but that’s what I recall.) If that’s the case, it sounds pretty fair to me. I think some people just don’t like it because they’ve decided the norm should be that the guy always pays. :-/ Guam, I just find it amusing at how condescending you are to everyone on here who is “creepy” and “waaaay too invested in these peoples lives.” Yet you find no problem with your own passionate, argumentative postings. Apparently you’re an educated, objective poster and the rest of us are just creepy. Riiiight. What exactly is a “proper” job? He is a model, just as he was when they met and just like he continued to be all throughout their relationship. If you don’t consider modeling to be a “proper” job, then does that mean you consider acting to be a “proper” job? Acting and modeling seem to be along the same lines to me; if one is deemed “proper” so should the other one be. Can everyone just chill out, it’s not that serious gosh. What I was saying was; Modeling usually doesn’t pay that well unless you are a big name,more power to him if he is in fact making lots of dollars! Clearly, he isn’t making as much as Halle, we agree on that! And I agree that he should get money to be able to support his daughter but at the same time, from what I’ve heard (again I don’t know that much about these people) he is getting more money than is necessary <— and for that reason he should get a job that perhaps will pay more AS WELL as modeling. Like branching out, starting a business or whatever. That is all I said. And yes, I am aware he is from Quebec hence why I even suggested it in the first place. I figured he was from there since he is french-canadian. Hello to all ladies on this thread. I’m adding my two cents by saying I’m agreeing with MrsBPitt that we all have the right to voice our opinions on a celebrity website regardless of if we agree or not. As for Halle, I’m glad the judge saw through her BS. Ask yourself this question, would she have wanted to move to France if Olivier didn’t reside there? I’m not a big fan of Halle but I don’t hate her either but right is right and wrong is wrong. I question before why people were calling her crazy and when I found out the lengths she was going through to keep Gabe away from his daughter, I also jumped on the crazy bandwagon. Did you guys know that it was said that she tried to get her friends to say that Gabe used racial slurs towards her but her friends wouldn’t admit to saying something that they never heard Gabe say. That was a low blow because if she had played the race card in that manner that could have ruined that man’s career by labeling him a racist. Now I’m aware that couples going through bitter custody battles go through great measures to ensure that they are granted custody but most of these couples are everyday people that we don’t know. Halle is a huge celebrity who is in the public eye, so we as fans or non-fans are going to have something to say. It doesn’t mean that we are invested in their lives. But we have the right to comment when they are putting their personal business out there; be it via their direct statements or the media. I also had an issue with a woman paying a man child support but like Ducky said in CA it is pretty much based on the parent with the highest income. In NY the law is different and it doesn’t matter if the mother makes the most money, the father still pays if the mother has primary custody. The issue I had with Gabe was that he makes money even though not as much as Halle, why is he asking for child support especially when he does not have primary custody. As long as he could provide a descent place for her to live when she is visiting him what’s the child support for. I’m sure all Nahla, a child of her age cares about is spending time with her father and not the expensive material things. Then I gave it some thought, Halle started this custody thing and Gabe must have legal fees up to wazoo, which could pretty much empty his bank account which is nowhere near Halle’s. As we all know male models do not make as much as female models; one of the only jobs in Hollywood where women dominate. Like I said I don’t hate Halle but publicly she has demonstrated some questionable behavior that leads most of us to believe she is a little unstable. I’m sure if Halle had handled this situation in a more quiet and suitable manner instead of trying to paint Gabe out to be some kind of horrible monster, we might have had more sympathy for her. It worked for Tom and Katie; no matter what was said behind closed doors, they kept the details of their divorce and custody agreement off public records. The stunt to move her daughter out of the country backfired on her, good for the sake of the child. Isn’t this what this is really all about? Imagine not being able to see your child on the reg because of that kind of distance. There was a possibility that the judge could have ruled in Halle’s favor. I can’t imagine what actress Kelly Rutherford must be going through. Remember her ex won full custody and now her children are living abroad from her. We don’t know those details either but the judge must have found something wrong with Kelly to allow the father to remain in France with the children. So if people hate Halle it’s because of her actions with her daughter’s father. Like someone once said to me, if Gabe has done something so horribly wrong then why don’t she come out and say what it is he has done. Until then we can only go by what we hear. Ummmm….just as an FYI….since you seem to be totally clueless about the modeling industry ….Gabriel Aubrey is one of the highest paid, most working models in the industry…he makes more than you or I will probably ever see in a lifetime. I understand you are obviously a halle loving fan but please research a bit before pushing your grossly uninformed agendas. First of all, stop making assumptions (you know how that saying goes), you know absolutely nothing about me, so let us not make this personal. Second, if I was such a fan of hers I would know a lot more about her and her ex which I obviously don’t. Male models do not make as much as female models and he is still making less than Halle which was my point. @I’m going to Guam! LOL I’m sorry but I have to laugh a bit with all the commotion you provoked. I totally agree with what you said. There are always two sides to each story and it seems like in this case, people easily jump on one of the sides and the emotional involvement is indeed fascinating. Yes, she gives a strange vibe, but judging all of her movements as solely an attack against her baby daddy seems a bit out of proportion (for me). He also doesn’t give such a extraordinary vibe to me, so that may be the reason why I don’t get all the hate against her…I’m not a fan of Halle Berry. Actually I don’t usually watch any movie with her because I don’t appreciate her acting skills (too boring for my taste). Also never commented on a thread of her (i think, but i would also not swear). Just decided to do it know to tell you that I share your point and that by you trying to be a bit more neutral in here it comes out as you are investing as much as everyone else in this story…You won’t win, just let it go What an insane, narcissist she is to keep trying to get at Aubry the one way she knows he is vulnerable – his child. That monstrous, fragile, puffed up ego of hers can’t STAND rejection – she’d kill him a thousand times if she could! You know what I don’t get in all of this? Parents usually want BETTER for their children than they had themselves. So she should want Nahla to not be abandoned by her father, right? I wonder, since Halle doesn’t think along “normal” lines if she thought that by moving away she could always say to Nahla, “oh once we moved its difficult for Papa to see you all the time and that’s why he spends time with you when he can”. Thereby, creating a continual desire to be with his daughter, yet controlling how much he sees her and can hurt her and also sort of preventing Nahla from being “abandoned” with the excuse that they live so far away. In her mind she’s protecting her from being not wanted and neglected by her father. Just a theory. It was very transparent. He wanted to move back to France. period. Thus, when he fought it, made up other reason for move. If Oliver didn’t want to move back, this never would have happened. Nothing wrong with moving to France if there wasn’t an involved father. My friend married a father of two boys 12 and 14. He’s a lawyer. His ex was remarrying and wanted to move to another state not too far away with her new husband. He fought her in court and won. She, after a year and a half, though, moved and let him have primary custody. Score 1 for Team Nahla. And remember that Halle Berry ADOPTED India Benet and then dropped that little girl (whose mother had been killed in a car accident long before she and India’s father married) like a hot rock when she split from India’s father. You know, I’m not trying to antagonize you or anything, but for someone who just accused people of being “way too invested” in Halle’s business, I have to say it sounds like a case of the pot calling the kettle black. I follow this story, and I had no idea about an adoption. Guess you’re more invested than I am… Thanks. I do remember seeing it reported, so sorry to get the facts wrong. I think the thing I’m responding to so viscerally was that there were definitely a lot of photos of the two of them together and HB gushing about getting to be a parent-figure to India. A stepparent has no obligation to remain in a child’s life once the relationship with the other parent is severed, but because India’s mother died when she was a baby, I guess I held HB to a higher standard – not fair, probably. But there it is. Really? Do you have any proof? You guys are just looking for a reason to hate on this woman. She never adopted his daughter and she has no obligation to take care of his daughter when they were no longer together after he cheated on her (That’s what I remember reading anyway). Jesus Guam, chill the hell out. MsBPitt was making one of the least confrontational posts I have ever seen, and simply posted something she thought might clear up any confusion about the adoption issue. She wasn’t attacking you, Halle Berry, or anyone else for that matter. No, Halle did not formally adopt India and at this point in time, her intentions during that time period are unclear. But in defense of anyone who thought she had adopted the child, the internet news reports on that issue are so damn contradicting it’s ridiculous. For God’s sake, WIKIPEDIA has her listed as having adopted the girl, and so does People magazine, along with numerous other media sources. So contrary to your assertion that it only takes 3 sec to find out, all of the contradictory news accounts make it pretty damn hard to actually do that. My point is, once again, that you are actually the one who is getting awfully worked up about a group of people none of us knows. I’m not trying to bash you and I don’t think alot of the people who have responded to you here have done so merely to bash you. So calm down. You’re right … She had no OBLIGATION. But she ‘mothered’ her for years and then WHAM, where is she ? All of this paparazzi who follow her around (she says) where is the pic of her with her PREVIOUS little girl? No more hand holding, strolling thru the shop pictures that we use to see. And dad didn’t move away. “Seen”, I would have done the exact same thing as Halle and Sandra if I were in their position. Their exe’s cheated on them and made the relationship even more difficult to maintain. I refuse to judge a woman on that because I know how difficult it must have been. Also, we don’t know if they keep in contact, they might still have some contact and Eric might even have cut her out of his daughters life, we don’t know, but it doesn’t even matter because whatever the reason may be, it’s her decision and hers only and it doesn’t make her a bad person. IMO, it was probably for the best. You’re right … She had no OBLIGATION. But she ‘mothered’ her for years and then WHAM, where is she? all of this paparazzi who follow her around (she says) where is the pic of her with her PREVIOUS little girl? No more hand holding, strolling thru the shop pictures that we use to see. And dad didn’t move away. You’re right … She had no obligation. But she ‘mothered’ her for years and then, wham, where is she? all of this paparazzi who follow her around (she says) where is the pic of her with her PREVIOUS little girl? No more hand holding, strolling thru the shop pictures that we use to see. And dad didn’t move away. I think it would be really hard to be that young and have bi-coastal parents. I don’t understand with all the deadbeat Dad’s out there, why this woman is trying to keep her daughter away from her Father? The little girl’s Father clearly loves his daughter. This is more than I can say for a lot of men out there. Halle should consider herself lucky that her Daughter has a doting Dad. Halle is not a special case. Absent the moving to France part, she hasn’t done anything other than what a lot of parents in divorce and/or child custody cases have tried before. She is not the first and she will not be the last. my first thought on image 4…WTH Halle & Ollie what about Nahla-where are her aviators? actually they (H&O) come across so smug. oh to have been in ear shot after this came down. Did she rage while Ollie kept trying to interject a bunch of mousie “yeah but’s…” or was it the fall to pieces woe is me Halle that her strong manly man step in to comfort her? I’m going to go with raging H. she has put that ragin bitch image out there too much for me to ever buy into a softer kinder H. and yes, yes, I have read her interviews about her struggles from high school on. it’s what won’t kill you makes you stronger not what won’t kill you makes you a bitch-big difference. up in 3…2…1 ladies & gentlemen introducing Halle’s next injury of sympathy grabbing (only in her head) attention. again I know of her condition that makes her susceptible to injury. I have my own & count it awesome if I get thru another year w/o breaking a bone but I have zero reason to use these injuries as attention getting props. & yup good for Gabriel but with her this is probably just one of many battles he will have to go through:( If Halle is so concerned about the paparazzi in her daughter’s life, why can’t moving to a quieter part of the state (or elsewhere in the US) be an option? There are very famous celebrity families that aren’t photographed nearly as much as others. Is this because of where they live, or (also) because of HOW they choose to live with the fame that they have? It is amazing how many people dislike Halle, she used to be a marketer’s dream. So unfortunate. In regards to her personal life; I hope she can find peace because of her daughter. If I disliked someone and they wanted to leave I’ll help them pack. Gabriel should get a job. Really it is about time. 1. Gabriel Aubry HAS A JOB – He’s model, even one of the most recognizable models in USA. For the money claims, he needs to pay the lawyers for a ridiculous demand and cost money. Actually I agree with Ducky La Rue. As a woman I support equality, but also means equal responsabilities. 2. Maybe she’s hated, but she’s a narcissist, hateful and crazy woman in a state of egocentrism she’s ruining the life of her daughter. There are few photos of Nahla and Gabriel and sorry, but the girl looks happy and she seems to love her dad. On the opposite side, the photos of Halle and Nahla, she looks a maid behind Halle in a sad situation 3. I disagree in the part for “Pity for Halle”. Nahla deserves the pity That’s what this crazy bitch gets for slandering the father of her child. Her whole argument that she needed to move to France to get away from the paps is total bs. She could live almost anywhere in the U.S. except for LA without being hounded by the paps. There are plenty of celebs who live in another state because they don’t want to deal with the harassment. This whole situation just shows how entitled she is and that she’s used to getting her way. What kind of person thinks they can move their kid out of the country away from the other parent? Exactly! To be fair, French laws re: paps/publication of private information is stricter than that in the US. However, given that she could avoid the paps in the US by either (1) not calling them and (2) moving to an area where paps aren’t common, it’s clear that she wasn’t interested in her child’s maintaining a relationship with her biological father and used the tabloid culture excuse for her own self-interest. If Halle didn’t want someone to block her efforts on custody .. she should of used a sperm donor!! I’m glad to hear the judge ruled against her, she’s been horrible to Gabriel and she deserves to have some of it heaped back on her!! I have no idea, I’m not even a Halle fan (I have not watched most of her movies), but I got my head chewed off for daring to look at both sides to this story. I am not one to jump on bandwagons before I have the facts but I have noticed in other threads there is a lot of misogynist and thinly veiled racist comments about Halle. I disagree with Halle on the One drop rule, which I only recently started to read more about, however I will not stand for the horrible things said about this woman. I admit I usually try to defend women first because I know how (a lot) of women can be towards other women and frankly, it disgusts me. I obviously do not like how Halle has tried to move her daughter away from her father and even suggested they move to Quebec (shocker!) I got my head chewed off for that as well! And I also defended her right to not have contact with her exe’s daughter whom she did NOT adopt and yeah, head chewed off….Sandra Bullock did the same thing btw and I do not blame these women for that. And I think Halle comes off really bad with the way she’s handled her personal business. To answer your question; Something tells me some people would hate Halle no matter what she did. Guam I posted on your other thread that I think the hatred for Halle stems from her antics with her custody case and the questionable behavior she has demostrated. I myself do not hate Halle but she comes off as a little unstable, it’s just my opinion, not a fact. I’m not a doctor. People also may tend to dislike Halle for some of the things she says such as the post about her deciding to cut her hair short to stand out from other Black actresses. It’s not only Halle, Selma Hayek was also ripped apart because the woman seemed to be obsessed with body image. We grew tired of contineous posts about this woman and what she had to say about her and other people’s weight. I guess we got fed up with two of the most successful actress of their time complaining about beauty when they are two of the most beautiful women in the business. As for the one drop rule with Halle; I don’t quite recall what she said about that but society did say that if a person had one drop of Black blood in them, they were considered Black. It’s not just a saying it was made law. So if she is agreeing with the law, then we can’t be mad at her for that. I tend to not believe in it, Law or not. There are a lot of celebs that get criticise on CB and we can’t defend what someone else thinks about them. I love Ben Affleck but on this site he is considered one of the biggest douches of all time. I still love him no matter what they say. People have the right to say what they want about any celebrity; and you have the right to not agree. Halle still has a great career and has stood the test of time. How many Black female actress has been in this business as long as she has and still going strong? I can’t comment so much about the one drop rule, I’m not African American, or American at all, so I don’t want to say too much about that, however, from what I’ve read I certainly don’t agree with it and think it’s horrible that was once law, and I find it especially horrible that there are people today that agree with it. I do understand Halle’s point as well, but I still cannot agree with it. I dislike the way she has handled the custody case as well and how she’s made what should be private matters, public. You talk about Halle and Selma etc, yes, they are both beautiful, but we must understand these are women of color whom have different experiences with sexism AND racism, that’s two very unique experiences which I try to have understanding for. Their beauty, although undeniable, come with a set of challenges that I can’t begin to imagine what it must feel like. I can’t say I’m a fan of Halle or that I love her, in all honesty I’ve only seen one or two of her movies, my issue is with the one sided and unnecessary racio-misogynist comments aimed at her. I also find it worrisome how quickly people are ready to diagnose this woman with various different mental diseases. I try to have understanding for different people, no matter what their “race”, background and gender. @I’m going to Guam: You did NOT get your ‘head chewed off’ for disagreeing with anyone. People criticized you for accusing anyone who tried to correct your misinformation of freaking out. Because noone was doing any freaking out but you. You were telling people to, “Chill out! OMG!” for no reason at all. People have contradictory views all the time. However, grownups don’t immediately whine that people are picking on them. You seem pretty informed on the portions of the story that you WANT to be informed on. And, if you’re going to over-post and whine at people who respond to your posts, don’t you think it would be a good idea to be more informed on the topic at hand? For example: Mr Aubry is a very successful male model who would be considered wealthy, but obviously isn’t as rich as Ms Berry (let’s face it–not many are). Unfortunately he’s had to cut back on his career to follow Ms Berry around to spend time with his daughter, and is being financially drained by constantly being dragged to court. Unfortunately, Ms Berry has given the public many reasons to dislike and distrust her over the years. She was vilified every single man she’s ever been in a relationship with. She was involved in multiple car accidents in which she never took any responsibility (one was a hit & run when she claimed she suffered a head injury and ‘didn’t remember’, another she blamed on the paparazzi, etc). She has also spent the last several years doing anything and everything she can to alienate her daughter from her father, for apparently no good reason at all. One more thing: I believe it was you who said that you would also drop your ex’s daughter if he cheated on you, as Ms Berry did with India (sorry, I’m too lazy to scroll back up and check). As a divorced mother who deals with my child’s inattentive father and how it affects my child I find this kind of attitude pretty disturbing. Even if Mr Benet DID cheat on Ms Berry (which over the years I’ve come to not be so convinced of) is that India’s fault? Ms Berry made sure throughout that marriage that the public knew she was an ah-may-zing stepmother and that she loved her stepdaughter oh-so-much. But when it no longer suited her she dropped her like a hot potato. I obviously can’t speak for you or anyone else, but this particular behavior definitively made me a non-fan of Ms Berry’s. But, you may believe whatever you wish–including that everyone on this entire thread are bullies that just want to pick on you. Guam if anyone on this site is using racist remarks towards her then shame on them, that would only mean they have problems with Black people not just Halle. But what I’m trying to say is that Halle is one of the most successful Black or bi-racial actreses out there and I know she’s had her struggles in Hollywood but she is not the only actress of color that has had to struggle. She really needs to stop playing that card and be greatful for all her accolades and achievements. She won an oscar for crying out loud. After over 20 years in the business she still gets steady work. I even said that we are not doctors and and who are we to diagnose someone we don’t know but we are just looking at her public behavior. It’s just our opinions, not facts. We call Charlie Sheen crazy, Britney Spears and so on. This is just a gossip site which don’t make a dent in Halle’s life. Do you think that what we say on here is going to have an impact on her life or any other celebrity for that matter? I defend some celebs and I crucify some, this is the forum to do that. But I understand your need to defend Halle because yes some nasty things has been said about her. I made a comment about Zoe Saldana’s ethnicity and you should have seen the comments I got. It was like her entire family was coming after me. But that’s ok, say something bad about Idris Elba and the gloves are going on.(LOL) Lastly I don’t think Gabe’s hands are clean in this and the one drop rule is still law. I did not read one racist comment about Halle. It doesnt matter if she was red, blue or yellow, she is a bitter woman who thinks she can take her daughter away from her father because she’s HB. Besides the custody case Halle always cries being a victim and never takes the blame. She’s a basket case and people can see right through her. I feel sorry for Nahla because she will inherit some of these same characteristics from her mother. It really is a sad situation. Totally agree mel2, I’ve yet to see a racist comment about Berry on this site, thinly-veiled or otherwise. And I sincerely doubt CB would permit something like that to go through anyway. People’s problem with Berry stems from the fact she thinks fame and money entitle her to do whatever the hell she wants, including forcing Nahla’s devoted Daddy out of the picture. It was heavily rumored at the time of her and Aubry’s split that he was the one who did the dumping, despite her PR attempts to the contrary. She’s been on a bitter roll where he’s concerned ever since. I used to like her, as far as her acting and public persona went, no negative perceptions whatsoever. All I knew was she was talented and beautiful. But after hearing so many stories about her scheming, vile behavior and vicious (unfounded) accusations against Aubry, well now I just can’t stand the bitch. And I take great pleasure in knowing she lost this fight and that most people are smart enough to see through her manipulations. Awful to think she really doesn’t care what’s best for Nahla – if she did, she would not be trying to eradicate her daughter’s loving father from the picture. I can’t speak foe the other posters. However for me personally. I don’t hate Halle Berry. I don’t know her to hate her. I’m just disappointed that a grown woman who is way past old enough to know better would do the childish things she’s been doing. She’s an Oscar winner, so it shouldn’t have been hard for her to pretend to get along with him. I will say this for most of the posters though. They don’t hate her, they just cannot fathom that in this day and age where a lot of men don’t want to be parents, you have one who does and she’s trying to ruin that relationship. Especially when Halle herself said her father wasn’t in her life. A lot of people, myself included are not “team Gabriel “because he’s hot. Halle’s not hurting in the looks department either you know. It’s because every allegation she’s accused him of has been disproven. So either he’s good at keeping his dirt hidden or the dude really is squicky clean. Most of the people commenting have been following the case from the beginning so that’s why it seems as though they hate her. I do agree with you on the India situation. Eric benet himself said that Halle never adopted her. And lastly, Gabriel has a job, As I mentioned before, he’s a professional model, maybe if the commenters who automatically calls all of us Halle haters and then presumes to hate on him did their research before giving their two cents they would know that. A lot of people, myself included are not “team Gabriel “because he’s hot. Halle’s not hurting in the looks department either you know. It’s because every allegation she’s accused him of has been disproven. THIS – so much this. Pretty much everything you said, but especially this. Yessss, this is exactly how I see it, very well put. My respect for Halle has diminished through all of this. Gabriel wouldn’t be allowed to take their child to live out of the country, and neither should she. Theres hope for the law in a state that regularly springs Lindsay Lohan, when you see such common sense exercised. Team Gabriel all the way! Nahla won’t be alienated from him and she’ll thrive. Halle Berry is seethingly jealous of Nahla’s healthy rapport with dad Gabriel and that’s the problem she should deal with in therapy, and stop taking it out on a father who’s devoted and present. I hope she tried to pull this move for a legitimate reason (like Gabriel is a terrible father/wife beater/pedophile) something reasonable. If not it’s truly sad these two people can’t work it out. I’m sorry, you decided to have a child, put your big girl and big boy pants on and deal with it. That beautiful little girl didn’t ask to be born … but I’m sure she’d appreciate two parents that act like growns up and do what’s right for her. The pic of her in Gabriel’s arm is really adorable though … she is one super cute kid. I have a big, HUGE problem with the negative comments above about Gabriel receiving child support from Halle. If we, as women, want to ask for equality and be taken seriously, we have to be fair even when it isn’t beneficial to us. Either we do away with all spousal and child support across the board, or we need to realize that sometimes it’s going to work out that the female in the relationship is going to be the one paying. Also, can you imagine how much a protracted custody battle with Halle Berry would possibly cost? Gabriel has had to fight allegations of racism and abuse, as well as being a generally unfit father,for a couple years now. He may be a working model(and from what I understand he’s limited his work schedule since the custody issue came about), but his funds pale in comparison to Halle’s. He’s likely spent a huge chunk of change to retain lawyers who are the same caliber of Halle’s, just to maintain his rights as this little girl’s father. Who cares about Halle Berry. I guess she’s in a new movie coming out,but the last time I saw her in one was for about four minutes in Valentine’s Day. The idea that her daughter should be raised in France to avoid the paps is crazy. Who want’s to see her picture anyway. If she wasn’t creating this fuss with her ex. No one would be photographing them at all. Selfish woman. Every child deserves to know both of it’s parents and Halle is no prize. ITA. In this custody case, it has always seemed like Halle was playing games. I’m glad the judge said no. Paparazzi may be annoying, but taking a little girl away from her loving father is just plain wrong. Your mentallity and mind set is from the 40s and 50s and shes forcing that on her daughter…just because her daughters, what, darkly TAN??? Give me a break, please. As a white woman with a black husband I can tell you from white America we DONT ever think of people in the “one drop rule” rubric. To perpetuate it, as she is doing, is negative and fosters a tradition that ENDED long ago. People are mixed now and dont think like that. As well my BLACK husband thinks its lame as well. No my mindset is not in the 50′s honey please I was born in the 80′s … But I am a black woman and i know what it is like to be black.. to grow up in southern california with white people and other races and i hear the comments.. i also have mixed cousins… i have whites and Mexicans in my family … you will never know.. I do not care if you have a black husband and black kids.. you will NEVER know.. i am glad you do not think that way .. but alot of white people do PERIOD.. I have heard enough comments to know… and the fact that you made a reference to her skin tone as what makes her black shows me right there how your mind works… my mother is black and she is lighter than Halle’s baby … so please educate your self Why can’t she just move out of LA duh! I’m in northern CA and see celebs every now and then and you never see paps following them or it even reported. She’s FOS and I’m glad a judge saw right through her BS. Oh gosh, I saw this news the other day and I was ELATED to learn that Halle could not move the child away from Gabriel…yay. Good try, Halle, but no yo-yo. If she didn’t want to share parenting, she should have thought about that before having a child. she had been with Gabriel for five years, so this wasn’t an overnight relationship and he definitely deserves to be the father he wants to be to this child. She may have star status, but can’t push every button to make things go her way… | Low | [
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import { Elements } from "@stripe/react-stripe-js"; import { loadStripe } from "@stripe/stripe-js"; import { shallow } from "enzyme"; import "jest-styled-components"; import React from "react"; import { StripeInputElement } from "."; const stripePromise = loadStripe("pk_test_6pRNASCoBOKtIshFeQd4XMUh"); describe("<StripeInputElement />", () => { it("renders cart number input", () => { const wrapper = shallow( <Elements stripe={stripePromise}> <StripeInputElement type="CardNumber" /> </Elements> ); expect(wrapper.exists()).toEqual(true); }); it("renders cart cvc input", () => { const wrapper = shallow( <Elements stripe={stripePromise}> <StripeInputElement type="CardCvc" /> </Elements> ); expect(wrapper.exists()).toEqual(true); }); it("renders cart expiry input", () => { const wrapper = shallow( <Elements stripe={stripePromise}> <StripeInputElement type="CardExpiry" /> </Elements> ); expect(wrapper.exists()).toEqual(true); }); }); | Mid | [
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Main menu Post navigation #OWS On Expanding Occupy Locations Into Liberated Zones ++++https://helpmatrix.wordpress.com/2011/12/17/ows-on-expanding-occupy-locations-into-liberated-zones/ ++++Posted: Sabbath 12-17-2011 By @Peta_de_Aztlan aka Peter S. López ++++ ++++ Unless you have been living in a cave or under a rock you should be aware of the global impact the Occupy Wall Street Movement (Twitter hashtag #OWS) has had on progressive politics and the ever growing People’s War of Resistance against corporate greed, government corruption and military repression both here in the USA and throughout the world. VIA #OWS Website ~ “Occupy Wall Street is leaderless resistance movement with people of many colors, genders and political persuasions. The one thing we all have in common is that We Are The 99% that will no longer tolerate the greed and corruption of the 1%. We are using the revolutionary Arab Spring tactic to achieve our ends and encourage the use of nonviolence to maximize the safety of all participants. This #OWS movement empowers real people to create real change from the bottom up. We want to see a general assembly in every backyard, on every street corner because we don’t need Wall Street and we don’t need politicians to build a better society. The only solution is World Revolution” When I first saw the #OWS website I was thrilled to see the concept of World Revolution on its Home Page. In order for revolution to be relevant to the masses worldwide it must be global in nature, not only local. Existing socialist countries cannot fully develop their potential under a global economy that is corporate controlled by the advanced industrialized countries spearheaded by the Amerikan Empire. There can be no independent nation nor any valid claim to genuine nationhood under the power of an imperialist empire that can invade, occupy and rape its natural resources. It takes more than a pretty flag, a catchy song and a starched uniform. #OWS is ‘leaderless’ in the sense that there is no unified chain of command of official leaders with rank-and-file members who could easily be targeted, arrested and isolated by the forces of reaction. Natural leaders will arise and emerge in the natural process of waging an ongoing Resistance War and come to the frontlines to help stimulate the people’s advanced vanguard elements. Leadership is mandatory in a valid long-lasting revolutionary movement. Every follower is a potential leader. Ar first #OWS seemed like ‘manna’ from heaven to many progressive activists. It has taken the form of a new humane rights movement against the evils of corporate capitalism. It is a natural continuation and expansion of other movements, such as, the Civil Rights Movement, the Black Liberation Movement, the Immigrant Rights Movement and other social justice movements. Many so-called Leftists and other progressive activists have jumped on the #OWS bandwagon. It has evolved far beyond merely camp site engagements in various occupy locations. There is so much more to be done and a lot of the doing has to take place on the local level with global coordination. In real ways, the Occupy Wall Street movement is not your typical movement. It is more of a network of local movements interconnected together in a matrix without a single governing center point ~other than the original Occupy group of protestors in New York City. Democratic consensus is established via local General Assemblies on the local level. #OWS has manifested itself in different forms in different locations and has grown to be a worldwide phenomenon. It reflects the general unrest in the world that was stimulated by the Arab Spring. However, social movements for justice, liberation and democracy have long existed in the world. We must all come to understand the historic nature of revolution as a dynamic process of life ~ an essential element in our collective evolution as an endangered species. We cannot settle for the temporary occupation of public property upon ground that we cannot really hold onto. We cannot be satisfied with only liberating one zone on the planet and leave the rest of the world under the continued global powers of corporate capitalism and authoritarian fascism. No one is secure until we are all secure. We must envision the historical development and transformation of our various occupations into creating future Liberated Zones. We need to create Liberated Zones we can hold onto, defend and expand under the powers of an existing fascist police state. The fascist authorities know we are coming and gathering our forces. In fact, we need to enter into an on-going debate about the whole legitimacy of the U.S. Government. It exists more as a belligerent rogue regime than a functional government that serves the people’s needs under its domain. Amerikan Fascism is now more openly emerging here now inside the United States, but it has been solidifying its powers for decades. It is starting to show its fascist fangs. Fascist repression manifests itself in many ways. It wages mass psychological warfare against the masses with the science of mass control and mass marketing. Many of us even repress ourselves. We are afraid to be seen as too radical while starving children die. We are afraid of turning off people when we discuss politics with others who are not even turned on in the first place. We become timid, fearful and just go along with a lost herd. We must lose our fear of self-exposure, not hide our beliefs in anonymity and have the courage to express our thought-out real opinions. Recall: the ultimate aim of fascism is to destroy, defuse or distract any real revolutionary consciousness. Global Revolution is the ultimate solution, not mere local surface reforms. However, those of us involved in the Resistance must keep in mind that revolution is illegal and will not be permitted. It is against the law to advocate the overthrow of the government as ‘overthrow’ means violence. As a General Strategic approach we need to advocate the promise of a Peaceful Revolution. The advocacy of Peaceful Revolution is not merely a politically expedient tactical tool. It is a rational way of proceeding. A movement must move to stay alive and when it is energized we must be able to keep the momentum going or it will scatter its forces and wither away. We want to reach out to as many people as we can now via social networking, local community organizations and personal interactions with others in our lives. In the long-run, we want to occupy and liberate the world because the world belongs to its inhabitants, not greedy evildoers. We have seen the corrupt revisionism of past socialist liberation movements after an initial revolution in China, Russia, North Korea and other regions. There has been no communism in modern times. Communism means a classless society not divided by economic classes. Marxist-Leninist ideology is an outdated archaic ideology. We must open our eyes and take a fresh clear look at our general situation. Ideology is merely a system of thinking and analyzing connected reality, not a sacred theology. Do not worship ideology and blindly follow any belief-system attached to a mortal’s name. Our approach to revolution must be rational, practical and take into account the basic survival needs of the people. Our basic survival needs will form the basis of our global unity: food, clothing, shelter, medical care and quality education. We must ensure our survival as we strive towards worldwide liberation. A strictly violent approach to revolution is reactionary adventurism, as is a strictly non-violent passive pacifist approach. Such unbalanced extremes exhibit a basic lack of self-faith, a lack of faith in the masses of people and a lack of undying faith in the people’s unlimited potential to rise up and wage a Resistance War. We shall always uphold our sacred right to self-defense but we should not irresponsibly advocate violence. We will never be anyone’s dumb punching bag or obedient open targets for target practice by anyone. We must continue exhaust all peaceful methods of struggle in order to win as many over as we can now. We need to view the general situation as a protracted War of Resistance. We cannot naively expect quick easy solutions to global problems in the global context of an interconnected complicated situation. People will not long follow and support fools and fanatics. We need to be serious about our collective and personal efforts. For us, life is war, not an extracurricular activity. We are fighting for our lives. It will help us to study the history of past revolutions and revolutionary wars. We need better guidelines for present actions and in order to better plan future actions. Learn historical lessons paid for in blood by fallen warriors. Do not simply try to repeat past actions without using creative originality and flexible ingenuity. We must strive to agree upon our general strategy and set of tactics, though there will be some dissension and continued discussion among us. Fundamental transformation requires the seizure of state power as a grand strategic aim and control of the military by the masses led by vanguard elements. We may use different terminology in our analyses yet they can embody the same meanings. There is no cookie cutter or crystal ball we can use. There are no stainless gurus. We cannot simply await the 2nd coming of Christ. For certain we cannot import foreign tactics without considering their practical applicability to our immediate present situation. Those of us in the USA are not in Tunisia, Egypt or Libya. Each of us is where we are here now. Rational realism is at the very core of revolutionary theory and its successful social practice. We need to balance theory and practice, analysis and action, being with doing. We need to engage in ‘concrete analyses of concrete conditions’, then devise appropriate responses to those conditions on the local level. The key concept is ‘think global, work local’. * We need to build up strong cultural organizations that are not only political groups but function more as multi-dimensional vehicles for local community education, cultural affairs and mass mobilization. Liberating activity must become a part of our cultural life-style, including the arts, music and natural sciences. * We need to build a viable community infrastructure so we can meet our basic survival needs, such as, building up inner city communes involved in creating self-sustaining communities, including shared housing for homeless refugees. In the process we must unite with our natural allies and come together. * We need to continue to build a people’s mass media via Internet Power that will help us feed consciousness. Twitter, Facebook and the Internet in general are powerful social networking websites we need to use to share ideas, engage in constructive dialogue and search out for kindred spirits. If we are to create a Liberated Zone we must first liberate ourselves, free our minds and liberate our souls from the systemic negatives we have inherited from being raised in a sick inhumane society. It does no good to get rid of an unjust system if we have not first gotten rid of our own character defects that could carry the seeds of future counter-revolution. We need to work on ourselves on a personal individual level, do our own personal inventory and take care of our own wholistic health. We need to get rid of our worst character defects, correct our personal shortcomings and abstain from all forms of fixation, addiction and obsession. One does not have to always be right, get the last word or even be on the same side. Sometimes our friends can become enemies and enemies can become friends. Seek unity, love one another, build solidarity and respect the individuality of all peoples. An actual Global Revolution would lay a firm solid foundation for world peace, but we will still have to deal with our own personal issues. Revolution is not a cure all. For example, it will take a long time to get rid of the negativism that has been instilled in us from childhood, such as, racism, sexism, nationalism and other anti-life negatives. We must change, adapt and evolve or perish. In the long run we need to build a new revolutionary culture that is humane, creative and in harmony with the connected reality we face in our daily lives. No one being has all the answers. Together we can continue to search for answers, seek solutions and unite with our natural allies. Together we can create a new world based upon pure love in the same process of eradicating the evilness in this old world We must see each other as one humane family of humankind struggling to survive, succeed and shine in the world today. Venceremos! We Will Win! | Mid | [
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Description MFG # 7701 UPC # 733739077011 Vegetable Glycerine from Now® Solutions may soften and moisturize your skin well. Pure‚ natural glycerine has been used in the cosmetic industry for a very long time. It may cleanse your skin and moisturize it at the same time. This hypoallergenic formula is easily soluble in water and may be added to your regular cosmetics. Derived from non-GMO palm oil or vegetable oil‚ glycerine from Now® solutions has a long shelf life and does not oxidize. This multipurpose oil may soften dry skin and prevent rough‚ scaly skin. Many people also believe that glycerine may decrease itching and flaking of the skin. Dry skin is usually a result of the skin’s outer layer drying up. Glycerine forms an oily layer on the top of the skin and traps water. Give your skin the benefit of Vegetable Glycerine from Now® Solutions. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose‚ treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition. Ingredients Solution: Pure Vegetable Glycerine is an outstanding moisturizer and skin cleanser that also provides softening and lubricating benefits. It's hypoallergenic and easily soluble in water‚ making it suitable for use in all of your favorite cosmetic applications. 100% Pure Vegetable Glycerine has a long shelf life and does not easily oxidize. It is an all-natural product derived from Non-GMO palm oil or vegetable oil. This vegetable glycerine contained in this product is considered food grade. Dosage For soft‚ luxurious skin simply massage a few drops of 100% Pure Vegetable Glycerine on the desired area as needed. Discontinue use if redness or irritation occurs. Ratings & Reviews Great moisturizer Vegetable Glycerine by NOW Foods keeps my dry facial skin beautifully soft and moist, day and night, when nothing else does. The fact that this comes in an economical 1-gallon container, with an extra dispenser pump included, makes it very easy to use for total body care. Especially good in the winter months, though I will be using it year-round. If you have any general questions regarding orders or our policies and programs, please contact our Customer Happiness Team @ 1.800.383.6008 If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Your healthcare professional is the best source for guidance before beginning an exercise or nutritional supplement program. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Ask a Question Review Highlights By Francesca Vegetable Glycerine by NOW Foods keeps my dry facial skin beautifully soft and moist, day and night, when nothing else does. The fact that this comes in an economical 1-gallon container, with an extra dispenser pump included, makes it very easy to us... | Mid | [
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Ubiquitin proteasome system {#s1} =========================== Conjugation of the small protein modifier ubiquitin (Ub) is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in cellular signalling. Ubiquitylation regulates a wide range of cellular processes, including protein degradation \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C1],[@BCJ-2016-0719C2]\], endocytosis \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C2]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C4]\], cell cycle progression \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C5],[@BCJ-2016-0719C6]\], DNA repair \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C7],[@BCJ-2016-0719C8]\], transcription \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C9],[@BCJ-2016-0719C10]\], translation \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C11]\] and immune function \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C12]\]. The fate of individual substrates following ubiquitylation is determined by ubiquitin chain topology, which acts as a molecular code for substrate fate \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C13]\]. Deregulation of the tightly regulated ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and infectious diseases \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C14]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C17]\]. Hence, there is significant interest in defining the biochemistry of this pathway --- both to better understand pathophysiology and to underpin the development of novel therapies. While efforts to understand other post-translational modifications --- such as phosphorylation and acetylation --- and exploit them therapeutically --- have progressed rapidly, identifying cellular targets/substrates of the UPS has been hindered by the complex hierarchical biochemistry of the system and significant technical challenges. The ubiquitylation cascade ([Figure 1](#BCJ-2016-0719F1){ref-type="fig"}) requires the action of three enzymes --- Ub-activating enzyme (E1), Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2) and Ub protein ligase (E3 ligase) --- in an energy-dependent hierarchical cascade \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C18]\]. Initially, the C-terminus of Ub is activated by a two-step ATP-dependent reaction in which a thioester bond is formed with a cysteine residue of E1. Ub is subsequently transferred to a cysteine residue of E2 via a thioester transfer reaction. E3s recruit Ub-loaded E2 enzymes and then either directly catalyze the ubiquitylation of the substrate lysine residue or facilitate the transfer of Ub to the substrate from the E2 via HECT (homology to E6-Ap carboxyl terminus), RING (really interesting new gene) or RBR (RING-in-between-RING) domains \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C19]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C21]\]. Recently, the SidE effector protein family of *Legionella pneumophila* was shown to directly ubiquitylate substrates via an mART motif. This mechanism operates without the need for E1/E2 enzymes or ATP, and activates ubiquitin using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C22]\]. Interestingly, the mART motif is also present in a family of mammalian proteins, indicating the potential for this all-in-one enzyme activity to exist in mammals \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C22]\]. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) \[also known as deubiquitinases (DUBs)\] act as reciprocal regulators of ubiquitlyation by catalyzing the removal of Ub from substrate proteins. Substrate ubiquitylation can signal many cellular fates, depending on chain topology, but one of the best-characterized outcomes is degradation by the proteasome. Figure 1.Challenges in the identification of E3 ligase substrates.1. The dynamic nature of protein ubiquitylation. 2. Weak and/or transient interactions between ligase and substrate. 3. Significant degrees of redundancy and multiplicity. 4. Rapid destruction of many ubiquitylated proteins. One E1 enzyme (UBA1) is encoded in the human genome, with two known isoforms (nuclear and cytoplasmic localizations) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C23],[@BCJ-2016-0719C24]\]. Thirty-eight E2s have been identified (reviewed by ref. \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C25]\]), and there are ∼100 known DUBs \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C26]\]. However, substrate specificity is largely determined by \>600 putative E3s identified to date \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C19],[@BCJ-2016-0719C27]\]. It should be noted that the catalytic activities of many putative E3s and DUBs are yet to be validated. A key feature of the UPS is a significant degree of redundancy and multiplicity, where individual protein substrates may be targeted by multiple E3s (or DUBs), and a single E3 (or DUB) may have multiple protein substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C28]\]. An emerging theme in understanding the regulation of protein ubiquitylation comes from the observation that E3/DUB pairs can act in a highly co-ordinated manner to regulate ubiquitylation (and hence activity) of each other and downstream substrates, although only a few examples have been observed to date \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C29]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C31]\]. The E3 ligase:DUB pair of Rsp5:Ubp2 acts in a co-ordinated fashion, with Ubp2 antagonizing Rsp5 E3 ligase activity by forming a complex together with Rsp5 and Rup1 that deubiquitylates Rsp5 substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C29]\]. The DUB USP9X has been shown to stabilize the E3 ligase SMURF1 in MDA-MB-231 cells \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C31]\], and another interesting example is the reciprocal regulation of abundance and activity of the E3 ligase:DUB pair of UBR5 and DUBA, which controls IL-17 production in T cells. UBR5 destabilizes DUBA through ubiquitylation, whereas DUBA stabilizes UBR5 in activated T cells by attenuating degradative auto-ubiquitylation, triggering UBR5-mediated ubiquitylation of the transcription factor RORyt in response to TGF-β \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C30]\]. Most components of the UPS --- from E1 through to the proteasome --- are under active investigation as potential therapeutic targets in cancer and other indications \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C32]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C35]\]. The best-known compound targeting the UPS is the dipeptide boronic bortezomib (velcade) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C36],[@BCJ-2016-0719C37]\], a 26S proteasome inhibitor approved for clinical use in multiple myeloma \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C38]\]. Thalidomide and its analogues (lenalidomide-CC-5013 and pomalidomide-CC-4047) are immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) approved for clinical use in the treatment of multiple myeloma (reviewed in ref. \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C39]\]). Although the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear, IMiDs are thought to exert their teratogenic and anti-tumour effects by targeting cereblon (CRBN) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C40]\]. The interaction disrupts the function of the E3 ligase complex constituted by CRBN, DDB1 and Cul4, causing down-regulation of fibroblast growth factor genes \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C40],[@BCJ-2016-0719C41]\]. Apcin (APC inhibitor) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of another E3 ligase complex: anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C42]\]. Apcin binds to and competively inhibits Cdc20, a substrate recognition co-receptor of APC/C \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C42]\]. This effect is amplified by the co-addition of another small molecule inhibitor --- tosyl-[l]{.smallcaps}-argine methyl ester --- which also blocks the APC/C--Cdc20 interaction \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C42]\]. Another strategy is to target the UPS by inhibiting DUB activity. Currently, there are several small molecule inhibitors in the pipeline, such as HBX 19818 and P050429, which selectively target USP7/HAUSP (reviewed in ref. \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C34]\]). More recently, ML323 has been reported as a potent inhibitor of the USP1--UAF1 deubiquitinase complex, revealing USP1--UAF1 to be an important regulator of the DNA damage response and a target for overcoming platinum-based chemotherapy resistance \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C43]\]. Several studies have shown that ubiquitin variants (UbVs) can also function as highly specific inhibitors or activators for various enzymes, including E3s and DUBs. For example, UbVs have been developed to either inhibit HECT E3s by binding to the E2-binding site or activate by targeting an ubiquitin-binding exosite \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C44]\]. Furthermore, exploitation of the low-affinity interactions between Ub and enzymes of the ubiquitin system by engineered optimization has produced potent and selective modulators of UPS components, including DUBs, E2s and E3s \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C45]\]. These UbVs will be very useful tools to elucidate the function of E3s by modulating their activity. As E3 ligases primarily determine the substrate specificity of the UPS they may represent more specific targets for inhibition \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C46],[@BCJ-2016-0719C47]\]. The pursuit of inhibitors that target specific E3 ligase activity or block E3--substrate interactions led to the development of Nutlins (*cis*-imidazoline compounds), which are currently in clinical trials for various indications. Nutlins prevent binding of the E3 ligase MDM2 to its substrate, the tumour suppressor p53 \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C19],[@BCJ-2016-0719C48]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C51]\]. Another compound currently in clinical trials for cancer is the Smac mimetic GDC-0152, which binds to anti-apoptotic proteins (IAPs), inducing IAP self-ubiquitylation and degradation, and consequently apoptosis \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C52]\]. Although E3 ligases make promising therapeutic targets, efforts into developing therapeutics targeting E3 ligases have so far been relatively ineffective --- with no drugs currently approved for clinical use. This is partly due to limited understanding of ligase--substrate relationships and biological function. A key to the development of effective therapeutics is the identification of E3 ligase substrates and, conversely, the ligases are targeting a specific substrate. These will not only advance understanding of functional roles but also are necessary for the development of functional assays for drug screening and associated discovery and the validation of relevant biomarkers. E3 ligase substrate identification {#s2} ================================== Many of the ∼600 E3 ligases identified in the human genome remain relatively uncharacterized \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C19]\] and identification of E3 ligase substrates is notoriously difficult. For a few well-characterized E3 ligases, conserved targeting sequences in substrates have been identified, allowing prediction and validation of putative substrates, for example, *N*-degrons recognized by UBR family ligases, and Nedd4 WW domains, which bind proline-rich domains in target proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C53]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C56]\]. Ligase--substrate recognition can also be modulated by post-translational modifications. For example, the E3 ligase c-Cbl binds to phosphorylated tyrosine motifs in substrates, and ubiquitylation and degradation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is mediated via acetylation-dependent recognition by UBR5 under conditions of high glucose \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C57]\]. However, in most cases, the identification and validation of substrates of an individual E3 ligase, or the specific ligase(s) targeting a particular substrate, have relied on relatively slow, low-throughput biochemical methods. Challenges {#s2a} ---------- Many factors present significant technical challenges in identifying E3 ligase substrates or identifying E3 ligases targeting a specific substrate ([Figure 1](#BCJ-2016-0719F1){ref-type="fig"}). 1. *The dynamic nature of protein ubiquitylation*. Ubiquitylation is under tight control of E3 ligases and DUBs acting in a highly co-ordinated manner to edit or remove ubiquitin chains in response to changing cellular environments \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C58]\]. 2. *Weak and/or transient interactions between ligase and substrate.* The weak physical interaction and rapid dissociation rate between some E3--substrate complexes mean that identification by immunoprecipitation, followed by mass spectrometry, is challenging \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C59]\]. The low cellular abundance of substrates may also hinder identification \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C60]\]. This dynamic equilibrium between E3 ligase and substrate highlights the need for more sensitive techniques and is partly addressed by 'trapping' approaches (see below). 3. *Significant degrees of redundancy and multiplicity.* Any particular substrate may be targeted by multiple E3 ligases at different sites, and a single E3 ligase may target multiple substrates under different conditions or in different cellular compartments. This drives a huge diversity in spatial and temporal control of ubiquitylation (reviewed by ref. \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C61]\]). Cellular context is an important consideration, as substrate--ligase pairs identified by biochemical methods may not be expressed or interact in the same sub-cellular compartment. 4. *Rapid destruction of many ubiquitylated proteins*. The identification of ubiquitylated proteins destined for degradation by the proteasome can be difficult without the use of proteasome inhibitors, and these may produce other confounding biological effects \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C62]\]. A complicating factor in E3 ligase substrate identification may be the relative insensitivity of many methods to post-translational modifications of ubiquitin, E3 ligases or substrates --- which have the potential to alter activity and substrate binding \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C63],[@BCJ-2016-0719C64]\]. The relatively recent development of systematic approaches to identify E3 ligase substrates (shown in [Figure 2](#BCJ-2016-0719F2){ref-type="fig"}) is providing an unprecedented mechanistic insight into ubiquitin signalling. In a very short timeframe, the defined cellular ubiquitome has expanded by orders of magnitude to now include a significant proportion of the total proteome --- with \>23 000 individual modification sites mapping to \>4600 proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65],[@BCJ-2016-0719C66]\]. In particular, integrated approaches combining genetic models (i.e. modulating E3 ligase expression or activity) with powerful functional genomics or proteomics have rapidly expanded our understanding of breadth, depth and diversity of the ubiquitin-modified proteome (ubiquitome) in various contexts \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C67]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C69]\]. The various platforms and techniques present their own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the study context and available model systems ([Table 1](#BCJ-2016-0719TB1){ref-type="table"}). Differences in the catalytic mechanisms of HECT, RING and RBR classes of E3 ligases also present slightly different challenges to the various methods for the identification of substrates. These include different mechanisms of Ub binding and transfer, variations in regulatory mechanisms and the need for accessory/adaptor proteins. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence comparing the relative performance of each method against different E3 classes, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Figure 2.Diversity of systematic approaches available to identify E3 ligase substrates. Table 1.Comparison of systematic approaches to identify E3 ligase substratesMethodAdvantagesDisadvantagesYeast two-hybrid (Y2H)Relatively fast, simple, inexpensive.Rapidly identifies essential interacting domains using deletion mapping.Detects type I false-positives via segregation analysis. Detects type II and III false-positives with further subcloning.Split-Ub membrane-based Y2H system detects PPIs in various sub-cellular localizations (e.g. cytoplasm or cell membranes).Synthetic random peptide library can be used to rapidly screen (e.g. protein interaction domains that bind to the protein interaction or catalytic domain of the E3 ligase of interest).High false-positive and false-negative rates --- up to 70%.Bait:prey fusion proteins may be toxic to yeast or *Escherichia coli* cells. May not transcribe/fold correctly without cofactors, adaptors or essential PTMs.Validation of hits with an independent assay such as co-IP is necessary.Mammalian proteins may be above the maximum size yeast or *E.coli* are able to produce. Gene fragments may need to be used.True-positives need to be sequenced to identify/confirm the gene that interacts with bait gene.*In vitro* ubiquitylation: phage display and luminescentRelatively fast, simple, inexpensive.Human (or other) cDNA library used.Recombinant proteins required -- may not be feasible for large proteins or proteins that need cofactors for correct folding.Limited by the number of genes in library.Not suitable for membrane-bound proteins.Vector used has a limited amino acid range and thus truncated proteins often need to be used.Protein microarraysHuman cDNA library used.Recombinant proteins can be produced in a high-throughput manner.Thousands of proteins can be screened at a time.Recombinant proteins required --- may not be feasible for large proteins or proteins that need cofactors for correct folding.Polyubiquitylation or multi-monoubiquitylation may amplify fluorescent signal --- may bias against the detection of monoubiquitylation.Limited by the number of genes in library.Printing of proteins onto array may affect structure, accessibility of lysines and/or interactions with E3 ligase.Global protein stability (GPS) profilingHuman cDNA library used.Performed in living cells.Stability of proteins can be monitored over time.Limited by the number of genes in library.The N-terminal tag may disrupt protein folding and ubiquitylation.Need to clone library into reporter expression construct --- requires specialized technical skills.High-throughput quantitative microscopy (HCA)Compatible with ORFeome library.Performed in living cells.Limited by the number of genes in library.N-terminal fusion tag may disrupt protein folding and ubiquitylation.Need to clone each gene into the reporter construct.Requires isogenic knockout model.Differential expression (shotgun) proteomicsUnbiased screen, examine global changes in protein expression following the modulation of E3 activity/expression.Can alter E3 activity/expression using genetic modulation or chemical inhibition.Relies on genetic modulation or chemical inhibition of E3 activity/expression.Identifies proteins based on their stability, therefore, biased towards substrates fated for degradation.Substrates identified may not be direct targets of the E3 ligase.Affinity purification proteomics: Ub, TUBEs, PAC-CompassHis-tagged substrates are efficiently purified.Compatible with domain- or site-specific variants to determine Ub chain topology and interaction domains.Relies on the overexpression of tagged bait proteins (Ub and E3).Fusion tag may disrupt protein folding and/or ubiquitylation.Not all interacting proteins identified are necessarily substrates.Ubiquitin ligase trapping and proximity labellingCan detect transient, low-affinity E3--substrate interactions and low-abundance substrates.UBAITs capture proteins that interact with the E3 in an E1- and E2-dependent manner.Using different TUBEs, is it possible to detect different polyubiquitin chain topologies.TUBEs can isolate endogenous ubiquitylated proteins.NEDDylator enriches for proteins that are specifically ubiquitylated by E3, not just interacting proteins in close proximity.UBAITs suitable for both HECT and RING E3 ligases.Relies on the overexpression of fusion proteins, tags may interfere with binding or activity.Low-abundance monoubiquitylated proteins may not be detected if the main population of that same protein is polyubiquitylated.Polyubiquitylated proteins may attract their unmodified or monoubiquitylated forms present in a heterotetramer (e.g. p53).Many different types of UBA domains with different chain topology preference --- potential source of bias.BioID detects proteins in close proximity to E3, not necessarily substrates.NEDDylator may be restricted to RING domain ligasesDiGly remnant affinity proteomicsAccurately identifies and quantifies specific endogenous ubiquitylation sites.Can examine the global ubiquitylation site changes following the modulation of E3 activity/expression.Low abundant sites can be enriched and identified.Validation of ubiquitylation sites identified is difficult.This approach does not differentiate between mono- or poly-ubiquitylated sites.Expensive due to antibody and substantial amount of starting lysate needed. A comprehensive summary of the application of these various strategies to identifying E3 ligase substrates is provided in [Table 2](#BCJ-2016-0719TB2){ref-type="table"}. While interacting proteins of E3 ligases represent potential substrates, further validation by orthogonal methods is necessary to attribute status as *bona fide* substrates. Table 2.Examples of E3 ligase substrate identification with various approachesMethodE3 ligaseNumber of substrates identifiedReferenceYeast two-hybrid (Y2H)LNX64 Interactors and 8 validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C70]\]VHL100 Interactors, 8 putative substrates and 2 known substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C71]\]Nedd44 Interactors. 2 substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C72]\]SCF (Cdc4)4 Putative substrates and 1 known substrate\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C73]\]NKLAM (RNF19b)1 Substrate\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C74]\]TRIM321 Substrate\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C75]\]*In vitro* ubiquitylation --- phage displayMDM24 Known substrates and 11 validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C76]\]*In vitro* ubiquitylation --- luminescentRsp59 Validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C77]\]Protein microarrayRsp545 Putative substrates, 11 known substrates and 6 validated\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C78]\]Rsp586 Candidates identified and 28 validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C79]\]Nedd4∼15 Validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C80]\]SMURF17 Validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C81]\]Praja114 Putative substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C82]\]Global protein stability (GPS) profilingSCF359 Putative substrates and 31 validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C83]\]Various CRLs47 Validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C84]\]High-throughput quantitative microscopy (HCA)SCFGrr1106 Putative substrates and 7 validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C85]\]Differential expression (shotgun) proteomicsASB22 Known substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C86]\]MARCH912 Candidate substrates and 6 validated\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C87]\]Affinity purification proteomicsSCF (Saf1)18 Putative substrates, 4 validated substrates and 17 known substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C88]\]FBXL family88 Interacting proteins and 13 putative substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C89]\]FBXW1196 Interacting proteins, 23 putative substrates and 1 validated\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C90]\]BARD114 Putative substrates and 2 validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C91]\]βTrCP221 Putative substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C92]\]MuRF120 Putative substrates, 3 validated substrates and 3 known substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C93]\]Ubiquitin ligase trapping and proximity labellingFBXL family17 Known substrates and 18 novel substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C94]\]Rsp5, Itch, Psh1, RNF126, RNF168Numerous\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C95]\]βTrCP1/250 Candidate substrates and 12 validated\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C96]\]XIAP50 Putative substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C97]\]diGly remnant affinity proteomicsCRL253 Ubiquitylation sites, 59 known Ub-sites or CRL components\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65]\]PARKIN1654 Putative substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C98]\]SPOP12 Ubiquitylation sites and 4 likely substrates fated for degradation\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C99]\]FBXO2136 Putative substrates, 2 validated substrates --- one novel ubiquitylation site and 5 previously reported sites identified\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C60]\]Integrated approachesHRD19 High-confidence substrates and 1 validated substrate\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C100]\]HUWE11 Substrate and 1 interactor confirmed\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C101]\]Trim3219 High-confidence substrates and 1 validated substrate\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C102]\]ASB2α2 Validated substrates\[[@BCJ-2016-0719C103]\]Interacting proteins represent potential substrates, but require further validation by orthogonal methods. Genetics and functional genomics {#s3} ================================ Genetic screens have been developed in various formats to facilitate the identification of E3 ligase protein--protein interaction (PPI) networks in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These include cell-based \[e.g. yeast two-hybrid (Y2H)\] and *in vitro* methods using reconstituted ubiquitylation assays (e.g. phage display screens and protein microarrays). Each technique is scalable to screen large gene libraries from human, yeast and other species and can be paired with various reporters (e.g. β-galactosidase and luciferase) for rapid identification of interactors/substrates. A common general restraint across the various genetic approaches used is limitations on the prey libraries available. For example, cDNA libraries may be incomplete, biased towards shorter genes, or contain truncated genes. Phage display systems also place severe restrictions on the size of genes that can be expressed. Yeast two-hybrid {#s3a} ---------------- Y2H screening identifies PPIs in live yeast cells via the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (Gal4) and subsequent reporter gene expression following the interaction of bait and prey proteins fused to the N-terminal DNA-binding domain and the C-terminal (transcriptional) activation domain of Gal4, respectively. Commonly used reporter systems include a *GAL1--lacZ* fusion gene, encoding β-galactosidase enzyme that labels the yeast cell blue when cultured on indicator plates, or facilitates selection-based screens based on the ability of yeast cells to grow on galactose \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C104]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C107]\]. Y2H has been applied to identify putative substrates of many E3 ligases. For example, the PDZ protein interaction domains of the LNX family of E3s were used as baits to screen a random peptide library, identifying 64 putative interacting proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C108]\]. Similarly, the pVHL substrate recognition subunit was used as a bait to screen a human testis cDNA library to identify substrates of the CBCVHL E3 ligase complex \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C62]\]. Eight novel interactors were identified, along with previously known substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C71]\]. Y2H is a relatively quick and simple technique that can be adapted to high-throughput format. However, the technique appears to be particularly susceptible to high rates of false-positive and false-negative (24--51% false-positive rate and 45--96% false-negative rate) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C109]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C111]\]. Furthermore, Y2H may not be compatible with the expression of non-yeast proteins, which may not fold correctly or are potentially toxic. Importantly, Y2H is limited to the number of genes in a library and to PPIs that occur in the nucleus. *In vitro* ubiquitylation screens {#s3b} --------------------------------- Many techniques for screening ubiquitin substrates rely on reconstituted *in vitro* assays using recombinant components (Ub, E1, E2 and E3) applied to a library of potential substrates (e.g. phage display libraries, recombinant protein libraries or protein microarrays). While these assays can be adapted to high-throughput formats and provide a direct readout of substrate ubiquitlyation, their main drawback is that they cannot account for cellular context (e.g. sub-cellular localization, differential expression and co-regulation by DUBs). The requirement for active recombinant enzymes can also be problematic as these enzymes are not always readily available and their activity may be regulated by PTMs and/or cofactors. A further consideration with *in vitro* ubiquitylation assays is the issue of E2 specificity. While many E3 ligases exhibit activity with 'promiscuous' E2 enzymes, such as UBE2D, some E3 ligases only function effectively with a specific E2 enzyme \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C25]\]. Protein microarray sub-screens to identify optimal E2 partners for E3 ligases (discussed below) may be useful in this context, but the issue should be considered whether using *in vitro* assays in either screening or validation formats. Phage display {#s3c} ------------- An *in vitro* ubiquitylation assay coupled with a phage display library using His-tagged ubiquitin, a human brain cDNA library and recombinant GST-MDM2, has been used to identify MDM2 substrates. Following purification and amplification of ubiquitylated phages, individual clones were PCR-amplified and sequenced to identify 16 ubiquitylated MDM2 substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C76]\]. This method is fast and simple but may suffer from limitations in the size of peptide that can be expressed by the phage display system, meaning that potential conformational determinants and allosteric regulatory regions of substrates may not be accommodated. Luminescent *in vitro* ubiquitylation assay {#s3d} ------------------------------------------- Luminescent *in vitro* ubiquitylation assays use a collection of putative substrates as GST-tagged fusion proteins bound to anti-GST acceptor beads, while biotin--ubiquitin is bound to streptavidin donor beads \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C77]\]. Ubiquitylation of GST-tagged proteins with biotin--ubiquitin brings acceptor and donor beads (which also contain a photosensitizer) into close proximity. Upon excitation (680 nm), a series of luminescent energy transfers between chemiluminescent and fluorescent compounds in the acceptor beads are measured by a micro-plate reader \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C77],[@BCJ-2016-0719C112]\]. This assay was used to screen for yeast Rsp5 E3 ligase substrates using 188 GST-tagged fusion proteins, identifying and validating 9 Rsp5 substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C77]\]. A significant limitation of this approach is the need to generate tagged, recombinant proteins --- which may fold incorrectly, lack essential PTMs or suffer interference by affinity tags. Protein microarrays {#s3e} ------------------- Functional protein microarrays are gaining increasing popularity for high-throughput, systematic identification of E3 ligase substrates, in part because this assay is now offered as a commercial service. This method uses a library of putative substrates --- in the form of recombinant proteins --- arrayed to a carrier surface, such as glass slides \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C113],[@BCJ-2016-0719C114]\], combined with a reconstituted *in vitro* ubiquitylation cascade (as above) and a sensitive method (radiological, fluorescence or chemiluminescence) for the detection of conjugated ubiquitin. This system has the advantage of also facilitating sub-screens to identify optimal E2 partners for E3 ligase activity using an arrayed panel of E2 enzymes, but still suffers from the usual restrictions of *in vitro* assays and limitations on the arrayed substrate library (see above). This method was first used with a 4000 protein yeast proteome microarray to identify 40 substrates of the HECT E3 ligase Rsp5, identifying 11 previously known substrates, with 6 further validated \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C78]\]. A similar technique to identify Rsp5 substrates with a different array containing 5800 proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C79]\] included a dosage lethality/suppression screen that validated 28 substrates (out of 86 candidates). Interestingly, there was little overlap between the substrates identified in two screens for the same E3 ligase, highlighting the need for orthogonal approaches and validation. Many studies have used protein microarrays to profile substrates of mammalian E3 ligases. For example, a microarray containing 8222 human proteins was used to identify ∼50 putative substrates each for the human Rsp5 orthologues hNedd4-1, hNedd4-2 and the rat orthologue rNedd4-1 \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C80]\]. A smaller human protein microarray (containing ∼2000 proteins) was used to identify substrates of the human E3 ligase Praja1 \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C82]\]. This study used a commercially available E2 profiling kit to determine that UBE2D3 was the optimal E2 for Praja1. An interesting aspect of this study was the use of duplicate microarrays --- one probed with an anti-ubiquitin antibody that detects both mono- and poly-ubiquitylated proteins and the other probed with biotinylated tandem ubiquitin-binding entity (TUBE) specific for ubiquitin chains. Fourteen putative Praja1 substrates were identified in common to both detection methods. A major shortcoming of this technique is that currently available commercial protein microarrays do not have coverage of the entire proteome \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C115]\] and do not account for cellular context. Global protein stability profiling {#s3f} ---------------------------------- Significant advances in functional genomic tools and models have made possible the systematic and global identification of E3 ligase substrates in live mammalian cells, which is a key consideration in understanding UPS function in the context of cell signalling. These approaches can identify differential degradation of proteins following the modulation of E3 ligase activity or expression, using reporters such as GFP to permit observation of spatio-temporal context and rapid validation using traditional biochemical techniques such as co-IP. Global protein stability (GPS) profiling is a fluorescence-based, high-throughput system to monitor protein turnover (but not protein ubiquitylation directly) in mammalian cells using a retroviral reporter construct containing a single promoter driving the bi-cistronic translation of two fluorescent proteins from one mRNA transcript \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C116]\]. *Discosoma* sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed) acts as an internal control, whereas enhanced GFP (eGFP) is expressed fused to a protein of interest. As they are translated from a single mRNA, both fluorescent proteins are produced at approximately the same rate and DsRed expression should remain relatively constant, controlling for background protein stability. Therefore, changes in the green/red fluorescence (eGFP/DsRed) ratio of a cell under different conditions are a direct readout of eGFP-labelled fusion protein degradation \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C116]\]. This reporter system was coupled with the hORFeome library, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and microarray deconvolution to identify differential degraded proteins, following genetic alteration of Skp Cullin F-box (SCF) activity (i.e. putative substrates) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C83]\]. This study identified 73% of known SCF substrates and 359 putative substrates, of which 31 were validated \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C83]\]. This method was further extended by integration with proteomics to identify CRL substrates following the treatment of cells with a CRL inhibitor (described in detail below --- *Integrated Approaches*). GPS profiling provides significant advantages over other genetic screening methods, probably the most important being the ability to monitor dynamic changes in protein stability in live mammalian cells following pharmacological or genetic manipulation \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C83],[@BCJ-2016-0719C116]\]. Even with limitations of the hORFeome library used (containing only ∼8000 of the estimated ∼20 000 proteins in the proteome), GPS profiling represents a significant expansion of screening coverage in mammalian cells. Potential disadvantages include the time-consuming cloning of each protein into the reporter construct. The EGFP tag may also interfere with protein folding, localization, PTMs and protein stability \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C116]\]. An important caveat of GPS profiling from the perspective of understanding UPS function is that the assay measures protein stability, and is not a direct measure of protein ubiquitylation. Hence, other factors influencing protein stability must be considered when interpreting results, and GPS profiling is not able to distinguish ubiquitylation events with signalling outcomes other than protein degradation. High-throughput quantitative microscopy (high-content analysis) {#s3g} --------------------------------------------------------------- High-throughput microscopy (also known as high-content analysis, HCA) was utilized to identify SCFGrr1 substrates by comparing isogenic wild-type GRR1 and GRR1 knockout (grr1Δ) yeast cells simultaneously. GRR1 was replaced with red fluorescent protein (RFP) in grr1Δ cells, and the grr1Δ::RFP strain was then crossed with a library of 4000 yeast strains that each express a GFP-tagged ORF and imaged in 96-well format using HCA \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C85]\]. GRR1 substrates were expected to have increased GFP intensity in grr1Δ (RFP-positive) cells compared with GRR1 cells (RFP-negative). Similar to GPS profiling, this technique does not provide a direct measure of protein ubiquitylation and similar caveats around limitations in library size and potential interference from GFP tag apply. However, the utility of this screening strategy is clear, identifying 106 putative GRR1 substrates, with 7 validated. Furthermore, the ability to screen in live cells provides clear advantages in understanding dynamic processes in relevant spatio-temporal context. Proteomics {#s4} ========== Proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying E3 ligase substrates, as continuing improvements in biochemical techniques and instrument sensitivity allow more precise qualitative and quantitative analyses of the E3 ligase-regulated proteome. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has been coupled with a variety of model systems and enrichment strategies to identify E3 ligase substrates at both the protein and site level (\>23 000 modified sites mapping to \>4600 proteins) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65],[@BCJ-2016-0719C66]\]. These strategies include defining PPI networks of E3 ligases and profiling differential changes in the global proteome --- or ubiquitome specifically --- following the modulation of E3 ligase expression or activity \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C86],[@BCJ-2016-0719C98],[@BCJ-2016-0719C101]\]. Shotgun proteomics {#s4a} ------------------ Label-free shotgun proteomics was used to identify ASB2 (ankyrin repeat-containing protein with a suppressor of cytokine signalling box 2) E3 ligase substrates. Proteins that had reduced abundance in ASB2 wild-type expressing cells, compared with ligase-inactive mutant-expressing cells, were likely to be ubiquitylated by ASB2 and degraded by the proteasome \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C86]\]. This technique identified two known ASB2 substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C117]\]. Similarly, Hör et al. \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C87]\] used SILAC (stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture)-MS to identify differentially expressed plasma membrane proteins in cells overexpressing GFP-tagged MARCH9 E3 ligase or GFP alone. Twelve down-regulated proteins were identified in GFP-MARCH9 overexpressing cells compared with GFP alone, and six were validated as substrates by flow cytometry. The major caveat of shotgun proteomics strategies (as with GPS profiling --- above) is that they will identify Ub substrates fated for proteasomal degradation, whereas they will not detect substrates fated for other signalling events. Affinity purification--tandem mass spectrometry {#s4b} ----------------------------------------------- Various configurations of affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (AP--MS/MS) have been successfully applied to identify putative E3 ligase-interacting proteins and substrates. In their most basic format, these typically involve the expression of an E3 ligase or Ub bait fused to a small tag (such as HA) for enrichment, combined with various genetic or pharmacological manipulations. More sophisticated approaches to AP--MS/MS have recently been developed, which allow trapping and/or labelling of substrates, enrichment of specific poly-Ub chain types or site-specific identification of Ub modifications. There are numerous examples of co-purifying interacting proteins of individual E3 ligase baits to identify putative substrates, but the emergence of systematic approaches is proving very powerful. For example, parallel adaptor capture (PAC) proteomics coupled with CompPASS (Comparative Proteomics Analysis Software Suite) was developed to systematically identify substrates of 19 F-box proteins (FBXLs) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C89]\]. Interactors of HA-tagged FBXL proteins, overexpressed in HEK293 cells, were identified by parallel α-HA affinity purification, MS/MS and CompPASS analysis. This study identified 22 high confidence-interacting proteins (HCIPs), and 13 were found to have increased stability in the presence of the Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924, which inactivates FBXL-containing cullin--RING E3 ligases \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C89]\]. This strategy was repeated in a colon cancer cell line, which identified 88 HCIPs, 44 of which were also identified in the HEK293 experiment \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C89]\]. If known, the isolated substrate-binding region of an E3 can also be used to purify interacting proteins. For example, WNKs were co-purified and identified using the CUL3 substrate adaptor KLHL3 as a bait \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C118]\]. While this is an effective and efficient method to identify putative E3 ligase substrates, not all interacting proteins identified are necessarily substrates, making the use of inhibitors or functional mutants an essential aspect of these experiments. The great power of the PAC--CompPASS method is the ability to simultaneously interrogate substrates of multiple E3 ligases. However, the requirement for affinity purifications of multiple proteins performed in parallel and consequently high demand on instrument and analytical time may put this technique beyond the reach of many investigators. Furthermore, CompPASS can identify proteins based on a single peptide, increasing the potential for incorrect protein identifications or false-positives \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C89]\]. Importantly, PAC-based approaches are unlikely to enrich for monoubiquitylated substrates and substrates that are not fated to be degraded \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C90]\]. The PAC--CompPASS approach was recently applied to identify substrates of the FBXW11 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C90]\]. This study identified 96 interacting proteins, 23 of which are putative substrates, with 1 independently validated as a substrate \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C90]\]. Interestingly, a similar approach has also been applied to systematic identification of DUB substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C119]\]. Another AP--MS/MS-based strategy to identifying E3 ligase substrates exploits the attachment of His-tagged Ub (and various mutants) to substrates following E3 ligase protein overexpression \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C91]\]. Using quantitative mass spectrometry analysis, this study identified 14 proteins with increased ubiquitylation following BRCA1/BARD1 overexpression \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C91]\]. A similar approach combined bioinformatics and AP--MS/MS to identify SCF^βTrCP^ E3 ligase substrates. First, a consensus motif derived from reported βTrCP substrates was generated and used to search biological sequence databases for substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C92]\]. Subsequently, using AP--MS/MS, βTrCP-interacting proteins were identified and the data were integrated with the bioinformatics prediction data \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C92]\]. This approach identified 221 βTrCP interactors that also harbour conserved sequences similar to the consensus motif of known substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C92]\]. Alternative affinity purification strategies have been developed that not only identify substrates destined for proteasomal degradation but also identify substrates labelled with alternative ubiquitin chain topologies signalling various fates. For example, TUBEs, containing four tandem UBA domains and additional tags, such as 6xHis for detection, efficiently bind mono- and poly-ubiquitylated proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C120]\]. This method does not rely on protein overexpression, tag fusion proteins, inhibitors or chemical and genetic manipulations and therefore is ideal for the detection of endogenous ubiquitylated proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C121],[@BCJ-2016-0719C122]\]. To identify substrates of the MuRF1 E3 ligase, TUBEs coupled with two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and MS were used to compare cells overexpressing either MuRF1 or GFP \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C93]\]. This study identified 20 proteins with differential ubiquitylation following MuRF1 overexpression, 3 of which were previously known substrates and 3 that were validated as novel substrates. One limitation arises from the use of 2D-DIGE, as low-abundance protein bands may not be visible, very hydrophobic proteins are difficult to detect, and there may be sample loss during gel processing. More contemporary proteomic approaches have largely made the use of 2D-DIGE redundant and promise much more sensitive detection of proteins that underwent TUBE enrichment. Ubiquitin ligase trapping and proximity labelling {#s4c} ------------------------------------------------- Many techniques have recently been developed that use various formats of E3 ligase fusion proteins to either 'trap' putative ligase substrates or label proteins in close proximity to the E3 ligase active site for downstream identification using proteomics. The ubiquitin ligase trapping method changes the kinetics of the ligase--substrate interaction (i.e. decreases the off-rate), essentially increasing the affinity of a ligase for its polyubiquitylated substrates and providing a means for purification and identification of the substrate. The first iteration of this technique used a synthetic fusion protein, consisting of an UBA domain fused to the N-terminus of an E3 via a linker composed of three tandem FLAG epitopes, coupled with mass spectrometry, \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C94]\], to identify substrates of 8 FBXLs in yeast \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C88]\]. This study identified 17 known FBXL substrates and 18 novel substrates, but very little overlap was observed in the substrates identified compared with the PAC--CompPASS method described above \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C89]\], possibly reflecting differences between yeast and human FBXLs. A possible caveat of this approach is the potential for the UBA domain fused to the FBXL N-terminus to disrupt substrate binding. Furthermore, UBA domains have preference for different ubiquitin chain topologies \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C94],[@BCJ-2016-0719C123],[@BCJ-2016-0719C124]\] and hence, the specific UBA domain used may not detect all possible substrates of a given ligase. A more recently developed trapping approach uses E3-ubiquitin fusion proteins (ubiquitin-activated interaction traps, UBAITs) to covalently capture proteins that interact with the E3 in an E1- and E2-dependent manner. This technique was successfully identified binding partners of both HECT (Rsp5 and Itch) and RING (Psh1, RNF126 and RNF168) E3 ligases \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C95]\]. Proximity-dependent biotin labelling (BioID) uses a fusion protein of an E3 coupled with a biotin-conjugating enzyme (BirA\*). BirA\* activates biotin, which then reacts with nearby amine groups on lysine residues in interacting proteins. This assay was coupled with semi-quantitative mass spectrometry on cells treated with MG132 to identify 50 new SCF^β-TrCP1/2^ interacting proteins, with 12 being validated as E3 ligase substrates \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C96]\]. A more sophisticated version of the proximity labelling strategy uses an engineered chimeric protein called the NEDDylator, which was generated by removing the RING domain of XIAP and then fusing the E2 for NEDD8 (Ubc12) to the substrate-binding domain of the ligase via a flexible linker. NEDDylator--XIAP maintains specific substrate-binding capacity, but substitutes conjugation of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to the substrate instead of Ub \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C97]\]. Compared with Ub, NEDD8 is a relatively rare PTM in cells and is generally thought to regulate protein activity, not stability \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C97]\]. Jurkat cells were incubated with NEDDylator--XIAP and HB--NEDD8 followed by purification of HB--NEDD8-tagged substrates and mass spectrometry analysis. More than 50 putative XIAP substrates were identified \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C97]\]. An advantage of this strategy is that it enriches for proteins that are specifically ubiquitylated by the chimeric protein, not just interacting proteins in close proximity. However, generation of the recombinant chimeric protein may be difficult for some larger multidomain E3s. In addition, the utility of the NEDDylator may be restricted to RING domain ligases, as unlike HECT domain ligases, these do not directly catalyze the ubiquitylation of their substrates. Gly--Gly (diGly) remnant affinity purification {#s4d} ---------------------------------------------- An important breakthrough in understanding cellular ubiquitin signalling was the development of monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize the characteristic Gly--Gly (diGly) remnant present on the ε-amine of lysine following trypsin digestion of ubiquitylated proteins. This modification is detected by MS analysis as a distinct mass shift of 114.04 Da \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C125]\]. Several laboratories have developed di-Gly antibodies \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65],[@BCJ-2016-0719C125]--[@BCJ-2016-0719C127]\], driving a significant increase in the available resolution and coverage of ubiquitylation detection. The potential of diGly antibodies is underscored by the widespread utility and analytical power provided by the development of phospho-specific antibodies in understanding kinase signalling \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C128]\] or methyl-/acetyl-specific antibodies in characterizing histone modifications \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C129],[@BCJ-2016-0719C130]\]. One important limitation of diGly remnant affinity purification for identifying ubiquitylation sites is that an identical remnant is left following trypsin digestion of proteins conjugated to ubiquitin-like modifiers, such as ISG15 and NEDD8, making them indistinguishable by tandem MS \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C125],[@BCJ-2016-0719C131],[@BCJ-2016-0719C132]\]. One way to overcome this limitation is a two-step enrichment strategy where ubiquitylated proteins are first purified from cells expressing 6xHis-tagged ubiquitin followed by trypsin digestion and diGly immuno-purification proteomics (diGly proteomics). This strategy was used to identify 374 diGly-modified peptides on 236 proteins, but nullifies one of the most powerful aspects of the diGly technique, namely the ability to detect endogenous ubiquitylation without the possible confounding factors introduced by the use of tagged protein overexpression \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C125]\]. Initially, global analysis of lysine ubiquitylation using diGly antibodies under normal physiological conditions or following pharmacological treatment (e.g. with proteasome inhibitor, MG132) was deployed to identify between 1664--20 000 diGly-modified sites \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65],[@BCJ-2016-0719C66],[@BCJ-2016-0719C127],[@BCJ-2016-0719C133]\]. However, this strategy could not match the ubiquitylated site with the responsible E3 ligase, nor reveal ubiquitin chain topology. DiGly proteomics is increasingly being used in conjunction with chemical inhibition or genetic manipulation of E3 ligase activity or expression to couple ubiquitylation sites with the responsible E3 ligase. For example, this approach was utilized to identify CRL substrates, identifying 253 diGly sites with reduced abundance following CRL and proteasome inhibition --- of which 59 sites were on known CRL substrates or components of CRLs \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65]\]. Another technique combined 73 control and diGly proteomic experiments with PARKIN overexpression and/or mitochondrial depolarization by carbonyl cyanide *m*-chlorophenyl hydrazone treatment to identify 4772 dynamically regulated ubiquitylation sites in 1654 proteins \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C98]\]. Several of these were subsequently validated by western blot analysis using PARKIN siRNA. A similar approach was used to identify cullin--RING ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) ubiquitylation sites by performing diGly proteomics on cells overexpressing either wild-type SPOP (SPOP-WT), prostate cancer relevant mutants (SPOP-MT) or empty vector \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C99]\]. Twelve diGly sites identified were more abundant in SPOP-MT cells compared with SPOP-WT or empty vector, and four proteins had an inverse correlation with protein expression \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C99]\]. A newer approach, combining trypsin-resistant tandem ubiquitin-binding entity(ies) (TR-TUBE) technology with diGly proteomics, was recently deployed to identify substrates of the uncharacterized F-box protein FBXO21. TR-TUBE is based on a modification of the previously described TUBE technology \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C120]\] to protect ubiquitin chains from trypsin digestion \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C60]\]. Overexpression of FLAG-TR-TUBE and E3 ligase followed by enrichment with anti-FLAG antibody and diGly proteomics identified putative substrates with less background compared with enrichment by TR-TUBE alone \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C60]\]. In addition, substantially less starting material is required than using diGly proteomics only \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C60]\]. This approach was applied to identify several putative substrates of FBXO21, of which two were independently validated \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C60]\]. Integrated approaches {#s5} ===================== Integrating orthogonal approaches is potentially a rapid means to identify high-confidence E3 ligase interactors and substrates, substantially reducing the number of hits required to validate using more traditional biochemical techniques. Aiming to provide a more comprehensive survey, Lee et al. used an integrated strategy combining diGly proteomics and AP--MS. Mono- and poly-ubiquitylated proteins were purified from cells expressing 6xHis-Ub and HRD1 siRNA, followed by mass spectrometry analysis \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C100]\]. This approach identified 29 ubiquitylated proteins that had decreased abundance in HRD1 siRNA samples compared with control siRNA \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C100]\]. The second strategy utilized diGly proteomics following attenuated expression of HRD1 by siRNA \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C100]\]. This study identified 117 ubiquitylated peptides with reduced abundance in HRD1 siRNA sample compared with control. Nine high-confidence substrates were identified by both methods, highlighting the advantage of using a combined strategy. To identify high-confidence E3 ligase substrates in a physiological setting, several studies have employed integrated approaches utilizing tissue from isogenic mouse models coupled with label-free quantitative (LFQ) mass spectrometry. This method was implemented in the search for substrates of Trim32 in skeletal muscle cells \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C102]\]. Comparing *Trim32* knockout mouse (T32KO) with wild-type control, this study identified 19 proteins that had increased abundance in T32KO muscle samples \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C102]\]. Following independent validation of two putative substrates, NDRG2 was identified as a novel substrate of Trim32 \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C102]\]. Spinner et al. \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C103]\] utilized this strategy to identify substrates of the E3 ligase ASB2α in different dendritic cell (DC) subsets. This study identified FLNa and FLNb as the only proteins that significantly accumulated in ASB2α-deficient DCs compared with ASB2α-expressing DCs, indicating that FLNa and FLNb are highly specific targets of ASB2α in haematopoietic cells \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C103]\]. This approach highlights the power of isogenic mouse models coupled with LFQ mass spectrometry to identify E3 ligase substrates in a physiological setting, but validation using independent biochemical approaches is still required. Validation methods {#s6} ================== Even with advances in proteomics, genomics and *in vitro* assays that address many of the significant challenges outlined above, identifying E3 ligase substrates --- or determining which E3 ligase targets a specific substrate --- remains a significant challenge. Notably, these technological advances do not directly address a significant remaining bottleneck in the quest to identify genuine E3 ligase targets --- validation of the often large number of putative substrates identified, particularly in a functional context. There are many ways to validate putative E3 ligase substrates and interacting proteins, including IP--western blot experiments, *in vitro* ubiquitylation assays and cell-based assays. The decision about which validation method(s) to adopt is heavily dependent on the ultimate aim of the study. While many consider *in vitro* ubiquitlyation assays using recombinant components to be the gold standard, theses cannot account for cellular context, regulation by PTMs or feedback regulation by DUBs. Confirming PPIs in the cellular context using Co-IP, IF or BiFC is an important consideration. Similarly, assays combining site-directed mutagenesis, si/shRNA or CRISPR with assays of cellular function (e.g. viability and proliferation) or more specific readouts of signal transduction pathway output may be desirable to confirm functional roles. Animal models of disease and/or gene function may also be used in this context. However, these are not generally suitable to validate large numbers of hits from high-throughput screening platforms. Instead, novel strategies are required to rapidly and efficiently validate a large number of putative E3 substrates, or at least render the large data set down to a more manageable list of high-confidence hits. Currently, integrating orthogonal approaches, such as diGly proteomics and AP--MS with genetic/chemical inhibition of E3 ligase activity or protein levels, seem to be the most effective strategy. DiGly proteomics requires putative sites to be independently validated, but western blot analysis is unable to detect differences in ubiquitylation at the site level \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C65],[@BCJ-2016-0719C66]\]. While ORFeome libraries and high-content imaging technologies enable high-throughput validation of PPIs, validation of individual ubiquitin-modified sites requires time-consuming site-directed mutagenesis studies. Ideally, functional validation of substrates and ubiquitylation sites using knockout animal models and/or isogenic cell lines is necessary. For example, the identification of putative Nedd4-1 and Nedd4-2 substrates using human protein microarrays was functionally validated by showing that Nedd4-1 negatively regulates signalling via the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C80]\]. Following on from this study, the Rotin laboratory identified the sequence motif necessary for Nedd4-1 to bind to and ubiquitylate FGFR1 \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C134]\]. Deletion of the sequence motif (FGFR1-Δ6) stimulated neuronal stimulation in human embryonic neuronal stem cells \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C134]\]. Importantly, FGFR1-Δ6 expression in Zebrafish embryos caused defective anterior neuronal patterning, indicative of excessive FGFR1 signalling \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C134]\]. This study exemplifies the utility of an integrated approach to systematically identify an E3 ligase substrate, from high-throughput screen (i.e. protein array) to *in vitro* and *in vivo* functional validation. Conclusions {#s7} =========== The recent development of highly innovative methods to identify substrates of the UPS has gone a long way to address a significant challenge in the field. These systematic approaches are underpinning rapid advances in our understanding of the biochemistry and biology of the UPS and are already having significant impact on our understanding of a diverse range of disease processes. Investigators need to consider several factors in choosing the most appropriate approach to identifying E3 ligase substrates in the particular context of interest. 1. Access to analytical platforms and expertise. 2. Speed and cost. 3. Availability and suitability of model systems for both discovery and validation (i.e. cell lines and animals). 4. Availability of reagents (e.g. recombinant proteins, inhibitors and expression libraries). Integrated approaches --- combining genomics or proteomics with isogenic models or chemical inhibition --- are emerging as the optimal strategy to identify E3 ligase substrates and should be favoured whenever possible. Spatial and temporal cellular context is also an important consideration. E3 ligase substrates identified using reconstituted *in vitro* assays may not necessarily be relevant *in vivo* if the ligase--substrate are not expressed in the same cellular compartment at the same time. Conversely, demonstrating *in vitro* ligase activity towards a particular substrate is still considered the gold standard by many. Functional validation of ubiquitylation sites and putative substrates in cellular and *in vivo* contexts still presents a major bottleneck, due to both the sheer number of putative substrates identified and a shortage of suitable high-throughput biochemical methods. The future development of improved model systems and research tools will be key to driving the gaining momentum in the field. In particular, many researchers would welcome the development of selective and potent pharmacological inhibitors across all classes of E3 ligases. The recent development of selective Ub variant probe libraries \[[@BCJ-2016-0719C44]\], targeting a panel of HECT ligases, is a significant advance in this respect and should provide a powerful toolkit for the discovery and functional validation of E3 ligase substrates. Rapid improvements in both the speed and precision of gene targeting approaches (e.g. using CRISPR) to generate isogenic knockout/knockin mouse and cell line models for *in vivo* discovery and validation of E3 ligase function and substrates will also be important. One significant outstanding hurdle to enabling a systematic and comprehensive characterization of UPS substrates is the lack of a central, co-ordinated database of ligase--substrate pairs. A practical and reliable knowledge base would provide a key resource --- not only for researchers studying the UPS, but also more widely in pathophysiology and drug development in a range of disease contexts. 2D-DIGE : two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis APC/C : anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome AP--MS/MS : affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry ASB2 : ankyrin repeat-containing protein with a suppressor of cytokine signalling box 2 BioID : biotin labelling CompPASS : Comparative Proteomics Analysis Software Suite CRBN : cereblon CRL : Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase DC : dendritic cell DsRed : *Discosoma* sp. red fluorescent protein DUBs : deubiquitinases eGFP : enhanced GFP FGFR1 : fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 GPS : global protein stability HCA : high-content analysis HECT : homology to E6-Ap carboxyl terminus IAP : inhibitor of apoptosis IMiDs : immunomodulatory drugs IP : immunoprecipitation LFQ : label-free quantitative MS : mass spectrometry ORF : open reading frame PAC : parallel adaptor capture PPI : protein--protein interaction PTM : post-translational modification RBR : RING-in-between-RING domains RFP : red fluorescent protein RING : really interesting new gene SCF : Skp Cullin F-box SPOP : speckle-type POZ protein SPOP-MT : SPOP relevant mutants SPOP-WT : wild-type SPOP T32KO : *Trim32* knockout mouse Ub : ubiquitin UBAITs : ubiquitin-activated interaction traps UBv : Ub variant UPS : ubiquitin proteasome system USPs : ubiquitin-specific proteases Y2H : yeast two-hybrid. Competing Interests {#s9} =================== The Authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with the manuscript. | High | [
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14.25
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Citation Nr: 0204722 Decision Date: 05/17/02 Archive Date: 05/24/02 DOCKET NO. 96-34 787 ) DATE ) ) On appeal from the Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office in Phoenix, Arizona THE ISSUES 1. Entitlement to assignment of an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for mechanical low back pain. 2. Entitlement to assignment of an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for hypertension. (The issues of entitlement to assignment of a compensable evaluation for hemorrhoids, entitlement to assignment of an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for service-connected status post anterior cruciate ligament repair, right knee, and entitlement to assignment of a compensable evaluation for chondromalacia patella, left knee will be the subject of a separate Board decision.) REPRESENTATION Appellant represented by: The American Legion WITNESS AT HEARING ON APPEAL Appellant ATTORNEY FOR THE BOARD D. M. Fogarty, Associate Counsel INTRODUCTION The veteran served on active duty from May 1975 to May 1995. This case is before the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) on appeal from a February 1996 rating decision by the Phoenix, Arizona, Regional Office (RO) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) which, among other things, granted service connection for mechanical low back pain and for hypertension, assigning noncompensable ratings effective from June 1, 1995. A notice of disagreement was received in March 1996, a statement of the case was issued in April 1996, and a substantive appeal was received in July 1996. Pursuant to his request, the veteran was afforded a personal hearing at the RO in August 1996. The Board notes that in his May 1996 substantive appeal, the veteran discussed the issues of entitlement to service connection for right and left ankle conditions. A statement of the case as to these issues was provided to the veteran in April 1998. The veteran did not filed a timely substantive appeal as to the issues of entitlement to service connection for right and left ankle conditions. Accordingly, these issues are not before the Board for appellate consideration. See 38 U.S.C.A. § 7105(c) (West 1991). The Board is undertaking additional development of the issues of entitlement to assignment of a compensable rating for hemorrhoids, entitlement to assignment of an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for service-connected status post anterior cruciate ligament repair, right knee, and entitlement to assignment of a compensable evaluation for chondromalacia patella, left knee, pursuant to the authority granted by 67 Fed. Reg. 3099, 3104 (Jan. 23, 2002) (to be codified at 38 C.F.R. § 19.9(a)(2)). When the development has been completed, the Board will provide notice of the development as required by Rule of Practice 903 (67 Fed. Reg. 3099, 3105 (Jan. 23, 2002) (to be codified at 38 C.F.R. § 20.903). After giving the notice and reviewing the response of the veteran and his representative, the Board will prepare a separate decision addressing these issues. FINDINGS OF FACT 1. The veteran's service-connected mechanical low back pain is manifested by characteristic pain on motion resulting in additional functional loss more nearly approximating moderate limitation of motion. 2. The veteran's service-connected hypertension requires continuous medication for control, but does not result in diastolic pressure predominantly 110 or more with definite symptoms, or systolic pressure predominantly 200 or more. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 1. The criteria for entitlement to assignment of an evaluation of 20 percent (but no higher) for mechanical low back pain have been met. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 1991 & Supp. 2001); 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, Diagnostic Code 5292 (2001). 2. The criteria for entitlement to assignment of an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for hypertension have not been met. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1155, 5107 (West 1991 & Supp. 2001); 38 C.F.R. § 4.104, Diagnostic Code 7101 (1997); 38 C.F.R. § 4.104, Diagnostic Code 7101 (2001). REASONS AND BASES FOR FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Initially, the Board notes that on November 9, 2000, the President signed into law the Veterans Claims Assistance Act of 2000 (VCAA). Veterans Claims Assistance Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-475, 114 Stat. 2096 (2000), now codified at 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 5102, 5103, 5103A, 5107 (West Supp. 2001). This newly enacted legislation provides, among other things, for notice and assistance to claimants under certain circumstances. VA has issued final rules to amend adjudication regulations to implement the provisions of the VCAA. See 66 Fed. Reg. 45,620 (August 29, 2001) (to be codified as amended at 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.102, 3.156(a), 3.159, and 3.326(a)). The intended effect of the new regulation is to establish clear guidelines consistent with the intent of Congress regarding the timing and the scope of assistance VA will provide to a claimant who files a substantially complete application for VA benefits, or who attempts to reopen a previously denied claim. Where laws or regulations change after a claim has been filed or reopened and before the administrative or judicial process has been concluded, the version most favorable to the appellant will apply unless Congress provided otherwise or has permitted the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to do otherwise and the Secretary has done so. See Karnas v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 308 (1991). After reviewing the claims folder, the Board finds that there has been substantial compliance with the assistance provisions of the new legislation with regard to the two issues addressed in this decision. The record includes VA examination reports, service medical records, and post- service treatment records. The Board notes that the RO wrote the veteran in August 2001 and requested information as to VA and private treatment providers. The veteran did not respond to the RO's letter. Additionally, at his August 1996 RO hearing, the veteran was advised to provide the names and addresses of any private treatment providers. However, no additional pertinent evidence has been identified by the veteran as relevant to the issues on appeal. Under these circumstances, no further action is necessary to assist the veteran with his claims. Furthermore, the veteran has been notified of the applicable laws and regulations which set forth the criteria for entitlement to increased evaluations. The discussions in the rating decision, statement of the case, and supplemental statement of the case have informed the veteran of the information and evidence necessary to warrant entitlement to the benefits sought. Additionally, the veteran was afforded a RO hearing in August 1996. The Board therefore finds that the notice requirements of the new law have been met. The Board has reviewed the facts of this case in light of the VCAA and the new VCAA regulations. As discussed above, VA has made all reasonable efforts to assist the veteran in the development of his claims and has notified him of the information and evidence necessary to substantiate the claims addressed in this decision. Consequently, the case need not be referred to the veteran or his representative for further argument as the Board's consideration of the new law and new regulations in the first instance does not prejudice the veteran. See generally Sutton v. Brown, 9 Vet. App. 553 (1996); Bernard v. Brown, 4 Vet. App. 384 (1993); VAOPGCPREC No. 16-92 (July 24, 1992). Under the circumstances of this case, where there has been substantial compliance with the VCAA, a remand would serve no useful purpose. See Soyini v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 540, 546 (1991) (strict adherence to requirements in the law does not dictate an unquestioning, blind adherence in the face of overwhelming evidence in support of the result in a particular case; such adherence would result in unnecessarily imposing additional burdens on VA with no benefit flowing to the veteran); Sabonis v. Brown, 6 Vet. App. 426, 430 (1994) (remands which would only result in unnecessarily imposing additional burdens on VA with no benefit flowing to the veteran are to be avoided). Factual Background Service medical records demonstrate relevant findings of minor degenerative changes involving the superoanterior aspect of L5, mild lumbar strain with no neurological deficits, hypertension, and mechanical low back pain. Post-service treatment records dated in 1995 and 1996 demonstrate pertinent complaints of low back pain. A July 1995 clinical record notes tenderness to palpation of the lumbosacral area, restricted range of motion, and muscle spasm. An assessment of lumbosacral strain was noted. A separate March 1996 clinical record noted relevant assessment of mild hypertension. In a February 1996 rating action, the RO, in pertinent part, granted entitlement to service connection for mechanical low back pain, evaluated as noncompensable and hypertension, evaluated as noncompensable. At his August 1996 RO hearing, the veteran testified that his back hurt all of the time, particularly after a long drive. He stated that he was on regular medication to control his hypertension. He testified to experiencing stiffness and pain in the back with spasm on flare-ups. He also reported pain radiating into the left leg. Upon VA hypertension examination dated in August 1996, it was noted the veteran was currently taking anti-hypertensive medication. Physical examination revealed three blood pressure readings of 154/97, 150/90, and 156/98. The veteran's pulse remained in the 80's. Cardiac examination revealed regular rate and rhythm, no gallops, rubs, or murmur were noted. An impression of hypertension with no evidence of end-organ damage was noted. Upon VA examination of the joints dated in September 1996, the veteran complained of chronic pain in the back, which occasionally radiated down into the left lower extremity to the mid-calf area. The symptoms were noted as aggravated by bending and lifting. Physical examination revealed flexion of the lumbosacral spine to 60 degrees and extension to 10 degrees. Both lateral motions were 20 degrees and rotation was 40 degrees. There was pain on all motion of the lumbosacral spine, most marked on flexion and extension. The examiner noted there was no muscle guarding and no tenderness or tilt. Impressions included chronic lumbosacral strain. Radiological examination of the back revealed a negative lumbar spine. Upon VA examination of the joints dated in February 1997, the veteran reported having low back pain. It was noted that it did not limit his ambulation, but did limit his ability to lift heavy things. The veteran denied having any sciatica. The pain was described as being in the low back in a gripping sensation without any radiation to his buttocks or lower extremities. It was noted that the back gave out about two times a year. The veteran reported participating in physical therapy with some relief. Physical examination revealed the veteran's gait was within normal limits. He was able to heel and toe walk and did not have any atrophy. Range of motion in the back was noted as 80 degrees flexion, 25 degrees extension, 30 degrees lateral bending in both directions, and 35 degrees rotation in both directions. There was no scoliosis and no paraspinal muscle spasm. Patrick's test was negative and there was no discrepancy in leg length. He had 5/5 strength in all of his muscles groups in the bilateral lower extremities. Sensation and reflexes were also noted as intact. The pertinent assessment was chronic low back pain without any x-ray changes noted. In regard to the back, the examiner described the veteran's decreased range of motion as minimal. The examiner recommended physical therapy for back strengthening as well as mobility exercises. In a February 1998 hearing officer decision, a 10 percent evaluation was assigned for hypertension, effective June 1, 1995, and a 10 percent evaluation was assigned for mechanical low back pain, effective from June 1, 1995. Analysis Disability evaluations are determined by the application of the Schedule For Rating Disabilities, which assigns ratings based on the average impairment of earning capacity resulting from a service-connected disability. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1155; 38 C.F.R. Part 4. Where there is a question as to which of two evaluations shall be applied, the higher evaluation will be assigned if the disability picture more nearly approximates the criteria required for that rating. Otherwise, the lower rating will be assigned. 38 C.F.R. § 4.7. When evaluating disabilities of the musculoskeletal system, 38 C.F.R. § 4.40 allows for consideration of functional loss due to pain and weakness causing additional disability beyond that reflected on range of motion measurements. DeLuca v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 202 (1995). Further, 38 C.F.R. § 4.45 provides that consideration also be given to weakened movement, excess fatigability and incoordination. In order to evaluate the level of disability and any changes in condition, it is necessary to consider the complete medical history of the veteran's condition. Schafrath v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 589, 594 (1991). In the instant case, the veteran is technically not seeking an increased rating, since his appeal arises from the original assessment of a disability rating. In Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet. App. 119 (1999), it was held that evidence to be considered in the appeal of an initial assignment of a rating disability was not limited to that reflecting the then current severity of the disorder. In that decision, the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (known as the United States Court of Veterans Appeals prior to March 1, 1999) (hereinafter, "the Court") also discussed the concept of the "staging" of ratings, finding that, in cases where an initially assigned disability evaluation has been disagreed with, it was possible for a veteran to be awarded separate percentage evaluations for separate periods based on the facts found during the appeal period. Fenderson v. West, 12 Vet. App. 119 (1999). I. Mechanical Low Back Pain. The veteran's service-connected mechanical low back pain is currently evaluated as 10 percent disabling pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, Diagnostic Code 5295, which contemplates lumbosacral strain. A 10 percent disability evaluation is warranted for lumbosacral strain with characteristic pain on motion. Lumbosacral strain with muscle spasm on extreme forward bending with loss of lateral spine motion, unilateral, in a standing position warrants a 20 percent disability evaluation. A 40 percent evaluation, the highest allowable under this diagnostic code, contemplates severe lumbosacral strain with listing of the whole spine to the opposite side, positive Goldthwaite's sign, marked limitation of forward bending in the standing position, loss of lateral motion with osteo-arthritic changes or narrowing or irregularity of joint space, or some of the above with abnormal mobility of forced motion. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, Diagnostic Code 5295. The Board notes that limitation of motion of the lumbar spine is contemplated by 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, Diagnostic Code 5292. Pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 4.71a, Diagnostic Code 5292, a 10 percent disability evaluation contemplates slight limitation of motion of the lumbar spine. A 20 percent disability evaluation is warranted for moderate limitation of motion of the lumbar spine. Severe limitation of motion of the lumbar spine warrants a 40 percent disability evaluation. The veteran's service-connected mechanical low back pain is manifested by subjective complaints of constant pain, particularly after a long drive. Clinical records dated in 1995 noted tenderness to palpation of the lumbosacral area, restricted range of motion, and muscle spasm. The September 1996 VA examiner noted limitation of motion with pain on all motion, most marked on flexion and extension. Straight leg raising was noted as negative and deep reflexes were symmetrical. An impression of chronic lumbosacral strain was noted and x-ray examination was negative. The February 1997 VA examiner described the veteran's decreased range of motion as minimal and noted no scoliosis or paraspinal muscle spasm. Following a review of the evidence of record, the Board concludes that the veteran's back symptomatology warrants no higher than a 10 percent evaluation pursuant to Diagnostic Code 5295. The evidence shows essentially characteristic pain on motion. However, there is no evidence of loss of lateral spine motion, unilateral, in standing position, nor are there consistent findings of muscle spasm on extreme forward bending. The criteria for the next higher rating of 20 percent under Code 5295 have therefore not been met. Looking to Diagnostic Code 5292, the clinical evidence at first glance does not show more than slight limitation of motion. In this regard, while the most recent examination showed some limitation of flexion to 80 degrees, the examiner described the decreased range of motion as minimal. However, the medical evidence does document complaints of pain, especially on flexion and extension. Significantly the February 1997 examiner commented that the veteran limits his movements when lifting heavy objects. This appears to suggest additional functional loss due to pain. While such additional limitation may not always be present, it does appear to be present during flare-ups. The Board also finds it of some significance that the limitation of motion was greater on examination in 1996 than in 1997, again suggesting that there may be additional functional loss with certain activities and during flare-ups. In the Board's view, it is such additional functional loss which must be acknowledged pursuant to 38 C.F.R. §§ 4.40, 4.45. The Board finds that the low back pain results in additional functional loss so as to produce a disability picture more nearly approximating moderate limitation of motion under Code 5292. Accordingly, a 20 percent rating is warranted. After reviewing the record, the Board further finds that this disability picture has been present during the course of the appeal and that a 20 percent rating is warranted effective June 1, 1995. Fenderson. However, the preponderance of the evidence is against a finding that the veteran's low back disability results in more than moderate limitation of motion, even when consideration is given to additional functional loss due to pain, fatigue, incoordination and weakness. Nothing in the evidence suggests such a severe disability picture. The low back pain does not appear to limit ambulation or result in more than moderate limitation of flexion and extension, including during flare-ups. The Board also notes here that there does not appear to be any neurological involvement to warrant application of Code 5293 for intervertebral disc syndrome. The evidence shows no sciatica or radiation into the legs, nor are there any bladder or bowel symptoms. Accordingly, the Board declines to consider the low back disability under Code 5293. II. Hypertension. The veteran's service-connected hypertension is currently rated as 10 percent disabling pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 4.104, Diagnostic Code 7101, which contemplates hypertensive vascular disease. The Board notes that the criteria for evaluation of hypertensive vascular disease have been revised during the pendency of the veteran's appeal. Diagnostic Code 7101 was revised effective January 12, 1998. See 62 Fed. Reg. 62507 (Dec. 11, 1997). As previously noted, the Court has held that where the law or regulation changes after the claim has been filed, but before the administrative or judicial process has been concluded, the version most favorable to the veteran applies unless Congress provided otherwise or permitted the VA Secretary to do otherwise and the Secretary did so. Karnas v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 308 (1991). Thus, the Board will evaluate the veteran's claim under both the old and the new criteria. The criteria in effect prior to January 12, 1998, provide that hypertensive vascular disease (essential arterial hypertension) with diastolic pressure predominantly 100 or more warrants a 10 percent evaluation. A 20 percent evaluation is warranted for diastolic pressure predominantly 110 or more with definite symptoms. Diastolic pressure predominantly 120 or more and moderately severe symptoms warrants a 40 percent evaluation. A 60 percent evaluation is warranted for diastolic pressure predominantly 130 or more and severe symptoms. Note 1 provides that for the 40 percent and 60 percent ratings under code 7101, there should be careful attention to diagnosis and repeated blood pressure readings. Note 2 provides that when continuous medication is shown necessary for control of hypertension with a history of diastolic pressure predominantly 100 or more, a minimum rating of 10 percent will be assigned. See 38 C.F.R. § 4.104, Diagnostic Code 7101 (1997). The criteria in effect from January 12, 1998, provide that hypertensive vascular disease (hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension) with diastolic pressure predominantly 100 or more, or; systolic pressure predominantly 160 or more, or; minimum evaluation for an individual with a history of diastolic pressure predominantly 100 or more who requires continuous medication for control warrants a 10 percent evaluation. A 20 percent evaluation is warranted for diastolic pressure predominantly 110 or more, or; systolic pressure predominantly 200 or more. Diastolic pressure predominantly 120 or more warrants a 40 percent evaluation. A 60 percent evaluation is warranted for diastolic pressure predominantly 130 or more. Note (1) provides that hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension must be confirmed by readings taken two or more times on at least three different days. For purposes of this section, the term hypertension means that the diastolic blood pressure is predominantly 90mm. or greater, and isolated systolic hypertension means that the systolic blood pressure is predominantly 160mm. or greater with a diastolic pressure of less than 90 mm. Note (2): evaluate hypertension due to aortic insufficiency or hyperthyroidism, which is usually the isolated systolic type, as part of the condition causing it rather than by a separate evaluation. A review of the record reflects that the veteran takes anti- hypertensive medication on a regular basis. VA hypertension examination dated in August 1996 revealed blood pressure readings of 154/97, 150/90, and 156/98. The examiner noted there was no evidence of end-organ damage. The Board finds that the veteran's symptomatology is indicative of no more than a 10 percent evaluation under either the old or the new criteria in that it demonstrates the use of medication continuously for control without objective medical evidence of diastolic pressures predominantly 110 or more with definite symptoms, or systolic pressure predominantly 200 or more. Thus, the criteria for an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for hypertension have not been met under either the old or the new criteria. Conclusion The potential application of various provisions of Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations have also been considered but the record does not present such "an exceptional or unusual disability picture as to render impractical the application of the regular rating schedule standards." 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1). In this regard, the Board finds that there has been no showing by the veteran that his service connected low back disability and/or his service- connected hypertension have resulted in marked interference with employment or necessitated frequent periods of hospitalization. Under these circumstances, the Board finds that the veteran has not demonstrated marked interference with employment so as to render impractical the application of the regular rating schedule standards. In the absence of such factors, the Board finds that criteria for submission for assignment of an extraschedular rating for either disability pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.321(b)(1) are not met. See Bagwell v. Brown, 9Vet. App. 337 (1996); Shipwash v. Brown, 8 Vet. App. 218, 227 (1995). Finally, in making this determination, the Board has considered the provisions of 38 U.S.C.A. § 5107(b), but there is not such a state of approximate balance of the positive evidence with the negative evidence to otherwise warrant a more favorable decision on the low back disability issue or a favorable decision on the hypertension issue. ORDER Entitlement to assignment of an evaluation of 20 percent for mechanical low back pain is warranted. To this extent, the appeal is granted. Entitlement to assignment of an evaluation in excess of 10 percent for hypertension is not warranted. To this extent, the appeal is denied. ALAN S. PEEVY Member, Board of Veterans' Appeals IMPORTANT NOTICE: We have attached a VA Form 4597 that tells you what steps you can take if you disagree with our decision. We are in the process of updating the form to reflect changes in the law effective on December 27, 2001. See the Veterans Education and Benefits Expansion Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-103, 115 Stat. 976 (2001). In the meanwhile, please note these important corrections to the advice in the form: ? These changes apply to the section entitled "Appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims." (1) A "Notice of Disagreement filed on or after November 18, 1988" is no longer required to appeal to the Court. (2) You are no longer required to file a copy of your Notice of Appeal with VA's General Counsel. ? In the section entitled "Representation before VA," filing a "Notice of Disagreement with respect to the claim on or after November 18, 1988" is no longer a condition for an attorney-at-law or a VA accredited agent to charge you a fee for representing you. | Mid | [
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Q: If have two forms (or more). Is it possible to fetch which form has sent the upload request? Form 1: <?php echo $this->upload_message; ?> <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" name="mfuploaderwp-uploadform" action="?uploadfile"> Upload file: <input name="mfuploadwp-filename" type="file"> <input class="mfuploadwp-submit" type="submit" value="Upload" name="submit"></form> Form 2: <?php echo $this->upload_message; ?> <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" name="mfuploaderwp-uploadform" action="?uploadfile"> Upload file: <input name="mfuploadwp-filename" type="file"> <input class="mfuploadwp-submit" type="submit" value="Upload" name="submit"></form> Is it possible to fetch which form is submitted without giving any extra attributes or so to above forms? The forms are created dynamically based on what user enter for amount number of forms. (In this case user has entered 2 forms) I want to do this so $this->upload_message would be accurate only for the form that is used for uploading. A: Alter the name tags on your <input type="submit"> buttons. Have one as name="submit" and the other as name="submit_two" (for example, bad naming convention), then process code as if (isset($_POST['submit'])) { // do stuff } elseif (isset($_POST['submit_two'])) { // do other stuff } | Low | [
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Q: how to upload a file to blobstore When i submit upload form, following error is displayed. How can i solve it? 404 Not Found The resource could not be found. python code class DashboardHandler(webapp2.RequestHandler): def get(self): upload_url = blobstore.create_upload_url('/upload') class UploadHandler(blobstore_handlers.BlobstoreUploadHandler): def post(self): upload_files = self.get_uploads('file') blob_info = upload_files[0] self.redirect('/serve/%s' % blob_info.key()) app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([ ('/(mysitename)/upload', UploadHandler), debug=True) HTML(template) <form action={{upload_url}} method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <input type="file"> <input type="submit" name="UPLOAD"> </form> i'm using an original domain, so the error URL is as follow. http://www.(MySiteName).me/_ah/upload/AMmfu6b74Szd5r2OSm0DYxF4sZ4tQNW7JjIDqaNwagaKRvy4eptgqc-WVRKIBd6w_SBFnpN7tjVaNujW_H7U5ftmmYT34fTnD_TjsyawkE1VTj6OrYCpsxQwO7RRnLj6yOfWLOdJbg6A/ALBNUaYAAAAAUpGu2FSrupya8eMAP-afGYgToYnHa9aD/ A: You don't give many details so it is hard to diagnose. Are you using a blobstore_handlers.BlobstoreUploadHandler instead of the regular RequestHandler? If so, please show that handler and the relevant portion of your WSGIApplication setup. | Low | [
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Sunday, March 29, 2009 The BoM: Title page, paragraph 2 "An abridgment taken from the Book of Ether also, which is a record of the people of Jared, who were scattered at the time the Lord confounded the language of the people, when they were building a tower to get to heaven—Which is to show unto the remnant of the House of Israel what great things the Lord hath done for their fathers; and that they may know the covenants of the Lord, that they are not cast off forever—And also to the convincing of the Jew and Gentile thatJesusis theChrist, theEternal God, manifesting himself unto all nations—And now, if there are faults they are the mistakes of men; wherefore, condemn not the things of God, that ye may be found spotless at the judgment-seat of Christ." -- Moroni or Mormon Hold the phone there's a third group that make an appearance, the people of Jared, an off-shoot of the famed tower of Babel debacle. We get a light sprinkling of their dealings with God and each other. Take a look at the table of contents, and unless my math is wrong which is often the case, of the 531 pages in the BoM, 31 are dedicated to the Book of Ether (which is an abridged record of said peoples' history). That's roughly 5 percent, not the largest morsel on offer, but still important enough to garner a special mention on the title page and hopefully tasty all the same. The account of the people of Jared then, no matter how sparse, requires special consideration, then again so does the entirety of the BoM as the final sentences of this paragraph goes on to explain. You've got to love the vagaries of the English language "which is to show" (highlighted above) functions as an indexical here and like all bad indexicals it's not immediately obvious what it is referring to (or maybe I'm just being obtuse). It could mean that the record of the people of Jared, or the confusion of languages at the tower of babel, but most likely that the record which constitutes the Book of Mormon is or was written to illustrate that Jesus is God (an interesting idea that will be explored in another post) and the anointed of God and that He will manifest this fact to the world. I am therefore left to use the discernible intent of the author as the lens by which I go about my (for lack of a better word) deconstruction/commentary/annotation of the BoM. Moroni's purpose was to show the divinity of Jesus and His interactions with the people in the BoM. Lets see where that takes us. | Mid | [
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Octobot - A Low-Latency, Highly Parallel Distributed Task Queue Worker - cscotta http://octobot.taco.cat ====== Sukotto This is a good case-study of what to do when building a home page for your project. 1) State what your project is about using language that a reasonably savvy (technology-wise) user can understand, even if unfamiliar with the problem domain. (this site would be better if they linked on "message queue" for those people that don't know what that is.) 2) Eye-catching call to action icons 3) Brief list of most important features 4) Brief high-level view 5) Brief low-level view 6) Some clean and minimalist stats on why you might want to use it 7) Easy to understand links to more info. I don't know if I will ever need this product... but I'm bookmarking it anyway as an _outstanding_ example of how to introduce people to it. (Except for the swear word. The word "Fucking" is really out of place) Nice job guys. ~~~ superjared "Portland Fucking Oregon" is definitely a PDX thing. "We're too cool to not swear" or something. I dig it, but then I live here. ------ evgen The throughput numbers on the chart would have seemed a bit more valid if the task had not included stuffing the result into a protobuf given the notoriously slow performance of the standard python protobuf implementation that would have been used by Celery and PyInvoke. If they wanted to impress, or at least be honest, the data would have stayed in JSON the whole way through the stack and the worker task would have been a simple string manipulation of something similar. ~~~ cscotta Hi there, The task benchmarked was from a component of our messaging stack at work that I'd ported. My intention was to offer an example of the end-to-end performance of a real-world task that someone might be writing, rather than a sample task that's not much more than a no-op. I'd suggest that this particular one is real-world as it's straight out of one of our applications. I've no intention of trying to be dishonest here - just offering the measurements of my (and our) internal evaluation of the tool for our needs. While I can't provide the source of the task, I can offer the quick-and-dirty source of the quick little "PyInvoker" I'd whipped up (sorry - didn't realize there was something called PyInvoke at the time). It just takes a message, unpacks the JSON, and uses getattr to call the appropriate task. Nothing fancy like e-mail error notifications, retries, and the like: <https://gist.github.com/18a30689832569d67861> Anyhow, always and absolutely take any claims regarding the performance of a tool with a massive grain of salt, and try them for yourself to see if they suit your needs. Octobot's not designed to replace background processing in most applications as tools like Celery and DelayedJob (both of which I use myself) are great, a bit easier to write for, and a bit simpler to get up and running, depending on the application and language being used. There's no intention to have slighted anyone or any other project here. I'm stoked that a lot of tools exist in this space. I just hadn't seen one on the JVM that offered this level of simplicity and parallelism with a bit of restraint when it comes to feature creep. But if you have an application that demands high throughput / low latency execution of tasks, this might be worth evaluating. ~~~ asksol I'm interested in seing the code/config used to benchark Celery. The default settings are not at all optimized for processing lots of small jobs, and you could easily tweak it to get a 100x speed up for that use case, e.g.: CELERYD_PREFETCH_MULTIPLIER = 0 CELERY_DISABLE_RATE_LIMITS = True Also, channels are not re-used unless you explicitly pass the Publisher, so e.g. publisher = task.get_publisher() for i in xrange(1000): task.apply_async(args=(i, ), publisher=publisher) publisher.close() is known to be a _massive_ speed-up for sending tasks in batch (it seems the creation of channels is very expensive in pyamqplib). ~~~ asksol By the way the performance increase you're seeing with the PyInvoker (from your gist) is most likely because it doesn't have prefetch_count enabled. Celery enables this so a single worker doesn't suck in a million messages at a time, and to balance the work load between available resources. As noted previously it can be disabled. Btw, octobot looks great, maybe we can share ideas. ~~~ cscotta Right on, thanks Ask! I'm checking out some of this right now and might not be able to get through it all today, but will give it a try. Just shot you a couple messages outside of HN - love to talk when you have a chance! ------ chrisduesing Am I the only one who got really excited upon seeing the domain was octobot.taco.cat, and then very confused when going to www.taco.cat? It seems to be an art gallery in Spanish or something... I realize this is not germane to the topic, but .cat!? What other really interesting tld's exist that I have never heard about? ~~~ listic It really surprised me that they assigned three-letter TLD for Catalan, whereas all other countries have two-letter TLD's. It happens to be not a country code ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top- level_doma...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top- level_domains#Generic_top-level_domains)), but the generic TLD, alongside the likes of .com and .org, "for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture", the only one of this kind in this category. Go figure. ------ moe Looks interesting at a glance. But guys, seriously, make your docs available in HTML format. PDF-only docs are out of fashion since the 90s. ------ gmcquillan Fascinating. The thing I find interesting about this service is that it seems to work seamlessly with multiple queue backends. That would have been really useful at my company, where we completely swapped out our queue server infrastructure. Nice work! ------ johngalt Sorry to be the slow one here... What is a Distributed Task Queue Worker? What problem does it solve? ~~~ listic Yup. I'm just wrapping my head around the things like RabbitMQ and Redis and I think I understand what those are for. But can someone explain straight: in which case should I want to use this Octobot? ~~~ superjared Octobot (like Celery, Resque, et al) is a worker, meaning that it takes messages from a queue, such as Rabbit or Redis, and processes that message based on a task that you write. Imagine Octobot being used to create thumbnails for Flickr--a job that _should_ be done asynchronously. ~~~ johngalt Do I have this correctly? Between a list of actions, and the logic that runs those tasks is Octobot. So in your thumbnail example the problem that would be solved would be something along the lines of: "I've got this code that can create a thumbnail from a given image and let me know if it succeeded or failed, but how do I run this on my backlog of 10million images? I'd need something that can check my list of incoming images and distribute the jobs over X number of computers. At the end it would be great to know my failure rate, and for those failures not to block my ongoing process of creating thumbnails." So is Octobot there to provide a method of resource allocation? Or is it more of a monitoring app that checks pass/fail of the jobs? ~~~ skorgu To expand the image resizing example: Most web gallery requests go like: (ignoring caching) Browser -> PHP -> Database When you upload an image you could simply handle it in-line in the server: Browser -> PHP -> DB -> Resizer That means the next page refresh is waiting on that resizer to finish which means long page latency to the most latency-sensitive component imaginable (the fickle user). So you really want that resize to happen asynchronously, i.e. not wait for the result before showing the page. The roll-your-own method is to put a row in the DB that says "Hey I need to be resized" and have a cron job or somesuch that does the resizing: Browser -> PHP -> DB Resizer -> DB This of course puts all the load on the hardest thing to scale (the DB) so you grow out of it fast. Hence message queues. RabbitMQ, ActiveMQ, Redis, etc are all variants of the queue, so now you have: Browser -> PHP -> DB -> Queue And the Queue holds all the resizing jobs that need to be done. You could just modify your cronjob to check the Queue instead of the DB of course. Octobot (and Celery) is a queue runner that connects to that Queue, reads in the jobs that need to be done and runs them. So instead of a cron job you write your resizer in a way that your queue runner understands and the runner will manage some of the plumbing for you. So you have Browser -> PHP -> DB -> Queue Queue -> Octobot -> Resizer ( -> DB to say it's done perhaps.) Now that you're decoupled you can add more resizers, webservers, distribute them across multiple systems, expand to EC2 to handle overflow load, etc by leveraging what your queue provides. ------ jnoller Interesting; I'm looking forward to comparing/contrasting this with my current favorite - Celery (<http://celeryproject.org/>) which supports a variety of backends. ------ metabrew I like that it has the capability to be an email queue build in, by supporting SMTP/SSL. Worth installing just for that, since that's the first thing lots of websites want a message queue for. ------ DEinspanjer Very interesting. We're currently working on a quick project to test integrating Hazelcast into a distributed server to use as a queue. Did you look at it by any chance? Curious if it was missing something that you needed. ~~~ cnlwsu From my personal experience with these, Hazelcast seems to be better suited for something like a single worker queue... We had issues when we had thousands of distributed queues on different systems. We ended up going with Terracotta (which handles this well if you work through the lock contention). This project sounds promising for that kind of application but wont know until I try it out. ~~~ DEinspanjer Sorry for my confusion, so is the problem you experienced one of having thousands of queues that a small number of clients pulled from, or thousands of workers that worked off of a small number of queues? In our case, we want to be having a very small number of queues that have a high rate of i/o with dozens of reader clients and writer clients. ~~~ bananaandapple Could you eloborate where you did have problems? We also plan on using a small number of queues having a high rate of readers and clients (e.g. distributed task execution). ------ waratuman Interesting, but won't ever use. It also seems that it is just wrapping typical queueing systems, which I would use anyways because this only supports the JVM. ~~~ superjared This is a worker system that _uses_ queues, not a queue unto itself. ------ swah Surprised to see it wasn't written in Scala, since Scala shows up before in their list of supported languages and Scala code example also comes first. ------ dataguy Sounds like a nice tool. Will definitely give it a try for high work-load statistical data processing. ------ there did anyone else have to take a second look at that domain name? ~~~ rubashov tako is japanese for octopus... ~~~ there i was more interested in the _.cat_ tld | Low | [
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Q: How can I see the definition of an alias in lldb on macOS? I know how to define my own alias's etc, but I can't figure out how to view the definition of already defined alias's like image: image -- Commands for accessing information for one or more target modules. The above alias is central to inspecting e.g. symbol information in the target program, and so I'd like to see how it's defined in terms of the main commands. A: I don't know if there's a better way that produces less noisy output, but help image includes this at the end of its output: 'image' is an abbreviation for 'target modules' That seems to be the case for aliases in general. | Mid | [
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The Club can confirm that the Tottenham Tribute Trust, which has been liaising with Jimmy's family since his recent stroke, is providing assistance to Jimmy as he continues his recovery. The Tribute Trust is a unique voluntary charity which was established in 2002. Commenting on the Tribute Trust's work, Chairman Jonathan Adelman said: "The Club has quietly and consistently continued to support the Tribute Trust. This support enables us to continue our work in an environment where we can rarely talk about what we do. As a registered charity we have to respect the confidentiality of those who we help. As a result, much of what we do to help our legends can never be shared publicly. In this case we have been in touch with Jimmy's family for some time. With Jimmy now at home continuing his recovery we are able to let our fans know that we are helping. Our assistance will cover Jimmy's stroke rehabilitation and some home improvements which will make Jimmy's day to day life more comfortable as he continues his recovery. "Over the years we have been able to help many of our former players whether it be with the funding of operations or longer term care, these include the likes of legends such as Les Allen, Dave Mackay, Ron Henry, Bobby Smith and Gazza. "On behalf of all those who we have assisted to date, I'd like to thank both the Club and those fans and members of the public who generously make donations and fundraise on our behalf. If you wish to make a donation and help us continue our work, you can do so via our justgiving page www.justgiving.com/thettt " | Mid | [
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--- abstract: 'Vector representations and vector space modeling (VSM) play a central role in modern machine learning. We propose a novel approach to ‘vector similarity searching’ over dense semantic representations of words and documents that can be deployed on top of traditional inverted-index-based fulltext engines, taking advantage of their robustness, stability, scalability and ubiquity. We show that this approach allows the indexing and querying of dense vectors in text domains. This opens up exciting avenues for major efficiency gains, along with simpler deployment, scaling and monitoring. The end result is a fast and scalable vector database with a tunable trade-off between vector search performance and quality, backed by a standard fulltext engine such as [Elasticsearch]{}. We empirically demonstrate its querying performance and quality by applying this solution to the task of semantic searching over a dense vector representation of the entire English Wikipedia.' author: - Jan Rygl - Jan Pomikálek - | \ **Radim [Ř]{}eh[u]{}[ř]{}ek**\ RaRe Technologies\ [[[`[email protected]`](mailto:[email protected])]{}]{}\ [[[`[email protected]`](mailto:[email protected])]{}]{}\ [[[`[email protected]`](mailto:[email protected])]{}]{}\ Michal R[u]{}[ž]{}i[č]{}ka - 'V[í]{}t Novotn[ý]{}' - | \ **Petr Sojka**\ Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University\ Botanická 68a, 60200 Brno, Czechia\ [[[`[email protected]`](mailto:[email protected])]{}]{},\ [ [[`[email protected]`](mailto:[email protected])]{}]{},\ [ [[`[email protected]`](mailto:[email protected])]{}]{},\ ORCID: [[`0000-0001-5547-8720`](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-8720)]{},\ [[`0000-0002-3303-4130`](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3303-4130)]{}, [[`0000-0002-5768-4007`](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4007)]{} title: '[Semantic Vector Encoding and Similarity Search Using Fulltext Search Engines]{}' --- =1 Introduction {#sec:intro} ============ The vector space model [@ir:Salton1975] of representing documents in high-dimensional vector spaces has been validated by decades of research and development. Extensive deployment of inverted-index-based information retrieval (IR) systems has led to the availability of robust open source IR systems such as Sphinx, Lucene or its popular, horizontally scalable extensions of Elasticsearch and Solr. Representations of document semantics based solely on first order document-term statistics, such as TF-IDF or [Okapi BM25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_BM25), are limited in their expressiveness and search recall. Today, approaches based on distributional semantics and deep learning allow the construction of semantic vector space models representing words, sentences, paragraphs or even whole documents as vectors in high-dimensional spaces [@nlp:LSA1990; @blei03lda; @ml:mikolov2013distributed]. The ubiquity of semantic vector space modeling raises the challenge of efficient searching in these dense, high-dimensional vector spaces. We would naturally want to take advantage of the design and optimizations behind modern fulltext engines like Elasticsearch so as to meet the scalability and robustness demands of modern IR applications. This is the research challenge addressed in this paper. The rest of the paper describes novel ways of encoding dense vectors into text documents, allowing the use of traditional inverted index engines, and explores the trade-offs between IR accuracy and speed. Being motivated by pragmatic needs, we describe the results of experiments carried out on real datasets measured on concrete, practical software implementations. Semantic Vector Encoding for Inverted-Index Search Engines ========================================================== Related Work ------------ The standard representation of documents in the Vector Space Model (VSM) [@ml:SaltonBuckley1988] uses term feature vectors of very high dimensionality. To map the feature space onto a smaller and denser latent semantic subspace, we may use a body of techniques, including Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) [@nlp:LSA1990], Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) [@blei03lda] or the many variants of Locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) [@ir:conf/vldb/GionisIM99]. Throughout the long history of VSM developments, many other methods for improving search efficiency have been explored. @ir:Weber1998 ran one of the first rigorous studies that dealt with the ineffectiveness of the VSM and the so-called curse of dimensionality. They evaluated several data partitioning and vector approximation schemes, achieving significant nearest-neighbour search speedup in [@ir:Weber2000]. The scalability of similarity searching through a new index data structures design is described in [@ir:Zezula2006]. Dimensionality reduction techniques proposed in [@ir:Digout2004] allow a robust speedup while showing that not all features are equally discriminative and have a different impact on efficiency, due to their density distribution. @ir:boytsov2017 shows that the $k$-NN search can be a replacement for term-based retrieval when the term-document similarity matrix is dense. Recently, deep learning approaches and tools like doc2vec [@ml:LeMikolov2014] construct representations of documents $D$ as $d=|D|$ (dense) vectors in an $n$-dimensional vector space. To take advantage of ready-to-use and optimized systems for term indexing and searching, we have developed a method for representing points in a semantic vector space encoded as plain text strings. In our experiments, we will be using [Elasticsearch]{} [@Gormley:2015:EDG:2904394] in its ‘vanilla’ setup. We do not utilize any advanced features of [Elasticsearch]{}, such as custom scoring, tokenization or a $n$-gram analyzers. Thus, our method does not depend on any functionality that is specific to [Elasticsearch]{}, and it is possible (and sometimes even desirable) to substitute [Elasticsearch]{}with other fulltext engine implementations. Our Vector to String Encoding Method {#sec:encoding} ------------------------------------ Let our query be a document, represented by its vector $\vec q$, for which we aim to find the top $k$ most similar documents in $D$. We want to search efficiently, indexing and deleting documents from the index in near-real-time, and in a manner that could scale by eventual parallelization, re-using the significant research and engineering effort that went into designing and implementing systems like [Elasticsearch]{}. Conceptually, our method consists of encoding vector features into string tokens (feature tokens), creating a text document from each dense vector. These encoded documents are consequently indexed in traditional inverted-index-based search engines. At query time, we encode the query vector and retrieve the subset of similar vectors $E$, $|E| \ll |D|$, using the engine’s fulltext search functionality. Finally, the small set of candidate vectors $E$ is re-ranked by calculating the exact similarity metric (such as cosine similarity) to the query vector. This makes the search effectively a , with our encoded fulltext search as the first phase and candidate re-ranking as the second. ### Encoding Vectors {#sec:stringification} The core of our method of encoding vectors into strings lies in encoding the vector feature values at a as character strings – feature tokens.[^1] This is best demonstrated on a small example: Let us take a semantic vector of three dimensions, $\vec w = [0.12, -0.13, 0.065]$. Each feature token starts with its feature identification (e.g. a feature number such as `0`, `1` etc.) followed by a precision encoding schema identifier (such as `P2`, `I10` etc.) and the encoded feature value (such as `i0d12`, `ineg0d2` etc.) depending on the particular encoding method. We propose and evaluate three encoding methods: rounding : Feature values are rounded to a fixed number of decimal positions and stored as a string that encodes both the feature identification and its value. Rounding to two decimal places produces representation of $\vec w$ as \[`'0P2i0d12'`, `'1P2ineg0d13'`, `'2P2i0d07'`\]. interval : quantizes $\vec w$ into intervals of fixed length. For example, with an interval width of $0.1$, feature values fall into intervals starting at 0.1, $-0.2$ and 0.0, which we encode as `d1`, `d2` and `d0`, respectively. Combined with the interval length denotation of `I10`, the full vector is encoded into the tokens $\vec w= [$`'0I10i0d1'`, `'1I10ineg0d2'`, `'2I10i0d0'`\]. combined : Rounding and interval encoding used together. Rounding $\vec w$ to three decimal places and using intervals of length $0.2$, we get the representation of $\vec w$ as feature tokens \[`'0P3i0d120'`, `'1P3ineg0d130'`, `'2P3i0d065'`, `'0I5i0d0'`, `'1I5ineg0d2'`, `'2I5i0d0'`\]. The intuition behind all these encoding schemes is a trade-off between *increasing feature sparsity* and *retaining search quality*: we show that some types of sparsification actually lead to little loss of quality, allowing an efficient use of inverted-index IR engines. ### High-Pass Filtering Techniques {#sec:hp-filtering} The rationale behind the next two techniques is to filter out semantic vector features of low importance, further increasing feature sparsity. This improves performance at the expense of quality. #### Trim: In the trimming phase, a fixed threshold – such as 0.1 – is used. Feature tokens in the query with an absolute value of the feature below the threshold are simply discarded from the query. In the case of our example vector $\vec w = [0.12, -0.13, 0.065]$, the tokens representing the third feature value 0.065 are removed since $|0.065| < 0.1$. #### Best: Features of each vector are ordered according to their absolute value and only a fixed number of the highest-valued features are added to the index, discarding the rest. As an example, with $best=1$, only the second feature of $-0.13$ (the highest absolute value) would be considered from $\vec w$. Note that in both cases, this type of filtering is only meaningful when the feature ranges are comparable. In our experiments all vectors are normalized to unit length, ranging absolute values of features from zero (no feature importance) to one (maximal feature importance). Space and Time Requirements {#sec:space-time-reqs} --------------------------- In this section we summarize and compare the theoretical space and time requirements of our proposed vector-to-string encoding and filtering methods with a baseline of a naive, linear brute force search. The inverted-index-based analysis is based on the documentation of the [Lucene]{}search engine implementation[^2]. While the running time of the naive search is stable and predictable, the efficiency of the other optimization methods depends on the data set, such as its vocabulary size and the expected postings list sparsity, after the feature token encoding and filtering. On the other hand, performance can be influenced by how the method is configurated – for example, the expected number of distinct feature values depends on the precision of the rounding of the feature values that was used. The efficiency trade-offs are summarized in Table . Each document is represented as a vector $\vec{d}$ of $n$ features computed by LSA over TF-IDF. #### Baseline – naive brute force search: The naive baseline method avoids using a fulltext search altogether, and instead stores all $d$ ‘indexed’ vectors in their original dense vector representation in RAM, as an $n \times d$ matrix. At query time, it computes a similarity between the query vector $\vec q$ and each of the indexed document vectors $\vec d$, in a single linear scan through the matrix, and returns the top $k$ vectors with the best score. #### Efficiency of a naive brute force search: The index is a matrix of floats of size $n d$ resulting in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n d)}}$ space complexity. We have chosen the cosine similarity as our similarity metric. To calculate cossim between the query and all $d$ documents, vector $\vec q$ of length $n$ has to be multiplied with a length-normalized matrix of dimensionality $n\times d$, e.g. ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n d)}}$. Using the resulting vector of $d$ scores, we then pick the $k$ nearest documents as the final query result, in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(d)}}$. #### Efficiency of encoding: We investigate the efficiency of our vector-to-string encoding when a general inverted-index-based search engine is used to index and search through them. At worst, we store one token per dimension for each vector. We need ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n d)}}$ space to store all indexed documents, as is the case with the naive search. In practice, there are several different constants as naive search saves one float per feature (four bytes), while our feature tokens are compressed string-encoded feature values and indices of the sparse feature positions in the inverted index. Each dimension of the query vector $\vec{q}$ contains a string-encoded feature $q_j$. For each $q_j$ we fetch a list of documents $c_i$ together with term frequency $t_n$ in that document: ${\ensuremath{\operatorname{tf}}}(t_n, c_i)$. For each of these $(c_i, {\ensuremath{\operatorname{tf}}}(t_n, c_i))$ pairs we add the corresponding score value to the score of document $c_i$ in a list of result-candidate documents. The score computation contains a vector dot-product operation in the dimension of the size $v$ of feature vocabulary $V$ that can be computed in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(v)}}$. Document $c_i$ is added to the set $C$ of all result-candidate documents, which we sort in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(c \log{c})}}$ time and return the top $k$ results. The whole search is performed in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n \cdot p \cdot v + c\log{c})}}$ steps, where $p$ is the expected postings list size and $c = |C|$. #### Efficiency of high-pass filtering: We approximate the full feature vector by storing only the most significant features, e.g. only the top $m$ dimensions. When compared with a naive search, we save on space: only ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(m d)}}$, $m\ll n$ values are needed. For each feature value $q_j$ we have to find all documents with the same feature value. We are able to find the feature set in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(\log{j})}}$ steps, where $j$ is the number of distinct indexed values of the feature. Consequently, we retrieve the matched documents in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(l)}}$ time, where $l$ is the number of documents in the index with the appropriate feature value. Each of the found documents is added to set $C$ and its score is incremented for this hit. If represented with an appropriate data structure, such as a hash table, we are able to add and increment scores of the items in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(1)}}$ time. Having all $c = |C|$ candidate documents over all the separate feature-searches, we pick and return the top $k$ items in ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(c)}}$ time. Combined, ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n \cdot (\log{j} + l) + c)}}$ steps are needed for the search, where $j$ is the expected number of distinct indexed values per feature and $l$ is the number of documents in the index per feature value. naive search token encoding high-pass filtering ------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- space ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n d)}}$ ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n d)}}$ ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(m d)}}$ time ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n d)}}$ ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n \cdot p \cdot v + c\log{c})}}$ ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}(n \cdot (\log{j} + l) + c)}}$ Experimental Setup ================== To evaluate our method, we used ScaleText [@ir:raslanscaletext2016] based on [Elasticsearch]{} [@Gormley:2015:EDG:2904394] as our fulltext IR system. The evaluation dataset was the whole of the English Wikipedia consisting of 4,181,352 articles. Quality Evaluation {#sec:quality-eval} ------------------ The aim of the quality evaluation was to investigate how well the approximate ‘encoded vector’ search performs in comparison with the exact naive brute-force search, using cosine similarity as the similarity metric. Cosine similarity is definitely not the only possible metric – we selected cosine similarity as we needed a fully automatic evaluation, without any need of human judgement, and because cosine similarity suits our upstream application logic perfectly. We converted all Wikipedia documents into vectors using LSA with 400 features. We then randomly selected 1,000 documents from our Wikipedia dataset to act as our query vectors. By doing a naive brute force scan over all the vectors (the whole dataset), we identified the 10 most similar ones for each query vector. This became our ‘gold standard’. We encoded the dataset vectors into various string representations, as described in Section and stored them in [Elasticsearch]{}. For evaluating the search, we pruned the values in the query vectors (see Section ) and encoded them into a string representation. Using these strings, we performed 1,000 [Elasticsearch]{}searches. For each query, we measured the overlap between the retrieved documents and the gold standard using Precision@k or the Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG$_k$). The mean cumulative loss between the ideal and the actual cosine similarities of the top $k$ results (avg. diff.) is also reported. Note that since we re-rank $|E|$ results obtained from [Elasticsearch]{}(see Section ), the positions on which the gold standard vectors were originally returned by the fulltext engine are irrelevant. Apart from the vector dimensionality $n$ (the number of LSA **features**), we monitored the **trim** threshold and the number of **best** features as described in Section . We also experimented with the number of vectors $E$ retrieved for each [Elasticsearch]{} query as the **page** parameter. To provide a comparison with an established search approach, and to serve as a baseline, we also evaluated indexing and searching using the native fulltext indexing and searching capabilities of [Elasticsearch]{}. In this case, the plain fulltext of every article was sent directly to the fulltext search engine as a string, without any vector conversions or preprocessing. For querying, we use the API of [Elasticsearch]{}.[^3] Any data processing during indexing and querying was done by [Elasticsearch]{}in its default settings with a single exception: we evaluated multiple values of the `max_query_terms` parameter of the MLT API. We tested the default value (25) plus values corresponding to the values of the **best** parameter used for the evaluation of our method. We report mainly on the *avg. diff.*, i.e. the mean difference between the ideal and the actual cosine similarities of the first ten retrieved documents to a query, averaged over all 1,000 queries. We also report *Precision@10*, i.e. the ratio of the gold standard documents in the first ten results averaged over all 1,000 queries, and on *Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG$_{10}$)* [@ir:Manning:2008:IIR Section 8.4], where the relevance value of a retrieved document is taken to be its cosine similarity to the query. Speed Evaluation ---------------- In this section, we evaluate the performance of feature token strings searches in [Elasticsearch]{}, using various [Elasticsearch]{} configurations as well as various vector filtering parameters. Our [Elasticsearch]{} cluster consisted of 6 nodes, with 32GiB RAM and 8 CPUs each, for a total of 192GiB and 48 cores. We experimented with several [Elasticsearch]{} parameters: the number of [Elasticsearch]{} index shards (6, 12, 24, 48, 96; always using one replica), the number of LSA features (100, 200, 400), a trim threshold of LSA vector values (none, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20), the number of [Elasticsearch]{} results used ([Elasticsearch]{} page size; 20, 80, 320, 640), parallel querying (1 \[serial\], 4, 16) and the cluster querying strategy (querying single-node or round-robin querying of 5 different [Elasticsearch]{} nodes). Each evaluation batch consisted of 128 queries (randomly selected for each batch) that were used to ask [Elasticsearch]{}one-by-one or in parallel in multiple queues depending on the evaluation setup. We report *ES avg./std.\[s\]* – the average number of seconds per request [Elasticsearch]{}took (the ‘took’ time from the [Elasticsearch]{}response, i.e. the search time inside [Elasticsearch]{}) and its standard deviation, *Request avg./std.\[s\]* – the average number of seconds and its standard deviation per request including communication overhead with [Elasticsearch]{}to get the results (i.e. the time of the client to get the answer), *Total time \[s\]* – total number of seconds for processing all requests in the batch. This can differ from the sum of average request times when executing queries in parallel. The number of features in query vectors that passed through threshold trimming is reported as *Vec. size avg./std.* Results ======= Quality Evaluation {#sec:eval:quality} ------------------ Results of the quality evaluation are summarized in Table . The results of our method in different settings are put side by side with the results of the brute-force naive search and with [Elasticsearch]{}’s native More Like This (MLT) search. For the MLT results, the `max_query_terms` [Elasticsearch]{} parameter is reported in the **best** column since both the semantics and the impact on the search speed are similar. 2.8dd .[prec.]{} .[P@10]{} \[tab:results:quality\] [.49]{} {width="110.00000%"} [.49]{} {width="110.00000%"} [0.499]{} {width=".95\textwidth"} [0.499]{} {width=".95\textwidth"} Figure illustrates the impact of feature value filtering and the number of retrieved search candidates from [Elasticsearch]{} (page size) on its accuracy. It can be seen that avg. diff. decreases logarithmically with the page size. The results improve all the way up to 640 search results (the maximum value we have tried), which is expected as this increases the size of the subset $E$ that is consequently ordered (re-ranked) in phase 2 with the precise but more costly exact algorithm. Increasing the size of $E$ increases the chance of the inclusion of relevant results. The shape of the curve suggests that there would only be a slight improvement in accuracy, and this would be at the cost of a substantial drop in performance. The impact of including only a limited number of features with the highest absolute value (see Section ), is rather low. This is an excellent result with regard to performance as it means we may effectively sparsify the query vector with very little impact on search quality. We observe little difference between no filtering (searching by all 400 encoded features) and trimming to only the 90 best query vector values. However, trimming to as low as 6 values results in a significant increase in avg. diff. See Figure . Our methods scores above the MLT baseline in all of the followed metrics, even with aggressive high-pass filtering and with a small page size. We expect that similar setup parameters will work similarly, at least for general multi-topic text datasets. Its behaviour for a dramatically different dataset, such as images instead of texts, or without normalized feature ranges, cannot be directly inferred and remains to be investigated in our future work. However, we expect our speed optimization methods to be applicable in some form, with the concrete parameters to be validated on the particular dataset and algorithmic setup. Speed Evaluation {#sec:results:speed} ---------------- Selected results of our speed evaluation are summarized in Table . For clarity, we selected only the configurations using 400 LSA features and 48 [Elasticsearch]{} shards, as this setup turned out to provide the optimal performance on the [Elasticsearch]{} cluster and dataset we used according to the quality evaluation (see Section ), where the same parameters were used. 2.65dd 3.6dd [Parallel q.]{} [Trim]{} [Page]{} [ES avg. \[s\]]{} [ES std. \[s\]]{} [Request avg. \[s\]]{} [Request std. \[s\]]{} [Total time \[s\]]{} [Vec. size avg.]{} [Vec. size std.]{} ----------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ ---------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -- 1 0.00 20 1.1949 0.0737 1.2418 0.2864 160.760 400.0000 0.0000 1 0.00 80 1.1656 0.0710 1.1829 0.0713 153.246 400.0000 0.0000 1 0.00 320 1.2066 0.0893 1.2494 0.0894 161.783 400.0000 0.0000 1 0.05 20 0.0935 0.0202 0.1013 0.0204 14.521 93.5781 20.9268 1 0.05 80 0.0935 0.0214 0.1119 0.0228 15.898 91.5781 22.9822 1 0.05 320 0.1635 0.1014 0.2085 0.1032 28.360 87.2500 20.6908 1 0.10 20 0.0241 0.0057 0.0320 0.0057 5.574 19.3516 4.4222 1 0.10 80 0.0259 0.0059 0.0435 0.0061 7.107 19.0469 4.3027 1 0.10 320 0.0940 0.0966 0.1383 0.0971 19.357 18.0703 4.7863 4 0.00 20 2.9093 0.3943 2.9325 0.3989 94.750 400.0000 0.0000 4 0.00 80 2.8842 0.2968 2.9211 0.3004 94.548 400.0000 0.0000 4 0.00 320 2.8621 0.2897 2.9439 0.2938 95.290 400.0000 0.0000 4 0.05 20 0.1919 0.0491 0.2094 0.0531 7.212 89.3516 21.9351 4 0.05 80 0.2027 0.0525 0.2327 0.0563 7.948 93.2422 20.6166 4 0.05 320 0.2583 0.0983 0.3442 0.1025 11.538 86.3203 24.1855 4 0.10 20 0.0422 0.0080 0.0550 0.0078 2.253 18.8047 4.4547 4 0.10 80 0.0703 0.0708 0.1151 0.0884 4.174 19.5547 4.2625 4 0.10 320 0.1547 0.1093 0.2468 0.1161 8.411 17.8750 4.4459 16 0.00 20 11.5664 3.2998 11.6019 3.3018 94.480 400.0000 0.0000 16 0.00 80 11.5408 2.6209 11.6033 2.6262 94.535 400.0000 0.0000 16 0.00 320 11.5144 3.7843 11.7623 3.7645 95.112 400.0000 0.0000 16 0.05 20 0.7870 0.1988 0.8116 0.2020 6.896 88.4141 21.6681 16 0.05 80 0.7253 0.2309 0.8802 0.3051 7.463 87.9063 23.1528 16 0.05 320 0.8511 0.2350 1.0453 0.2491 9.332 89.9141 23.0604 16 0.10 20 0.1354 0.0182 0.1660 0.0169 1.625 18.4375 3.9484 16 0.10 80 0.1845 0.0859 0.2613 0.0891 2.400 18.7656 4.8404 16 0.10 320 0.4181 0.1442 0.6213 0.2065 5.416 18.0703 4.3807 \[tab:results:speed\] The speed of the native [Elasticsearch]{}MLT search is summarized in Table . The speed is comparable to our method when high-pass filtering is involved. System `max_query_terms` ES avg. \[s\] ES std. \[s\] -------- ------------------- --------------- --------------- MLT 17 0.0468 0.0233 MLT 25 0.0595 0.0270 MLT 40 0.0745 0.0322 MLT 90 0.1090 0.0490 MLT 400 0.1458 0.0978 : Results of speed evaluation using the native [Elasticsearch]{}More Like This (MLT) search (no parallel queries) using 48 shards. *`max_query_terms`* is the maximum number of query terms per query that were selected by [Elasticsearch]{}. *ES avg./std.* is the average and standard deviation of the number of seconds per request [Elasticsearch]{}took. \[tab:results:speed:native-es\] Figure displays the impact of value filtering and the number of retrieved search results on the average request time. Comparing consecutive queries (Figure ) with four parallel queries on the same [Elasticsearch]{}cluster configuration (Figure ) shows that at the expense of doubling the response time, we are able to answer four requests in parallel. The best results in Figure are located in the bottom right corner where the precision is high and the response time is low. For our dataset and algorithm (LSA with 400 features), the best overall results are represented by the largest gray dots, i.e. retrieving 320 vectors from [Elasticsearch]{}while filtering the query vector to roughly 90 values via trimming with a threshold of 0.05. To achieve the optimal results, we suggest retrieving as large a set of candidates ([Elasticsearch]{}page size, $E$) as the response-time constraints allow, as the page size seems to have significantly lower influence on the response time compared to trimming, while having a significant positive effect on accuracy. Our experiments were done on the Wikipedia dataset. Wikipedia is a multi-topic dataset – articles are on a wide variety of different topics using different keywords (names of people, places and things, etc) and notation (text only articles, articles on mathematics using formulae, articles on chemistry using different formulae, etc) are included. This provides enough room for the machine learning algorithms to build features that reflect these unique markers of particular topics and makes particular features significantly irrelevant for particular documents in the dataset. For general multi-topic text datasets, we recommend trimming features values by their absolute value below 5% of the maximum (i.e. between $-0.05$ and 0.05 in our experiments). Trimming more feature tokens decreases the precision with almost no influence on the response times, while keeping more feature tokens in the index has almost no positive effect on the precision but slows down the search significantly. Conclusions =========== In this paper we have demonstrated a novel method for the conversion of semantic vectors into a set of string ‘feature tokens’ that can be subsequently indexed in a standard inverted-index-based fulltext search engine, such as [Elasticsearch]{}. Two techniques of feature tokens filtering were demonstrated to further significantly speed up the search process, with an acceptably low impact on the quality of the results. Using [Elasticsearch]{}MLT on document texts as a baseline, our method performs better than the baseline on all the followed metrics. With sufficient query vector feature reduction, our method is faster than MLT. With moderate query vector feature reduction, we can achieve excellent approximation of the gold standard while being only marginally slower than the MLT. An important conclusion from our experiments is that the search speed can be improved even with filtering the query vectors alone and without the need to trim index vectors. A pleasant practical consequence of this finding is that a vector search engine based on our proposed scheme could allow the users to define the filtering parameters dynamically, at search time rather than at indexing time. In this way, we let the users choose the approximation trade-off between the search speed and accuracy, i.e. use weaker filtering parameters for searches where accuracy is critical, and more aggressive filtering where speed is critical. In our future work we will focus on the validation of our techniques on different types of data (such as images or audio data) and different text representations (such as doc2vec) in specific domains (such as question answering). ### Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} Funding by TA ČR Omega grant TD03000295 is gratefully acknowledged. 10000 natexlab\#1[\#1]{} David M. Blei, Andrew Y. Ng, Michael I. Jordan, and John Lafferty. 2003. [[Latent Dirichlet Allocation]{}](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=944919.944937). 3:993–1022. <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=944919.944937>. Leonid Boytsov. 2017. [[Efficient and Accurate Non-Metric $k$-NN Search with Applications to Text Matching]{}](http://boytsov.info/pubs/proposal_boytsov.pdf). Thesis proposal, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. <http://boytsov.info/pubs/proposal_boytsov.pdf>. Scott Deerwester, Susan T. Dumais, George W. Furnas, Thomas K. Landauer, and Richard Harshman. 1990. . 41(6):391–407. Christian Digout, Mario A. Nascimento, and Alexandru Coman. 2004. [Similarity search and dimensionality reduction: Not all dimensions are equally useful](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24571-1_73). In YoonJoon Lee, Jianzhong Li, Kyu-Young Whang, and Doheon Lee, editors, [*Proc. of Database Systems for Advanced Applications: 9th Int. Conf., DASFAA 2004, Jeju Island, Korea, March 17–19, 2003*]{}. Springer, pages 831–842. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24571-1_73>. Aristides Gionis, Piotr Indyk, and Rajeev Motwani. 1999. [Similarity search in high dimensions via hashing](http://www.vldb.org/conf/1999/P49.pdf). In [*VLDB’99, Proceedings of 25th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, September 7–10, 1999, Edinburgh, Scotland, [UK]{}*]{}. pages 518–529. <http://www.vldb.org/conf/1999/P49.pdf>. Clinton Gormley and Zachary Tong. 2015. . O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1st edition. Quoc V. Le and Tomas Mikolov. 2014. [Distributed representations of sentences and documents](http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4053). abs/1405.4053. <http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4053>. Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schütze. 2008. . Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA. Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S Corrado, and Jeff Dean. 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In [*Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*]{}. pages 3111–3119. Jan Rygl, Petr Sojka, Michal Růžička, and Radim Řehůřek. 2016. [[ScaleText: The Design of a Scalable, Adaptable and User-Friendly Document System for Similarity Searches: Digging for Nuggets of Wisdom in Text]{}](https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/raslan/2016/paper08-Rygl_Sojka_etal.pdf). In Aleš Horák, Pavel Rychlý, and Adam Rambousek, editors, [ *Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Language Processing, RASLAN 2016*]{}. Tribun EU, Brno, pages 79–87. <https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/raslan/2016/paper08-Rygl_Sojka_etal.pdf>. Gerard Salton and Chris Buckley. 1988. Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval. 24:513–523. Gerard Salton, Anita Wong, and Chung-Shu Yang. 1975. [A vector space model for automatic indexing](https://doi.org/10.1145/361219.361220). 18(11):613–620. <https://doi.org/10.1145/361219.361220>. Roger Weber and Klemens B[ö]{}hm. 2000. [Trading quality for time with nearest-neighbor search](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46439-5_2). In Carlo Zaniolo, Peter C. Lockemann, Marc H. Scholl, and Torsten Grust, editors, [*Proc. of Advances in Database Technology — EDBT 2000: 7th Int. Conf. on Extending Database Technology Konstanz, Germany, March 27–31, 2000*]{}. Springer, pages 21–35. <https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46439-5_2>. Roger Weber, Hans-Jörg Schek, and Stephen Blott. 1998. [A quantitative analysis and performance study for similarity-search methods in high-dimensional spaces](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645924.671192). In [*Proc. of the 24rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases*]{}. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA, VLDB ’98, pages 194–205. <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645924.671192>. Pavel Zezula, Giuseppe Amato, Vlastislav Dohnal, and Michal Batko. 2006. , volume 32 of [*Advances in Database Systems*]{}. Springer. [^1]: We avoid the use of any special characters such as plus ($+$) or minus ($-$) signs, white spaces etc. inside the tokens. This is used as a safeguard against any unintended tokenization within the fulltext search system, so as to avoid having to define custom tokenizers. [^2]: <https://lucene.apache.org/core/6_5_1/index.html> [^3]: <https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/5.2/query-dsl-mlt-query.html> | Mid | [
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Acute effect of moderate-intensity concentric and eccentric exercise on cardiac effort, perceived exertion and interleukin-6 level in physically inactive males. Muscle-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) not only enhances glucose and fat metabolism but also has an anti-inflammatory effect that can prevent the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome. Dynamic resistance exercise comprises a muscle shortening and a lengthening phase known as concentric and eccentric contraction respectively. We compared an acute bout of concentric exercise (CE) with eccentric exercise (EE) for the serum IL-6 concentration, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The present non-randomized crossover study involved 24 physically inactive but apparently healthy males, aged 18-25 years with body mass index of 18.5-23 kg/m2. Each participant performed an acute bout of moderate intensity CE followed by an EE bout after two weeks of rest. Exercise bout lasted for about 45 minutes that involved brisk walking on a treadmill at ±21% gradient for approximately 30 minutes, followed by the dumbbell exercises for biceps, triceps, quadriceps and hamstring muscles. MVO2 and IL-6 were estimated by the rate pressure product (RPP) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit respectively. Participants told their RPE after the workout. Wilcoxon or paired-t test were applied appropriately to compare the means. P<0.05 was considered significant. RPP, RPE, and serum IL-6 levels were significantly lower after EE (164.4±16.3, 12, and 1.1±0.5, respectively) than CE (191.2±22.9, 13, and 1.2±0.6, respectively). A significant, strong and positive correlation of RPE was obtained with post-exercise heart-rate and RPP. Regular EE might be beneficial for individuals having a low tolerance to exertion or at risk of developing CVD. | High | [
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Registering your product Registering your Currys PC World purchases and keeping up to date on the latest safety advice doesn't need to be a big job. We've compiled everything you need to know into three short points, to make sure you and your family are safe at home. Register your product with the manufacturer. You can find details of how to do this on the packaging or in the manual that came with your product. Or you can visit the manufacturer’s website. If you have any Currys Essentials, Logik, JVC (television, soundbar or home audio) or Kenwood (microwave, dishwasher, refrigeration or laundry) products, you'll not be able to register your product through the manufacturer's website, as these products are made exclusively for Currys PC World (DSG Retail Limited). In the unlikely event of a safety recall, you can rest assured that we'd contact you directly - providing you supplied us with your name and address at the time of purchase. If you're unsure if you provided these details, have moved home, or you're not the original purchaser, then you can use the link below to register or update your details. Product safety is of paramount importance to us. Make sure you stay up to date and informed by checking Electrical Safety First's website. Here you’ll find all the key safety information about your product, as well as guides and advice on keeping your home safe. You can also find guides and advice on keeping your home safe by visiting the Register my appliance website. Here you’ll find links to most of the UK’s top selling kitchen appliances brands, heating, floor care, waste disposal and ventilation equipment. Product Safety Notices At Currys PC World we take your safety seriously. If you have purchased a product from us, and have provided us with your contact details, we will ensure you are notified if your product should ever be the subject of a safety recall. | Low | [
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Q: update flamingo_inbound post type after insert I'm having a difficult time trying to update the flamingo_inbound post author after insert. Basically, I have a hidden field in CTF7 for the company name that is being sent over and correctly stored in the db. That field corresponds to a particular company page. Here's my code so far. function my_update_flamingo_inbound_author($post){ $post_type = get_post_type($post); $post_id = $post->ID; if($post_type == 'flamingo_inbound') { $company_name = get_post_meta($post_id, '_field_company-name', true); if($company_name) { $company_post = get_page_by_title($company_name, 'OBJECT', 'company'); if($company_post) { $post_author = $company_post->post_author; $post->post_author = $post_author; wp_update_post($post); } } } } add_action( 'new_to_publish', 'my_update_flamingo_inbound_author', 10); A: The flamingo plugin was adding the post and adding the meta data after. I was trying to access the meta data before it was inserted. I decided to use the added_post_meta and updated_post_meta actions instead. | Mid | [
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Q: Pass dynamic table name to SQL function and return comma delimited string mytable structure: id int, lookuptablename varchar 1, 'lookuptable1' 2, 'lookuptable2' lookuptable1: id int, item varchar 1, 'item1 from lkt1' 2, 'item2 from lkt1' lookuptable2: id int, item varchar 1, 'item1 from lkt2' 2, 'item2 from lkt2' Query: SELECT GetDelimitedList(lookuptablename) FROM mytable; Expected result: 1,2~item1 from lkt1,item2 from lkt1 1,2~item1 from lkt2,item2 from lkt2 I have been struggling to find out a way to accomplish this in various ways but just couldn't figure it out. A: A workaround. UDFs won't work. Maybe CLR, but not native SQL UDF. First create this proc, which mashes a table into a single row create proc dbo.GetDelimitedList @tablename sysname AS declare @sql nvarchar(max) set @sql = ' declare @id nvarchar(max), @item nvarchar(max) select @id = isnull(@id+'','','''') + convert(varchar,id), @item = isnull(@item+'','','''') + item from ' + quotename(@tablename) + ' select @id + ''~'' + @item' exec (@sql) GO Then use this SQL batch to produce the output equivalent to SELECT GetDelimitedList(tablename) FROM mytable; declare @tmp table(id int, mashed nvarchar(max)) declare @id int, @tablename sysname -- start at first table select top 1 @id = id, @tablename = tablename from mytable order by id asc while @@ROWCOUNT > 0 begin -- fill our temp table insert @tmp (mashed) exec GetDelimitedList 'mytablelist' update @tmp set id = @id where id is null -- next table select top 1 @id=id, @tablename = tablename from mytable where id > @id order by id asc end SELECT * FROM @tmp; Sample tables used: create table mytable(id int, tablename varchar(100)) insert mytable values (1, 'mytablelist') insert mytable values (3, 'mytablelist2') create table mytablelist(id int, item varchar(100)) insert mytablelist values (1, 'item1'), (2, 'item2') GO create table mytablelist2(id int, item varchar(100)) insert mytablelist2 values (11, 't2item1'), (22, 't2item2') GO | Mid | [
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Q: CSGO: laggy gameplay on Dell E6510 Problem Laggy gameplay in CSGO in offline mode with bots (9 bots + 1 human) with video settings set to low. Hardware Dell Latitude E6510 Core i5 1st Gen 2.67GHz 8 GB RAM NVIDIA NVS 3100M 512MB gDDR3 Windows 10 Home Game Minimum Requirements Windows 7/Vista/XP Core 2 Duo E6600 or AMD Phenom™ X3 8750 processor or better 2 GB RAM Video card must be 256 MB or more and should be a DirectX 9-compatible with support for Pixel Shader 3.0 DirectX 9.0c Questions I want to run CSGO at the lowest video setting possible so that gameplay is smooth. Which settings should I enable/disable? Thank you for your help. A: Sorry, but no chance. Your laptop is a business device, which is not made for gaming. The primary purpose of that thing is low power consumption to gain better battery life. Also it's already 10 years old. With that video card you won't get decent results regardless of your config settings. It's simply not made for gaming and it sucks at 3D (which games usually are). I've run a few benchmarks and they show an average of 20 to 40 FPS in CS:GO with lowest settings. Even tweaking it further down with custom settings won't help much. | Mid | [
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The second story in my series about the Winx Club. Summer vacation is over and the girls are back at school, but when a new princess comes to Alfea and kidnaps Flora, the girls are thrown into a new adventure. Lots of moments between Flora and Helia too Hi everyone! I'm back from my vacation, and I'm ready to continue with my series about the Winx Club. Now remember, this is the second fic in my series, so if you haven't read the first one, I have to seriously recommend that you read it. I'm not going to be referring back to it much, but it sets the stage for why all these things are going to happen to the girls. You aren't going to understand the series if you don't read the fics in order. Anyway, this takes place at the start of the Winx girls junior year. They've had a relaxing, care free summer and are ready to start the new school year with enthusiasm and energy. This fanfic and the ones following it are all going to take place in the junior year, except for the very last one, which takes place in the senior year. It's a lot to fit in one year, I know, but bear with me. Also remember, that Baltor has not shown up yet, nor will he until story #8, which is where I've worked in Season 3. We will get to Season 3 soon, but for now, everything's the same since Season 2, just like in the previous fic. Now, we're going to start this story off with a prologue, and then we'll get to the main story with the Winx girls. Trust me, you need the prologue if you want to understand the story. This section is crucial! If there's anything in it you don't understand, just tell me, and I'll explain it in the next post as best I can. Happy reading! Prologue: Princess Lilia A thousand years ago, in the realm of the Lynphea, there lived a fairy princess named Lilia. She was the most beautiful girl in the kingdom, with chestnut brown hair, with lighter brown streaks in it that reached eight inches below her shoulders. She had tanned skin and green eyes and had the sweetest personality. One of her greatest qualities was that she loved to help her kingdom. She helped anyone who needed it and she never said no to anyone. Her people loved her because she brought peace and prosperity to the kingdom, using her magic to do many good deeds. She cast spells on the gardens to make all the plants bloom and never wilt. The kingdom was in a golden age and all her people yearned for the day when she would become queen and be able to take full control of her magic. She would then be able to do even more good deeds for her realm and would be a wise and just ruler. But even before that, she learned that she was the heir to a great power, a power that no other fairies in the kingdom were able to control. It had entered her body once she was born and had waited for several thousand years to come to her. It had slept for generations and could only be controlled by the kingdom's royalty, but there had been only one other that was worthy to handle it. Lilia was the next one to use it and she knew that she would use it to do more for her realm than she could ever imagine. However, the time to use it came more quickly than she anticipated. One day, dark magic entered the land and evil forces swept over the kingdom. They were led by a princess from Rampara, a neighboring realm. Her name was Earshra, she was a witch, and she was evil through and through. She had waste length, black hair, pale skin, and a bad attitude. She wanted to conquer all the realms and make the people her slaves. This shocked everyone, especially Lilia, for the people of Rampara used to live in harmony with the people of the Lynphea. There was even a gate between the two realms, so that people could commute between them as they liked. Like Lynphea, Rampara had a great power that could only be controlled by royalty. It also had only been controlled by one other member of the family, in the days when the realm was good. But when Earshra was born, the power entered her body and was made evil. A wave of darkness spread over the kingdom, making her people slowly turn against their friends on Lynphea. Finally, when Earshra was sixteen, she led the forces of her realm against the neighboring one. The forces of Lynphea fought valiantly, but were no match for Rampara's infantry. They easily overpowered the people of Lynphea and it seemed that victory was theirs. Lilia had been watching everything from the palace, from her bedroom, from the towers, and what she saw scared her and angered her. She knew that her people could still win, if they were given the motivation and the help. She transformed into her Winx apparel, and flew out to help them. She wore a pale pink dress with straps across her shoulders and reached her knees with a deeper hue of pink at the top and bottom. She wore a pair of pink boots and snow white wings appeared on her back. She flew out of the palace and aided her soldiers wherever she could. With her help, the armies of Lynphea fought back and started to force the armies of Rampara back into their kingdom. But there were many more soldiers to face. Earshra had been enjoying her victory, but her attitude changed when she saw Lilia coming forward to help her people. She knew that the only way she could really take over this kingdom was to get rid of its princess. And from what she could see, she was going to have fun destroying the princess in front of the very eyes of her people. She flew forward and attacked Lilia. Everyone else who was fighting stopped to watch the battle between the two princesses, knowing that the outcome of that battle would also determine the outcome of the entire war. Lilia and Earshra sent their strongest attacks at each other, but they were very evenly matched, so evenly matched that their attacks negated each other and each sent the other sprawling backwards. The powers of their realm had been made by the same family, so of course they had practically the same energy. They could anticipate each other's moves and stop each from making some key attacks that otherwise would have been very effective. "I will not be made a fool of in front of my own soldiers," muttered Earshra. "I must defeat this pitiful excuse for a creature." With this behind her, Earshra let out a blast of energy, which knocked Lilia to the ground. Everyone thought for a moment that Earshra had won, for a black light was glowing around her, radiating evil and darkness. It filled them with remorse and despair, which was exactly what she wanted. Make them more pathetic and dejected and they would be more likely to serve her than to rebel against her. But Lilia still had power left and was not ready to quit. She thought of her beautiful kingdom, how she loved it and all it's people, and how she would be able to do even more for it once she became queen. That was all she needed to gain more strength. She closed her eyes and let her power flow uncontrolled throughout her body, feeling it running like adrenaline through her veins. She did what hadn't been done for several thousand years, and gathered it all into one large attack, to be administered on her adversary. She began to glow a bright pink glow, which made Earshra look over at her in surprise, wondering what the heck was happening now. When she saw that Lilia's powers were strengthening again, she flew forward, ready to unleash even more power on her. But she didn't get close enough. Lilia was ready to attack long before her opponent knew what was going on. She raised her hands in front of her and a large blast of energy was released from her open palms. She sent it to Earshra, and the dark princess was not able to handle it all. It enveloped her in a ball of light, and she was forced down to the ground, landing sprawled on her back. Lilia had won. Her powers were not able to destroy Earshra entirely, and even if it was powerful enough, she would not have done so. She was not a princess like this girl was. She raised her hands again at her enemy, and Earshra's powers collected into an energy ball, which drifted out of her body and into Lilia's hand. This was not the witch's own magic, which was impossible to take from her, but it was the full power of Rampara, making Earshra just another witch without it. She then pointed her free hand at Earshra and sent her back into her realm, along with the rest of her soldiers. She then sealed the gate that separated Lynphea from the Realm of Rampara, so nothing and no one would be able to get in and out. She knew if the seal was ever broken, evil from Rampara would be unleashed once more. Lilia knew that she could not control both her own power and the power of Rampara, so she built a secret chamber underneath her palace, and sealed the power away inside it. She then put all the best defense spells and cloaking spells on it, so that no one would be able to go down there and retrieve the magic inside it. She then flew to the highest point in the realm and used her power, the grand power of Lynphea, to restore the realm to its original beauty. She smiled in relief as she saw the plants coming back to life and the people go back to their normal lives. As she got ready for bed that night, she thought of something that had happened early at the battle, something only she knew. Just as Earshra was being sent back to her own realm, she had said something very quietly. Only Lilia had heard it. She had said, "you haven't seen the last of me or my family. I may not live forever, but my power will. I know you will seal me in, and one of your descendants will have the power to break that seal, and at the same time, one of my descendents will be making her do it. Then, my heir will control this realm and all others and there will be nothing anyone will be able to do." She laughed evilly just as the gate was closed and that was the last Lilia ever saw of Earshra. When Lilia heard this, she was shocked at first, but she knew that neither Earshra, nor anyone in her family would ever be able to conquer all realms because good always triumphed over evil. Deciding she needed more reassurance, Lilia got dressed, went upstairs to the highest tower of the palace, and entered a special room, the Room of Time. In the middle was a small pool of water that showed everything, past, present and future. She looked into the past and saw how Lynphea was created and how the power ruling it was established. She then saw how Rampara was created and how the people there had always been friends with the people of Lynphea, but turned on them because of Earshra. Something had gone wrong with the power of Rampara, and she knew something was going to have to be done about it, but it was not for her to do. She then looked into the future and saw that Earshra was indeed right. She saw one of the future princesses of Lynphea, one that was exactly like herself in looks and personality, except with longer hair and slightly different Winx apparel. This girl did have the power to unlock the gate to get into Rampara. She was unaware of her powers and what she was capable of, but when the time was right, she would find out. She also saw that this descendant may have the power to release that evil, but she would also have the power to stop it once and for all. "I'm not worried," said Lilia quietly. "I know that everyone in my family will always be on the side of good. This realm will always be in good hands. As I am the most powerful of all the princesses in this family, this power I have must be saved for when the evil of Rampara rears its ugly head again. When this princess is born, my powers, which will have hid themselves for all those years, will enter into her, and she will restore peace between the two realms, and she will become a great queen of Lynphea." Seven years later, Lilia became queen and she ruled her realm with wisdom and kindness. After she died, her power hid itself away and slept for a thousand years, waiting patiently for the next person to use it. Finally, a thousand years after the great battle, the heiress to the throne that would be able to break the seal around Rampara and control Lilia's ancient power was born. Her parents knew at once it was her and were determined to protect her at all costs. They named her Flora. All right, the prologue's over and we're back in the present day. So what did you think, good opener? Like I said above, if there's something you don't get, just tell me and I'll try and fix it. I hope you enjoyed it and keep an eye for the next chapter. See you later! The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. | Mid | [
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× Thanks for reading! Log in to continue. Enjoy more articles by logging in or creating a free account. No credit card required. Log in Sign up {{featured_button_text}} A Blair man was charged Thursday with felony possession of child pornography after complaining to police that a man claiming to be a U.S. marshal was harassing him about nude photos of a girl that the man had received on his phone. According to an arrest affidavit filed by a Blair detective, the man and his fiancée came to the Blair police headquarters about 12:30 p.m. Wednesday to report that the man had received nude photos from “a 16-year-old girl in South Carolina” after he had corresponded with her on a cellphone app. The man said someone who claimed to be the girl’s father and a U.S. marshal then called to threaten him. The man handed the detective his phone and showed him the pictures of the girl. The detective read the man his Miranda rights and was given permission to look through the photo gallery on the man’s phone. The detective found a total of 14 nude photos of two females, both of whom were under 18 years old. He also found a photo of the man’s penis that the man had sent to one of the females and an email asking the girl to come to Blair for sex while her mother was at work, the affidavit said. | Low | [
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Football: Kazakhstan looses to Germany in Astana Follow-up The national football team of Kazakhstan lost to Germany in a qualification match of the 2014 world championship held at midnight on March 23. Kazakhstan TV channel broadcast the match live. The match in Astana finished 3:0 in Germany’s favor. Kazakhstan goalkeeper Andrey Sidelnikov missed the first goal from Bastian Schweinsteiger on the 20th minute of the match. Two minutes later Mario Götze doubled the score. Thomas Müller landed the final goal on the 74the minute of the match: 3:0. Yuriy Logvinenko, Valeriy Korobkin and Viktor Dmitrienko from the Kazakhstan team and Bastian Schweinsteiger and Benedikt Howedes received yellow cards during the match. The German team has 13 points after the match, and the Kazakhstan team still has its 1 point. The return match will take place on March 26 in Nurnberg. The national team of Kazakhstan will depart to Germany on March 25. | Mid | [
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PMab-210: A Monoclonal Antibody Against Pig Podoplanin. Podoplanin (PDPN) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in normal tissues, including renal corpuscles and type I lung alveolar cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, and bovine PDPNs have already been established; however, antipig PDPN (pPDPN) mAbs have not. We therefore immunized mice with pPDPN-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/pPDPN), and screened hybridomas, which are producing anti-pPDPN mAbs. One of mAbs, PMab-210 (an IgG1, kappa), was able to specifically detect CHO/pPDPN cells by flow cytometry and detect pPDPN by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, PMab-210 strongly stained type I lung alveolar cells and weakly stained renal corpuscles by immunohistochemistry. PMab-210 is expected to be useful in investigating the function of pPDPN. | High | [
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Home brewing law next challenge JACKSON — Buoyed by recent success in changing Mississippi’s beer and brewing regulations, the craft beer lobby was set to push next year to change laws to allow the sale of “growlers,” large containers of fresh draft beer to go. But upon review, it’s already allowed. And some gourmet beer outlets already have been selling the 64-ounce growlers. “It was kind of a gray area,” said Rick Miles, owner of Hops and Habanas in Madison. “We looked into it, but held off for about a year. Then we just said the heck with it. We couldn’t find it detailed, so about a year or more ago, we started selling them and figured if something was wrong with it, someone would come and tell us.” Craig Hendry, president of the nonprofit Raise Your Pints, that has spearheaded efforts to change Mississippi beer laws, said research showed sale of draft beer in the large jugs for offsite consumption isn’t prohibited. The Mississippi Department of Revenue, which handles much of the regulation of alcohol sales through tax code, confirmed that state beer tax law doesn’t prohibit such sales, in containers filled and sealed at a bar or restaurant. “A growler is a plastic or glass container, usually 32 ounce or 64 ounce, filled with fresh beer that you can take home with you,” Hendry said. “Some beers are not even bottled, so this allows people to drink these brands in their homes.” Hendry said at least three or four places statewide are offering growlers, but he expects more to start as word spreads that it’s allowed and as more breweries open in Mississippi from recent law changes. The large containers have been growing in popularity nationwide and are offered in many brewpubs, restaurants and groceries in other states. Miles said his store offers four selections of beer for growler fills. He said customers pay a one-time deposit of $6.50 for a container, which can be swapped out for a new one when emptied. He said fill-ups start at about $10, depending on the beer. “When a company starts out brewing, it’s easier for them to put out draft first,” Miles said. “We have Goose Island, new to the market from Chicago, which is not going to be in package form until at least February or March. You can’t buy it bottled in any store, but we offer it in a 64-ounce container.” Jane Jones, manager at Hal & Mal’s in Jackson, said the restaurant has been offering growlers since August, but that sales are slow with customers still unaware they’re available. “We’re putting signs up, putting it up on Facebook,” Jones said. “Actually, we are just getting ready to start advertising it as a good Christmas present.” Last legislative session, the craft beer lobby succeeded in lifting Mississippi’s prohibition against selling, or even possessing, beer with greater than 5 percent alcohol. The law had inhibited the sale of many beers and craft breweries from setting up shop in Mississippi. The new cap is 8 percent alcohol. At the time, the state had only one brewery, Lazy Magnolia in Kiln. Now, Hendry said, another has opened and at least six are in the planning phase. “That’s jobs, and that’s tourism,” Hendry said. The next legislative beer push is to allow home brewing. Mississippi and Alabama are the only two states that prohibit home beer brewing for personal consumption, although Mississippi allows people to make wine. Hendry said one industry group estimates Mississippi already has more than 2,000 home brewers. Miles said that after “the home brewing gets squared away,” he’d like to see the alcohol cap revisited, raised from 8 percent or done away with altogether. “The sky didn’t fall on July 1 when the alcohol went up, so maybe when they see that, then we can just remove the cap,” Miles said. “It really makes no sense to cap beer when you can go right next door to the liquor store and buy something 100 proof.” | Mid | [
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[Rapid identification of chromosomes by in situ hybridization of labelled oligonucleotides and comparison with the PRINS method]. We propose a simple, fast and inexpensive method of identification of human centromeres on metaphasic chromosomes and interphasic nuclei. This is based on in situ hybridization of labelled oligonucleotides. The efficiency of the methodology was demonstrated on cytogenetic preparations from human heteroploid and human x hamster hybrid cell lines and also on frozen tissue sections using an oligonucleotide specific for the alpha-satellite DNA of chromosome 1. Three versions of this oligonucleotide respectively labelled with 1, 4 and 10 fluorescein molecules were synthesized. The signal intensity provided by the oligonucleotide coupled with 4 fluoresceins allowed unambiguously the detection of the chromosome and the establishment of its ploidy using a classical cytogenetic microscope without the need for an amplification procedure. The use of different fluorochromes and possibly combination with an unlabelled elongation in 3' of the oligonucleotides which stabilize its hybridization, lead to a simple multicolour method. Preliminary quantification of the signals obtained by in situ hybridization of labelled oligonucleotides and comparison with those obtained by primed in situ labelling (PRINS) using the same nucleotides as primers, suggest that the elongation generated by PRINS may be very short compared with a PCR in solution. This limited efficiency of the in situ elongation may reflect the present difficulties of PRINS and DISC PCR (direct in situ single copy polymerase chain reaction) with primers specific for non-repetitive sequencies. | High | [
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Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. Email Alert Midday Market View(TM) for Wednesday, January 2, 2002 as of 12:30PM EST Information provided by Schwab Center for Investment Research and Bridge U.S. INDICES (12:30 p.m. EST) ---------------------------------- Market Value Change DJIA 9,975.01 - 46.49 Nasdaq Comp. 1,940.70 - 9.70 S&P 500 1,148.08 - 12.94 ---------------------------------- NYSE Advancing Issues 1,151 NYSE Declining Issues 1,882 NYSE Trading Volume 503 mln NASDAQ Advancing Issues 1,465 NASDAQ Declining Issues 1,941 NASDAQ Trading Volume 689 mln ================================== U.S. TREASURIES ---------------------------------- Value Yield Change 6-month bill 1.83% n/a 5-year note 4.44% - 16/32 10-year note 5.12% - 21/32 30-year bond 5.52% - 21/32 The tables above look best when viewed in a fixed-width font, such as "Courier." ================================================================ STOCKS SUFFER NEW YEAR'S HANGOVER Despite a better-than-expected Manufacturing Institute of Supply Management's (ISM) Report on Business, which reflected improving conditions in the manufacturing sector, stocks are trending lower at midday. Online stocks, including EBay Inc. (EBAY,65,f1&f4) and AOL Time Warner (AOL,31,f2), are lower following analyst downgrades while chip stocks are advancing on the heels of an upbeat Semiconductor Industry Association report. Memory chip manufacturer Micron Technology (MU,33,f2) is higher following news that a DRAM rival raised prices by 30%. Treasuries are lower following the ISM data and European bourses are lower late in the day. As of 11:52 a.m. EST, the Dow Jones Industrial Average is down 0.4%, the Nasdaq Composite Index is lower 0.3% and the S&P 500 Index is down 0.5%. Energy-related stocks are among the worst performers while computer storage, networking, and semiconductor shares are leading the advancers. Chip stocks are higher following a Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) report that global sales of semiconductors rose 1.6% in November to $10.6 billion on the heels of October's 2.5% increase to $10.44 billion. SIA also indicated the industry is on pace to realize 4.7% growth in 4Q sequential sales. Shares of Micron Technology are higher after South Korea's Hynix Semiconductor (HXSCF,0.80) raised the price of its memory chips by 30%, its third increase in a month after two previous 20% increases in December, suggesting an improving pricing environment for memory chip makers. Shares of Schering-Plough Corp. (SGP,35,f2) and Merck & Co. (MRK,58,f2) are lower after the drug manufacturers reported that their combined allergy drug didn't prove as effective as hoped in late-stage clinical trials. The drug, which borrows from the chemical make-up of both Schering's Claritin and Merck's Singulair products, "did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis compared to each product administered separately." Shares of AOL Time Warner are lower after analysts lowered their revenue and earnings forecasts due to continued advertising doldrums, even as the Internet and media giant reported that member retail online purchases rose 67% to over $33 billion in 2001 from the prior year. ---------------------------------------------------------------- TREASURY AND ECONOMIC SUMMARY Bonds are under pressure following this morning's release of the Institute for Supply Management's manufacturing index, which rose to 48.2 in December from November's 44.5, better than 46.0 forecast per Dow Jones Newswires. A reading below 50 reflects contraction in the sector while a reading above 42.7 generally indicates expansion in the overall economy, according to ISM. The new orders index rose to 54.9 from November's 48.8 and the employment index rose to 40.5 from 35.7. The prices component rose to 34.7 from 31.6. While still reflecting contraction, this latest ISM manufacturing index suggests an improving outlook for the manufacturing sector, rising for two consecutive months. ---------------------------------------------------------------- WORLD MARKETS European markets continue to trade lower late in the session despite the euro-zone manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index's rise to 44.1 in December from November's 43.6, reflecting decelerating contraction in the sector. The Bloomberg European 500 index was down 1.5% as of 11:52 a.m. EST, paced by declines in energy stocks. Chip shares were higher, led by Infineon Technologies (IFX,22) following the Hynix Semiconductor news, suggesting that the sector may be stabilizing. The euro is higher against the dollar as concerns about a rough transition to the new currency in the euro-region abated. William Johnson, Market Analyst ================================================================ LOGIN to access your account: https://investing.schwab.com/trading/start ---------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe or modify your Email Alert customization options, log in using the link below or copy and paste it into your browser's address window: https://investing.schwab.com/trading/start?SANC=EAMyAlerts ---------------------------------------------------------------- Notice: All email sent to or from the Charles Schwab corporate email system may be retained, monitored and/or reviewed by Schwab personnel. (0801-11478) Information provided by Bridge Information Systems. Copyright 2001 Bridge Information Systems. Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. ("Schwab") is a member of the NYSE. Schwab Capital Markets L.P. is a member of the NASD and SIPC. Schwab Capital Markets L.P. is also a subsidiary of The Charles Schwab Corporation and is a market maker in approximately 5000 securities. Schwab Center for Investment Research ("SCIR") is part of Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. The information contained herein is obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy or completeness is not guaranteed. This report is for informational purposes only and is not a solicitation, or a recommendation that any particular investor should purchase or sell any particular security. Schwab does not assess the suitability or the potential value of any particular investment. All expressions of opinions are subject to change without notice. The Charles Schwab Corporation, Schwab, Schwab Capital Markets L.P. and its officers, directors, employees, consultants and/or members of their families may have a position in, and may from time to time, purchase or sell any of the mentioned or related securities including derivatives in such securities. At any given time, Schwab specialists, or Schwab Capital Markets L.P. market makers, may have an inventory position, either "long" or "short" in any security mentioned in this report as a result of their specialist/market making functions, respectively. (C)2001 Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. F1 Schwab Capital Markets L.P. makes a market in this security. F2 Schwab is a specialist in this security. F3 Schwab has managed or co-managed a public offering in this security within the last three years. F4 An employee of Schwab is a Director of this company. F5 An analyst covering this stock has an investment position. This service is for personal use only. Commercial use or redistribution in any form, print or electronic, is prohibited. Distribution by Quris, Inc. | Low | [
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The Mystery Of The CSS Float Property Smashing Newsletter Every week, we send out useful front-end & UX techniques. Subscribe and get the Smart Interface Design Checklists PDF delivered to your inbox. Your (smashing) email Subscribe → Without the CSS float property, table-less layouts would be, at worst, impossible, and, at best, unmaintainable. Floats will continue to be prominent in CSS layouts, even as CSS3 begins to gain prominence. Years ago, when developers first started to make the transition to HTML layouts without tables, one CSS property that suddenly took on a very important role was the float property. The reason that the float property became so common was that, by default, block-level elements will not line up beside one another in a column-based format. Since columns are necessary in virtually every CSS layout, this property started to get used — and even overused — prolifically. What Is A CSS Float Property? The CSS float property allows a developer to incorporate table-like columns in an HTML layout without the use of tables. If it were not for the CSS float property, CSS layouts would not be possible except using absolute and relative positioning — which would be messy and would make the layout unmaintainable. In this article, we’ll discuss exactly what the float property is and how it affects elements in particular contexts. We’ll also take a look at some of the differences that can occur in connection with this property in the most commonly-used browsers. Finally, we’ll showcase a few practical uses for the CSS float property. This should provide a well-rounded and thorough discussion of this property and its impact on CSS development. Definition And Syntax The purpose of the CSS float property is, generally speaking, to push a block-level element to the left or right, taking it out of the flow in relation to other block elements. This allows naturally-flowing content to wrap around the floated element. This concept is similar to what you see every day in print literature, where photos and other graphic elements are aligned to one side while other content (usually text) flows naturally around the left- or right-aligned element. Flickr photo by presentday The photo above shows the "Readers' sites" section of late .net magazine , which displayd 3 readers' photos each aligned left in their respective columns with text wrapping around the aligned images. That is the basic idea behind the float property in CSS layouts, and demonstrates one of the ways it has been used in table-less design. The effectiveness of using floats in multi-columned layouts was explained by Douglas Bowman in 2004 in his classic presentation No More Tables: Bowman explained the principles behind table-less design, using Microsoft’s old site as a case study. Floats were used prominently in his mock overhaul of the Microsoft layout. Syntax The float CSS property can accept one of 4 values: left , right , none , and inherit . It is declared as shown in the code below. #sidebar { float: left; } The most commonly-used values are left and right . A value of none is the default, or initial float value for any element in an HTML page. The value inherit , which can be applied to nearly any CSS property, does not work in Internet Explorer versions up to and including 7. The float property does not require the application of any other property on a CSS element for float to function correctly, however, float will work more effectively under specific circumstances. Generally, a floated element should have an explicitly set width (unless it is a replaced element, like an image). This ensures that the float behaves as expected and helps to avoid issues in certain browsers. #sidebar { float: left; width: 350px; } Specifics on Floated Elements Following is a list of exact behaviours of floated elements according to CSS2 Specifications: A left-floated box will shift to the left until its leftmost margin edge (or border edge if margins are absent) touches either the edge of the containing block, or the edge of another floated box If the size of the floated box exceeds the available horizontal space, the floated box will be shifted down Non-positioned, non-floated, block-level elements act as if the floated element is not there, since the floated element is out of flow in relation to other block elements Margins of floated boxes do not collapse with margins of adjacent boxes The root element ( <html> ) cannot be floated ) cannot be floated An inline element that is floated is converted to a block-level element Float In Practice One of the most common uses for the float property is to float an image with text wrapping it. Here is an example: Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Aenean ultricies mi vitae est. Mauris placerat eleifend leo. Quisque sit amet est et sapien ullamcorper pharetra. Vestibulum erat wisi, condimentum sed, commodo vitae, ornare sit amet, wisi. Aenean fermentum, elit eget tincidunt condimentum, eros ipsum rutrum orci, sagittis tempus lacus enim ac dui. Donec non enim in turpis pulvinar facilisis. Ut felis. Praesent dapibus, neque id cursus faucibus, tortor neque egestas augue, eu vulputate magna eros eu erat. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nam dui mi, tincidunt quis, accumsan porttitor, facilisis luctus, metus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Aenean ultricies mi vitae est. Mauris placerat eleifend leo. Quisque sit amet est et sapien ullamcorper pharetra. Vestibulum erat wisi, condimentum sed, commodo vitae, ornare sit amet, wisi. Aenean fermentum, elit eget tincidunt condimentum, eros ipsum rutrum orci, sagittis tempus lacus enim ac dui. Donec non enim in turpis pulvinar facilisis. Ut felis. Praesent dapibus, neque id cursus faucibus, tortor neque egestas augue, eu vulputate magna eros eu erat. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nam dui mi, tincidunt quis, accumsan porttitor, facilisis luctus, metus. The CSS applied to the image in the box above is as follows: img { float: left; margin: 0 15px 5px 0; border: solid 1px #bbb; } The only property required to make this effect work is the float property. The other properties (margin and border) are there for aesthetic reasons. The other elements inside the box (the <p> tags with text inside them) do not need any styles applied to them. As mentioned earlier, floated elements are taken out of flow in relation to other block elements, and so other block elements remain in flow, acting as if the floated element is not even there. This is demonstrated visually below: This box is floated left This <p> element has a different background color to show that it spans the width of its parent, ignoring the floated element. This inline text, however, wraps around the floated box. In the above example, the <p> element is a block-level element, so it ignores the floated element, spanning the width of the container (minus padding). All non-floated, block-level elements will behave in like manner. The text in the paragraph is inline, so it flows around the floated element. The floated box is also given margin settings to offset it from the paragraph, making it visually clear that the paragraph element is ignoring the floated box. Clearing Floats Layout issues with floats are commonly fixed using the CSS clear property, which lets you "clear" floated elements from the left or right side, or both sides, of an element. Let’s take a look at an example that commonly occurs — a footer wrapping to the right side of a 2-column layout: Left column floated left Right column also floated left Footer If you view this page in IE6 or IE7, you won’t see any problems. The left and right columns are in place, and the footer is nicely tucked underneath. But in Firefox, Opera, Safari, and Chrome, you’ll see the footer jump up beside the left column. This is caused by the float applied to the columns. This is the correct behaviour, even though it is a more problematic one. To resolve this issue, we use the aforementioned clear property, applied to the footer: #footer { clear: both; } The result is shown below: Left column floated left Right column also floated left Footer The clear property will clear only floated elements, so applying clear: both to both columns would not cause the footer to drop down, because the footer is not a floated element. So use clear on non-floated elements, and even occasionally on floated elements, to force page elements to occupy their intended space. Fixing The Collapsed Parent One of the most common symptoms of float-heavy layouts is the "collapsing parent". This is demonstrated in the example below: Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Notice that the bottom of the floated image appears outside its parent. The parent does not fully expand to hold the floated image. This is caused by what we discussed earlier: the floated element is out of the flow in relation to other block elements, so all block elements will render as if the floated element is not even there. This is not a CSS bug; it’s in line with CSS specifications. All browsers render the same in this example. It should be pointed out that, in this example, adding a width to the container prevents the issue from occurring in IE, so this would normally be something you would have to resolve in Firefox, Opera, Safari, or Chrome. Solution 1: Float the container The easiest way to fix this problem is to float the containing parent element: Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Now the container expands to fit all the child elements. But unfortunately this fix will only work in a limited number of circumstances, since floating the parent may have undesirable effects on your layout. Solution 2: Adding Extra Markup This is an outdated method, but is an easy option. Simply add an extra element at the bottom of the container and "clear" it. Here’s how the HTML would look after this method is implemented: <div id="container"> <img src="https://cloud.netlifyusercontent.com/assets/344dbf88-fdf9-42bb-adb4-46f01eedd629/faad51dc-f367-4252-8bf4-2160b5b9ff01/lifesaver.jpg" width="200" height="222" alt="" /> <p>Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper.</p> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> And the resulting CSS applied to the new element: .clearfix { clear: both; } You could also do this by means of a <br /> tag with an inline style. In any case, you will have the desired result: the parent container will expand to enclose all of its children. But this method is not recommended since it adds nonsemantic code to your markup. Solution 3: The :after Pseudo-Element The :after pseudo-element adds an element to the rendered HTML page. This method has been used quite extensively to resolve float-clearing issues. Here is how the CSS looks: .clearfix:after { content: "."; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; visibility: hidden; } The CSS class "clearfix" is applied to any container that has floating children and does not expand to enclose them. But this method does not work in Internet Explorer up to version 7, so an IE-only style needs to be set with one of the following rules: .clearfix { display: inline-block; } .clearfix { zoom: 1; } Depending on the type of issue you’re dealing with, one of the above two solutions will resolve the issue in Internet Explorer. It should be noted that the zoom property is a non-standard Microsoft proprietary property, and will cause your CSS to become invalid. So, because the :after pseudo-element solution does not work in IE6/7, is a little bit bloated code-wise, and requires additional invalid IE-only styles, this solution is not the best method, but is probably the best we’ve considered so far. Solution 4: The Overflow Property By far the best, and easiest solution to resolve the collapsing parent issue is to add overflow: hidden or overflow: auto to the parent element. It’s clean, easy to maintain, works in almost all browsers, and does not add extra markup. You’ll notice I said "almost" all browsers. This is because it does not work in IE6. But, in many cases, the parent container will have a set width, which fixes the issue in IE6. If the parent container does not have a width, you can add an IE6-only style with the following code: // This fix is for IE6 only .clearfix { height: 1%; overflow: visible; } In IE6, the height property is incorrectly treated as min-height , so this forces the container to enclose its children. The overflow property is then set back to "visible", to ensure the content is not hidden or scrolled. The only drawback to using the overflow method (in any browser) is the possibility that the containing element will have scrollbars or hide content. If there are any elements with negative margins or absolute positioning inside the parent, they will be obscured if they go beyond the parent’s borders, so this method should be used carefully. It should also be noted that if the containing element has to have a specified height , or min-height , then you would definitely not be able to use the overflow method. So, there really is no simple, cross-browser solution to the collapsing parent issue. But almost any float clearing issue can be resolved with one of the above methods. Float-Related Bugs In Internet Explorer Over the years, there have been numerous articles published online that discuss common bugs in connection with floats in CSS layouts. All of these, not surprisingly, deal with problems specific to Internet Explorer. Below, you’ll find a list of links to a number of articles that discuss float-related issues in-depth: Changing the Float Property with JavaScript To change a CSS value in JavaScript, you would access the style object, converting the intended CSS property to "camel case". For example, the CSS property "margin-left" becomes marginLeft ; the property background-color becomes backgroundColor , and so on. But with the float property, it’s different, because float is already a reserved word in JavaScript. So, the following would be incorrect: myDiv.style.float = "left"; Instead, you would use one of the following: // For Internet Explorer myDiv.style.styleFloat = "left"; // For all other browsers myDiv.style.cssFloat = "left"; Practical Uses For Float Floats can be used to resolve a number of design challenges in CSS layouts. Some examples are discussed here. 2-Column, Fixed-Width Layout Roger Johansson of 456 Berea Street outlines an 8-step tutorial to create a simple, cross-browser, 2-column, horizontally centered layout. The float property is integral to the chemistry of this layout. "The layout consists of a header, a horizontal navigation bar, a main content column, a sidebar, and a footer. It is also horizontally centered in the browser window. A pretty basic layout, and not at all difficult to create with CSS once you know how to deal with the inevitable Internet Explorer bugs." 3-Column, Equal-Height Layout Petr Stanicek of pixy.cz demonstrates a cross-browser 3-column layout, again using float : "No tables, no absolute positioning (no positioning at all), no hacks(!), same height of all columns. The left and right columns have fixed width (150px), the middle one is elastic." Floated Image With Caption Similar to what we discussed earlier under "Float in Practice", Max Design describes how to float an image with a caption, allowing text to wrap around it naturally. Horizontal Navigation With Unordered Lists The float property is a key ingredient in coding sprite-based horizontal navigation bars. Chris Spooner of Line25 describes how to create a Menu of Awesomeness, in which the <li> elements that hold the navigation buttons are floated left: To demonstrate the importance of the float property in this example, here is a screen shot of the same image after using firebug to remove the float: left : Grid-Based Photo Galleries A simple use for the float property is to left-float a series of photos contained in an unordered list, which gets the same result as what you would see in a table-based layout. Foremost Canada’s product page (above) displays their products in grid-based format, next to a left-column sidebar. The photos are displayed in an unordered list with the float property for all <li> elements set to float: left . This works better than a table-based grid, because the number of photos in the gallery can change and the layout would not be affected. Paragon Furniture’s futons page (above) is another example of a product page using an unordered list with floated list items. iStockphoto’s search results page (above) is a similarly-structured grid of photos, but this time the photos are contained in left-floated <div> elements, instead of <li> elements. Aligning an <input> Field with a Button Default styling on form elements across different browsers can be a pain to deal with. Often times, in a single-field form like a search form, it is necessary to place the <input> element next to the submit button. Here is a simple search form, with an image used for the submit button: In every browser, the result is the same: The button appears slightly higher than the input field. Changing margins and padding does nothing. The simple way to fix this is to float the input field left, and add a small right margin. Here is the result: Conclusion As was mentioned at the outset, without the CSS float property, table-less layouts would be, at worst, impossible, and, at best, unmaintainable. Floats will continue to be prominent in CSS layouts, even as CSS3 begins to gain prominence — even though there have been a few discussions about layouts without the use of floats. Hopefully this discussion has simplified some of the mysteries related to floats, and provided some practical solutions to a number of issues faced by CSS developers today. Further Reading | Mid | [
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Dopaminergic and GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb are derived from the neonatal subventricular zone. Earlier studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that a discrete region of the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone (SVZa) contains exclusively neuronal progenitor cells. The descendants of the SVZa progenitor cells are destined for the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into granule and periglomerular cells, the interneurons of the olfactory bulb, respectively. In the present set of experiments we examined the neurotransmitter phenotype of the SVZa-derived cells. In order to label SVZa-derived cells, the cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected into the SVZa of postnatal day 2 (P2) rats. After 3 weeks, by which time most of the SVZa-derived cells have migrated to their final destination in the bulb, the animals were perfused and their brains processed for immunohistochemistry. To identify the neurotransmitter phenotype of the SVZa-derived cells, sagittal sections of the forebrain, including the olfactory bulb, were double-labeled with an antibody to BrdU in conjunction with an antibody to gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. Using simultaneous indirect immunofluorescence to detect the presence of single- and double-labeled cells, we found that 59% and 51% of the BrdU-positive cells were immunoreactive for GABA in the granule cell and glomerular layers, respectively. In addition, 10% of the BrdU-positive periglomerular cells were immunoreactive for TH. The presence of double-labeled (BrdU-positive/GABA-positive and BrdU-positive/TH-positive) cells in the olfactory bulb, demonstrates that the SVZa is a source of the GABAergic and dopaminergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb during postnatal development. | High | [
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external min_int : int -> int -> int = "min" [@@bs.val] [@@bs.scope "Math"] (* ATTENTION: only built-in runtime would simplify it as {[ var min_int = Math.min ]} otherwise it has to be expanded as {[ var min_int = funciton(x,y){ return Math.min(x,y) } ]} There are other things like [@bs.send] which does not like eta reduction *) let min_int = min_int type t external say : int -> int = ""[@@bs.send.pipe:t] let say = say [@@@warning "-102"] let v = Pervasives.compare | Low | [
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Streete 7 Jun 2014 0 Anniversary Anniversary The 6pm Mass on Saturday, 14th June is in memory of the late James and Kathleen Sheridan, Coolamber. Masses Weekend Masses for the Month of June will be Saturday’s in Rathowen and Sunday’s 11a.m. in Boherquill. As Friday is the First Friday of the Month the sick and housebound will be visited as always on Thursday at the usual time. It is with sorrow, we report the death of Annie Smith, Kill Co. Kildare and formerly Anne Sullivan from this parish who died last Saturday morning following an illness bravely borne. Anne is survived by her brothers and sisters, Thomas, Dominick, Mary, Bridie, John and Helen. Details of funeral arrangements are not available as we go to press. We extend our sincere condolences to the extended family and to her daughter, Ashling and sons, Barry and Enda. May she rest in peace. Sympathy We extend sincere sympathy to Billy O’Neill and family on the death of his wife, Eileen (nee Tighe). Eileen’s removal took place from Our Lady’s Manor, Edgeworthstown to St. Mary’s Church, Rathowen on Thursday evening of last week and her burial in Russagh Cemetery followed Mass on Friday morning. A Guard of Honour was in place by members of Fine Gael of which Eileen was a lifelong member. She is survived by her husband, Billy, sons, Frank, Seán, Noel and Gerry, brother, Joe, grandchildren, extended family and a large circle of friends. May she rest in peace. Congratulations To all involved in the graduation of the Parish Book ‘Streete & its People’ which was available at the time of our Gathering event. This publication was entered in the Listowel Writers Week competition and was awarded 2nd place in the competition which was a wonderful achievement. Copies of this publication will be available to purchase on Cemetery Sunday when many will come back home to the parish for the blessing of the graves. Any queries please contact Fr. Joe McGrath 087 8363523. An open meeting for all interested in our forthcoming Vintage weekend, 12th & 13th July will take place next week on Thursday night, 12th June at 9p.m. in the Parish Park Centre. This year the committee are glad to include the School Parents’ Group for inclusion in their donations as well as the Irish Heart Foundation. The Parents’ Group are endeavouring to raise money to go towards the work at St. Fintan’s N.S., Lismacaffrey including extension to the School Car Park. It is hoped parents will help out which in turn will be of great benefit to the School and all who attend it. We hope many will come to our meeting on Thursday, 12th at 9p.m. We will welcome any new ideas. Lotto The numbers drawn in last week’s Streete Parish Park Lotto Draw were – 6, 16, 21, 27 with no winner of the jackpot. The three €40 winners were Claire Nugent, c/o bingo, Tina Carney, Kinnegad and Marcella Finnan, Ballinalack. We thank all for the continued support we receive and look forward to future support. Bingo In the Parish Park Centre every Monday night at 8.30p.m. Our Main Jackpot is €20,000 and our jackpot on the loose sheet is over €5,000, so why not come along and try your luck. Each Monday night our prize fund total is a minimum of €2,300 pay out. Correction Roy Jones sends me the following date change. The talk by Chris McCarthy on “Sign of the End Times on Thursday, 29th May has had to be re-scheduled for Thursday, 5th June due to prevailing circumstances. Same place and time. Fourwinds, Barradrum, Streete at 7.15p.m. Further information Roy Jones 043 6676023 or 087 1258722. Over one hundred shooters from all over Longford took part in the 2014 County Longford Sporting clay shoot which took place in the club grounds on 25th, May last. The winner’s was Moydow with Streete coming a close second. The Streete team was Michael Campbell, John Mulligan, Joe Kelly, Tommy Denning, Pat Denning, and Patrick Owens, we thank all who took part, and the club members who helped out on the day. Over the next few weeks a number of schools are taking part in the nature walk on the club lands. There are still a few dates available. Any school who is interested should contact the club Secretary on 0876213500. Boherquill Ramblers The Ramblers began their walk on the outskirts of Coole on Sunday May 25th. Alice Nerney led the way on a loop walk out on the Multyfarnham road beside Coolnagun Bog to Shrubbywood where the wide open spaces of the bog were exchanged for a delightful green road which led through Derrya nearly to Coolure Harbour on Lough Derravaragh. The extensive views out over Coolnagun and beyond from the road outside Coole revealed the landscape in full summer condition now. There are many wooded areas, even in the bog, and the patchwork of different greens was a very pleasant vista. The green road’s route through a mix of small woods and fields was just a sample of the peaceful countryside. The blend of old stone farm buildings and newer houses with gardens full of flowers added to the enjoyment of the walk. Saint’s Island beside Lough Ree and near Newtowncashel will be the Ramblers destination for their walk on Sunday June 8th. Cars will leave Boherquill at 1.30pm and meet in Newtowncashel at 2.15pm. If you wish, you can contact us using any of the methods below: Longford Leader,Leader House,Dublin Road, Co LongfordEmail: [email protected]: 043 3345241 This website and its associated newspaper are full participating members of the Press Council of Ireland and supports the Office of the Press Ombudsman. This scheme in addition to defending the freedom of the press, offers readers a quick, fair and free method of dealing with complaints that they may have in relation to articles that appear on our pages. To contact the Office of the Press Ombudsman go to www.pressombudsman.ie or www.presscouncil.ieLongford Leader provides news, events and sport features from the Longford area. For the best up to date information relating to Longford and the surrounding areas visit us at Longford Leader regularly or bookmark this page. | Mid | [
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International comparison of the technical efficiency of component preparation. Under economical constraints, blood centers need to identify ways to improve their efficiency. Because there is little evidence regarding the technical efficiency of blood centers, international comparisons may be useful in identifying efficiency discrepancies and can reveal opportunities for enhancing efficiency, such as allocating resources more effectively. Data were collected for years 2000 through 2002 from 16 blood centers in 10 European countries. Input variables included working hours, whole-blood (WB) collections, premises, and equipment, and the output variables were red blood cells and platelets (PLTs). A nonparametric method, data envelopment analysis (DEA), was used in the analyses of technical efficiency in blood component preparation departments. Efficiency scores were calculated with DEA linear programming techniques and evaluated for site characteristics that possibly affect efficiency, such as the production method of PLTs and the proportion of BCs (buffy coats) from WB and BC PLTs from all PLTs produced. With working hours and equipment as inputs, median technical efficiency was 60 percent (range, 41%-100%). Four departments were efficient (efficiency, > 90%), and 12 were inefficient (range, 41-89). Efficiency remained roughly the same in 13 departments through the 3-year study period and decreased in 3. Efficiency was mainly affected by staffing levels (working hours). Efficiency did not directly relate to production volume, method, or any other site characteristic. The major cause of inefficiency was excess staffing resulting from a suboptimal combination of manpower and production output levels. Further research is needed to manage factors affecting efficiency, such as the fluctuation of demand in production planning. | Mid | [
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Confident Sabbatini leads Bridgestone by two AKRON — Rory Sabbatini didn’t call his shot at the Bridgestone Invitational on Friday. But he came awfully close. After firing a second consecutive 67, the South African was asked if he’d take his chances if someone gave him two more 67s to go home right now. He said he’d take it and the $1.35 million in winnings with him before he left. Then came the soundbite of the day from the overall leader at 6-under par. “If I shoot 12 under, I’m winning, there’s no doubt in my mind,” Sabbatini said. “I don’t see anybody beating 12 under on this golf course. The way I look at it is I’d take even money right now shooting even par on the weekend.” Even par was what most golfers were shooting in the second round. After a first day in which 20 pros shot par or better, Firestone Country Club bit back in a big way. Through 36 holes, just eight golfers are under par with course conditions expected to get tougher because of the weather. Approach shots ran through greens Friday. Putts fell back into the fringe and tee shots found the woods faster than a deer spooked by a car horn. The second-round scoring average (73.049) is the highest in a single round in the history of the event and the only time the scoring average has been 3-over par. “The course is only going to get tougher,” Sabbatini said. “We’ve been very fortunate that we really haven’t had any wind. “If there’s a wind on this golf course, it’s going to become almost impossible to play because, as it is right now, the fairways are rolling. If you hit a ball on a couple of holes, you know straight away, it’s going to be in the rough.” While Sabbatini didn’t shoot the low round of the day — that honor belonged to Zach Johnson and Davis Love III, who shot 5-under 65 — he has been the most consistent. With three birdies on the back nine and two on the front, Sabbatini offset hiccups on Nos. 6 and 14 to take a two-stroke lead over Johnson and a four-stroke advantage over a threesome that includes Tiger Woods. “It’s a matter of picking and choosing your targets out there,” Sabbatini said. “There’s just opportunities that you have that you can be aggressive. “But you have to kind of back down and just give the course the respect, otherwise it’ll hit you pretty quickly.” It hit pretty quickly for just about everyone. Every time it looked like Scott Verplank, Kenny Perry, Chris DiMarco and Lee Westwood were about to make a run, a hole would jump out and skyrocket their scores. Not even Woods, who owns this course, could find an answer Friday, finishing with 10 straight pars for a round of even-par 70. “It was playing tricky,” he said. “The fairways were quick, a lot of the pins you couldn’t fire at. “They’re basically repelling some of the pins, and you just had to make sure you played safe and then two-putt from there.” Even those that scored well found something to bother them, whether it was fast fairways, fast greens or roughs that look more like something you’d feed a horse. “I hit a couple of drives today in that thick hay they call rough,” Sabbatini said. “It was just a little more of a grind. A little more work. I did battle out there and came out on top.” Contact Brad Bournival at [email protected]. | Mid | [
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The Obama administration has this week handed a major boost to America's renewable energy sector, announcing plans to fast-track planning and permitting decisions for a new wave of utility-scale wind and solar projects. The Office of Management and Budget confirmed that in response to a Presidential Executive Order issued in March this year tasking officials with speeding up planning decisions for key infrastructure projects, seven major clean energy projects planned for Arizona, California, Nevada and Wyoming would be expedited through government permitting processes. The six utility-scale solar projects and one wind farm could combined deliver nearly 5GW of renewable energy capacity, providing enough clean power for about 1.5 million homes. "As part of President Obama's all-of-the-above strategy to expand domestic energy production and strengthen the economy, we are working to advance smart development of renewable energy on our public lands," said Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in a statement. "These seven proposed solar and wind projects have great potential to grow our nation's energy independence, drive job creation, and power economies across the west." The proposed projects include a number of high-profile developments, such as BP Wind's 425MW Mohave County Wind Farm in Arizona, which is now scheduled to receive federal permit and review decisions by January next year, and NextEra's 750MW McCoy Solar Energy Californian solar PV project, which has been promised a planning decision by the end of this year. The Obama administration stressed that the streamlining of the planning process was part of a renewable energy strategy that had already seen more utility-scale clean energy projects on public lands approved in the past three years than had been approved in the previous 20 years. The announcement comes in the same week as the Department of the Interior also signed a memorandum of understanding with the Department of Defense intended to identify new areas of military land that can be used for renewable energy generation. Energy policy is fast-emerging as a key political battleground during election year. President Obama has consistently touted an "all of the above" strategy designed to diversify America's energy mix through increased investment in alternative energy sources such as renewables, while his Republican rival Mitt Romney has been calling for an end to government support for renewable energy technologies and an increased focus on accelerating the country's recent shale gas boom. The latest developments came as Greenpeace this week released a briefing note detailing how the Romney campaign's press secretary, Andrea Saul, worked on behalf of ExxonMobil during her time at lobbyist DCI on what the environmental campaign group describes as "a major multifaceted campaign to undermine climate science". Climate scientist Michael Mann, who was a target of DCI smear campaigns, said: "Andrea Saul and the others at DCI Group who carried out this attack on climate scientists and their work helped to delay any serious actions to combat climate change and its impacts, at great cost to society." | High | [
0.6666666666666661,
33.75,
16.875
] |
Videos Hip Hop Star Wyclef Jean of Fugees fame was back in Jersey talkin’ politics on Thursday. Although there are issues that I disagree on with Wyclef at least he’s got the guts to speak his mind thoughtfully. As celebrity after celebrity loses their minds over the Trump Presidency, (See: Eminem and Kathy Griffin as just two examples) Wyclef is asking people to learn the issues and then get vocal. It’s refreshing to hear someone who clearly can have an impact on younger voters taking a reasonable stand. In about four weeks, voters will elect a mayor in New York City and a governor in New Jersey. With all the challenges facing local residents from transportation to taxes it’s incredible that the candidates leading in the polls do nothing except talk about President Donald Trump and national issues. It’s time to hold politicians accountable before they win office. Let’s hear real plans about public transportation fixes in the NYC and in Jersey. And what about the fact that NJ has become unaffordable to average working and middle class families? It’s time we hear real plans to fix what’s broken instead of partisan talking points that serve no one except the candidates ambition. There are two major elections coming up in our area in a few weeks. One for mayor in NYC and another for governor in New Jersey. But does anyone care? Are people even paying attention? There are plenty of people acting out through protests and social media rants, but how many of those angry people will vote? The most important tool we have as Americans is the right to vote. Put the signs down and use it. Vice President Mike Pence left the Colts game this weekend after several members of the 49ers took a knee for the Anthem. Some thought it was a publicity stunt. The fact remains that VP Pence is a thoughtful, patriotic leader who has been consistent throughout the take-a-knee controversy. He’s also a die-hard Colts fan. He’s got a history of going to the games back when he was Governor of Indiana. Not everything is for ‘optics’. Sometimes you just react to bad behavior and stand up for what’s right. And while I have you here, let me take a moment to address the growing, and somewhat annoying, controversy that surrounds Columbus Day. There are too many people out there who are jumping to all sorts of conclusions, throwing around terms like “genocide” without all of the facts. So if you’re brave enough to hear a little truth, check out my article here and let me help you understand who Christopher Columbus really was. We’ve had a week of tragedy and heroism. Millions still recovering in Puerto Rico as donations pour in and local first responders head to the area. A massacre in Las Vegas where a gunman killed 58 innocent concert goers and injured more than 500. While politicians debate policy the stories of individual heroism emerge. From a local man saving people by helping them over the barricade to the man who got his pregnant future wife out of harm’s way. Then there’s the wounded man in a Vegas hospital who insisted on standing to greet the First Lady and the President. Americans stand and act in the face of evil and disasters. This week showed our resilience, strength and unity as a nation. The race to replace Governor Christie is in high gear and only five weeks out. The Republican candidate Lt. Governor Kim Guadagno has pulled closer to Democratic nominee, Phil Murphy. Why is the race so close in New Jersey where Democrats outnumber Republicans nearly two to one? Simple answer is taxes. They’re too high for the average middle class and working class family to afford. Kim Guadagno has a plan to lower them and Phil Murphy has pledged to raise taxes in order to pay for many new programs. Could this be a repeat of the Corzine/Christie battle in 2009? Five weeks to go… Despite what any casual observer should be able to see as major successes, President Trump’s detractors are so upset and still in disbelief that the first woman President of the United States won’t be Hillary Clinton, they vilify his every utterance and every decision. The President campaigned on creating jobs at home, curbing illegal immigration, strengthening the economy and making government work for people better than it ever has. On pretty much every front, except for the failure so far to repeal Obamacare (See:Paul Ryan and Mitch McConnell) the President is on track. As the Caribbean recovers, the Federal Government’s response has been swift, intense and productive. 4,000 members of the Army National Guard have been deployed along with 2,600 personnel from the Department of Defense spread across the Caribbean. Hundreds of emergency airlifts, tens of thousands of pounds of food and hundreds of thousands of liters of water, generators and medical supplies. Unfortunately, instead of praising the incredible job of the DoD, FEMA and other arms of the U.S Government for a rapid and effective response, the President’s detractors would rather play politics and attack his words and tweets. Do people simply not remember the disaster that FEMA was in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina? Isn’t it perfectly clear that when you hire a strong, organized, experienced leader, things get done? A couple hundred NFL players protested the National Anthem on Sunday by sitting, kneeling or staying behind in the locker room. Whatever your take, the battle lines are drawn between President Trump, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and players across the league. It’s time to call out what the entitled, spoiled, rich brats in the NFL who are simply not victims. The real problems impacting minority communities are a lack of economic and educational opportunities in our cities. One solution is the need for a stronger law enforcement presence to protect these communities from gangs and criminals. There’s a lot of discussion about the dangers of tackle football, especially when it comes to head injuries. As much as the NFL seems to have downplayed the risks as it may hurt their recruiting efforts, I strongly support youth tackle. Leadership, toughness, courage and teamwork can all be learned at a young age by kids taking a step onto the gridiron. My wife and I have encouraged our son to play and play it right. | Mid | [
0.6036866359447001,
32.75,
21.5
] |
/* specfunc/gsl_sf_hyperg.h * * Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Gerard Jungman * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at * your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU * General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */ /* Author: G. Jungman */ #ifndef __GSL_SF_HYPERG_H__ #define __GSL_SF_HYPERG_H__ #include "gsl_sf_result.h" #undef __BEGIN_DECLS #undef __END_DECLS #ifdef __cplusplus # define __BEGIN_DECLS extern "C" { # define __END_DECLS } #else # define __BEGIN_DECLS /* empty */ # define __END_DECLS /* empty */ #endif __BEGIN_DECLS /* Hypergeometric function related to Bessel functions * 0F1[c,x] = * Gamma[c] x^(1/2(1-c)) I_{c-1}(2 Sqrt[x]) * Gamma[c] (-x)^(1/2(1-c)) J_{c-1}(2 Sqrt[-x]) * * exceptions: GSL_EOVRFLW, GSL_EUNDRFLW */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_0F1_e(double c, double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_0F1(const double c, const double x); /* Confluent hypergeometric function for integer parameters. * 1F1[m,n,x] = M(m,n,x) * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_1F1_int_e(const int m, const int n, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_1F1_int(const int m, const int n, double x); /* Confluent hypergeometric function. * 1F1[a,b,x] = M(a,b,x) * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_1F1_e(const double a, const double b, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_1F1(double a, double b, double x); /* Confluent hypergeometric function for integer parameters. * U(m,n,x) * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_U_int_e(const int m, const int n, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_U_int(const int m, const int n, const double x); /* Confluent hypergeometric function for integer parameters. * U(m,n,x) * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_U_int_e10_e(const int m, const int n, const double x, gsl_sf_result_e10 * result); /* Confluent hypergeometric function. * U(a,b,x) * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_U_e(const double a, const double b, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_U(const double a, const double b, const double x); /* Confluent hypergeometric function. * U(a,b,x) * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_U_e10_e(const double a, const double b, const double x, gsl_sf_result_e10 * result); /* Gauss hypergeometric function 2F1[a,b,c,x] * |x| < 1 * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_e(double a, double b, const double c, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1(double a, double b, double c, double x); /* Gauss hypergeometric function * 2F1[aR + I aI, aR - I aI, c, x] * |x| < 1 * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_conj_e(const double aR, const double aI, const double c, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_conj(double aR, double aI, double c, double x); /* Renormalized Gauss hypergeometric function * 2F1[a,b,c,x] / Gamma[c] * |x| < 1 * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_renorm_e(const double a, const double b, const double c, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_renorm(double a, double b, double c, double x); /* Renormalized Gauss hypergeometric function * 2F1[aR + I aI, aR - I aI, c, x] / Gamma[c] * |x| < 1 * * exceptions: */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_conj_renorm_e(const double aR, const double aI, const double c, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_2F1_conj_renorm(double aR, double aI, double c, double x); /* Mysterious hypergeometric function. The series representation * is a divergent hypergeometric series. However, for x < 0 we * have 2F0(a,b,x) = (-1/x)^a U(a,1+a-b,-1/x) * * exceptions: GSL_EDOM */ int gsl_sf_hyperg_2F0_e(const double a, const double b, const double x, gsl_sf_result * result); double gsl_sf_hyperg_2F0(const double a, const double b, const double x); __END_DECLS #endif /* __GSL_SF_HYPERG_H__ */ | Mid | [
0.5726141078838171,
34.5,
25.75
] |
Bill Would Encourage Superbug Drugs Antibiotic-Resistant Infections November 04, 2011 The United States is more vulnerable to attacks from superbugs than from terrorists. Yet this nation does little to defend itself from new infections that resist antibiotics and kill tens of thousands of Americans every year. The pipeline for new antibiotics was already running low when Pfizer announced in February that it would move its antibiotics lab from Groton to China, where, presumably, the company can produce drugs more cheaply and with less red tape. The announcement alarmed scientists concerned about deaths from MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant infections. They worry about China's quality control and how quickly the U.S. could get supplies. Antibiotic discoveries have slowed to a trickle in part because weeklong Amoxicillin treatments (to name one example) are less lucrative than lifelong Lipitor regimens. Over the past three decades, there have been only two new classes of antibiotics developed. With few new weapons to fight ever-evolving pathogens, the U.S. could be at the mercy of a powerful new pathogen. A bug called NDM-1 that makes bacteria resistant to last-resort medications is widespread in India and has arrived on this continent. U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal has, thankfully, stepped forward with a bill that would give drug companies incentives to invest in antibiotic research. His bill would double the length of time they could profit from antibiotics before patents expire. The bill would also fast-track FDA approvals. The Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now Act has support on both sides of an often bitterly divided Congress. Critics say that, if anything, it should be even more generous in drug-company incentives to speed up research and development. Congress ought to speed up passage of this law. The need is getting urgent. | High | [
0.700980392156862,
35.75,
15.25
] |
A study of histology and enzymatic histochemistry on rabbit's retina in acute ocular hypertension. The changes of activities of enzymes relating to energy metabolism in rabbit's retina in acute ocular hypertension were observed. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase were found to be reduced, while the activities of the lactatic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase increased. The results revealed the metabolic disturbance of energy in retina after acute ocular hypertension might be the underlying factors relating to the defects of the functions and structures of the retina. | High | [
0.6657824933687001,
31.375,
15.75
] |
Morbidity in users of family health teams in the northeast of Minas Gerais based on the International Classification of Primary Care. This study aimed to characterize the profile of morbidity among users of family health teams in the northeastern macroregion of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional population-based study, developed with the teams of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). It was conducted by data collection, using semi-structured questionnaires with specific instruments adjusted for three categories of professional teams of the FHS: physicians, nurses and community health agents (CHA). We used the International Classification of Primary Care, second edition (ICPC-2) to encode morbidity. Information was collected from 17,988 people, and 10,855 (60.3%) were females; 1,662 (9.2%) questionnaires were related to care by the physician; 2,530 (14.1%) were related to care by nurses and 13,796 (76.7%) corresponded to visits by and meetings with the CHA. The main health problems were: circulatory diseases (especially hypertension), musculoskeletal problems (especially back pain) and diseases of the digestive tract (especially intestinal parasites), which accounted for more than 40% of the medical consultations. Nonspecific complaints and visits related to women's health were the most prevalent in the care by nurses. In meetings with CHA, complaints about respiratory, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases were the most pointed. The morbidity profile observed does not differ substantially from the results of other studies. Small differences can be attributed to regional particularities. | High | [
0.668141592920354,
37.75,
18.75
] |
Q: Chosen' Select's first option doesn't fire 'change' event I'm using Chosen' Select. <select class="chosen-select form-control" id="field_options" name="options"> <option value="option1">Option 1</option> <option value="option2">Option 2</option> <option value="option3">Option 3</option> </select> $('#field_options').change(function() { console.log('Option changed'); }); If I select the second or third option, the event 'change' is fired. But it doesn't happen whit the first option. A: I would consider changing your HTML. See the following. <select class="chosen-select form-control" id="field_options" name="options"> <option></option> <option value="option1">Option 1</option> <option value="option2">Option 2</option> <option value="option3">Option 3</option> </select> Now the User must change to one of the other Options which will invoke a change event. | Mid | [
0.62087912087912,
28.25,
17.25
] |
<base href="${BASE_PATH }">
<title>${HEAD_TITLE! }</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<!-- //favicon.ico小图标名称 -->
<link rel="icon" href="${BASE_PATH }favicon.ico"/>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="${BASE_PATH }favicon.ico"/>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta name="keywords" content="${HEAD_TITLE! }">
<meta name="description" content="${HEAD_TITLE! }">
<% var jflyfox_theme = session.session_user.theme!'default'; %>
<script type="text/javascript">
var jflyfox_theme = "${session.session_user.theme!'default' }";
</script>
<!-- 弹出框 -->
<% include("/pages/includes/ymprompt.html"){} %>
<!-- jquery -->
<% include("/pages/includes/jquery.html"){} %>
<!-- bootstrap -->
<% include("/pages/includes/bootstrap.html"){} %>
<!-- 分页 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" id='skin' type="text/css" href="static/component/smartpaginator/smartpaginator.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="static/component/smartpaginator/smartpaginator.js"></script>
<!-- 主JS -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="static/common/main.js"></script>
<!-- 验证工具 -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="static/common/valid.js"></script>
<!-- 初始化JS -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="static/common/initJs.js"></script>
<!-- 主样式 -->
<link href="static/common/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<!-- 系统样式 -->
<%
var theme_file = "/static/theme/" + jflyfox_theme + ".html";
include(theme_file){}
// 需要调整分页样式，文件管理样式
%>
| Low | [
0.49310344827586206,
17.875,
18.375
] |
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