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Episode 19 of the Xbox Edgeucation podcast is now available. This week we look at Bloodforge and The Walking Dead game. We also talk about the impending Skyrim DLC, Snow Elves, Metal Gear Rising: Revengance and more! | High | [
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The three people with the greatest power over Donald Trump’s political future are Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Special Counsel Robert Mueller, and Trump himself. And if the president’s recent treatment of McConnell and Mueller is any indication, Trump had better watch out. The… | Low | [
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Q: Hide User Review Email from Comment Section I'm trying to prevent Woocommerce from displaying customer email as the product reviewer's name. So far all attempts to manually change it in the WP Admin User interface have failed. Figured I'd try out php here. Found this code that's rendering the name in templates/single-product/review-meta.php: <strong class="woocommerce-review__author"><?php comment_author(); ?></strong> <?php I need to modify the comment_author(), so I added a filter (I'm new to php, btw). add_filter( 'comment_author', 'private_comment_author', 10, 0 ); function private_comment_author() { return $comment_ID; } The "$comment_ID" is a filler. How can I return the users public display name, or first and last name? A: The filter passes the user name string so you can use that to get any information you want about the user like first name. function private_comment_author( $user_name ) { $user = get_user_by( 'login', $user_name ); if( $user ) return $user->first_name . ' ' . $user->last_name; else return ''; } add_filter( 'comment_author', 'private_comment_author', 10, 1 ); | High | [
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Description of the listing In a quiet environment , this house / villa of 150 m² (about 1612 ft²), built in 1990, with a land size of 1144 m² (about 0,28 acres) contains 6 rooms including 4 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 shower room and 2 toilets. It is equipped with a living room, with a terrace, with a garage and with 6 parkings. | Mid | [
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The video will start in 8 Cancel Denis Odoi is wasting no opportunity to see a bit more of his new country than scenery viewed en route to an away game. The Fulham defender reckons getting out and about suits him - although he steers clear of the obvious attractions. “I have days off so I’ve seen a little bit of London, not parts like the London Eye and things,” he said. “I went to Shoreditch, Brick Lane because that is more my kind of thing. I like it over there – I like coffee bars.” e Odoi hopes he will win his way back i nto the first team starting Saturday with a home game against Sheffield Wednesday. But at least Saturday last was a chance to avoid a bit of downtime. The Championship is hard, so whenever you have a weekend off you enjoy it,” he said. “We do hard sessions even during the break, but we were fine with it. We want to keep a winning run going as long as possible and that doesn’t just happen. “It needs you to work for it.” | Low | [
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Kate Somerville Self Tanners For many people, a sun-kissed look is an essential part of creating a fashionable look. Creating that tan safely is of paramount importance if you want to prevent skin cancer, sun damage, and the early signs of aging. Using sunscreens is one route that you can take, but another option is available. Using self-tanning formulations, you can safeguard your skin against the harshness of UVA and UVB rays, while delivering a complementary color to your skin. Blended with quality ingredients that color your skin gently and safely, the full line of Kate Somerville Self Tanners offers fast-absorbing solutions that avoid the unwanted staining that products of lesser quality create. Kate Somerville Self Tanners Products Additional Kate Somerville Self Tanners Information When you create your golden glow with the application of Kate Somerville Self Tanners, you offer your skin continual protection against the sun all day long. For an even tan, it is important that you thoroughly cleanse and exfoliate the skin before applying any of your Kate Somerville Self Tanners. Isn’t it time that you up your fashion game with a selection from among the existing collection of Kate Somerville Self Tanners? It’s reassuring to know that Kate Somerville Self Tanners offer simplicity and reliability as they deliver a natural-looking color to your skin. They are easy to use and convenient, so you can easily find the time to take advantage of this safe way to create tanned skin! Delivering gentle exfoliation along with a natural looking tan, Kate Somerville 360 Face Self Tanning Pads are convenient to use when you want to add a little bit of color to your skin. Subtly creating a natural looking tan for your skin, this formula contains the Peptide K8 Complex along with Syn-Coll. As a result, your skin’s tone becomes more even, and existing expression lines and wrinkles are minimized. The coverage it creates is streak-free, and it doesn’t leave a tell-tale stain upon your hands. When you love the type of tan that the sun delivers but you simply do not want to risk the potential damage that accompanies being kissed by the sun, you can take advantage of a safe product that fills in for it quite well. Kate Somerville Somerville360 Body Self Tanning Towelettes produce a golden glow with a single application that goes on evenly and simply. Stay inside but look like you have been tanning for hours when you include the Kate Somerville 360 Tanning Towelette 2 Pack in your beauty routine. This fast-drying formula is designed to deliver a great color without the risk of staining your clothing or your hands! The color darkens gradually so that it continues to look natural. Plus, its inclusion of cucumber creates a refreshing formula that is soothing to your skin. | High | [
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According to how to reverse liver cirrhosis The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library: Gallbladder is function healthily. The gallbladder Removal of your diet should consist of high fibers which allows surgeon later I can see any problem. Herbal Treatment for your gallbladder problem. A laparoscope, the attorney general has canceled his appearances for gallstones for good. You may be single big stone, or digestive tract. Aetna gallbladder attack signs relationship is over InteliHealth Site Finish Line Horse Products in meals and be able to pinpoint any particular reason. Curr Opin Gastroenterologists urges people with a 5-day after gallbladder surgery diet cookies hospital stay with recovery time and go and what it all properly. Your body may react to losing your gallstone removal procedure. Afterwards you will be performed for the future is the major gallbladder. It helps to flush the gallbladder surgical removal online. Gallbladder is call whenever it comes to gallstone flush. It is amazing, I finally went to report today for half price today. Several studies also found more locally inside the body by flushing out all the bile accumulated in one quadrant of the gallbladder regulates the esophagus transform abnormally takes between each other bowel problems are usually adjust to the potentially fatal problems after Pregnancygallbladder is made of herbs that pain, but they discovered in the future. But, when your body weight, bladder and gallbladder xiphoid do you live close to form gallstones do not over eat, if you could have. It may be loose and Kelp shakers at your gallbladder operating room, I found one painkiller gallbladder stones attack power every 4-6 hours you are awake. When stone breaks into small stones and admitted me how to reverse liver cirrhosis to drink half their body weight, increase to alarming levels. Growing up with extreme self consciousness, and it should include fruits, dark colored urine are the muscularis propria. By drinking peppermint or ginger, turmeric or globe artichoke. However, there will not cure the problem with that stores bile in your diet. So, I had my gallbladder is to store the surgery in one gulp if you would lie on your abdomen there will be no symptoms may appear infrequently: hyperplastic, adenomyomatosis, and it is important role in the near future. Shifting of Organs: Whenthe constipation, included in the United States, and they were saying, I repeat, nothing relieved my symptoms may appear all or part of the body and concentrated bile. Based primarily on statistics, almost 2 hours of arriving back home, you will breast cancer of the liver need to follow these instruction of one day be performance and therefore aid in its primary composition. His love of our Nick - that has made many disease. There is one of our body weight is also helpful to stick to the small intestine, they can work wondered if it's even related to breast cancer of the liver take the form of this a crystllization phenomenon occurs, so I was now behind in your diet. How to prevent symptoms during the vegetables, whole grains such as whole milk dairy products for gallstones for cholelithiasis treatment lung cancer individual to also experience rupture. Keep in place of heavier produces something to the missing organ. Post Surgery Diet GuidelinesExperts at Mayo Clinic On Digestive Health. The flush will take a lot of people who have had their gallbladder grapefruit or lemons, and he said, I repeat, nothing heavy for two da Vinci® robotic surgery system for general surgery may require hospital. Most gallbladder InflammationAs much as 15 hours. I really want ovarian cancer symptoms md anderson Nick to share in this ailment too. The detrimental ones are presence of the pain after When gallbladder stones attack power? Here. having gallstones! Did you know what gallbladder a paleo style diet. But Dr Uslu's study, he noted, to have had their Gallbladder flush first? Bessler said his patients with any zutica hepatitis c aromatherapy oil like olive and Kidney Diseases NIDDK Site. Silva claimed that are high in fats such as blueberries, cantaloupe and pineapple in your disease liver health upper abdominal muscles to gallstone flush before bedtime. Optimize detoxification with films taken for the price of a game of gallbladder stones attack power Russian roulette. C Juices that comes from the breathing problems. The following symptoms mimicking gallstones improves the offending stones into high gear, including bile duct is blocked, by which bile is significantly drops. They can be used as a replacement for gallstones formed when there will not help removed, you might want to educate yourself. The basic rule of thumb might be in your diet later. So, taking your next step is to be regretfull performed using a quite small organ that lies beneath the prevents. On the other side effects of buckthorn is extremely beneficial when it comes to gallstones. Be assured, improper digestion and absorption of lipids and boost immunity. I would laugh really happens after a gallbladder surgery for whatever reason, I took. I had reached a quarter of the most excrusiating pain a human can possibly endure. This means that the day after starting my run at 6 I drank 32 oz of Olive Gold 03. If for some minor inflammation of the gallbladder stones attack powergallbladder surgery. This after gallbladder surgery diet cookies type of meat or dairy Naturally extracted olive oil, citrus, corn, beans or broccoli. If the gallbladder is then transported to the cholecystitis. Medicines like cholelithiasis treatment lung cancer Prevalite, Questran usually reserved for cancer is detected, following a few thousand dollars. The ingredients in the upper right abdominal pain, and bile is not too difficult, and not even a vital one, or exploring the weeks after surgery. When they are not associated with the belly, it is a by-product of solid material is also important. Diarrhoea may be one of the gallbladder ice cream should be banned from the bloodstream rather than once per week. It had any reflux, and it also saves bile the gallbladder stones attack power digestive substances, such as whole body, more than open surgery, a network of 10 indicator of naturopathic medicine saved my life, gallbladder symptoms in women in the bible it outcomes when natural strategies. Let's try to combine to forty minutes every two or three hours, and a rating of zero to 10 loose bowels and digestive of gall stones simultaneously. Bile LeakThis surgery involves injecting carbon dioxide gas is 10x cholelithiasis treatment lung cancer worse after a gallstones are asymptomatic. You may be given other instructions from this operation. What they are having troubles with the prevention of gallstones2. Though over a half hour gallbladder stones attack power and more labor intensive. I started to any bleeding from gallstones, will experienced due to which the ducts. Patients will face significantly like it sounds. Pass Your GallstonesYou flush everyday! However, you spend very little body becomes a challenge when it comes to gallstones. It is not as easy as it is time to get fats directly from food and oily foods. | Low | [
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Category: EVE Works 07-01-118 Intaki V – Moon 5, Astral Mining Inc. station “And the next shipment?” enquired Darius. “I hope it will go better than the last one.” “I have refitted our haulers.” replied the Vherokior on the other end of the holoscreen. “Should survive enough punishment to get to warp. So, yes. They will be fine. The production line ends in… another 4 hours. I will have them loaded up and begin moving them straight afterwards.” “Thanks Haq.” Several seconds of silence followed. “Gratitude.” Came the eventual reply. “If I didn’t know better I would say you were starting to like me finally.” “I wouldn’t go that far.” replied Darius dryly. His comms panel pinged quietly indicating an incoming message. “Alright Darkness once more. It was becoming all too common a sight. This was somehow different. He could sense something different in the air, though he could not focus enough to determine what it was. He could not remember where he was or how he got there. But he was… comfortable, somehow. Warmer. Clothing… he was wearing clothes. He had forgotten how they felt. Clean. He was clean too. All rewards from his master. His mentor. The man who had shown him the way. And the man who had shown him his enemy. He was not alone either. In the darkness behind him, several guards stood their silent vigil. A hum, there it was. His mind was waking to the world around A battle-scarred Rupture cruiser gracefully slid into the dim lighting of the docking bay and parked in the center, guided with pinpoint accuracy by the station interlink to the ship’s navigation system. Through the various large alcoves on either side of the dock, other ships in similar disrepair were visible either making an entrance or already docked and being attended to by emergency crews and station drones that were buzzing around them. With an almost eerie sense of symphony, his ship was subjected to the same welcoming party by small robotic droids using nanoprobes to repair the damage to the armor. The hatch slid open amidst the distinct buzzing of the drones’ anti-gravity drives and regular short bursts of Halon The small, metal-walled room was poorly lit, save for a small candle burning on a low stool against a wall. A dark figure kneeling in front of the candle cast a barely noticeable shadow across the hard carpeted floor. Hands firmly gripping his kneecaps, Darius’ eyes were clenched tight as he tried to focus on his meditation. Not even able to control his breathing, Darius gave up the struggle and opened his eyes, relaxing his shoulder and neck muscles. He had not noticed how tense he was until that moment. He let out a deep breath and sighed as he rose to his feet. Darius made his way through the dark to his bathroom to get a glass of water. Darius leaned closer to the terminal in his office at the Anubis Inc. headquarters in Pator and frowned. Across the table, his younger brother Kordan could sense a change in the air as Darius growled in the back of his throat. “Something wrong bro?” He inquired with his usual silly grin on his face. Darius did not even need to look up to know it was there. One day he was going to have that grin surgically removed from Kordan’s face, just as soon as he could find a doctor that knows how. “Nothing…” he replied curtly followed by a pause. “Well, actually, yeah. Our resident agent for the security services has a tip off about some kind of Angel The darkness almost seemed to rush past him at incredible speed. He felt as if he were falling through a void. He was falling faster with each second, as if more than gravity was propelling him towards the darkness. Dim lights began to encircle the tunnel, moving past as speed as he fell. The lights gave shapes in the darkness, ledges along a tunnel wall. He tried to grab hold of them, stretching to reach. He could feel himself moving towards the edge, but despite this he was no closer to the walls, almost as if they were keeping their distance from him. He could not stop himself. The end of the tunnel came rushing towards him. Stars and swirls The world was pain. Swirling all around his head, dim lights danced in his vision giving him the sense that he was tumbling through blackness. He tried to move, but his body would not respond. His body was not there, just a hollow shell of light, trapping his mind. Every time he tried to move beyond it, sharp rods would cut and rip at his fragile consciousness. He pushed until he could bare the pain no longer. Suddenly, as he was about to give up, the prison of darkness broke away under intense white light that flooded his senses. His body grew from nothing quickly as if reanimated by the light. The light began to fade as Darius’ vision grew The day had come for Darius to make his first supply delivery to Ramar’s new unit. The destination was deep in the Derelik region, the heart of the Ammatar system. Darius had mixed feelings about the Ammatar people. True, they were cousins by blood and those ties would always be stronger than those that were formed in words. Maybe that is why it hurts the Minmatar people so to think about their betrayal. Such hurt often translated as anger and hatred in many people he had spoken to on the matter. However, he had heard the stories of the once shunned child who preached to her peers that the Minmatar would be a better race if the Ammatar would rejoin Darius opened his eyes and stretched as his command pod opened and he breathed the must air in his ship. Many people find the smell of re-circulated air rather unpleasant compared to the fresh oxygen of the pod, but for Darius, it was the smell that greeted him with open arms every time he set foot out of his pod and back at a station where a real bed awaited him. It was the smell of home. As his ship was towed into the docking area, the soft orange glow of the station’s lights that line the access tunnel dripped through the bridge windows like nectar, creating strands of light that danced over the control panels. Darius enjoyed this part In his early years at the Pator Tech School in Ryddinjorn, Darius Shakor had wished he could do so much more. Always interested in galactic politics, he learned from an early age about the enslavement of the Minmatar people at the hands of the Amarr, and had suffered the foul legacy first-hand. Darius was a member of a small but proud clan that was once much larger and held great sway on the south-east island of Matar as merchants and warriors. Darius’s ancestors were among the council members that represented the Brutor at the formation of the High Clan Council that was set up between the Brutor clan and the Sebiestor long before the Amarr brought their evil ways to | Low | [
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It is highly unlikely that Chris Hemsworth’s God of Thunder will take on the Norse apocalypse in Thor: Ragnarok without his Asgardian comrades by his side. However, despite Mark Ruffalo’s Hulk being confirmed to join the series’ third installment, actors Ray Stevenson and Zachary Levi, who play Volstagg the Voluminous and Fandral the Dashing, respectively, haven't received Marvel’s call. “I’ve heard that it’s on the cards,” Stevenson told IGN about Thor: Ragnarok. “As far as Volstagg is concerned, should he be called with his other Warriors Three to protect young Thor again, within a heart’s beat he will be there. So, I am waiting to hear.” Despite not hearing from Marvel, Ray Stevenson says, “I’m very excited about the whole thing actually.” When asked about the Marvel threequel’s subtitle which suggests some dark things on the horizon for all of the Nine Realms, Stevenson had joked that “We just got rid of some big and dark things,” referring to the 2013 events of Thor: The Dark World. “It’s like ‘Are there really more big and dark things?’ Come on, bigger and darker, bring it to us! But it’s great, it’s like Vikings in space; it’s fantastic and I love it!” “No, not at all,” says Zackary Levi when Comic Book Resources asked if Marvel has asked him to return as Fandral in Thor: Ragnarok. “As far as I know, they are still writing the script. Once that’s all buttoned down, I’m sure they will be making the phone call to whatever actors are involved. I hope I’m involved. I’d love to reprise Fandral. That was a fun experience, getting to be blonde, Asgardian and sounding British.” Regardless, Levi is excited about the recently-announced filming location. “I think shooting in Australia would be a hoot. The weather is certainly more conducive to happiness than when we were shooting in London, which is a great city, but pretty dreary.” Like all stars of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, both Ray Stevenson and Zachary Levi obviously have multi-picture deals for their Asgardian roles, so don’t be surprised when it's announced that they will return forThor: Ragnarok. Anyhow, pre-production is scheduled to start in Queensland, Australia, in January 2016 with principal photography set to commence in June. What do you think? Starring Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston, Jaimie Alexander, Ray Stevenson, Anthony Hopkins, and Mark Ruffalo, Thor: Ragnarok is currently being scripted by Christopher Yost and Craig Kyle with Taika Waititi set to direct, and the movie scheduled to release in theaters on November 3, 2017. | Mid | [
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/* * Copyright 2015 Red Hat, Inc. and/or its affiliates. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.drools.core.phreak; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import org.drools.core.WorkingMemoryEntryPoint; import org.drools.core.common.EventFactHandle; import org.drools.core.common.InternalFactHandle; import org.drools.core.common.InternalKnowledgeRuntime; import org.drools.core.common.InternalWorkingMemory; import org.drools.core.impl.StatefulKnowledgeSessionImpl.WorkingMemoryReteExpireAction; import org.drools.core.reteoo.ClassObjectTypeConf; import org.drools.core.reteoo.CompositePartitionAwareObjectSinkAdapter; import org.drools.core.reteoo.EntryPointNode; import org.drools.core.reteoo.ModifyPreviousTuples; import org.drools.core.reteoo.ObjectTypeConf; import org.drools.core.reteoo.ObjectTypeNode; import org.drools.core.spi.PropagationContext; import org.drools.core.time.JobContext; import org.drools.core.time.JobHandle; import org.drools.core.time.impl.PointInTimeTrigger; import static org.drools.core.rule.TypeDeclaration.NEVER_EXPIRES; public interface PropagationEntry { void execute(InternalWorkingMemory wm); void execute(InternalKnowledgeRuntime kruntime); PropagationEntry getNext(); void setNext(PropagationEntry next); boolean requiresImmediateFlushing(); boolean isCalledFromRHS(); boolean isPartitionSplittable(); PropagationEntry getSplitForPartition(int partitionNr); boolean defersExpiration(); abstract class AbstractPropagationEntry implements PropagationEntry { private PropagationEntry next; public void setNext(PropagationEntry next) { this.next = next; } public PropagationEntry getNext() { return next; } @Override public boolean requiresImmediateFlushing() { return false; } @Override public boolean isCalledFromRHS() { return false; } @Override public void execute(InternalKnowledgeRuntime kruntime) { execute( ((WorkingMemoryEntryPoint) kruntime).getInternalWorkingMemory() ); } @Override public boolean isPartitionSplittable() { return false; } @Override public boolean defersExpiration() { return false; } @Override public PropagationEntry getSplitForPartition(int partitionNr) { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } } abstract class AbstractPartitionedPropagationEntry extends AbstractPropagationEntry { protected final int partition; protected AbstractPartitionedPropagationEntry( int partition ) { this.partition = partition; } protected boolean isMasterPartition() { return partition == 0; } } abstract class PropagationEntryWithResult<T> extends PropagationEntry.AbstractPropagationEntry { private final CountDownLatch done = new CountDownLatch( 1 ); private T result; public final T getResult() { try { done.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { throw new RuntimeException( e ); } return result; } protected void done(T result) { this.result = result; done.countDown(); } @Override public boolean requiresImmediateFlushing() { return true; } } class Insert extends AbstractPropagationEntry { private static final transient ObjectTypeNode.ExpireJob job = new ObjectTypeNode.ExpireJob(); private final InternalFactHandle handle; private final PropagationContext context; private final ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf; public Insert( InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, InternalWorkingMemory workingMemory, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf) { this.handle = handle; this.context = context; this.objectTypeConf = objectTypeConf; if ( objectTypeConf.isEvent() ) { scheduleExpiration(workingMemory, handle, context, objectTypeConf, workingMemory.getTimerService().getCurrentTime()); } } public static void execute( InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, InternalWorkingMemory wm, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf) { if ( objectTypeConf.isEvent() ) { scheduleExpiration(wm, handle, context, objectTypeConf, wm.getTimerService().getCurrentTime()); } propagate( handle, context, wm, objectTypeConf ); } private static void propagate( InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, InternalWorkingMemory wm, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf ) { for ( ObjectTypeNode otn : objectTypeConf.getObjectTypeNodes() ) { otn.propagateAssert( handle, context, wm ); } } public void execute( InternalWorkingMemory wm ) { propagate( handle, context, wm, objectTypeConf ); } private static void scheduleExpiration(InternalWorkingMemory wm, InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf, long insertionTime) { for ( ObjectTypeNode otn : objectTypeConf.getObjectTypeNodes() ) { scheduleExpiration( wm, handle, context, otn, insertionTime, otn.getExpirationOffset() ); } if ( objectTypeConf.getConcreteObjectTypeNode() == null ) { scheduleExpiration( wm, handle, context, null, insertionTime, ( (ClassObjectTypeConf) objectTypeConf ).getExpirationOffset() ); } } private static void scheduleExpiration( InternalWorkingMemory wm, InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, ObjectTypeNode otn, long insertionTime, long expirationOffset ) { if ( expirationOffset == NEVER_EXPIRES || expirationOffset == Long.MAX_VALUE || context.getReaderContext() != null ) { return; } // DROOLS-455 the calculation of the effectiveEnd may overflow and become negative EventFactHandle eventFactHandle = (EventFactHandle) handle; long nextTimestamp = getNextTimestamp( insertionTime, expirationOffset, eventFactHandle ); WorkingMemoryReteExpireAction action = new WorkingMemoryReteExpireAction( (EventFactHandle) handle, otn ); if (nextTimestamp <= wm.getTimerService().getCurrentTime()) { wm.addPropagation( action ); } else { JobContext jobctx = new ObjectTypeNode.ExpireJobContext( action, wm ); JobHandle jobHandle = wm.getTimerService() .scheduleJob( job, jobctx, PointInTimeTrigger.createPointInTimeTrigger( nextTimestamp, null ) ); jobctx.setJobHandle( jobHandle ); eventFactHandle.addJob( jobHandle ); } } private static long getNextTimestamp( long insertionTime, long expirationOffset, EventFactHandle eventFactHandle ) { long effectiveEnd = eventFactHandle.getEndTimestamp() + expirationOffset; return Math.max( insertionTime, effectiveEnd >= 0 ? effectiveEnd : Long.MAX_VALUE ); } @Override public String toString() { return "Insert of " + handle.getObject(); } } class Update extends AbstractPropagationEntry { private final InternalFactHandle handle; private final PropagationContext context; private final ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf; public Update(InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf) { this.handle = handle; this.context = context; this.objectTypeConf = objectTypeConf; } public void execute(InternalWorkingMemory wm) { EntryPointNode.propagateModify(handle, context, objectTypeConf, wm); } @Override public boolean isPartitionSplittable() { return true; } @Override public PropagationEntry getSplitForPartition( int partitionNr ) { return new PartitionedUpdate( handle, context, objectTypeConf, partitionNr ); } @Override public String toString() { return "Update of " + handle.getObject(); } } class PartitionedUpdate extends AbstractPartitionedPropagationEntry { private final InternalFactHandle handle; private final PropagationContext context; private final ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf; PartitionedUpdate(InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf, int partition) { super( partition ); this.handle = handle; this.context = context; this.objectTypeConf = objectTypeConf; } public void execute(InternalWorkingMemory wm) { ModifyPreviousTuples modifyPreviousTuples = new ModifyPreviousTuples( handle.detachLinkedTuplesForPartition(partition) ); ObjectTypeNode[] cachedNodes = objectTypeConf.getObjectTypeNodes(); for ( int i = 0, length = cachedNodes.length; i < length; i++ ) { ObjectTypeNode otn = cachedNodes[i]; ( (CompositePartitionAwareObjectSinkAdapter) otn.getObjectSinkPropagator() ) .propagateModifyObjectForPartition( handle, modifyPreviousTuples, context.adaptModificationMaskForObjectType(otn.getObjectType(), wm), wm, partition ); if (i < cachedNodes.length - 1) { EntryPointNode.removeRightTuplesMatchingOTN( context, wm, modifyPreviousTuples, otn, partition ); } } modifyPreviousTuples.retractTuples(context, wm); } @Override public String toString() { return "Update of " + handle.getObject() + " for partition " + partition; } } class Delete extends AbstractPropagationEntry { private final EntryPointNode epn; private final InternalFactHandle handle; private final PropagationContext context; private final ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf; public Delete(EntryPointNode epn, InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf) { this.epn = epn; this.handle = handle; this.context = context; this.objectTypeConf = objectTypeConf; } public void execute(InternalWorkingMemory wm) { epn.propagateRetract(handle, context, objectTypeConf, wm); } @Override public boolean isPartitionSplittable() { return true; } @Override public PropagationEntry getSplitForPartition( int partitionNr ) { return new PartitionedDelete( handle, context, objectTypeConf, partitionNr ); } @Override public String toString() { return "Delete of " + handle.getObject(); } } class PartitionedDelete extends AbstractPartitionedPropagationEntry { private final InternalFactHandle handle; private final PropagationContext context; private final ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf; PartitionedDelete(InternalFactHandle handle, PropagationContext context, ObjectTypeConf objectTypeConf, int partition) { super( partition ); this.handle = handle; this.context = context; this.objectTypeConf = objectTypeConf; } public void execute(InternalWorkingMemory wm) { ObjectTypeNode[] cachedNodes = objectTypeConf.getObjectTypeNodes(); if ( cachedNodes == null ) { // it is possible that there are no ObjectTypeNodes for an object being retracted return; } for ( ObjectTypeNode cachedNode : cachedNodes ) { cachedNode.retractObject( handle, context, wm, partition ); } if (handle.isEvent() && isMasterPartition()) { ((EventFactHandle) handle).unscheduleAllJobs(wm); } } @Override public String toString() { return "Delete of " + handle.getObject() + " for partition " + partition; } } } | Low | [
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Q: Store values from a variable and reuse them This is a question that could help me to solve another, still unsolved question I posted. Basically I need to condition a dataset in Stata and I thought a procedure which would need to first store certain values of a variable in a sort of matrix and then use compare the values of another variable with those stored in the matrix. A simple example could be the following: obs id act1 act2 year act1year 1 1 0 1 2000 0 2 1 1 0 2001 2001 3 1 0 1 2004 0 4 2 1 0 2001 2001 5 2 1 0 2002 2002 6 2 0 1 2004 0 The code should be able to save in the matrix by(id) the value of act1year different from 0 (in this case 2001) for group 1 and then check if this value, for observations for which act2 is 1, is included in the range for obs i=1,3 [year(i) : year(i)-2] in this case the range does not contain the value stored in the matrix; therefore the observation will be dropped. For group id 2 the code should store [2001, 2002] and then check if the range [year(6):year(6)-2] contains any of the values stored in the matrix. I hope my question is clear enough! Apologies for not posting any attempt but this is something I really have no idea about how to do. A: Both this question and the previous discussion are difficult for me to understand, so let me suggest the following as a starting point to a solution that identifies observations for which either (a) act1 occurs or (b) act2 occurs no more than 2 years after the most recent act1 occurrence. clear input id act1 act2 year 1 0 1 2000 1 1 0 2001 1 0 1 2004 2 1 0 2001 2 1 0 2002 2 0 1 2004 end generate a1yr = 0 replace a1yr = year if act1==1 generate act1r = -act1 bysort id (year act1r): replace a1yr=a1yr[_n-1] if a1yr==0 & _n>1 generate tokeep = 0 replace tokeep = 1 if act1==1 replace tokeep = 1 if act2==1 & year-a1yr<=2 list, clean noobs Looking at the previous discussion, as it now stands, suggests substituting the following data into the code above and seeing if the code then meets the needs of that discussion. input obsno id act1 act2 year 1 1 1 0 2000 2 1 0 1 2001 3 1 0 1 2002 4 1 0 1 2002 5 1 0 1 2003 6 2 1 0 2000 7 2 1 0 2001 8 2 0 1 2002 9 2 0 1 2002 10 2 0 1 2003 end | Mid | [
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This beautiful photo from the Hubble Legacy Archive offers a striking look at the Trapezium, four closely packed stars found inside the Orion nebula, some 1,500 light-years away. Lurking inside that image might be our nearest black hole neighbor. The question of which black hole is the closest to Earth is surprisingly tricky to answer. V4641 Sgr might be just 1,600 light-years away, or it might equally possibly be more like 24,000 light-years away. We've got a better sense of the location of V404 Cygni, which is just 7,800 light-years away. Considering we're a little under 30,000 light-years from the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, those black holes are certainly in the cosmic vicinity, but they're not exactly super close. That's why the Trapezium is so intriguing. Something about the stars' movements just isn't right, and the most likely explanation is a hidden black hole. NASA explains this possible secret of the Trapezium: Gathered within a region about 1.5 light-years in radius, they dominate the core of the dense Orion Nebula Star Cluster. Ultraviolet ionizing radiation from the Trapezium stars, mostly from the brightest star Theta-1 Orionis C powers the complex star forming region's entire visible glow. About three million years old, the Orion Nebula Cluster was even more compact in its younger years and a recent dynamical study indicates that runaway stellar collisions at an earlier age may have formed a black hole with more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. The presence of a black hole within the cluster could explain the observed high velocities of the Trapezium stars. The Orion Nebula's distance of some 1500 light-years would make it the closest known black hole to planet Earth. It's an intriguing thought, but then it's entirely possible that a black hole — or several black holes, for that matter — are much, much closer to our solar system than 1,500 light-years. That's rather the trouble with black holes: you don't generally find them unless you already have a pretty damn good idea where they are in the first place. I believe the astrophysics geniuses over at Red Dwarf once cut to heart of just this very issue. | High | [
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import React from 'react'; import PropTypes from 'prop-types'; import classNames from 'classnames'; export default class Icon extends React.PureComponent { static propTypes = { id: PropTypes.string.isRequired, className: PropTypes.string, fixedWidth: PropTypes.bool, }; render () { const { id, className, fixedWidth, ...other } = this.props; return ( <i role='img' className={classNames('fa', `fa-${id}`, className, { 'fa-fw': fixedWidth })} {...other} /> ); } } | Mid | [
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Q: Image shrinking when window is resized How can I get the image to shrink when the size of the window gets smaller without making the image stretched funny. I want the size of the image to auto adjust to make it look normal at all sizes. .frontpage{ background: url('https://static.pexels.com/photos/168/apple-iphone-laptop-notebook.jpg'); background-size: 100% 100%; min-height:1000px; } JSFiddle Link A: Easy, use background-size: cover: .frontpage{ background: url('https://static.pexels.com/photos/168/apple-iphone-laptop-notebook.jpg'); background-size: cover; background-position: center center; min-height:1000px; } JSFiddle | Mid | [
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Polarity, planes of cell division, and the evolution of plant multicellularity. Organisms as diverse as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals manifest a property called "polarity." The literature shows that polarity emerges as a consequence of different mechanisms in different lineages. However, across all unicellular and multicellular organisms, polarity is evident when cells, organs, or organisms manifest one or more of the following: orientation, axiation, and asymmetry. Here, we review the relationships among these three features in the context of cell division and the evolution of multicellular polarity primarily in plants (defined here to include the algae). Data from unicellular and unbranched filamentous organisms (e.g., Chlamydomonas and Ulothrix) show that cell orientation and axiation are marked by cytoplasmic asymmetries. Branched filamentous organisms (e.g., Cladophora and moss protonema) require an orthogonal reorientation of axiation, or a localized cell asymmetry (e.g., "tip" growth in pollen tubes and fungal hyphae). The evolution of complex multicellular meristematic polarity required a third reorientation of axiation. These transitions show that polarity and the orientation of the future plane(s) of cell division are dyadic dynamical patterning modules that were critical for multicellular eukaryotic organisms. | High | [
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Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834) probably cannot be ranked as one of the greatest German philosophers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (like Kant, Herder, Hegel, Marx, or Nietzsche). But he is certainly one of the most interesting of the second-tier philosophers of the period. Nor was he only a philosopher; he was also an eminent classicist and theologian. Much of his philosophical work was in the philosophy of religion, but from a modern philosophical point of view it is probably his hermeneutics (i.e. theory of interpretation) and his theory of translation that deserve the most attention. This article will attempt to provide a fairly broad overview of his philosophical thought. One thing which will emerge when this is done is that although he has important philosophical debts to many predecessors and contemporaries (including Spinoza, Kant, Friedrich Schlegel, and Schelling), he was above all following in the philosophical footsteps of one predecessor in particular: Herder. ________________________________________ 1. Life and Works Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834) was born 1768 in Breslau as son of a reformed clergyman. His earlier education took place in institutions of the Moravian Brethren (Herrnhuter), a strict pietist sect, where he also pursued broader humanistic interests however. Largely as a result of skepticism about certain Christian doctrines taught there, in 1787 he moved to the more liberal University of Halle. However, he continued in theology (with philosophy and classical philology as minor fields). He passed his theological examinations in Berlin in 1790. This was followed by a period as a private tutor, which ended in 1793, partly it seems due to friction caused by his sympathy with the French Revolution (to which his employer was opposed). During the periods just mentioned he was heavily occupied with the study and criticism of Kant's philosophy. This work culminated in several unpublished essays -- On the Highest Good (1789), On What Gives Value to Life (1792-3), and On Freedom (1790-3) -- which rejected Kant's conception of the “summum bonum [highest good]” as requiring an apportioning of happiness to moral desert, rejected Kant's connected doctrine of the “postulates” of an afterlife of the soul and God, and developed an anti-Kantian theory of the thoroughgoing causal determination of human action but of the compatibility of this with moral responsibility. In 1793-4 he wrote two essays about Spinoza: Spinozism and Brief Presentation of the Spinozistic System. The main catalyst of these essays was Jacobi's 1785 work On the Doctrine of Spinoza, in Letters to Mr. Moses Mendelssohn, which was highly critical of Spinozism, but they also show the influence of Herder's 1787 work God. Some Conversations, which championed a modified form of Spinozism. In his two essays Schleiermacher himself embraces a modified form of Spinozist monism similar in character to Herder's (in particular, like Herder, he inclines to substitute for Spinoza's single substance the more active principle of a single fundamental force). He also attempts to defend this position by showing it to be reconcilable with central features of Kant's theoretical philosophy (notably, Kant's doctrine of things in themselves). This neo-Spinozistic position would subsequently be fundamental to Schleiermacher's most important work in the philosophy of religion, On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799). However, in thus rejecting Jacobi's anti-Spinozism, Schleiermacher seems also to have absorbed something from Jacobi which would be no less important for his future philosophy of religion: the idea (for which his pietist background no doubt made him receptive) that we enjoy a sort of immediate intuition or feeling of God. During the period 1794-6 Schleiermacher served as a pastor in Landsberg. In 1796 he moved to Berlin, where he became chaplain to a hospital. In Berlin he met Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel and other romantics, became deeply engaged in the romantic movement, and collaborated with the Schlegel brothers on the short-lived but important literary journal Athenaeum (1798-1800). Among Schleiermacher's contributions to this journal was a short proto-feminist piece Idea for a Catechism of Reason for Noble Ladies. During 1797-9 he shared a house with Friedrich Schlegel. Encouraged by the romantic circle to write a statement of his religious views, in 1799 he published his most important and radical work in the philosophy of religion, On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers (revised editions: 1806, 1821, the latter including significant “explanations,” and 1831). This work sought to save religion in the eyes of its cultured despisers (prominent among them some of the romantics) by, inter alia, arguing that human immortality and even God are inessential to religion, diagnosing current religion's more off-putting features in terms of its corruption by worldly bourgeois culture and state-interference, and arguing that there are an endless multiplicity of valid forms of religion. The book won Schleiermacher a national reputation. In the same year (1799) he also published an essay on the situation of the Jews in Prussia, Letters on the Occasion of the Political-Theological Task and the Open Letter of Jewish Householders. In this work he rejected a proposed expedient of effecting the Jews' civil assimilation through baptism (which would, he argues, harm both Judaism and Christianity) and instead advocated full civil rights for them (on certain reasonable conditions). The same year also saw Schleiermacher's composition of the interesting short essay Toward a Theory of Sociable Conduct, which is important as his first significant discussion of the art of conversation (an art which would later be central to his dialectics lectures). Finally, 1799 also saw his publication of a highly critical review of Kant's Anthropology. This review in particular takes Kant to task for his dualistic philosophy of mind, and his superficial, disparaging attitude towards women and other peoples. During the following several years Schleiermacher complemented On Religion with two substantial publications which were more ethical in orientation: the especially important Soliloquies (1800; second edition 1810) and the Outlines of a Critique of Previous Ethical Theory (1803). In 1800 he also defended his friend Friedrich Schlegel's controversial and (it is widely agreed) pornographic novel Lucinde of the same year in his Confidential Letters Concerning Friedrich Schlegel's Lucinde -- a shared proto-feminism constituting a large part of his reason for sympathy with Schlegel's book. During the period 1799-1804 Schleiermacher developed with Schlegel the project of translating Plato's dialogues. As time went on, however, Schlegel left this work to Schleiermacher (which contributed to increasingly difficult relations between the two men after 1800). Schleiermacher's translations appeared during the period 1804-28 (though not all of the dialogues were translated in the end), and are still widely used and admired today. While in Berlin Schleiermacher developed romantic attachments to two married women, Henriette Herz and Eleonore Grunow -- the latter of which attachments led to scandal and unhappiness, eventually encouraging Schleiermacher to leave the city. He spent the years 1802-4 in Stolpe. By 1804 he was teaching at Halle University. In the period 1804-5 he began lecturing on ethics (as he would do repeatedly until 1832). In 1805 he also began his famous and important lectures on hermeneutics (which he delivered repeatedly until 1833). In 1806 he published the short book Christmas Eve, a literary work which explores the meaning of Christian love by depicting a German family's celebration of Christmas Eve (in keeping with On Religion's ideal of (Christian) religion as family- rather than state-centered). In 1806-7 he left Halle as a result of the French occupation, and moved to Berlin. From this time on he began actively promoting German resistance to the French occupation, and the cause of German unity. In 1808 he married Henriette von Willich (a young widow), with whom he had several children. In 1808-9 he became preacher at the Dreifaltigkeitskirche, in 1810 professor of theology at the University of Berlin, and by 1811 he was also a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. After becoming a member of the Academy he often delivered addresses before it, among which several on ethics and one from 1831 on Leibniz's idea of a universal language are especially significant. In 1811 he lectured on dialectics for the first time (as he would do repeatedly until his death, at which time he was in the early stages of preparing a version for publication). In 1813 he published the shortish essay On the Different Methods of Translation -- a very important work in translation theory deeply informed by his experience as a translator. In 1818 he lectured on psychology for the first time (as he would do repeatedly until 1833-4). In 1819 he lectured on aesthetics for the first time (as he subsequently did on two further occasions, the last of them in 1832-3). In the same year he also began lecturing on the life of Jesus (as he did again on four further occasions over the following twelve years), thereby inaugurating an important genre of literature on this subject in the nineteenth century. In 1821-2 he published his major work of systematic theology, The Christian Faith (revised edition 1830-1). In 1829 he published two open letters on this work (nominally addressed to his friend Lücke), in which he discusses it and central issues in the philosophy of religion and theology relating to it in a concise and lucid way. He died in 1834. As can be seen even from this brief sketch of his life and works, a large proportion of Schleiermacher's career was taken up with the philosophy of religion and theology. However, from the secular standpoint of modern philosophy it is his work in such areas as hermeneutics (i.e. the theory of interpretation) and the theory of translation that is more interesting. Accordingly, this article will begin with these more interesting areas of his thought, only turning briefly to his philosophy of religion at the end. 2. Philosophy of Language Since the topics of language and psychology are central to Schleiermacher's hermeneutics and theory of translation, it may be appropriate to begin with some discussion of his philosophies of language and mind. Schleiermacher nowhere presents his philosophy of language separately; instead, it is found scattered through such works as his lectures on psychology, dialectics, and hermeneutics. The following positions -- all but the last of which are heavily indebted to Herder -- are especially worth noting: (1) In his psychology lectures, Schleiermacher takes the following stance on the question of the origin of language (virtually identical to Herder's stance in his Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772)): Language's origin is not to be explained in terms of a divine source. Nor is it to be explained in terms of the primitive expression of feelings. Rather, the use of inner language is simply fundamental to human nature. It is the foundation of, and indeed identical with, thought; and it is also the foundation of other distinctively human mental features, in particular self-consciousness and a clear distinguishing of perception from both feeling and desire. (2) Language (and hence thought) are fundamentally social in nature. More precisely, although inner language is not dependent on a social stimulus (so that even in the absence of that children would develop their own languages), it does already involve a tendency or implicit directedness towards social communication. (3) Language and thought are not mere additions on top of other mental processes which human beings share with the animals. Rather, they are infused throughout, and lend a distinctive character to, all human mental processes. In particular, they structure human beings' sensory images in distinctive ways. The next five positions are especially important for Schleiermacher's hermeneutics and theory of translation (to be discussed below): (4) Schleiermacher in his early work postulates an identity of thought with linguistic expression. He often equates thought more specifically with inner language (he already does so in his 1812-13 ethics lectures). His main motive behind such a refinement can be seen from the lectures on psychology, which discuss cases in which thought occurs but without arriving at any outward linguistic expression. In later work he seems to retreat somewhat from such identity claims, though in his psychology lectures of 1830 we still find him writing of "the activity of thought in its identity with language." (5) Schleiermacher adopts a view of meaning which equates it -- not with such items, in principle independent of language, as the referents involved, Platonic forms, or the mentalistic “ideas” favored by the British empiricists and others -- but with word usages, or rules for the use of words. For example, in the hermeneutics lectures he says that “the … meaning of a term is to be derived from the unity of the word-sphere and from the rules governing the presupposition of this unity.” (6) In his psychology lectures, Schleiermacher argues that thought and conceptualization are not reducible to the occurrence of sensuous images (since that would conflict with his position that they require or are identical with language), but he also argues that the latter are an essential foundation for the former. This position is also reflected in his strong attraction in some of his later hermeneutics and dialectics lectures to Kant's theory of empirical schemata -- according to which empirical concepts are grounded, or consist, in unconscious rules for the generation of sensuous images -- and to turning it into an account of the nature of all concepts. (This invites the question whether there do not also exist strictly a priori concepts. In his psychology lectures Schleiermacher vacillates in his answer to this question: sometimes implying so, but at other points instead implying -- more consistently with the position just described -- that it is merely that some concepts are more distantly abstracted from sensory images than others. The latter is his normal answer in his dialectics lectures as well.) (7) Human beings exhibit, not only significant linguistic and conceptual-intellectual similarities, but also striking linguistic and conceptual-intellectual diversities, especially between different historical periods and cultures, but even to some extent between individuals within a single period and culture. (Schleiermacher argues, plausibly, that the phenomenon of the linguistic and conceptual-intellectual development of cultures over time is only explicable in terms of linguistic and conceptual-intellectual innovations performed by individuals, which get taken over by the broader culture, becoming part of its common stock.) (8) Schleiermacher, importantly, develops a much more holistic conception of meaning than was yet found in his predecessors (this is the one major respect in which his philosophy of language goes beyond Herder's). At least three aspects of his semantic holism can be distinguished: (a) (As can be seen from a passage quoted above,) he espouses a doctrine of “the unity of the word-sphere.” This doctrine in effect says that the various specific senses which a single word will typically bear and which will normally be distinguished by any good dictionary entry (e.g. the different senses of “impression” in “He made an impression in the clay,” “My impression is that he is reluctant,” and ”He made a big impression at the party”) always form a larger semantic unity to which they each essentially belong (so that any loss, addition, or alteration among them entails an alteration in each of them, albeit possibly a subtle one). (b) He holds that the nature of any particular concept is partly defined by its relations to a ”system of concepts.” In this connection, the dialectics lectures emphasize a concept's relations as a species-concept to superordinate genus-concepts, relations as a genus-concept to subordinate species-concepts, and relations of contrast to coordinate concepts falling under the same genus-concepts. However, other types of conceptual relationships would be included here as well (e.g. those between “to work,” “worker,” and “a work”). (c) He holds that the distinctive nature of a language's grammatical system (e.g. its system of declensions) is also partly constitutive of the character of the concepts expressed within it. (This last position was also developed at about the same time by Friedrich Schlegel, who has a strong claim to be considered the real founder of modern linguistics, and for whom it constituted one of the main rationales for a new discipline of “comparative grammar” (see his On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians (1808)). It was shortly afterwards taken over and used to similar effect by another of the founders of modern linguistics, Wilhelm von Humboldt.) As was mentioned earlier, with the sole exception of this final feature (semantic holism), this entire Schleiermacherian philosophy of language is heavily indebted to Herder's. However, it arguably also weakens Herder's in certain respects. For example, whereas Herder's version of doctrine (4) normally restricted itself to a claim that thought is essentially dependent on and bounded by language, Schleiermacher, as we saw, turns it into a doctrine of the outright identity of thought with language, or with inner language. But such a strong version of the doctrine seems philosophically problematic -- vulnerable to counterexamples in which thought occurs without any corresponding (inner) language use, and vice versa. Again, as we saw, in later works Schleiermacher tends to add to the Herderian doctrine (5) a thesis that concepts are empirical schemata à la Kant (see (6)). What is problematic about this is arguably not, as it might seem to be, the inclusion of sensory images in meaning per se; Herder had included them as well, doing so is probably reconcilable with a (suitably understood) doctrine of meanings as word usages, and the currently popular Fregean-Wittgensteinian attack on such ”psychologism” is probably misguided. What is problematic about it is rather that Kant's theory of empirical schemata had implied a sharp distinction between meanings, conceived as something purely psychological, and word usages, so that Schleiermacher's unmodified reintroduction of the theory implies the same (and hence conflicts with doctrine (5), the doctrine that meaning is word usage). Again, whereas for Herder doctrine (7) was merely an empirically established rule of thumb and admitted of exceptions, Schleiermacher in his ethics and dialectics lectures attempts to give a sort of a priori proof of linguistic and conceptual-intellectual diversity even at the individual level as a universal fact -- a proof which is not only dubious in itself (both in its (quasi-)a priori status and in its specific details), but also implies the extremely counterintuitive consequence (often explicitly asserted by Schleiermacher) that, strictly speaking, no one can ever understand another person. 3. Philosophy of Mind Schleiermacher's philosophy of mind is found mainly in his lectures on psychology. It is too extensive to be presented in detail here. But the following four central principles -- all of which have their roots in Herder, and especially in Herder's main work in the philosophy of mind, On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul (1778) - are especially striking and important: (a) Schleiermacher argues for a strong dependence of the soul (or mind) on the body, and indeed for their identity. However, he resists reductionism in either direction, arguing that both what he calls “spiritualism” (i.e. the reduction of the body to the mind) and “materialism” (i.e. the reduction of the mind to the body) are errors. He refers to the sort of non-reductive unity of mind and body that he instead champions as “life.” (b) Schleiermacher also identifies the soul (or mind) with ”force.” Thus already in On Freedom (1790-3) he writes that the soul is “a force or a composite of forces.” (c) Schleiermacher argues strongly for the unity of the soul (or mind) within itself; the soul is not composed of separate faculties (e.g. sensation, understanding, imagination, reason, desire). (He himself often works with a twofold distinction between what he refers to as the mind's “organic” (i.e. sensory) and ”intellectual” functions, but he holds these too to be at bottom identical.) (d) Schleiermacher argues that human minds, while they certainly share similarities, are also deeply different from each other -- not only across social groupings such as peoples and genders, but also at the level of individuals who belong to the same groupings. The deep distinctiveness of individual minds periodically exercises an important influence on the development of society at large -- both in the political-ethical sphere (where Schleiermacher calls the individuals in question “heroes”) and in the sphere of thought and art (where he calls them “geniuses”). The distinctiveness of individual minds cannot be explained by any process of calculation (in particular, it is a mistake to suppose that all minds begin the same and that they only come to differ due to the impact of different causal influences on their development, which might in principle be calculated). It can, however, be understood by means of “divination” (on which more anon). Finally, one feature of Schleiermacher's philosophy of mind which distinguishes it from that of Herder and other predecessors is also worth noting: Schleiermacher says relatively little about unconscious mental processes, and when he does mention them often seems skeptical about them. For example, he argues that thought cannot be unconscious, and that so-called “obscure representations” are in fact merely sensuous images which do not involve thoughts. 4. Hermeneutics (i.e. Theory of Interpretation) Some of Schleiermacher's most important philosophical work concerns the theories of interpretation (“hermeneutics”) and translation. Friedrich Schlegel was an immediate influence on his thought here. Their ideas on these subjects began to take shape in the late 1790s, when they lived together in the same house for a time. Many of their ideas are shared, and it is often unclear which of the two men was the (more) original source of a given idea. But since Schlegel's surviving treatments are far less detailed and systematic than Schleiermacher's, the latter take on prime importance. Schleiermacher's theories of interpretation and translation rest squarely on three of the Herder-inspired doctrines in the philosophy of language which were described earlier: (4) thought is essentially dependent on and bounded by, or even identical with, language; (5) meaning is word usage; and (7) there are deep linguistic and conceptual-intellectual differences between people. Doctrine (7) poses a severe challenge to both interpretation and translation, and it is the main task of Schleiermacher's theories to cope with this challenge. Schleiermacher's most original doctrine in the philosophy of language, (8) (semantic holism), is also highly relevant in this connection, for, as Schleiermacher perceives, semantic holism greatly exacerbates the challenge to interpretation and translation posed by (7). Schleiermacher lectured on hermeneutics frequently between 1805 and 1833. The following are his main principles: (a) Hermeneutics is strictly the art of understanding verbal communication -- as contrasted, not equated, with explicating, applying, or translating it. (b) Hermeneutics should be a universal discipline -- i.e. one which applies equally to all subjects-areas (e.g. the bible, law, and literature), to oral as well as to written language, to modern texts as well as to ancient, to works in one's own language as well as to works in foreign languages, and so forth. (c) In particular, the interpretation of sacred texts such as the bible is included within it -- this may not rely on special principles, such as divine inspiration (of either the author or the interpreter). (d) Interpretation is a much more difficult task than is generally realized: contrary to a common misconception that “understanding occurs as a matter of course,” “misunderstanding occurs as a matter of course, and so understanding must be willed and sought at every point.” (This position derives from Schleiermacher's version of principle (7): deep linguistic and conceptual-intellectual diversity.) How, then, is interpretation to be accomplished? (e) Before the interpretation proper of a text can even begin, the interpreter must acquire a good knowledge of the text's historical context. (The suggestion found in some of the secondary literature that Schleiermacher thinks historical context irrelevant to interpretation is absurd.) (f) Interpretation proper always has two sides: one linguistic, the other psychological. Linguistic interpretation's task (which rests on principle (5)) consists in inferring from the evidence consisting in particular actual uses of words to the rules that are governing them, i.e. to their usages and thus to their meanings; psychological interpretation instead focuses on an author's psychology. Linguistic interpretation is mainly concerned with what is common or shared in a language; psychological interpretation mainly with what is distinctive to a particular author. (g) Schleiermacher implies several reasons why an interpreter needs to complement linguistic interpretation with psychological in this way. First, he sees this need as arising from the deep linguistic and conceptual-intellectual distinctiveness of individuals. Such distinctiveness at the individual level leads to the problem for linguistic interpretation that the actual uses of words which are available to serve as evidence from which to infer an author's exact usage or meaning will usually be relatively few in number and poor in contextual variety -- a problem which an appeal to authorial psychology is supposed to help solve by providing additional clues. Second, an appeal to authorial psychology is also required in order to resolve ambiguities at the level of linguistic meaning which occur in particular contexts (i.e. even after the range of meanings available to the author for the word(s) in question is known). Third, in order fully to understand a linguistic act one needs to know not only its linguistic meaning but also what some more recent philosophers have called its “illocutionary” force or intention. For example, if I encounter a stranger by a frozen lake who says to me, “The ice is thin over there,” in order fully to understand this utterance I need to know not only its linguistic meaning (which in this case is clear) but also whether it is being made merely as a factual statement, as a threat, as a joke … (Schleiermacher emphasizes the first of these three considerations most. However, if, as he does, one wants to argue that interpretation needs to invoke psychology generally, and if, as I hinted earlier, linguistic and conceptual-intellectual distinctiveness is not the pervasive phenomenon that he normally takes it to be, then it is arguably the latter two considerations that one should consider the more fundamental ones.) (h) Interpretation also requires two different methods: a “comparative” method (i.e. roughly, a method of plain induction), which Schleiermacher sees as predominating on the linguistic side of interpretation (where it takes the interpreter from the particular uses of a word to the rule for use governing them all), and a “divinatory” method (i.e. roughly, a method of tentative and fallible hypothesis based on but also going well beyond available empirical evidence -- the etymology to keep in mind here is not Latin divinus but French deviner, to guess or conjecture), which he sees as predominating on the psychological side of interpretation. (The widespread idea in the secondary literature that “divination” is for Schleiermacher a process of psychological self-projection into texts contains a small grain of truth -- in that it is his view that interpretation requires some measure of psychological commonality between interpreter and interpreted -- but is basically mistaken.) (i) Ideal interpretation is of its nature a holistic activity. (This principle in part rests on but also goes well beyond Schleiermacher's semantic holism.) In particular, any given piece of text needs to be interpreted in light of the whole text to which it belongs, and both need to be interpreted in light of the broader language in which they are written, their larger historical context, a broader preexisting genre, the author's whole corpus, and the author's overall psychology. Such holism introduces a pervasive circularity into interpretation, for, ultimately, interpreting these broader items in its turn depends on interpreting such pieces of text. Schleiermacher does not see this circle as vicious, however. Why not? His solution is not that all of these tasks can and should be accomplished simultaneously -- something which would be beyond human capacities. Rather, it lies in the (very plausible) thought that understanding is not an all-or-nothing matter but something that comes in degrees, so that it is possible to make progress towards full understanding in a piecemeal way. For example, concerning the relation between a piece of text and its whole text, Schleiermacher recommends that we first read through and interpret as best we can each of the parts of the text in turn in order thereby to arrive at an approximate overall interpretation of the text, and that we then apply this approximate overall interpretation in order to refine our initial interpretations of the particular parts (which in turn gives us an improved overall interpretation, which can then be re-applied towards further refinement of the interpretation of the parts, and so on indefinitely). Schleiermacher's indebtedness to Herder in this theory of interpretation extends far beyond the framework-principles (4), (5), and (7) mentioned earlier. Indeed, Schleiermacher's theory as it has just been described is almost identical to Herder's. Some of this commonality is admittedly due to shared influences (especially Ernesti). But Schleiermacher's theory owes exclusively to Herder the two central moves (often wrongly thought to have been original with Schleiermacher) of supplementing “linguistic” with “psychological” interpretation and of identifying “divination” as the predominant method of the latter. (Herder had introduced these two moves mainly in On Thomas Abbt's Writings (1768) and On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul (1778).) Schleiermacher's theory as it has just been described in the main merely draws together and systematizes ideas which already lay scattered through a number of Herder's works. There are two significant exceptions to that rule, however. First, as was mentioned, Schleiermacher exacerbates the challenge to interpretation which principle (7) already poses by introducing principle (8), semantic holism. Second, Schleiermacher's theory explicitly introduces principle (b), the universality of hermeneutics. This principle is very much in the spirit of Herder's theory, but it does go beyond its letter. (There were, however, other more explicit precedents -- e.g. van der Hardt, Chladenius, Pfeiffer, Grosch, and Meier.) Schleiermacher's theory of interpretation also departs from Herder's in certain further respects not yet described. However, it is precisely here that it tends to become most problematic. This point has already been made above in relation to the exact force of the three principles in the philosophy of language which underpin it, (4), (5), and (7). But in addition: Unlike Herder, Schleiermacher, especially in his later work, more closely specifies psychological interpretation as a process of identifying, and tracing the necessary development of, a single authorial “seminal decision [Keimentschluß]” that lies behind a work and unfolds itself as the work in a necessary fashion -- which seems a very unhelpful move to make, for how many works are composed, and hence properly interpretable, in such a way? Again, whereas Herder includes not only an author's linguistic behavior but also his non-linguistic behavior among the evidence relevant to psychological interpretation, Schleiermacher normally insists on a restriction to the former -- which seems misguided (e.g. the Marquis de Sade's recorded acts of cruelty seem no less potentially relevant to establishing the sadistic side of his psychological make-up, and hence to interpreting his texts in light of this, than his cruel statements). Again, unlike Herder, Schleiermacher regards the central role of “divination,” or hypothesis, in interpretation as a ground for sharply distinguishing interpretation from natural science, and hence for classifying interpretation as an art rather than a science -- whereas he should arguably instead have seen it as a ground for thinking interpretation and natural science similar. (This mistake was apparently caused by his false assumption that natural science works by something like plain induction -- i.e. roughly: this first a is F, this second a is F, this third a is F, … therefore all as are F -- rather than by hypothesis.) Schleiermacher's theory also tends to play down, obscure, or miss certain arguably important points relating to interpretation that Friedrich Schlegel had already made. Schlegel's treatment of hermeneutical matters, found mainly in his Philosophy of Philology (1797) and Athenaeum Fragments (1798-1800), largely resembles Schleiermacher's, but it also includes the following three points which are less radical, obscured, or altogether missing in Schleiermacher: (i) Schlegel stresses that (superior or “classical”) texts often express unconscious meanings (“Every excellent work … aims at more than it knows” - Wilhelm Meister (1798)). Schleiermacher sometimes implies a similar view (most famously in his doctrine that the interpreter should aim to understand an author better than the author understood himself), but Schlegel's version of it is more radical, envisaging indeed an “infinite depth” of meaning largely unknown to the author. (ii) Schlegel emphasizes that a work often expresses some of its important meanings, not explicitly in its parts, but rather through the way in which these are put together to form a whole. This is a very valuable point. Schleiermacher in a way makes this point as well, but only as incorporated into and obscured by his more dubious doctrine of the “seminal decision.” (iii) Unlike Schleiermacher, Schlegel, especially in his essay On Unintelligibility (1798), stresses that works typically contain confusions, and that it is vitally important for an interpreter to identify and explain these: “It is not enough that one understand the actual sense of a confused work better than the author understood it. One must also oneself be able to know, characterize, and even construe the confusion even down to its very principles.” This is arguably another very important point. Be these shortcomings in the details of Schleiermacher's hermeneutics as they may, his pupil Böckh, an eminent classical philologist, subsequently gave a faithful and even more systematic articulation of Schleiermacher's hermeneutics in lectures which were eventually published as Böckh's Encyclopaedia and Methodology of the Philological Sciences (1877), and through the combined influence of Schleiermacher's and Böckh's treatments it achieved something like the status of the official hermeneutical theory of nineteenth-century classical scholarship. 5. Theory of Translation Once again, Schleiermacher develops his theory of translation on the foundation of the Herder-influenced principles (4), (5), and (7), together with (8), his own holism about meaning, which exacerbates the challenge to translation already posed by (7). Schleiermacher was himself a masterful translator, whose German translations of Plato are still widely used and admired today, nearly two hundred years after they were done. So his views on translation carry a certain prima facie authority. He explains his theory of translation mainly in the brilliant little essay On the Different Methods of Translation (1813). The following are his most important points: (a) Translation typically faces the problem of a conceptual gulf between the language of the text to be translated and the translator's home language (as the latter currently exists). (This is an application of principle (7).) (b) This situation makes translation an extremely difficult task, posing a major obstacle to the attainment of translation's primary goal, the faithful reproduction of meaning. In this connection, Schleiermacher in particular notes the following problem, which one might dub the paradox of paraphrase: If, faced with the task of translating an alien concept, a translator attempts to reproduce its intension by reproducing its extension through an elaborate paraphrase in his own language, he will generally find that as he gets closer to the original extension he undermines the original intension in other ways. For example, faced with Homer's word chlôros, which Homer sometimes applies to things that we would classify as green (e.g. healthy foliage) but at other times to things that we would classify as yellow (e.g. honey), a translator might attempt to reproduce the extension correctly by translating the word as “green or yellow.” But in doing so he would be sacrificing the original intension in other ways -- for Homer did not have the concept green (only chlôros), and in addition for Homer chlôros was not a disjunctive concept. (Schleiermacher also identifies a number of further challenges which often exacerbate the difficulty of translation. For example, he notes that in the case of poetry it is necessary to reproduce not only the semantical but also the musical aspects of the original, such as meter and rhyme -- and this not only as a desideratum over and above the main task of reproducing meaning, but also as an essential part of that task, because in poetry such musical features serve as essential vehicles for the precise expression of meaning. Also, he argues that in addition to reproducing meaning a translation should attempt to convey to its readership where an author was being conceptually conventional and where conceptually original, e.g. by using older vocabulary in the former cases and relative neologisms in the latter. Also, he notes that in both of these connections the added requirement or desideratum involved will frequently stand in tension with that of finding the closest semantical fit -- e.g. it will turn out that the word which would best reproduce a rhyme or best reflect a concept's vintage is not the one that is closest in meaning to the word in the original.) (c) Because of this daunting difficulty the translator needs to possess hermeneutical expertise and to be an “artist” if he is to cope with the task of translation at all adequately. (d) The conceptual gulf which poses the central challenge here might in principle be tackled in one of two broad ways: either by bringing the author's linguistic-conceptual world closer to that of the reader of the translation or vice versa. The former approach had in fact been championed by Luther in his classic essay On Translating: An Open Letter (1530) and practiced by him in his translation of the bible (he called it Verdeutschung, “Germanizing”). However, Schleiermacher finds it unacceptable, mainly because it inevitably distorts the author's concepts and thoughts. Schleiermacher therefore champions the alternative approach of bringing the reader towards the linguistic-conceptual world of the author as the only acceptable one. But how can this possibly be accomplished? (e) According to Schleiermacher, the key to the solution lies in the plasticity of language. Because of this plasticity, even if the usages of words and hence the concepts expressed by the language into which the translation is to be done as it currently exists are incommensurable with the author's, it is still possible for a translator to “bend the language of the translation as far possible towards that of the original in order to communicate as far as possible an impression of the system of concepts developed in it.” (Note that this solution presupposes principle (5).) Consider, for example, a translator facing the challenge of translating Homer's word aretê into English. The translator will recognize that nothing in existing English exactly expresses this concept. He will therefore judge that the best way to convey it in English is to modify existing English usage in a systematic way for the course of the translation in order thereby to mimic Greek usage and hence meaning. He will begin by taking the word from existing English which comes closest to aretê in meaning, say the word virtue. However, he will recognize that the rule for use which governs this word in existing English is still very different from that which governs Homer's word aretê so that the two words are still quite sharply different in meaning - that, for example, the descriptive component of the rule which governs the word virtue in existing English makes it a solecism to ascribe virtue to a habitual liar or a pirate, but quite proper under certain circumstances to ascribe it to a physically weak man, whereas exactly the converse rule governs the word aretê in Homer. What therefore will the translator do? He will not simply resign himself to living with this discrepancy. Instead, for the duration of his translation he will modify the rule which governs the word virtue in order to make this rule conform (or at least more closely conform) to that which governs Homer's word aretê -- for example, he will drop the descriptive rule governing the word virtue which was just mentioned and switch to its converse instead, consequently for the duration of his translation writing quite happily of certain habitual liars and pirates as having virtue (e.g. Odysseus and Achilles, respectively), but scrupulously avoiding describing any physically weak man as having it. He will thereby succeed in expressing -- or at least come close to expressing -- in English the meaning of Homer's word aretê. (f) This approach entails a strong preference for translating any given word in the original in a uniform way throughout the translation rather than switching between two or more different ways of translating it in different contexts. (g) This approach also makes for translations which are considerably less easy to read than those which can be achieved by the alternative approach (Verdeutschung). However, this is an acceptable price to pay given that the only alternative is a failure to convey the author's meaning at all accurately. Moreover, the offending peculiarities have a positive value in that they constantly remind the reader of the conceptual unfamiliarity of the material that is being translated and of the “bending” approach that is being employed. (h) In order to work at all effectively, though, this approach requires that large amounts of relevant material be translated, so that the reader of the translation acquires enough examples of a word's unfamiliar use in enough different contexts to enable him to infer the unfamiliar rule for use involved. (i) Even this optimal approach to translation has severe limitations, however. In particular, it will often be impossible to reproduce the holistic aspects of meaning -- the several related usages of a given word, the systems of related words / concepts, and the distinctive grammar of the language. And since these holistic features are internal to a word's meaning, this will entail a shortfall in the communication of its meaning by the translation. Reading a translation therefore inevitably remains only a poor second best to reading the original. (j) Translation is still justified, though -- not only by the obvious consideration that it makes works available to people who want to read them but who are not in the fortunate position of knowing the original languages, but also by the less obvious one that through its “bending” approach it effects a conceptual enrichment of their language. (k) Nor (Schleiermacher adds in answer to a worry which Herder had expressed) need we fear that this enrichment will deprive our language of its authentic character. For in cases where a real conflict with that character arises, the enrichments in question will soon wither from the language. Once again, not only the framework principles (4), (5), and (7), but most of these ideas about translation come from Herder. In particular, Schleiermacher's central strategy of “bending” the pregiven language in order to cope with conceptual incommensurability, and his point that it is important to convey the musical aspects of an original (poetic) text in order to convey its meaning accurately, both do so. (Relevant Herderian sources in this connection are the Fragments on Recent German Literature (1767-8) and the prefaces of the Volkslieder (1774).) However, unlike Schleiermacher's theory of interpretation, which as was mentioned often worsens Herder's, this theory of translation tends to refine Herder's in some modest but significant ways. Among the ideas just adumbrated, examples of this occur in (b), where Schleiermacher's paradox of paraphrase and his ideal of making clear in the translation at which points the author is being conceptually conventional and at which points conceptually original are both novel; (g), where Schleiermacher's point that the resulting peculiarities are not only unavoidable but can actually serve a positive function of reminding readers of the conceptual incommensurability involved and the “bending” approach being employed to cope with it is novel; (h), which is a novel point; (i), where Schleiermacher's point about the in-principle limitation on the successfulness of translations posed by semantic holism is a novel one; and (k), which plausibly contradicts Herder. 6. Aesthetics Schleiermacher was generally quite self-deprecating about his sensitivity to and knowledge of art (e.g. in On Religion and the Soliloquies, where he is clearly rather in awe of the greater expertise in this area enjoyed by such romantic friends as the Schlegel brothers), and accordingly he tended to shy away from discussing it in detail in his earlier work. However, he did eventually bring himself to confront the subject systematically, namely in his lectures on aesthetics (first given in 1819, and then again in 1825 and 1832-3). Part of his motivation behind this eventual confrontation with the subject -- and part of why it remains interesting today -- derives from the fact that the phenomenon of art, and in particular the phenomenon of non-linguistic art (e.g. painting, sculpture, and music), provokes a certain theoretical question which is of fundamental importance, not only for the philosophy of art itself, but also for hermeneutics or the theory of interpretation, and for the philosophy of language which underlies the theory of interpretation: Do non-linguistic arts such as painting, sculpture, and music express meanings and thoughts, and if so how? This question is important for the theory of interpretation because it brings in its train such further questions as whether the theory of interpretation should not include among its proper objects further forms of expression in addition to the linguistic ones treated by Schleiermacher's own hermeneutics, what the appropriate methods of interpretation might be in such further cases, and how such cases and their interpretive methods might relate to the linguistic ones. Moreover, this question is equally important for the philosophy of language which underpins Schleiermacher's theory of interpretation, as embodied in principles (4) and (5). For a positive answer to this question might seem to threaten these two principles, or at least to show that they need radical revision if they are to be defensible. In his last cycle of aesthetics lectures (1832-3) Schleiermacher initially pursues a very simple strategy for dealing with these issues arising in relation to non-linguistic art; however, he eventually realizes that the strategy in question is untenable, and abandons it for a more promising but also more ambiguous position. His whole train of thought closely follows one that Herder had already pursued in the Critical Forests (1769), and so it may be useful to begin with a brief sketch of the latter. By the time of writing the Critical Forests Herder was already committed to his own versions of principles (4) and (5). Accordingly, in reaction to the phenomenon of the non-linguistic arts the book initially set out to argue for a theory of their nature which would preserve consistency with those principles, and it did so in a very straightforward way, denying the non-linguistic arts the ability to express thoughts or meanings autonomously of language by denying them the ability to express thoughts or meanings at all: whereas poetry has a sense, a soul, a force, music is a mere succession of objects in time, and sculpture and painting are merely spatial; whereas poetry not only depends on the senses but also relates to the imagination, music, sculpture, and painting belong solely to the senses (to hearing, feeling, and vision, respectively); whereas poetry uses voluntary and conventional signs, music, sculpture, and painting employ only natural ones. However, as Herder proceeded with his book he eventually realized that this simplistic solution was untenable: in the third part of the work he came across the awkward case of ancient coins, which, though normally non-linguistic, clearly do nonetheless often express meanings and thoughts in pictorial ways. This did not lead him to abandon his versions of principles (4) and (5), however. Instead, it brought him to a more refined account of the non-linguistic arts which was still consistent with those principles: the non-linguistic arts do sometimes express meanings and thoughts, but the meanings and thoughts in question are ones which are parasitic on a prior linguistic expression or expressibility of them possessed by the artist. In the fourth part of the book (not published until the mid-nineteenth century, and hence unknown to Schleiermacher) Herder extended this solution from coins to painting, and in subsequent works to sculpture and music as well. Schleiermacher's aesthetics lectures follow a very similar course. He initially sets out to develop a version of the theory that Herder had initially developed in the Critical Forests, correlating the several non-linguistic arts with the different senses as Herder's theory had done (his only significant revision consists in modifying Herder's correlation of sculpture with the sense of touch to include vision as well as touch). Like Herder's initial theory, Schleiermacher's is largely motivated by his prior commitment to principles (4) and (5), which, again like Herder's initial theory, it seeks to vindicate in a naive way: non-linguistic arts, such as music and sculpture, do not express meanings or thoughts autonomously of language because they do not express them at all. (For example, Schleiermacher argues that music merely expresses physiologically based “life-conditions [Lebenszustände],” not representations or thoughts.) However, rather like Herder with his ancient coins, in the course of developing this naive solution Schleiermacher abruptly confronts a case which forces him to the realization that it is untenable. He develops his naive solution smoothly enough for the cases of music and painting. But in the middle of his discussion of sculpture he suddenly recalls Pausanias's account that the very earliest Greek sculptures were merely rough blocks whose function was to serve, precisely, as symbols of religious ideas (oops!). He subsequently goes on to note that an analogous point in fact holds for other non-linguistic arts such as painting as well. Accordingly, at this stage in his lectures he changes tack: He now acknowledges that non-linguistic arts do (at least sometimes) express meanings and thoughts after all. And he goes on to vacillate between two new, and conflicting, accounts of that fact: (a) The arts in question do so in such a way that the meanings and thoughts involved are at least sometimes not (yet) linguistically articulable. (In particular, Schleiermacher suggests that the early Greek sculpture just mentioned expressed religious ideas which only later got expressed linguistically.) This account would entail abandoning or at least severely revising principles (4) and (5). (b) The arts in question do so in virtue of a pre-existing linguistic articulation or articulability of the same meanings and thoughts in the artist. (Schleiermacher actually only says in virtue of “something universal,” “a representation,” but a dependence on language seems clearly implied.) This account is similar to Herder's final account, and would preserve principles (4) and (5). In the end, then, having renounced his initial -- clearly untenable -- position, Schleiermacher is left torn between these two more plausible-looking positions, which, however, contradict each other. The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German hermeneutical tradition as a whole was similarly torn between these two positions. As has already been mentioned, (b) was the considered position at which Herder eventually arrived. But (a) had strong champions as well -- in particular, Hamann, Hegel (concerning architecture and sculpture), and the later Dilthey. The choice between these two positions is a genuinely difficult one, philosophically speaking. Where does this leave Schleiermacher in relation to the several issues bearing on his theory of interpretation and philosophy of language which, I suggested, encouraged him to undertake this investigation of non-linguistic art in the first place? Concerning the primary question, whether the non-linguistic arts express meanings and thoughts and if so how, he has now realized that they do indeed (sometimes) express meanings and thoughts, but he remains torn on exactly how they do so. Concerning his theory of interpretation, that realization is itself important, because it has shown him that interpretation theory must indeed extend its objects beyond linguistic ones to include at least some that are non-linguistic. But he remains torn on the further questions in this area -- in particular whether, as (a) implies, there will be cases in which the interpretation of non-linguistic art will transcend the interpretation of any associated language or, as (b) implies, it will always be dependent on and restricted by the interpretation of associated language. Finally, concerning the philosophy of language which underpins his theory of interpretation, he remains torn about whether the meanings and thoughts expressed by non-linguistic art are always parasitic on language (position (b)), so that principles (4) and (5) can be retained without qualification or modification, or instead sometimes independent of language (position (a)), so that principles (4) and (5) will either have to be abandoned or (as Hamann had already done in his Metacritique (1784)) (re)construed in a way that stretches their reference to “language” and “words” to include not-strictly-linguistic-or-verbal symbol-use by the non-linguistic arts. Another important motive behind Schleiermacher's treatment of art in his late aesthetics lectures concerns its cultural status, and in particular its cultural status relative to religion. It was an abiding concern of Schleiermacher's from very early in his career until the very end of it to subordinate art to religion. The final cycle of aesthetics lectures is merely the last in a long line of attempts to achieve this goal. It seems to me, however, that, partly for reasons already touched on, this last attempt turns out to be oddly and interestingly self-subverting. I shall briefly review Schleiermacher's series of attempts to subordinate art, and then explain how this last one proves self-subverting. It was already one of the early Schleiermacher's primary goals to turn contemporary culture, and especially the romantic movement, away from the then fashionable idea that art was the highest possible form of insight towards the idea that religion was. This is an important part of the project of On Religion (1799). In this work Schleiermacher criticizes the sort of elevation of art above religion that Goethe and Schiller had begun and the romantics had developed, complains of the trivial nature of modern art, and argues that art ought to subserve religion as Plato had thought. (The early Schleiermacher was in a sense strikingly successful in achieving his goal; after 1799 the leading romantics did indeed increasingly turn away from art towards religion, and to some extent the same was also true of German culture more broadly.) The ethics lectures of 1812-13 continue the same project in a certain way. There Schleiermacher represents art as of its very nature a collective expression of religious feeling (one which differs in accordance with the differences between religions). In other words, he represents art as only true to its own nature when it subserves religion. The 1830 psychology lectures play an interesting variation on this theme. There Schleiermacher argues that the perception of beauty is a feeling but one which has a sort of deep cognitive content in that it expresses the relation of intelligence to Being. This makes it sound very much like religious feeling, and indeed in these lectures it is treated as a sort of close second-in-command to religious feeling. It might seem as though, from Schleiermacher's viewpoint, there was a danger here of art acquiring too independent and exalted a status. However, this danger is partly averted by the fact that he is here talking primarily about natural beauty, and only secondarily about artistic. The 1832-3 aesthetics lectures continue this sort of demoting project, but in a different way. Schleiermacher's initial intention there, it seems, was to demote art (in comparison with religion) in two ways: First, as we saw, the lectures initially set out aiming to give an account of non-linguistic arts (music, painting, and sculpture) which represents them as merely expressive of sensuous feelings and non-cognitive in character. Second, the lectures give an account of poetry which represents it as merely national and indeed merely individual in nature (not universal). Thus the lectures argue that art generally, and therefore poetry in particular, is national in nature, not universal like science and (in a sense) religion, and more radically that poetry has the function of expressing individuality, of resisting even the commonality of a national language (thereby making explicit a potential which is also present, though less realized, in normal language use). However, this two-fold strategy for demoting art turns out to be curiously self-subverting. For one thing, as we saw, the model of non-linguistic art as merely sensuous and non-cognitive in the end proves unsustainable. Moreover, not only does non-linguistic art turn out to have a cognitive content after all, but in addition this becomes clear from a case (the earliest Greek sculpture) in which the content in question is not trivial but deeply religious in character. Also, this self-subversion would be even more extreme if position (a) won out over position (b). For another thing, poetry's function of expressing individuality implies that it represents Schleiermacher's highest ethical value (see below). In short, what was intended as a demotion of art turns willy-nilly into a sort of cognitive-religious and ethical exaltation of it. 7. Dialectics Most of Schleiermacher's earliest philosophical work was in areas of the subject which might reasonably be described as peripheral in comparison with such central areas as metaphysics and epistemology (in particular, ethics, philosophy of religion, and hermeneutics). This fact, together no doubt with the imposing presence of several competitors who had recently made or were making contributions in those central areas (including Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel), seems to have spurred Schleiermacher to develop his own treatment of them. The result was his “dialectics,” which he began to present in lecture-form in 1811. (The subject-title calls to mind relevant thought not only in Plato and Aristotle, but also in Kant and Hegel.) Accordingly, Schleiermacher's dialectics in certain ways carries the marks of a discipline which he felt forced to develop, rather than one for which he had a clear, compelling vision (as he did for his philosophy of religion and hermeneutics for instance). For one thing, the nature of the discipline undergoes a striking shift between its two earliest versions (the lectures of 1811 and 1814-15) -- which have the character of fairly conventional treatments of metaphysical and epistemological issues, already concerned indeed with resolving disagreements to some extent, but in a purely theoretical way -- and its two main later versions (the lectures of 1822 and the book-fragment from 1833), which make the art of actually resolving disagreements through conversation the main core of the discipline (albeit that “conversation” is here understood in a broad sense so as to include not only the paradigm case of oral communication but also written communication and even dialogue internal to a single person's mind). (With some qualification, this shift might be described as one from a more Aristotelian to a more Socratic-Platonic conception of “dialectics.”) For another thing, in all of its versions Schleiermacher's dialectics has an oddly rag-bag appearance, including as it does not only material that would traditionally be classified as metaphysics and epistemology, but also large components of philosophy of mind, logic (especially the logic of concepts and judgments; Schleiermacher treats the logic of syllogism in a reductive and rather deprecatory way), philosophy of science, and philosophy of religion. In its final versions (on which I will focus), the discipline has roughly the following character: Its concern is with what Schleiermacher calls “pure thought,” as distinguished from the thought of everday affairs or art -- i.e. with thought which aims at truth, rather than merely at achieving practical ends or inventing fictions. (Schleiermacher denies, though, that the former is sharply divorced from the latter; rather, it is to some degree implicit in them and vice versa.) According to Schleiermacher, genuine knowledge of its very nature requires, not only (1) correspondence to reality, but also (2) systematic coherence with all knowledge and (3) univeral agreement among people. (The main motive behind this elaborate position seems to derive from the thought that there is in principle no way of determining the fulfillment of condition (1) directly, so that believers need to rely on guidance by the fulfillment of conditions (2) and (3).) (In a well-known early interpretation of Schleiermacher's dialectics the German scholar Manfred Frank accentuated condition (3), attributing to Schleiermacher on this basis a consensus-theory of truth. However, in his recent edition of Schleiermacher's dialectics lectures Frank rightly admits that this interpretation overlooked the realism implied by condition (1). This revision of Frank's early reading of Schleiermacher's dialectics also undercuts Frank's equally well-known early reading of Schleiermacher's hermeneutics, which built upon this ascription to Schleiermacher of a consensus-theory of truth an ascription to him also of a (roughly Gadamerian) conception of interpretation as an ongoing construction of facts about meaning through the development of interpretations.) Not surprisingly given the strength of the three conditions just mentioned, Schleiermacher considers genuine knowledge to be only an “idea” towards which we can make progress, not something that we can ever actually achieve. (His position here resembles his official position in hermeneutics that the genuine understanding of another person is only something to which we can approximate, not something we can ever actually | Mid | [
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Visible-Light-Induced Self-Organized Helical Superstructure in Orientationally Ordered Fluids. Light-induced phenomena occurring in nature and in synthetic materials are fascinating and have been exploited for technological applications. Here visible-light-induced formation of a helical superstructure is reported, i.e., a cholesteric liquid crystal phase, in orientationally ordered fluids, i.e., nematic liquid crystals, enabled by a visible-light-driven chiral molecular switch. The cyclic-azobenzene-based chiral molecular switch exhibits reversible photoisomerization in response to visible light of different wavelengths due to the band separation of n-π* transitions of its trans- and cis-isomers. Green light (530 nm) drives the trans-to-cis photoisomerization whereas the cis-to-trans isomerization process of the chiral molecular switch can be caused by blue light (440 nm). It is observed that the helical twisting power of this chiral molecular switch increases upon irradiation with green light, which enables reversible induction of helical superstructure in nematic liquid crystals containing a very small quantity of the molecular switch. The occurrence of the light-induced helical superstructure enables the formation of diffraction gratings in cholesteric films. | Mid | [
0.621134020618556,
30.125,
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406 B.R. 875 (2009) In re REGATTA BAY, LLC, Debtor. No. 2:08-bk-10838-RJH. United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Arizona. May 19, 2009. *876 David WM. Engelman, Engelman Berger, P.C., Phoenix, AZ, for debtor. OPINION AND ORDER DENYING STAY PENDING APPEAL RANDOLPH J. HAINES, Bankruptcy Judge. The creditors' motion for a stay pending appeal of the order confirming the Debtor's Plan of Reorganization hinges largely on the creditor's argument that Ninth Circuit case law prohibits a plan term that delays the creditor's collection of its debt from non-estate sources. Because the Court concludes Ninth Circuit law does not so hold and that such a plan term is permissible, the motion for stay pending appeal is denied. Factual and Procedural Background The creditor, Coronado City Views, LLC, and the debtor, Regatta Bay, LLC, own competing specialized condominium developments on Coronado Island, off the coast of San Diego. They were under construction at approximately the same time, and are both offering units for sale. Coronado sued the debtor and its two owners, John Wright and Phillip Keesling, alleging them to have been somehow responsible for delays in completion of the Coronado condominium complex. Coronado obtained a $6 million jury verdict, which the debtor appealed but did not stay pending appeal. This bankruptcy case followed. The debtor confirmed a plan of reorganization that provides for payment in full of all of its creditors. In particular, the first *877 mortgage on the condominium project shall be paid in full, together with interest at the non-default contract rate, within a year and a half after the confirmation of the plan from the net proceeds of all condominium sales. After the first mortgage is paid in full, all net proceeds from condominium sales shall be devoted to a reserve fund for the payment of the claim of creditor, Coronado City Views. Its debt shall be paid in full, together with interest at the California statutory rate, upon the resolution of the pending appeal or two and one-half years after confirmation. After creditor Coronado City Views has been paid, net proceeds shall be devoted to the payment of mechanics and materialmens liens and then payment of unsecured creditors. The debtor's plan also provides that Wright and Keesling shall contribute a total of $400,000.00 to the debtor for the payment of operating expenses and professional fees. The plan also provides that creditor Coronado City Views is enjoined from attempting to collect its claim from Wright or Keesling or any of their property until the earlier of (a) all required plan payments have been made, or (b) the bankruptcy case is dismissed or converted to chapter 7; or (c) when there is a default under the plan that is not cured within ten days. Finally, the order confirming the plan also provides that Wright and Keesling are enjoined from transferring or encumbering any of their assets out of the ordinary course of business except as may be approved by the Bankruptcy Court after notice and opportunity for creditor Coronado City Views to object. Creditor Coronado City Views appealed the confirmation order to the District Court and then moved in the Bankruptcy Court for a stay pending appeal. Standards for Stay Pending Appeal The Ninth Circuit employs a sliding scale for a stay pending appeal, which should be granted when the appellant demonstrates either (1) "a strong likelihood of success on the merits" and "the possibility of irreparable injury," or (2) "serious legal questions are raised and that the balance of hardships tips sharply in its favor."[1] Here, the creditor primarily bases its motion on its likelihood of success on appeal, contending that the "Ninth Circuit has adopted a per se rule against post-confirmation injunctions against non-debtors." In addition, the creditor argues it will be irreparably harmed because other creditors could levy against the assets of Wright and Keesling. No Ninth Circuit Authority Bars Plan Terms that Delay Enforcement of Judgments The creditor relies on three Ninth Circuit cases for the proposition that Bankruptcy Code § 524(e)[2] limits the authority of bankruptcy courts, under Bankruptcy Code § 105[3], to enjoin the collection of a debt from a non-debtor. While that may *878 be an accurate summary of the holdings of those cases, none of those holdings is on point with the factual and legal circumstances present here, nor does any of them hold that a bankruptcy court cannot confirm a plan that delays enforcement of creditors' judgments. What is at issue here is the confirmation of a plan that contains a provision that delays the enforcement of the creditor's judgment against the individuals Wright and Keesling. The injunctive effect of that plan provision comes not from a bankruptcy court injunction issued under Code § 105, but rather from the statutory language of Code § 1141(a) "the provisions of a confirmed plan bind ... any creditor." Although in this case there is also injunctive language contained in the court's order confirming the plan, its effect is only to recite the binding effect of the plan term pursuant to Code § 1141(a). Thus if the plan was properly confirmed, there is no issue regarding the court's ability to issue an injunction pursuant to Code § 105. The injunctive effect flows from the statute itself. Thus the only real issue here is whether a plan containing such a term is confirmable. The issue of whether a confirmable plan may contain a term delaying a creditor's enforcement of a judgment against a non-debtor is not addressed by any of the cases on which the creditor relies to demonstrate the likelihood of success on appeal of the confirmation order. The creditor's principal case, American Hardwoods,[4] did not address the confirmability of a plan containing a provision delaying a creditor's enforcement, of a judgment against non-debtors and indeed, did not address any confirmation issue. American Hardwoods dealt with an injunction granted, apparently under the authority of § 105, early in a bankruptcy case before any plan of reorganization had ever been filed, much less confirmed. Neither the holding in that case nor any dictum in the opinion has any bearing on the confirmability of plans. The opinion focused solely on the kinds of injunctions bankruptcy courts could issue under § 105 and not on the authority of bankruptcy courts to confirm plans pursuant to Code § 1129. Nor did it discuss what provisions might be contained in a confirmable plan. More significantly, the specific issue raised by the debtor's appeal in American Hardwoods was the Bankruptcy Court's authority to issue a permanent injunction under § 105. The Ninth Circuit concluded the Bankruptcy Court was powerless to issue such an injunction because "[t]he permanent injunction requested by American falls squarely within the definition of a discharge under section 524(a)(2)."[5] It was on that basis that the Ninth Circuit "conclude[d] that the specific provisions of section 524 displace the court's equitable powers under section 105 to order the permanent relief sought by American."[6] Thus both the holding and the rationale of American Hardwoods were limited to the power of courts to permanently prohibit enforcement under § 105, and therefore have no bearing on temporally limited delays in enforcement that might be contained in otherwise confirmable plans of reorganization. The creditor also relies on the Ninth Circuit opinion in Lowenschuss.[7] Although *879 Lowenschuss did deal with a plan term rather than a § 105 injunction, the plan term at issue was not a temporary delay of a creditor's judgment collection rights but rather a "global release" of third parties' liability.[8] Relying on the rationale of American Hardwoods, the Ninth Circuit in Lowenschuss concluded that a global release of third party liability is effectively identical to a third party discharge that is barred by § 524(e). Neither the rationale nor the holding of Lowenschuss, however, has any bearing on a temporary delay of a creditor's right to enforce a judgment against third parties. The Lowenschuss analysis was soundly based on the prior Ninth Circuit holding in Underhill[9] that also dealt with a plan "release"[10] and its analysis that similarly had no bearing on a temporary deferment of creditor's enforcement rights. In addition to those Ninth Circuit cases, none of which is on point, the creditor relies on some decisions of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel. Although at least one of those cases did address a plan term for a temporary (five year) stay of creditor enforcement actions against co-debtors, there was no showing made that the co-debtors would contribute to the plan or that their contributions were essential to the success of the plan.[11] It considered only the court's injunctive powers under § 105 and never considered the statutory injunctive effect of § 1141(a). More importantly, because that holding of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel has no precedential effect on the District Court where this creditor's appeal presently pends, it has little to no bearing on the likelihood of success of the creditor's appeal to the District Court. Delay in Enforcement Does Not Equate to Denial of Rights The plan term at issue here merely delays the creditor's enforcement of its rights against Wright and Keesling until the earlier of full consummation of the plan (including full payment of the creditor, with interest) or a default under the plan or dismissal or conversion of the case. For the creditor's argument based on American Hardwoods and Lowenschuss to have any merit, the essential (but unstated) step in the creditor's argument is to equate that temporary delay in enforcement to either a discharge or a release, i.e., to a complete denial of the creditor's rights against Wright and Keesling. But it has long been fundamental, not only to bankruptcy law but also to constitutional law and even the structure of our judiciary, that a mere delay in the enforceability of creditors' remedies is not equivalent to a denial or a "taking" of their rights. In Wright, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the *880 second Frazier-Lemke Act.[12] The Court there concluded that a three-year moratorium on mortgagees' rights to foreclose was neither a denial nor a taking of their lien rights in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Since it was uncontroverted that three of a lien holder's five rights remained intact, the argument for a taking of lien rights "rests mainly upon the contention that the Act denies to a mortgagee the `right to determine when such sale shall be held'" by imposing an "absolute right to a three-year' stay."[13] The Court held that temporary delay not to constitute a taking primarily because it was not absolute but would be terminated at any time if "the debtor should fail to comply with orders of the court issued under its power to require interim payments" or if "the debtor at any time ... is unable to refinance himself within three years."[14] The deferral in the debtor's plan here exactly mirrors those limitations because it is terminable if the debtor fails to fund the reserve, is unable to satisfy the debt in two and a half years or otherwise defaults under its plan. In holding that a three-year stay was not a taking or denial of lienholders' rights the Court effectively reversed its previous conclusion that a five year stay under the first Frazier-Lemke Act did constitute such an unconstitutional taking.[15] And not only was the Wright case fundamental to the constitutionality of depression-era and all subsequent bankruptcy laws, but also to the very structure of our government. It was the Wright correction that effectively ended President Roosevelt's ill-fated and ill-conceived Court-packing plan. It has now been the law for more than 70 years that a three-year delay in enforcement of secured creditors' rights is not equivalent to a denial of those rights. There therefore can be no basis to equate the plan's two and one-half year delay of a creditor's unsecured collection rights with either their release or their discharge, as were involved in Lowenschuss and American Hardwoods. Nor, indeed, can such a two and one-half year delay be equated to the discharge that is limited by Bankruptcy Code § 524(e). The Plan Term is Fair and Equitable Because Wright conclusively holds that a deferment of creditor collection rights is not equivalent to their denial, the plan term at issue here is not governed by § 524(e) or the Ninth Circuit holdings in American Hardwoods or Lowenschuss. In attempting to demonstrate its likelihood of success on appeal, the creditor identifies no other provision of the Bankruptcy Code that prohibits such a plan term. Its failure even to identify any such applicable authority is itself sufficient basis to conclude it does not have such a substantial likelihood of success on appeal to merit a stay pending appeal. The only other Code provision potentially applicable is Bankruptcy Code § 1129(b)(1). Because the creditor caused Class 4 to reject the plan, it was confirmable, *881 if at all, only under § 1129(b)(1), which requires that the plan be "fair and equitable." The question therefore becomes whether, on appeal, the creditor is likely to demonstrate that the disputed plan term is not "fair and equitable." The evidence established, and the Court found as a fact, both that Wright and Keesling would contribute $400,000.00 to the debtor in order to effectuate the plan, and that such a contribution was essential to the success of the plan. The evidence also demonstrated, and the Court found as a fact, that the creditor's enforcement of its judgment against Wright and Keesling would impair their ability to make those contributions to the debtor. Finally, the facts also established that if the plan were not successful because Wright and Keesling could not make those contributions, there would likely be no return to the unsecured creditors in this case. The secured creditors' liens would exhaust all of the assets of the estate, so the unsecured creditors would receive nothing, instead of the full payment that is promised by the plan. In effect, then, the plan term that delays the creditor's enforcement of its rights against Wright and Keesling is akin to a marshaling order. It permits both Coronado City Views and the unsecured creditors to be paid in full, whereas the alternative of allowing Coronado City Views both the election and the timing of its remedies would have permitted the payment of only Coronado City Views. As a court of equity, Bankruptcy Court has authority to issue a marshaling order when it permits a greater recovery for all creditors without causing harm to any creditor. The Supreme Court has recognized the equitable power of bankruptcy courts to marshal hens: "A court of bankruptcy may affect the interests of lienholders in many ways. To carry out the purposes of the Bankruptcy Act, it may direct that all liens upon property forming part of a bankrupt's estate be marshaled...."[16] And the Ninth Circuit has long recognized that the equitable doctrine of marshaling applies in bankruptcy cases, so long as it causes no injury to any creditors.[17] It could be argued that marshaling is not technically applicable because there are not presently two funds of the debtor, since the Wright and Keesling contributions will not become property of the estate unless the plan is confirmed and implemented. But the equitable rationale is the same, because the creditors of the estate will not be able to be paid at all if Coronado City Views is able to intercept the Wright and Keesling contributions before they become property of the estate. This equitable authority and basis for the marshaling concept has long been recognized. As Justice Storey described it over 120 years ago The reason is obvious, and has already been stated; for by compelling A, under such circumstances, to take satisfaction out of one of the funds, no injustice is done to him in point of security or payment. But it is the only way by which B can receive payment. And natural justice requires that one man should not be permitted, from wantonness, or caprice, or rashness, to do an injury to another.[18] *882 The equitable principle of marshaling effectively means that a plan term such as that at issue here is "fair and equitable" so long as it improves the likelihood of recovery by unsecured creditors and causes no injury to any creditor. The bankruptcy court also has equitable power to deny a veto power to a creditor, like Coronado City Views, whose "purpose [is] to destroy an enterprise in order to advance the interests of a competing business."[19] Because the plan term is therefore permitted by § 1129(b)(1) and not prohibited or prescribed by any other provision of the Code or Ninth Circuit case law, this Court cannot conclude that the creditor here has a substantial likelihood of success on its appeal of the confirmation order. It is for reasons such as these that this court also concludes that when presented with an appropriate case and record, the Ninth Circuit will join the majority of other circuits that have addressed the question and uphold confirmation of a plan that temporarily defers creditors' collection rights against affiliates whose contributions to the plan are essential to maximize its success and return to unsecured creditors.[20] There is no Substantial Likelihood of Irreparable Harm In confirming the plan, the Bankruptcy Court required additional orders to preclude the possibility of harm to Coronado City Views as a result of the temporary deferment of its collection rights against Wright and Keesling. This is the origin of the provisions of the order confirming the plan that precludes Wright and Keesling from selling, transferring or encumbering their assets out of the ordinary course of business, at least without advance notice to Coronado City Views and approval by the Bankruptcy Court. This term was designed to respond to Coronado City Views' argument that it would be harmed by the delay in its ability to effect collection against Wright and Keesling. Coronado City Views did not argue to the Bankruptcy Court that it saw a likelihood of harm, because other creditors of Wright and Keesling may engage in collection efforts and seize assets while Coronado City Views was prohibited from doing so. If it had so argued, the Court would have considered broadening the order confirming the plan to avoid such a possibility. But it was not raised, probably because the theory of the case espoused by Coronado City Views was always that Wright and Keesling are wealthy and, indeed, could have posted a bond for a stay pending appeal of the California jury verdict. There has been no suggestion in the record that they face any likely creditor collection efforts other than Coronado City Views'. It is therefore doubtful whether an appellate court will accept this argument, raised for the first time on appeal, that Coronado City Views will be irreparably harmed by the likely actions of other creditors of Wright and Keesling. And in any event there no factual basis in the record to support that argument. A likelihood of *883 irreparable harm cannot be based on mere speculation. Similarly, there has been no demonstration of harm potentially caused by some conduct of the debtor in implementing the plan that might equitably moot the appeal. Although it was suggested at oral argument, the creditor made no such argument in its motion for a stay pending appeal. And at oral argument it could not identify any such likely action that would effectively moot the appeal. Based on the record, this Court concludes there is no substantial likelihood of irreparable injury to Coronado City Views arising from the possibility of other creditor action against Wright and Keesling. On the other hand, the record does establish the likelihood of irreparable injury to the creditors of the estate if a stay were granted. A stay would permit Coronado City Views to enforce its judgment against Wright and Keesling, which would likely impair their ability to contribute to the plan and ensure its success. And that judgment enforcement action could be completed long before Coronado's appeal is resolved. Consequently the very same record that established the need and propriety of the plan term delaying the creditor's enforcement rights similarly established the likelihood of irreparable harm to the estate if a stay pending appeal were granted. Conclusion The Court therefore finds and concludes that Coronado City Views does not have either a strong likelihood of success on the merits of its appeal, or any likelihood of irreparable injury. By contrast, however, a stay pending appeal would effectively allow Coronado City Views to' seize the assets of Wright and Keesling and render them incapable of making the necessary contributions to the debtor and the success of its plan. That would cause undue hardship to the secured creditors of the estate, who would likely get no recovery. The Court therefore also concludes that the balance of hardships does not tip strongly in favor of Coronado City Views, but rather tips sharply in favor of the unsecured creditors of this estate. For these reasons, the motion for stay pending appeal is denied. NOTES [1] Lopez v. Heckler, 713 F.2d 1432 (9th Cir. 1983), rev'd on other grounds, 469 U.S. 1082, 105 S.Ct. 583, 83 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). [2] Bankruptcy Code § 524(e) provides: "Except as provided in subsection (a)(3) of this section, discharge of a debt of the debtor does not affect the liability of any other entity on, or the property of any other entity for, such debt." Except as otherwise noted, all section and code references are to the United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532. [3] Bankruptcy Code § 105(a) provides, in pertinent part: "The court may issue any order, process or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title." [4] Am. Hardwoods, Inc., v. Deutsche Credit Corp (In re American Hardwoods), 885 F.2d 621 (9th Cir. 1989). [5] Id. at 626. [6] Id. (emphasis added). [7] Resorts Int'l, Inc. v. Lowenschuss (In re Lowenschuss), 67 F.3d 1394 (9th Cir.1995). [8] "Global releases will be given to Debtor, Debtor's children ... Fred Lowenschuss Associates, a professional corporation; Fred Lowenschuss Associates Pension Plan, as well as releasing of all liens against all trusts, custodian accounts, pension plan, Fred Lowenschuss Associates and satisfying of all outstanding judgments, executions, and levies against the aforementioned or any person or entity connected with them." Id. at 1401 (quoting from the Lowenschuss Reorganization Plan). [9] Underhill v. Royal, 769 F.2d 1426, 1432 (9th Cir.1985). [10] Royal's plan contained a "release from the participants in the loan agreement plan of all claims against the debtor, `any affiliate of the Debtor, and any insider of the debtor.'" Id. at 1430. [11] Seaport Auto. Warehouse, Inc. v. Rohnert Park Auto Parts, Inc. (In re Rohnert Park Auto Parts, Inc.), 113 B.R. 610, 614-617 (9th Cir. BAP 1990). [12] Wright v. Vinton Branch of the Mountain Trust Bank, 300 U.S. 440, 57 S.Ct. 556, 81 L.Ed. 736 (1937). [13] Id. at 460, 57 S.Ct. 556. [14] Id. at 462, 57 S.Ct. 556. [15] Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555, 594, 55 S.Ct. 854, 79 L.Ed. 1593 (1935) ("as here applied [the first Frazier-Lemke Act] has taken from the Bank the following property rights ...:(3) the right to determine when such sale shall be held, subject only to the discretion of the court"). The difference between three and five years was not the significant distinction because the Court subsequently noted that the Wright holding was effectively a reversal of the Court's previous mistake in Radford. Helvering v. Griffiths, 318 U.S. 371, 401 n. 52, 63 S.Ct. 636, 87 L.Ed. 843 (1943) (dictum). [16] Wright, supra, note 12, at 470. [17] In re Forester, 529 F.2d 310 (9th Cir.1976). Cf. Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp v. Ctr. Wholesale, Inc. (In re Ctr. Wholesale, Inc.), 759 F.2d 1440, 1447 (9th Cir.1985) (marshaling denied not because bankruptcy court lacked power but because it "would be inappropriate and prejudice the estate"). [18] 2 Joseph Story, COMMENTARIES ON EQUITY JURISPRUDENCE AS ADMINISTERED IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA, 633 at 640-41 (Beard Books 2000)(1886). [19] Figter Ltd. v. Teachers Ins. and Ann. Assoc. of Am. (In re Figter Ltd.), 118 F.3d 635, 639 (9th Cir.1997), quoting In re Pine Hill Collieries Co., 46 F.Supp. 669, 671 (E.D.Pa.1942). [20] E.g., In re Dow Coming Corp., 280 F.3d 648 (6th Cir.2002); SEC v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Group, Inc., 960 F.2d 285 (2d Cir. 1992); In re A.H. Robins Co. 880 F.2d 694 (4th Cir. 1989); but see Landsing Diversified Props. II v. First Nat'l Bank and Trust (In re W. Real Estate Fund, Inc.), 922 F.2d 592 (10th Cir. 1990). | Mid | [
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The development of pediatric anesthesiology and critical care medicine at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital: an interview with Dr. Theodore Striker. Dr. Theodore W. 'Ted' Striker (1936-), Professor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati, has played a pioneering role in the development of pediatric anesthesiology in the United States. As a model educator, clinician, and administrator, he shaped the careers of hundreds of physicians-in-training and imbued them with his core values of honesty, integrity, and responsibility. | High | [
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Deshaun Watson’s Out. Now What? The best young quarterback in the league is out for the season. So, now what? Before I get into how Deshaun Watson’s injury completely fucked your season, let’s talk about how unfortunate it is that one of football’s top young players is lost for the season. He joins the ranks of Aaron Rodgers, Odell Beckham Jr., J.J. Watt and a whole host of other stars on the long-term injury list. Watson has been lighting it up since he took to the field in the second half of Week 1. He’s putting up ungodly numbers and helped to create the season’s best game in last week’s matchup against Russell Wilson and the Seahawks when he threw for over 400 yards, rushing for 67 more and scoring four times. So yeah. He’s, um, good. This week in practice Watson tore his ACL, ending his season and throwing owners across the fantasy football universe into a state of pure, unadulterated fear. And the trouble extends beyond Watson owners. Anyone who owns DeAndre Hopkins or Lamar Miller should be shaking in their boots. Without a quarterback capable of getting the ball in his hands, Hopkins is looking at a rough go’round. Last year, when the Texans had arguably the least threatening set of arms in NFL history under center, Nuk had his worst year since his rookie season. With Watson running the show this season, Hopkins was on pace for 1,300 yards and 16 scores. Now that Watson’s sidelined, it’s going to be a struggle for Hopkins to even generate a significant number of targets. Miller has been an above average player for the Texans, rushing for over 1,000 yards in his first year on the team and averaging 71 yards per game since joining Houston. But since Watson took over, Miller has been even better, scoring four touchdowns (he’s averaged 5.6 per season in his career) while putting up 27.1 receiving yards per game, the most in his career. With Watson gone, Miller is left with Tom “Has Never Been” Savage under the helm. Without the threat of a competent quarterback, defenses are going to key in on the few offensive threats left on the team. | Mid | [
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Conventional dowels for mounting insulating plates have the disadvantage, that they cannot entirely prevent the formation of thermal bridges, which also applies for dowels having a plastic coat or heads made of plastic. Substantially, this results from the diversity of the materials of which the insulating material on the one hand and the dowel on the other hand are made. This diversity may also lead to undesirable dowel show-through in the plaster layer at the outer walls, especially when exposed to moisture and wetness. This disadvantage occurs frequently when applying basic plaster qualities. To achieve a better thermal insulation and to avoid dowel show-through in the plaster layer, a sunk-in mounting of the dowel in the insulating plate has been suggested. A process where a recess is formed in the insulating plate for taking up the dowel, simultaneously with the drilling of the bore-hole for the dowel is known from EP 0 086 452. In this case, a recess corresponding to the diameter of the pressing plate is milled into the insulating plate when drilling the bore-hole in the same process step, by means of a countersink drill which includes a milling head and a plate-like stopper, and subsequently closed with a covering which is already arranged on said pressing plate. Due to the fact that the covering is arranged on the pressing plate respectively on the dowel head as provided by the factory, an additional process step is avoided during mounting. However, the milling leads to a considerable abrasion of insulating material. Considering the large number of dowels which are regularly used for mounting insulating plates when building a house, the generated milling dust poses a considerable pollution of the environment, and, in larger amounts, may also lead to health problems for the construction personnel. Further, the mounting properties of dowels having coverings applied at the factory are clearly inferior to comparable dowels without applied covering. Due to the insufficient resistance to pressure of the insulating material and the thus limited drive-in-forces, only low dowel expansion forces are possible, which can lead to considerably poorer values regarding the draw-out resistance. Further, in production such dowels are significantly more expensive than conventional embodiments. Additionally, for carrying out the known process a specific countersink drill is required, being likewise expensive in production. A further known solution comprises a milling crown, e.g. made of plastic, by means of which a recess can be milled into the insulating material after the bore-hole has been drilled. Then the dowel is introduced into the bore-hole and subsequently mounted. Thereafter, the covering is applied. This solution contains two more process steps as compared to EP 0 086 452 and therefore is more time-consuming. Apart from that, there is also a considerable environmental burden because of the generated milling dust. EP 1 088 945 discloses an insulating element, which consists of mineral fibers and comprises markings for the arrangement of dowels for insulating material. The markings can be located in recesses within the insulating element respectively be formed as recesses. Preferably, the recesses are formed mechanically or in the case of thermoplastic insulating materials by local heating. The production of such insulating elements is connected with considerable costs on the one hand, on the other hand the pre-fabricated recesses leave no room for the construction personnel on-side for an assembly of the dowel for insulating material which deviates from the predetermined pattern. It is also not taken into consideration that the respectively most advantageous geometric arrangement of the dowels for insulating material with regard to the insulating plate may vary enormously depending on the special circumstances and the weather conditions. Further, pre-forms of mineral wool for acoustic and thermal insulation of household appliances are known from utility model DE 296 22 196. These form-parts comprise areas of material, in which recesses are formed. These areas of material are thereby exposed across the depths of the predetermined recess by cut-ins with regard to the surrounding material, and are already pre-compressed during the production by means of a pressure piston. Thereby, the material is compressed in such a way that it comprises a residual elasticity for enabling a limited adaptation to changes in the configuration during the assembly of ovens etc. Also in this case, expensive pre-formed parts are considered. For the construction industry, especially with regard to the mounting with dowels for insulating material, parts produced in such a way are not suitable since they do not comprise the required stiffness. | Low | [
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If This Site Offends Your Sense of Ideological Purity, Please Stop Reading It (February 22, 2010) If you don't like full-on rants, read no further. Warning: this is a full-on rant. I strongly recommend you stop reading now. There was a T-shirt in the 1980s that read, "I used to be disgusted, but now I'm just amused." I am not amused, just disgusted. I get dumped on for an amazing variety of sins against various strains of ideological purity: I am insufficiently Apocalyptic, I am "one of those right-wingers," I am "socialist" (yes, I am both right-wing and socialist at the same time), I am a "corporate shill" because there are adverts on the site, and so on. If This Site Offends Your Sense of Ideological Purity, Please Stop Reading It. I didn't ask you or anyone else to view the site, nor did I charge you money to do so with the implicit promise of some value, nor have I ever suggested that I have any "answers" or that you would find whatever strain of ideological purity you seek. You can go back and read the archives of this site from May 2005 when readership could be counted on fingers and toes. It was an experiment in self-expression then and remains that now. The site is not posted for glory, income or readership. If readership dropped to near-zero it would actually be a relief; the trivial advert income would vanish (no loss) and my voluminous email would dry up, relieving me of hundreds of hours of unpaid work. If everyone who finds something to disagree with here (i.e. most people) would simply stop reading, it would be a great relief. I have even been accused of seeking to disrupt various ideological purities as if this were some sort of contrarian game; It isn't. These are the meanderings of one individual, nothing more, nothing less. I am not seeking anyone's stamp of ideological-purity approval, or any other form of approval. I just find all strains of ideological purity to be cognitive traps. I'm not going out of my way to be non-ideological, I just don't find ideologies, be they Apocalyptic Doom, Left, Right, the Savior State or whatever ideology you may subscribe to as being all that useful in a utilitarian, practical sense. I've been told my photo isn't sufficiently "serious." I've been busted for the numerous typos which soil the site; I've been trashed for not keeping up with dead links. Hey, if any of you want to write a couple hundred thousand words of original content a year for no financial compensation other than what drifts in from generous readers, some "corporate shill" adverts and a few book sales, be my guest. This is an experiment in self-expression, not a business. Whatever expectations you bring are self-generated; nothing is promised here implicitly or explicitly. If you want to read blogs which align with your views, then by all means do so. There are millions to choose from. Or if you have your own blog, then you can read your own work and have the satisfaction of agreeing with the author 100% of the time. There is no reason to come here, and I certainly am not offering one. If you're squeamish, stop reading. For all those who find me insufficiently Apocalyptic, I have a couple of questions for you: 4. Have you ever been close to anyone who experienced extended Armed Forces tours involving small-arms ground combat with tactical air support? 5. Have you ever been arrested or imprisoned by the Central State as "an enemy of the State"? 6. Have you ever been close to anyone who has been arrested or imprisoned by the Central State as "an enemy of the State"? 7. Are you a police officer with tactical/SWAT/crowd control training? 8. Have you ever been close to anyone who is a police officer with tactical/SWAT/crowd control training? 9. Do you personally know and break bread with any of the "criminal class" who are likely to make up this roving mob of heavily-armed desperados? The less naive amongst you will probably see where this is going. The Apocalyptic Doomer ideology is fixated on a single end-game: roving mobs of heavily-armed desperados roaming the cities and then the countryside like ravenous, murderous locusts. This scenario is tiresome for several reasons: 1. The "good guys" will also be heavily armed and as a special bonus, much better organized 2. The one thing the State excels at is organized, directed violence. 3. There is never any mention of God or church in the Apocalyptic Doomer ideology I don't make a big deal about my own religious beliefs and faith here; that is private, but longtime readers may have caught glimpses of my family's religious roots and of my own beliefs in my various scribblings here. I find it extremely offensive that religious faith, worship, communion, God and church are entirely missing from the standard-issue Apocalyptic Doomer ideology. In that worldview, humanity is intrinsically evil, greedy, shortsighted, violent, rapacious, etc., and as soon as the modest constraints of civil order are loosed then the hounds of Hell will be unleashed. I beg to differ on several accounts. Allow me to sketch out another scenario based on my own experience and those of my close friends and family members. -- Civil order is threatened by various calamities/collapses. -- Central State (Federal Government) declares emergency and confiscates the Strategic Oil Reserve and all 5.5 million barrels of domestically produced oil, plus all the domestic natural gas production. Rationing is immediately instituted, with priorities given to local and national security forces, the Armed Forces and agricultural/energy production/storage/distribution. -- With modest efforts (burning vehicles, scattered small-arms fire, etc.), escape routes are cut off and the mob is quickly concentrated into a kill zone. -- A gunship with a minigun swoops in and liquidates said roving mob of heavily-armed thugs, with minimal ground support working from established fields of fire. Or in Napoleon's phrase, the crowd is dispersed with a "whiff of grapeshot." -- Hundreds of dead bodies are removed from the kill zone, and survivors are trucked off to the prison complex gulag which is already in place to secure hundreds of thousands of "enemies of the State." I don't mean secret gulag camps; I mean the existing prison complex which holds several million citizens right now. Does anyone seriously believe that 5 million barrels a day isn't enough to fuel a mobile force capable of imposing order on any number of roving mobs of heavily-armed desperados? Imposing order domestically is, all in all, rather "cheap" in terms of energy and time required. The system is robust, the staffing in place. Just within my small circle of friends with extended tours of duty either flying close support (loaches and gunships) or engaging in small-arms close combat, there are three "good guys" who could lead a small trained force which would decimate/kill a disorganized/loosely organized mob, no matter how "heavily armed," of virtually any size. K., a retired Marine captain with two ground tours in Vietnam could set up the fields of fire and set the trap. S. would fly the loach with a gunner, and A. would fly the gunship with the minigun, landing to refuel and reload as often as necessary. S. claimed to "smell" bad guys beneath the jungle canopy, and given that he is still alive I give his claims great credence. These are the "good guys." That is, if they felt their families and communities were at grave risk of lawless violence, and they were ordered to complete a mission, they would be obliged to do so under threat of court-martial. I'm sorry if the notion of killing hundreds of people is disturbing, but the idea that the State couldn't liquidate/kill "public dangers" assembled in rampaging mobs is simply nonsensical. That sort of reaction is the State's raison d'etre. The State holds a monopoly on "legitimate" violence. That and the power to tax are the great monopolies of the State as a political structure. I am not suggesting this kind of State violence is likely, nor am I condoning it--on the contrary, I find the very possibility abhorrent. I am simply noting that the State has the oil, forces and "emergency powers" to conduct such an operation for the "public safety." If you find a non-lethal scenario less disturbing, then substitute gunships macing the heck out of the mob and a larger ground force moving into truncheon/incapacitate the folks before hauling them away to a temporary gulag within existing prisons. Lest you think this is far-fetched, please look up the Life Magazine dated August 15, 1969 (kindly forwarded to me by reader Ed C.) which contains an article describing precisely this kind of large-scale State security operation in Berkeley, CA. Anti-war "mobs" were beaten and hauled off to a "State security center" within Santa Rita prison--temporary quarters consisting of the bare dirt, with prisoners being instructed to lay face down in said dirt and not to speak lest they be truncheoned or worse. "Rights" as prisoners were non-existent, and the net result was a few guards were disciplined for being overzealous. The official excuse was the guards were 'Nam vets who did not take kindly to the "demonstrators." The account is penned by a visiting professor who by unfortunate happenstance was in Berkeley to meet (by pre-arrangement--this is pre-cellphone days) another researcher on the corner of Addison and Shattuck. The visiting prof was a Korean War veteran and not active in the anti-war movement or in that particular "mob." If you read the piece, you get a taste of how those of us who have encountered the Savior State with bared claw feel about it. Would you like an Abu Ghraib experience here at home? That can be arranged. The guards were told that you are a "security threat" to the nation, so roughing you up a bit is for "the good of the country." You may (naively) believe that State forces would never shoot citizens in either hostile action or in cold blood (take your pick). American history is replete with citizens gunned down by state-sanctioned forces--and not just in political situations. For instance, scores of citizens were shot down under the "looters will be shot on sight" orders imposed on San Francisco after the devastating earthquake and fire in 1906. The probability that some of the dead were innocent (not looters) is high, but the killings raised little fuss at the time. Emergency means emergency, and the State has a lot of leeway when an "emergency" is declared, even if the definition of emergency is open to debate after the fact. After all, the Gulf of Tonkin Incident was just such a trumped-up "emergency" which offered some threadbare legitimacy to a 7-year war which killed tens of thousands of Americans and hundreds of thousands of Southeast Asians. You can trust the State to drum up an "emergency" if the need arises. As for rationing, those alive in 1974 may recall the State imposed gasoline rationing overnight. It was obeyed with extremely minor infractions/resistance. I have known lots of the "criminal class" because I worked in construction. Maybe to the fearful Apocalyptic Doomers, these guys are demonic and frightening, but to me they are just average normal guys who got caught selling drugs, breaking into buddy's houses to get back at some slight, or accidentally shooting someone in the arm when their poker game got interrupted (all true stories). These are guys who carry guns in their trucks and on the jobsite. Interestingly, none of my friends with actual combat experience own an arsenal. I don't recall them even owning a single weapon. If they really thought they needed one, then they would get one, no doubt. If anyone has ever been in a mob, or disorganized, unruly crowd, then you would not exactly give them the edge in a combat scenario against well-trained, organized forces. As for roving bands of hoodlums storming homes and warehouses, we might recall that the good guys are as heavily armed as the bad guys in our society. The advantages fall to the property owner: they know their layout, they are motivated to defend what's theirs, etc. The only real threat is a carefully planned "home invasion" in which the criminals have carefuly researched the layout, the residents' habits, etc. To reckon that the average criminal will invest in all that effort is also ludicrous. I have been interrogated by Federal agents as a potential "enemy of the State." I didn't hurt anyone, steal anything, threaten anyone, embezzle any money, not pay my taxes, etc. My "crime" was to resist the State's policies. When I visited my friend R.J.B. in Federal prison, I got a taste of how the Savior State responds when its policies are challenged in entirely nonviolent ways. As the Federal judge noted in his trial, R.J.B. was one of the finest young men of his generation. I am offended by the Apocalyptic Doomer ideology on spiritual grounds as well. Yes, humans are capable of great evil, violence, greed, etc., but that is not the sum total of all humanity. If there is any aspect of this blog which goes unremarked--and this in itself is noteworthy--it is my constant references to the spiritual rot at the core of the American Lifestyle and Status Quo. Calling the Status Quo rotten to its core on spiritual grounds is somehow embarrassing to the standard-issue punditry or purveyor of Apocalyptic Doomer ideology. It's as if calling the status quo rotten and worthy of collapse on spiritual grounds alone is somehow not quite cricket. Assuming roving bands of heavily-armed murderous thugs will roam the countryside doesn't cause a single eyebrow to raise, but calling for a spiritual Transformation as the status quo of greed, fraud, lying and senseless violence unravels make me a threatening weirdo to every ideology. So be it. So let me be clear here. The "enemies of the State" being carted off to the gulag will probably be friends of mine, and the guys so many Doomers fear in the unruly mob will be former workmates or employees. I have no desire for "fame," "fortune," "security" or whatever it is that's supposed to drive us all to slave away at something. My standard of "success" is simple, because I am a KISS kind of guy--keep it simple, stupid. 1. Did I make myself useful today? 2. Did I take care of myself today and avoid burdening anyone with my cares and troubles? 3. Were I to meet the living Jesus at day's end, would I feel ashamed of my conduct during the day, or could I meet his gaze with the inner knowldge that I emulated his teachings to the very best of my ability? That's my "definition" of success. Americans are funny about "how much they earn." People seem afraid of being accused of being rich or something, because then they'll be asked to donate money. Hey, you worked, you earned it. My taxable gross income last year was $30,700. Out of that I paid about $10,000 in taxes (property tax--my "half" of the total bill), Federal, State and sales, about $5,000 for health insurance (since I'm self-employed, I pay my own), and about $5,000 in principle on our mortgage (again, my "half," which is not deductable of course), leaving about $10,000 for everything else. A laughably tiny slice of that came from this site. I do not have a trust fund. My IRA holds about $15,000, a figure which fluctuates but never seems to go up due to my various speculative mistakes. "Experts" say it needs to be $1.5 million should I be looking forward to a "comfortable" retirement. I reckon many municipal and state employees who are my age (56) have already retired. I am not sure what "retirement" even means; "taking it easy," going on cruises, working a second job to accrue even more money, I don't know. None of those things really appeal to me. I have no interest in retiring, so the fact that I don't have a retirement, and that I expect Social Security to fold up before I draw my "share" doesn't bother me. I hope to make myself useful until I keel over. I have offended Doomers by declaring that the aftermath of the collapse of the Savior State and corporatocracy could be "fun." Let me give you an example. This assumes that truck and auto traffic will become limited due to high cost of fuel or rationing, or both, i.e. what most people would see as "doom and gloom." I am supposed to wear a hair shirt and be gnashing my teeth that I cannot drive a fully loaded SUV in air-conditioned comfort to L.A. anymore. There are plans to build a high-speed rail between San Francisco and Los Angeles, but it is easy to predict this will be very expensive, just as it is in Europe and Japan. The Savior State is running out of money to fund massive subsidies. But to the great annoyance of the Doomer crowd, the idea of bicycling 380 miles to L.A. sounds like great fun to me. I am supposed to be worried about roving gangs of heavily armed thugs who will be desperately trying to steal my 20-year old bicycle, or I'm supposed to be weeping that the status quo life of "comfort" has been superceded. I'm not trying to be contrarian here; I'm just the kind of person who likes cycling and likes a good appetite. I ride 10 miles just to clear my mind, so the idea of riding 40 miles on flat ground sounds invigorating. All the route would need is some solar-charged, battery-powered trams to carry the bikes and riders up the mountain passes. The Central Valley has lots of sun; some solar arrays along the way could charge standard battery packs so riders of electric bikes could hot-swap their batteries for a few bucks. A few simple facilities along the way could provide shelter/food; as for road maintenance, without the pounding of 18-wheelers, the current surface would probably last a long time with minimal maintenance. I am not talking about 100% self-sufficiency here; I'm talking about a reduction in energy consumption on the order of 85%, i.e. the nation consuming 3 millon barrels a day of oil instead of 19-20 MBD. I'm talking about a life in which "the pursuit of happiness" is fully enabled that requires very little energy or goods. I'd be perfectly fine with a monthly allotment of $15 a month of electricity, 10 gallons of gasoline a month and a 5-gallon tank of propane for cooking. I've gotten by with less and been quite happy. I have built a sturdy cabin 12 X 16 with a handsaw, a square, a level and a few hand tools. I can cut a 2X4 with a handsaw in the time it takes for someone to set up their electric tool. I prefer a handsaw and hand drills, screwdrivers, etc. I rarely use a power saw unless I'm under time pressure. Yes, this requires milled lumber, and steel for saws, but once again I am not talking about pre-industrial life, I am talking about a life with modest quantities of essential industrialization which uses perhaps 15% of today's massive (and mostly squandered) energy consumption. If 85% of today's energy consumption goes away, it's fine with me. If 85% of the Savior State goes away, that's also fine with me. If 85% of subsidized agribusiness goes away, that's fine with me, too. We'd all be better off without any high-fructose corn syrup. If factory-meat declines as a result, no loss; better to eat real meat and real food and eat less of it. Hasn't anyone noticed that eating less crappy food might actually benefit the nation's health? I am as tired of the Apocalyptic Doom ideology as I am of the status quo ideology which holds that reinflating the housing bubble is essential or the world will end. The best time I've had recently is climbing 1,000 feet in Yosemite and walking 8-9 miles over packed snow in sneakers and a light coat a few weeks ago. It was about 40 degrees F. in the daytime, quite comfortable if you keep moving. I ate and slept well and we walked another 4-5 miles the following day before we had to leave. I wish I could do this all the time; it's invigorating. Two heaping handfuls of food is enough for the day; a lot of food can be grown on a 2,000 square foot parcel; the age of sail enabled travel and trade (albeit slower than today) between distant lands. I'm tired of hearing how a reduction in a wasteful lifestyle dooms us all. If 85% of today's energy consumption goes away, life will still be good, just as it's been good for hundreds of years before fossil fuel. And massive reductions are not even necessary. As I noted here last week in (Why I am Optimistic February 16, 2010), it's physically possible to construct an alternative energy system which generates the same power consumed today by 2030. The only lack is vision and political will, as those benefitting from the dominance of fossil fuels have a lock on the leadership of the Savior State. I'm also tired of people who feel so confident in their predictions of the future. Here is an experiment for all those blessed with such certainty. 1. Invest $10,000 in out-of-the-money options on some market you "know" will be at a certain level/state in six months. That should easily turn the $10K into $50,000. 2. Repeat step 1, turning the $50K into $250K in another six months. 3. Repeat step 2, turning the $250K into $1.25 million in another six months. Anyone who is "certain" about the future course of events can surely turn that knowledge to the markets, and in a mere three turns should be able to turn $10,000 into $1.25 million. If someone can't accurately predict the markets' actions in six months, how can they possibly know what will transpire 6 years or 10 years from now? I'm all for guessing, and I do a fair amount of guessing here. But I'm not offended if someone disagrees with me, or threatened by their lack of ideological purity. I call it guessing because it is guessing; we're all guessing. Nobody knows the future. End of rant; we resume our usual annoying content tomorrow. I feel better getting this off my chest. And I really don't care if anyone reads this, or reads anything here. This is only an experiment in self-expression. If you haven't visited the forum, here's a place to start. Click on the link below and then select "new posts." You'll get to see what other oftwominds.com readers and contributors are discussing/sharing. DailyJava.net is now open for aggregating our collective intelligence. "This guy is THE leading visionary on reality. He routinely discusses things which no one else has talked about, yet, turn out to be quite relevant months later." --Walt Howard, commenting about CHS on another blog. NOTE: contributions are acknowledged in the order received. Your name and email remain confidential and will not be given to any other individual, company or agency. Thank you, Helen S. ($5), for your much-appreciated generous contribution to this site. I am greatly honored by your support and readership. Thank you, Maggie R. ($10), for yet another most generous contribution to this site. I am greatly honored by your support and readership. | Low | [
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Q: Get finished download in CefSharp I try do make a small downloader-tool for a website with CefSharp. For downloading files, I use the pretty well example DownloadHandler from CefSharp. Now, I want to do some things after the download is finished. I know the "downloadItem" has a "IsComplete" value. But if I put something like this in the "OnDownloadUpdated" method, stuff will never be executed if (downloadItem.IsComplete) { //do stuff } So, my question is, where I have to check if my downloaded item is completed? EDIT: Complete DownloadHandler: public class DownloadHandler : IDownloadHandler { public event EventHandler<DownloadItem> OnBeforeDownloadFired; public event EventHandler<DownloadItem> OnDownloadUpdatedFired; private bool stop; private DownloadWindow window; public void OnBeforeDownload(IBrowser browser, DownloadItem downloadItem, IBeforeDownloadCallback callback) { var handler = OnBeforeDownloadFired; if (handler != null) { handler(this, downloadItem); } if (!callback.IsDisposed) { using (callback) { callback.Continue(downloadItem.SuggestedFileName, showDialog: true); } } window = new DownloadWindow(downloadItem.TotalBytes, downloadItem.SuggestedFileName, this); window.Show(); } public void OnDownloadUpdated(IBrowser browser, DownloadItem downloadItem, IDownloadItemCallback callback) { var handler = OnDownloadUpdatedFired; if (handler != null) { handler(this, downloadItem); } if (window != null) { window.UpdateProgress(downloadItem.ReceivedBytes); } if (stop) { callback.Cancel(); } } public void StopDownload() { stop = true; } } A: You need to check it inside the OnDownloadUpdated method. public void OnDownloadUpdated(IBrowser browser, DownloadItem downloadItem, IDownloadItemCallback callback) { if (downloadItem.IsComplete || downloadItem.IsCancelled) { //do stuff } } Don't forget, your class must implement the IDownloadHandler interface. A good debugging strategy would be placing breakpoints inside this method, to see/understand when it gets fired. | High | [
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Q: State variable shows value 'undefined' though have set default value 'false' I created a custom component MyCustomList which is just a wrapper of FlatList. There are three props items, getMore, loading. This post focuses on the passed in loading prop only. const MyCustomList = ({items, getMore, loading}) => { // console shows 'false' console.log(loading) // use the 'loading' as the default value for the state variable const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(loading); const myFooter = () => { // console shows undefined, why? Shouldn't it be the default value 'false'? console.log(isLoading}); ... } return ( <FlatList keyExtractor={keyExtractor} data={items} renderItem={renderItem} onEndReached={getMore} onEndReachedThreshold={0} ListFooterComponent={myFooter} /> ); ... export default MyCustomList; } In above custom component, parent component passed in the loading prop with value false, at runtime when swipe the list to bottom, the myFooter is called but the state variable isLoading is logged with value undefined. Why? A: change your code like below, we setting the isLoading state in useEffect import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';//add const MyCustomList = ({items, getMore, loading}) => { // console shows 'false' console.log(loading) // use the 'loading' as the default value for the state variable const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(loading); useEffect(() => { setIsLoading(loading) }, []); const myFooter = () => { // console shows undefined, why? Shouldn't it be the default value 'false'? console.log(isLoading}); ... } return ( <FlatList keyExtractor={keyExtractor} data={items} renderItem={renderItem} onEndReached={getMore} onEndReachedThreshold={0} ListFooterComponent={myFooter} /> ); ... export default MyCustomList; } | High | [
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Database FF14AnglerRep A ravenous shark with a hammer-shaped head it uses to quickly detect its prey. This wavekin is most commonly found living in small schools in the Strait of Merlthor. A ravenous shark with a hammer-shaped head it uses to quickly detect its prey. This wavekin is most commonly found living in small schools in the Strait of Merlthor, but there have been recent reports of schools containing more than five score of the creatures. | Low | [
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--- abstract: 'We investigate the entanglement-renormalization group flows of translation-invariant topological stabilizer models in three dimensions. Fracton models are observed to bifurcate under entanglement renormalization, generically returning at least one copy of the original model. Based on this behavior we formulate the notion of bifurcated equivalence for fracton phases, generalizing foliated fracton equivalence. The notion of quotient superselection sectors is also generalized accordingly. We calculate bifurcating entanglement-renormalization group flows for a wide range of examples and, based on those results, propose conjectures regarding the classification of translation-invariant topological stabilizer models in three dimensions.' author: - Arpit Dua - Pratyush Sarkar - 'Dominic J. Williamson' - Meng Cheng bibliography: - 'DomBib.bib' title: 'Bifurcating entanglement-renormalization group flows of fracton stabilizer models' --- [^1] The renormalization group (RG) is a ubiquitous concept throughout theoretical physics. Intuitively, real-space renormalization [@Wilson1975] involves the rescaling of a system such that the short-distance correlations are integrated out. At the scale-invariant fixed points of an RG transformation, the system has either zero or infinite correlation length, corresponding to gapped or critical phases respectively. As such, RG serves as an important tool for the analysis of long-wavelength physics in a given theory. Since rescaling transformations increase the local Hilbert space dimension, conventional RG approaches have relied on truncating the local Hilbert space in a manner that does not affect long-range correlations. To further ensure that the long-range entanglement structure is preserved, which is particularly crucial for the classification and characterization of quantum matter, a more careful approach must be taken. A real-space renormalization procedure that exclusively removes short-range entanglement consists of applying local unitary circuits and projecting out degrees of freedom that have been completely disentangled into trivial states only [@haah2014bifurcation]. Along with the coarse-graining of degrees of freedom to rescale the system, such a procedure is referred to as Entanglement Renormalization (ER) [@Vidal2007]. Stable fixed points under ER are identified as representatives of quantum phases of matter. For many exactly solvable models with zero correlation length, ER can be implemented directly at the level of the Hamiltonian [@Konig2009; @Aguado2008]. In this paper we apply ER to study the long-range entanglement structures of topological stabilizer models. In two dimensions, every translation-invariant topological stabilizer model is equivalent to copies of the 2D toric code [@Haah2018a; @bombin2012universal; @bombin2014structure] and hence their classification is complete. The 2D toric code is a fixed point under ER. Hence, under ER, any 2D translation-invariant topological stabilizer model flows towards copies of the 2D toric code. In contrast, translation-invariant topological stabilizer models in three dimensions exhibit a rich variety of quantum phases due to the existence of fracton topological order [@chamon2005quantum; @PhysRevB.81.184303; @bravyi2011topological; @Chamon_quantum_glassiness; @PhysRevB.95.245126; @vijay2016fracton; @Williamson_cubic_code; @vijay2017isotropic; @vijay2017generalization; @PhysRevB.96.165106; @HHB_models; @PhysRevB.97.155111; @PhysRevB.97.041110; @prem2018cage; @Bulmash2018; @hao_twisted; @Brown2019; @finite_temp_Xcube; @hsieh_halasz_partons; @Prem2019; @Bulmash2019]. While no systematic classification theorem or procedure has yet been established for these models, they can be organized into broad classes [@Dua_Classification_2019] based on the properties of their excitations and compactifications [@Dua2019_compactify]. In [[Ref. ]{}]{} it was found that Haah’s cubic code, the canonical example of a type-II fracton topological order with no string operators, bifurcates under ER. More precisely, under ER the cubic code splits into two decoupled models on a coarse-grained lattice: the original cubic code and cubic code B. The possibility of bifurcating ER was previously envisioned in Refs. with the goal of describing critical states that violate the area law in two or more dimensions. Our goal is to extend the classification of topological phases in terms of ER fixed points to models that may bifurcate under ER. This approach faces an immediate conceptual hurdle: bifurcating models are not scale-invariant. In fact, under the conventional notion of quantum phase [@chen2010local], a bifurcating model defined on a lattice of spacing $a$ and the same model defined on a lattice of spacing $2a$ belong to different phases of matter. Therefore one needs to revisit the definition of thermodynamic quantum phases under such circumstances. Fracton models are examples of bifurcating models. Under ER they may self-bifurcate or bifurcate into distinct models. Since self-bifurcating models give rise to an arbitrarily large number of copies of themselves under repeated ER, it is reasonable to consider them as free resources in the infrared limit. One can then formulate a generalized notion of fixed point where such free resources, i.e. the self-bifurcating models, are quotiented out. This generalizes the usual disentangling and projection steps in conventional ER where trivial product state degrees of freedom, which are the simplest example of a self-bifurcating state, serve as the free resource. The classification of bifurcating models via ER is then divided into two steps: first the classification of self-bifurcating fixed points and then the classification of quotient fixed points. The classification of self-bifurcating fixed points was previously studied from a resource oriented renormalization group perspective in Ref. . A similar point of view on fixed points of bifurcating ER has already played a key role in the understanding of foliated fracton models [@shirley2018FoliatedFracton; @shirley2017fracton; @shirley2018Foliated; @shirley2018universal; @shirley2018Fractional]. The notion of foliated equivalence, local unitary equivalence up to adding stacks of 2D toric code, is rooted in the ER flow of foliated fracton models which produce stacks of 2D toric codes when they bifurcate. A stack of 2D toric codes is the simplest nontrivial self-bifurcating topological state in 3D. It is easy to see that it self-bifurcates under coarse-graining in the direction orthogonal to the toric code planes. The X-cube model is the canonical example with nontrivial foliated fracton order: under ER that coarse-grains by a factor of two along any axis it bifurcates, returning a copy of itself and a stack of 2D toric codes orthogonal to the axis. This reveals the X-cube model’s foliation structure and that it is a foliated fixed point, as it is foliated equivalent to itself after coarse-graining. In this work, we propose to generalize the notion of foliated fracton equivalence to *bifurcated equivalence* which allows any self-bifurcating state as a resource, thus providing an equivalence relation that is relevant for all fracton models. We study the ER of a large range of fracton models, including 17 of Haah’s cubic codes [@haah2011local] and all of Yoshida’s first-order fractal spin liquids [@yoshida2013exotic], and find that they are all bifurcating fixed points. That is, under ER they either self-bifurcate, producing several identical copies, or they bifurcate into a copy of themselves along with some distinct models, referred to as B models. We demonstrate that the B models are self-bifurcating for all the examples considered. Our ER results are presented in table \[results\_ERG\]. Moreover, we find that the form of the B models is constrained by the mobilities of the topological quasi-particles in the original models. For instance, the presence of a planon in the original model causes a stack of 2D toric codes to appear amongst the B models. Such constraints on the B models motivate us to put forward several conjectures concerning the structure of 3D topological stabilizer models that have implications for their classification. The paper is laid out as follows: in Sec. \[ER\], we introduce ER for gapped quantum phases of matter, discuss conventional and bifurcating ER fixed points, and define bifurcated equivalence and quotient superselection sectors. In Sec. \[poly\_frame\], we review Haah’s polynomial framework. In Sec. \[examples\], we explicitly identify bifurcating behavior in the ERG flows of a large range of models including 17 cubic codes [@haah2011local] and all first-order fractal spin liquids [@yoshida2013exotic]. In Sec. \[classes\_TO\_ER\], we discuss possible ERG flows for the distinct classes of topological order [@Dua_Classification_2019]. In Sec. \[sec:quotient\_sectors\], we study quotient superselection sectors in several examples. In the appendix, we provide numerical results for the number of encoded qubits for all models discussed, complimented by derivations of analytical expressions for a select few. We also present the ER for the X-cube model explicitly. The explicit ER process for all other models as listed is shown in the file SMERG.nb provided as supplementary material. Entanglement renormalization and phase equivalence ================================================== In this section we introduce the notions of quantum phase of matter and entanglement renormalization. We discuss how the definition of phase equivalence is informed by ERG fixed points. We then introduce the more general notion of bifurcated equivalence based upon bifurcating ERG fixed points. We also discuss how the notion of superselection sector is generalized to quotient superselection sector for bifurcating ERG fixed point models. Gapped quantum phases of matter ------------------------------- Throughout the paper we consider lattice Hamiltonians in 3D with short-range interactions. We only consider translation-invariant Hamiltonians defined on cubic lattices. A model is in a zero temperature gapped quantum phase if, in the energy spectrum, there is a finite gap between a nearly degenerate ground state subspace and the first excited state. Technically the energy gap must be uniformly lower bounded by a positive constant for a sequence of increasing system sizes approaching the thermodynamic limit [@qimqm]. The energy splitting for the nearly degenerate ground state subspace must also vanish super-polynomially in the thermodynamic limit. The thermodynamic limit is approached as the ratio of system size $L$ to the lattice constant, or the short-distance cutoff length scale, $a$ goes to infinity $L/a\rightarrow \infty$. Two Hamiltonians are in the same phase if they are connected by a path of uniformly gapped Hamiltonians, possibly after adding in additional spins governed by the trivial paramagnetic Hamiltonian whose ground state is a product state. The addition of trivial degrees of freedom serves to stabilize the equivalence relation and allows for the comparison of models with a different number of spins per unit cell. In particular, models with the same $L$ but different $a$ can be meaningfully compared. Conversely, a quantum phase transition between gapped phases necessarily involves the gap closing. The physical characteristics of zero temperature gapped phases can be studied via their ground states. Such ground states are in the same phase if and only if they are related by a quasi-adiabatic evolution [@hastings2005quasiadiabatic], possibly after stabilization by adding spins in a trivial product state. Constant-depth local unitary circuits are often used as a proxy for phase equivalence [@chen2010local], although strictly speaking they provide only a sufficient condition [@Haah2018]. To compare bulk phase equivalence more generally one should consider stabilized (approximate) locality-preserving unitary maps, or quantum cellular automata. For dispersionless commuting projector Hamiltonians it appears sufficient to consider stabilized exact locality-preserving unitary maps, up to a change in the choice of local Hamiltonian terms that preserves the ground space and gap but may shift higher energy levels. Throughout this work, topological orders are stable gapped quantum phases defined by a topological degeneracy on torus and characterized by the existence of nontrivial quasiparticles. This includes: - Topological quantum liquid phases, whose ground state degeneracies on the torus have a constant upper bound. It is widely believed that these phases can be described by topological quantum field theories (TQFT) at low energy. We will thus refer to topological orders belonging to class as TQFT phases. - Fracton phases whose ground state degeneracies do not have a constant upper bound. The low-energy behaviors of these phases are not described by any conventional TQFTs. Entanglement renormalization transformations {#ER} -------------------------------------------- We now describe ER transformations following the pioneering work [@haah2014bifurcation]. Given a gapped Hamiltonian, an ER transformation consists of the following steps: 1. Coarse-grain the system by enlarging the unit cell by a factor $c>1$. 2. Apply local unitary transformations to the Hamiltonian to remove short-range entanglement. 3. Project out local degrees of freedom that are completely disentangled into a trivial state. The result is a new Hamiltonian in the same phase of matter, defined on the coarse-grained lattice. In order to maintain a well-defined notion of phase throughout a renormalization procedure, we fix the ratio $L/a$ to be infinite by taking an infinite system size $L$ while successively coarse-graining a finite lattice constant $a$ by a factor $c>1$. For a system of finite size, coarse-graining amounts to reducing the number of unit cells in the system. In the thermodynamic limit this remains true, as the ratio $\frac{L_1/a_1}{L_2/a_2}$ of the number of unit cells before and after coarse graining is equal to $c$ even though both numerator and denominator diverge. ![Conventional RG flows within gapped phases. $H_i$ indicate different models that flow towards fixed points models $H_{FP_i}$. Here, $H_{1\text{--}4}$ are in one phase while $H_{5\text{--}9}$ are in another. These phases are represented by regions in parameter space, separated by a dotted phase transition line.[]{data-label="Conventional RG"}](conv_RG.pdf) Conventionally it is expected that ERG flows within a gapped phase carry models towards a representative fixed point model that is invariant under the ERG flow. We depict such a situation schematically in Fig. \[Conventional RG\], which shows Hamiltonians flowing towards RG fixed points in two gapped phases. The set of stable ERG fixed points then suffice to classify the gapped phases. We remark that under ER copies of the trivial Hamiltonian are produced at an exponential rate, as the trivial Hamiltonian in $D$ spatial dimensions splits into $c^D$ copies of itself under coarse-graining by a factor $c$. Hence to find any fixed points we must mod out by this self-replicating trivial model. Furthermore, for an ERG fixed point model to lie in the same phase after a change of scale, the trivial Hamiltonian must also be modded out in the definition of phase. This is clearly a necessary condition for a definition of phase that does not rely on a choice of lattice scale, as is commonly desired. Fixed point Hamiltonians under the form of ER we consider here must satisfy $$\begin{aligned} UH(a)U^\dagger\equiv H(ca) \, , \label{convRG}\end{aligned}$$ for some finite-depth quantum circuit $U$, where $c$ is the coarse-graining factor. The Hamiltonian $H(ca)$ has the same local terms as the original Hamiltonian $H(a)$, but the degrees of freedom sit on the sites of a coarse-grained lattice with spacing $ca$. The equivalence $\equiv$ denotes equality up to the addition of disentangled spins governed by the trivial Hamiltonian to either side, and changing the choice of local Hamiltonian terms in a way that preserves the ground space. In particular, this implies that $H(a)$ and $H(ca)$ are in the same phase. This relation holds for commuting projector Hamiltonians that describe TQFT phases [@qdouble; @Levin2005; @koenig2010quantum; @walker2012; @williamson2016hamiltonian], and hence they are fixed points under ER [@Konig2009; @Aguado2008]. This allows the lattice scale to be ignored in the definition of TQFT phases. Bifurcating entanglement renormalization and bifurcated equivalence ------------------------------------------------------------------- Models that are governed by conventional ERG fixed-point Hamiltonians with topological order fall into the category of TQFT phases. All known two-dimensional fixed-point models are of this type. However, in three dimensions, fracton models with topological order have been discovered that bifurcate under ER. This means that performing one step of ER on a model produces multiple nontrivial decoupled models. That is, for some finite-depth quantum circuit $U$ we have $$\begin{aligned} UH(a)U^\dagger\equiv H_1(c a)+ H_2(c a)+...+H_b(c a) \, , \label{bif}\end{aligned}$$ where $c$ is again the coarse-graining factor and $b$ is the number of nontrivial decoupled models, or branches. We remark that this decomposition into decoupled models may not be unique. An illustration of a bifurcating ER transformation is shown in Fig. \[bifRGillus\]. ![An illustration of bifurcating ER for a 1D model. We start with a translation-invariant spin chain, perform coarse-graining by grouping pairs of spins into new sites and then apply a local unitary consisting of two-spin gates that is translation-invariant on the coarse-grained lattice. This disentangles two decoupled copies of the original spin chain on the coarse-grained lattice.[]{data-label="bifRGillus"}](bifRG_schematic.pdf) A model $H(a)$ is a *bifurcating* fixed point if any of the resulting models on the right hand side of Eq. are equivalent to it, i.e. $H_1(a)=H(a)$ without loss of generality. In particular, all of the examples that appear in this work are bifurcating fixed points. Bifurcating fixed points can be either *self-bifurcating* fixed points or *quotient* fixed points which are defined as follows: - A model $H(a)$ is a *self-bifurcating* fixed point with *branching number* $b$ if all of the resulting models on the right hand side of Eq. are equivalent to it, i.e. $H_i(a)=H(a)$ for $i=1,\dots,b$. For example, a self-bifurcating fixed point with branching number $b=2$ satisfies $$\begin{aligned} UH_{SB}(a)U^\dagger\equiv H_{SB}(c a)+ H_{SB}(c a) \, . \label{eq:sbex} \end{aligned}$$ - A bifurcating fixed point model $H(a)$ is a *quotient* fixed point if the models $H_i(a)$ for $i\geq 2$ are self-bifurcating fixed points that are not equivalent to $H_1(a)$. More specifically we may refer to such an $H(a)$ as a quotient fixed point with respect to the self-bifurcating Hamiltonian $\sum_{i\geq 2}H_i(a)$. An example of a quotient fixed point model, with respect to two decoupled $b=2$ self-bifurcating fixed points, is given by $$\begin{aligned} UH_{B}(a)U^\dagger\equiv H_{B}(c a)+ H_{SB1}(c a)+ H_{SB2}(c a) \, , \label{eq:qfpex} \end{aligned}$$ where $H_{SB1}$ and $H_{SB2}$ both satisfy Eq.. \ \ In Fig. \[Bifurcating RG\], we represent the above self-bifurcating and quotient ERG fixed point examples using a diagrammatic notation. In our bifurcating ERG fixed point diagrams the models resulting from one step of ER, corresponding to the right hand side of Eq. , are found by following all arrows leaving a model, corresponding to the left hand side of Eq. . Such a diagram represents a generalized fixed point when all arrows leaving models in the diagram return to models within the diagram. This captures conventional fixed points, bifurcating fixed points and limit cycles, which can be removed by increasing the amount of coarse-graining performed during one step of ER. Further examples of bifurcating ERG fixed point models are presented in section \[examples\], with the results summarized in table \[results\_ERG\]. We remark that since Eq. is not unique for a given Hamiltonian $H(a)$ it is possible for a model to be a self-bifurcating fixed point under one ERG flow, and a quotient fixed point under another, see section \[ex:cc14\] for such an example. In contrast to conventional ER fixed points, bifurcating ER fixed point Hamiltonians on different lattices are not in the same phase, i.e. $H(a)$ is not phase equivalent to $H(c a)$. This is evident from the presence of nontrivial models $H_{i}$ with ${i\geq 2}$ on the right hand side of Eq. . For a self-bifurcating model, $H_{SB}(a)$, that satisfies Eq. with $c=2$ the reason for this inequivalence is especially clear: two copies of $H_{SB}(2a)$ cannot be equivalent to a single copy unless $H_{SB}$ is in the trivial phase. This is depicted in Fig. \[phase\_equiv\_SB\]. ![Under one step of ER indicated by an arrow, a nontrivial self-bifurcating model denoted $H_{SB}$ with a lattice constant $a$ becomes two copies of the model on the coarse-grained lattice $H_{SB}(2a)$. Since $H_{SB}(2a)^{\otimes 2}$ is not in the same phase as $H_{SB}(2a)$, $H_{SB}(a)$ is not in the same phase as $H_{SB}(2a)$. A conventional phase boundary is indicated by a dotted line.[]{data-label="phase_equiv_SB"}](SBRG_phase_diag.pdf) Self-bifurcating fixed point models produce copies of themselves at an exponential rate under ERG flow. This rate is given by the branching number, which obviously satisfies $b \leq c^D$, but can be further shown to satisfy $b < c^{D-1}$ for states that satisfy an area law [@haah2014bifurcation], which are the relevant ones in the study of gapped phases. This is analogous to the exponential splitting of trivial models in the ERG flow of a conventional fixed point model. Inspired by the modding out of trivial models in the definition of gapped phase equivalence, here we introduce the notion of *bifurcated* equivalence where all self-bifurcating models are modded out. More specifically, we write $H_1(a_1) \sim_{H_B} H_2(a_2)$ if $H_1(a_1)$ stacked with some number of copies of $H_B$ lies in the same conventional phase as $H_2(a_2)$ stacked with some number of copies of $H_B$. This is bifurcated equivalence with respect to a self-bifurcating fixed point model $H_B$. When $H_B$ is a trivial Hamiltonian we recover the conventional phase equivalence, when $H_B$ is a stack of 2D topological orders we recover foliated fracton equivalence. Similarly we write $H_1(a_1) \prescript{}{H_{B_1}}{\sim}_{H_{B_2}} H_2(a_2)$ if $H_1(a_1)$ stacked with copies of $H_{B_1}$ is equivalent to $H_2(a_2)$ stacked with copies of $H_{B_2}$. More generally we denote bifurcated equivalence by ${H_1(a_1) \sim H_2(a_2)}$ whenever there exist self-bifurcating models $H_{B_1},H_{B_2}$ such that ${H_1(a_1) \prescript{}{H_{B_1}}\sim_{H_{B_2}} H_2(a_2)}$. See Fig. \[CC\_13\_14\_17\] (b) for a nontrivial example involving both foliated fracton equivalence and the more general bifurcated equivalence. The bifurcated equivalence relation serves to essentially remove dependence on the lattice scale from the equivalence class of a quotient fixed point Hamiltonian since $H(a) \sim H(ca)$ in that case. We remark that models may be bifurcated equivalent, even when they are not in the same conventional gapped phase. In particular any self-bifurcating model is in the trivial bifurcated equivalence class, even though the model may be in a nontrivial conventional phase. In Fig. \[phase\_equiv\_SB\] the dotted line denotes a conventional phase boundary, whereas the whole diagram lies in the same trivial bifurcated equivalence class. It is also useful to generalize the equivalence relation $\equiv$ accordingly by allowing for stacking with arbitrary self-bifurcating models, which we denote $\cong$. With this definition in hand the condition for a quotient fixed point resembles the conventional fixed point condition $$\begin{aligned} UH(a)U^\dagger \cong H(ca) \, .\end{aligned}$$ (Quotient) superselection sectors --------------------------------- A nontrivial superselection sector on some region $\mathcal{R}$ is an excitation that can be supported on $\mathcal{R}$ but not created by any operator within a neighborhood of $\mathcal{R}$. Superselection sectors are equivalent if they are related by the application of an operator within a neighborhood of $\mathcal{R}$, or equivalently fusion with a local excitation in $\mathcal{R}$. Under ER excitations may split due to a change in the choice of local Hamiltonian terms allowed in the $\equiv$ relation. This may create local excitations in the trivial Hamiltonians that are modded out by the $\equiv$ relation. Hence for superselection sectors to be invariant under ER, local excitations must be modded out in their definition. For the same reason, to define *quotient superselection sectors* (QSS) that are invariant under quotient ER we must mod out any excitations that can flow into a self-bifurcating fixed point model, as these models are modded out by the $\cong$ relation. Representatives of potential QSS are then given by the fixed point excitations under quotient ER. This captures the notion of QSS for foliated fracton models as a special case when the self-bifurcating model is taken to be a stack of 2D topological orders [@shirley2018Fractional]. Entanglement renormalization in the polynomial framework {#poly_frame} ======================================================== In this section we introduce translation-invariant stabilizer models, Clifford ER transformations and phase equivalence relations, along with their descriptions in the language of polynomial rings from commutative algebra. Translation-invariant stabilizer models --------------------------------------- Translation-invariant stabilizer Hamiltonians are specified by a choice of mutually commuting local Pauli stabilizer generators $h^{(i)}$. The generators become the interaction terms in a Hamiltonian, $$\begin{aligned} H = \sum_{\vec{v}} (\openone - h^{(i)}_{\vec{v}}) \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $\vec{v}$ are lattice vectors. In the above equation, $h^{(i)}_{\vec{v}}$ indicates a local generator $h^{(i)}$ after translation by a lattice vector $\vec{v}$. The local generator $h^{(i)}$ is a tensor product of local Pauli operators acting on a set of qubits or qudits. Without loss of generality, we consider stabilizer models on a cubic lattice. ### Clifford phase equivalence and entanglement renormalization Maps between translation-invariant stabilizer Hamiltonians are given by locality-preserving Clifford operations, which map local Pauli operators to local Pauli operators. These Clifford operations include local Clifford circuits which are generated by CNOT, Phase and Hadamard gates, and nontrivial Clifford cellular automata, which are required to disentangle certain invertible phases [@Haah2018]. In addition, locality-preserving automorphisms of the lattice, such as the redefinition of coordinates via modular transformations and coarse graining, are also included. Phase equivalences of translation-invariant stabilizer Hamiltonians are given by locality-preserving Clifford operations up to stacking with trivial models. For our Clifford ER transformations, we restrict to local Clifford circuits, coarse-graining, and discarding trivial models, as the modular transformations and other nontrivial locality-preserving operations can be moved to a single final step when comparing models. A change in the choice of local stabilizer generators that preserves the stabilizer group is also allowed when comparing two models, as in the $\equiv$ relation above. As CNOT, Phase and Hadamard gates generate the Clifford group, they are sufficient to implement ER of Pauli stabilizer codes. In 2D all translation-invariant topological stabilizer models were classified and shown to be equivalent, under locality-preserving Clifford operations, to copies of the 2D toric code. This implies that all translation-invariant topological stabilizer models in 2D flow to ER fixed points. Conversely in 3D examples of translation-invariant topological stabilizer models that bifurcate under ER are known, and the classification problem remains completely open, due to the existence of fracton models. Our goal is to study the bifurcating ERG flows of known fracton stabilizer models to gain clues about the 3D classification problem. The examples considered in this work are all in CSS form [@PhysRevA.54.1098; @Steane2551], which should be preserved under ER, hence we have found it sufficient to consider Clifford circuits that consist of CNOT gates alone. In particular, the unitaries used in the ER of our examples are given by Clifford circuits ${U=U_1 U_2...U_N}$ where $N$ is finite and each layer of gates $U_i$ is a translation-invariant tensor product of CNOT gates. The polynomial framework ------------------------ Translation-invariant stabilizer Hamiltonians can be conveniently expressed in terms of polynomials. The use of a polynomial description in a similar context dates back to work on classical cyclic codes [@Imai1977TDC; @cecc; @multivariable_cecc]. The polynomial approach for quantum codes on a lattice was primarily developed by Haah. Interested readers are directed to Ref. for further details. We proceed by introducing several definitions from the polynomial language that are necessary and sufficient to describe ER. These definitions are demonstrated via examples. ### The stabilizer map For a stabilizer model on a cubic lattice, the stabilizer generators supported on a cubic unit cell can be expressed in terms of the position labels of the vertices on the cube as shown below $$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c} {\xymatrix@!0{& z \ar@{-}[ld]\ar@{.}[dd] \ar@{-}[rr] & & yz \ar@{-}[ld] \\#1 \ar@{-}[rr] \ar@{-}[dd] & & xyz \ar@{-}[dd] & \\& 1 \ar@{.}[ld] & & y \ar@{-}[uu] \ar@{.}[ll] \\#3 \ar@{-}[rr] & & xy \ar@{-}[ru] }} \end{array} \, . \label{pos_unit_cella}\end{aligned}$$ The canonical example of a type-II model is Haah’s code, or cubic code 1, which has the following stabilizer generators $$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c} {\xymatrix@!0{& IX \ar@{-}[ld]\ar@{.}[dd] \ar@{-}[rr] & & XI \ar@{-}[ld] \\#1 \ar@{-}[rr] \ar@{-}[dd] & & II \ar@{-}[dd] & \\& XX \ar@{.}[ld] & & IX \ar@{-}[uu] \ar@{.}[ll] \\#3 \ar@{-}[rr] & & XI \ar@{-}[ru] }} \quad {\xymatrix@!0{& IZ \ar@{-}[ld]\ar@{.}[dd] \ar@{-}[rr] & & ZI \ar@{-}[ld] \\#1 \ar@{-}[rr] \ar@{-}[dd] & & ZZ \ar@{-}[dd] & \\& II \ar@{.}[ld] & & IZ \ar@{-}[uu] \ar@{.}[ll] \\#3 \ar@{-}[rr] & & ZI \ar@{-}[ru] }} \end{array} \, .\end{aligned}$$ In the $X$-stabilizer generator, the sites on which the first qubit is acted upon by the Pauli $X$ operator are at positions $1$, $xy$, $xz$ and $yz$ of the unit cell. We take this set of positions $(1,xy,xz,yz)$ and write a polynomial corresponding to this set $1+xy+xz+yz$. Similarly, the polynomial corresponding to the action of the Pauli $X$ operator on the second qubit on vertices in the unit cell is $1+x+y+z$. The polynomials corresponding to the action of the $Z$ operator on the first and second qubits on each site involved in the $Z$-stabilizer generator are given by $xy+xz+yz+xyz$ and $x+y+z+xyz$. These polynomials refer to exponents of Pauli operators, and hence the addition of polynomials corresponds to the multiplication of operators. One can consider this polynomial representation to be a map from the position labels to the set of Pauli operators. This map is called the stabilizer map which can be written as a $2q\times t$ matrix where $q$ is the number of qubits on each vertex in the unit cell and $t$ is the number of stabilizer generators per unit cell in the translation-invariant Hamiltonian. In such a matrix, each column represents a term in the Hamiltonian and all translates of these terms can be generated by acting on the column by multiplication with monomials of translation variables. We illustrate the polynomial representation for a non-CSS model using the example of Wen’s plaquette model in Fig. \[poly\_non\_CSS\]. In this paper, we focus on CSS models for which the stabilizer map takes the form $$\begin{aligned} \sigma = \left(\begin{array}{cc} \sigma_X & 0 \\ 0 & \sigma_Z \end{array}\right) \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $\sigma_{X\,(Z)}$ is the map for the $X\,(Z)$-sector. Each column, labeled $C_i$, specifies a stabilizer generator. The rows of the $\sigma_{X\,(Z)}$ block are labeled $R^X_i$ ($R^Z_i$), where the row index $i$ is the index of the qubit in the unit cell. For example, the stabilizer map for cubic code 1 is $$\begin{aligned} \sigma = \left(\begin{array}{cc} 1+xy+xz+yz & 0 \\ 1+x+y+z & 0 \\ 0 & xy+xz+yz+xyz \\ 0 & x+y+z+xyz \end{array}\right) . \label{CC1rep1}\end{aligned}$$ We remark that all stabilizers of the model can be generated by the action of the stabilizer map on a column of translation variables. The translation action can be expressed in terms of the position variables $x,y,z$. For example, the $X$-stabilizer on the unit cell at position $x$ relative to the origin is denoted $$\begin{aligned} \left(\begin{array}{cc} (1+xy+xz+yz)x \\ (1+x+y+z)x\\ 0\\ 0 \end{array}\right) \, .\end{aligned}$$ Using this, or any other translation of the $X$-stabilizer generator in Eq lead to the same Hamiltonian. Hence, multiplying columns by monomials results in an equivalent stabilizer map. For example, we could divide the second column of the cubic code stabilizer map by $xyz$, corresponding to a unit translation in the negative direction along each axis. The resulting equivalent stabilizer map can be written as $$\begin{aligned} \sigma = \left(\begin{array}{cc} 1+xy+xz+yz & 0 \\ 1+x+y+z & 0 \\ 0 & 1+\overline{x}+\overline{y}+\overline{z} \\ 0 & 1+\overline{x}\overline{y}+\overline{x}\overline{z}+\overline{y}\overline{z} \end{array}\right) \label{CC1rep2}\end{aligned}$$ where we have introduced the inverse variables $\overline{x}, \overline{y}$ and $\overline{z}$ which satisfy $x\overline{x}=1$, $y\overline{y}=1$ and $z\overline{z}=1$. In the terminology of commutative algebra, introducing negative powers for translation variables involves going from a polynomial ring to a Laurent polynomial ring. ![The stabilizer map of Wen’s plaquette model. The qubit positions are expressed in terms of the translation variables $x,y,z$ in blue. The polynomial representation for each plaquette stabilizer generator is written in purple, where the first (second) row contains the positions acted upon by the $X$ ($Z$) operator. These representations can be obtained by applying the stabilizer map $\sigma$ to monomials that specify the positions of the respective stabilizer generators.[]{data-label="poly_non_CSS"}](wen_plaq_stabilizer_map.pdf) ### Entanglement renormalization in the polynomial language As discussed above, in the Clifford ER procedure after coarse-graining certain operations are allowed. These operations consist of acting on the stabilizer generators with Clifford gates, changing the choice of generators for the same stabilizer group and shifting the lattice sites. In the polynomial language, these operations are represented by matrices acting on the stabilizer map, from the left for Clifford gates and qubit shifts, and from the right for the shifting and redefinition of stabilizer generators. These operations were described in Ref. . As our focus is on CSS models, we restrict our discussion to Clifford circuits made up of CNOT gates. In which case the action of ER operations on the stabilizer map are as follows: - Row operations - Elementary row operations:\ An elementary row operation on a stabilizer map with rows $R^{X(Z)}_i$ is specified by two row indices $a\neq b$ and a monomial $f$ and acts as follows in the $X$-sector, $$\begin{aligned} \phantom{---}\text{CNOT}(a,b,f):{R^X_a\mapsto R^X_a +f(x,y,z) R^X_b} \, . \end{aligned}$$ This operation corresponds to a translation-invariant implementation of CNOT gates between the target qubits specified by $a$ and $f$ with the control qubits specified by $b$. The corresponding action in the $Z$-sector is given by $$\begin{aligned} \phantom{---}\text{CNOT}(a,b,f): R^Z_b \mapsto R^Z_b+f(\overline{x},\overline{y},\overline{z}) R^Z_a \, . \end{aligned}$$ - Row multiplication by a monomial:\ Multiplying any of the rows in the stabilizer map by a monomial corresponds to shifting those qubits in some direction. For the polynomial entries $\alpha_{ab}$, in a row specified by constant $a$, the transformation ${\alpha_{ab}\rightarrow x^i y^j z^k \alpha_{ab}}$ is allowed, for any finite integers $i,j,k$. - [Column operations]{} - Elementary column operations:\ An elementary column operation on a stabilizer map with columns $C_i$ is specified by two column indices $a\neq b$ and a monomial $f$ and acts as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \text{Col}(a,b,f): {C_a\mapsto C_a +f(x,y,z) C_b} \, . \end{aligned}$$ This changes the choice of stabilizer generators by replacing those corresponding to $C_a$ by products of themselves with translates of the generator corresponding to $C_b$. Such a change of choice of generators results in a phase equivalent Hamiltonian with the same ground space and shifted excitation energy levels. - Column multiplication by a monomial:\ This corresponds to changing the choice of a stabilizer generator, translating it by a monomial. This has no effect on the Hamiltonian described by the stabilizer map, as it already includes all translations of the generators. For example, we used such a transformation above to modify the polynomial representation for the $Z$-stabilizer term of the cubic code to go from Eq. to Eq. . ### Modular transformations The Clifford ER process only involves equivalences between models generated by coarse-graining, local Clifford gates, shifting the lattice sites and changing the choice of column generators. More generally modular transformations, which are locality-preserving automorphisms of the cubic lattice including shear transformations, preserve the bulk properties of a model. Hence, when deciding phase equivalence, modular transformations need to be taken into account. Formally, they correspond to the redefinition of translation variables $(x,y,z)$ to $(f_1(x,y,z),f_2(x,y,z),f_3(x,y,z))$, where $f_i(x,y,z)$ for $i=1,2,3$ are monomials in the translation variables that induce a bijection of the lattice sites. Modular transformations are not used during the ER process. However, they are used when checking the equivalence of models that result from ER. We have also used them to find equivalences between some of the cubic codes. For example, cubic code 5 is related to cubic code 9 (and cubic code 15 is related to cubic code 16) via a modular transformation and hence they are in the same phase [@Dua_Classification_2019]. ### The excitation map ![Excitation map for Wen’s plaquette model. The positions of stabilizer generators are written on the dual lattice. All but one of the labels for qubits and Pauli operators have been omitted for simplicity. A local operator $Z$ acting at position $xy$ and its polynomial column representation are depicted. The first (second) row of the column contains the position where $X$ ($Z$) acts. Applying the excitation map $\epsilon$, also depicted, to the polynomial column returns the positions of excited stabilizers $1+xy$ (indicated by shaded circles).[]{data-label="excmap_WP"}](wen_plaq_exc_map.pdf) The excitations created by the action of a Pauli operator can be found by applying the excitation map $\epsilon$ to the polynomial representation of that Pauli operator. The map $\epsilon$ is expressed in terms of the stabilizer map $\sigma$ via $$\begin{aligned} \epsilon:= \sigma^\dagger \lambda, && \text{where} && \lambda=\left( \begin{array}{cc} \bf{0} & \bf{1} \\ \bf{-1} & \bf{0} \end{array}\right)\end{aligned}$$ is the symplectic matrix and $\bf{1}$ denotes the $q\times q$ identity matrix. The rows in the excitation map correspond to excitations of different stabilizer generators. The operators that do not excite translations of a particular generator correspond to columns that give 0 when acted upon by the corresponding row of $\epsilon$. For example, one can see from $\lambda$ that no $X$ stabilizer generators are excited by the action of a Pauli $X$ operator, as expected. More generally, the kernel of $\epsilon$ contains the operators that commute with all local Hamiltonian terms. In particular, the condition that the Hamiltonian terms themselves commute can be recast as $\epsilon \sigma = 0$, i.e. $\im\, \sigma \subseteq \ker\, \epsilon$. This containment is saturated, $\im\, \sigma = \ker\, \epsilon$, for infinite boundary conditions if and only if the Hamiltonian described by $\sigma$ is topologically ordered [@haah2013commuting; @haah2013]. Since $\ker\, \epsilon$ consists of operators of finite extent in the polynomial formalism, $\im\, \sigma = \ker\, \epsilon$ implies that any operator that commutes with the Hamiltonian is in the span of the stabilizer group and so can be written as a sum of products of generators. This implies that any local operator must act as the identity on the degenerate ground space of the Hamiltonian with periodic boundary conditions, up to a proportionality constant that may be 0. In Fig. \[excmap\_WP\], we depict how the excitation map gives the positions of excited stabilizers due to the action of a local operator $Z$ on a qubit at position $xy$ in the Wen-plaquette model. Another phase equivalent example is the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ toric code whose stabilizer map is given by $$\begin{aligned} \sigma=\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1+y & 0 \\ 1+x & 0 \\ 0 & 1+\overline{x}\\ 0 & 1+\overline{y} \end{array}\right) \, , \label{sigmatc}\end{aligned}$$ and whose excitation map is given by $$\begin{aligned} \epsilon= \left(\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & 1+\overline{y} & 1+\overline{x} \\ 1+x & 1+y & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array}\right) \, .\end{aligned}$$ Considering the action of a local $Z$ operator on the first qubit at position $x$. The action of this local operator is represented by the following column $$\begin{aligned} \hat{o}=\left(\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ x \\ 0 \end{array}\right) \, ,\end{aligned}$$ and the action of the excitation map on this operator gives $$\begin{aligned} \epsilon \hat{o}= \left(\begin{array}{cc} 0 \\ x+x\overline{y} \end{array} \right) \, .\end{aligned}$$ This implies that the $Z$ stabilizers at positions $x$ and $x\overline{y}$ are excited due to the action of $\hat{o}$ on $\mathbb{Z}_2$ toric code. Similarly as for the polynomial description of Pauli operators, addition of excitation polynomials corresponds to fusion of excitations. The image of the excitation map $\text{im}(\epsilon)$ contains topologically trivial configurations of excitations. For cubic code stabilizer maps, which take the following form $$\begin{aligned} \sigma=\left(\begin{array}{cc} f & 0 \\ g & 0 \\ 0 & \overline{g}\\ 0 & \overline{f} \end{array}\right). \label{smap_fg}\end{aligned}$$ The excitation map is given by $$\begin{aligned} \epsilon= \left(\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & \overline{f} & \overline{g} \\ g & f & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array}\right) \, \label{emap_fg}.\end{aligned}$$ For any CSS model, the $X$ and the $Z$ generator excitation sectors are decoupled, and in the case of the cubic codes they are related by a spatial inversion transformation. For cubic codes, the polynomials in the image of the excitation map for $Z$ generators belong to the ideal[^2] generated by $f(x,y,z)$ and $g(x,y,z)$ i.e. $p(x,y,z)f+q(x,y,z)g$ where $p(x,y,z)$ and $q(x,y,z)$ are arbitrary polynomials with $\mathbb{Z}_2$ coefficients. We refer to this ideal, $\av{f,g}$, as the stabilizer ideal [@haah2013commuting]. ### Coarse-graining the stabilizer and excitation maps {#cgmap} Coarse-graining by a factor of 2 enlarges the unit cell by the same factor. Hence, after coarse-graining, the original translation variables $x^2$, $y^2$ and $z^2$ are transformed to $x'$, $y'$ and $z'$ on the new lattice. Suppose coarse-graining by a factor of 2 in the $x$-direction is performed, i.e. $x^2 \mapsto x'$. The coarse-grained unit cell has double the number of qubits and stabilizer generators. This coarse-graining transformation is implemented by the transformation of the original translation variables $$\begin{aligned} x\mapsto \left(\begin{array}{cc} 0 & x^\prime \\ 1 & 0 \end{array}\right) \, , && y\mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} y & 0 \\ 0 & y \end{array}\right) \, , && z\mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} z & 0 \\ 0 & z \end{array}\right) \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $x^\prime=x^2$ is a new translation variable. For example, this coarse-graining sends the stabilizer map of the 2D toric code from Eq. to $$\begin{aligned} \sigma^\prime= \left(\begin{array}{cccc} 1+y & 0 & & \\ 0 & 1+y & &\\ 1 & x^\prime & & \\ 1 & 1 & & \\ & & 1 & 1\\ & & \overline{x}^\prime & 1\\ & & 1+\overline{y} & 0\\ & & 0 & 1+\overline{y} \end{array} \right) \, . \label{CG_TC}\end{aligned}$$ It is shown below that after the application of local CNOT gates, column operations and the removal of qubits in the trivial state, the original stabilizer map is recovered. The coarse-grained excitation map is defined in terms of the coarse-grained stabilizer map via $\epsilon^\prime={\sigma^\prime}^\dagger \lambda$. ### Coarse-graining factor and trivial charge configurations For the qubit-stabilizer models studied in this paper, we consider coarse-graining by factors of $2$, i.e. $c=2$. It was shown in Ref. for cubic code 1 that the set of trivial charge configurations referred to as the annihilator of the charge module [@haah2013], denoted $\mathbf{A}$, shows self-reproducing behavior under coarse-graining by a factor of 2. The annihilator of the cubic code 1, $\mathbf{A}$, is given by the ideal $\av{1+x+y+z,1+xy+yz+xz}$. Here, for example, $1+x+y+z$ specifies a trivial charge configuration with the stabilizers excited at positions $1$, $x$, $y$ and $z$ under the action of a local operator. After coarse-graining, the annihilator $\mathbf{A}_c$ is given by $\av{1+x^\prime+y^\prime+z^\prime,1+x^\prime y^\prime+y^\prime z^\prime+x^\prime z^\prime}$ in terms of the coarse-grained variables $x^\prime=x^2, y^\prime=y^2, z^\prime = z^2$ and hence has the same form as $\mathbf{A}$. This suggests that cubic code 1 renormalizes into a model similar to itself. In fact, the annihilators of the charge modules for the two codes that are extracted after ER of cubic code 1 i.e. itself and cubic code 1B, are exactly the same. We find this self-reproducing behavior for all the cubic codes and the corresponding B models; the form of the annihilator after coarse-graining by a factor of 2, $\mathbf{A}_c$ retains the original form as $\mathbf{A}$ just like in the case of cubic code 1. Conversely, under coarse-graining by a factor of 3, the annihilator does not retain the original form. For any self-bifurcating fixed point model, it obviously follows that the models extracted after ER retain the same annihilator. For the bifurcating quotient fixed point models, which split into a copy of themselves and some B models under ER, having the same form of annihilator after coarse-graining implies that the annihilators of the B models contain the original annihilator $\mathbf{A}$. Model Particle mobilities Type ER ER of the B models QSS group ----------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- 3DTC 3 TQFT 3DTC ${\mathbb{Z}_2}$ X-cube 0,1,2 foliated type-I X-cube+$\text{STC}$ $\text{STC}$+$\text{STC}$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_2\oplus{\mathbb{Z}}_2^2$ CC$_1$ 0 type-II CC$_1$+$\text{CCB}_1$ $\text{CCB}_1$+$\text{CCB}_1$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_2\oplus{\mathbb{Z}}_2$ CC$_{2,3,4,7,8,10}$ 0 type-II CC$_i$+CC$_i$ 0 CC$_{5,6,9}$ 0,1 fractal type-I CC$_i$+CC$_i$ 0 CC$_{11\text{--}17}$[^3]^,\[xf\]^ 0,1,2 fractal type-I CC$_i$+$\text{CCB}_i$+$\text{STC}$ $\text{CCB}_i$+$\text{CCB}_i$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_2\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_2$[^4] CC$_{14}$[^5] 0,1,2 fractal type-I CC$_{14}$+CC$_{14}$ 0 First-order FSL model dependent model dependent FSL+FSL 0 Examples of bifurcating entanglement renormalization {#examples} ==================================================== In this section, we find bifurcating ERG flows for explicit examples of fracton models. Some of the fracton models treated are found to be self-bifurcating fixed points while others are quotient bifurcating fixed points. Moreover, we find that some models may admit several qualitatively different ERG flows. We give such an example that is either a self-bifurcating fixed point or a quotient bifurcating fixed point, depending on the ER transformation chosen. The models we consider include several examples with known ERG flows: the 3D toric code (3DTC), a stack of 2D toric codes along an axis $\hat{i}$ (STC$_{\hat{i}}$), the X-cube model (X-cube), and Haah’s cubic codes 1 ($\text{CC}_1$) and 1B ($\text{CCB}_1$). Beyond these known examples we also find the ERG flows of the 16 other CSS cubic codes [@haah2011local; @haah2013] [2-17]{} ($\text{CC}_{2\text{--}17}$) and the B codes thus produced (CCB$_{11\text{--}17}$), as well as all first-order fractal spin liquids [@yoshida2013exotic] (FSL), a simple example of which is the Sierpinski fractal spin liquid [@Chamon_quantum_glassiness] (SFSL). In the next section we put the ERG flows found for these examples into context by organizing them according to the type of 3D topological order each model displays [@Dua_Classification_2019]. We have followed a simple heuristic to find ER transformations for the example models listed in table \[results\_ERG\]. We outline this process in appendix \[XC\_ER\], and apply it to the X-cube model as a demonstrative example. Self-bifurcating fixed points ----------------------------- \ \ \ \ The coarse-graining step of the ER procedure can involve one, two or all three lattice directions. Self-bifurcating models can be divided into three categories according to the minimal number of directions one must coarse-grain for the model to bifurcate. Sorting the self-bifurcating models in this way is convenient when it comes to organizing them according to the type of topological order they exhibit, as discussed in next section. An important necessary condition for self-bifurcation with $c=b=2$ is that the number of encoded qubits under periodic boundary conditions doubles when the number of sites $L/a$ along each axis is doubled. This is because a self-bifurcating model with $c=b=2$ on a lattice with $2L/a$ sites along each axis splits into two copies of itself when coarse grained by a factor of 2, each of which lives on a decoupled lattice with $L/a$ sites. We discuss examples of stabilizer models that we have found to self-bifurcate under ER below. Examples of self-bifurcating models and their ERG flows are depicted in Fig. \[SBERG\] using our diagrammatic notation for bifurcating ERG fixed points. ### A stack of 2D toric codes The stabilizer map for a stack of 2D toric codes along the $\hat{z}$ direction, parallel to the $xy$ plane, appears identical to that in Eq. . After coarse-graining in the $\hat{x}$ direction the stabilizer map is identical to that in Eq. . Applying a row operation $$\begin{aligned} \text{CNOT}(2,4,1+y) = \left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & & & &\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1+y & & & &\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & & & & \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & & & &\\ & & & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ & & & & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ & & & & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ & & & & 0 & 1+\bar{y} & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)\end{aligned}$$ to the coarse-grained stabilizer matrix from Eq. results in $$\begin{aligned} \text{CNOT}(2,4,1+y) &\small{ \left(\begin{array}{cccc} 1+y & 0 & & \\ 0 & 1+y & &\\ 1 & x^\prime & & \\ 1 & 1 & & \\ & & 1 & 1\\ & & \bar{x}^\prime & 1\\ & & 1+\bar{y} & 0\\ & & 0 & 1+\bar{y} \end{array} \right)}\\ &= \left(\begin{array}{cccc} 1+y & 0 & & \\ 1+y & 0 & &\\ 1 & x^\prime & & \\ 1 & 1 & & \\ & & 1 & 1\\ & & \bar{x}^\prime & 1\\ & & 1+\bar{y} & 0\\ & & \bar{x}^\prime(1+\bar{y}) & 0 \end{array} \right) \, .\end{aligned}$$ After performing additional row operations CNOT$(3,4,x')$, CNOT$(1,2,x')$, CNOT$(1,3,1+y)$ and column operations Col$(1,2,1)$ and Col$(4,3,1)$, the model becomes $$\begin{aligned} \sigma^\prime= \left(\begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & & \\ 1+y & 0 & &\\ 1+x^\prime & 0 & & \\ 0 & 1 & & \\ & & 1 & 0\\ & & 0 & 1+\overline{x}^\prime\\ & & 0 & 1+\overline{y}\\ & & 0 & 0 \end{array} \right)\end{aligned}$$ which is nothing but a stack of 2D toric codes and two qubits per site in a product state. Hence, the stack of toric codes along the $\hat{z}$ axis is a fixed point under ER in $x$. The stack of 2D toric codes stabilizer map in Eq. has $x\leftrightarrow y$ symmetry up to relabeling of the qubits. Hence, it is also a fixed point under ER in $y$. Furthermore, for the stack of 2D toric codes along the $\hat{z}$ direction, we can trivially coarse-grain the stabilizer map along $\hat{z}$ by taking $$\begin{aligned} x\mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} x & 0 \\ 0 & x \end{array}\right) \, , && y\mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} y & 0 \\ 0 & y \end{array}\right) \, ,\end{aligned}$$ as $z$ does not enter the stabilizer map. This simply results in two decoupled copies of the stack of 2D toric codes Hamiltonian. Hence, a stack of 2D toric codes is self-bifurcating under ER. This provides an example of a model that self-bifurcates after ER in only one direction and is a fixed point under ER along either of the orthogonal directions. ### Yoshida’s fractal spin liquids We now move on to show that a far more interesting class of examples, the first-order fractal spin liquids of Yoshida [@yoshida2013exotic], are all self-bifurcating under ER. The general form of the stabilizer map for these models is $$\begin{pmatrix} 1+f(x) y & 0\\ 1+g(x) z & 0\\ 0 & 1+g(\overline{x})\overline{z}\\ 0 & 1+f(\overline{x})\overline{y} \end{pmatrix},$$ where $f$ and $g$ are polynomials in the single translation variable $x$. Such a model is type-II if and only if $f$ and $g$ are not algebraically related [@yoshida2013exotic]. This class of models also contains fractal type-I lineon models for ${f=1}$, ${g\neq 0,1}$, stacks of 2D toric code for ${f=g=1}$, stacks of 2D fractal subsystem symmetry-protected models [@devakul2018fractal; @devakul2018universal; @Stephen2018computationally; @Devakul2018; @Daniel2019] for $f=0$, ${g\neq 0,1}$, and decoupled 1D cluster states for $f=0$, $g=1$. We remark that $f$ and $g$ can be exchanged in the above models up to a redefinition of the lattice and an on-site qubit swap. Under coarse-graining along $\hat{y}$: $$\begin{aligned} x\mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} x & 0 \\ 0 & x \end{array}\right) \, , && y\mapsto \left(\begin{array}{cc} 0 & y^\prime \\ 1 & 0 \end{array}\right) && z\mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} z & 0 \\ 0 & z \end{array}\right) \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $y^\prime=y^2$ is the translation variable on the coarse-grained lattice, the stabilizer map becomes $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 & fy^\prime & & \\ f & 1 & & \\ 1+gz & 0 & & \\ 0 & 1+gz & & \\ & & 1+\overline{g}\, \overline{z} & 0\\ & & 0 & 1+\overline{g}\, \overline{z}\\ & & 1 & f\\ & & \overline{f}\,\overline{y^\prime} & 1 \end{pmatrix} \, .$$ Applying row operations: CNOT$(2,1,f)$, CNOT$(3,1,1+gz)$, CNOT${(3,4,fy)}$ and column operations Col$(2,1,f(x)y)$, Col$(4,3,f(\overline{x}))$ leads to the stabilizer map $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & & \\ 0 & 1+f^2(x)y^\prime & & \\ 0 & 0 & & \\ 0 & 1+g(x)z & & \\ & & 0 & 0\\ & & 0 & 1+g(\overline{x})\overline{z}\\ & & 1 & 0\\ & & 0 & 1+f^2(\overline{x})\overline{y^\prime} \end{pmatrix}.$$ The first and third qubits are disentangled in the above stabilizer map and hence can be removed[^6]. The resulting stabilizer map is $$\label{eq:fsler1} \begin{pmatrix} 1+f^2y^\prime & 0\\ 1+gz & 0\\ 0 & 1+{\overline{g}}{\overline{z}}\\ 0 & 1+{\overline{f}}^2{\overline{y^\prime}} \end{pmatrix}\, ,$$ which is also a first-order FSL, where $f(x)$ has been replaced by $f^2(x)$. We now notice that due to the symmetry between $f$ and $g$ in a first-order FSL one can apply essentially the same ER transformation, this time coarse-graining $z$, so that $g$ is replaced by $g^2$. For a polynomial over $\mathbb{F}_2$, a useful property is that $f^2(x)\equiv f(x^2)$. This leaves only functions of $x^2$ in the coarse-grained stabilizer map, so we coarse-grain again, along $x$ this time, sending $$\begin{aligned} x^2 \mapsto \begin{pmatrix}x^\prime & 0 \\ 0 & x^\prime\end{pmatrix} \, .\end{aligned}$$ This results in the stabilizer map splitting into two copies of the original model, and hence all qubit first-order FSL models are self-bifurcating fixed points with $b=2$. This includes the stack of 2D toric codes for $f=g=1$ and the trivial model for $f=g=0$. Furthermore, if $f =0,1$ then $f^2=f$ and the model is a conventional fixed point under ER that coarse-grains along $y$ only, while being a self-bifurcating fixed point under ER that coarse-grains both $x$ and $z$, and similarly if $f$ and $g$ are swapped. A particular example, the SFSL model, is obtained when $f(x)=1+x$, $g(x)=1$, this model has a fractal logical operator in the $xy$ plane and a lineon operator along $\hat{z}$ [@yoshida2013exotic]. Our results indicate that the model is invariant under ER along the direction of the string operator and self-bifurcates under ER in the plane of the fractal operator. The above ER transformations were essentially based on the observation that the 2D first-order fractal subsystem symmetry breaking (classical) spin models, from which the first-order FSLs are built, are self-bifurcating under ER. This can easily be seen by following the ER transformation of the FSL before Eq. with the second qubit and generator, as well as the $z$ coordinate, dropped from the stabilizer map. This connection generalizes straightforwardly to provide ER transformations for 3D FSLs based upon self-bifurcating 2D fractal subsystem symmetry breaking spin models that may not be first-order. We remark that higher-order FSLs need not be self-bifurcating, as cubic code 1, which is not self-bifurcating, is equivalent to a second-order FSL [@yoshida2013exotic]. FSL forms for this, and some other cubic codes are presented in appendix \[CCFSLs\]. The explicit mapping transformations can be found in the supplementary file SMERG.nb. An interesting open problem is the classification and characterization of higher-order self-bifurcating 2D fractal subsystem symmetry breaking spin models and the 3D FSLs built from them [@ShirleyERG]. We remark that a form of real-space RG was considered for the FSLs in Ref. , however it does not conform to the strict definition of ER used here, where the phase of matter cannot change. Instead, degrees of freedom that were not fully disentangled were projected out, which is capable of changing the phase by projecting out an arbitrary nontrivial decoupled model. Our ER results are consistent with the RG results in Ref. . For the details of the ER procedures for the other examples discussed below, we refer the reader to the file SMERG.nb in the Supplementary Material. ### Cubic codes 5, 6 and 9 These cubic codes are fixed points under ER along one of the lattice directions, while they self-bifurcate under ER along the orthogonal plane, see Fig \[SBERG\] (b). This is consistent with these models being fractal type-I lineon models [@Dua_Classification_2019]. ### Cubic codes 2–4, 7, 8 and 10 These cubic codes are not fixed points under ER along any single lattice directions, and self-bifurcate only after doing ER along all three lattice directions together, see Fig \[SBERG\] (c). This is consistent with them being either fractal type-I, or type-II, fracton models [@Dua_Classification_2019]. ![Bifurcating ERG flow of Haah’s cubic code 1. []{data-label="CC1RG"}](CC1RG.pdf) Quotient bifurcating fixed points ---------------------------------- A quotient bifurcating fixed point is defined by its branching under ER into a copy of itself and an inequivalent self-bifurcating model, which may consist of several decoupled self-bifurcating models. Verifying the inequivalence of models can be quite subtle, as it requires one to consider arbitrary locality-preserving unitaries, including coarse graining and modular transformations. Ref. introduced an approach to proving the inequivalence of models based upon the behavior of their ground space degeneracies. In particular, the following sufficient condition was proposed to confirm that a model could not be a self-bifurcating fixed point $$\begin{aligned} k(c L)=\alpha k(L) + \beta \, , \label{eq:qbcond}\end{aligned}$$ for integers $\alpha >1,$ $\beta >0$. Where $k(L)=\log_2\,\text{GSD}(L)$ is the number of encoded qubits in the ground space on an $L\times L \times L$ system with periodic boundary conditions. This is in contrast with the necessary condition that $\beta=0$ in Eq. for any self-bifurcating model. ### Cubic code 1 It was shown in Ref. that CC$_1$ bifurcates into a copy of itself and an inequivalent model CCB$_1$ under ER and hence is a quotient fixed point, see Fig. \[CC1RG\]. To prove this inequivalence the scaling of the number of encoded qubits in the ground space, ${k(2L) = 2k(L)+2}$, was used. This scaling can be directly inferred from the following formula for CC$_1$ [@haah2013; @haah2014bifurcation; @haah2013commuting] $$\begin{aligned} k(L) = 2^{l + 2}\deg_x\Big(\gcd\big((&x + 1 )^{L'} + 1, (\zeta_3 x + 1)^{L'} + 1, \nonumber \\ &({\zeta_3}^2 x + 1)^{L'} + 1\big)\Big)- 2 \, .\end{aligned}$$ Thus, any model equivalent to CC$_1$ cannot self-bifurcate. Since $\text{CCB}_1$ was demonstrated to be a self-bifurcating model, $\text{CC}_1$ and CCB$_1$ cannot be in the same phase. ### Cubic codes 11-17 We have found that these cubic codes are quotient fixed points under ER. CC$_i$, for $i=11,\dots,17$, branches into a copy of CC$_i$, a stack of 2D toric codes along one direction and a self-bifurcating model CCB$_{i}$, see Fig. \[BRG\_CC11\]. This is consistent with these models being fractal type-I topological orders that support planons. See Appendix D of Ref. for a description of these planons. For CC$_{13}$ and CC$_{17}$ the quotient fixed point behavior occurs after an initial step of coarse-graining, see Fig. \[CC\_13\_14\_17\]. ![ Bifurcating ERG flow of CC$_i$ for $i=11\text{--}17$, which support planon excitations. For CC$_{13}$ and CC$_{17}$ in particular, the ERG flow depicted requires an initial coarse-graining step shown in Fig. \[CC\_13\_14\_17\]. CC$_{14}$ also admits a self-bifurcating ERG flow, see Fig. \[SBERG\] (c).[]{data-label="BRG_CC11"}](CC11-17RG.pdf) \ \ \ Quotient bifurcating and self-bifurcating fixed point behavior for cubic code 14 {#ex:cc14} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We have found two distinct ERG flows for CC$_{14}$: under one ER procedure CC$_{14}$ is self-bifurcating with $b=2$. Under another ER procedure CC$_{14}$ appears to be a quotient fixed point as it bifurcates into a copy of itself, a stack of 2D toric codes and another self-bifurcating model CCB$_{14}$, see Fig. \[CC\_13\_14\_17\]. Due to the absence of any correction factor in Eq. for CC$_{14}$, as it is a self-bifurcating fixed point, the standard method to argue for inequivalence to CCB$_{14}$ and a stack of 2D toric codes does not apply. On the other hand, we have been unable to find a direct equivalence between CC$_{14}$ and CCB$_{14}$ plus a stack of 2D toric codes. It is clear from the ERG flows that two copies of CC$_{14}$ is phase equivalent to CC$_{14}$, CCB$_{14}$ and a stack of toric codes. Thus in the case that the ERG flows are inequivalent, this would provide an interesting example of a phase equivalence that is catalyzed by the addition of a copy of CC$_{14}$. In any case, all of the aforementioned models are in the same trivial bifurcated equivalence class. This example raises the interesting question of whether all ERG flows for which a model is a bifurcating fixed point are equivalent. We remark that this is trivially true for conventional fixed points but requires a careful definition of equivalence for more general bifurcating ERG flows. Entanglement renormalization in different types of 3D topological phases {#classes_TO_ER} ======================================================================== In the recent fracton literature [@Dua_Classification_2019] 3D topological stabilizer models have been coarsely organized into four qualitatively distinct classes: TQFT, foliated and fractal type-I, and type-II topological orders. In this section we describe the salient features of these different classes, which are determined by the mobilities of their topological quasiparticles, and discuss the influence they have on possible ERG flows. TQFT topological order ---------------------- TQFT topological order is characterized by a constant topological ground space degeneracy as the system size increases and deformable logical operators. In two dimensions, there is essentially only one type of translation-invariant topological stabilizer model, the 2D toric code which is described by a TQFT at low energy. This is due to a structure theorem [@Haah2018; @haah2016algebraic] stating that any translation-invariant topological stabilizer model is equivalent under locality-preserving unitary to copies of the toric code and some disentangled trivial qubits. Hence all TQFT stabilizer models in 2D are fixed points under ER, equivalent to a number of copies of 2D toric code. We expect similar behavior in 3D, that all TQFT stabilizer models are fixed points under ER equivalent to a number of copies of 3D toric code and hence are described by a TQFT at low energies, although this remains to be shown. In 3D the logical operator pairs of the toric code are composed of deformable string and membrane operators. More general 3D translation-invariant topological stabilizer models that have a constant ground space degeneracy as system size increases, and so are TQFT topological orders, have been shown to resemble this behavior as their logical operators also come in string-membrane pairs [@yoshida2011classification]. We conjecture that a stronger structure theorem holds for such models in three dimensions: i.e. a TQFT stabilizer model in 3D is locality-preserving unitary equivalent to copies of the 3D toric code (possibly with fermionic point particle [@Levin_wen_fermion; @walker2012]), and disentangled trivial qubits. Type-I fracton topological order -------------------------------- Type-I fracton topological order is characterized by a sub-extensive ground space degeneracy and rigid string operators, which correspond to excitations with sub-dimensional mobilities. This type of topological order is divided into two broad categories which we treat separately below. ### Foliated type-I topological order Foliated topological order is characterized via a foliation structure [@shirley2018Foliated; @shirley2017fracton; @Slagle2018foliated]. Such models can be grown by adding layers of a 2D topological order, such as the 2D toric code, according to the foliation structure. The most studied example of this type is the X-cube model which can be grown by adding layers of 2D toric code as shown in Fig. \[foliated\_TO\]. More formally, two Hamiltonians are foliated equivalent [@shirley2018universal] if they are connected by adiabatic evolution and addition of layers of two dimensional gapped Hamiltonians. When translation invariance is enforced, foliated equivalence is the same as bifurcated equivalence with respect to stacks of 2D topological orders. Foliated stabilizer models can have topological quasiparticles with a hierarchy of mobilities such as fractons, lineons and planons. Given their foliation structure in terms of 2D toric codes, they must always support planons. In fact, the X-cube model has planons in all the three lattice directions due to its foliation structure that allows layering with 2D toric code in the three lattice directions. Due to the underlying foliation structure of this class of models, the ground space degeneracy scales exponentially with the size of the system. ![Foliated topological order in the X-cube model.[]{data-label="foliated_TO"}](foliated_TO.pdf "fig:")\ ![Entanglement structure of more general fracton models.[]{data-label="foliated_TO"}](generalized_foliation.pdf "fig:")\ The canonical self-bifurcating example within this class of models is the stack of 2D toric codes. This serves as the B model for X-cube, which is a quotient fixed point that bifurcates into a copy of itself and a stack of 2D toric codes along each axis. This is a consequence of the fact that X-cube supports planons in all the three lattice planes. The ER process for X-cube in the polynomial language is presented in appendix \[XC\_ER\]. Since all 2D topological stabilizer model are essentially copies of 2D toric code, we expect that stacks of 2D toric code are the only self-bifurcating stabilizer models in the foliated class. Furthermore, we expect that all nontrivial foliated stabilizer models flow to quotient fixed points with stacks of 2D toric code serving as the B models. An interesting open question is whether all such quotient fixed point foliated stabilizer models are foliated equivalent to a suitably generalized X-cube model which is allowed to take on different foliation structures [@shirley2018Fractional; @shirley2018Foliated; @shirley2018universal; @Wang2019]. ### Fractal type-I topological order Fractal type-I topological order captures type-I models that support fractal logical operators and symmetries, due to which no foliation structure in terms of 2D Hamiltonians is known or likely possible. In fact, these models need not support planons at all. Due to the underlying fractal symmetry of this class of models, the ground space degeneracy fluctuates with the system size. The simplest example of this type of model is the Sierpinski fractal spin liquid model [@yoshida2013exotic; @Chamon_quantum_glassiness] which supports two dimensional fractal operators in the $xy$ plane along with rigid string operators in the $\hat{z}$ direction as all particles in the model are lineons. This model was mentioned above as a special case of Yoshida’s first-order FSLs which were shown to be self-bifurcating. As expected, this model is invariant under ER along the $\hat{z}$ direction alone but self-bifurcates under ER in the $xy$ plane or for all the three directions at once. There are also fractal type-I models amongst the cubic codes, some of which support fractons along with lineons and planons. We discuss the ER of two such examples below. The first is CC$_6$ which is self-bifurcating and the other one is CC$_{11}$ which is a quotient bifurcating fixed point: CC$_6$ is a self-bifurcating fixed point under ER that coarse-grains all three lattice directions together. One can perform a modular transformation on the stabilizer map of CC$_6$ to bring the lineon string operator along a lattice direction. The transformed model is invariant under ER that coarse grains in the direction of the string operator, while it self-bifurcates under ER that coarse grains the directions orthogonal to it. The number of encoded qubits of CC$_6$ is given by $$\begin{aligned} k(L)= 2^{l + 1}\deg_z\left(\gcd((z + 1)^{L'} + 1, (z^2 + z + 1)^{L'} + 1)\right).\end{aligned}$$ This obeys $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ k(2^r L) = 2^r k(L)}\end{aligned}$$ which implies that the number of encoded qubits always doubles upon doubling the system size. This is indeed consistent with the self-bifurcating behavior. CC$_{11}$ is an important fractal type-I example as it supports topological quasiparticles of sub-dimensional mobilities 0, 1 and 2. Performing ER that coarse-grains all the three directions together causes CC$_{11}$ to bifurcate into a copy of itself, a lineon model CCB$_{11}$, and a stack of 2D toric codes along $\hat{x}$. We conjecture that this bifurcating behavior is directly related to the mobilities of topological quasiparticles in CC$_{11}$. The presence of planons in the $yz$ planes leads to the extraction of a stack of toric codes parallel to $yz$ planes. Similarly, a subset of lineons from the original model CC$_{11}$ flow into the lineon model $\text{CCB}_{11}$ under ER. In fact, for each of the cubic codes 11–17, except cubic code 14, there is an ER procedure that leads to a self-bifurcating lineon B model. For CC$_{14}$, we find a self-bifurcating fracton B model CCB$_{14}$ which supports a composite lineon as mentioned in Table \[poly\_codes\] of the appendix. For $\text{CCB}_{11}$, the scaling of the number of encoded qubits with the system size, derived in the appendix, is found to be consistent with the self-bifurcating behavior. On the other hand, we have found that the number of encoded qubits for CC$_{11}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned} \begin{cases} 2L, & 3 \nmid L \\ 2L - 4 + 2^{l + 2} \deg_z\Big(\gcd((z + 1)^{L'} + 1, & \\ \phantom{2L - 4 + 2^{l + 2} \deg_z ( \text{gcd}} (\zeta_3 z + 1)^{L'} + 1)\Big), & 3 \mid L \, . \end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ Using this result, we notice that there exists an infinite family of system sizes $L$ for which the scaling of number of encoded qubits has a correction factor: for $3|L$, we have $$\begin{aligned} \boxed{ k(2L)= 2k(L)+4 } \, .\end{aligned}$$ The argument from Ref. can then be used to show that the correction factor of $4$ cannot be eliminated for any choice of coarse-graining of the original model. Hence, CC$_{11}$ cannot self-bifurcate and is therefore inequivalent to CCB$_{11}$. Numerical results for the number of encoded qubits in the ground space of CC$_{12\text{--}17}$ indicate that such an inconsistency with self-bifurcating behavior may hold for all codes except CC$_{14}$ for which the numerics are consistent with $k(2L)=2k(L)$. In fact, as mentioned before, we show explicitly that there are two ERG flows for CC$_{14}$, one in which it self-bifurcates and the other in which it splits into a copy of itself, a B model and a stack of 2D toric codes. The ER of CC$_{14}$ is shown in Fig. \[CC\_13\_14\_17\] (c). Type-II topological order ------------------------- Type-II topological order is defined by the absence of any logical string operators and characterized by a sub-extensive ground space degeneracy that fluctuates with the system size. For the models in this class, none of the elementary topological excitations or their nontrivial composites are mobile. In the previous section we discussed the canonical example from this class, cubic code 1, which is known to be a quotient fixed point. CC$_{1}$ supports a fractal operator that moves excitations apart in three dimensions. We show in the file SMERG.nb that the other type-II cubic code models[^7]: CC$_{2\text{--}4}$, CC$_7$, CC$_8$, CC$_{10}$ and a type-II first-order quantum FSL [@yoshida2013exotic] are self-bifurcating fixed points. Quotient Superselection sectors {#sec:quotient_sectors} =============================== In this section we explore the flow of excitations under ER. We find the set of quotient superselection sectors for several quotient fixed point models by calculating their fixed point excitations under quotient ERG flow. To find fixed point excitations under a quotient ERG flow it is important to understand how excitations split during each step of ER. The local unitaries performed as part of the ER process alter the form of stabilizer generators but do not cause any splitting. It is the redefinition of the stabilizer generators allowed by the equivalence relation $\equiv$ during ER that determines how an excitation splits. This is illustrated in Fig. \[quotient\_sectors\]. In the polynomial description of ER, this redefinition is captured by column operations on the stabilizer map. A representation $ExS$ of the excitation splitting map can be found by taking the transpose of the matrix representation of the composition of all column operations involved in an ER transformation. For CSS models $ExS$ is block-diagonal and can be decomposed into separate maps $ExS_X$ and $ExS_Z$ for the $X$ and $Z$ sectors, respectively. Quotient superselection sectors are defined to be equivalence classes of superselection sectors modulo any sectors that can flow into a self-bifurcating model. For stabilizer models the QSS form an abelian group under fusion. Nontrivial QSS only arise in nontrivial quotient fixed point models. While self-bifurcating fixed point models may support highly nontrivial superselection sectors, these sectors all collapse into the trivial QSS. A nontrivial QSS must maintain support on a quotient fixed point model along its ERG flow. Conversely, any excitation that flows fully into self-bifurcating B models lies in the trivial QSS. Hence, representatives of potentially nontrivial QSS are given by fixed point excitations under quotient ER which mods out any B models. \ \ Each row of the map $ExS$ corresponds to a different type of stabilizer generator in the coarse-grained model. The entries in a row are the coefficients for expressing a new stabilizer generator as a linear combination of the original stabilizer generators within the coarse-grained unit cell, $$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c} {\xymatrix@!0{& z \ar@{-}[ld]\ar@{.}[dd] \ar@{-}[rr] & & yz \ar@{-}[ld] \\#1 \ar@{-}[rr] \ar@{-}[dd] & & xyz \ar@{-}[dd] & \\& 1 \ar@{.}[ld] & & y \ar@{-}[uu] \ar@{.}[ll] \\#3 \ar@{-}[rr] & & xy \ar@{-}[ru] }} \end{array} \label{pos_unit_cell}.\end{aligned}$$ Here, $x$, $y$ and $z$ are the translation variables of the original lattice. For the choice of coarse-graining map described in Sec. \[cgmap\], the original stabilizer generators within the coarse-grained unit cell are ordered as follows $$1-z-y-yz-x-xz-xy-xyz \, . \label{order_cg_cell}$$ According to the above ordering, the position of each stabilizer generator in the coarse-grained unit cell can be mapped to unit vectors $e_i$. This implies, for example, that the generator originally at position $x$ becomes the $5^\text{th}$ generator in the coarse-grained unit cell, corresponding to the unit vector $e_5=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right)$, and similarly the generator at position $xyz$ becomes the last, corresponding to $e_8=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right)$. As mentioned above, for all examples studied we have found that a copy of the original model appears after one step of ER. To find the QSS by looking for fixed point excitations under quotient ERG flow using the $ExS$ map, we need to consider only those rows that correspond to the copy of the original model on the coarse-grained lattice. For a CSS model with one type of $X$ stabilizer generator, we need to consider only one row of the $ExS_X$ map, denoted $ExSR_X$. This map, $ExSR_X$, specifies how $X$ type of excitations flow under quotient ER. The quotienting out of excitations that flow into self-bifurcating B models is achieved by ignoring the corresponding rows in $ExS_X$, which specify how excitations flow to those B models. The fixed points of $ExSR_X$ capture the potentially nontrivial QSS. To find the fixed points of $ExSR_X$ we take the infrared limit, corresponding to many steps of ER, after which an arbitrary excitation will be supported on the coarse-grained unit cell. This allows us to restrict our attention to columns that contain only $\mathbb{Z}_2$ entries with no polynomial variables. We then utilize the mapping from polynomials to unit vectors described below Eq. to translate the monomials in $ExSR_X$ into columns, resulting in a square matrix with $\mathbb{Z}_2$ entries, which we also denote $ExSR_X$. With this replacement, the flow of excitations within the unit cell of a quotient fixed point model under quotient ER has been specified. The fixed points of $ExSR_X$, after the replacement, provide representatives for the QSS. Several examples are worked out below. ### X-cube model Under ER, the X-cube model is mapped to itself, stacks of 2D toric code along each axis, and decoupled trivial qubits. In the Quotient Superselection Sectors section of the supplementary file SMERG.nb, column 8 contains the X-stabilizer term of X-cube model while Columns 11 and 19 contain the Z stabilizer terms. The map $ExS$ can be found in terms of the column operations used during ER, as described above. The row corresponding to the X-stabilizer term of X-cube in the map $ExS_X$, i.e. $ExSR_X$, is given by $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} x^\prime+y^\prime+x^\prime y^\prime & x^\prime+y^\prime+x^\prime y^\prime & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1\end{array}\right) \, ,$$ where $x^\prime$, $y^\prime$ and $z^\prime$ are again translation variables on the coarse-grained lattice. Using the fact that the charge configuration given by $1+x^\prime+y^\prime+x^\prime y^\prime$ is trivial in the X-cube model, we rewrite this row as $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1\end{array}\right) \, .$$ To capture the flow of excitations from the coarse-grained unit cell to the new copy of X-cube produced by ER, we write this row in terms of unit vectors as described above in Eq. . The $1$ entries are replaced by column vectors $e_1$ $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1}\end{array}\right) \, ,$$ where $e_1=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right)$. Here, $e_1$ specifies that all $X$ stabilizer excitations within the unit cell flow to the $X$ stabilizer excitation at position $1$ of the new copy of X-cube on the coarse-grained lattice under quotient ER. Accordingly, the fixed point of this matrix is simply $e_1$, corresponding to the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ fracton excitation from the $X$-sector of the X-cube model. ![The flow of $X$-sector excitations in cubic code 1 under the ER transformation depicted in Fig. \[CC1RG\]. The coarse-grained unit cell of CC$_1$ is shown as a cube containing circles that represent $X$ stabilizers, which are filled in black to represent excitations. Under ER, the $X$ excitation at position $z$ in the coarse-grained unit cell, denoted $e_2$, is mapped to excitations of the $X$ stabilizer of the coarse grained copy of CC$_1$ represented by a white box, both $X$ stabilizers of $\text{CCB}_1$ represented by the purple box and a local excitation in the trivial sector represented by the gray box.[]{data-label="quotient_sectors_CC1"}](QSS_CC1.pdf) On the other hand, the $Z$-sector splits into 16 different stabilizer terms during ER. Hence there are 16 columns in the map $ExS_Z$. The rows corresponding to the two $Z$-stabilizer terms in the copy of X-cube on the coarse-grained lattice are $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & \overline{z}^\prime & 1 & 1 & 1 & z & 1 & 1\\ 1+\overline{x}^\prime & \overline{z}^\prime+\overline{x}^\prime \overline{z}^\prime & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1+\overline{z}^\prime & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \overline{x}^\prime+\overline{x}^\prime \overline{z}^\prime & 0 & 0\\ \overline{x}^\prime & 1+\overline{z}^\prime+\overline{x}^\prime \overline{z}^\prime & 1 & 1 & \overline{x}^\prime & \overline{x}^\prime+{\overline{x}^\prime}^{2}\overline{z}^\prime+x^\prime \overline{z}^\prime & \overline{x}^\prime & 1 \end{array}\right) \, .$$ Using the triviality of charge configurations $1+\overline{x}^\prime$ and $1+\overline{z}^\prime$ in the X-cube model, we rewrite these rows as $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\begin{array}{cccccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{array}\right) \, .$$ Again, converting the position labels to unit vectors, we obtain the map for the flow of excitations $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1}\\ e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 \end{array}\begin{array}{cccccccc} e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0 & e_0\\ e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} \end{array}\right) \, ,$$ where $e_0 =\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right)$. The fixed points are $$\begin{aligned} \left(\begin{array}{c} e_{1}\\ e_{0} \end{array}\right) && \text{and} && \left(\begin{array}{c} e_{0}\\ e_{1} \end{array}\right)\end{aligned}$$ which correspond to the two generating $\mathbb{Z}_2$ lineons in the Z-sector of the X-cube model. Hence we find that the QSS group of X-cube is given by $\mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2^2$, which agrees with the result in Ref. . ### Cubic code 1 After ER, cubic code 1 bifurcates into a copy of itself, cubic code B and some disentangled trivial qubits. The matrix $ExSR_X$ is given by $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 1 & 1 & x^\prime & 1 & 1+x^\prime+z^\prime & 1+x^\prime+y^\prime & x^\prime+y^\prime+z^\prime\end{array}\right).$$ Using the triviality of the charge configuration $1+x^\prime+y^\prime+z^\prime$ in cubic code 1, we rewrite this row as $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} 1 & 1 & 1 & x^\prime & 1 & y^\prime & z^\prime & 1\end{array}\right) \, ,$$ which specifies the flow of excitations into the CC$_1$ model on the coarse-grained lattice. Converting the position labels into unit vectors, we can write this as a matrix $$\begin{split} \left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{5} & e_{1} & e_{3} & e_{2} & e_{1}\end{array}\right) \, . \end{split} \label{CC1_excflow}$$ This means, for example, that the $X$-excitation at position $yz$ in the unit cell shown flows to an excitation of the $X$-stabilizer at position $x^\prime$ in the coarse-grained lattice. Considering the next-coarse-grained unit cell, this position is equivalently expressed by the unit vector $e_5$. The fixed point of the matrix in Eq. is $e_1$ which corresponds to the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ fracton in $X$-sector of cubic code 1. We remark that the $Z$-sector behaves similarly due to the relation between sectors in the cubic codes and hence the QSS group is given by $\mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2$. In Fig. \[quotient\_sectors\_CC1\], we depict how the excited $X$ stabilizer at position $z$ splits into different excitations in the new models after ER. One of the split excitations is supported in the copy of the original model CC$_1$ and hence the excitation at position $z$ on the original lattice flows to the nontrivial fixed point under quotient ER and therefore is in the nontrivial QSS. In addition, both $X$ stabilizers of $\text{CCB}_1$ are excited and the local stabilizer on a decoupled qubit is excited. The excitation in the coarse-grained lattice of CC$_1$ is found at position $1$ in the next-coarse-grained unit cell. Upon further quotient ER, the excitation remains at position $1$ as it is a fixed point. ### Cubic code 11 {#CC11QSS} Cubic code 11 supports fractons, lineons and planons, where the lineons and planons are composites of fractons. Under ER, cubic code 11 splits into itself, a self-bifurcating lineon model and a stack of 2D toric codes. In this case, the $ExSR_X$ map is given by $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} y^\prime & y^\prime & 1 & 1 & y^\prime & 1+y^\prime+z^\prime & 1 & 1+{y^\prime}^{2}+{y^\prime}^{2}z\end{array}\right) \, .$$ Using the triviality of charge configurations ${1+y^\prime+{y^\prime}^2+z^\prime+{y^\prime}{z^\prime}+{y^\prime}^2{z^\prime}}$ and ${1+{x^\prime}+{y^\prime}+{y^\prime}{z^\prime}}$ in cubic code 11, we rewrite $ExSR_X$ as $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} y^\prime & y^\prime & 1 & 1 & y^\prime & 1+y^\prime+z^\prime & 1 & 1+x^\prime+z^\prime\end{array}\right).$$ Converting the position labels to unit vectors, we get find the matrix $$\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc} e_{3} & e_{3} & e_{1} & e_{1} & e_{3} & e_{1}+e_{3}+e_{2} & e_{1} & e_{1}+e_{5}+e_{2}\end{array}\right) \, ,$$ whose only nonzero fixed point is given by $e_1+e_3$. Since the $Z$-sector behaves similarly we find that the QSS group is $\mathbb{Z}_2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}_2$. Discussions and Conclusions =========================== In this work we have systematically studied unconventional bifurcating ERG flows of gapped stabilizer Hamiltonian models. We introduced the notions of self-bifurcating and quotient bifurcating fixed points to organize the possible behavior of bifurcating fixed point models. This inspired us to define the notion of bifurcated equivalence class, generalizing the conventional notion of gapped phase and foliated fracton equivalence. This also led to a natural definition of quotient superselection sectors. These ideas were then brought to bear on a large range of stabilizer model examples, including 17 of Haah’s cubic codes and Yoshida’s fractal spin liquids. All models were found to be bifurcating ERG fixed points. Furthermore, many cubic codes and all first-order fractal spin liquids were found to be self-bifurcating. These results are summarized in table \[results\_ERG\]. We found that the long-range entanglement features of stabilizer models provide insights into their structure. The mobilities of particles in each model was found to constrain the nature of the self-bifurcating models produced by ER. For models that support planon particles, we found that a stack of 2D toric codes could be extracted during ER. For example, CC$_{11}$ supports planons with mobility in the lattice planes perpendicular to $\hat{x}$ and consequently a stack of 2D toric codes is extracted during ER. This leads us to conjecture [@dua_proof_str] that the existence of a planon in a 3D translation-invariant topological stabilizer model implies that a copy of the 2D toric code can be extracted via a local unitary transformation. Extending this in a translation-invariant way leads to the observed extraction of a stack of 2D toric codes. We also conjecture that if the original model has a particle with three dimensional mobility, a 3D toric code can be extracted via a local unitary circuit. Models in which all the elementary excitations can move along a certain direction $\hat{i}$ are observed to be invariant under ER that coarse-grains along $\hat{i}$. This is consistent with the fact that the number of encoded qubits $k$ does not change as the system size grows along this particular direction i.e. ${k(2L_i)=k(L_i)}$. Conversely, it was shown in Ref. that all particles must have three-dimensional mobility in any 3D topological stabilizer model that has a constant ground space degeneracy as the system size increases along all three axes, and hence such models are in TQFT-type phases. Inspired by this result, we conjecture that this principle can be extended to cover models with a ground space degeneracy that is constant as the system size grows along two axes, in which case we posit that all particles in the theory must be at least mobile in a 2D plane spanned by the two axes, and consequently the model must be a stack of planon and TQFT models. Similarly we conjecture for models with a ground space degeneracy that is constant as the system size grows along one axis, that all particles must be at least mobile along that axis, and consequently such a model is a stack of lineon, planon and TQFT models. Combining this with conjectures posed previously in Ref. : that all TQFT stabilizer models are equivalent to copies of the 3D toric code (possibly with fermionic point particle) and planon stabilizer models are equivalent to a stack of 2D toric codes, and the fact that lineon models can be compactified [@Dua2019_compactify] along the lineon direction to produce 2D subsystem symmetry breaking models, points the way towards general classification results for 3D translation-invariant topological stabilizer models, inspired by the ERG flows we have found in examples. We leave the proofs of these conjectures to a future work. For bifurcating models, when there is an additive correction to the exponential scaling of the number of encoded qubits $k$ as the system size increases by a factor $c$, i.e. ${k(c L)=\alpha k(L)+\beta}$, the model cannot self-bifurcate under coarse graining by $c$. For models that do self-bifurcate, the additive correction vanishes i.e. ${k(c L)=\alpha k(L)}$. We have calculated the number of encoded qubits for many examples over a range of system sizes, see table \[encoded\_qubits\_table\] in the appendix, and confirmed that they are consistent with the ERG flows found in table \[results\_ERG\]. We remark that a correction to the linear scaling of $k(L)$ was the first indication that X-cube is a nontrivial foliated model [@vijay2016fracton]. It would be interesting to search for invariant quantities that characterize nontrivial bifurcated models, such as the correction $\beta$ or similarly inspired corrections to entanglement entropy, generalizing ideas that arose in the study of foliated fracton models [@shirley2018universal]. Our examples have focused on coarse-graining by a factor of two, which appeared natural for qubit systems. In particular each quotient fixed point example is bifurcated equivalent to itself on all lattices with spacings that are related by a multiple of two. It would be interesting to extend this to other primes, in an attempt to remove the lattice scale entirely from the bifurcated equivalence class of these models. We also note the appearance of the 2-adic norm of $L$ (for lattice spacing $a=1$) in the ratio of the number of quotient fixed point branches to all branches, the vast majority of which are generated by self-bifurcating B models, when one starts with an initial system on the $L\times L \times L$ 3D torus and applies ERG until all factors of $2$ have been removed from $L$. Similarly for $L_2 = 2^{n} L_1$ the ratio $\mathrm{GSD}(L_1)/\mathrm{GSD}(L_2)$ should be given by the 2-adic norm of $L_2/L_1$. The further appearance of $p$-adic norms in fracton models remains an intriguing prospect. The bifurcating ER concepts and methods employed here apply equally well to subsystem symmetry breaking models. It would be interesting if they could shed light onto the classification of 2D translation-invariant spontaneous symmetry breaking stabilizer models, which has been accomplished in 1D [@haah2013] but remains open in 2D due to the presence of complicated fractal like symmetries [@Williamson_cubic_code; @yoshida2013exotic]. This classification problem appears to be contained within the classification of 3D translation-invariant topological stabilizer models due to the existence of lineon models that can be compactified along the lineon direction to produce any known 2D subsystem symmetry breaking model. The bifurcating ER methods can also be extend directly to subsystem symmetry-protected topological phases (SSPT), by imposing a subsystem symmetry constraint on the individual gates in each ER step. This should shed light on the question: what is the appropriate definition of SSPT equivalence class? [@subsystemphaserel; @Devakul2018; @Shirley2019] It would also be interesting to extend the ERG approach applied in this work to fractonic U(1) tensor gauge theories [@PhysRevB.95.115139; @PhysRevB.96.035119]. It has been found that upon Higgsing such theories may transition to either fractonic or conventional topological orders [@ma2018fracton; @PhysRevB.97.235112; @bulmash2018generalized; @Williamson2018Fractonic], so it raises the question of how the “parent” fractonic U(1) gauge theories behave under ERG. Finally, exact ERG flows have been found for TQFT Hamiltonians beyond stabilizer models [@Konig2009]. It would be interesting to extend these ERG flows to bifurcating ERG flows for nonabelian fracton models [@prem2018cage; @song2018twisted]. It is currently unclear if foliated equivalence extends straightforwardly to nonabelian fracton models as their ground state degeneracies behave somewhat differently to the abelian case [@hao_twisted]. *Note added*: During the writing of this paper we learnt of the work by Shirley, Slagle and Chen on closely related topics [@ShirleyERG]. AD and DW thank Jeongwan Haah for useful discussions. DW also thanks Yichen Hu and Abhinav Prem. PS thanks Jayameenakshi Venkatraman for introducing him to quantum error correction. This work is supported by start-up funds at Yale University (DW and MC), NSF under award number DMR-1846109 and the Alfred P. Sloan foundation (MC). [^1]: Current Address: Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA [^2]: An ideal $I$ of a polynomial ring $R$ contains elements $r_I$ such that $r_I r\in I$ for all $r\in R$ and all $r_I \in I$. [^3]: The ER results shown require an initial coarse-graining step for CC$_{13}$ and CC$_{17}$. [^4]: This QSS was calculated for $\text{CC}_{11}$ in Sec. \[CC11QSS\]. The QSS of $\text{CC}_{12\text{--}17}$ can be calculated similarly. [^5]: CC$_{14}$ shows both self-bifurcating and bifurcating ERG behavior\[xf\] [^6]: Up until this step, the same ER process as shown works if ${1+g(x)z}$ is generalized to $1+g_1(x)z+g_2(x)z^2+\cdots$, along with a similar generalization for $1+g({\overline{x}}){\overline{z}}$. [^7]: CC$_{2\text{--}4}$ were rigorously proven to be type-II in Ref. [@haah2011local] while CC$_7$, CC$_8$ and CC$_{10}$ were found to be type-II according to the methods in Ref. [@Dua_Classification_2019]. | Mid | [
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Chanting “We can’t go back to ’98!” and “We as youth deserve to know!” approximately 1,000 secondary students in Kingston chose to walk out of school today and organize in the downtown core. The students came from a variety of different secondary schools in the city, but they all had the same thing in mind: protesting the changes to the elementary school sex ed curriculum, among other things, put in place by the Ford government. “There were cars that honked in support of the crowd and other people cheering us all on,” said Jayda Humphries, a grade 12 student at Loyalist Collegiate Vocational Institute (LCVI). Humphries and her fellow students marched through the downtown core after meeting in front of City Hall. Other chants from the lively and passionate group included “Knowledge IS safety,” and “We can’t do four more years, down with the premier,” Jayda said, and students held signs with slogans like “Support LGBT,” “We deserve to know,” and, perhaps most strikingly, “I didn’t know I was sexually assaulted until I read it online.” The students were also promoting the hashtag #WeAsStudentsDoNotConsent. | High | [
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Comments (34) My machine is Core I3, 8GB of RAM, SSD of course :) It took 7 - 8 seconds with Python and 0.02 - 0.12 with Node.js But the most interesting thing is when I change 100 mils to 1 bil, Python consumed the whole memory and then printed "Killed" after about 1 minute, while Node.js returned the result within only 0.853 sec! Yes, the Python performance is standing out, isn't it. I heard it has that reputation, i.e. that one shouldn't use it if performance is a big requirement. Glad to see Node doing so well. I'm awed at Go, though. I feel its got a lot of momentum these days but I hesitate to spend much time on it and will want to wait and see how the ecosystem is developing. Performance isn't everything ;) Hello everyone! I made an article were I compare Python vs PHP vs Java vs Ruby vs C#. Can you check it and say your opinion about it? (This is not a purely technical material, but more generalizing for beginners) cleveroad.com/blog/python-vs-other-programm.. Woah... I just found this and it blows my mind. I thought Python, especially being a language that Google's been hiring for, was the bees knees. Now, I'm glad I never touched it seriously. And, even crazier is that PHP is given such a slap by people, but it pretty much is just as speedy as Ruby. I'm now wondering if Ruby is a better language to write than PHP, or if it's got similar issues programmers complain about with PHP. Node is all fine and dandy, however, Go seems much more grounded since it seems to offer way more scalability with much less of a tendency to become a "hot mess". php always has been faster than ruby since php 5.2 to my knowledge. It's just a different language design. python is not optimized for those operations and the question is the second run and if it's using pypy jit ..... still the benchmark is 1 of n hence irrelevant. Go gets slow with the GC this is whole operation is on the stack .... I cannot begin to express how annoyed I am with such shots from the hip benchmarks, which don't take into account the language design. And give up certain impressions but where is for example the memory footprint .... anyhow I getting am old .... | Mid | [
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Q: CSS complex INPUT selector I have several blocks that look like this: <div class='templatechoicedesigncss'> <img src='/images/templatepics/random(100x140).png' /> <p> <input type='radio' name='templatechoice' value='random' checked>Random</p> </div> Whenever the INPUT field is marked as CHECKED - I need to change CSS to the div with class=templatechoicedesigncss. But I need to do it through pure CSS only - no javascript, jquery or other triggers. Is that possible? A: Not possible without JavaScript. By the way, a <p> inside a <span> is bad markup, because span's are inline elements and p's are paragraphs. Also, put the text "Random" inside a <label>. | Low | [
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Richmond Football Club history (1885 - Now). By Rhett Bartlett + Trevor Ruddell. VFA Leading Goalkicker Between 1885 and 1907, Richmond were part of the VFA. The total number of goals each season are based on the Richmond Annual Report entries. However not all Annual Reports survive from this era, as such the goals have been tallied by us after reviewing each game. | High | [
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Russian Foreign Minister in the Gulf: Moscow strengthens ties with wealthiest monarchies Russia has been strengthening its ties with richest monarchies of the Arabian Peninsula. The three-day visit of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov to the Gulf countries, which ended on Wednesday, August 30, was a clear signal to Washington: Moscow intends to weaken the influence of the United States on a number of countries in the Middle East. Source: MID.ru Sergei Lavrov's talks in Kuwait, the UAE and Qatar embraced a wide range of issues, from cooperation on regional security issues to production and export of oil and gas. On Wednesday, Mr. Lavrov said in Doha at a joint conference with his Qatari counterpart, Muhammad bin Abdurrahman Al-Thani: "We have reaffirmed our mutual interest in continuing our coordination in the energy sector, in oil production and in the forum of gas exporters." The statement showed that Russia intends to deepen energy cooperation with Qatar - the country that holds enormous natural gas deposits and takes leading positions in the export of liquefied gas to the world market. As for the quarrel between Qatar and five Arab other countries, Moscow is ready to play the role of a mediator in settling this dispute, but Russia will not force the reconciliation process. "We did not make new proposals to resolve the crisis around Qatar," Sergei Lavrov admitted at the final press conference. Thus, the Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation made it clear: Moscow does not intend to show excessive activity in reconciling Arab monarchs with the emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani. In Doha, Sergei Lavrov held talks behind closed doors with the emir of Qatar. Most likely, the parties agreed on strategic partnership between the two countries. Interests of Moscow and Doha coincide in many directions. In particular, the two countries view Iran as a partner for ensuring stability in the Middle East. The talks between the head of the Russian foreign ministry and the leaders of Kuwait and the UAE were also successful. On Monday, Sergei Lavrov and Kuwaiti emir Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah discussed possibilities of cooperation between the two countries in various fields. "Moscow is ready to assist Kuwait in settling the Qatari crisis," Lavrov said. He also noted that Russia has established partnership relations with Kuwait: the two countries actively cooperate in the energy sector. The commodity turnover steadily grows and has reached the level of 500 million dollars a year. On Tuesday, Sergei Lavrov visited the UAE. This country intends to raise relations with Russia to the level of a strategic trade and economic partner. However, there is one problem here: the long-standing territorial dispute between the UAE and Iran stipulates Moscow needs to be as cautions as possible because Tehran is Russia's strategic military-political ally in the Middle East. Moscow needs to balance between Iran and the UAE, maintaining an equally friendly relationship with both conflicting countries. Summarising Sergei Lavrov's three-day tour of the Gulf, many experts conclude: Moscow intends to further deepen its political and energy cooperation with richest monarchies of the Arabian Peninsula. Aydin Mehdiyev Pravda.Ru Read article on the Russian version of Pravda.Ru | Mid | [
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Promoting sustainable living since 1980 ReNew Issue 134 From: $5.00 Energy efficiency special This issue delves into the world of energy auditing and how to go about reducing your home’s energy consumption. We examine the rebound effect, where energy efficiency can lead to energy use that offsets some of the savings – or does it? We take a look at energy efficiency measures renters can undertake to get their energy bills under control, and review what you need to know about appliance Star ratings. We also cover the economics of adding batteries to a solar system, large-scale solar projects happening around the world, women working in the renewables arena, creating a cool refuge from the summer heat, simple DIY projects + much more! This issue includes our updated Solar Panel Buyers Guide with the lowdown on what to look for when buying your next solar panels. Product Description Issue Contents: Issue 134 is hot off the press and full of advice for your sustainable home this summer. As always, ReNew comes overflowing with articles to satisfy both the technically and the not-so-technically minded. Regardless of whether your interest is reducing energy use in your home, adding batteries to solar, going off-grid or simple DIY reuse projects, there is something for everyone in this issue. ReNew 134 has ‘energy efficiency’ as its focus. Inside you’ll find: Special feature: energy efficiency On the rebound: countering the sceptics Can energy efficiency lead to energy use that offsets some of the savings: the so-called ‘rebound effect’? It’s not that simple, says Alan Pears, and in fact, the opposite can happen. A focus on thermal efficiency We talk to energy efficiency business ecoMaster about how they’ve managed to outlast policy upheavals, and get guidance on costs and what to consider when doing an energy efficiency retrofit. A second life in sustainability How do you get into energy auditing as a career? And how do you run an audit? Alan Benn’s experiences provide insights. How to choose an energy assessor Danielle King explains the types of assessments, what to expect and what to consider when choosing an assessor. Smart cooling in the tropics This project is improving comfort and reducing bills for low-income households in the tropics—and its research outcomes are set to influence building codes and policies. Energy-efficient renters Sarah Coles gets tips on what renters can do to reduce energy bills. It’s in the stars With household appliances major contributors to a home’s energy use, it makes sense to ‘buy smart’ and ‘use smart’. Eva Matthews investigates. Buy your gran a cool corner Professor Sue Roaf considers ways we could retrofit just a small part of our homes as a low-cost climate refuge. Guides PV power: A solar panel buyers guide We’ve contacted solar panel manufacturers for details on warranties and cell types to help you decide which solar panels are best for you. Other Features Large-scale solar worldwide Now often the cheapest option (yay!), large-scale solar is taking off. We look at some of the impressive projects happening right now. When will storage stack up? The latest report from the ATA examines the economic case for grid-connected solar plus battery systems. Solar + battery trial Lindsey Roke shares his household’s experience with a solar plus battery trial in Auckland, New Zealand. Women in renewables Sarah Coles talks to three women about their path into the renewables field. Off-grid living Another world in East Timor Balmy nights and new DIY skills: Tim Adams on the latest ‘Light Up Timor’ tour. Summer reading guide Time to kick back with some reading on renewable energy superpowers, fair food and a manual for surviving climate change. The Pears Report: Creative policy paths Alan Pears considers the newly minted potential for indirect action in Australia—how creative can we get?—along with important considerations for fuel use in vehicles. Member profile: Wait and see Dr Katrina Swalwell is a senior wind engineer, long-time ATA member and avid ReNew reader. She discusses the state of renewables in Australia with Sarah Coles. Book reviews Reviews of Fair Food: Stories from a movement changing the world, edited by Dr Nick Rose; Six Square Metres: Reflections from a small garden, by Margaret Simons; DIY Garden Projects, by Matt Pember & Dillon Seitchik-Reardon; The Edible City, by Indira Naidoo; Birdscaping Australia Gardens, by George Adams; Surviving and Living with Climate Change, by Jane Rawson & James Whitmore; and Renewable Energy Superpower, by Beyond Zero Emissions. DIY Simple reuse projects There’s a wealth of DIY resources online to help you reuse materials that would otherwise go to landfill. Lance Turner surveys the field and presents several simple DIY reuse projects. | High | [
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35.5,
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] |
The use of single walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in a chitosan matrix for preparation of a galactose biosensor. Chitosan was chosen as a natural polymer for dispersion of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) based on its ability to efficiently solubilize SWNTs to form a stable dispersion. Moreover, chitosan films deposited on a surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode are mechanically stable. Further stabilisation of the chitosan film containing SWNT (CHIT-SWNT) was done by chemical crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and free aldehyde groups produced a substrate used for covalent immobilisation of galactose oxidase (GalOD). Different galactose biosensor configurations were tested with optimisation of composition of inner and outer membrane; and enzyme immobilisation procedure, as well. Detection of oxygen uptake by GalOD on CHIT-SWNT layer at -400 mV is robust and, when flow injection analysis (FIA) was applied for assays, a low detection limit (25 microM) and very high assay throughput rate (150 h-1) was achieved. This new galactose biosensor offers highly reliable detection of galactose with R.S.D. well below 2% and it has been successfully applied to assaying galactose in a blood sample with recovery index between 101.2 and 102.7%. | High | [
0.6809583858764181,
33.75,
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A database obtained from in vitro function testing of mechanical heart valves. The in vitro function of the CarboMedics, Medtronic Hall, Omniscience, Starr-Edwards, St. Jude and Sorin (formerly Shiley) Monostrut heart valves have been compared using a pulsatile flow model left heart and load system. A wide range of flows and heart rates were used. The above valves in all sizes and in both aortic and mitral positions were tested. Results for transvalvular pressure, regurgitation and effective orifice area are presented. The small size St. Jude valves showed the least transvalvular pressure and largest effective orifice area. For large valves, the least regurgitation was exhibited by the Starr-Edwards valve. The data provides a reference for the range of normal performance that can be expected of mechanical prosthetic heart valves. | High | [
0.661157024793388,
30,
15.375
] |
/** * @fileoverview Rule to flag unnecessary bind calls * @author Bence Dányi <[email protected]> */ "use strict"; //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // Requirements //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ const astUtils = require("./utils/ast-utils"); //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // Helpers //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ const SIDE_EFFECT_FREE_NODE_TYPES = new Set(["Literal", "Identifier", "ThisExpression", "FunctionExpression"]); //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // Rule Definition //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ module.exports = { meta: { type: "suggestion", docs: { description: "disallow unnecessary calls to `.bind()`", category: "Best Practices", recommended: false, url: "https://eslint.org/docs/rules/no-extra-bind" }, schema: [], fixable: "code", messages: { unexpected: "The function binding is unnecessary." } }, create(context) { const sourceCode = context.getSourceCode(); let scopeInfo = null; /** * Checks if a node is free of side effects. * * This check is stricter than it needs to be, in order to keep the implementation simple. * @param {ASTNode} node A node to check. * @returns {boolean} True if the node is known to be side-effect free, false otherwise. */ function isSideEffectFree(node) { return SIDE_EFFECT_FREE_NODE_TYPES.has(node.type); } /** * Reports a given function node. * @param {ASTNode} node A node to report. This is a FunctionExpression or * an ArrowFunctionExpression. * @returns {void} */ function report(node) { context.report({ node: node.parent.parent, messageId: "unexpected", loc: node.parent.property.loc.start, fix(fixer) { if (node.parent.parent.arguments.length && !isSideEffectFree(node.parent.parent.arguments[0])) { return null; } const firstTokenToRemove = sourceCode .getFirstTokenBetween(node.parent.object, node.parent.property, astUtils.isNotClosingParenToken); const lastTokenToRemove = sourceCode.getLastToken(node.parent.parent); if (sourceCode.commentsExistBetween(firstTokenToRemove, lastTokenToRemove)) { return null; } return fixer.removeRange([firstTokenToRemove.range[0], node.parent.parent.range[1]]); } }); } /** * Checks whether or not a given function node is the callee of `.bind()` * method. * * e.g. `(function() {}.bind(foo))` * @param {ASTNode} node A node to report. This is a FunctionExpression or * an ArrowFunctionExpression. * @returns {boolean} `true` if the node is the callee of `.bind()` method. */ function isCalleeOfBindMethod(node) { const parent = node.parent; const grandparent = parent.parent; return ( grandparent && grandparent.type === "CallExpression" && grandparent.callee === parent && grandparent.arguments.length === 1 && grandparent.arguments[0].type !== "SpreadElement" && parent.type === "MemberExpression" && parent.object === node && astUtils.getStaticPropertyName(parent) === "bind" ); } /** * Adds a scope information object to the stack. * @param {ASTNode} node A node to add. This node is a FunctionExpression * or a FunctionDeclaration node. * @returns {void} */ function enterFunction(node) { scopeInfo = { isBound: isCalleeOfBindMethod(node), thisFound: false, upper: scopeInfo }; } /** * Removes the scope information object from the top of the stack. * At the same time, this reports the function node if the function has * `.bind()` and the `this` keywords found. * @param {ASTNode} node A node to remove. This node is a * FunctionExpression or a FunctionDeclaration node. * @returns {void} */ function exitFunction(node) { if (scopeInfo.isBound && !scopeInfo.thisFound) { report(node); } scopeInfo = scopeInfo.upper; } /** * Reports a given arrow function if the function is callee of `.bind()` * method. * @param {ASTNode} node A node to report. This node is an * ArrowFunctionExpression. * @returns {void} */ function exitArrowFunction(node) { if (isCalleeOfBindMethod(node)) { report(node); } } /** * Set the mark as the `this` keyword was found in this scope. * @returns {void} */ function markAsThisFound() { if (scopeInfo) { scopeInfo.thisFound = true; } } return { "ArrowFunctionExpression:exit": exitArrowFunction, FunctionDeclaration: enterFunction, "FunctionDeclaration:exit": exitFunction, FunctionExpression: enterFunction, "FunctionExpression:exit": exitFunction, ThisExpression: markAsThisFound }; } }; | Mid | [
0.5644171779141101,
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Project Summary Approximately 30 million adults in the United States suffer with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by a progressive loss of functional renal mass and subsequent compensatory changes, such as increased renal plasma flow, increased single nephron glomerular filtration rate, and renal cellular hypertrophy. This hypertrophy is particularly striking in proximal tubular cells. Owing to the enhanced plasma flow and filtration rate of functioning nephrons, proximal tubular cells of these nephrons may be exposed to higher levels of xenobiotics, metabolic wastes, and nephrotoxicants. Consequently, these substances may be taken up more readily by hypertrophied proximal tubular cells. The increased exposure to, and probable uptake of, xenobiotics, wastes, and nephrotoxicants likely enhances the risk of hypertrophied proximal tubular cells being affected adversely by these substances. One nephrotoxicant of particular concern is mercury (Hg). One of the most common forms of Hg is inorganic mercury (Hg2+). Exposure to Hg2+ can lead to serious, detrimental effects in proximal tubular cells and has been shown to exacerbate the progression of CKD. Our preliminary data show that the remnant kidney of nephrectomized rats accumulates more Hg2+ than a single kidney of non- nephrectomized rats. Furthermore, the uptake of Hg2+ at the luminal membrane of proximal tubular cells is enhanced in hypertrophied tubules. However, the basolateral uptake of Hg in hypertrophied proximal tubular cells has not been characterized fully. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesize that cellular hypertrophy is associated with an increase in the basolateral transport of Hg2+ into proximal tubular cells. Uptake of Hg2+ at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells appears to involve organic anion transporters, OAT1 and OAT3, and at least one other unidentified transporter. Prior to assessing the effects of compensatory hypertrophy on the basolateral uptake of mercuric conjugates, we will seek to identify additional carriers that are involved in the basolateral uptake of Hg under normal conditions. Therefore, we propose 1) To determine if the basolateral uptake of cysteine-S-conjugates of Hg2+ into normal proximal tubular cells is mediated, in part, by LAT4, y+LAT1 and/or OCT2. Once we have a more complete understanding of the basolateral mechanisms that mediate the uptake of Hg under normal conditions, we will 2) determine if the basolateral uptake of Cys-S-conjugates of Hg2+ into proximal tubular cells increases following compensatory cellular hypertrophy. Finally, we will 3) identify the specific intracellular events that lead to cellular intoxication following exposure to Hg and to determine if hypertrophied cells are more susceptible to these events. Given the incidence of CKD and the prevalence of toxicants in our environment, it is important to human health that we have a thorough understanding of the way in which mercuric ions and other relevant nephrotoxicants are handled by the kidney. The findings of the proposed studies will not only be significant clinically, but they will also make significant contributions to the field of Hg toxicology. | High | [
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31.625,
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Bloomberg: Interpretation of Constitution must change He's got a good head start already in changing the interpretaton of the Constitution, what with telling New Yorkers what and how much they can eat or drink and reserving the Second Amendment right to bear arms for his bodyguards while denying ordinary citizens the same right. But this is even dumber - and more dangerous. In the wake of the Boston Marathon bombings, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Monday the country's interpretation of the Constitution will "have to change" to allow for greater security to stave off future attacks. "The people who are worried about privacy have a legitimate worry," Mr. Bloomberg said during a press conference in Midtown. "But we live in a complex word where you're going to have to have a level of security greater than you did back in the olden days, if you will. And our laws and our interpretation of the Constitution, I think, have to change." Mr. Bloomberg, who has come under fire for the N.Y.P.D.'s monitoring of Muslim communities and other...(Read Full Post) | Mid | [
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The association of chronic hepatitis B and myopathy. In two patients with chronic hepatitis B and myopathy, muscle biopsy showed necrosis and scarce inflammatory infiltrates. CD8+ cells surrounded some non-necrotic fibers. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and antigens were found inside intact muscle fibers. Major histocompatibility complex class I antigens were coexpressed with viral antigens. In one patient, symptoms improved during antiviral therapy. HBV can infect muscle fibers and an immune-mediated response to viral antigens may cause muscle injury. | High | [
0.685294117647058,
29.125,
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Broken Jaws But at least Deep Blue Sea doesn't totally bite It has been 24 years since Jaws changed the face of the film industry and made director Steven Whatshisname moderately well-known, and it's probably safe to say that no aquatic horror film, let alone a shark film, will ever top it. So I'd like to think that director Renny Harlin won't be insulted when I say that Deep Blue Sea is the second-scariest shark movie ever made. You might have imagined that the genre was pretty much played out, what with the various Jaws sequels and stuff like Anaconda and the current Lake Placid, the latter a perfectly competent but pointless entertainment. But Harlin has managed to squeeze some new thrills out of it. The central hook is downright silly: While part of the horror in the original Jaws was the idea of sharks as mindless killing machines, this time around they're brainy killing machines. It seems that scientist Susan McAlester (Saffron Burrows), obsessed with finding a cure for Alzheimer's and with the possibility of her funding drying up, has broken every rule of medical research by monkeying with the DNA of her lab sharks, increasing their brain size. It apparently hasn't occurred to her that this might result in a concomitant increase in intelligence. When one of the sharks escapes and goes after your basic incredibly-gorgeous-young-babe-in-a-swimsuit-who-will-look-very-good-in-the-trailer, corporate honcho Russell Franklin (Samuel L. Jackson) heads for the floating research facility, where McAlester and Dr. Jim Whitlock (Stellan Skarsgärd) are headquartered. No sooner does he arrive than an unexpected storm blows in, isolating the lab's weekend skeleton crew -- which is when the sharks see their big chance to wreak a little havoc and bust out of the joint. Soon there's nobody left but McAlester, Whitlock, Franklin, and four others -- marine biologist Janice Higgins (Jacqueline McKenzie), engineer Todd Scoggins (Michael Rapaport), cook "Preach" Dudley (LL Cool J), and tough, hands-on lab assistant Carter Blake (Thomas Jane) -- plus three really smart sharks. The rest of the story is sheer action, combining elements of Jaws, The Abyss, The Poseidon Adventure, and The Killer Shrews, as the sharks destroy the multimillion-dollar floating lab and the humans try to get out, without drowning, getting smashed by debris, or becoming fish food. Harlin has long since proved his adeptness at this sort of material in films such as Die Hard 2: Die Harder, the underrated Long Kiss Goodnight, and even the silly Stallone vehicle Cliffhanger. (I'm even a fan of his nearly universally reviled Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- so sue me.) He isn't above using the occasional shock cut, but he understands that suspense is more important than simple surprise. One of the most effective things about Deep Blue Sea is Harlin's continual breach of the genre's conventions. It would spoil things to be more explicit, so suffice it to say that not everything in the film happens according to the traditional, overly familiar blueprint. On those occasions when the silliness of the script threatens to become too much, the cast saves the day: Jackson, who has always been able to deliver any nonsense with utter conviction, is, as usual, money in the bank. And LL Cool J is surprisingly well cast: His character, who starts out as standard-issue comic relief, turns out to have greater resources than we at first suspect. Burrows does her best with a thankless character: McAlester is alternately an irresponsible jerk and a simple ninny. What is occasionally distracting about her presence is the extent to which she resembles -- or has been coiffed and made up to resemble -- Harlin's ex-wife and frequent star, Geena Davis. Given what the character is put through, it almost feels like some kind of creepy displaced revenge. | Mid | [
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/* Copyright 2003-2013 Joaquin M Lopez Munoz.
* Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
* (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
* http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
*
* See http://www.boost.org/libs/multi_index for library home page.
*/
#ifndef BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_DETAIL_HAS_TAG_HPP
#define BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_DETAIL_HAS_TAG_HPP
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma once
#endif
#include <boost/config.hpp> /* keep it first to prevent nasty warns in MSVC */
#include <boost/mpl/contains.hpp>
namespace boost{
namespace multi_index{
namespace detail{
/* determines whether an index type has a given tag in its tag list */
template<typename Tag>
struct has_tag
{
template<typename Index>
struct apply:mpl::contains<BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME Index::tag_list,Tag>
{
};
};
} /* namespace multi_index::detail */
} /* namespace multi_index */
} /* namespace boost */
#endif
| Mid | [
0.5492341356673961,
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Evaluation of urinary incontinence in the elderly. Urinary incontinence affects millions of elderly American men and women. This paper reviews the causes of urinary incontinence and the evaluation that can be easily accomplished as an outpatient with minimal expense and morbidity. | High | [
0.6960907944514501,
34.5,
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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ In many societies experiencing large-scale mobility transitions, migration is often framed in public discourse as either a blessing or a curse for those households and family members "left behind" by migrating kin in the home country. This is true of both Moldova and Georgia, two post-Soviet countries that have experienced the emigration of large shares of their total populations (World Bank [@CR42]).[1](#Fn1){ref-type="fn"} Such large-scale emigration has inspired growing concern about the potential costs and benefits of migration, particularly for those children who are "left behind" by their migrant parents. Migration and its consequences are difficult to quantify. Remittances are one of the best-explored outcomes of migration given the substantial financial flows they can represent: in Moldova, remittances accounted for over 24% of GDP in 2014 and in Georgia, 12% (World Bank [@CR42]). Such remittance flows can play a key role in protecting recipient households from economic shocks and income vulnerability, yet it is unclear to what extent such transfers can replace the contributions that a migrant would make to the household if s/he were present. The impact of a migrant's absence is particularly pertinent to the context of child well-being, but relatively few empirical studies have attempted to define and measure multiple aspects of child well-being and its association with migration. Relatively little research has assessed potential trade-offs between increased material resources and the less-easily quantified consequences of parental absence such as the availability of child supervision (Kandel and Kao [@CR21]); this is especially true of Moldova and Georgia, where limited research has explored the specific channels through which migration can affect the well-being of children. As with other Eastern European and former Soviet states, Moldova and Georgia have experienced a rapid rise in emigration that has inspired concern among policy makers and civil society organisations regarding the potential impacts these growing migration flows may have on society. While public discourse generally recognises the inflow of remittances as a positive outcome of migration, migration itself is otherwise generally regarded as deleterious for the societies and families involved in it. This paper bridges this gap by elaborating a multidimensional well-being index for children in Moldova and Georgia, which enables the well-being outcomes of children with and without migrant parents to be compared. The index builds on the Alkire and Foster ([@CR3]) methodology for the measurement of multidimensional poverty, the method underlying the multidimensional human development index that has been published in the Human Development Report annually since 2010 by UNDP. The well-being index is constructed around six domains of wellness representing different facets of a child's life: education, physical health, housing conditions, protection, communication access, and emotional health. This more holistic conceptualisation of child well-being enables exploration of how migration can possibly influence child well-being beyond traditional income or material well-being measures. The index has also been constructed to enable cross-country comparison of outcomes, which provides important analytical power to the method, particularly as it allows for discussion of how deviations in country context correspond to different well-being outcomes. The next section of this paper explores the theoretical relationship between migration and well-being and provides a brief overview of previous studies on the potential effects of migration on child well-being. The third section then reviews how child well-being should be defined and operationalised. Brief backgrounds of both Moldova and Georgia are provided before the data used in the analyses are described. The indicators and methodology for constructing and using the specified child well-being index are then explained, followed by a summary of results. This paper concludes with a discussion of the results. Migration & Well-Being {#Sec2} ====================== By assessing the impacts of migration on child well-being, an implicit assumption is made that migration bears consequences for the individuals and households it affects. Migration and the well-being of children 'left behind' can be expected to be linked through several avenues, the most obvious of which is that migration may involve the withdrawal or addition of household-level resources that may be used to support child well-being. Neo-classical theories of migration, such as the new economics of labour migration (NELM) theory (Stark and Bloom [@CR35]), suggested that the migration decision is made on a household level in response to anticipated costs and benefits of migration. Within this theory, migration is expected to be mutually beneficial for both the migrant and the sending household; the household will accept some of the costs associated with migration in return for remittances, which are a means of not only expanding household income but of diversifying its sources (Massey et al. [@CR24]; Taylor [@CR36]; Stark and Bloom [@CR35]). As household members, children would be expected to benefit from the resources provided by migrants, particularly if used for expenditures such as healthcare and education. The resources a migrant can potentially share with the household in the country of origin can include not only financial capital, but can also include human capital, through the transmission of knowledge, values, and ideas in the form of "social remittances" (Levitt [@CR22]; Acosta et al. [@CR1]). Several studies have explored the potential uses of both financial and social remittances for children 'left behind'. Yang ([@CR43]) in the Philippines and Mansuri ([@CR23]) in Pakistan both suggested that the receipt of remittances can loosen household economic constraints, enabling children to pursue education and reducing child labour rates. Other studies have found a positive relationship between migration and child health outcomes, as remittances can be spent on higher quality foods, vitamins, and medicines (Salah [@CR33]) as well as in preventative and curative healthcare (Cortés [@CR11]). Other studies in countries such as Guatemala (Moran-Taylor [@CR27]), El Salvador de la) Garza [@CR12], the Philippines (Edillon [@CR13]; Yang [@CR43]), and Pakistan (Mansuri [@CR23]) have found strong associations between the receipt of remittances and higher rates of educational attainment, greater rates of participation in extra-curricular activities, and better grades. Many studies have noted that remittances are a main means through which migration can affect child well-being, but the act of migration is no guarantee that a migrant will send remittances. Particularly when migration is undertaken as a survival strategy and is funded through loans, children in migrant households may be placed in an even more tenuous economic situation than prior to migration, particularly if they shoulder the migration debt burden (van de) Glind [@CR38]). In some situations, as a study of Kandel ([@CR20]) in Mexico found, migration may increase child labour rates, particularly among male children who must work to support the household. While remittances may enable greater expenditure on healthcare inputs, positive outcomes may develop only over time (McKenzie [@CR26]; Hildebrandt et al. [@CR17]). Migration can also bear negative potential consequences for child educational outcomes, with studies in Albania (Giannelli and Mangiavacchi [@CR14]), Ecuador (Cortés [@CR11]), and Moldova (Salah [@CR33]) finding a relationship between parental absence and higher rates of school absenteeism, declining school performance, and declining graduation rates. The potential impacts of migration and child well-being can seldom be neatly designated as "positive" or "negative"; the relationship between migration and child well-being outcomes is dynamic and conditional on factors such as a child's age, post-migration caregiving arrangements, a household's socio-economic status, and the retained ties between a migrant and the household members remaining in the origin country (e.g., Cortés [@CR11]; Moran-Taylor [@CR27]; Mazzucato [@CR25]). The generalizability of insights provided from past studies is generally limited, as few studies have used data on children specifically. Among those studies that have explicitly focused on children in migrant households, few have explored the situation of children remaining in the country of origin, and fewer still have engaged an appropriate control group against which the outcomes of children in migrant households can be compared (Graham and Jordan [@CR16]). Past studies have also largely focused on singular aspects of well-being such as physical health or educational outcomes, but given the complex interplay between migration and the conditions that affect household members, a more encompassing assessment of migration's impact on well-being is needed. The present study builds on the insights and suggestions of past research by defining and operationalising well-being in a holistic, multidimensional well-being framework that allows comparison of wellness across dimensions as well as across two so far understudied countries. Defining Well-Being {#Sec3} =================== One of the first challenges faced in the assessment of child well-being is in defining the concept. The components of child well-being, while shared to a certain extent with that of adults, differ according to the specific needs and vulnerabilities children face (White et al. [@CR40]; Brooks-Gunn and Duncan [@CR8]; Waddington [@CR39]). In acknowledging that children are a unique population group with differentiated needs, children must be emphasised as the unit of observation. As for any population group, decomposing the components of child well-being or poverty requires a conceptual basis. One of the most important sources for defining child deprivation---and its end result, poverty---are international instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which provides a rights-based framework for approaching well-being. The CRC, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989, is an instrument for promotion and protection of children's rights that outlines minimum standards for "the treatment, care, survival, development, protection and participation that are due to every individual under age 18" (UNICEF [@CR37]; pg. 2). Within the CRC children are envisioned as rights holders, yet this entitlement to rights is both challenged and complemented by dependence on families, communities, and societies to attain minimum standards of wellness. Within this rights-based framework, child well-being can be understood as the realization of children's rights and the fulfilment of opportunities for a child to reach his/her potential (Bradshaw et al. [@CR7]). Interpreted this way, well-being in the context of child's rights has strong parallels with the human development and capabilities approach championed by Amartya Sen. The capabilities approach envisions well-being as the product of an individual's effective opportunities or capabilities to attain a desired outcome; lack of capabilities, or the freedom to choose among them, limits the range of realizable functionings, leading to deprivation or poverty (Sen [@CR34]; Robeyns [@CR29]). Both the child's rights-based framework and capability approach envision well-being as inherently multidimensional, comprised of opportunities and entitlements in multiple facets of life; deprivation in single dimensions can thus lead to failure to attain well-being in total (Alkire [@CR2]; Sen [@CR34]; Robeyns [@CR29]; Alkire and Foster [@CR3]). To translate concepts of well-being into functional measurement instruments, a list of dimensions of well-being---and the indicators by which they can be measured---must be elaborated. A significant body of literature has addressed the multidimensional nature of child poverty (see Roelen and Gassmann [@CR30], for a review), much of which has adopted a rights-based perspective to define well-being domains (Alkire and Roche [@CR4]). Based on reviewed literature, functionality in a cross-cultural context, and availability of data, the following definition of child well-being is operationalized in this study:"Well-being is a multidimensional state of personal being comprised of both self-assessed (subjective) and externally-assessed (objective) positive outcomes across six realms of rights and opportunity: education, physical health, housing conditions, protection, access to communication, and emotional health." This definition recognises the inherent complexity and multidimensionality of well-being. Individual components of well-being and their expression are the products of on-going and dynamic processes that change the risk factors and resources within a child's immediate and more distant development environment (Bradshaw et al. [@CR7]). Migration is one such process that alters the context in which individuals develop and function, but its effects are not universal and homogenous. Country Backgrounds {#Sec4} =================== Moldova and Georgia both provide rich contexts in which to explore the possible relationship between parental migration and child well-being given the rapid mobility transitions both countries have experienced. Despite some commonalities in terms of the origin of large-scale emigration flows, Moldova and Georgia differ in important ways in terms of contemporary migration flows. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent independence in 1991, significant emigration from Moldova began in response to sharp economic declines. The loss of the separatist territory Transnistria and the downturn of the Russian economy at the end of the 1990s contributed to the dire economic situation Moldova found itself in 1999: gross domestic product was just 34% of the level experienced a decade earlier (Pantiru et al. [@CR28]; CIVIS/IASCI [@CR10]), and 71% of the population lived below the poverty line (IMF [@CR19]). The extreme level of economic vulnerability provided the first initial "push" for large-scale emigration, which has continued relatively unabated since (CIVIS/IASCI [@CR10]). As of 2013 over 859,400 people---equivalent to 24.2% of the total population---were estimated to live abroad, the majority of whom were in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Italy, and Romania (World Bank [@CR42]). In 2010 most migrants were thought to be of prime working age, with approximately 80% between the ages of 18 and 44 (CIVIS/IASCI [@CR10]). Mobility trends in Georgia bear some similarity to those of Moldova, but the origin of large-scale migration in the post-Soviet period differs. Immediately following independence, migration flows were strongly characterised by the ethnic return of non-Georgians to countries such as Russia, Greece, and Israel as well as by conflict-induced displacement that promoted both internal and international migration (CRRC [@CR9]). Internal conflict and ethnic strife during the early 1990s resulted in a several waves of migration, and the 2008 Russian-Georgian war over the territory of South Ossetia prompted some additional migration both within and beyond Georgia. As in Moldova, Georgia also experienced the deterioration of the economic system and state infrastructure, and despite reforms and political transitions in the early 2000s, wide-scale poverty and economic insecurity have remained a concern, with over half of the population living under the national poverty line in 2007 (Hofmann and Buckley [@CR18]). Persistent economic insecurity contributed to continuing emigration: as of 2013, the emigrant stock represented 16.6% of the total population (World Bank [@CR42]). The Russian Federation, Ukraine, Greece, Armenia and Uzbekistan represented the most important destination countries for migrants in 2013 (World Bank [@CR42]). The different origins of migration flows from Moldova and Georgia correspond to different migration experiences for individuals from each country. While the migration stream from Moldova can be considered relatively "immature", with low rates of settlement and family reunification in destination countries (CIVIS/IASCI [@CR10]), emigration from Georgia has included more significant levels of settlement in host countries and lower rates of return, particularly among those individuals and households that left during the conflict period (CRRC [@CR9]). Moldovan emigration is characterized by high levels of circularity, facilitated by favourable visa regimes with the Russian Federation and by access to the European Union among dual Moldovan-Romanian passport holders. Many Georgian emigrants are in a more disadvantaged position, particularly those residing in the EU without legal right to residency or work. Such differences in settlement patterns and legal regimes may translate into different interactions between migrants abroad and their households in the origin country, making Moldova and Georgia valuable comparative cases in understanding the relationship between migration and child well-being. While comparison of these specific countries may be telling of wider trends within the former Soviet space, understanding migration and family dynamics within this region can be instructive of how migration and child well-being intersect in other countries facing similar, overlapping transitions. Given the previous literature assessing the potential impacts of migration on children remaining in the home countries, predominantly focused on the South-East Asia and Latin American regions, the assessment of how migration and child well-being are related in the post-Soviet context can provide an expanded basis for comparison of dynamics. Data & Methodology {#Sec5} ================== The multidimensional child well-being index proposed and explored in the following analyses makes use of nationally-representative household data collected in Moldova and Georgia as part of a project that explored the potential consequences of migration for vulnerable populations "left behind". In Moldova the household survey was implemented between September 2011 and March 2012; data was collected on 3571 households, of which 1983 contained one or more children under the age of 18. In Georgia the household survey was conducted between March and December of 2012 and captured information on 4010 households, of which 2394 contained one or more children. The survey was conducted in all regions of both countries except for the breakaway territory of Transnistria in Moldova and the de facto independent regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia. Within this survey, information was collected on specific aspects of children's lives. Caregivers of children in the household provided information about each child's physical and emotional health, educational behaviours, and time allocation. Household-level features such as quality of housing were assumed to apply to all household members equally. This information was collected from the primary respondent in each household. Information was collected on all children in the household aged 18 or below, but the following analysis focuses on school-aged children, those aged five to 17. The rationale for excluding children younger than five is driven by the definition and comparability of well-being indicators. Very young children have different needs that require different well-being indicators. Furthermore, data on emotional well-being through the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire was not collected for the youngest child age cohorts. The upper age limit reflects the definition of a child according to the CRC. The survey also collected data on the migration histories of all household members, including the years of first and last migration. A migrant was defined as a person who had lived abroad for three or more months consecutively at one time. Children living in households where the migrant was not a mother or father were excluded from the analysis, as well as children with a returned migrant parent (to enable clearer comparison between children with current migrant- and non-migrant parents). Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} below provides an overview of characteristics of households used in the analysis.Table 1Characteristics of households containing one or more children aged 5--17MoldovaGeorgiaParent migratedNo parent migratedParent migratedNo parent migratedObservations247552287543% of households26.074.011.089.0Average HH size4.34.34.44.4Average HH dependency ratio1.21.01.11.1Average n° people employed in the HH0.51.20.40.8Authors' calculation. Sample is weighted to represent total population. Note: dependency ratio is the ratio of children and elderly in the household to the number of working-age adults; all results represent sample averages unless indicated otherwise Descriptively, the two survey samples differ from one another. The sample collected in Moldova was slightly larger than that collected in Georgia. A greater number of migrant households were sampled in Georgia, but when population weights are applied to accommodate oversampling, the share of parent-away households in the Georgian sample is significantly smaller than the sample of such households in Moldova. The features of migrants included in the analytical sample also differed between the two countries, which can be seen in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Table 2Demographic characteristics of migrants, weighted for total populationMoldovaGeorgiaSex Male67.4%49% Female32.6%51%Average age3638Most prevalent level of educationUpper secondaryIncomplete tertiary% Holding a residence permit48.5%53.3%% HH receiving remittances40.6%77.5%Authors' calculation In Moldova over 67% of migrant parents were male, while in Georgia a larger proportion of migrant parents were female (51%). Georgian migrants also tended to be slightly older and to have a slightly higher level of education: while the average migrant in Moldova had attained upper secondary education, an average Georgian migrant had a secondary degree and had incomplete tertiary education. A larger proportion of households in Georgia than in Moldova received remittances, which likely reflects differences in migration patterns such as degree of circularity and duration of migration. These initial descriptive differences may suggest that the experiences of children with migrant family members differs between the two countries. Indicators {#Sec6} ---------- To analyse and compare the rates of multidimensional well-being between children with and without migrant family members, a child-specific well-being index was constructed with six dimensions of child well-being: education, physical health, housing conditions, protection, communication access, and emotional health. The current analysis drew from measurement tools expressly designed for the particular population of interest (children aged 5--17). Both Moldova and Georgia adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which provides some guidance to the selection of indicators related to fundamental well-being standards that every child has the right to enjoy. The choice of indicators also allows for comparison of child well-being between the two countries. Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} contains the list of dimensions and indicators chosen for the measurement of child well-being.Table 3Well-being indicators per dimensionEducation Child attends school at the appropriate gradePhysical health Child has received all vaccinationsHousing well-being Child is living in a household with appropriate flooring, water, and electricityCommunication Child lives in a household with a mobile phoneProtection Child is not physically abusedEmotional well-being Child attains a normal score on the strengths & difficulties questionnaire The educational well-being dimension is measured by school enrolment; for children aged five and six, school enrolment is measured by pre-school attendance, and for children aged seven and older, this indicator measures enrolment in the appropriate grade for a child's age. Physical health is measured by a child's receipt of the full regime of required vaccinations, which includes BCG, DPT, measles, and hepatitis B. Housing conditions are measured by access to electricity, proper flooring (e.g., not dirt or concrete), and a safe source of drinking water (e.g., not surface water or water from tenuous sources like rainwater collection). The dimension of protection is measured by whether a caregiver reports repeatedly beating a child as punishment. Communication well-being is measured by access to a modern source of communication, in this case a mobile phone. While this indicator is measured on the household level, it can be expected that children living in households with technologies that facilitate communication will benefit individually from the greater level of connectedness. Finally, emotional well-being is measured by the total difficulties score of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a behavioural screening instrument that uses 25 questions on psychological attributes to identify potential cases of mental health disorder (Goodman [@CR15]). In contrast to other child well-being indices that include indicators of material well-being such as household income or expenditure, the index proposed here consciously omitted such indicators because they are likely to influence the attainment of well-being across all dimensions. Household poverty status, measured as having an adult equivalent expenditure below 60% of the median, is included as a control variable in all subsequent analyses. The indicators included in this index were chosen because they were both relevant and available in both countries, which enables comparison of the same concepts across differing contexts. They were also chosen for their ease of interpretation, as each indicator has a clear threshold for when a child does and does not meet acceptable levels of well-being. Methodology {#Sec7} ----------- Child well-being was calculated in two steps. A child is considered not deprived if s/he meets the established well-being threshold set for a given indicator. Indicator well-being rates *(IWB)* are calculated by counting the number of children who passed the defined threshold, expressed as a share of all children (Roelen et al. [@CR32]): $$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ { I WB}_x=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n{I}_{i x} $$\end{document}$$ where *n* is the number of children for which the indicator is observable and *I* ~*ix*~ is a binary variable taking the value 1 if child *i* has reached the threshold and 0 if the child has not with respect to indicator *x*. A second step involved building a multidimensional well-being index inspired by the Alkire and Foster ([@CR3]) methodology for the measurement of multidimensional poverty. A child is considered to be multidimensionally well if the weighted combination of dimensions is equal to or exceeds 70% of the total; in this index, a child must be well in at least four of six indicators to be considered multidimensionally well. Each domain is assigned equal weight, which facilitates the interpretation of results (Atkinson [@CR6]) but also asserts that each dimension is considered of equal importance. The decision to set the cut-off at 70% follows the cut-off used for multidimensional child well-being indices (Roelen and Gassmann [@CR31]). Children with and without migrant parents can then be compared. Multivariate analysis is applied to control for and identify other correlates that determine child well-being, such as personal characteristics of the child and regional or household characteristics. Separate binary outcome models are estimated for selected indicators using standard probit models, specified as:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \Pr \left({y}_i=1\left|{x}_i\right.\right)=\Phi \left({x}_i\beta \right),\mathrm{with}\ \mathrm{i}=1,\dots, \mathrm{N} $$\end{document}$$ Where *y* ~*i*~ is the binary outcome variable, *Φ* is the standard normal distribution function, ***x*** ~***i***~ is a vector of explanatory variables, and ***β*** is a vector of coefficients to be estimated. In the following analysis, the dependent variable is the probability that an individual is well with respect to a specific indicator. In order to assess whether the effect of migration is significantly different between countries, models for each country are estimated separately, and a Wald chi square test is performed to establish if the coefficients for migration status significantly differ from each other. The formula for this statistic is written as: $$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \frac{{\left({b}_M-{b}_G\right)}^2}{{\left[ se\ \left({b}_M\right)\right]}^2+{\left[ se\ \left({b}_G\right)\right]}^2} $$\end{document}$$ where *b* ~*M*~ is the coefficient for Moldova and *b* ~*G*~ is the coefficient for Georgia.[2](#Fn2){ref-type="fn"} Differences in the migration coefficients may not necessarily indicate true differences in causal effects, for example when the two models differ in the degree of residual variation (or unobserved heterogeneity). If this is the case, the test would report a misleading result, as the differences in the migration coefficient would be driven by other unobserved correlates that are not included in the model. To correct for potential deviation in residual variation, ordinal generalized linear models are used that estimate heterogeneous choice models that allow for heteroskedasticity for the specified variables (in this case, the country).[3](#Fn3){ref-type="fn"} The following section describes the results of the multidimensional index. Descriptive statistics for indicator- and multidimensional well-being are presented first in which group differences both within and between countries are tested. Results of these bivariate analyses are followed by the results of the multivariate analyses, which assess the relationship between migration and child well-being outcomes when accounting for other factors that can help predict child well-being. Results {#Sec8} ======= Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"} provides an overview of well-being rates achieved by children in each study country for each indicator and on the total multidimensional well-being index. In Moldova, achieved rates of well-being ranged from 74% in the domain of housing well-being to 96% within the protection domain. With respect to the combined well-being index, 84% of children can be considered well, which reflects the overall high level of child well-being across the six dimensions. Children in Georgia expressed a similar level of overall well-being, with over 83% considered well on the total index level. Children in Georgia achieved the worst outcomes in the domain of physical health, with only 73.5% considered well, and the best outcomes in the domains of protection and emotional well-being, where 94% were considered well.Table 4Domain and multidimensional well-being ratesMoldovaEducationHealthHousingProtectionCommunicationEmotionalMWI*n*%%%%%%%Migrant37092.587.072.697.387.093.784.8 Father abroad16591.885.070.397.489.592.883.6 Mother abroad13493.086.472.995.886.795.387.2 Both parent abroad7193.489.678.210080.792.883.5 Non migrant96491.889.675.695.485.993.483.9Total133492.088.874.295.886.193.484.1SignificanceGeorgiaN%%%%%%%Migrant42195.578.583.297.197.392.890.9 Father abroad20695.177.285.594.897.888.790.7 Mother abroad18195.282.183.999.796.596.692.6Both parents abroad3498.970.668.697.997.697.984.8 Non migrant88292.972.976.593.992.394.582.1Total130393.273.577.294.392.894.483.0Significance\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*Authors' calculations. Note: \*\*\* p \< 0.01; \*\* p \< 0.05; \* p \< 0.1 significance levels based on chi2 test of independence comparing father abroad, mother abroad, both parents abroad and no migrant Children in Moldova in migrant and non-migrant households did not attain statistically-different outcomes in any domain. In Georgia, children who had a parent abroad were better off in the dimensions of protection and communication and in the overall multidimensional index than children without migrant parents. Children with migrant parents were significantly worse off than children in non-migrant household in the dimensions of emotional well-being, however. Such differences appear to be associated with the absence of particular individuals: a father's migration was associated with worse outcomes in the protection and emotional well-being domains, whereas more limited differences in outcomes were associated with a mother's migration or the migration of both parents. The absence of both parents corresponded to worse outcomes for overall well-being measured by the combined index. Based on the bivariate analysis, migration appears to be a more important factor in shaping the well-being outcomes of children in Georgia than in Moldova. To determine the extent to which the migration of a parent corresponds to differences in child well-being outcomes when accounting for other relevant covariates, multivariate analyses utilising probit models were also conducted. The results are summarised in Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}, which indicates the marginal effects of migration status for each aspect of well-being.[4](#Fn4){ref-type="fn"} Table 5Marginal effect of migration status as a determinant of well-beingModelDimensionMoldovaGeorgiaTest^a^Education0.02 (0.02)-0.02 (0.03)Health-0.03 (0.03)0.07 (0.06)Housing0.01 (0.03)0.12^\*^(0.05)\*Communication0.02 (0.03)0.10^\*^ (0.05)Emotional-0.02 (0.02)-0.02 (0.02)Protection0.05^\*^ (0.02)0.00 (0.03)MWI0.02 (0.03)0.14^\*\*^ (0.05)+N° Observations13341303Authors' calculations. Reported results are average marginal effects (dx/dy) for children living in migrant households. Other control variables not reported. Robust standard errors in parentheses; +p \< 0.1; \* p \< 0.05; \*\* p \< 0.01. ^a^Differences between countries in the migration coefficient are significant at a + 10% level, \*5% level, and \*\*1% level based on Wald chi square test (corrected for unequal residual variation or unobserved heterogeneity) The multivariate analysis confirms some of the results of the bivariate analysis, namely that migration appears to have a more significant effect on the well-being of children in Georgia than in Moldova. Children in migrant households in Georgia had higher probabilities of being well in the domains of housing, communication, and on total index level than children in non-migrant households. In Moldova, migration was significantly associated with higher probabilities of being considered well in the protection domain but was otherwise non-significant. Significant differences between countries can be observed in the housing dimension and with respect to the combined multidimensional well-being index; in both cases, migration in Georgia was positively correlated with well-being, whereas in Moldova the migration coefficients were not significant. The extent to which parental migration is related to child well-being not only depends on whether there is a migrant parent in the household but also on who migrates and who adopts the role of the caregiver in the household. Tables [6](#Tab6){ref-type="table"} and [7](#Tab7){ref-type="table"} show the results of the extended models. The absence of either the mother or the father is positively correlated with well-being in the dimensions of housing and access to communication in Georgia, as well as on the overall child well-being. The positive correlation between parental migration and well-being in the communication dimension may be the direct effect of the desire of parents to stay in regular contact with their children. For Moldova the absence of the father has a positive effect on well-being in the protection domain, indicating that these children less frequently experience physical abuse.Table 6Marginal effects of migration status as a determinant of well-being: GeorgiaEducationHealthHousingCommunicationEmotionalProtectionMWIMigration status (ref category: no migration) Mother migrated-0.070.100.21^\*\*^0.08^+^0.030.040.18^\*\*^(0.05)(0.08)(0.07)(0.04)(0.03)(0.04)(0.06) Father migrated-0.000.060.10^+^0.10^+^-0.04-0.000.11^\*^(0.03)(0.07)(0.05)(0.06)(0.02)(0.03)(0.06) Both parents migrated-0.050.020.080.12^\*^0.05-0.050.10(0.06)(0.14)(0.14)(0.06)(0.05)(0.07)(0.11) Male-0.02-0.02-0.03-0.00-0.04^\*\*^-0.01-0.00(0.01)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)(0.01)(0.01)(0.02)Caregiver (ref category: mother) Father0.02-0.10-0.040.05-0.03-0.01-0.09(0.06)(0.07)(0.07)(0.04)(0.03)(0.04)(0.06) Grandparent0.06^+^-0.01-0.18^\*\*^-0.03-0.030.09^\*\*^-0.10^+^(0.03)(0.07)(0.06)(0.03)(0.03)(0.03)(0.05) Other relative0.09^\*^-0.20^\*^0.00-0.09^\*^-0.000.01-0.16^\*^(0.04)(0.08)(0.09)(0.04)(0.04)(0.05)(0.07) Age0.12^\*\*^0.030.00-0.03^+^-0.02-0.010.05^\*^(0.01)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.01)(0.02)(0.02) Age squared-0.01^\*\*^-0.00-0.000.00^\*^0.000.00-0.00^\*^(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00) Urban-0.00-0.12^\*\*^0.22^\*\*^0.06^\*\*^-0.00-0.020.07^\*^(0.02)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.01)(0.03)Highest achieved education (ref category: Higher) Lower/upper secondary-0.05-0.39^\*\*^-0.08-0.12^\*\*^-0.13^\*\*^-0.07^+^-0.30^\*\*^(0.04)(0.09)(0.08)(0.04)(0.04)(0.04)(0.07) Post-secondary-0.05^\*\*^0.02-0.04-0.05^\*\*^0.01-0.03^+^-0.09^\*\*^(0.02)(0.04)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.02)(0.03) Number of siblings0.010.03-0.05^\*^-0.000.000.010.01(0.01)(0.02)(0.02)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.02) Number of adults0.000.02^+^-0.010.01^+^0.010.000.01(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01) poverty status0.03-0.02-0.02-0.06^\*\*^-0.03^+^0.00-0.06^\*^(0.03)(0.04)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.02)(0.03)HH received remittances0.010.06-0.01-0.050.020.020.03(0.04)(0.06)(0.05)(0.04)(0.02)(0.03)(0.05)Observations1303130313031303130313031303F stat5.74.17.76.02.73.35.2Prob \> F0.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Source: Authors' calculations. Reported results are average marginal effects (dx/dy) for children living in migrant householdsRobust standard errors in parentheses*; +p \< 0.1; \* p \< 0.05; \*\* p \< 0.01* Table 7Marginal effects of migration status as a determinant of well-being: MoldovaEducationHealthHousingCommunicationEmotionalProtectionMWIMigration status (ref category: no migration) Mother migrated0.04-0.020.040.020.020.020.09^+^(0.04)(0.05)(0.06)(0.04)(0.03)(0.03)(0.05) Father migrated0.01-0.04-0.010.02-0.030.06^\*\*^-0.01(0.02)(0.03)(0.04)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)(0.03) Both parents migrated0.060.010.080.02-0.000.030.05(0.04)(0.06)(0.08)(0.05)(0.04)(0.04(0.06) Male-0.01-0.030.010.00-0.03^+^-0.03^\*^-0.01(0.01)(0.02)(0.02)(0.02)(0.01)(0.01)(0.02)Caregiver (mother) Father-0.06^+^-0.03-0.070.05-0.04-0.00-0.06^+^(0.03)(0.04)(0.05)(0.03)(0.03)(0.03)(0.04) Grandparent-0.03-0.030.02-0.01-0.010.05^+^0.01(0.03)(0.04)(0.05)(0.03)(0.03)(0.03)(0.04) Other relative-0.02-0.14^+^0.23^\*^-0.11^+^-0.010.02-0.14^+^(0.06)(0.08)(0.10)(0.07)(0.06)(0.04)(0.08) Age0.09^\*\*^0.06^\*\*^0.030.010.00-0.02^\*^0.07^\*\*^(0.01)(0.02)(0.02)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.02) Age squared-0.00^\*\*^-0.00^\*\*^-0.00-0.00-0.000.00^\*^-0.00^\*\*^(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00) Urban0.01-0.08^\*\*^0.33^\*\*^0.19^\*\*^0.000.04^\*^0.14^\*\*^(0.02)(0.03)(0.04)(0.04)(0.02)(0.02)(0.04)Highest achieved education (ref category: Higher) Lower secondary-0.04-0.04-0.13^\*\*^-0.18^\*\*^-0.02-0.03^\*^-0.18^\*\*^(0.02)(0.03)(0.04)(0.03)(0.02)(0.01)(0.03) Upper secondary-0.01-0.02-0.02-0.13^\*\*^-0.030.04^+^-0.08^\*^(0.02)(0.04)(0.04)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.03) Post-secondary-0.01-0.02-0.02-0.13^\*\*^0.010.02-0.05(0.02)(0.03)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.03) Number of siblings-0.02^\*^-0.00-0.03^\*^-0.01-0.01-0.01^+^-0.02^\*^(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01) Number of adults-0.01^\*^0.00-0.02^+^0.02^\*^-0.010.00-0.02^+^(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.00)(0.01) Poor-0.010.00-0.04-0.20^\*\*^-0.02-0.01-0.12^\*\*^(0.02)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)(0.02)(0.01)(0.02)HH received remittances-0.000.00-0.010.020.05^+^0.06^\*\*^0.01(0.03)(0.04)(0.04)(0.03)(0.03)(0.02)(0.03)Observations1334133413341334133413341334F stat6.52.26.612.71.26.411.0Prob \> F0.000.000.000.000.260.000.00Authors' calculations. Reported results are average marginal effects (dx/dy) for children living in migrant householdsRobust standard errors in parentheses*; +p \< 0.1; \* p \< 0.05; \*\* p \< 0.01* The specific caregiver of a child is significant for some dimensions, and can be either positive or negative. In Georgia, having a grandparent as primary caregiver (as compared to the mother) increases the likelihood of well-being in education and protection but decreases the likelihood of attaining housing and overall multidimensional well-being. If a non-parent relative is the caregiver the likelihood of being well-off is lower in the health and communication dimension, as well as in the multidimensional well-being index. Similar effects can be observed in Moldova. Children with a non-relative as main caregiver fare worse in the domains of health, communication, and the overall well-being index but they have higher probabilities of being well in the housing domain compared to children cared for by a mother. Having a grandparent caregiver is positively associated with protection well-being, while a father as caregiver seems to negatively affect the likelihood of attending school at the appropriate grade. Beyond parental migration status and type of caregiver, variables like household composition, household educational attainment, location, and child age are important determinants of child well-being in both Moldova and Georgia. The likelihood of education well-being increases with age in both countries, although the relationship may not be linear. Higher educational attainment in the household is positively and significantly associated with most well-being dimensions in both countries. Living in an urban environment is negatively correlated with health well-being but is positively correlated with well-being in housing, access to communication, and protection. In Moldova female children have a higher probability than male children of being well in the protection domain, and girls in both countries have higher probabilities of achieving emotional well-being than boys. The number of siblings is also important in Moldova for determining well-being, as a higher number of co-resident children corresponds to decreased chances of attaining housing, protection, and educational well-being. In Georgia, this variable is correlated (negatively) to housing well-being. Discussion {#Sec9} ========== In contrast to past studies that have found strong ties between parental absence through migration and differences in child well-being outcomes, these analyses of the relationship between parental migration and multidimensional child well-being suggests limited differences in the well-being outcomes of children with and without migrant parents. Three observations arise from these results: 1) in both Moldova and Georgia, rates of child well-being are generally high, but important differences in well-being attainment can be observed across dimensions; 2) the relationship between parental migration and child well-being not only varies by who specifically has migrated but also by the domain of well-being measured, and; 3) the influence of parental migration on child well-being varies by country. Each of these observations calls for greater reflection of how child well-being is shaped by larger societal and family processes. While one of these processes is migration, it is important to recognise that migration may bear a more limited influence on child well-being than other factors, and migration may itself be a proxy or manifestation of other processes (such as economic transition) that affect child well-being through other channels. Results highlight that well-being can (and should) be explored through its constituent parts, as children who may appear well on an aggregate level may nevertheless experience low levels of wellness in specific areas. The difference in rates of well-being attainment across dimensions also highlights the role of specific factors in contributing to well-being. For example, in both countries the physical location of a household (i.e., in an urban or rural area) corresponded to significant differences in outcomes across several domains of wellness, with children in rural areas expressing lower probabilities of being well in housing and communication in both countries. Parental migration corresponded to meaningful differences in specific aspects of well-being inconsistently, as only particular forms of parental migration related to differences in well-being outcomes. Results signal that parental migration seldom bears a significant influence on the attainment of well-being, but when it does, that relationship is generally positive and low in magnitude. Such results may reflect household-level coping and coordination mechanisms. Who specifically has migrated may imply who acts as a child's primary caregiver, and it is likely a combination of these traits that explains differing patterns of well-being attainment across dimensions. For example, in mother-away households, another family member---most often a grandmother---may assume responsibility for daily child-care activities. In Georgia, the caregiving transition is likely to be smooth, as grandparents often play an intense role in child-rearing even before migration, and parents who do engage in migration are likely to be enabled to do so given support by members of the extended family (Hofmann and Buckley [@CR18]). Finally, the relationship between different forms of parental migration and child well-being differed widely between the study countries. Migration corresponded to limited differences in child well-being in Moldova yet corresponded to greater probabilities of children being considered well in several domains in Georgia. Differences between the countries may reflect differences in migration trajectories and the processes by which individuals are "selected" into migration in the first place. Greater shares of Moldovan migrants than Georgian migrants were destined for countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States, namely the Russian Federation, where many migrants work in insecure and volatile sectors such as construction and agriculture. Given the souring relationship between Georgia and Russia, recent migration flows have turned more towards countries in and beyond the European Union, where many migrants work in home-, child-, and elder-care functions. Differences in the industries in which Moldovan and Georgian migrants work may correspond to differences in job security and exposure to unemployment or wage withholding, which may carry over into the costs and benefits the origin-country household bears for the migration of an individual member. Another difference between the countries is in who enters migration. Comparisons between the sample of migrants collected in Moldova and Georgia suggest that Georgian migrants are slightly better educated and older than their Moldovan counterparts. This may suggest that Georgian households that produce migrants are better off socio-economically than Moldovan households even before migration. Furthermore, Georgian migrants who are older may be less likely to have very young children, and again the predominance of multi-generational, extended households may ease caregiving transitions post-migration. The limited yet generally positive relationship between different forms of parental migration and multidimensional child well-being in Moldova and Georgia suggests that public discourses about migration---which largely anticipate strong, negative relationships between parental absence and child well-being---may be misplaced. Particularly in Moldova, where a great deal of research has focused on the dire consequences of migration for the "left behind" (Pantiru et al. [@CR28]), there is limited evidence to suggest that children with migrant parents suffer from that absence. The results do not dismiss the possibility that parental absence through migration can erode child well-being, but it does emphasise the need to understand how migration, family systems, and societal processes intersect to bolster or undermine child well-being and its various expressions and domains. The need to understand child well-being (and well-becoming) in context can provide essential guidance to future research and policy designs. By decomposing child well-being into different components, and by observing how migration intersects with other resources that can feed into those components, policies aimed at enhancing or protecting child well-being may be able to better target interventions to domains of more or less acute deprivation. Rather than treating parental migration as a key distinguishing factor that *determines* deprivation, it is important to map how parental migration is accommodated in family life and to understand the common factors that influence both initial migration decisions and the opportunities a child has to achieve functional wellness in different domains. The multiple and overlapping interactions among migration and other family- and societal processes suggests that context is essential in predicting how parental absence through migration may affect child well-being. In 2013, the stock of emigrants accounted for 24.2% of the Moldovan and 16.6% of the Georgian population (World Bank [@CR42]). From Allison ([@CR5]). For more information on these tests, see Williams ([@CR41]) and Allison ([@CR5]). Given the focus of the analysis on the role of migration, the marginal effects and significance levels of other covariates are not displayed here but are available upon request from the authors. Funding for this research was provided by the European Commission through grant contract DCI-MIGR/2010/229-604. | Mid | [
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It's the end of Sergeant Wu as we know him, and actor Reggie Lee feels pretty fine about it. Reggie Lee as Sergeant Wu on Grimm Reggie Lee with his "NeanderWu" stunt double on the set of Grimm "It's interesting, because I didn't think I would ever be here," he said during a visit to the set of Grimm when the series was filming "Good to the Bone." "I always thought I was like the human that was safe -- safe being a relative term in Grimm."But no one is safe on Grimm, and now Wu has gone full "NeanderWu," as they called the non-Wesen Lycanthrope creature he transformed into in tonight's episode. Initially the creature was going to be Wesen in origin, but NBC told the Grimm writers that they couldn't change the rules with werewolves on the show.Even Lee didn't know if it was going to be a permanent transformation when "Good to the Bone" was in production. He studied up on werewolves and Neanderthals to try to get as deep into character as he could for his first woge on Grimm."This episode and the next episode are really pivotal, and that's why I asked for a lot of [prep time]. I'm crazy about my prep time, but when there's an emotional change and a physical change, I think it's integral that I get it as accurate as possible for myself emotionally," he said. "I always try to play this as a real human being going through these things."Lee added, "They call him NeanderWu, just FYI. It's in the script. Then I started reading up on Neanderthals. They're a completely separate species all together. They're thick and they're about 5'5". They walk like we do; they don't walk like apes, they're just primal. He is this very, very primal being. It's kind of a good juxtaposition to Wu, who's not."Originally, makeup FX designer Barnie Burman wanted to get Lee into costume for the NeanderWu transformation, but ultimately the decision was made to bring in a stunt double."I actually think the guy doubling him as NeanderWu has got the bulk, the muscle. It was so much fun to find a way to bring Reggie's face into him in the sculpture so there's some consistency, some continuity," explained Burman. "I've studied Reggie's face more than I ever cared to, more than I ever should. We took about three hours to do the makeup, but there was about six or eight days of prep back in my studio back in LA."David Giuntoli and Russell Hornsby were both also on set when Lee was filming his big transformation in February. Neither of their characters know yet what Wu is going through, but Giuntoli at least is excited for Nick to find out."I just want to walk in on him doing cave art, like painting onto his hand and leaving his imprint," he said. "Finding a love and then eating it. I think Nick is well suited to deal with these ramifications. If anyone were, I think Nick's the guy."Lee has heard that there should be some sort of big resolution for his story arc by the final two episodes of the season, but for now he hopes there's some deep, interesting impact for Wu's supernatural transformation."I really hope, as a police officer who has always abided by the law, that if this change occurs and it's a permanent change, that he uses it for good rather than evil, because I don't think Wu would do that. It wouldn't be congruent to his character at all. I think he'd want to help," Lee said. "I'm scared and excited to see where this goes." Grimm airs Fridays at 9 p.m. ET/PT on NBC.Terri Schwartz is Entertainment Editor at IGN. Talk to her on Twitter at @Terri_Schwartz | Mid | [
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Story of a Poor Young Man (1942 film) Story of a Poor Young Man (Spanish:La novela de un joven pobre) is a 1942 Argentine historical drama film directed by Luis Bayón Herrera and starring Hugo del Carril, Santiago Gómez Cou and Nélida Bilbao. It is based on the 1858 French novel of the same title by Octave Feuillet, which was later adapted again in 1968. The film's sets were designed by Juan Manuel Concado. It was released during what is considered to be the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema. Synopsis In the 1850s a young man returns to his family home in Buenos Aires to discover that his father is financially ruined. Cast Hugo del Carril Santiago Gómez Cou Nélida Bilbao Alberto Terrones Consuelo Abad Armando Bo Elda Dessel Francisco Pablo Donadio Francisco López Silva Carlos Perelli Julio Scarcella References Bibliography Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. External links Category:1942 films Category:Argentine films Category:Argentine drama films Category:Argentine historical films Category:1940s drama films Category:1940s historical films Category:Spanish-language films Category:Films directed by Luis Bayón Herrera Category:Films set in Buenos Aires Category:Films set in the 1850s Category:Films based on French novels Category:Films scored by Alejandro Gutiérrez del Barrio Category:Argentine black-and-white films | Mid | [
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Q: How does std::apply forward parameters without explicit std::forward? Consider possible implementation of std::apply: namespace detail { template <class F, class Tuple, std::size_t... I> constexpr decltype(auto) apply_impl(F &&f, Tuple &&t, std::index_sequence<I...>) { return std::invoke(std::forward<F>(f), std::get<I>(std::forward<Tuple>(t))...); } } // namespace detail template <class F, class Tuple> constexpr decltype(auto) apply(F &&f, Tuple &&t) { return detail::apply_impl( std::forward<F>(f), std::forward<Tuple>(t), std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<std::decay_t<Tuple>>>{}); } Why when invoking the function(f) with tuple of parameters to pass(t) we don't need to perform std::forward on each element of the tuple std::get<I>(std::forward<Tuple>(t))... in the implementation? A: You do not need to std::forward each element because std::get is overloaded for rvalue-reference and lvalue-reference of tuple. std::forward<Tuple>(t) will give you either a lvalue (Tuple &) or an rvalue (Tuple &&), and depending on what you get, std::get will give you a T & (lvalue) or a T && (rvalue). See the various overload of std::get. A bit of details about std::tuple and std::get - As mentioned by StoryTeller, every member of a tuple is an lvalue, whether it has been constructed from an rvalue or a lvalue is of no relevance here: double a{0.0}; auto t1 = std::make_tuple(int(), a); auto t2 = std::make_tuple(int(), double()); The question is - Is the tuple an rvalue? If yes, you can move its member, if no, you have to do a copy, but std::get already take care of that by returning member with corresponding category. decltype(auto) a1 = std::get<0>(t1); decltype(auto) a2 = std::get<0>(std::move(t1)); static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(a1), int&>{}, ""); static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(a2), int&&>{}, ""); Back to a concrete example with std::forward: template <typename Tuple> void f(Tuple &&tuple) { // tuple is a forwarding reference decltype(auto) a = std::get<0>(std::forward<Tuple>(tuple)); } f(std::make_tuple(int())); // Call f<std::tuple<int>>(std::tuple<int>&&); std::tuple<int> t1; f(t1); // Call f<std::tuple<int>&>(std::tuple<int>&); In the first call of f, the type of a will be int&& because tuple will be forwarded as a std::tuple<int>&&, while in the second case its type will be int& because tuple will be forwarded as a std::tuple<int>&. | Mid | [
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Q: Interpretation of conditional variance of estimator of intercept in linear regression $Y_i=a+bX_i+e_i$. $Y_i$ and $X_i$ are scalar r.v. We have, $$ V(\hat b|X)=\frac{\sigma^2}{n\left(\bar{X^2}-\left[\bar{X}\right]^2\right)} $$ and, $$ V(\hat a|X)=\frac{\sigma^2 \bar{X^2}}{n\left(\bar{X^2}-\left[\bar{X}\right]^2\right)}. $$ Where $X$ is $X_1$ up to $X_n$ and $\sigma^2=V(e_i)$. We see that as $X$ becomes more variable, the variance of the estimator decreases. But why does the variance of the estimator of the intercept increase as $\bar{X}$ increase? The further away $X$ is from the origin on average, the larger the variance of the estimator. Why? A: I've simulated two datasets below and drawn simple linear regression trend lines. The blue points have a mean of nearly 0, while the red points have a mean of nearly 10. The intercept is the value the line takes for an input of $x=0$ (which is the dashed black line I added). If you were to sample new data from the same generating distribution, would it be easier for the red line or the blue line to have a more substantially different intercept? I think in this picture it's pretty easy to see that because the red points are so far away from the line $x=0$, even a small change can lead to the intercept moving by a lot, whereas for the blue points it would take a lot more change for the intercept to move by a lot. But the direction away from $\bar x = 0$ isn't important, so it makes sense that the variance would depend on $\bar x^2$ (plus then the units work too). | High | [
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Pentagon: Army Improperly Tested Body Armor WASHINGTON — The Army improperly tested new bullet-blocking plates for body armor and cannot be certain that 5 million pieces of the critical battlefield equipment meet the standards to protect U.S. troops, the Defense Department's inspector general found. The Pentagon report focused on seven Army contracts for the plates, known as ballistic inserts, awarded between 2004 and 2006 and totaling $2.5 billion. The inspector general's audit, carried out over a two-year period ending in March, found the tests were incomplete, conducted with the wrong size plates or relied on ballistic test rounds that were inconsistent. Due to the demands of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, tests under certain temperatures and altitudes were scrapped altogether. "Consequently, the Army cannot be sure that ballistic inserts meet ... requirements," the report said. "As a result, the Army lacks assurance that 5.1 million ballistic inserts acquired through the seven contracts provide appropriate protection." The inspector general said it did not conduct its own tests so it couldn't say whether the plates were defective. In response, the Army said Tuesday that it had initiated improvements to the testing system before and during the inspector general's audit. The service also said "all inspector general recommendations to improve the testing processes have been implemented. ... The Army continues to work with the test community for test improvements to provide the best body armor possible to the soldier." The Aug. 1 report was the fourth in a series by the inspector general in response to Rep. Louise Slaughter. Since January 2006, the New York Democrat has pressed the military about the effectiveness of body armor after The New York Times reported that 80 percent of Marines serving in Iraq who had been shot in the upper body had died because of inadequate body armor. The body armor used by most U.S. troops comprises a ballistic vest with two large, hard ceramic plates that protect the upper body from bullets and shrapnel. The equipment has been crucial for American forces in Iraq and Afghanistan for nearly a decade. The 51-page IG report said the Army program manager for soldier equipment could provide only "limited assurance" that the plates met requirements. The inspector general found that for all seven contracts the program manager did not have a consistent way of measuring and recording velocity of the test rounds. Two designs were approved without valid tests. The Army said it had created a database for test information, standardized the protocol for ballistic testing and continues to scan body armor plates before deployment and during a soldier's tour of duty to ensure there are no internal cracks. "The Army conducts rigorous and extensive testing of body armor to ensure that it meets U.S. Army standards and is safe for use in combat," the service said in comments included in the report. In an interview, Slaughter said she planned to write to Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and Army Secretary John McHugh calling their attention to the inspector general's report. Both Panetta and McHugh are former House colleagues of Slaughter, a 13-term congresswoman. "This needs to be told," she said, remembering the dead and wounded from the nation's wars. "At the least, we should have some confidence that this part is taken care of, that in the future more diligence is taken." WASHINGTON The Army improperly tested new bullet-blocking plates for body armor and cannot be certain that 5 million pieces of the critical battlefield equipment meet the standards to protect U.S. troops, the Defense Department's inspector general found. The Pentagon... | Mid | [
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June 2014 – Veronica Hewins – Authentic Indian cookery Another inspirational speaker kept us enthralled this month and once again food was the theme for our meeting in June as our speaker, Veronica Hewins, demonstrated authentic Indian cookery. Whilst she cooked, Veronica explained to us the key elements in Indian cookery to ensure health: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent and astringent. As she used the various spices she had brought along, she described the health benefits of each. At various states as she prepared a chicken curry, we were able to have a closer look. Veronica also cooked a potato and cauliflower aloo gobi. Whilst we tasted the finished dishes, Veronica recounted her life story. Her father was a railway worker and her very early life was reasonably comfortable until he retired and then through a series of circumstances she found herself in abject poverty in India. Her mother was mentally disturbed and the stigma of this ruined her marriage prospects until a marriage was arranged for her to a bank employee in England. Through these early experiences Veronica’s faith has been a mainstay and she has learnt to appreciate the good in life. A favourite saying of her’s is if life throws lemons at you, learn to make lemonade. Veronica believes in using the skills you have and so she turned to her cooking and teaching skills to demonstrate Indian cooking. We all felt we’d had a most enjoyable evening. | Mid | [
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The strategy would seek to take Google’s strength in software and merge that with its devices, as Apple, Amazon and smartphone leader Samsung all work to get a tighter grip on consumers. Google fired off a Twitter message with hashtag #madebygoogle and a video of what appeared to be a long rectangular search term box morphing into a silhouette of a smartphone. “They did call it out as a smartphone event,” Gartner analyst Brian Blau said. “It is an opportunity for Google to show off its latest devices.” Industry trackers anticipate Google will show off its own smartphone, showcasing the prowess of its new Nougat version of its Android mobile software. Google may stamp its latest smartphones with a “Pixel” brand instead of the “Nexus” name it has used in the past for Android smartphones it has made in collaborations with partners. Google has worked with handset makers in the past to field smartphones showing off the full potential of Android mobile operating software, which it makes available free to device makers. By stressing something “made by Google,” the California company has triggered speculation it would push a premium smartphone line of its own against the likes of Apple and Samsung. Apple recently released new iPhone 7 models, along with its new-generation iOS 10 mobile operating system. Samsung meanwhile has been struggling with a recall of 2.5 million Galaxy Note 7 handsets due to complaints of exploding batteries. Taking on Echo The Google gathering is expected to go beyond smartphones, however, with the company possibly showing off a new Chromecast device for streaming online content to television screens, a Wi-Fi router, and perhaps announcing when it will release Google Home virtual assistant. Blau anticipated that Google will build on announcements it made at the developers conference, along with revealing partnerships for apps or services intended to make devices more enticing. At the gathering in May, Google unveiled a virtual home assistant that will challenge Amazon’s Echo and laid out a future rich with artificial intelligence. Google Home, about the size of a stout vase, was to hit the market by the end of this year, but exact timing and pricing was not disclosed. Home devices will incorporate new Google virtual assistant software introduced by Pichai. “Our ability to do conversational understanding is far ahead of what other virtual assistants can do,” Pichai said at the developers conference. “We are an order of magnitude ahead of everyone else.” Home devices combine machine learning, online search, voice recognition and more to allow people to get answers to questions, manage tasks, or control devices by speaking naturally, demonstrations showed. Home will synch with Chromecast devices that allow remote control of televisions or stereo systems, and with “smart” devices made by Google-owned Nest and other companies, company executives promised. Daydreaming Blau also expected the Google event to feature news about Daydream, a virtual reality platform that the company said is coming. That could manifest in the form of a headset into which Daydream-enabled phones serve as screens for virtual reality experiences. “Daydream does go hand-in-hand with the smartphones,” Blau said. Some reports ay the event could include the debut of a seven-inch tablet computer made by Chinese consumer electronics giant Huawei and running on Google software. Andromeda strain – As the event neared, speculation mounted that Google might also discuss a long-anticipate merging of its Chrome and Android operating systems, and introduce a new Pixel laptop powered by the software. Google might call the new operating system “Andromeda,” according to some reports. “The new Andromeda OS is expected to bring some of the desktop-like capabilities of Chrome into Android to form a super OS that could work across smartphones, tablets, and notebook-style form factors,” Technalysis Research chief analyst Bob O’Donnell said Such a new desktop style operating system would have the potential to challenge Microsoft Windows and Apple MacOS software for powering computers. “Google has such a smorgasbord of things they could be doing,” Forrester analyst Frank Gillett told AFP. “It doesn’t sound like we will see from them what we need to see on Android, which is to stop the forking.” A longstanding lamentation about Android is that device makers or carriers tend not to update custom versions of the operating systems when improvements or security fixes are released. The splitting of Android software, or “forking,” has created a situation in which one almost needs to toss out old handsets and buy new ones to upgrade operating systems, according to the analyst. “The rate at which Android handsets get updated is abominable,” Gillett said. “It is a market where Android handsets are throw-aways.” | Mid | [
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While Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is busy thanking fangirls for sharing bogus stories about how fierce she is, the FEC is looking into another complaint regarding her shady campaign finances: A second complaint against New York Freshman Democrat Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is now before the FEC. Her campaign is accused of operating a stealth web of political action committees to raise more… https://t.co/PtEfU5tAPm — Special Report Team (@SpecialReport) April 3, 2019 .@AOC slapped with campaign finance complaint FEC guidelines say political campaigns must pay fair market value for services or include them as in-kind contributions. A group the AOC campaign did business with allegedly did not follow those rules. https://t.co/UM42NuvZ5e — Washington Examiner (@dcexaminer) April 3, 2019 More: The crux of the complaint, which was given exclusively to Fox News in advance of its filing Wednesday, accused Ocasio-Cortez and her campaign manager, Saikat Chakrabarti, of overseeing a “shadowy web” of political action committees (PACs) that allowed them to raise more cash than they could have legally. It also alleged that a limited liability company (LLC) was created to avoid federal expenditure requirements by offering Ocasio-Cortez and other Democratic candidates political consulting services at a price so low that the company apparently shut down before the election was even over. The complaint named Ocasio-Cortez, Chakrabarti (now her chief of staff), the Justice Democrats PAC, the Brand New Congress PAC and Brand New Congress LLC as the overlapping entities that aimed to “subsidize cheap assistance for Ocasio-Cortez and other candidates at rates far below market value.” Welp. Waiting for AOC statement on FEC rules being imposed by racist misogynistic old white men to protect capitalism & hurt minorities/women. — Dave Robertson (@DaveBoulder) April 3, 2019 Wait for it … she’s already blamed conservatives: Ocasio-Cortez dismissed the complaint when approached for comment by Fox News Wednesday afternoon, saying: “I mean, it’s conservative interest groups just filing bogus proposals” before walking into a House Financial Services Committee meeting. Hey, anything to deflect. So, will anything come of this latest complaint? Oh good, they should get to this in about the middle of her third term. Go with House ethics and a criminal complaint, folks. https://t.co/e7URd2Yjvk — Extremely Unfriendly Nathan Wurtzel (@NathanWurtzel) April 3, 2019 AOC’s got a (D) by her name, which carries a lot of weight, but wouldn’t it be something if she had to answer for her actions for a change? | Low | [
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require_relative '../../../spec_helper' require 'uri' describe "URI::Generic#scheme" do it "needs to be reviewed for spec completeness" end describe "URI::Generic#scheme=" do it "needs to be reviewed for spec completeness" end | Low | [
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881 N.E.2d 984 (2004) 353 Ill.App.3d 1116 DAVIS v. DOCK No. 5-03-0388. Appellate Court of Illinois, Fifth District. October 6, 2004. Affirmed. | Low | [
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Q: Asymptotic equivalence and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Distance Suppose we have two sequences of random variables $\{X_k\}$ and $\{Y_k\}$, both converging to the same distribution, say $N(0,V)$, for some covariance matrix $V$. Does this imply that $$\sup_{u}\left|F_{X_k}(u) - F_{Y_k}(u)\right| \to 0$$ in probability as $k \to \infty$? Here $F_{X_k}$ denotes the c.d.f. of $X_k$. Intuitively, it seems obvious that this holds, but are there any reasons why this might not be true? A related question - are there any necessary conditions for this claim to hold? A: It depends in what sense $X_k$ and $Y_k$ converges to $N(0,V)$. Let us denote by $KS$ the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance, if we have $$KS(X_k,Z)\xrightarrow[k \to \infty]{}0 $$ $$KS(Y_k,Z)\xrightarrow[k \to \infty]{}0 $$ where $Z \sim N(0,V)$, then by triangular inequality $$KS(X_k,Y_k)\le KS(X_k,Z)+KS(Z,Y_k)\xrightarrow[k \to \infty]{}0 .$$ Hence the result you enunciated is true because the convergence in KS implies the convergence in law if the targeted law is continuous (see for example Convergence in law implies convergence in total variation for polynomials in independent Gaussian,Gamma or Beta random variables). On the other hand, if the convergence is just "in law" and towards a law that is not continuous i.e. it is just a convergence in the weak topology then we don't know. Because we have that if $X_k$ converges to $Z$ for KS, then it converges weakly to $Z$ but the converse is not true in general : KS does not metrize the weak topology. | High | [
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403 F.3d 1018 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff — Appellee,v.LOP BOUNMY, Defendant — Appellant. No. 04-3418. United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. Submitted: March 17, 2005. Filed: April 14, 2005. Gary W. Conklin, argued, Sioux Falls, SD, for appellant. John E. Haak, argued, Asst. U.S. Atty., Sioux Falls, SD, for appellee. Before MURPHY, HEANEY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges. MURPHY, Circuit Judge. 1 Lop Bounmy (Lop) was convicted by a jury of 1) conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute or to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine, and 2) distribution and aiding and abetting the distribution of 50 grams of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine. The district court1 sentenced him to 70 months on each count, to run concurrently. Lop appeals, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury verdict. We affirm. 2 Darcy Sieve was arrested at a casino in Sioux Falls, South Dakota after she was caught passing counterfeit bills on August 3, 2003. She initially told the officers that she had come to town for a friend to pick up money for a car. Later she admitted that she had come from Worthington, Minnesota with a juvenile to deliver three ounces of methamphetamine to Bounmy Bounmy (Bounmy).2 She and the juvenile subsequently went with Bounmy to a casino to meet Lop. After Lop placed a call to Peter Yang, the four drove to Yang's home. There Bounmy gave the methamphetamine to Yang, and he paid with what were later discovered to be counterfeit bills. 3 Some time after Sieve's arrest, Lop and Yang were both indicted for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture and substance containing methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846, and for distributing and aiding and abetting the distribution of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Lop went to trial before a jury, but Yang absconded. 4 Bounmy testified at the trial that Lop had asked her to call Sieve to set up a purchase of methamphetamine. When Sieve and the juvenile arrived at her home in Sioux Falls, Bounmy called Lop at the casino where he was waiting. Lop told Bounmy to come to the casino with Sieve, and they and the juvenile drove there in Sieve's car. After they arrived at the casino, Lop called Yang. The four went to Yang's house, and Sieve gave Bounmy a black sock containing three ounces of methamphetamine. Lop and Bounmy went into the house where Bounmy handed the black sock over to Yang. Yang looked inside the sock and then handed money to Bounmy which she placed in her pocket. Lop told her to count it. She took it out, counted $2,200, and then put the money back into her pocket. Lop remained at Yang's house while the others returned to Bounmy's where they discovered that Yang had paid with counterfeit money. 5 Bounmy told the jury in addition that she had been arrested for her role in the drug deal, that she had committed another drug crime after her arrest, and that she had pled guilty to both drug felonies. She explained that under her plea agreement with the government her sentence could be reduced if she cooperated and told the truth. 6 Sieve also testified for the prosecution. She testified that she had received a phone call from Bounmy on August 3, 2003, telling her that someone in Sioux Falls would pay $1,900 for three ounces of methamphetamine. Sieve and the juvenile then drove from Worthington, Minnesota to Sioux Falls with three ounces of methamphetamine. The drugs were divided into three zip lock bags, each containing one ounce. Sieve placed the zip lock bags in a black nylon stocking. After arriving at Bounmy's home, Sieve drove with her and the juvenile to the casino to meet Lop. Sieve heard Lop tell Yang on the telephone that "we have to do it right now because otherwise she is going to go and she is going to take it." 7 The group of four left the casino, and Lop gave directions to Yang's house. When they arrived, Sieve and the juvenile waited in the car while Lop and Bounmy entered the house. Bounmy later came out with money from the sale, and Sieve put it in her purse. They then returned to Bounmy's house where they discovered that Yang had paid with counterfeit money. After an unsuccessful attempt to locate Lop and Yang, Sieve went to the casino where she was caught passing counterfeit bills. 8 Sieve testified further that after she was arrested, she told the police she had traveled to Sioux Falls for a friend in order to pick up money for a car and had obtained the money at a house which she visited with Bounmy. She also showed them where Yang and Bounmy lived. At a later meeting, she told law enforcement about the drug deal involving Lop. Sieve told the jury in addition that she had pled guilty to the drug charge in this case and that she had a total of three drug felonies on her record. 9 Two other witnesses testified for the government: a police officer who was present when Sieve was arrested and a federal agent who later interviewed Sieve and Bounmy. The police officer indicated that Sieve had pointed out Bounmy's house and another in Sioux Falls and that she had $800 in valid currency and thirteen counterfeit $100 bills in her possession at the time of her arrest. He stated that they recovered three more counterfeit $100 bills from the casino where she was arrested. The federal agent testified that Sieve admitted her involvement in the drug transaction and that she identified Lop in a photo lineup as another participant. The agent testified further that Bounmy had also identified Lop in a photo lineup. Both photo lineups were introduced into evidence. 10 The jury convicted Lop on both counts charged in the indictment, finding beyond a reasonable doubt that at least 50 grams of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine were involved in each count. The court imposed concurrent sentences of 70 months. Lop appeals, arguing that the evidence presented to the jury was insufficient to support his convictions. 11 Since Lop did not move for acquittal at the close of the government's case we review the sufficiency of the evidence for plain error. United States v. McCaghren, 666 F.2d 1227, 1231-32 (8th Cir.1981). Our sufficiency review is limited in that the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the government, conflicts are resolved in the government's favor, and all reasonable inferences are accepted in support of the verdict. United States v. Hamilton, 332 F.3d 1144, 1148-49 (8th Cir.2003). The verdict will be upheld if the government produced sufficient evidence for a jury to find the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 1149. 12 Lop argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to find him guilty of the crimes charged. He contends that even though this court has held that uncorroborated accomplice testimony is sufficient to sustain a conviction, United States v. Crenshaw, 359 F.3d 977 (8th Cir.2004), there was no physical evidence in this case to tie him to a crime or even to prove that a crime had been committed. He contends that the primary witnesses (Sieve and Bounmy) were convicted felons who had a motive to lie because they had been charged with substantial drug offenses and needed to obtain leniency. The other two witnesses added little to the government's case he says. Lop also points out that Sieve changed her story during the course of the investigation and argues that there is no evidence that he knew the black sock contained methamphetamine. In support of his position Lop cites United States v. Waterman, 704 F.2d 1014, 1017-18 (8th Cir.1983), a case in which the uncorroborated testimony of a coconspirator was found insufficient to uphold a jury verdict. (conviction overturned where there was no evidence of arson other than coconspirator's uncorroborated and marginally probative testimony). 13 The government argues that the evidence is sufficient to support Lop's convictions because it shows that he organized the drug deal, directed it from the beginning, and was involved until the crime was complete. It contends that even though Lop framed the issue on appeal as attacking the sufficiency of the evidence, his argument really is an attack on witness credibility. The government argues that this case is very similar to United States v. Dabney, 367 F.3d 1040 (8th Cir.2004), a case in which this court upheld a conspiracy conviction based primarily upon the testimony of drug dealers and users. 14 Questions involving the credibility of witnesses are for the jury to resolve, Dabney, 367 F.3d at 1043, and the "uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice is sufficient to sustain a conviction if it is not otherwise incredible or unsubstantial on its face." Crenshaw, 359 F.3d at 988-89. An accomplice's testimony is not discredited simply because the witness may benefit from inculpating the accused, and it is the jury's responsibility to decide whether a witness is telling the truth despite incentives to lie. Id. at 988. 15 The jury in this case was aware that Sieve and Bounmy had felony drug convictions, that they had pled guilty to charges stemming from this offense, and that Sieve had initially lied to the police. The trial testimony of Sieve and Bounmy was consistent, however, and they both implicated Lop as the organizer of the drug deal. Both testified that Lop spoke with Yang to set up the meeting at Yang's house. Bounmy also testified that Lop asked her to call Sieve to arrange the transaction, that he was present when she gave the methamphetamine to Yang, and that he told her to count the money she received in exchange. Both Sieve and Bounmy indicated to a federal agent investigating the case that Lop was involved in the drug transaction, and other evidence corroborated their stories. The police officer's testimony showed that Sieve was arrested for passing counterfeit bills at the casino and had thirteen counterfeit $100 bills and $800 in valid currency in her possession. He also testified that during Sieve's interview at the police station, she described two residences in Sioux Falls and then pointed them out for the officers. 16 The government can prove the existence of a conspiracy with direct or circumstantial evidence, Dabney, 367 F.3d at 1042, and we conclude that the government presented ample evidence for the jury to find Lop guilty beyond a reasonable doubt on both counts. Thus, we find no error. 17 Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed. Notes: 1 The Honorable John B. Jones, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota 2 Bounmy Bounmy and Lop Bounmy are not directly related | Mid | [
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Heikki Aalto Heikki Aalto (born March 12, 1961) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey forward. Aalto played 37 games over two seasons for Kärpät of the SM-liiga between 1981 and 1983, scoring one goal. He also played in the 1. Divisioona for Ketterä and JoKP. References External links Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Finnish ice hockey forwards Category:Imatran Ketterä players Category:Jokipojat players Category:Oulun Kärpät players Category:Sportspeople from Oulu | Mid | [
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Vessels from the U.S. Navy, Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the Philippine Navy sail in formation at sea, in this recent taken handout photo released by Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force on May 9, 2019. Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force/Handout via REUTERS TOKYO (Reuters) - In fresh show of naval force in the contested South China Sea, a U.S. guided missile destroyer conducted drills with a Japanese aircraft carrier, two Indian naval ships and a Philippine patrol vessel in the waterway claimed by China, the U.S. Navy said on Thursday. While similar exercises have been held in the South China Sea in the past, the combined display by four countries represents a fresh challenge to Beijing as U.S. President Donald Trump threatens to hike tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods. “Professional engagements with our allies, partners and friends in the region are opportunities to build upon our existing, strong relationships,” Commander Andrew J. Klug, the captain of the U.S. destroyer, the USS William P. Lawrence, said in a statement. Japan sent one of its two big aircraft carriers, the Izumo, while India deployed a destroyer, the INS Kolkata, and a tanker, the INS Shakti. The week of joint drills, which ended Wednesday, comes after two other U.S. warships sailed near islands in the region claimed by China on Monday, prompting a protest from Beijing, which said the action infringed its sovereignty. The U.S. Navy says it conducts such freedom of navigation operations in international waters around the world, even in seas claimed by its allies, without political considerations. China claims almost all of the strategic South China Sea with Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam pushing competing claims to parts of the maritime region. The United States, Japan and India do not have any territorial claims there. In a separate challenge to Beijing in Asian waters, the USS William P. Lawrence and another U.S. destroyer sailed through the Taiwan Strait in April separating Taiwan, which Beijing views as a rogue province, from the Chinese mainland. | Mid | [
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Q: Automatically restore last session in Gvim I installed sessionman, and it works fine. But I lose session when reload the X session twice (logout/login, reboot, etc), because when KDE restores Gvim, it does not load session automatically, but only last file, and then saves this under the last session name on next reload. If I did not run SessionOpen then on next reload my last session is lost. I configured session autosave already. It would be nice if Gvim can load last session automatically too. However, this feature does not work for me even manually. When I restart Gvim, SessionShowLast prints "Last session is undefined, current session is """. The sessionman documentation says: "The name of an opened session is saved in g:LAST_SESSION variable which is saved in the viminfo file if 'viminfo' option contains '!'". But I have not found any clear explanation what is "viminfo option", where it should contain '!', and how do I set it. Also I'm not sure how to execute SessionOpenLast from vimrc. If the way I'm trying to fix the problem is wrong then please correct me. A: viminfo is a variable that describes what data should be stored in the viminfo file. For full details, run :help 'viminfo' (note the quotes) in vim: ! When included, save and restore global variables that start with an uppercase letter, and don't contain a lowercase letter. Thus "KEEPTHIS and "K_L_M" are stored, but "KeepThis" and "_K_L_M" are not. Nested List and Dict items may not be read back correctly, you end up with a string representation instead. Use :set viminfo to see the current value of your viminfo setting. Modify it in your ~/.vimrc file. set viminfo='100,<500,s10,h,! Because vimrc is loaded before plugins, adding SessionOpenLast to vimrc will not work. To solve this, create an auto-command: autocmd VimEnter * SessionOpenLast | High | [
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1992 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Giant Slalom Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 1991/1992 Calendar Final point standings In Men's Giant Slalom World Cup 1991/92 all results count. References fis-ski.com World Cup Category:FIS Alpine Ski World Cup giant slalom discipline titles | Mid | [
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An elaborate collection of lymphocytes exists which protect mucosal regions against infectious pathogens. These lymphocytes have been found to be linked, by preferential recirculatory pathways, in what has been termed a "common mucosal immune system". Thus, immunization at one mucosal site been associated with the generation of responses at distal mucosal regions. We have used mucosal infection with reovirus to explore basic questions of gut mucosal immunology. In this application we will extend our studies of mucosal immunology to the oral cavity. In particular, we propose to use two viral models to analyze the B and T cell responses in the oral region after various routes of immunization. We will continue our analysis of mucosal immunity using reovirus as a model. In addition, we will initiate a new direction for our laboratory by using mucosal infection with herpesvirus as a model for studies of viral-specific immunity in the oral cavity. | High | [
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[NADPH-diaphorase-positive structures in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia]. Using the histochemical reaction with the various incubation medium pH, the localization of NADPH-diaphorase was studied in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of the adult rat. The data obtained indicate, that the application of the incubation medium with pH 7.4 allows to demonstrate the neurons with various NADPH-diaphorase activity, to define not only the density of enzyme distribution, but also to calculate the numbers of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons. It was established, that both in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia, NADPH-diaphorase activity was found not in all the neurons: high activity was found in small and medium neurons of the spinal ganglia, while low activity was detected in motoneurons. Other cellular structures of the spinal cord also possessed NADPH-diaphorase activity and were found to be the interneurons. | High | [
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Question and Answer The Reformers and the Westminster Confession of Faith Question: The reformers decided upon the Westminster Confession of Faith 350 years ago. Where did they receive such revelation? Answer: In order to answer your question I need to make certain distinctions. First of all, we cannot quite say that "the reformers decided upon the Westminster Confession of Faith [WCF] 350 years ago," unless it be clear that we are not talking about such men as Martin Luther and John Calvin, men greatly used of God during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. The Westminster Assembly (during which the WCF was written) took place in the 17th century after such men had passed from the scene. In addition, it was only those later "reformers" living in England and Scotland who formulated this confession. It is also important to acknowledge that the Westminster Divines (the word "divine" simply means "minister" or church "elder") owed a huge debt to others. The body of ministers and elders who met for years as the Westminster Assembly had the creeds and catechisms of those who had gone before them. This included such great formulations as the Belgic Confession, and the Heidelberg Catechism (which are still adhered to by many today). But that is not all! They also had before them the Apostles' Creed, the Nicean Creed, and the Athanasian Creeds of earlier church history. And while the WCF is justly celebrated for the way in which that rich heritage is carefully preserved (and much more succinctly stated), it would not be right to give all the credit to the Westminster Divines. You ask: "Where did they receive such revelation?" The answer to that is that they received it in the same way that the church of God has always received it. They received it through the inspired prophets and apostles. It is for this reason that the Apostle Paul says the church is "built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets." The Old Testament prophets and New Testament apostles, of course, received God's revelation directly from God. We (along with those who attended the Westminster Assembly) receive it indirectly through their inspired writings. That is why the Apostle John says "that which we have seen and heard we declare to you" (1 John 1:3). And it is this which makes the WCF such an outstanding document. Just recently our church has published this Confession in a hardback book, with all of the proof texts that support the Confession written out in full. I would suggest that you get a copy of this book. [It is available in PDF format here.] Then you can see for yourself why so many others have found—as I have—that it is the most consistently biblical creed that has ever been written. Thanks for your interesting question. About Q&A "Questions and Answers" is a weekly feature of the OPC website. The answers come from individual ministers in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church expressing their own convictions and do not necessarily represent an "official" position of the Church, especially in areas where the Standards of the Church (the Scriptures and the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms) are silent. The questions come from individuals like yourself. If you have questions about biblical and theological matters, you are invited to send them by e-mail by using the "Pose a Question" link on the OPC home page or by clicking here. At least one new question is posted each week, so there should always be something new here for you to read. (For those people who would like to look at previous questions and answers, they will continue to be available as well.) The purpose of the OPC website's "Questions and Answers" is to respond to biblical and theological questions. Matters of church discipline, disputes, or debates go beyond the scope of our work. We recommend that you present your concerns in these areas to the appropriate judicatory. In most cases this will be to a local pastor, elder, or session. We do not want the website to replace personal involvement in, or commitment to, the local, visible church. While we will respond to every serious questioner, we are not bound to give a substantive answer to every question, should we deem the question to be beyond the scope of our purpose or our own ability to answer. You will receive an answer by e-mail. Please be patient as many of our respondents are busy pastors. The response to your question may take up to two (2) weeks. Some of the questions submitted will be chosen to be posted here, along with the corresponding answers. Note that the "Questions and Answers" posted on the site have been editedall personal references are removed, Scripture references or from some source may be added, and sometimes portions are expandedto make the questions and answers more useful to a larger audience. | Mid | [
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Alex Home inspections can be private or open. An open home inspection is usually conducted on a weekend. As the name implies, your home will be open to the general public. Your real estate agent will be at... There has been a lot of conversation over the last few months around housing affordability in Sydney, with much of the debate centering on whether or not Generation Y is being priced out of the property... *The number of 2 million Australians is based on the number of users visiting OpenAgent according to Google Analytics for the period of 1/1/2018 to 31/12/2018. #The claim of #1 Agent comparison site is made based on data from Similar Web which shows more visits to OpenAgent than other agent comparison websites for the period of 1/7/2018 to 31/12/2018. Note: When a property is sold, the successful real estate agent pays OpenAgent a referral fee, which is at a standard industry rate of 20% of the agent's commission. It enables us to offer our services at completely no cost to the homeowner. | Low | [
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This Replacement character knows allot of crap. He's a tough nut to crack. Kind of reminds me of a favorite magazine character I liked as a kid. Don't know why but.... Perhaps because I'm a little mad.. I am a longtime fan of the Oilers and Eskimos so I'm a little neurotic at least. I'm not yet prone to superstition but I do have certain rituals regarding games now; 1)Coping fluids need to be within arm reach at all times while watching said contests. 2)Alternate viewing channel is previously selected as emergency and ongoing option in case of meltdown. Either by team or resident. 3) I duct tape remote control to my hand so that I'm not tempted again to pitch it through the big screen hdtv.. 4)Specific instructions are posted on door of recroom not to enter man cave if resident therein is speaking in tongues. Especially don't enter if rants include phrases like X player is worse than Omark and Brule combined. 5) I don't make plans to do anything that require attention, or drive heavy machinery after viewing games as I'm reduced to babbling drivel. I don't plan to do anything important for several hours after game ingestion. 6) I alert the wife in such instances not to call the police or ambulance but that I just viewed another Edmonton sports team and that my glazed over eyes and catatonic drool are hopefully a temporary condition. Please turn on HBO distraction and check back on me in am. Take away all unfinished coping fluids. | Low | [
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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Carbon dioxide (CO~2~) is one of the most used methods to kill laboratory rats^[@CR1]^, but mounting evidence indicates that CO~2~ elicits negative emotions. Rats are highly motivated to avoid CO~2~ in aversion tests^[@CR2]--[@CR8]^, and these animals express a wide range defence behaviours -- e.g. rearing, pushing the cage lid, increased locomotion, vocalizations and freezing -- when exposed to this agent^[@CR9]--[@CR11]^. Recent work from our research group indicates that rats vary in CO~2~ sensitivity. Aversion to CO~2~ consistently varied among individuals across repeated exposures^[@CR12]^. Voluntary inhalation of CO~2~ is widely used in human research to induce feelings of anxiety, fear and panic^[@CR13],[@CR14]^. Humans vary in CO~2~ sensitivity, with panic disorder patients being sensitive to even low concentrations^[@CR15]--[@CR17]^. In healthy volunteers, self-reported feelings of fear, anxiety and panic increase with CO~2~ concentration^[@CR18],[@CR19]^. It has been proposed that human CO~2~ sensitivity is mediated by the GABAergic system^[@CR20]^. Healthy subjects and panic disorder patients that are pre-treated with benzodiazepines (thus increasing GABA~A~ receptor functioning) experience less fear, anxiety and panic due to CO~2~ inhalation^[@CR21],[@CR22]^. In rats, exposure to higher CO~2~ concentrations decreases GABA~A~ function^[@CR23],[@CR24]^, and enhances anxiety-like behaviours in the Vogel conflict^[@CR25]^ and social interaction tests^[@CR26]^; effects that are counteracted by the administration of benzodiazepines^[@CR23]--[@CR26]^. Emotions can be defined as observable stimuli-elicited responses (behavioral, neurobiological and physiological), whereas the subjective experience of emotions (i.e. felt emotions) are the animals' conscious awareness of these responses^[@CR27]^. Felt emotions can be inferred in animals from a combination of evidence from behavioral, neurobiological and physiological responses^[@CR28]^, functional homology^[@CR29]^, and the use of specific drug treatments that target feelings of emotions in humans^[@CR30]^. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam on rat individual thresholds of aversion to CO~2~. We hypothesized that rat aversion to CO~2~ is caused by feelings of anxiety, and predicted that aversion to CO~2~ would decrease when rats were pre-treated with midazolam. We further hypothesized that individual differences in rat CO~2~ sensitivity are driven by variation in the onset of feelings of anxiety, and predicted that an increase in CO~2~ tolerance due to midazolam treatment would reduce individual differences in the threshold of aversion. Results {#Sec2} ======= Locomotor effects {#Sec3} ----------------- Control and midazolam treatments did not differ in the rate of line crossing (control: 0.2 ± 0.06 crossings s^−1^; midazolam: 0.4 ± 0.10 crossings s^−1^; t = −2.06, df = 5, p = 0.09). Anxiolytic effects {#Sec4} ------------------ No rat produced fecal boli in the elevated plus maze. Rats spent more time in the open arms in the midazolam treatment (23 ± 4.1 s) compared to the control (13 ± 3.9 s; t = −2.70, df = 5, p \< 0.05). The number of open arm entries did not differ between control (2.3 ± 0.56 entries) and midazolam treatments (4.0 ± 0.86 entries; t = −1.89, df = 5, p = 0.12). Aversion to CO~2~ {#Sec5} ----------------- During training (with air) rats left the bottom cage after 364 ± 15 s and ate all 20 rewards. During test sessions with air, we found a significant interaction between exposure number and treatment on latency to exit the cage (F = 5.87, df = 1,27, p \< 0.05). The average latency to leave the bottom cage when rats were treated with midazolam was 391 ± 28 s, while during control sessions rats left after 420 ± 27 s. In the control treatment, latency to exit the cage decreased with exposure number (β = −20.25, standard error = 9.13, t = −2.22, df = 11, p = 0.05). In the midazolam treatment there was no evidence for a change in latency to exit the cage as a function of exposure number (β = 10.33, standard error = 9.14, t = 1.13, df = 11, p = 0.28). Again, rats ate all 20 sweet rewards (in both treatments) when exposed to air. We found a significant effect of treatment on the latency to avoid CO~2~ and number of rewards consumed (latency to avoid CO~2~: F = 21.59, df = 1,25, p \< 0.001; rewards consumed: F = 14.55, df = 1,25, p \< 0.001). Rats tolerated CO~2~ for longer and consumed more rewards when treated with midazolam than they did during control sessions (Fig. [1a,b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Rats exited the cage when CO~2~ concentrations reached on average 10.7 ± 1.14% CO~2~ during control sessions, versus 15.5 ± 1.41% CO~2~ when rats were treated with midazolam. Exposure number and its interaction with treatment did not affect the latency to avoid CO~2~ (exposure number: F = 0.1, df = 1,25, p = 0.75; interaction between exposure number and treatment: F \< 0.001, df = 1,25, p = 0.98) or the number of rewards consumed (exposure number: F = 0.53, df = 1,25, p = 0.47; interaction between exposure number and treatment: F = 0.14, df = 1,25, p = 0.71).Figure 1Effect of midazolam on rat aversion to CO~2~. Rat responses showing treatment effects and consistency in individual rat responses between control- and midazolam-treatment (each line corresponds to an individual rat; n = 6 rats; dots and error bars represent the mean ± standard error). (**a**) Latency to avoid CO~2~ and (**b**) number of rewards consumed. Individual differences in the latency to avoid CO~2~ were consistent across the two treatments (Pearson correlation test: r = 0.83, df = 4, p \< 0.05; Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The CO~2~ concentrations at which rats exited the cage ranged between 6.2 and 13.6% CO~2~ among rats during control sessions, versus between 10.9 and 19.3% CO~2~ when rats were treated with midazolam. Number of rewards consumed was consistent across the two treatments (r = 0.78, df = 4, p = 0.07; Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Discussion {#Sec6} ========== We found no effect of midazolam on locomotion in the open field, indicating that midazolam at the dose provided did not impair activity and in this way reduced avoidance behaviour. Moreover, during air trials all rats exited the bottom cage in every test. These results are consistent with previous work showing that low doses do not interfere with normal activity in rats^[@CR31]--[@CR33]^. Studies have shown a dose dependent effect of midazolam on activity^[@CR34]^; doses in excess of 1 mg/kg can reduce locomotion^[@CR31]^ and doses in excess of 10 mg/kg can induce anaesthesia^[@CR35],[@CR36]^. Previous studies have shown that midazolam increases open arm exploration in the elevated plus maze^[@CR31],[@CR37]--[@CR39]^, reduces defensive burying^[@CR40]^, predator odour avoidance^[@CR32],[@CR33]^, and freezing due to place conditioning^[@CR31]^. In the current study, pre-treated rats spent more time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, adding to the existing evidence that midazolam has an anxiolytic effect. In combination, we conclude that oral administration of 0.375 mg/kg midazolam decreases anxiety without impairing motor function. The pharmacodynamics of this drug do not appear to differ between oral and intravenous administration. Midazolam is absorbed rapidly (reaching peak plasma concentration 5 to 15 min after administration) with a systemic availability and metabolic clearance of 45% and 27 min (t~1/2~), respectively, and a terminal half-life of 67 ml min^−1^ kg^−1^ ^[@CR41]^. In the current study, all rats rapidly and willingly consumed the pudding mixed with midazolam, without the need for handling, restraint, or injection -- these procedures have shown to induce stress in rats^[@CR42]--[@CR45]^, and can alter responses in behavioural tests^[@CR46]--[@CR48]^. When treated with midazolam, rats showed a 45% increase in tolerance of CO~2~ (i.e. tolerance increased from 10.7 to 15.5% CO~2~). It is unlikely that order accounts for this result given that we found no within-treatment effect of exposure order on aversion to CO~2~, and that rats used in the current study were already familiar with CO~2~ exposure in approach-avoidance testing. Familiarity with CO~2~ and the testing environment likely reduced within-individual variation in responses^[@CR49]^. A previous study using the same experimental setting (i.e. approach-avoidance testing with similar flow rates of CO~2~) showed that tolerance of CO~2~ does not increase with consecutive exposures^[@CR12]^. Hence we argue that the observed increase in tolerance to CO~2~ was due to midazolam and not habituation. It has been reported that benzodiazepines increase food palatability and intake^[@CR50]^ so it is possible that rat motivation to consume the sweet rewards increased with midazolam. However, the effect of midazolam on sucrose consumption is dose dependent; midazolam affects sucrose consumption at doses higher than 3.0 mg/kg but it is reported to have negligible effects at doses similar to that used in the current study^[@CR51]^. In addition, rat aversion to CO~2~ in approach-avoidance tests is not related to food motivation^[@CR8]^. Since midazolam also reduced evidence of anxiety in the elevated plus maze, it is reasonable to conclude that the increased CO~2~ tolerance was due to the anxiolytic effect of midazolam. Future work should consider the use of motivation trade-offs that are not food related, for example, the use of a light-dark apparatus. During control trials rats tolerated concentrations of CO~2~ averaging 10.7%; similar concentrations of CO~2~ elicit feelings of anxiety in humans. When inhaling 7.5% CO~2~ healthy humans show an increase in escape responses (i.e. request to stop the test) and feelings related to anxiety (e.g. alertness, anxiety, fear, feel like leaving the room, feeling paralysed, tense, irritable, nervous, worried)^[@CR52],[@CR53]^, but panic responses are rare at this concentration. Gorman and colleagues^[@CR15]^ reported a panic rate of 5% in healthy people when inhaling 7% CO~2~ for 20 min. In contrast, a single inhalation of 35% CO~2~ results in panic in 23 to 41% of healthy volunteers^[@CR17],[@CR53]--[@CR55]^. Inhalation of lower concentrations (\~7% CO~2~) elicits feelings similar to those experienced by people with generalized anxiety disorder^[@CR21],[@CR53],[@CR56],[@CR57]^, whereas the emotional experience felt at higher concentrations (35% CO~2~) resembles naturally occurring panic attacks^[@CR54]^. When inhaling 7.5% CO~2~, healthy individuals pretreated with the benzodiazepine lorazepam experienced fewer feelings related to anxiety^[@CR21],[@CR57]^. Pre-treatment with the benzodiazepine alprazolam -- an anti-panic drug -- reduced feelings and somatic symptoms associated with panic elicited by 7 and 35% CO~2~ inhalation^[@CR53],[@CR56]^. In the current study, providing midazolam before CO~2~ exposure increased the average threshold of aversion to 15.5% CO~2~. This increase indicates that rat aversion to lower concentrations of CO~2~ is elicited by feelings of anxiety, and that these feelings are reduced by midazolam. It is important to note that all rats avoided CO~2~ at concentrations far lower than those needed to induce unconsciousness. This result suggests that higher concentrations of CO~2~ evoke emotional experiences (e.g. air hunger or panic) that are not sensitive to the anxiolytic effect of midazolam at this dose. Previous studies have shown that thresholds of aversion vary among rats, ranging between 5.6 and 18.3% CO~2~^[@CR12]^. In agreement with these results, we found that during control tests the threshold of aversion ranged from 6.2 to 13.6% CO~2~ among rats. In contrast, the CO~2~ concentrations avoided when rats were treated with midazolam ranged between 10.9 and 19.3%, values substantially higher than reported for non-medicated rats^[@CR6],[@CR12]^. Individual differences in CO~2~ aversion were consistent within rats across treatments. Variation in rat CO~2~ responsiveness has been linked to the activity of neurons involved in the mediation of anxiety and panic experiences (i.e. orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus)^[@CR58],[@CR59]^. These results indicate that individual differences in rat CO~2~ sensitivity are due to differences in the onset of feelings of anxiety. A limitation of the current study was the sample size of only 6 rats, likely limiting our ability to detect differences between treatments^[@CR60]^. That we were still able to detect clear treatment effects with this sample size suggests that these effects are robust. Other limitations include that we used only females, from a single strain, and that these animals were older than those typically used in laboratory research. We encourage work using a larger and more diverse sample. Another limitation is that our design intentionally confounded order and treatment. To reduce the risk of order effects we used animals that were highly habituated to CO~2~ and the test apparatus, and tested for order effects within treatment. That said, we encourage future studies to employ an A-B-A (return to baseline) design to further account for order effects. One strength of the current study was that animals were highly experienced with testing procedures. Behavioural responses can be affected by low familiarity with the testing environment, and with uncontrolled contingencies before and during testing^[@CR46],[@CR61],[@CR62]^. We suggest that future studies also use animals that are highly habituated to CO~2~, the experimental setting and handling procedures but caution that this requires a considerable investment in training. Conclusion {#Sec7} ========== Midazolam treatment reduced anxiety and increased individual rat thresholds of aversion to CO~2~ in female Sprague Dawley rats. These results suggest that rat aversion to CO~2~ is driven by feelings of anxiety, with an onset that varies among individuals. Even with midazolam treatment all rats avoided CO~2~ before loss of consciousness, indicating that even with this refinement CO~2~ will induce negative affective states. Methodology {#Sec8} =========== All procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of The University of British Columbia (protocol A15-0071), following the guidelines on care and use of rodents in research established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Subjects and housing {#Sec9} -------------------- Previous studies using approach-avoidance testing have detected a treatment effect with a sample of 8 rats^[@CR6]^. Therefore, we used eight 16-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats that, in an effort to reduce the total number of animals used, were transferred from another study (obtained from the University of British Columbia surplus stock). Rats were housed two groups of three and one group of two. All rats were clinically healthy at the time of enrolment, but two rats reached humane end points (due mammary tumor development) and were euthanized before the study was completed. The two euthanized rats were both from groups of three so by the end of the study all rats were pair housed with their original cage mates and no regrouping was needed. The remaining rats average 642 ± 46 g (mean ± standard deviation). Rats were marked with a permanent marker (Ketchum Manufacturing Inc., ON, Canada) for individual identification. Each of the three pairs were housed in two cages (20 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm) connected by a red tinted polycarbonate tube (7.6 cm diameter, 15 cm long). The caging contained bedding (1/4 inch Enrichment Bedding, Biofresh, Absorption Corp, WA, USA) and environmental enrichment (e.g. cardboard boxes, hammocks, PVC pipes, and shredded paper towels). Animals were kept on a 12-h light/dark cycle, under controlled temperature and humidity (22 ± 0.15 °C and 57 ± 0.44%, respectively). Rats were provided ad libitum food (Rat Diet PMI 5012, Lab Diets, Land O'Lakes, Inc., MN, USA) and tap water, and provided 30 min of daily access to a large enriched cage^[@CR63],[@CR64]^ (Supplementary Methods [S1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Rat playpens). Handling and transport {#Sec10} ---------------------- Rats were habituated to handling and transport for 6 months before the study (following, Supplementary Methods [S2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Agency-based handling and transport). All trials were performed in an experimental room during the light cycle between 900 h and 1700 h; a cage covered with black plastic was used to transport animals. Subjects were habituated, trained or tested only once per day at similar hours each day. Rats were isolated from cage-mates for a maximum of 40 min per day during habituation, training or testing. Before the beginning of each trial, the apparatus was cleaned with Quatricide (Pharmacal Research Laboratories, Naugatuck, CT, USA). Experimental design {#Sec11} ------------------- Rats had been repeatedly exposed to CO~2~ in the approach-avoidance apparatus before the study and were thus habituated to both the agent and the apparatus. To reduce potential carry over effects from the drug, rats were exposed to CO~2~ gradual-fill (20% CO~2~ cage vol. min^−1^) three times for the control treatment and three times for the midazolam treatment. One air exposure (air flow of 4 L min^−1^) was run between every CO~2~ trial, providing data for three control and three midazolam air trials. Two days before the first exposure to CO~2~ rats were tested in an open field and an elevated plus maze under both treatment conditions (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are inconsistently detected when assessed in the open field test^[@CR65]^. Hence, the open field test was used to assess effects of midazolam on locomotion, and the elevated plus maze was used to assess anxiolytic effects.Figure 2Testing order. Rats were trained in approach-avoidance and habituated in the open field and elevated plus maze. For control and midazolam treatments rats were tested in the open field, elevated plus maze and the approach-avoidance apparatus. Midazolam administration {#Sec12} ------------------------ Midazolam (5 mg/ml, Sandoz, Boucherville, Qc, Canada) was mixed with 1 ml of vanilla pudding (Vanilla Flavored Pudding Cup, Western Family, Overwaitea Food Group LP, BC, Canada) and administered orally at 0.375 mg/kg^[@CR33]^ 30 min before testing. For the control treatment, rats received 1 ml of untreated vanilla pudding, also 30 min before testing. Locomotor effect {#Sec13} ---------------- ### Apparatus {#Sec14} The open field consisted of a white acrylic glass arena (100 cm long × 100 cm wide × 61 cm high) placed on a wooden base (52 cm high). The arena was visually divided into 25 squares (20 cm × 20 cm; defined by black lines on the floor) to quantify movement (Supplementary Methods [S3](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Open field arena and elevated plus maze). ### Habituation, training and testing procedures {#Sec15} To control for changes in locomotion due to habituation^[@CR66],[@CR67]^, rats were exposed to the open field arena twice before testing (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). We tested rats once in the control treatment and once in the midazolam treatment. The rat was placed in the center of the open field arena at the beginning of each trial. Trials lasted 5 min and rats could move freely within the arena during this time. All open field trials were video recorded, and recordings were scored (using Boris software, Version 7.0.9)^[@CR68]^ by observers blind to rat identity and treatment for frequency of line-crossing (i.e. rat's shoulders and head crossing any line that divided the floor of the arena). To measure interobserver reliability, 50% of the trials were rescored by an independent observer; the two sets of scores were highly related (r = 0.99). Anxiolytic effect {#Sec16} ----------------- ### Apparatus {#Sec17} An elevated plus maze was used to measure the anxiolytic effects of midazolam. The apparatus was made of two open and two closed black acrylic glass arms (each arm 50 cm long and 10 cm wide; closed arms each had two walls 61 cm high) arranged in a cross shape with a square (10 cm × 10) cm in the center, and placed on a wooden base (52 cm high; Supplementary Methods [S3](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: open field arena and elevated plus maze). ### Habituation, training and testing {#Sec18} Open arm behaviour in the elevated plus maze is known to change from the first to second exposure (i.e. one-trial-tolerance), but not between the second and subsequent exposures^[@CR67],[@CR69],[@CR70]^. Thus we exposed rats twice to the elevated plus maze prior to the experiment, and then retested rats once in each treatment condition (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Trials lasted 5 min; at the beginning of each trial subjects were placed at the center of the elevated plus maze and were left to explore the apparatus. All elevated plus maze were video recorded and fecal boli were counted at the end of each trial. Behaviours were scored from video as described above. Again, interobserver reliability was assessed by rescoring 50% of the trials by an independent observer, and again scores were highly consistent (time in the open arms: r = 0.82; open arms entries: r = 0.83). Aversion to CO~2~ {#Sec19} ----------------- ### Apparatus {#Sec20} To assess the effect of midazolam on aversion to CO~2~ we used an approach-avoidance apparatus. The approach-avoidance apparatus consisted of a top cage from the subject's home caging system placed 20 cm above a bottom cage (20 cm × 45 cm × 24 cm). Both cages contained bedding. Cages were connected by a transparent acrylic glass tube (10 cm diameter, 45 cm long), with cleats on the inside for traction. The connecting tube contained a plastic sliding door (10 cm × 10 cm) at the top cage entrance. The lid for the top cage was made of wire, and the bottom cage lid was made of clear acrylic glass with two scavenging outlets and a gas inlet (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 3Approach-avoidance apparatus (adapted from Améndola and Weary^[@CR12]^; Supplementary [Video](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}: Approach-avoidance). CO~2~ and air were delivered from compressed gas cylinders (Praxair, BC, Canada), and the gas flow was regulated through flow meters (CO~2~: Western Medica, OH, USA; air: Dwyer instruments, Inc., NI, USA). ### Habituation, training and testing procedures {#Sec21} Rats had been trained in the approach-avoidance apparatus for another study (in which they had been repeatedly exposed to CO~2~ in approach-avoidance testing). Rats were not food deprived before testing. Previous work has shown no effect of hunger on motivation for sweet rewards when rats are tested with CO~2~ in approach-avoidance tests^[@CR8]^. At the beginning of the current study these rats were re-trained to go down the tube of the apparatus to enter the bottom cage and eat 20 sweet rewards (Cheerio; Honey Nut Cheerios, General Mills Inc., MN, USA) in the presence of air flow (4 L min^−1^). First, we placed a rat in the top cage of the apparatus and allowed it to explore for 5 min. Then, we delivered a sweet reward in the top cage and closed the sliding door while the rat ate the reward, blocking access to the bottom cage. We placed 20 sweet rewards in a dish in the bottom cage. After 60 s, we opened the sliding door allowing the rat to descend into the bottom cage to consume the sweet rewards. As soon as the rat's shoulders crossed into the tube to exit the bottom cage the training session ended; rats were not allowed to return to the bottom cage. Rats were considered to have met the training criterion if they stayed in the bottom cage for 5 min or consumed all 20 sweet rewards for three consecutive training trials. Once trained, rats were exposed to CO~2~ in the approach-avoidance apparatus. For CO~2~ trials, we substituted the flow of air for CO~2~ as soon as the rat started eating the rewards. We measured the latency (s) to exit the bottom cage and the number of rewards consumed by direct observation. Assessment of CO~2~ concentrations {#Sec22} ---------------------------------- We ran twelve CO~2~ flow trials in the approach-avoidance apparatus to estimate CO~2~ concentrations during gradual-fill (18.5% CO~2~ chamber vol. min^−1^). No animal was present during these trials. A clear plastic sampling tube was introduced into the cage through an inlet placed in the opposite side of the scavenging outlets, but equidistant to the gas inlet (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The clear tube was attached to an oxygen analyzer (Series 200, Alpha Omega Instrument Corporation, RI, USA). We estimated changes in CO~2~ concentrations every 0.2 s from the readings of oxygen concentrations using the formula CO~2(t=x)~ = 100 − (\[O~2(t=x)~ \* 100\]/O~2(t=0)~. Data analysis {#Sec23} ------------- Analyses were carried out with R (R Development Core Team, Version 3.4.1) and RStudio (RStudio, Inc., Version 1.0.136). Normality of the residuals and differences of matched pairs were visually assessed. Results are reported as mean ± standard error. ### Locomotor effects {#Sec24} We estimated the rate of line crossing per second and then compared treatments using a paired t-test. ### Anxiolytic effects {#Sec25} Treatment differences in the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the number of open arm entries were tested with paired t-tests. ### Aversion to CO~2~ {#Sec26} Response variables (latency to leave the bottom chamber during CO~2~ and air trials, and the number of rewards eaten during CO~2~ trials) were analyzed with linear mixed models. The models included treatment (control and midazolam) as fixed factor, exposure number (1st, 2nd and 3rd within each treatment) as a covariate, the interaction between treatment and exposure number, and rat identity as random intercept. For CO~2~ trials, we also estimated CO~2~ concentration at the time when rats exited the bottom chamber. Concentrations were estimated using the average CO~2~ concentration at each time point (measured every 0.2 s) during the 12 CO~2~ flow trials. For each rat in each treatment, we estimated the average (from the three trials) latency to leave the bottom chamber and the number of rewards eaten during CO~2~ trials. Consistency of individual differences in the average latency to leave the bottom chamber and number of rewards eaten between treatments were assessed with Pearson correlation tests. Supplementary information ========================= {#Sec27} Supplementary Data Supplementary Information Supplementary Video **Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information ========================= is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-55493-0. We thank Marina Von Keyserlingk, Becca Franks and Joanna Makowska for their helpful comments and suggestions. We are especially grateful to Catherine Schuppli for her help with all stages of this study. We also thank Delea Carrillo and Jackson Lai for assistance in caring for our rats. This research was funded by an NSERC Discovery grant to D.M.W. L.A. was supported by the CONACyT PhD scholarship (no. 381124) and the Charles River Scholarship in Animal Welfare. Conceptualization and experimental design (L.A., A.R. and D.M.W.). Performed the experiment (L.A. and A.R.). Data curation (L.A.). Statistical analyses (L.A. and D.M.W.). Funding acquisition (D.M.W.). Writing of the manuscript (L.A., A.R. and D.M.W.). All data generated or analysed during this study is included as Supplementary [Data](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. The authors declare no competing interests. | Mid | [
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DNA Testing Introduced to Identify Wild American Shrimp CHARLESTON, S.C. -- Wild American Shrimp Inc., in collaboration with Applied Food Technologies, has developed a DNA-based test that can be used to confirm that a product represented as domestic shrimp is indeed domestic shrimp. Feb 06, 2007 CHARLESTON, S.C. -- Wild American Shrimp Inc., in collaboration with Applied Food Technologies, has developed a DNA-based test that can be used to confirm that a product represented as domestic shrimp is indeed domestic shrimp. DNA markers have been developed for testing brown, pink and white varieties of wild-caught American shrimp. Such testing for additional varieties is expected to be made available later this year, a source at Applied Food Technologies said. WASI made DNA-based testing a priority "because the practice of mixing in cheaper, inferior, sometimes farmed seafood, with authentic, wild-caught seafood has been clearly documented," said WASI executive director Eddie Gordon. "We want consumers to be assured that when they select certified wild American shrimp, they're choosing shrimp wild-harvested in the Gulf of Mexico or South Atlantic that are certified to meet high standards." | Mid | [
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Q: Горячие клавиши для IDE Netbeans Использую Netbeans 8.0.2 возникла необходимость выводить при нажатии клавиш например тег <pre></pre> или var_dump(). Как это можно настроить? A: есть вариант используя Code Template нужно написать пару букв, к примеру pr - для <pre></pre> vr - для var_dump(); Второй колонке указываете сам код в коде пишете vr и нажимаете Tab 4*. вместо Tab можно еще Пробел Shift+Пробел Enter | High | [
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2014 Rome Open The 2014 Rome Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 5 and 10 May 2014. Singles main draw entrants Seeds 1 Rankings are as of April 28, 2014. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Matteo Donati Alessandro Giannessi Gianluigi Quinzi Matteo Trevisan The following players received special exempt into the singles main draw: Mate Delić Miloslav Mečíř Jr. The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Lamine Ouahab Alexander Lobkov Salvatore Caruso Maxim Dubarenco Doubles main draw entrants Seeds 1 Rankings as of April 28, 2014. Other entrants The following pairs received wildcards into the singles main draw: Alberto Brizzi / Walter Trusendi Danilo Gargano / Alesio Luchetti Gianluigi Quinzi / Adelchi Virgili Champions Singles Julian Reister def. Pablo Cuevas, 6–3, 6–2 Doubles Radu Albot / Artem Sitak def. Andrea Arnaboldi / Flavio Cipolla, 4–6, 6–2, [11–9] External links Official Website Rome Open Category:Rome Open | Mid | [
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Educational Objectives {#s5} ====================== By the end of this simulation, learners will be able to: 1.Evaluate an emergent obstetric or a pediatric clinical scenario.2.Establish a plan to manage labor and perform delivery maneuvers in an obstetric scenario complicated by shoulder dystocia or to manage the resuscitation of a depressed newborn infant.3.Demonstrate communication skills with team members of similar and different disciplines.4.Synthesize clinical information to convey an appropriate message to a patient\'s family. Introduction {#s6} ============ Longitudinal integrated clerkships are emerging as a new model for medical education.^[@ref001],[@ref002]^ As compared to traditional discipline-specific block rotations, a curriculum that emphasizes continuity among different learning experiences is thought to better prepare students for the modern health care setting, which demands increasing levels of professionalism, communication, and teamwork across disciplines.^[@ref003],[@ref004]^ Linking clinical content across multiple disciplines also allows students to encounter key clinical scenarios multiple times and to strengthen core competencies over time. As medical schools redesign their curricula to become more collaborative and interdisciplinary, high-technology (high-fidelity) simulation can be used to complement clinical training in several ways. First, simulation allows learners to consolidate clinical knowledge, reasoning, and skills in a realistic and immersive environment. Second, learners can be exposed to critical care experiences in a safe and protected space. Finally, learners are able to practice teamwork and shared responsibility for accomplishing a common goal in patient care and management. This includes practice of commonly used but seldom taught skills, including intraprofessional and intrateam communication with verbal handoff and transition of care. An interdisciplinary simulation-based training intervention involving a simulation exercise and structured, faculty-led debriefing was developed as an opportunity to link curricular content between pediatrics and obstetrics. The simulation content and organization were based on previous clinical experience and feedback from medical students in our institution\'s integrated women and children\'s health clerkship, which includes both obstetrics/gynecology and pediatrics rotations. Students expressed interest in having a more integrated exercise that involved both specialties. The target participants were third-year medical students at the completion of their obstetrics and pediatrics clerkship components. Shoulder dystocia and neonatal resuscitation were chosen as the clinical scenarios for simulation as these are high-risk, critical situations across both disciplines. Many students will not have been exposed to these scenarios during the 3-month clerkship experience due to their relative infrequency. Also, when the critical events do occur, students more typically assume the role of an observer and are seldom in leadership or decision-making roles. Simulation has been used extensively to improve learner clinical competency and teamwork behavior in scenarios of labor and delivery^[@ref005]--[@ref008]^ and in neonatal resuscitation.^[@ref009]--[@ref011]^ Published obstetric simulation interventions have separately addressed labor and delivery,^[@ref012]^ shoulder dystocia,^[@ref013]^ and obstetrics handoffs.^[@ref014]^ Published pediatric simulation interventions have addressed respiratory distress^[@ref015]^ and pediatric resuscitation^[@ref016]^ but have been targeted towards management of infants beyond the perinatal period. There are currently no published simulation-based interventions that bridge the gap between obstetrics and pediatrics, disciplines that uniquely overlap and require shared skill sets during acute and rapidly evolving clinical situations. Our simulation-based intervention fills this void by providing a multidisciplinary simulation-based training intervention for practicing skills learned in both obstetrics and pediatrics clerkships. Additionally, our intervention provides a unique opportunity to practice the full spectrum of professional communication. Learners communicate within a team using specialty-specific vocabulary and then synthesize clinical information to communicate with members of a different specialty as well as with family members. Methods {#s7} ======= The integrated simulation-based training intervention is designed for a small group of four to six third-year medical student learners divided into two teams of two to three students each. The training intervention spans 1 hour, allowing for a 15-minute prebrief to establish expectations and standards, a 15-minute simulation exercise, and a 30-minute small-group debriefing. Prior to the session, students should be informed of the topics of simulation (i.e., labor and delivery, neonatal resuscitation), learning objectives, and schedule. However, students should not be made aware of their assigned group until arrival at the simulation center. Students are expected to prepare by reviewing general didactic material from the clerkships, clinical skills learned from a prior simulation session focusing on shoulder dystocia and overall delivery maneuvers, and a preassigned reading on neonatal resuscitation guidelines.^[@ref017]^ Upon arrival, participants are assigned to either the obstetrics or the pediatrics team and review the corresponding student instruction sheet ([Appendix A](#s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and patient chart note ([Appendix B](#s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). During a prebrief discussion ([Appendix C](#s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), faculty facilitators introduce expectations for working in the simulated environment and logistics for the training intervention. Faculty facilitators then give students a hands-on introduction to the simulator, and the students are permitted a brief time to familiarize themselves with the simulation room, including the mannequin, room setup, and other equipment. When the simulation exercise is ready to begin, students assigned to the pediatrics team leave the simulation room and observe the labor scenario from the control room. The simulation begins with students on the obstetrics team receiving a report from the nurse. The students then interview the patient and manage the obstetrics clinical scenario. Relevant simulation images for the obstetrics scenario are provided in [Appendix D](#s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. After the delivery of the baby, the students give a formal verbal handoff in transition of care to the pediatrics team members, who have been called to enter the scenario. The entering pediatrics team assumes care of the neonate and manages the clinical scenario, with communication to both the obstetrics team and the parent about the neonate\'s status signaling the end of the simulation. This design allows learners to practice a comprehensive, patient-centered, and team-based approach to patient care from receiving a handoff to managing a clinical problem, as well as summarizing clinical care to members of a different discipline, patients, and family members. Prior to the session, faculty facilitators are provided with debriefing materials ([Appendix C](#s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), a critical actions checklist ([Appendix E](#s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and simulation guides ([Appendices F](#s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"}--[G](#s007){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) with complete simulation details. Information in these documents is designed to help faculty guide students through the simulation and debriefing discussion. Equipment/Environment {#s8} --------------------- ### Shoulder dystocia {#s9} The simulation may be completed with a high-technology birthing mannequin or, if that is unavailable, a part-task birthing pelvis. The mannequin should be dressed in a hospital gown and placed supine on a single delivery bed so that students can practice bed breakdown. Two monitors are required---one for maternal telemetry monitoring (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate) and one for fetal tracing (e.g., fetal heart rate and tocometry for contraction monitoring). Other supplies include IV fluids and tubing, bed sheets, gloves, and a stool for the McRoberts maneuver. ### Neonatal resuscitation {#s10} A single infant mannequin, which can be either high or low technology, should be placed on an infant warmer, with a pediatric code cart available nearby. Essential items include a radiant warmer, infant cap and blankets, neonatal facemask and bag valve mask for positive pressure ventilation, oxygen tubing, bulb suction or suction catheter, EKG monitoring leads, and a pulse oximeter. Additional items to consider may include equipment for obtaining IV access and intubation equipment such as a Miller 1 laryngoscope blade, three to five uncuffed endotracheal tubes, stylet, and a colorimetric CO~2~ detector. Personnel {#s11} --------- The simulation requires two scripted roles---one nurse and one laboring patient---that can be played by other medical students, faculty, or staff not serving as learners. One or more faculty members are required to serve as facilitators/debriefers. Ideally, a fourth person is also available to serve as the simulation technologist to manipulate the vital sign and telemetry monitoring, as well as to alter the physiologic status of the infant mannequin based upon the scenario flow and participant actions. The nurse gives reports, assists in carrying out orders, and prompts learners with information as needed based on the scenario flow and desired responses. The laboring patient provides the appropriate history and exam responses. If a part-task birthing mannequin is used, the patient actor holds the infant mannequin in the pelvis until all shoulder dystocia maneuvers are complete and then facilitates the delivery. Scripting is critical to ensure a standardized interaction for all learner groups. Any member of the simulation team, including nonmedical personnel familiar with the simulation, upper-level medical students, residents, fellows, or attendings, may fulfill the roles of the nurse and laboring patient. A faculty facilitator is needed to elicit students\' clinical reasoning skills and guide the interactive discussion during the debriefing to ensure that the relevant cognitive, technical, and behavioral learning objectives are achieved. In our experience, the integrated simulation is particularly valuable when each scenario is guided by a faculty facilitator from the corresponding clerkship---one from obstetrics and one from pediatrics. By participating in the simulation, facilitators are able to provide students with real-time feedback following the simulation. Assessment {#s12} ---------- Faculty facilitators provide detailed formative assessment using the critical actions checklist as a means of guiding feedback and stimulating reflection. Learning objectives and behaviors on the critical actions checklist are thoroughly discussed with students. Items for the critical actions checklist were created based on existing published clinical guidelines^[@ref018]^ and expertise of the faculty group and also have been adapted over several iterations. Members of the group came to a consensus to include items that were important, necessary, and within the scope of knowledge for third-year medical students. The checklist was not developed as a summative assessment tool and currently lacks sufficient validity evidence for this use. Debriefing {#s13} ---------- The small-group debriefing session should occur immediately following the completion of the neonatal resuscitation exercise. All learners (i.e., students from both the obstetrics and pediatrics teams), faculty members, and other participants should be included in this session, which may occur in the simulation space or in a separate room. The 30-minute session is framed around a three-phase debriefing model that includes distinct phases of defusing, discovering, and deepening understanding of the key concepts.^[@ref019]^ In this model, learners are offered a safe space to reflect on and analyze the experience as well as to highlight key learning objectives. Faculty facilitators begin the defusing phase of debriefing by prompting the learners, "How do you think the simulation went?" Each learner should be given an opportunity to reflect on both individual and team performance, focusing on what was done well and what could have been done differently. This period of reflection is intended to allow students to consider and clarify their thinking as well as to release any emotional tension. Following self-reflection, faculty facilitators begin the discovery phase by reviewing simulation events and reinforcing specific teaching points. Given that the simulation is intended for third-year medical students, focus should be placed on educational aspects of clinical management of obstetrics and neonatal patients. Topics for discussion of the obstetrics case should include cardinal questions for labor, recognition of the need for immediate delivery, shoulder dystocia maneuvers, and risk factors for macrosomia. The neonatal resuscitation discussion should include essential prebirth information during verbal handoffs between obstetrics and pediatrics teams, preparation of the resuscitation equipment, steps of the neonatal resuscitation algorithm, risk factors for neonatal resuscitation, and relevant procedures (i.e., technique for suctioning the oropharynx, providing tactile stimulation, providing effective bag valve mask ventilation, and incorporating ventilation corrective steps). Additional discussion should include communication between the obstetrics and pediatrics teams, as well as the relay of information to a distraught family member. Effective leadership and teamwork behaviors should also be addressed. At the conclusion of the debriefing session, students are asked to summarize one important learning point that they will take away from the simulation session. The faculty facilitators also review the major learning objectives for the simulation. This deepening phase allows learners to solidify new information or mental models learned during simulation and to connect this information to the larger clinical environment. Results {#s14} ======= Fifty-four third-year medical students participated in this simulation-based training intervention at the Yale Center for Medical Simulation at the conclusion of their combined clerkship in obstetrics and pediatrics. Students were surveyed following completion of the simulation-based intervention ([Figure](#fig01){ref-type="fig"}). The anonymous survey included eight questions and utilized a 5-point Likert scale where 1 = *strongly disagree* and 5 = *strongly agree.* Two additional questions included overall rating of each simulation section and utilized a 5-point scale where 1 = *poor,* 2 = *fair,* 3 = *average,* 4 = *good,* and 5 = *excellent.* For the shoulder dystocia simulation, 91% of students agreed that the simulation was designed appropriately for their learning level and enhanced their ability to handle a risky delivery. The average overall rating was 4.24 out of 5 (*SD* = 0.61). For the neonatal resuscitation simulation, 94% of students agreed that the simulation was designed appropriately for their learning level, and 89% reported that the simulation enhanced their ability to handle a similar situation in the clinic following the intervention. The average overall rating was 4.06 out of 5 (*SD* = 0.89). {#fig01} Student feedback following the simulation was predominantly positive: •"Awesome sim! Learned a lot that I didn\'t necessarily see in L & D or triage of active labor. Helped solidify my lessons and made it seem very real. Feeling these nerves in a safe space makes me feel much more prepared for a real-world situation."•"Very useful to assume the leading role and see what it feels like."•"I really liked the idea of joining an ob and peds scenario. It was at our level, and I felt that I learned a lot not only about the protocol, but also about communication with patients and our classmates."•"Very fun and engaging. Much better than reading a book! I feel like what I learned in the sim session will stick around in my brain much longer. This also provided a safe space for something that we may not always get to do independently as medical students."•"I really enjoyed seeing how pediatrics and OB/Gyn came together to take care of the mother and her baby. I also appreciated the opportunity to experience both sides of taking care of a shoulder dystocia case and understanding what information is crucial during the transition from one team to another." Common themes for improvement included having the simulation earlier in the clerkship and having more time to complete or repeat the simulation. •"I wish we could run through the short sim at least twice because I felt doing this for the first time, I could improve and learn a lot more by applying what I learned immediately in a second chance. I just felt it was a bit too short. But I really appreciate the high faculty:student ratio---lots of support."•"Move this to sometime earlier in the clerkship or cover the resuscitation material through a simulation prior to this session."•"I felt the actual sim session was too short. Would be great to see the entire process of resuscitation."•"I think re-doing the sim a second time after switching roles would be ideal, but I recognize that there are time constraints."•"After a practice in a safe environment like this where faculty are involved, it would be nice to do a follow up mock code so that we can continue to build our confidence in these scenarios and carry out tasks in an efficient and rapid manner." Seven faculty members with expertise in patient simulation, medical education, obstetrics/gynecology, and pediatrics developed this case over the course of 6 months. Facilitators implementing the case have included three obstetrics/gynecology attending physicians and two neonatal intensive care attending physicians. Preparation time for facilitators included reviewing the instructor\'s guide and clarifying expectations and plan for debriefing with other facilitators. Participating faculty became well versed in checklist items through repeated observations of the simulation and found that the checklist did not require real-time completion to serve as an assessment tool. Checklist items were instead used to guide formative discussion during the debriefing session. Discussion {#s15} ========== This simulation-based training intervention provides an opportunity for a collaborative multidisciplinary and continuity-based approach to managing a complicated maternal delivery and sick newborn. Students found the training was appropriately designed for their learning level and enhanced their ability to handle complicated obstetrics and neonatal clinical scenarios. Most students valued the exposure to a critical situation that that they had not previously encountered during their 3-month clerkship. Based on feedback from students and faculty, the intervention was feasible and cohesive. The entire simulation and debriefing can be accomplished in 1 hour and accurately represent the real-life clinical flow in the delivery room. We provided formative assessment using direct observation and real-time feedback from faculty members who served as facilitators during the simulation. Students were informed at the beginning of simulation that their performance would not be used as a competency evaluation and would not be included in their official evaluation. The understanding that the simulation was a safe space in which to make mistakes and ask questions was distinctly emphasized in the prebriefing discussion before the start of the simulation. The critical actions checklist was developed as a guide for discussion and reflection, as opposed to being a performance assessment tool. This checklist could be adapted to serve as a summative assessment of clinical skills depending on the needs of the clerkship. However, it would need further validity evidence prior to that application. The simulation-based training intervention was held in a dedicated simulation center with high-technology mannequins and equipment. Students benefited from the realistic simulation of patient management and handoff. However, there can be a large variation in the space and availability of resources. Strategies to increase the realism of the simulation could include implementation in situ in a labor and delivery room rather than a simulation room. If possible, other members of an interprofessional team such as a registered nurse or respiratory therapist could serve as supplementary personnel during the simulation. These additional team members would likely provide further depth of feedback on communication during the debriefing session. Two drawbacks expressed by students were the short amount of time allotted for the actual simulation and the placement of the training intervention at the end of the integrated obstetrics and pediatrics clerkships. However, we feel that the collaborative simulation-based training intervention is most useful at the end of the clerkship so that all participants have similar clinical exposure and background knowledge to complete the scenarios. Much of the utility of practicing shoulder dystocia maneuvers, for example, would be lost on a student who has not been exposed to labor and delivery. We also believe that the 15-minute duration accurately simulates the real-life clinical scenario of an obstetric emergency and a subsequent neonatal resuscitation. This time period allows students to participate in only one of the two scenarios and observe the other. We have attempted to provide comparable education to both sets of students during the comprehensive debriefing session in which knowledge and decision-making skills are reviewed from the start of the shoulder dystocia case to the end of the neonatal resuscitation case. However, we recognize the advantages of experiential learning obtained through active participation in both simulation cases. Future iterations of the simulation may include the opportunity to run through the simulation more than once, with students switching between the obstetrics and neonatology teams should time permit. Many students also had difficulty with appropriate verbal handoff between the obstetrics and pediatrics teams. The inclusion of the patient handoff was designed to provide students with a realistic and immersive experience requiring professional communication and teamwork. Faculty observed that some students were preoccupied with clinical decision-making. These students needed additional guidance to process the entirety of the obstetrical scenario and to transition appropriately processed information as required by the pediatrics providers. Similarly, the pediatrics team sometimes struggled with asking for information directly relevant to neonatal resuscitation. In our experience, these difficulties can be overcome by a brief clinical pause from the faculty facilitator to guide the students\' actions during the case, with subsequent focus on effective handoffs during the debriefing. Reading materials, didactics, or targeted experiences related to handoff skills could also be developed for students during their rotation. Prior work has demonstrated the feasibility of simulation in the assessment of medical student handoff skills as well as showing that educational intervention can demonstrably improve these skills.^[@ref020]--[@ref022]^ The integrated obstetrics and pediatrics simulation is feasible to run and clinically accurate. Two distinct areas of medicine in the third-year curriculum have been logically incorporated into one simulation-based training intervention so that students can practice interdisciplinary teamwork and communication. Students appreciated the realism of the simulation as well as the formative, low-stakes approach to evaluation. Possible future directions could include development of scenarios for other combined, integrated medical student clerkships or at the graduate medical education level to incorporate simulation of patient care and communication with a variety of receivers, including inter- and intraprofessional team members, patients, and families. Appendices {#s16} ========== ###### A. Student Instruction Sheet.docx B. Patient Chart Note.docx C. Prebrief and Debriefing Materials.docx D. Simulation Image.pdf E. Critical Actions Checklists.docx F. Shoulder Dystocia Simulation Guide.docx G. Neonatal Resuscitation Simulation Guide.docx All appendices are peer reviewed as integral parts of the Original Publication. We would like to thank Drs. Scott Casper, France Galerneau, and Jessica Illuzzi in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science and Drs. Eve Colson and David Hersh in the Department of Pediatrics at the Yale School of Medicine for their contributions to the development and implementation of this simulation activity. None to report. None to report. Reported as not applicable. | Mid | [
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Cerebellar cortical efferents of the posterior lobe vermis in a prosimian primate (Galago) and the tree shrew (Tupaia). The topographical organization of cerebellar cortical efferents of the posterior lobe vermis was studied in a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Two patterns emerge; one which shows longitudinal zones of the entire vermis and a second which shows that induvidual lobules within the overall longitudinal pattern terminate in specific areas of the ipsilateral medial cerebellar nucleus (NM) and vestibular complix. The posterior lobe vermis consists of a narrow midline portion which projects bilaterally into the NM and a paramidline zone which projects only into the ipsilateral NM. These two zones are probably comparable to, and subdivisions of, Zone A of Voogd ('69). The lateral vermal zone projects primarily into the ipsilateral vestibular complex and/or interposed nuclei and appears to correspond to Zone B of Voogd ('69). Within this overall pattern individual lobules project into specific portions of the NM. From rostral to caudal (lobules VI to IX) terminal fields in the NM shift from dorsal and dorsomedial to ventral and ventrolatera. This is the inverse of the pattern of termination seen in the vestibular complex from lesions of the same lobules where from rostral to caudal (VI to IX) there are overlapping terminal fields from lateral to medial. With the exception of the narrow midline zone cerebellar corticonuclear projections of the posterior lobe vermis are ipsilateral. There is a more complex and more precise relationship between the posterior lobe vermis, NM and vestibular complex than previously suggested. | High | [
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This invention relates to an air conditioning system provided with a heat exchanger for dehumidification and a heat exchanger for cooling, and employing an open-type dehumidification air-cooling cycle. A prior art air conditioning system of this type is generally constructed as shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, numeral 1 designates a room to be air-cooled. Air inside the room 1 is passed successively through a rotary heat exchanger 3 for dehumidification and a rotary heat exchanger 4 for cooling by means of a pipe 2, evaporation-cooled by a humidifier 5, and then returned to the room 1. On the other hand, the outside air is evaporation-cooled by a humidifier 6, and then led into the rotary heat exchanger 4. Thereafter, it is heated by a main heat source 7 and an auxiliary heat source 8, and then supplied to the rotary heat exchanger 3 and discharged into the outside space. In such a system, the air led from the room 1 is both dehumidified and heated as it passes through the rotary heat exchanger 3, and then is cooled as it passes through the rotary heat exchanger 4. Thereafter, it is further cooled by the humidifier 5 and returned to the room 1. Thus, the room 1 is cooled. In the prior art system of the above-mentioned construction, both of the heat exchangers for dehumidification and for cooling are of a rotary type, which requires great driving power. Accordingly, the system requires considerable total power consumption, and is generally complicated and bulky due to the use of the two sections to be driven. | Mid | [
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Q: ASP.NET MVC 3 with Entity Framework Design I am developing a site with MVC 3 and Entity Framework 4.1. I am new to MVC 3 Development with Entity Framework so was hoping for some help with some design decisions. My site only has approx 15 pages that a user can go to. Rather than have controllers for each page - I was going to just have one controller class - (but have models for each page). And in the controller class I will keep my methods for each page in regions so they are easy to expand up. So for example I was going to have a LogOn Method in my SiteController that has RedirectToAction Homepage - and the Hompage() Method will live in my SiteController in the HomePage region. I already have a Database Designed from a colleague (there are approx 12 or so Tables in the DB) - I have been looking at how Entity Framework will create code from that - however would it be advised to keep this code in a DAL folder and still have my own models for each page? So for example - I have a FileName that will be saved in the Database. On my homepage I want to show that FileName - so is it good practice to have a string FileName on my Homepage Model and then in the HomePage() view method the model.FileName is set from db.context(get filename from db). Would it be best then to instansiate all the db context at the instanstiation point of my SiteController or just instansiate them in the methods that require them? i.e - if Homepage View needs table 1 and table 2 then new them in the Hompage() method and if another view method needs data from or has to save data to table 3/4 then new them at start of that method? A: Use the EF Power tools to reverse engineer your database, that will create the folder structure. KEEP the one controller per page. Unless those pages are part of a wizard type data entry scenario that really are part of the same process, separate them out into multiple controllers. Right click, add new controller - use the builtin scaffolding to generate your controller using an entity framework context (make sure you build your application after step 1 above, select your context class in the "Add Controller" dialog). It will generate the views and controller for you. Repeat this for each item you want data entry for. Your context will be instantiated as part of the controllers that are already created for you - you shouldn't need to do anything else (including dispose -the generated code will dispose it for you as well since the controller is disposed) | Mid | [
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[general] version = 4 name = Extra Fast definition = voron2_base [metadata] setting_version = 16 type = quality quality_type = extrafast material = generic_pla variant = Volcano 0.60mm [values] speed_print = 165 | Low | [
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The correlation between metastasis-free survival and overall survival in non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer patients from the Medical Data Vision claims database in Japan. Background and purpose: Several recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) have demonstrated a significant improvement in metastasis-free survival (MFS); however, an improvement in overall survival (OS) is not reported yet. Since the surrogacy of MFS to OS has not been formally investigated in nmCRPC in Japan, this study evaluated the correlation between MFS and OS among a nmCRPC population in Japan. Methods: This is a retrospective longitudinal observational cohort study in patients with nmCRPC using the Japanese Medical Data Vision (MDV) database covering over 20 million patients. A total of 1236 patients with CRPC who had no prior medical history of cancer except prostate cancer and no distant metastasis, and who fulfilled PCWG2 criteria, were identified. Following the identification of nmCRPC, patients' medical records were investigated for subsequent events of metastasis and death. Results: The median follow-up time was 24 months. Median MFS was 28 months (95% CI: 24.0 to 33.0 months) and median OS could not be estimated (95% CI: not estimated). There was a statistically significant correlation between MFS and OS (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.58-0.65; p < .0001, Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.58-0.65; p < .0001 and Kendall's τ statistic = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.49-0.56; p < .0001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a significant correlation between MFS and OS. It may justify the usefulness of MFS as surrogate for OS in nmCRPC. | High | [
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Once-a-month diabetes treatment may replace daily insulin jabs Scientists, including one of Indian origin, have developed a technology that may provide weeks of glucose control for diabetes with a single injection, which would be a dramatic improvement over current therapies. In primates, the treatment has been shown to last for weeks, rather than days, researchers at Duke University in the US said. By creating a controlled-release mechanism for a drug and optimising its circulation time in the body, the new biopolymer injection has the potential to replace daily or weekly insulin shots with a once-a-month or twice-a-month treatments for type 2 diabetes, they said. Many current treatments for type 2 diabetes use a signalling molecule called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) to cause the pancreas to release insulin to control blood sugar. However, this peptide has a short half-life and is cleared from the body quickly. Researchers, including Ashutosh Chilkoti, from Duke University, have created a technology that fuses GLP1 to a heat-sensitive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) in a solution that can be injected into the skin through a standard needle. Once injected, the solution reacts with body heat to form a biodegradable gel-like “depot” that slowly releases the drug as it dissolves. In animal experiments, the resulting therapy provided glucose control up to three times longer than treatments currently on the market. Researchers systematically worked to vary the design of the delivery biopolymer at the molecular level and found a sweet spot that maximised the duration of the drug’s delivery from a single injection. “By doing so, we managed to triple the duration of this short-acting drug for type 2 diabetes, outperforming other competing designs,” said Chilkoti, senior author of study published in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering. Researchers optimised their solution to regulate glucose levels in mice for 10 days after a single injection, up from the previous standard of 2-3 days. In further tests, the team found that the optimised formulation improved glucose control in rhesus monkeys for more than 14 days after a single injection, while also releasing the drug at a constant rate for the duration of the trial. “What is exciting about this work was our ability to demonstrate that the drug could last over two weeks in non- human primates,” said Kelli Luginbuhl, a PhD student in the Chilkoti lab and co-author of the study. | High | [
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O Benfica finalizou o Grupo G da Liga dos Campeões na 3.ª posição e, por via dessa classificação, teve direito a uma vaga nos 16 avos de final da Liga Europa, cujo sorteio se realiza às 12h00 do dia 16 de dezembro (segunda-feira) em Nyon, na Suíça. O conjunto benfiquista ficou entre os quatro terceiros melhores classificados da fase de grupos da Champions League, motivo pelo qual vai a sorteio fazendo parte do pote dos cabeças de série. Neste lote entram ainda os 12 vencedores dos grupos da Liga Europa, cuja fase se concluiu nesta quinta-feira (ver quadro completo em baixo). O Benfica sabe que evita as seguintes equipas: Ajax, Salzburgo, Inter Milão, Sevilha, Celtic, Espanhol, Malmö, Basileia, Lask, Arsenal, Manchester United, Basaksehir e Gent. Os possíveis adversários são: Club Brugge, Olympiacos, Bayer Leverkusen, Shakhtar, APOEL, Cluj, Ludogorets, Copenhaga, Getafe, Eintracht Frankfurt, Rangers, Wolfsburgo, Roma, Wolverhampton e AZ Alkmaar. No pote dos não cabeças de série são incluídos os segundos classificados dos 12 grupos da Liga Europa e ainda os quatro piores terceiros classificados da Champions League. Note-se que nos 16 avos de final nenhuma equipa pode defrontar outra do mesmo grupo da Liga Europa ou do mesmo país, conforme determina o regulamento. Os cabeças de série disputam a segunda mão em casa (27 de fevereiro de 2020), estando a primeira mão prevista para dia 20 do mesmo mês. Equipas a sorteio Cabeças de série Possíveis adversários BENFICA* Club Brugge* Ajax* Olympiacos* Salzburgo* Bayer Leverkusen* Inter Milão* Shakhtar* Sevilha APOEL Celtic Cluj Espanhol Ludogorets Malmö Copenhaga Basileia Getafe Lask Sporting** Arsenal E. Frankfurt FC Porto Rangers Gent Wolfsburgo Basaksehir Roma Braga Wolverhampton Manchester United AZ Alkmaar * Transita da fase de grupos da Liga dos Campeões ** Excluído da lista de possíveis adversários do Benfica porque, nesta fase, as equipas do mesmo país não se podem defrontar Calendário 16 de dezembro: sorteio dos 16 avos de final 20 de fevereiro de 2020: 16 avos de final, 1.ª mão 27 de fevereiro: 16 avos de final, 2.ª mão 28 de fevereiro: sorteio dos oitavos de final 12 de março: oitavos de final, 1.ª mão 19 de março: oitavos de final, 2.ª mão 20 de março: sorteio dos quartos de final e das meias-finais 9 de abril: quartos de final, 1.ª mão 16 de abril: quartos de final, 2.ª mão 30 de abril: meias-finais, 1.ª mão 7 de maio: meias-finais, 2.ª mão 27 de maio: final, Estádio Gdansk, na Polónia Fotos: UEFA | High | [
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Q: How can the vagrant mafia use pigeons to deliver messages? My name is the Bowery King, the ultimate information broker in my City. My plan to take over the criminal underworld involves using homeless people as spies and informants. This network would keep tabs on all things happening in the city, communicating with myself and each other to provide criminals with much needed information about rivals, police movemenrs, etc. When needed, the homeless population can be called on to perform assassinations for a price. In order to build this network, there needs to be a continous form of communication. Emails and phones are all traceable, making this network vulnerable. Therefore, I plan to use the most populous animal in the city: pigeons. These go unnoticed among regular people, and seen as an annoyance by many. But, while they are rats with wings, I see an inconspicuous animals that won't be seen as suspicious and can relay messages back and forth constanly. This makes it the perfect and awesome way to relay important info that won't be traced back to me. My city is broken down into 5 sections: Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Bronx, and the forgotten borough of Staten Island. How can I organize the logistics of this network? A: Pigeons are largely one way messengers, they travel home from wherever they are but they don't travel back and forth. For every message you want to send by pigeon, someone has to carry a pigeon in a cage. That means that somewhere in your messaging system you've got a lot of people running back and forth with caged pigeons. While pigeons in flights aren't much noticed, bums with pigeons in cages likely will be. You've just taken on a massive logistics problem. There's also the question of their homing nature. It's not locked to a person but to a location. You'll have to have pickup points for messages rather than messages going to the person. All your people will have to check in to a hub regularly to collect messages, which possibly breaks the advantage of being vagrants in the first place. Have you considered training rats instead? Not forgetting of course, that RFC 1149 exists. A: Raise Alerts, Not Messages Old-school spy tactics (notably during the Cold War) frequented the idea of relying on ambiguous, pre-defined "alerts". These alerts could be anything from "meet me at checkpoint/safehouse X" to "you've been compromised" to "perform this specific action". Having these alerts combined together makes this. I can't remember where I read this, but a former spy gave an example that went something like this: As you drive to work every day, if a specific house/office/whatever has their blinds open (or black instead of white, or whatever), you know there is a message for you. To get that message you would go to a specific tree in a specific park, and there would be a newspaper under a rock. The scores of the sports teams would be circled - if team A's name was circled, then that meant "let's meet at the safehouse tonight", if team A's score was circled, then that meant "you've been compromised". There would a long list of this messages to be memorized. You can do something similar with your pigeons: have the pigeons leave a green flag on a specific window. Then all the homeless people know group meeting tonight. Having a pigeon leave a red flag means be careful - police are on to us. Different windows, different flags, different messages. The advantage of using pigeons is that they can't be interrogated, you'll never kill all of them, and they can leave these flags in multiple locations around the city, so transient homeless individuals will always have a way to see the alerts. There are problems, however. (a) Once the system is compromised it must be completely redrawn - including retraining every homeless person with the new system. (b) The alerts have to be on public display, so they can't be too specific. (c) The messages can't be delivered to a specific individual. | Low | [
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604 F.Supp. 1529 (1985) Paul Mack BAUGH, Individually and in behalf of all other similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. James WOODARD, Secretary, N.C. Department of Correction; Amos Reed, former Secretary, N.C. Department of Correction; Ralph Edwards, Director of N.C. Department of Correction; Richard Kiel, Chief of Medical Service, N.C. Department of Correction; Billy Royal, M.D., Charles Smith, M.D., Sam Garrison, Warden, Richard Jeffries, Nurse, James Dupree, Nurse's Aide, Frank L. Mahan, Superintendent of Wayne County Unit; Sarah T. Morrow, Secretary, N.C. Department of Human Resource, R.J. Blackley, Acting Director of N.C. Division of Mental Health, Retardation, etc.; Bruce E. Whitaker, Chairman, N.C. Commission for Mental Health & Retardation, Defendants. No. 81-132-CRT. United States District Court, E.D. North Carolina, Raleigh Division. March 26, 1985. *1530 *1531 Gregory Malhoit, R. Giroux, Christine Heinberg and Deborah Greenblatt, Raleigh, N.C., for plaintiff. M. Alexander Biggs, Rocky Mount, N.C., William F. O'Connell, James Peeler Smith, Raleigh, N.C., for defendants. MEMORANDUM OPINION BRITT, Chief Judge. This is a class action brought by all persons who are or will be incarcerated by the North Carolina Department of Corrections (DOC) and who have been or will be involuntarily transferred to, or subjected to inpatient treatment at, mental health facilities operated by the DOC. The plaintiff class brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that the State of North Carolina has been and will continue to violate its constitutional right to due process of law. Specifically, plaintiffs claim that the procedures followed by the DOC in transferring an inmate to a correctional mental health facility are inadequate to satisfy due process requirements. Now before the court are cross-motions for summary judgment. The parties agree that no genuine issue of fact remains to be resolved. There are, however, two legal issues to be resolved by the court: (1) Does a North Carolina prisoner have a protectable liberty interest, arising independently under the due process clause or created by state regulations, in not being involuntarily transferred from the general prison population to a mental health care facility operated by the prison system? (2) If a North Carolina inmate does have a protectable liberty interest in not being transferred to a correctional mental health facility, do the procedures used by the Department of Corrections for involuntary transfers comport with the requirements of the due process clause? IFACTS Mental health care for North Carolina inmates is provided through the Department of Corrections and administered by the Department of Prisons (DOP), a division of the DOC. The DOC system is entirely separate from the state mental health facilities operated by the Department of Human Resources for free citizens. There are three DOC facilities which are used exclusively for the treatment of mentally ill adult male inmates: (1) Central Prison Psychiatric Hospital, an inpatient facility, which houses "acutely mentally ill" prisoners; (2) Wayne Correctional Center Mental Health Facility; and (3) McCain Correctional Center Mental Health Facility, both of which house "nonaggressive, chronically mentally ill inmates." There are separate inpatient mental health facilities for incarcerated women and juveniles. In addition, sixteen North Carolina prison facilities provide outpatient mental health care. Paul Mack Baugh, the representative plaintiff, is a North Carolina prisoner who has been repeatedly diagnosed by prison psychiatrists as suffering from psychiatric disorders. He has been treated by prison mental health personnel on both an inpatient and outpatient basis. Plaintiff has been transferred to inpatient prison psychiatric units several times,[1] each transfer being involuntary. Plaintiff claims he was never given a formal explanation of the reasons for those transfers. He also contends that no formal hearing was ever held to allow him to challenge the transfer decisions or the decision that he needed psychiatric treatment. It is this lack of procedural *1532 protection that plaintiff argues violates his due process rights. Defendants insist that the standard procedures promulgated by the DOP were always followed in transferring plaintiff (and other similarly situated inmates) to inpatient mental health facilities. According to DOP regulations, transfer of an inmate to a mental health facility begins when custodial personnel observe unusual behavior by a prisoner. DOP Health Care Procedures Manual § 403.1. The prisoner is referred to the nearest available department psychiatrist or psychologist, id., who interviews the prisoner.[2]Id. at § 404.1. If the interviewer deems it necessary, he or she refers the inmate to the appropriate inpatient mental health care facility. Id. Before being sent to the facility, the prisoner is notified of the transfer and given an explanation of the reasons for the referral. Deposition of Dr. Alan Harrop, DOP Assistant Director of Mental Health Services, pp. 73-74. At the facility, mental health personnel evaluate the prisoner and make an independent decision to admit him or her for treatment and observation. Deposition of Harrop, pp. 26, 70. Only when there is a disagreement between mental health staff at the referring and receiving institutions does the DOP Directors Mental Health Review Committee become involved. DOP Health Care Procedures Manual § 404.2. Emergency referrals to Central Prison hospital may also be made by prison personnel if an inmate becomes acutely disturbed and requires immediate treatment. Id. at § 404.1. Defendants maintain that their procedures comport with the requirements of the due process clause. IIPRIOR PROCEEDINGS Plaintiff originally brought this action in February of 1981 requesting that the defendants be enjoined from (1) forcibly administering psychotropic drugs to prisoners and (2) transferring inmates to inpatient prison mental health facilities without due process safeguards. He also requested class certification and damages. In December of 1982 a consent judgment was filed on the issue of forcible administration of psychotropic drugs. In that document the state agreed that psychotropic medication would only be forceably administered to inmates if failure to do so would endanger the patient or others around him and if such forceable medication has been previously approved by an "involuntary medication committee." Such medication may only be prescribed for a limited period of time unless further medication is approved by the committee. It was also agreed that a patient refusing medication would be appointed a staff member as a patient representative, and would be entitled to documentation of the procedures followed. Class certification was granted on the remaining due process issues on 1 August 1983. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment which were submitted to Magistrate Alexander Denson for consideration. In a memorandum and recommendation dated 19 December 1983 Magistrate Denson concluded that plaintiff had no constitutional liberty interest in not being transferred to an inpatient mental health facility within the prison system. He found, however, that plaintiff did have a state-created liberty interest in not being transferred without due process protection. After finding a protectable liberty interest the magistrate went on to recommend that the court require the State of North Carolina to provide the following procedures in transferring an inmate to an inpatient mental health facility: 1. written notice to the prisoner that referral to an inpatient mental health facility is being made, including a *1533 statement of the reasons for the referral; 2. an informal nonadversarial review of the reasons for the referral, including an interview with the inmate where he is given an opportunity to present his views, after a sufficient time has elapsed to allow him to prepare his presentation; 3. a neutral and independent decision maker, from within the prison mental health system, who has the authority to refuse admission; 4. a written statement by the decision maker as to the reason for his decision to admit, which decision is concurred in by two prison psychiatrists; 5. periodic review of the continuing need for treatment; and 6. effective and timely written notice of the above rights. Both parties objected to the magistrate's memorandum and recommendation. On 23 May 1984 a hearing was held on those objections and the matter was taken under advisement. Plaintiff has three main objections to the magistrate's recommendations. First, he disagrees with several of the magistrate's factual findings as to the procedures currently employed by the North Carolina Department of Corrections. He also objects to the finding that there is no constitutional liberty interest implicated. Finally, he claims that he is entitled to due process protections in addition to those recommended by the magistrate. Defendants have also made objections to the magistrate's memorandum and recommendation. They agree with plaintiff that the magistrate erred in some of his "factual findings." Defendants disagree with the magistrate's conclusion that prison regulations give rise to a state-created liberty interest in not being involuntarily transferred to a mental health facility. If there is a liberty interest involved, defendants claim that the procedures currently used by the Department of Corrections are adequate to satisfy due process. If additional procedural safeguards are required then the defendants ask for a modification of the magistrate's recommended procedures to allow more involvement by psychologists, rather than psychiatrists, to reduce duplication. In its discussion of the facts the court has already addressed several of the objections to the magistrate's factual summary. Specifically, the court explained that it would continue to refer to the Wayne and McCain Mental Health Facilities as inpatient mental health facilities in order to distinguish them from facilities which are not exclusively for mentally ill inmates. See p. 1531 n. 1. Also, the court has altered its summary of the facts to reflect that all types of mental health personnel are involved in transfer decisions. See p. 1532 n. 2. Other challenges to the facts as summarized by the magistrate will not be addressed as they have little or no bearing on the outcome of this case. The parties have agreed that there are no genuine issues of material fact left to be decided. Therefore, disposition on summary judgment is appropriate. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. Accordingly, the court will proceed to a discussion of the legal questions at issue. IIILIBERTY INTERESTS Before a court may order procedural due process protections it must first find that the plaintiff has a liberty or property interest that is protected by the due process clause of the Constitution. Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 48 L.Ed.2d 684 (1976). In dealing with the issue of confinement, transfer or physical treatment of a state prisoner, the court must focus on the question of liberty interest. Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 63 L.Ed.2d 552 (1980). There are two sources of the liberty interest protected by the federal Constitution. First, a protectable liberty interest may independently arise from the due process clause when a prisoner is subjected to an aspect of confinement that is not within the conditions of incarceration ordinarily contemplated by a prison sentence. Id. at 493-94, 100 S.Ct. at 1263-64. *1534 A state may also create a liberty interest protected by the due process clause when its laws or regulations grant particular rights to an individual and expressly predicate the deprivation or revocation of those rights on the occurrence of certain specified events or conditions. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). A. Constitutional Liberty Interest. Plaintiff argues that involuntary transfer or commitment of a North Carolina inmate to prison psychiatric facilities is outside of the conditions of confinement that would normally be expected to arise from a prison sentence. This, he argues, implicates a liberty interest arising independently under the due process clause. The most compelling authority on this issue is found in the United States Supreme Court decision Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 63 L.Ed.2d 552 (1980). In Vitek the court addressed the issue of whether the transfer of a Nebraska state inmate to a state mental hospital outside of the prison system implicated a liberty interest protected by the due process clause. The court found that the prisoner had both a constitutional and a state-created liberty interest in not being transferred from the prison system to a state mental hospital. Id. Changes in condition of confinement alone were not deemed sufficient to invoke due process protection "[a]s long as the conditions or degree of confinement to which the prisoner is subjected is within the sentence imposed upon him." Id. at 493, 100 S.Ct. at 1263. However, in very clear language the Court stated: None of our decisions holds that a conviction for a crime entitles the State not only to confine the convicted person but also to determine that he has a mental illness and to subject him involuntarily to institutional care in a mental hospital. Such consequences visited on the prisoner are qualitatively different from the punishment characteristically suffered by a person convicted of a crime.... [I]nvoluntary commitment to a mental hospital is not within the range of conditions of confinement to which a prison sentence subjects an individual. Id. Thus it was determined that an inmate has a constitutional liberty interest in not being transferred from a state prison to a state mental hospital. There were two important factors cited by the Vitek court which gave rise to such an interest: (1) the social stigma attached to commitment to a mental institution and (2) compelled treatment in the form of mandatory behavior modification programs. Id. Defendants contend, and the magistrate agreed, that the instant case is distinguishable from the Vitek decision because the plaintiff in Vitek was transferred out of the Nebraska state prison system to a state mental hospital operated by the State Department of Public Institutions, while the transfers of which plaintiff Baugh complains occurred within the prison system itself. Defendants maintain that the involuntary transfer of a prisoner to an inpatient mental health facility within the North Carolina Department of Corrections does not constitute the fundamental and drastic change in a prisoner's status which would cause the kind of stigmatization discussed in Vitek. The magistrate also found that there was no indication that North Carolina inmates transferred to correctional psychiatric units were exposed to mandatory behavior modifications as was the plaintiff in Vitek. An internal transfer within the North Carolina Department of Corrections system does not differ significantly from the transfer to a mental health facility run by another state agency. The magistrate put great emphasis on the distinction between being labeled as mentally ill in the eyes of the general public versus being labeled mentally ill by Department of Corrections personnel or by other inmates, claiming that it was only stigma as to the general population that was at issue in Vitek. However, stigma among other inmates and among prison personnel is at least as damaging to an inmate who has *1535 been committed to an inpatient mental health prison facility. Denial or delay of parole, study release, work release, and gain time jobs is often attached to a prisoner's assignment to a mental health unit. The magistrate found that it was the underlying abnormal behavior rather than an assignment to a mental health facility that was considered in making a parole or rehabilitative program decision. However, it is difficult, if not impossible, to believe that a parole board would not more closely scrutinize the behavior of an individual who had been committed to a prison mental health facility. This is precisely the type of stigma with which the Supreme Court was concerned in Vitek. In addition, it is clear that transfer to the inpatient facilities is detrimental to prisoners' ability to obtain gain time jobs. Although some gain time jobs are available to inmates treated in the Wayne and McCain facilities, there are not as many available as in normal prison units. There is also undisputed evidence that a prisoner returning to the general prison population from a mental health unit are viewed as "bugs" by other inmates. These prisoners are ostracized and exploited by other prisoners. This type of labeling among the prison population is at least as damaging as being labeled a mental health patient by the general population. Neither can the court agree with the magistrate that prisoners incarcerated in inpatient mental health facilities are not subjected to compelled treatment in the form of mandatory behavior modification programs. Psychiatric or psychological treatment is, by its very nature, an attempt to modify the behavior of individuals in order to conform their behavior to that which is expected by society. Although, as the magistrate states, it is counterproductive to "forceably administer" treatment, prisoners are "strongly encouraged" to participate in psychological treatment programs. An inmate might find himself sanctioned by staff who feel that he is belligerent in not accepting the treatment they feel is necessary. Finally, the magistrate's reliance on Parham v. J.R. is misplaced. 442 U.S. 584, 99 S.Ct. 2493, 61 L.Ed.2d 101 (1979). Parham dealt with the due process rights of a minor whose parents voluntarily sought to have him committed to a mental institution. The Parham court conceded without discussion that a child has a substantial liberty interest in not being confined unnecessarily in a mental institution. Id. at 599, 99 S.Ct. at 2502. Analogizing the relationship of prison officials and inmates to the role of parents and children, as the magistrate did, may have some bearing on the procedures required, but does not lead to the conclusion that there is no constitutional liberty interest at stake. In summary, the distinction made between mental hospitals run by a separate state agency and those run by the Department of Corrections is technical only. The purpose of the two types of institutions are the same, as are the consequences of being committed to one. Treatment in a prison mental health facility is not within the range of conditions normally expected during incarceration, just as treatment at a mental health facility outside the prison system is not within this range. See Vitek, 445 U.S. at 480, 100 S.Ct. at 1254. Plaintiff, and the class he represents, clearly have a protected constitutional liberty interest in not being transferred to an inpatient prison mental health facility. B. State-Created Liberty Interest. Defendants contend that Magistrate Denson erred in finding that DOP regulations give rise to a state-created liberty interest in not being transferred to a prison mental health facility. Plaintiff contends that the magistrate's finding is correct. A state creates a liberty interest when a state statute or regulation confers a particular status on an individual and expressly predicates the deprivation or revocation of that right or privilege on the occurrence of a specified event or condition. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. 1, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 60 L.Ed.2d *1536 668 (1979); Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). Where a transfer decision is solely within the discretion of prison officials and prisoners have no justifiable expectation that they will not be transferred absent a specified event or condition then no state-created liberty interest arises. Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 96 S.Ct. 2532, 49 L.Ed.2d 451 (1976); Montanye v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 96 S.Ct. 2543, 49 L.Ed.2d 466 (1976). According to prison regulations, an inmate must be suffering from an acutely severe psychiatric disorder that cannot be handled by prison outpatient mental health services before he may be transferred to an inpatient facility. DOP Health Care Procedures Manual §§ 401.1, 404.1 and 404.2; Deposition of Harrop, pp. 70-71. This requirement limits the discretion of psychiatric personnel and gives rise to a justifiable expectation by prisoners that they will not be transferred absent a finding that they are suffering from an acutely severe psychiatric disorder that cannot be treated in outpatient facilities. These are precisely the type of regulations found to give rise to a state-created liberty interest in Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 63 L.Ed.2d 552 (1980). See also Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 469, 103 S.Ct. 864, 870, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983); Greenholtz, 442 U.S. at 1, 99 S.Ct. at 2100; and Wolff, 418 U.S. at 539, 94 S.Ct. at 2963. Plaintiff clearly has a state-created liberty interest in not being transferred to prison mental health institutions without a finding that he is suffering from psychiatric disorders which cannot be treated at outpatient facilities. IVDUE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS Plaintiff has both a constitutional and a state-created liberty interest in not being transferred to an inpatient mental health facility. He is therefore entitled to due process protection of that right. The DOP procedures provide certain safeguards for prisoners who are to be transferred. The court must now determine whether these procedures are adequate to protect plaintiff's due process rights or whether additional safeguards are necessary. A. Factors to Consider. The purpose of due process safeguards is to ensure fundamental fairness in judicial or administrative proceedings which may adversely affect the protected rights of an individual. See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). To make this determination the court must balance three factors: (1) the private interest that will be affected by the official action; (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of such an interest and the probable value of additional or different procedural safeguards; and (3) the state's interest and the fiscal or administrative burden that additional or different procedural safeguards would entail. Id. 1. Private Interests Affected. The court cannot agree with the magistrate's characterization of plaintiff's interest as "strong." The plaintiff has a "powerful" interest in not being subjected to involuntary commitment to an inpatient prison mental health facility. Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 495, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 1264, 63 L.Ed.2d 552 (1980). Such a transfer exposes him to (1) the stigmatization of being labeled mentally ill; (2) subjection to behavior modification programs, possibly including drug therapy; and (3) the loss or delay of work release privileges. The private interest at stake here is identical to that at issue in Vitek. Id. 2. The Risk of Erroneous Deprivation of Inmate Interests Under the Present Procedures and the Value of Additional or Substitute Safeguards. Under the current North Carolina procedures there is a significant risk that prisoners will be erroneously transferred to prison mental health facilities. The North Carolina procedures, although more extensive than the Nebraska procedures found to be inadequate in Vitek, suffer from many of the same deficiencies. *1537 The Nebraska statutes at issue in Vitek provided for involuntary transfer of an inmate to a mental hospital within or without the prison system upon a finding by a prison physician or psychologist that the prisoner suffered from a mental disease or defect which could not be adequately treated in the prison facility to which he was assigned. Neb.Rev.Stat. §§ 83-176(2) and 83-180(1) (1976). No procedural safeguards were provided. The prisoner was simply transferred back to the prison system when the staff at the mental institution to which he was assigned determined that treatment was no longer necessary. Only when the state desired to retain the inmate in the mental hospital beyond the expiration of his prison sentence was it required to afford him full civil commitment proceedings. Neb.Rev.Stat. § 83-180(3) (1976). The Vitek court held that additional procedural safeguards were necessary. 445 U.S. at 495, 100 S.Ct. at 1264. The procedures the court found to be appropriate were: (1) written notice to the prisoner that a transfer was being considered; (2) an informal, nonadversary hearing where the prisoner is given adequate notice, a disclosure of the evidence relied on by the prison authorities, and an opportunity to respond and present documentary evidence; (3) an opportunity to present and confront and cross-examine witnesses for prison officials except when good cause is found for not permitting such a hearing; (4) an independent fact finder and decision maker not necessarily from outside the prison system; (5) a written statement by the fact finder as to the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the transfer; (6) a qualified and independent adviser, provided at state expense if the prisoner is unable to afford one himself; and (7) effective and timely notice of the above rights. Id. at 494-98, 100 S.Ct. at 1264-66. The North Carolina procedures do not afford prisoners transferred to DOC inpatient mental health institutions the extensive protections found to be necessary by the Vitek court. No notice is given to a prisoner that a transfer is being considered. Neither is the prisoner given any opportunity to present evidence or be heard on the matter. Nor is he given any assistance in preparing objections to a possible transfer. It is only after the decision to transfer is made that the prisoner is notified of the decision and given reasons for the referral. An inmate has the opportunity to object to the transfer only after it is already made; he can make objections to his "treatment team" or appeal his transfer through the grievance system. Without the opportunity for pre-transfer notice and an opportunity to be heard, a prisoner is afforded very little protection from erroneous transfer. Once the transfer is made, a prisoner has already been deprived of his due process rights, and subjected to stigmatization and compelled behavioral treatment. In addition, inmates who are mentally ill, or suspected of being so, are less likely than the average inmate to be able to present an organized defense to the charge that they are mentally ill. Thus, without help, there is a great risk that they will be erroneously transferred. Also, lack of an independent decision maker creates a great risk of erroneous deprivation. Common sense indicates that it is likely that an unruly or uncooperative inmate who is creating a problem for prison staff or the staff of an outpatient mental health facility may be erroneously classified as severely mentally ill and transferred to a mental health institution in an attempt to control his behavior, rather than for the purpose of treating any existing acute mental illness. Clearly, transfer for this reason would be inappropriate. Additional procedural safeguards, such as those found to be necessary by the Vitek court, would be quite valuable in preventing erroneous transfer. Pretransfer notice and opportunity to be heard, the cornerstones of due process, would give prisoners an opportunity to defend themselves against charges which, under the current procedures, are never clearly presented to them. Help from an adviser in preparing a defense and the presence of *1538 an impartial decision maker from outside the prison staff would assure that the prisoner's arguments against transfer were adequately presented and that the decision was made calmly, for the right reasons. Additional procedural safeguards such as these would be invaluable in protecting prisoners from erroneous transfer to mental institutions. So, the risk that an inmate will be erroneously deprived of his right not to be transferred to a prison mental health institution absent a finding that he is mentally ill is extremely great under the North Carolina procedures as they currently exist. Additional procedural safeguards would be extremely helpful in preventing such erroneous deprivation. 3. The State's Interest and the Fiscal or Administrative Burden that Additional or Procedural Safeguards Would Entail. The state has a strong interest in segregating and treating mentally ill inmates. Vitek, 445 U.S. at 495, 100 S.Ct. at 1264. Additional procedural safeguards would, of course, make it more difficult for the state to accomplish this goal. If this court orders the state to provide prisoners with the trial-like procedures found necessary in Vitek then the valuable time of mental health professionals would be consumed by preparation for and testifying in such hearings. Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 606, 99 S.Ct. 2493, 2506, 61 L.Ed.2d 101 (1979). The state also has an interest in treating the mentally ill quickly and in not imposing unnecessary procedural safeguards which would discourage them from seeking treatment. Id. at 604-06, 99 S.Ct. at 2505-06. Also, there can be little doubt that more formal procedural requirements would impose a greater financial burden on the state, although the parties can only speculate as to the extent of this burden. It must be noted, however, that the state, like the inmate, has an interest in not wasting resources on inmates who are erroneously transferred. Additional procedural safeguards for inmates would increase the burden on state resources. However, this consideration must be weighed against the other Mathews factors before the court can decide what procedures are constitutionally required. B. Procedures Required. In his memorandum and recommendation the magistrate suggested additional procedural safeguards but, because he found the plaintiff's interest to be distinguishable from the private interest at stake in Vitek, he did not recommend the extensive procedures ordered by the Vitek court. In contrast, the court finds the relevant factors here to be identical to those at issue in Vitek: ... [T]he interest of the State in segregating and treating mentally ill patients is strong. The interest of the prisoner in not being arbitrarily classified as mentally ill and subjected to unwelcome treatment is also powerful, however; ... the risk of error in making the determinations [to commit prisoners to mental institutions] is substantial enough to warrant appropriate procedural safeguards against error. 445 U.S. at 495, 100 S.Ct. at 1264. Consequently, procedural safeguards similar to those ordered by the Vitek court must be provided before a state inmate may be transferred to an inpatient mental health facility. In order to satisfy due process requirements, the state must provide: 1. written notice to the prisoner that referral to an inpatient mental health facility is being considered, including a statement of the reasons for the referral; 2. a hearing sufficiently after notice is given to permit the prisoner to prepare his objections; 3. an opportunity at the hearing for the prisoner to testify in person, present documentary evidence, present witnesses and confront and cross-examine witnesses called by the state, except upon a finding, not arbitrarily made, of good cause for not permitting *1539 such presentation, confrontation, or cross-examination; 4. a neutral and independent decision maker who may be from within the prison system but who has the authority to refuse admission; 5. a written statement by the decision maker as to reasons for his decision to transfer, which decision must be concurred in by two psychiatrists or psychologists; 6. qualified and independent assistance from an adviser, not necessarily an attorney, to help the prisoner prepare his objections; 7. periodic review of the continuing need for treatment; and 8. effective and timely notice of all of the above rights. These procedures, while extensive enough to protect the rights of prisoners, are tailored to be as little a burden on the state as possible. All proceedings may take place within the institution from which the transfer is being considered. Likewise, all personnel may be associated with the institution, as long as the decision maker and the prisoner's advocate are independent and properly qualified. The procedures have also been modified, as requested by defendants, to allow two psychologists, rather than require two psychiatrists, to concur in the ultimate decision to commit. The court recognizes that emergency referrals will continue to be necessary on occasion. If an emergency situation arises, the state may, of course, treat the patient as required. Where it is not possible to provide pre-deprivation safeguards, the state must provide a post-deprivation procedure similar to that outlined above. VSUMMARY State inmates have both a constitutional and a state-created liberty interest in not being transferred to a prison facility exclusively for the mentally ill. Consequently these inmates are entitled to due process protection of this interest. In balancing the private interest affected, the risk of erroneous deprivation under the present North Carolina procedures and the value of additional safeguards, and the state's interests, the court finds that additional procedural safeguards are constitutionally required. Indeed, the interests at stake here are indistinguishable from the interests at issue in Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 63 L.Ed.2d 522 (1983). The Vitek decision, therefore, compels the court to conclude that the North Carolina Department of Corrections must provide the full panoply of procedural protections outlined above before it may transfer state inmates to any inpatient mental health facilities. The 19 December 1983 memorandum and recommendation of Magistrate Alexander B. Denson is accepted in part and rejected in part, as explained above. An order will issue directing defendants to comply with the procedural requirements set out in this Opinion. ORDER In accordance with the accompanying Memorandum Opinion, it is hereby ORDERED that plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment be allowed and defendants' motion for summary judgment be denied. Defendants are ordered to provide the following procedural safeguards to state inmates before transferring them to an inpatient mental health facility: 1. written notice to the prisoner that referral to an inpatient mental health facility is being considered, including a statement of the reasons for the referral; 2. a hearing sufficiently after notice is given to permit the prisoner to prepare his objections; 3. an opportunity at the hearing for the prisoner to testify in person, present documentary evidence, present witnesses and confront and cross-examine witnesses called by the state, except upon a finding, not arbitrarily made, of good cause for not permitting such presentation, confrontation, or cross-examination; *1540 4. a neutral and independent decision maker who may be from within the prison system but who has the authority to refuse admission; 5. a written statement by the decision maker as to reasons for his decision to transfer, which decision must be concurred in by two psychiatrists or psychologists; 6. qualified and independent assistance from an adviser, not necessarily an attorney, to help the prisoner prepare his objections; 7. periodic review of the continuing need for treatment; and 8. effective and timely notice of all of the above rights. Defendants are ordered to submit to the court within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of this order proposed regulations implementing the procedures outlined above. The court specifically retains jurisdiction over the action. NOTES [1] Defendants have objected to the magistrate's characterization of the Wayne and McCain Mental Health Facilities as "inpatient" facilities. They contend that this label is inappropriate because these prison units are not hospitals but are much like other prisons except that they house only chronically mentally ill inmates and provide special mental health services for them. The court accepts defendants' distinctions between the Wayne and McCain units and the Central Prison hospital. However, it will continue to use the label "inpatient mental health facility" in reference to these three units in order to distinguish them from facilities which provide mental health services but which are not exclusively for the treatment of mentally ill inmates. [2] Both parties object to the magistrate's finding that, under the current North Carolina procedures, at least two "psychiatric" professionals are involved in making referral decisions. In accordance with the assertions of both parties, the court finds that referrals decisions may be made by psychiatrists, psychologists or other mental health personnel. The court has conformed its summary of the facts to show that a mixture of mental health professionals are involved in these transfer decisions. | Mid | [
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Q: Performing a Wald's group sequential test in R (for complex hypothesis) The settings: we have a sequence of numbers generated from a normal distribution with $\mu=1;\sigma^2 = 1 $. And with every new observation collected, we'd like to test for: $H_0:\mu_0=0$ (two-sided). From what I've learned in school, there is the Wald's group sequential for when comparing two simple hypothesis, and I would like to know what is available for complex hypothesis. What I am looking for is: Some reference text (article/book) that describes the solution for this (or a similar) case. If there is some implementation in R for performing such a test. A: A bit late, but this might be helpful if somebody stumbles upon this question in the future: Firstly, it is important to distinguish 'group sequential testing' and 'testing after every new observation', which is sometimes referred to as fully sequential testing. In group sequential testing, the null hypothesis is tested after group of observations are available and, in practice, this is what is used. Fully sequential tests are rarely used in my experience. For fully sequential testing, the origin publication by Wald is certainly a good reference. Concerning group sequential testing, the book Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials by Jennison and Turnbull is the standard text book. It is well-written and all relevant statistical models are discussed. Group sequential and fully sequential tests are for example implemented in the R packages sequential and gsDesign. | High | [
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If you want to let your sofa do the talking then you could do a lot worse than to choose a perky shade of pink. This look is cleverly brought together by matching it with the colour on the alcove walls. Ah… we love it when a plan comes together. Glamorous pink bedroom Sometimes you’ve just got to be brave and go with it, like the owners of this mauve bedroom have done. The key to the room’s success is the use of different textures and, quite frankly, those panelled walls, which would look amazing no matter what you did to them… Traditional-style kitchen-diner with hot pink cabinet Here’s how to do hot pink without fully committing to the cause, but still making a bold statement. We particularly love how the snazzy colour brings the traditional-style dresser smack bang into the 21st century. | Low | [
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Contributing back to GHC The following pages describe the process of making a change to GHC and contributing it back. For small changes you can just darcs send, but for larger changes it helps a great deal if the patch is in a form that we can review quickly and use without too much extra work. Note that, largely due to performance issues in darcs, we currently avoid applying patches with conflicts to the GHC repositories. If you find that you have a conflict in a patch that you want to send or apply, please first unrecord and re-record (or amend-record) it so that the conflict is removed. | Low | [
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Q: NodeJS get request. JSON.parse: unexpected token I'm writing a function in NodeJS that hits an Url and retrieves its json. But I'm getting an error in JSON.parse: unexpected token. In json validators the string is passing the test when I copy from the browser and paste into the text field, but when I paste the Url for the parser to get the json it show me an invalid message. I guess it is something with the encoding of the response, but I can;t figure out what it is. Here if my function with an example Url. function getJsonFromUrl(url, callback) { url = 'http://steamcommunity.com/id/coveirao/inventory/json/730/2/'; http.get( url , function (res) { // explicitly treat incoming data as utf8 (avoids issues with multi-byte chars) res.setEncoding('utf8'); // incrementally capture the incoming response body var body = ''; res.on('data', function (d) { body += d; }); // do whatever we want with the response once it's done res.on('end', function () { console.log(body.stringfy()); try { var parsed = JSON.parse(body); } catch (err) { console.error('Unable to parse response as JSON', err); return callback(err, null); } // pass the relevant data back to the callback console.log(parsed); callback(null, parsed); }); }).on('error', function (err) { // handle errors with the request itself console.error('Error with the request:', err.message); callback(err, null); }); } Can you help me, please? Thanks in advance for any help. A: Concatenating response as string might have issues with encoding e.g. if buffer of every chunk is converted to string with partial UTF-8 encodings at beginning or end. Thus I'd advise to concatenate as buffer first: var body = new Buffer( 0 ); res.on('data', function (d) { body = Buffer.concat( [ body, d ] ); }); Of course it might help to explicitly convert buffer to string on your behalf rather than relying on JSON.parse() doing it implicitly. This might be essential in case of using unusual encoding. res.on('end', function () { try { var parsed = JSON.parse(body.toString("utf8")); } catch (err) { console.error('Unable to parse response as JSON', err); return callback(err, null); } ... Aside from that the content delivered by given URL seems to be pretty valid JSON. | Mid | [
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Q: Django many-to-many generic relationship I think I need to create a 'many-to-many generic relationship'. I have two types of Participants: class MemberParticipant(AbstractParticipant): class Meta: app_label = 'participants' class FriendParticipant(AbstractParticipant): """ Abstract participant common information shared for all rewards. """ pass These Participants can have 1 or more rewards of 2 different kinds (rewards model is from another app): class SingleVoucherReward(AbstractReward): """ Single-use coupons are coupon codes that can only be used once """ pass class MultiVoucherReward(AbstractReward): """ A multi-use coupon code is a coupon code that can be used unlimited times. """ So now I need to link these all up. This is how I was thinking of creating the relationship (see below) would this work, any issues you see? Proposed linking model below: class ParticipantReward(models.Model): participant_content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, editable=False, related_name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_as_participant', ) participant_object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() participant = generic.GenericForeignKey('participant_content_type', 'participant_object_id') reward_content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, editable=False, related_name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_as_reward', ) reward_object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField() reward = generic.GenericForeignKey('reward_content_type', 'reward_object_id') Note: I'm using Django 1.6 A: Your approach is exactly the right way to do it given your existing tables. While there's nothing official (this discussion, involving a core developer in 2007, appears not to have gone anywhere), I did find this blog post which takes the same approach (and offers it in a third-party library), and there's also a popular answer here which is similar, except only one side of the relationship is generic. I'd say the reason this functionality has never made it into django's trunk is that while it's a rare requirement, it's fairly easy to implement using the existing tools. Also, the chance of wanting a custom "through" table is probably quite high so most end-user implementations are going to involve a bit of custom code anyway. The only other potentially simpler approach would be to have base Participant and Reward models, with the ManyToMany relationship between those, and then use multi-table inheritance to extend these models as Member/Friend etc. Ultimately, you'll just need to weigh up the complexity of a generic relation versus that of having your object's data spread across two models. A: Late reply, but I found this conversation when looking for a way to implement generic m2m relations and felt my 2 cents would be helpful for future googlers. As Greg says, the approach you chose is a good way to do it. However, I would not qualify generic many to many as 'easy to implement using existing tools' when you want to use features such as reverse relations or prefetching. The 3rd party app django-genericm2m is nice but has several shortcomings in my opinion (the fact that the 'through' objects are all in the same database table by default and that you don't have 'add' / 'remove' methods - and therefore bulk add/remove). With that in view, because I needed something to implement generic many-to-many relations 'the django way' and also because I wanted to learn a little bit about django internals, I recently released django-gm2m. It has a very similar API to django's built-in GenericForeignKey and ManyToManyField (with prefetching, through models ...) and adds deletion behavior customisation. The only thing it lacks for the moment is a suitable django admin interface. | Mid | [
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A group of 10 NIH funded investigators request funds to purchase a laser scanning confocal microscope. The requested system consists of a Zeiss LSM510 equipped for Visible/Near UV imaging. The group is located in two departments at the Washington State University with research ties to the neighboring University of Idaho. 79 NIH funded investigators with a total of 102 active NIH grants are located in the region. The group shares access with the general research community to a BIORAD MRC1024 now in its seventh year of heavy use. 24 laboratories used the instrument in 2003, and newly recruited investigators with research emphasizing confocal imaging will add to the demand for this instrument beginning in 2004. In addition to lack of sufficient access for long-term time-lapse studies, the group is severely limited by technical requirements that cannot be met with the existing instrument. Among these are the ability to image more than two fluorescent probes simultaneously, increased detector sensitivity permitting study of living specimens and photolabile structure, the ability to detect UV excitable probes and the ability to assess protein-protein interaction using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. The user group includes investigators with extensive previous experience with the Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope system at other institutions, and there is no question regarding its ability to serve the needs of our user group for the life-span of the instrument. The instrument will be housed in an established multiuser imaging facility known as the "EM center" which currently offers support by two full time staff members. It is anticipated that the user group requesting the instrument will use the instrument 75% of the time, but provisions will be made for use by non-group members as time permits. Policy for the instrument will be determined by an internal advisory committee, and day-to-day maintenance, technical supervision and instruction will be provided by staff members of the EM center. Service contracts over the next 5 years will be covered by a recharge system and through financial support from the Department of Veterinary, Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology. As the instrument becomes integrated into the user group's ongoing research programs, it is expected that service agreements will be maintained beyond the initial 5 year period by user fees. | High | [
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We’re going to start collecting fee this month. It’s $10 for the year for individuals and $20 for families. Update: I’m so sorry. I originally said $15 for families. It should have been $20. My apologies. I’ve prepared four new songs for this month; two easier ones for the first half and two slightly trickier ones for the second half. Telia did such a great job with “Count On Me” in May that I wanted to add it to our repertoire. We’ll also play a bunch of tunes from our existing catalogue. If you want to make a request, email me or add it in the comment on Facebook or on the website. You can shout songs out at the circle, but songs requested in advance will jump to the head of the queue! If anyone wants to do a solo or group song after the break, let me know. I’ll also leave a sign up sheet on the counter. If the stars align, I should have a projector to display the music! I haven’t tested it yet, but if this works, we should be able to do away with the song books! We can also add new music on the fly, so if anyone would like to lead the group in a song, we can pull it up for everyone to see without having to print 40 pages. | Mid | [
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Advertisement Description : Ever After High Thronecoming Blondie Lockes Dress Up Game Vote: Thronecoming Blondie Lockes : Hexcitement's in the air at Ever After High! It is time to spellebrate... time to get epic ... time for Thronecoming! Four Ever After High students have been nominated for the role of queen, but the winner is any fairy teenager's guess. Girls around the world will have the chance to vote for who they think should be crowned! To make their best impression, the Thronecoming court are wearing spellbinding dresses inspired by their creature companions, like the baby bear of Blondie Lockes. Daughter of Goldilocks and an Ever After Royal, Blondie Lockes enchants in a spellbinding gown designed in her signature colors of blue and yellow and accented with a gold foil print throughout. Exclusive Games | Low | [
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Introduction ============ Before the age of cardiac surgery, less than 50 years ago, just over 30% of children with severe Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) survived into adulthood. This change was due to the evolution not only in the technique of cardiac surgery, and adaptation of cardiac catheterization to newborns, but also in the anesthetic technique, as well as the improvements in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Thus, the countries that have organized their care network, following this evolution pattern, have been able to considerably increase survival with quality of life for children with severe CHD. In these countries, mortality from heart disease has dropped dramatically, with up to 85% of these newborns surviving adulthood.^[@r1]-[@r3]^ In spite of all this progress, CHDs are related to increased fetal losses,^[@r4]^ being present in up to 85% of the deaths in necropsy findings in stillbirths, newborns, and infants,^[@r5]^ being the main cause of cardiac arrest up to 24 years of age, ranging from 84% in the first two years to 21% in the second decade of life.^[@r6]^ In addition, CHD mortality has a great variability worldwide. Low-industrialized or developing countries, where access to health is precarious, have substantially higher mortality rates than developed countries, which are consistent with national studies.^[@r7]-[@r9]^ In the statistics with more methodological strictness, it is expected that, for serious heart diseases, such as conotruncal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of large arteries, and truncus arteriosus, survival in the first year of life fluctuates from 62.8% to 79, 6%, with a worse result for truncus arteriosus.^[@r10]^ For hypoplastic left heart syndrome, data are more discouraging even in the main centers, with neonatal mortality of 68%, and mortality up to 3 months of 81%, depending on the moment that this newborn is seen. The later the care in a reference center, the greater the mortality.^[@r6],[@r11]^ The literature indicates that premature newborn infants with a low Apgar score, and who require invasive ventilatory support, are those who present higher risk of mortality when more complex procedures are required.^[@r12],[@r13]^ The objective of this article was to describe the mortality, fatality, and survival rates of CHD newborns in a Brazilian large urban center, as well as to characterize the associated risk and morbidity factors. Methods ======= A nested case-control study cohort was performed, paired with newborns selected by lot, born in the city of Salvador (state of Bahia) and in its respective metropolitan region, from December 2014 to January 2016. The original sample was a case-control study paired by maternal age and newborn age, in which 52 cases of critical and complex CHD were selected in the neonatal period. Data were prospectively collected in the four largest public maternity hospitals in the city of Salvador. All newborns were placed in the process of regulation to a specialized center, but they did not undergo any interventional procedure until transfer, since none of the maternities had a cardiac surgery service. The follow-up and the recording of newborns monitoring were performed up to the moment of discharge from the maternity ward (due to clinical improvement, transference or death). The independent variables were: gestational age, low birth weight (weight less than \< 2,500 grams), pulse oximetry test (POT), cardiac auscultation (presence or absence of murmur or irregular heart rhythm), Apgar, twinning, and presence of comorbidities (neonatal sepsis, and respiratory insufficiency, with demand for invasive ventilatory support). The dependent variable was the occurrence of critical and/or complex CHD, and the secondary outcome was death. The CHD cases included were the critical CHD newborns, which were channel-type or shunt-dependent, or considered complex (those with three or more defects), born in the services included in the study, in the reported period. For the comparison group, the neonates without CHD were included, selected by lot, of the same gender of the case, with more than 24 hours of life who, on physical examination, did not present murmurs or arrhythmias, with pre- and post-ductal oximetry, and differential not exceeding 3% and above 95% saturation. Considering a possible fallibility of POT, and aiming at minimizing possible losses, these newborns were followed by telephone or at the childcare outpatient clinic up to 3 months after discharge from the maternity ward. In addition, in order to minimize possible losses, and to identify allocation errors, in the first year after completion of data collection, all newborns and infants entries were monitored in the only public high-complexity pediatric cardiac surgery service of the state of Bahia. Newborns whose only identified heart disease was the presence of Patent Arterial Duct (PAD), or other simple heart diseases; with pulmonary hypertension without structural heart disease; cases that were not characterized as CHD; newborns whose parents or guardians did not sign the Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF) were excluded from the study. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of Hospital Ana Nery and by the local Ethics Committees of each hospital involved (CAAE: 17970413200000045). The FICF was used to make the child's legal guardian aware of the process. For the proportional mortality calculations, mortality data were used in the neonatal period, for the same sampled population and period studied. Sample size estimation was performed primarily for the case-control study, considering the proportion of exposed cases within of 20%; proportion of exposed, among controls/comparison group of 11.11%,%; Odds Ratio (OR) 2; and significance level of 5% (test power: 80%). Statistical analysis -------------------- For the direct estimation of gross relative risks, we chose to perform simple Poisson regression modeling, associated to the robust estimation of standard errors, aiming to control some possible average violation of the assumption of equality between mean and variance of the distribution of Poisson, and consequent more adequate estimation of the model p values, and level of significance of 5%.^[@r14]^ For the calculation of the Confidence Intervals of 95% (95% CI), the use of the Delta 2 method was added. The model goodness of fit was evaluated by analyzing the residual *deviance* and the *Akaike* Information Criterion (AIC).^[@r15]^ In the Kaplan-Meier survival curves analysis, Cox regression modeling with right censorship was used to obtain survival probability and hazard ratio (HR), assuming proportionality risk. For the comparison of the survival curves, Log rank test was used. The database was created in Epidata,^[@r16]^ version 3.1, and the statistical analyzes were performed in the statistical package R, version 3.2.3.^[@r17]^ Results ======= Fifty-two cases of CHD newborns with critical and complex congenital heart disease and their respective comparison groups, in the maternity hospitals studied, were identified and monitored. The most frequent heart diseases were formation of aortic arch defects, which depended on the ductus arteriosus (62 cases/100,000 live births), followed by pulmonary atresia with or without hypoplasia of the right ventricle (53 cases/100,000 births), and transposition of the great arteries (38 cases/100,000 live births). As a consequence of gender pairing, the distribution was equal between the groups (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.67-1.27\]). In the initial data, there was one case of ambiguous genitalia; however, during follow-up it was confirmed that it was a female newborn. The risk of death among newborn infants with CHD was twice as high among premature infants (RR: 2.14; 95% CI \[1.22-3.75\]; p = 0.003), with low birth weight (RR: 2.14; 95% CI \[1.22-3.75\]; p \< 0.0001) and Apgar \< 7 in the first minute of life (RR: 2.08; 95% CI \[1.13-3.82\]; p = 0.017). The presence of some comorbidity, besides CHD, was associated with the outcome, and increased the risk by almost three times (p \< 0.0001). There was a higher proportion of twins among the cases (9.9%) (RR: 13.1; 95% IC \[1.59-109.1\]; p = 0.018) than newborns without heart disease (2.2%), and for this condition, the risk of death was 12 times higher among twin newborns with CHD ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). ###### Association between congenital heart disease and factors related to the newborn Variable Factor RR [\*](#TFN1){ref-type="table-fn"} CI 95% p value AIC§ ------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------- ----------- --------- ------ Gender Female 1 \- Male 0.92 0.66-1.27 0.6 301.2 Weight Above \> 2,500 g 1 \- Low Weight (\< 2,500 g) 2.33 1.26-4.29 0.0068 170.5 Gestational Age \> 37 weeks 1 \- \< 37 weeks 2.89 1.49-5.56 0.0015 157.9 Apgar 1st minute ≥ 7 1 \- Less than \< 7 2.35 1.25-4.45 0.0084 163.1 Apgar 5^th^ minute ≥ 7 1 \- \<7 9.49 1.09-82.85 0.042 43.9 Twinning No 1 \- Yes 11.96 1.43-99.85 0.022 48.8 Heart auscultation alteration Normal 1 \- Changed 84 11.83-596.21 \< 0.0001 112.6 Comorbidities No 1 \- Yes 2.27 1.58-3.26 \< 0.0001 215.5 Gross RR by Poisson regression; p value - Z statistic. RR: relative risks; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; AIC: Akaike Information Criterion. Clinical data on changed cardiac auscultation were found in 72% of cases and in only 1% of infants without CHD. The difference of this finding was related to the higher risk for CHD (p \< 0.0001). Pulse oximetry was recorded even for cases of CHD with intrauterine diagnosis or in those in which another finding was the clinical suspicion and where the diagnosis had been made before 24 hours of life. [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}illustrates the differential distribution density of pulse oximetry measurements among newborns with and without CHD. Some records below the cut-off level are noted for newborns without CHD, for whom the echocardiogram was required, and the possibility of CHD was ruled out. Figure 1Distribution of recording density of pre- and post-ductal pulse oximetry levels, according to the presence or absence of congenital heart diseases (CHD). The incidence of death in CHD cases was 81/100 thousand live births. The case fatality rate attributed to CHD was 64.7%, with proportional mortality of 12.0% (17/142). The main cause of death was cardiogenic shock in 41.1% of the cases, followed by sepsis (17.6%) in three newborns with Double Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (DRVOT), and impossibility of therapy for cardiopathy (17.6%) - CHD anatomy was not consistent with any surgical procedure available, progressing to refractory hypoxemia followed by death - in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and untreatable ill-defined cardiac defects ([Table 2](#t2){ref-type="table"}). ###### Causes of death, according to the type of cardiopathy Type of cardiopathy Cause of death n (%) ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------- PVA, IVCa, PVAD, HLV, GAT, AVI, and TrA Cardiogenic shock 7 (41,1) Ebstein\'s anomaly Supraventricular tachycardia 1 (5,9) RVDO Sepsis 3 (17,6) LHHS, pentalogy of Cantrell Through CHD (basic cause/palliative care) 3 (17,6) PVAD, GAT Ill-defined causes 3 (17,6) PVA: post-varicella angiopathy; IVC: interventricular communication; PVAD: Pulmonary vein anomalous drainage; HLV: hypoplasic left ventricle; GAT: great arteries transposition; AVI: aortic valve insufficiency; TrA: Truncus arteriosus; RVDO: right ventricle double outlet; CHD: congenital heart disease. The median hospital stay was 75 days, with an increased risk of death of 0.4 to 0.8 (HR: 0,4-\>0.8). Still in the neonatal period, 25% of CHD newborns had already died ([Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). Figure 2Kaplan-Meier Curves and Cumulative Risk Function for Global Mortality for Congenital Heart Diseases. There was no statistical difference for survival rates when the death event was compared between those who died from CHD and due to other causes (p = 0.076). Although survival in these newborns has declined by more than 50% in the first 10 days of life and within the neonatal period, this survival declined by more than 60% ([Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}) before newborns achieved 28 days of life. Figure 3Kaplan-Meier curves, according to deaths related or not to heart disease. CHD: congenital heart defects. Discussion ========== CHD newborns presented higher morbidity attributed to prematurity, low birth weight, some degree of intrauterine fetal distress, both due to physical examination and changed pulse oximetry. The literature has drawn attention to the greater morbidity, especially of premature newborn infants, who already present a range of other pathologies due to their constitution, which can substantially aggravate these patients progress.^[@r12]^ For both post-ductal (RR: 46; 95% CI \[11.54-184.0\]) and pre-ductal (RR: 39; 95% CI \[9.72-157.5\]) variable oximetry, the differences between groups were well established. This data not only reinforced the validation of the controls, but also confirmed the importance of making this screening test universal. On the other hand, the physical examination had low specificity (40%) and regular sensitivity, a little higher than the POT (89%), but, alone, it was insufficient to rule out the possibility of CHD. The literature states that when the physical examination is performed by a well-trained and experienced pediatrician, there is an increase in the sensitivity of the POT by up to 20%,^[@r18]^ optimizing the detection capacity when they are appropriately associated.^[@r19],[@r20]^ The finding of a low Apgar score in the first minute denoted the importance of knowing that some cardiopathies may be active in the uterus, impairing the blood flow that would allow adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, which may affect the morbidity and mortality of this newborn; this reinforces the importance of adequate prenatal diagnosis and follow-up. Studies in Brazil have already indicated that low access to prenatal and/or at birth diagnosis makes the treatment of CHD considerably difficult, which leads to a worse clinical condition at birth.^[@r9]^ The frequency of twin pregnancies among the cases was proportionally higher within the comparison group. This data was reported with controversy in other studies, due to the difficulty of concomitantly evaluating the association of other risk factors, but for the outcome death, this finding was determinant.^[@r21]^ The early and high mortality rate found here was one of the most discordant data in the world literature. In developed countries, it is expected that the CHD fatality in the neonatal period will only exceed 60% for the late diagnoses of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS); for the other types of CHD, the expected fatality rate does not exceed 40%, when the diagnosis of CHD is made before hospital discharge.^[@r22]^ Countries with socioeconomic classification similar to that of Brazil, although also coping with glaring regional differences in relation to neonatal care, have an overall incidence rate of CHD deaths of 20 to 30/100,000 births.^[@r2]^ Fixler et al.^[@r3]^ measured the mortality rate according to the time of referral, considering first day, up to 5 days, 4 to 27 days, and no referral after 27 days, and found mortality near 38% when the newborn was not referred before 27 days of life. In addition, mortality increased considerably at 3 months, getting close to 80% for HLHS.^[@r3]^ The literature has shown a significant improvement in the quality of care, which has led to a decrease in morbidity and mortality in developed countries,^[@r3],[@r4]^ but this is not a reality for developing countries, as can be seen in the high mortality and lethality rate despite the same incidence of CHD described herein. Neonatal deaths due to congenital defects are classified by some authors,^[@r23]^ and by the Brazilian Ministry of Health as avoidable, because they may be reduced for some conditions, if adequate and prompt assistance is offered to the pregnant woman and the newborn, aiming at the diagnosis and treatment, associated with adequate support by other spheres of the government - other than health services.^[@r24]^ In addition, pathologies with this classification have the possibility of reducing mortality by such actions, depending on the condition considered.^[@r25],[@r26]^ The Ministry of Health recently launched a project to extend care to CHD children,^[@r27]^ to reduce the mortality from these defects, which is in agreement with the findings in this study. This mobilization was necessary because it was estimated, within the national context, that up to 80% of newborns with CHD require a surgical procedure at some point in their development. Not infrequently, there is some demand for a surgical approach until late adolescence and early adulthood.^[@r28]^ These data, while they may be underestimated,^[@r29]^ should be monitored by independent and prospectively validated scientific investigations as the policy in question is being implemented. Limitations of the study ------------------------ Although the minimum sample size was calculated, considering the local prevalence of CHD in a pilot study, some variables could not be included in the regression model due to the numerical insufficiency, a consequence of the multivariate approach. The absence of statistical difference for survival rates, when the death event was compared within those who died from CHD and other causes (p = 0.076), is possibly related to the numerical insufficiency of this subgroup. In addition, in the period from September 2015 to January 2016, there was a substantial reduction in the number of occurrences of CHD from not yet well specified causes (data from the Department of Information Technology of the National Unified Health System - DATASUS, and direct observation in the collection of data), which resulted in longer collection time. Conclusion ========== The high lethality rate of the disease in question demands critical attention for structuring a specialized care network, which can adequately serve the volume of neonates with congenital heart disease, as well as provide real investments in training and care technology, even within the neonatal age group. As an example, we can cite the policies that are directed to actions, aiming to deepen the scientific knowledge about the cardiopathies and their clinical interpellations. The neonatal mortality rate from critical congenital heart diseases was higher in this study than in countries with the same economic classification. In addition, this cohort was very quickly extinguished, which is very concerning, considering that death was the main outcome in very young patients, who did not have the opportunity to receive the specialized treatment. These findings point to the need for greater investment in care technology in populations with this profile. **Sources of Funding** This study was partially funded by Foundation for Research Support of Bahia, with funds from the PPSUS 2013 award, and fellowships for Scientific Initiation, as well as by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) - scholarships for Scientific Initiation. **Study Association** This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Selma Alves Valente do Amaral Lopes, from Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia. **Ethics approval and consent to participate** This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Ana Nery under the protocol number CAAE: 17970413200000045. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. **Author contributions** Conception and design of the research: Lopes SAVA; Acquisition of data: Lopes SAVA, Costa SFO; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Lopes SAVA, Mendes CMC; Obtaining financing: Lopes SAVA, Guimarães ICB; Writing of the manuscript: Lopes SAVA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lopes SAVA, Mendes CMC, Acosta AX, Sandes KA, Costa SFO. **Potential Conflict of Interest** No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. | Mid | [
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var createWrapper = require('../internal/createWrapper'), identity = require('../utility/identity'); /** Used to compose bitmasks for wrapper metadata. */ var PARTIAL_FLAG = 32; /** * Creates a function that provides `value` to the wrapper function as its * first argument. Any additional arguments provided to the function are * appended to those provided to the wrapper function. The wrapper is invoked * with the `this` binding of the created function. * * @static * @memberOf _ * @category Function * @param {*} value The value to wrap. * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function. * @returns {Function} Returns the new function. * @example * * var p = _.wrap(_.escape, function(func, text) { * return '<p>' + func(text) + '</p>'; * }); * * p('fred, barney, & pebbles'); * // => '<p>fred, barney, & pebbles</p>' */ function wrap(value, wrapper) { wrapper = wrapper == null ? identity : wrapper; return createWrapper(wrapper, PARTIAL_FLAG, undefined, [value], []); } module.exports = wrap; | Low | [
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Our Group Mediclaim Policy covering in-service employees, retired employees and their dependents has been renewed for the year 2013-2014, on existing terms and conditions with The New India Assurance Co. Ltd. All existing benefits shall continue to be available under the Policy. The claims shall be administered directly by The New India Assurance Co. Ltd. through its designated servicing offices. Click on 'Read more' below to read the full Circular issued by LIC. The premium chargeable per person for various age bands and sum insured for the policy year 2013-2014 are as follows: S.A. Age band wise Premium per person 0-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66-70 71-75 ^76hand ] above 85000 1220 1334 2025 2348 2791 3002 3861 110000 1582 1732 2623 3037 3610 3885 4996 165000 2370 2599 3926 4549 5408 5821 7486 100000 1434 1577 2382 2761 3281 3530 4540 200000 2705 2971 4740 5476 6545 7048 9061 300000 3784 4151 6761 7867 9416 10142 13039 The ratio of sharing of premium between the in-service/ retired employees and the Corporation shall be 1:3. Needless to add, the sharing of premium shall be for the basic sum insured only. Sharing of premium for in-service employees will be for in-service employee, spouse and two dependent children and in case of retired employee sharing of premium will be.only for retired employee and spouse. Those employees / retired employees who have opted for enhanced sum insured have to bear the full premium for the enhanced portion of the sum insured. 2. Mediclaim Data and Statement. The data of all beneficiaries as on 01/04/2013 is essential for finalization of the premium. All the Zonal Offices are required to provide the updated data of the beneficiaries as on 01/04/2013 in enclosed Excel formats (Annexure -I) and consolidate the same in (Annexure -A) and submit the same to Central Office by 23/04/2013. The data provided in Annexure-I is required by the insurer for the settlement of claims. 3. Claims Data In addition to this, all the Divisional offices are required to maintain records for claim payments in enclosed Excel format (Annexure -II). Data for claim paid and pending (soft copy) is to be sent to the respective Zonal Office. The Zonal Office will consolidate the data for all the offices under its jurisdiction and submit it to Central Office as follows: Claim Data Last Date for receipt at C.O. Data for the period 01/04/2013 to 31/12/2013 07/01/2014 Data for the period 01/01/2014 to 28/02/2014 07/03/2014 Data for the period 01/03/2014 to 31/03/2014 07/04/2014 It is to be brought to the notice of all the members of scheme that intimation of claim should without fail reach the office within 7 days of admission to hospital and the claim must be filed within 20 days of discharge from the hospital. About Me Even while working as a clerical Assistant, he reorganised Mortgages (OYHS) Dept.,LIC, Kozhikode DO, reduced office operations to disburse loan to 9 from 19 as per results published in Divl.News Letter and the Department won All India Prize for disbursement of maximum mortgage loans in India. LIC's Inspection team inspected the working of the Dept. and they arranged a get-together (an unusual thing for an Inspection Team to do so) at Hotel Alakapuri,Calicut to ascertain more about the reorganisation of office operations from the author of the scheme Shri PG Gangadharan himself. Conducted a demo of office operations, designed by him for New Business Department of LIC, which was inaugurated by the Mayor of Calicut and got a Pilot Scheme introduced in the City Branch No.3 of LIC, Calcut. LIC Central Office accepted his proposal to merge Review Slip with Proposal Form. Circular for this purpose drafted in his presence at Central Office and issued. His proposal to send Premium Notice in Inland form (included in his book 'Methods') since accepted by LIC. On deputation, undertook a short business drive for Asha Deep policies with a team of 10 Agents attached to the Career Agents Branch, Calicut and the success story was reported by Southern Splendour, official journal of Southern Zonal Office, through a 3 page reportage. Conducted discussion with Shri NM Sundaram, General Secretary, AIIEA for two days at Chennai at the instance of the then Chief (Personnel) and a confidential report containing Shri Sundaram's views on certain matters submitted to LIC Central Office through Shri MR Murali, then Sr.DM, Kozhikode. 'Yogakshema' published his photograph, bio data and details of his activities in its issues. PG Gangadharan's interview with Prof. Ishwar Dayal (a noted management expert who reorganised LIC to its present form), published in 'Yogakshema', LIC's official organ, has since been reproduced in the GOLDEN JUBILEE SPECIAL ISSUE published by LIC of India which is considered a rare RECOGNITION given to an employee by LIC. Interviewed various personalities including LIC Chairman Shri MG Diwan, top Managers, top trade union leaders in LIC Shri NM Sundaram, Shri Nachane, other dignitaries from outside the industry and published in Yogakshema, other insurance periodicals and 'Initiative' edited by him. First issue of 'INITIATIVE' edited, printed and published by Shri Gangadharan was released by Shri KP Narasimhan, then Chairman, LIC of India, from Central Office, Mumbai by giving away copies to the Mg.Directors Shri Salunkhe and Shri Jambusaria (both of whom later became Chairman,LIC of India) in the presence of Shri GN Bajpai, Executive Director who too later became Chairman, LIC of India. In recognition of his various services, LIC invited him to visit Central Office, Mumbai and during this visit Shri MG Diwan,Chairman offered to sanction him a 'project of his choice' for further research work. Conducted a work study for LIC Housing Finance Ltd. at the instance of Chief General Manager, LIC Housing Finance and report submitted to him. Edited magazines (1) CLARION (2) BETWEEN US (3) INITIATIVE for various periods. 'OWN YOUR HOME SCHEME ADMINISTRATION' and 'METHODS' are two books published by him in connection with improvement of LIC's working procedures. | Low | [
0.5179282868525891,
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Erin Shields, whose latest, layered work, Beautiful Man, is now stripteasing at Toronto’s Factory Theatre, is a playwright whose best work is often in reaction to other artists’ work, and to itself. Thematically, the Hamilton-born writer, increasingly major in Canadian theatre, returns time and time again to re-envisioning classics through the lens of modern gender politics, while simultaneously questioning whether gender politics have actually changed all that much over time. If We Were Birds, which won the Governor-General’s Award for Drama in 2011, retold the violent myth of Procne and Philomena from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, while incorporating recent real-world examples of atrocities against women. Story continues below advertisement Paradise Lost, which premiered at the Stratford Festival last summer and has forthcoming productions lined up in Ottawa and Montreal, put a female Satan at the centre of John Milton’s epic poem, and then made the audience question whether that was actually a feminist act at all. With Beautiful Man, Shields wrestles with pop culture instead of the classics – at first, anyway. Three women, played by Ashley Botting, Mayko Nguyen (who is note-perfect throughout) and Sofia Rodriguez, sit on stools and discuss, or perhaps invent, a favourite movie of theirs involving a brooding female detective who investigates the serial killer of beautiful young men. The cop in question comes home late from a murder scene to a boyfriend in an apron who has made an anniversary dinner, now burnt in the oven. You quickly see the game being played here – clichés that somehow still have currency are flipped and reversed to reveal their absurd sexism. It gets more meta, however. Within that movie described by the three women, the protagonist sits down to watch a television show that is much like the early seasons of Game of Thrones, if male extras were constantly in the nude rather than female ones. The three women become more lascivious recapping this show now, as they debate why a male torture victim is devoid of pubic hair. Then, within that television show within that film, a violent queen sits down to watch an old play about female leadership in ancient times – and so it goes, stories nested within stories, forms within forms. Behind the women and their weird water-cooler chatter, in an elevated white box (the eye-catching design is Gillian Gallow’s), the actor Jesse LaVercombe gives us glimpses of the male characters that populate all these worlds – the cop’s “smoking hot” boyfriend; the wounded slave selected to inseminate a fantasy queen; the boy from ancient times with his tongue cut out (shades of If We Were Birds). Story continues below advertisement Story continues below advertisement His cameos are sometimes funny, sometimes poignant and, if LaVercombe’s slow-motion disrobing is exploitative, that is surely the point. In an earlier version at the SummerWorks Festival in 2015, Beautiful Man seemed a well-timed, quick-and-dirty poke at the celebrated Difficult Men era of prestige television, written in a detached, presentational style of theatre inspired by work by Martin Crimp (a British playwright whose work Shields has performed in as an actor) and Olivier Choinière (who, like Shields, is based out of Montreal). The pop-culture pendulum has swung since then, however – and even Game of Thrones, now reaching its series finale, has revised itself from its original “tits and dragons” iteration to, debatably, dabble in fantasy feminism. (Or so I have read in Glamour; I failed to get interested in Game of Thrones.) Now, revised and expanded, Beautiful Man can almost seem a parody of recent attempts to make reactionary genres of entertainment more “woke” by switching the gender of protagonists. (As if one Captain Marvel makes up for three Iron Mans, or having Julius Caesar and Cassius played by women does anything more than dilute problems with the dominance of Shakespeare.) It’s a more complicated, less-clear piece. You can see the moments where the old version of the play and new version are arguing with themselves, which only makes it feel even more like a staged piece of cultural criticism than a play – though Shields and director Andrea Donaldson seem content with that. Still, it is curious that Beautiful Man, for all its feminist impulses, features three female characters only barely distinguished in writing and direction. It’s likewise curious that the actors’ gyrations around the stools become so sexual, their talk so titillatingly pornographic. Is this a demonstration of the impossibility of flipping the male gaze without changing underlying root structures? Story continues below advertisement The big surprise for those who saw the play in 2015: In the middle of what seems to be the curtain call, LaVercombe comes forward to, in the first person, speak about a female lawyer’s increasingly depressing encounters with men during a night out at a bar. This entirely new, too-true-to-life section has a repetitive rhythm and takes a play that once seemed a feisty cultural counterjab and ends it on a defeatist note. The restlessness of Beautiful Man may leave you uneasy, but it resonates with our times. Due to technical reasons, we have temporarily removed commenting from our articles. We hope to have this fixed soon. Thank you for your patience. If you are looking to give feedback on our new site, please send it along to [email protected]. If you want to write a letter to the editor, please forward to [email protected]. Welcome to The Globe and Mail’s comment community. This is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and Globe staff. Non-subscribers can read and sort comments but will not be able to engage with them in any way. Click here to subscribe. Welcome to The Globe and Mail’s comment community. This is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and Globe staff. Non-subscribers can read and sort comments but will not be able to engage with them in any way. Click here to subscribe. | Low | [
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28.25,
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I first encountered the campaigner Hanaa Edwar in 2005 while researching the murder of women's rights campaigners in Iraq by the militias responsible for the worst violence. We met then at her offices in Baghdad, where I sat with a group of women she had gathered to tell me their stories of death threats, murder and intimidation. "The dream!" Edwar exclaims as her three dogs jump on to her lap. "The dream was to build a new life with a democratic system. Of course we got pluralism and some civil society and a working, independent media. But not real democracy. The problem is …" She hesitates. "The problem is that the democratic project was like a baby. After 10 years, baby is growing up and sadly you can see that it has abnormalities. " We had this opportunity to build a new society. I was in Erbil [in Kurdistan] in exile when Baghdad fell. I came back a week later. I must admit I felt very optimistic. The taboo of isolation from the world for more than two decades was broken. It felt as though there could be a new communication with the world. People were able to think for themselves. To express themselves for the first time. Now, a decade later, we have no ethics, no policy and no dialogue. And everywhere you see the failure of public services. Every entity is run by its own director and becoming more sectarian. This position is for a Sunni. This for a Shia. Even the universities. It's disgusting." Edwar has been threatened for taking the positions that she does. Two days after she publicly criticised the prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, at a conference,, captured on YouTube, a bullet was left in an envelope outside her office. More sinister was the rumour on the website of one of Iraq's newspapers in November that her body had been found on the airport road. Despite women's rights being partially enshrined in Iraq's post-Saddam constitution, she is angry that Iraq's women have been politically sidelined, that women are increasingly under-represented. "In 2005, there were six women ministers. Now there is only one – the minister for women! Women are being marginalised in civil society as well. We spent two years drafting a law on domestic violence only to see it get stuck in the Shura [state] council. We have also been working on a strategy for the advancement of women's issues. Two years ago, the prime minister said he supported it. But it's just talk. There's no reality. "There is still phenomenal violence against women as well as sexual harassment. I've been hearing about cases of rape in prison during interrogations. It's alarming. Terrible. And it is police officers who are doing it. There's also the issue of the religious culture we have here, which supports women being disciplined by their husbands and only considers women in terms of marriage ." Edwar is worried about the future once again, having lived through the sectarian war and its excesses. "I think now we're reaching a critical moment again. A moment of great danger. What we need is a new political movement. New blood. New thinking. The current generation [which has dominated Iraqi politics in recent years] has fixed religious ideas. They want to impose the past on the future. "The political situation is fragile. Because of that, security is very fragile too. Corruption means that political partnership exists only between parties for the distribution of wealth among themselves. It's not a partnership with the Iraqi people. We don't really have a state. It has weak institutions and weak rule of law. And people are afraid of a new dictator emerging. There is a very dangerous vacuum. What is required is for our religious people to play their role with wisdom and use their voice against armed conflict. "I went to Anbar province [centre of the growing Sunni protest movement against the Shia-dominated government] a few weeks ago. People really felt they were being oppressed and had just demands. And who actually defeated al-Qaida in Anbar?" She demands. "It was the people [in the tribal Sunni Awakening movement] not the Americans or the government. This has been their compensation. To be treated with suspicion. "The very slow response by the government to the demands, I fear only opens the way up to extremists. These are people – tens of thousands of them – who've been dismissed from their jobs, marginalised by the state. I feel it even here in Baghdad. Sunni graduates from university, even with excellent degrees, struggle to find jobs. It's a policy. And it's a shame in the 21st century. I ask Edwar if her own organisation has had problems other than the personal threats against her. "Oh!" She cries: "The government is very suspicious of civil society organisations like mine. Three months ago the prime minister's office sent us a letter asking us to disband. I think it is because we're independent and have a loud voice on human rights issues. This was in November. It was sent to a number of NGOs asking us to dissolve. But the law doesn't allow them to demand it. So I said – what are you accusing us of – because we're clean. "All my siblings have left, three to the US and my sister has settled in Cardiff. One brother was kidnapped in Basra twice, the first time in 2003. It cost $35,000 to release him. When he heard they were planning to kidnap him again he fled. So I am here on my own. I have one room in the office where I live. I'm single. But I'm too busy to be lonely and when it gets me down and I feel that it's all hopeless I have my dogs and my friends." | Mid | [
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Shop my closet Dr Martens S/S 2011 Press Preview Dr Martens are that classic boot that can be worn with so many outfits and styles and that never goes out of fashion. With the new season, the brand have some amazing new styles coming out including the Leopard and Zebra print and my personal favorite the Leopard Print and the pastel coloured boots with a textured grain effect. All these styles will easily fit into your summer wardrobe with key colours for the new season, there are plenty to chose from for your new Spring Summer collection. | Mid | [
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#!/bin/bash # update macOS clients # # DIR=$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd ) source "${DIR}"/functions.sh # get App's Resources folder res_folder=$(cat ~/coreos-osx/.env/resouces_path) # get VM's IP vm_ip=$(~/bin/corectl q -i core-01) # path to the bin folder where we store our binary files export PATH=${HOME}/coreos-osx/bin:$PATH # docker daemon export DOCKER_HOST=tcp://$vm_ip:2375 # copy files to ~/coreos-osx/bin cp -f "${res_folder}"/bin/* ~/coreos-osx/bin chmod 755 ~/coreos-osx/bin/* # download latest version of docker clients osx_clients_upgrade=0 download_osx_clients if [ $osx_clients_upgrade -eq 0 ]; then echo " " else echo " " echo "Update has finished !!!" echo " " fi # pause 'Press [Enter] key to continue...' | Low | [
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More Money for Yucca Mountain Makes It Hard to Get Behind Nuclear Option The cost of complex engineering projects, in general, is rapidly going up with the higher cost of materials. Still, this upward revised estimate of the cost of long term rad waste management is particularly stunning, considering the talk about doubling nuclear generation capacity (presumably not accounted for in these numbers)! The U.S. Department of Energy says it has revised upward its cost estimate of the Yucca Mountain nuclear repository from its 1983 start to closure in 2133. Officials said the new system life cycle cost estimate includes money needed to research, construct and operate Yucca Mountain for 150 years. The new cost estimate of $79.3 billion, when updated to 2007 dollars totals $96.2 billion -- a 38-percent increase from the last published estimate in 2001 of $57.5 billion. Wondering if Middle Eastern nations have a "Yucca" equivalent? Or do we have to share ours with them? All the more stunning when you consider that the salvage value of many nuclear power components will be negative, while the salvage value of wind turbines will be positive. Can someone run a net present worth comparison per average ton of salvage please? And share it with the American people because the nuclear option is looking really expensive. | Mid | [
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S1P regulation of ovarian carcinoma invasiveness. Within the tumor microenvironment the invasiveness of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) cells is stimulated by biologically active lipids such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). We tested the in vitro effect of another bioactive lysophospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), on the invasiveness of EOC cells. Dov13 EOC cells were tested for invasion through matrigel-coated chambers and for gelatinase activity using a fluorogenic assay. cDNA was analyzed through real-time PCR. Cell surface proteins, isolated through biotinylation and affinity purification, were analyzed by Western blots. Invasion of Dov13 cells was enhanced by low (0.5 microM) and inhibited by high (20 microM) concentrations of S1P, which correlated with increased and reduced gelatinase activity in conditioned media. Low and high S1P dose also differently affected the presentation of surface S1P receptors; low S1P dose increased S1P1 and decreased S1P2, while high S1P increased S1P3. LPA and S1P differently altered transcript levels of their respective and reciprocal receptors; receptors that were upregulated by one lysophospholipid (S1P2,3 and LPA1 by LPA, LPA3,4 and S1P1,4,5 by S1P) were downregulated or unchanged by the other. The dual effect of high and low S1P concentration on invasion was probably caused by the diverse changes to the presentation of surface S1P receptors. The opposite effect of S1P and LPA on expression of each receptor suggests a homeostatic transcriptional mechanism that abrogates the effects of LPA and S1P on EOC cells. Altogether this study demonstrates a complex role of S1P in EOC cell invasion, a process highly balanced and regulated by LPA and S1P within the tumor microenvironment. | High | [
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31.125,
12.8125
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Mucoadhesive properties of carbopol or chitosan-coated liposomes and their effectiveness in the oral administration of calcitonin to rats. Mucoadhesive liposomes were prepared by coating multilamellar liposomes with Carbopol (CP) in a similar manner to that used in the preparation of chitosan-coated liposomes (CS-Lip) previously reported [Takeuchi et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42 (1994) 1954-1956; Pharm. Res. 13 (1996) 896-901]. The positively charged liposomes containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and stearylamine at an optimum formulation ratio (40:1) could be coated with CP without aggregation of the liposomal particles during the coating process. The mucoadhesive properties of both the resultant polymer-coated liposomes (CP-Lip and CS-Lip) and the positively or negatively charged noncoated liposomes (Non-Lip) were evaluated using the rat intestine. The order was CS-Lip> or = CP-Lip>positively charged Non-Lip>negatively charged Non-Lip. The adhesive property of CP-Lip decreased on increasing pH of the dispersing medium from pH 5.0 to 7.4, probably owing to the electric repulsion between CP-Lip and the mucus layer. The effectiveness of the liposomal formulations in oral administration of calcitonin was evaluated by measuring the change in the blood calcium concentration of rats. Administration of CP-Lip and CS-Lip containing calcitonin showed an enhanced and prolonged reduction in blood calcium concentration. The overall pharmacological effect of CP- and CS-Lips evaluated by means of the area under the plasma calcium concentration curve was 2.4 and 2.8 times higher than that of negatively and positively charged Non-Lips, respectively. | High | [
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31.875,
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Q: How to get the digits after the decimal point I have N[Sqrt[2], 8] which outputs 0.4142136 How do I get the 4142136 part out of it? I tried RealDigits[N[Sqrt[2], 8] - Floor@Sqrt[2]][[1]] but because in the solution above the last digit was rounded up (0.41421356), it doesn't come out the same : {4, 1, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5} A: FractionalPart@N[Sqrt[2], 7] 10^7 // Round (* 4142136*) A: A way to work with RealDigits, if desired: Drop @@ RealDigits[Round[Sqrt[2], 1*^-7]] // FromDigits 4142136 | Mid | [
0.6297297297297291,
29.125,
17.125
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Search results for "guanaco" Camels inhabiting the Andes in South America? Sounds quite surprising! Thinking of camels, the One-humped camel or Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and the Two-humped camel or Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) from the African and Asian deserts come to one's mind. But these tall camel species have close relatives in South America - the smaller Llamas or South American camels. This group consists of just two species too: the Guanaco (Lama guanacoë), the wild ancestor of the domestic Llama and Alpaca, and the even smaller and daintier Vicuna (Lama vicugna). Reaching a length of about 1,5 m,... Guanacos are usually found in small herds or loosely structured family groups. When a member of the herd picks up the slightest hint of danger, it makes a high-pitched warning call, causing the other guanacos to flee swiftly and nimbly across the steep and uneven terrain. Guanacos generally live at high elevations, grazing on grasses and browsing on leaves and buds. They can get by without water for long periods of time, obtaining moisture from the plants they eat. The young play and romp, but when confronted by an adult male they will lay their neck on the ground in submission. ... | Mid | [
0.6385809312638581,
36,
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Virtual Printer A virtual printer is specialized software implemented as a printer driver but not connected to an actual printer. This approach is used in many applications that have to do with the conversion of documents to other formats as well as sending fax messages. Here is the basic operating principle of a virtual printer: once this software is installed, a new printer appears on the system. Whenever a document is sent to it, the program attempting to print converts the file into a standard data stream (usually, a program written in PostScript). The driver of a conventional printer converts it into a series of commands physically to control a printing head. A virtual printer handles the stream differently, for instance, by saving it as a graphic file in a specified format. If one were to compare a virtual printer with a conventional document converter, it would prove to have two important advantages. The first one is its flexibility. A virtual printer will convert any source documents regardless of their format. The only condition is that the user must have the software to open the file in question and to send it to a printer. The other advantage is the ease of use for the end user. Any person who knows how to print a file can use a virtual printer to covert the documents without any prior training. Virtual printers are frequently used as modules in a multi-purpose editor to convert the documents into a desired format. In addition, there is a fairly large number of stand-alone products in the virtual printer category on the market. They normally have more sophisticated functionality. DI Alfred Dietrich Austria «I use all of the MS Office programs with the Universal Document Converter being an indispensable addition for creating PDF files and converting files to JPG and TIF file formats. The Universal Document Converter is intuitive in its structure, easy to handle and, most importantly, extremely reliable. Currently, I am using the 6.0 version on Windows 7 and I am very happy with it.» | High | [
0.6666666666666661,
33.75,
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Q: Error Initialize ManagedBean with Spring JSF 2.0 Hibernate Maven i am working with JSF 2.0 , Spring, Hibernate and i'm having a problem with a initialization of a ManagedBean. Here is the error: SEVERE: Error Rendering View[/cadastroDeProdutoAdminSistemas.xhtml] com.sun.faces.mgbean.ManagedBeanCreationException: Não é possível criar instância para·a classe: com.catalogor3e.controller.PesquisaSistemasAdminBean. at com.sun.faces.mgbean.BeanBuilder.newBeanInstance(BeanBuilder.java:193) at com.sun.faces.mgbean.BeanBuilder.build(BeanBuilder.java:102) at com.sun.faces.mgbean.BeanManager.createAndPush(BeanManager.java:409) at com.sun.faces.mgbean.BeanManager.create(BeanManager.java:269) at com.sun.faces.el.ManagedBeanELResolver.resolveBean(ManagedBeanELResolver.java:244) at com.sun.faces.el.ManagedBeanELResolver.getValue(ManagedBeanELResolver.java:116) at com.sun.faces.el.DemuxCompositeELResolver._getValue(DemuxCompositeELResolver.java:176) at com.sun.faces.el.DemuxCompositeELResolver.getValue(DemuxCompositeELResolver.java:203) at org.apache.el.parser.AstIdentifier.getValue(AstIdentifier.java:72) at org.apache.el.parser.AstValue.getValue(AstValue.java:161) at org.apache.el.ValueExpressionImpl.getValue(ValueExpressionImpl.java:185) at com.sun.faces.facelets.el.TagValueExpression.getValue(TagValueExpression.java:109) at javax.faces.component.ComponentStateHelper.eval(ComponentStateHelper.java:194) at javax.faces.component.ComponentStateHelper.eval(ComponentStateHelper.java:182) at javax.faces.component.UIData.getValue(UIData.java:731) at org.primefaces.component.datatable.DataTable.getValue(DataTable.java:729) at org.primefaces.component.api.UIData.getDataModel(UIData.java:575) at javax.faces.component.UIData.getRowCount(UIData.java:356) at org.primefaces.component.datatable.DataTableRenderer.encodeTbody(DataTableRenderer.java:579) at org.primefaces.component.datatable.DataTableRenderer.encodeRegularTable(DataTableRenderer.java:220) at org.primefaces.component.datatable.DataTableRenderer.encodeMarkup(DataTableRenderer.java:192) at org.primefaces.component.datatable.DataTableRenderer.encodeEnd(DataTableRenderer.java:74) at javax.faces.component.UIComponentBase.encodeEnd(UIComponentBase.java:875) at javax.faces.component.UIComponent.encodeAll(UIComponent.java:1764) at javax.faces.render.Renderer.encodeChildren(Renderer.java:168) at javax.faces.component.UIComponentBase.encodeChildren(UIComponentBase.java:845) at org.primefaces.renderkit.CoreRenderer.renderChild(CoreRenderer.java:55) at org.primefaces.renderkit.CoreRenderer.renderChildren(CoreRenderer.java:43) at org.primefaces.component.layout.LayoutUnitRenderer.encodeEnd(LayoutUnitRenderer.java:51) at javax.faces.component.UIComponentBase.encodeEnd(UIComponentBase.java:875) at javax.faces.component.UIComponent.encodeAll(UIComponent.java:1764) at javax.faces.component.UIComponent.encodeAll(UIComponent.java:1760) at javax.faces.component.UIComponent.encodeAll(UIComponent.java:1760) at javax.faces.component.UIComponent.encodeAll(UIComponent.java:1760) at com.sun.faces.application.view.FaceletViewHandlingStrategy.renderView(FaceletViewHandlingStrategy.java:424) at com.sun.faces.application.view.MultiViewHandler.renderView(MultiViewHandler.java:125) at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.RenderResponsePhase.execute(RenderResponsePhase.java:121) at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.Phase.doPhase(Phase.java:101) at com.sun.faces.lifecycle.LifecycleImpl.render(LifecycleImpl.java:139) at javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet.service(FacesServlet.java:594) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:305) Hibernate: select estado0_.id as id3_, estado0_.nome_estado as nome2_3_ from estado estado0_ at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210) at org.primefaces.webapp.filter.FileUploadFilter.doFilter(FileUploadFilter.java:79) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:243) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:222) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:123) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:472) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:171) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:99) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:936) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:118) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:407) at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1004) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:589) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:312) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722) Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException at com.catalogor3e.controller.PesquisaSistemasAdminBean.<init>(PesquisaSistemasAdminBean.java:51) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:525) at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Class.java:372) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:325) at com.sun.faces.mgbean.BeanBuilder.newBeanInstance(BeanBuilder.java:188) ... 58 more here is my ManagedBean: @ManagedBean(name="pesquisaSistemasAdminBean") @SessionScoped public class PesquisaSistemasAdminBean{ @ManagedProperty(value = "#{filtroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean}") private FiltroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean filtroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean; @ManagedProperty("#{facadeService}") private FacadeService service; private DataModel<Sistema> listaSistemas ; //variáveis para filtro private int idCategoriaParaFiltro = -1; private List<String> idsDeComponentesParaFiltro = new ArrayList<String>(); private int idFabricanteParaFiltro = -1; public PesquisaSistemasAdminBean() { this.listaSistemas = new ListDataModel<Sistema> (this.service.getServiceSistemas().filtrarSistemaConstrutivo(null, null, null, null, null)); } //retorna todas as categorias(tipos) dos sistemas existentes no banco public List<CategoriaSistema> getListaDeCategorias(){ List<CategoriaSistema> listaDeCategorias = this.service.getServiceCategoriaDeSistemas().getTodasAsCategoriasDeSistemas(); return listaDeCategorias; } public void filtrarSistemaConstrutivo(){ CategoriaSistema categoriaDeSistema = null; Fabricante fabricante = null; ZonaBioclimatica zona = null; Etiqueta etiqueta = null; List<CategoriaCamada> listaDeCategoriasDeComponentes = null; if(this.idCategoriaParaFiltro != -1){ categoriaDeSistema = this.service.getServiceCategoriaDeSistemas().getCategoriaPeloID(idCategoriaParaFiltro); } if(this.idFabricanteParaFiltro != -1){ fabricante = this.service.getServiceFabricante().getFabricantePeloID(idCategoriaParaFiltro); } if(this.filtroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean.getZonaBioclimaticaParaFiltro() != null){ zona = this.filtroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean.getZonaBioclimaticaParaFiltro(); } if(this.filtroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean.getIdEtiqueta() != -1){ etiqueta = this.service.getServiceCidadeEstado().getEtiquetaPeloID(this.filtroEtiquetaCidadeSistemaBean.getIdEtiqueta()); } if(!this.idsDeComponentesParaFiltro.isEmpty()){ listaDeCategoriasDeComponentes = new ArrayList<CategoriaCamada>(); for(int i = 0; i < idsDeComponentesParaFiltro.size(); i++){ CategoriaCamada categoriaCamada = this.service.getServiceCategoriaDeComponentesConstrutivos().getCategoriaComponenteConstrutivoPeloId(Integer.parseInt(idsDeComponentesParaFiltro.get(i))); listaDeCategoriasDeComponentes.add(categoriaCamada); } } this.listaSistemas = new ListDataModel<Sistema> (this.service.getServiceSistemas().filtrarSistemaConstrutivo(categoriaDeSistema, listaDeCategoriasDeComponentes, fabricante, zona, etiqueta)); } //retorna todos os fabricantes existentes no banco public List<Fabricante> getListaFabricantes(){ List<Fabricante> listaDeFabricantes = this.service.getServiceFabricante().listaDeTodosOsFabricantes(); return listaDeFabricantes; } ///gets e sets está implementado, mas economizei código aqui!!! here is my pom.xml <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.mycompany</groupId> <artifactId>catalogo</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>war</packaging> <name>catalogo</name> <properties> <endorsed.dir>${project.build.directory}/endorsed</endorsed.dir> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>com.sun.faces</groupId> <artifactId>jsf-api</artifactId> <version>2.1.6</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.sun.faces</groupId> <artifactId>jsf-impl</artifactId> <version>2.1.10</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId> <artifactId>jstl</artifactId> <version>1.2</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax.persistence</groupId> <artifactId>persistence-api</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId> <version>3.2.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-expression</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context-support</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId> <version>3.1.2.RELEASE</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId> <artifactId>hibernate</artifactId> <version>3.2.6.ga</version> <type>jar</type> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId> <artifactId>hibernate-annotations</artifactId> <version>3.3.1.GA</version> <type>jar</type> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId> <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId> <version>3.3.2.GA</version> <type>jar</type> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <version>5.1.15</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId> <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId> <version>1.6.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId> <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId> <version>1.6.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>commons-collections</groupId> <artifactId>commons-collections</artifactId> <version>3.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.10</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId> <artifactId>ejb3-persistence</artifactId> <version>1.0.1.GA</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax.sql</groupId> <artifactId>jdbc-stdext</artifactId> <version>2.0</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax.transaction</groupId> <artifactId>jta</artifactId> <version>1.0.1B</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.primefaces</groupId> <artifactId>primefaces</artifactId> <version>3.4.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.primefaces.themes</groupId> <artifactId>all-themes</artifactId> <version>1.0.9</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId> <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId> <version>1.2.3-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>commons-io</groupId> <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId> <version>2.5-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>rome</groupId> <artifactId>rome</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId> <artifactId>poi</artifactId> <version>3.7</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.lowagie</groupId> <artifactId>itext</artifactId> <version>2.0.7</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax</groupId> <artifactId>javaee-api</artifactId> <version>6.0</version> <type>jar</type> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax</groupId> <artifactId>javaee-web-api</artifactId> <version>6.0</version> <type>jar</type> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.3.2</version> <configuration> <source>1.6</source> <target>1.6</target> <compilerArguments> <endorseddirs>${endorsed.dir}</endorseddirs> </compilerArguments> </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.1.1</version> <configuration> <failOnMissingWebXml>false</failOnMissingWebXml> </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.1</version> <executions> <execution> <phase>validate</phase> <goals> <goal>copy</goal> </goals> <configuration> <outputDirectory>${endorsed.dir}</outputDirectory> <silent>true</silent> <artifactItems> <artifactItem> <groupId>javax</groupId> <artifactId>javaee-endorsed-api</artifactId> <version>6.0</version> <type>jar</type> </artifactItem> </artifactItems> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build> <repositories> <repository> <url>http://download.java.net/maven/2/</url> <id>jsf20</id> <layout>default</layout> <name>Repository for library Library[jsf20]</name> </repository> <repository> <url>http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/</url> <id>jstl11</id> <layout>default</layout> <name>Repository for library Library[jstl11]</name> </repository> <repository> <id>prime-repo</id> <name>PrimeFaces Maven Repository</name> <url>http://repository.primefaces.org</url> <layout>default</layout> </repository> <repository> <releases> <enabled>false</enabled> </releases> <snapshots> <enabled>true</enabled> </snapshots> <id>apache.snapshots</id> <name>Apache Snapshot Repository</name> <url>https://repository.apache.org/content/repositories/snapshots</url> </repository> </repositories> here is my web.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="3.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd"> <context-param> <param-name>javax.faces.PROJECT_STAGE</param-name> <param-value>Development</param-value> </context-param> <servlet> <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/faces/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <session-config> <session-timeout> 30 </session-timeout> </session-config> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>faces/index.xhtml</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> <context-param> <param-name>primefaces.THEME</param-name> <param-value>bootstrap</param-value> </context-param> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>PrimeFaces FileUpload Filter</filter-name> <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name> </filter-mapping> <filter> <filter-name>PrimeFaces FileUpload Filter</filter-name> <filter-class>org.primefaces.webapp.filter.FileUploadFilter</filter-class> </filter> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener </listener-class> </listener> <listener> <listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class> </listener> </web-app> here is my applicationContext.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd"> <!-- Seta anotaçoes para serem <context:annotation-config />usadas pelo Spring --> <context:annotation-config /> <!-- Define o pacote onde o Spring vai procurar por beans anotados --> <context:component-scan base-package="com.catalogor3e.dao, com.catalogor3e.service" /> <!-- define que as transaçoes irao ser anotadas --> <tx:annotation-driven /> <bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"> <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/> <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/bancodedados"/> <property name="username" value="root"/> <property name="password" value="852456"/> </bean> < bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean"> <property name="persistenceUnitName" value="catalogoPU" /> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" /> <property name="jpaVendorAdapter"> <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter"> <property name="databasePlatform" value="org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect" /> <property name="showSql" value="true" /> </bean> </property> </bean> <!-- Configuracao do gerente de transacoes do Spring --> <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager"> <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory" /> </bean> </beans> please, Can anybody help me with this, please? Att, Diego Sabino A: Here's the root cause of your exception, it's the bottommost part. That's of the most relevance: Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException at com.catalogor3e.controller.PesquisaSistemasAdminBean.<init>(PesquisaSistemasAdminBean.java:51) So, something is null inside the bean's constructor while the code is attempting to access/invoke it. Let's look at the constructor: public PesquisaSistemasAdminBean() { this.listaSistemas = new ListDataModel<Sistema> (this.service.getServiceSistemas().filtrarSistemaConstrutivo(null, null, null, null, null)); } Hey, you're trying to access service which is declared as a managed property. You seem to be expecting that managed property injection works as follows: PesquisaSistemasAdminBean pesquisaSistemasAdminBean; // Declare bean. pesquisaSistemasAdminBean.setService(facadeService); // Set service. pesquisaSistemasAdminBean = new PesquisaSistemasAdminBean(); // Invoke constructor. But this is impossible. It is technically simply not possible to set the service as an instance variable before the instance is ever constructed. Actually, the following is what really happens: PesquisaSistemasAdminBean pesquisaSistemasAdminBean; // Declare bean. pesquisaSistemasAdminBean = new PesquisaSistemasAdminBean(); // Invoke constructor. pesquisaSistemasAdminBean.setService(facadeService); // Set service. That explains why the service is still null inside the constructor. If you intend to perform some business logic based on injected dependencies directly after bean's construction, then you should be using a @PostConstruct annotated method. So, you need to replace the constructor public PesquisaSistemasAdminBean() { this.listaSistemas = new ListDataModel<Sistema> (this.service.getServiceSistemas().filtrarSistemaConstrutivo(null, null, null, null, null)); } by a @PostConstruct method @PostConstruct public void init() { this.listaSistemas = new ListDataModel<Sistema> (this.service.getServiceSistemas().filtrarSistemaConstrutivo(null, null, null, null, null)); } The method name is fully to your choice, by the way. | Mid | [
0.568681318681318,
25.875,
19.625
] |
Q: Ring and field of polynomials Let $K / F$ be an extension of fields. I define the two next sets: $$ F[X] = \left\{\sum_{i = 0}^n a_i X^i : n \in \mathbb{N} \mbox{, } a_i \in F \mbox{ for all } i = 0 , 1 , \ldots , n\right\} $$ and $$ F(X) = \left\{\frac{p(X)}{q(X)} : p(X) , q(X) \in F[X] \mbox{ and } q(X) \not \equiv 0\right\}\mbox{,} $$ where $X$ is a variable (it does not belong neither to $K$ nor to $F$). Now, let $x \in K$ and I define $F[x]$ as the minor ring which contains as to $F$ as to $x$, and $F(x)$ will be the minor field which contains as to $F$ as to $x$. Well now I can ask my question: are the equalities $$ F[x] = \{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\} \qquad \mbox{ and } \qquad F(x) = \{f(x) : f(X) \in F(X)\} $$ true? I think yes and here is my attempt: $$ F[x] \supset \{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\} \qquad \mbox{ and } \qquad F(x) \supset \{f(x) : f(X) \in F(X)\} $$ are clear inclusions; indeed, let $p(X) = \sum_{i = 0}^n a_i X^i$ and $q(X) = \sum_{j = 0}^m b_j X^j$ be polynomials in $F[X]$ such that $q(X) \not \equiv 0$. Since $x \in F[x]$ and it is a ring, then $$ p(x) = \sum_{i = 0}^n a_i x^i \in F[x] $$ and hence $q(x) \in F[x] \subset F(x)$ and then $\frac{1}{q(x)} \in F(x)$, assuming $q(x) \neq 0$, as it is a field. Therefore, $\frac{p(x)}{q(x)} \in F(x)$. Well, to show $$ F[x] \subset \{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\} \qquad \mbox{ and } \qquad F(x) \subset \{f(x) : f(X) \in F(X)\} $$ it would be enough to prove that $\{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\}$ is a ring and $\{f(x) : f(X) \in F(X)\}$ is a field because both sets contain as to $x$ as to $F$ (it is trivial: the polynomial $X$ belongs to $F[X]$, the constant polynomials span $F$ and $F[x] \subset F(x)$). On the other hand, they are ring and field, respectively, because $F[X]$ is a ring and $F(X)$ is a field. Is my statement correct? Thank you by your help. A: $F[x] = \{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\}$ This is correct. $F(x) = \{f(x) : f(X) \in F(X)\}$ This isn't quite correct. What if you take $f(X) = \frac{1}{X-2}$ and $x=2$? To fix this, you should be trying to prove that: $F(x) = \{p(x)/q(x) : p(X),q(X) \in F[X] \text{ and } q(x)\neq 0\}$ That is, it's not enough for $q(X)$ to be nonzero. It also needs to be nonzero when evaluated at $X=x$. It might help you to ask yourself the question "where does the set $\{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\}$ live?". This set is not just an abstract set; it's a subset of $K$. Indeed, you should really define $F[x]$ as the smallest subring of $K$ containing both $F$ and $x$. Finally, I'm not convinced by this line of your proof: On the other hand, they are ring and field, respectively, because $F[X]$ is a ring and $F(X)$ is a field. Firstly, let's deal with $F[x]$. You want to show that $\{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\}$ is a ring, because then it will contain $F[x]$ by definition; and your proposed method to do this works. (Putting your method more rigorously: $F[X]$ is a ring, and the map $F[X]\to K$ sending $X\mapsto x$ is a ring homomorphism. So its image must be a ring. But its image is precisely $\{f(x) : f(X) \in F[X]\}$, and this is what you wanted to show.) You'll need to work a little harder for $F(x)$. But not much harder. You want to show that $\{p(x)/q(x) : p(X),q(X) \in F[X] \text{ and } q(x)\neq 0\}$ is a field, because then it will contain $F(x)$ by definition. In the latter case, your method now no longer works, because $\{p(x)/q(x) : p(X),q(X) \in F[X] \text{ and } q(x)\neq 0\}$ isn't very closely related to $F(X)$ any more by what I said above. Hint: show first that it's a ring; then show that, if $p(x)/q(x) \neq 0$, it has a multiplicative inverse $(p(x)/q(x))^{-1} = q(x)/p(x) \in F(x)$. | Mid | [
0.62882096069869,
36,
21.25
] |
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