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Q:
creating word2vec model syn1neg.npy extension
When creating model,there is not any more model with extension finish
.syn1neg.npy
syn0.npy
My code is below:
corpus= x+y
tok_corp= [nltk.word_tokenize(sent.decode('utf-8')) for sent in corpus]
model = gensim.models.Word2Vec(tok_corp, min_count=1, size = 32)
model.save('/home/Desktop/test_model')
model = gensim.models.Word2Vec.load('/home/kafein/Desktop/chatbot/test_model')
There is only 1 model file
test_model
Which part i am wrong ?
A:
Gensim's native .save() only saves off parts of the model into such separate files (like test_model.syn1neg.npy etc) if they are larger than a certain threshold. When they're small, they get "pickled" up into the single model save file.
So there's no problem/error here. If you start training a larger model with more words, you may see those other files re-appear. (When you do, be sure to keep them alongside the main test_model file, if copying/moving them elsewhere – all the files together are needed to re-load() the model.)
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US slams Russia for vetoing UN resolution on probe into chemical attacks in Syria
world
Updated: Oct 25, 2017 11:09 IST
The US has slammed Russia for vetoing a UN Security Council resolution extending the mandate of the only official mission probing the use of chemical weapons in Syria, saying Moscow has “once again” demonstrated it would do anything to protect its ally.
Russia on Tuesday vetoed the US-sponsored UN resolution that would extend the work of inspectors seeking to determine who is responsible for chemical weapons attacks in Syria.
Russia has blocked such a move by the UN Security Council a number of times, White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders said in her daily news conference.
Russia has blocked the UN Security Council action to hold accountable those who use chemical weapons, including terrorists and the regime of Syrian President Bashar al Assad, she said.
“By blocking the extension of the Joint Investigative Mechanism, Russia has once again demonstrated it does not care about stopping the barbaric use of chemical weapons in the world and will do whatever it takes to protect its ally, the Assad regime,” Sanders alleged.
Blocking the extension of the investigating authority means nothing less than Russia’s endorsement of the Assad regime’s use of chemical weapons against innocent women and children.
“We will continue to push back against this,” Sanders said.
At the UN headquarters in New York, the Security Council rejected the draft resolution following a vote of 11 in favour to 2 against (Bolivia, Russian Federation), with 2 abstaining (China, Kazakhstan).
Had it been adopted, it would have extended the mechanism’s mandate — established by resolution 2235 (2015) and set to expire on November 17 — for one more year.
Vassily A Nebenzia, Russia’s Permanent Representative to the UN, suggested that adjourning the meeting until November 7 and discussing an extension without undue pressure.
He said that the Russian Federation expected an honest, impartial, complete investigation, and would accept clear, incontrovertible evidence of guilt.
The US had already determined who was guilty, and its actions were politicising the issue, he alleged.
US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley said Russia has once again demonstrated it will do whatever it takes to ensure the “barbaric” Assad regime never faces consequences for its continued use of chemicals as weapons.
“By rejecting the renewal of the work of the Joint Investigative Mechanism (JIM) — an independent, purely technical body — Russia has made it clear that it does not care about stopping the use of chemical weapons in the world,” she said.
“This is the ninth time Russia has protected Assad and his team of murderers by blocking the Security Council from acting. In doing so, Russia once again sides with the dictators and terrorists who use these weapons,” Haley said.
British Permanent Representative to the UN Nikki Haley described Russia’s use of veto power as a “sad day”.
“It’s a sad day for the Security Council when Russia vetoes a simple technical, procedural rollover, of the mandate of an absolutely crucial part of the international community’s architecture to help tackle the appalling use of chemical weapons,” he said.
The Syrian regime, that they support, must have something to hide, and I wonder why Russia continues to defend the indefensible, he said and hoped that Russia will realise that they are isolated on this issue.
“They are seeking to defend the indefensible. And beyond that, they have a particular responsibility as a permanent member of the Security Council with a close relationship with the Syrian regime. They have taken it upon themselves to lead the international community’s efforts to disarm Syria of its chemical weapons,” he said.
“That job is not complete, and I call on Russia to listen to what we all said today and to step up to meet those responsibilities,” the British Ambassador said.
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1. Introduction
===============
Honey is a natural, sweet and viscous fluid produced by bees from floral nectar, which comprises more than 400 different chemical compounds \[[@b1-ijms-13-06370]\], including proteins, enzymes, organic acids, mineral salts, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, free amino acids, and small quantities of volatile compounds \[[@b2-ijms-13-06370]\]. Historically, honey has been used as a treatment for a broad spectrum of injuries, including wounds, burns and ulcers \[[@b3-ijms-13-06370],[@b4-ijms-13-06370]\]. Honey has also been reported to stimulate the immune system (monocytes, neutrophils) \[[@b5-ijms-13-06370]--[@b7-ijms-13-06370]\]. It also clears infection by boosting the immune system, exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and stimulating cell growth \[[@b8-ijms-13-06370]\]. Gelam honey inhibits nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release both *in vitro* and *in vivo* \[[@b9-ijms-13-06370],[@b10-ijms-13-06370]\].
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates innate immune responses that mediate the cellular release of NO and various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as inducing macrophage migration and contributing to the pathogenesis of sepsis \[[@b11-ijms-13-06370]\]. Injection of animals with high doses of LPS causes multiple organ failure, characterized by circulatory failure, systemic hypotension, hypo-reactivity to vasoconstrictors, subsequent problems with organ perfusion and the development of functional abnormalities \[[@b12-ijms-13-06370]\], which reflect systemic inflammatory response syndrome and septic shock, rather than endotoxin-induced failure of lung, liver, and renal tissues \[[@b13-ijms-13-06370]\].
Sepsis is the leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 750,000 cases of sepsis diagnosed annually and mortality rates ranging from 30 to 60%; this systemic inflammation accounts for approximately 200,000 deaths per year in the US alone \[[@b14-ijms-13-06370]\]. Sepsis causes endothelial injury and neutrophil infiltration into tissues, leading to local injury, disturbed capillary blood flow and enhanced microvascular permeability, disseminated intravascular coagulation, circulatory collapse, hypoxia and, ultimately, multiple organ failure \[[@b15-ijms-13-06370]\]. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether intravenous injection of honey can protect organs from lethal doses of LPS that induce sepsis in rabbits.
2. Results
==========
2.1. Effect of Gelam Honey on Biochemical and Hematological Tests, Histopathology, and MPO Activity
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intravenous injection of honey resulted in potent protection against a lethal dose of LPS as evidenced by improved liver, kidney, cardiac and lipid profiles. Compared to the untreated group, the honey-treated group showed significant reductions in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatine kinase, creatinine, urea and amylase. Moreover, the honey-treated group showed higher RBC, WBC and thrombocyte counts than the untreated group ([Table 1](#t1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table"}). Arterial blood gases and pH values were determined for all groups ([Table 1](#t1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table"}). The honey-treated group showed mild respiratory alkalosis, while in the untreated group, the arterial blood pH was closer to acidosis. Blood pCO~2~ was lowered by LPS injection, but to the same level in the honey-treated group and untreated group, indicating that honey injection did not prevent the reduction in pCO~2~. Blood HCO~3~ and PO~2~ were higher in the honey-treated group than in the untreated group. There was clear evidence of hypoxia in the untreated group, as shown by the reduction in the pO~2~ value ([Table 1](#t1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table"}). Neutrophil infiltration was reduced in the treated group; however, MPO activity in the honey-treated group was significantly lower than that in the untreated group ([Figure 1](#f1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, more histopathological changes were observed in the untreated group, as evidenced by cellular infiltration of the lungs ([Figure 2](#f2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, 66.7% of rabbits in the untreated group died compared with 33.3% in the treated group ([Figure 3](#f3-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="fig"}). Survival rates were monitored over a 2-week period.
3. Discussion
=============
Previous studies have shown that honey has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties \[[@b16-ijms-13-06370]\]. This study identified a protective role for honey against systemic damage induced by lethal doses of LPS in a rabbit model. These effects were evidenced by decreased blood chemistry parameters of organ dysfunction, decreased cellular infiltration into the tissues, and decreased mortality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that honey can protect organs from lethal doses of LPS. The results indicate that honey can counteract the effects of LPS, which is a compound that can lead to organ and multi-organ failure.
When immune responses are insufficient, infections can lead to sepsis \[[@b17-ijms-13-06370]\]. Many studies report that sepsis is a complicated pathophysiological and immunological process that causes alterations in the structure and characteristics of blood cells and tissues, leading to multi-organ failure. Lethal doses of LPS in animals induce a variety of organ and systemic changes that lead to organ failure and, ultimately, to death \[[@b18-ijms-13-06370],[@b19-ijms-13-06370]\]. Previous studies have shown that the acute exposure of rabbits to LPS is associated with necrosis in organs such as the lungs and liver. The presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was noted in association with necrosis in the lung and liver as well as an apoptotic cellular appearance in the LPS group. In addition, LPS stimulates the production of many cellular substances, such as cytokines, NO, vasoactive peptides, pro-coagulant factors, and prostaglandins, both *in vitro* and *in vivo* \[[@b15-ijms-13-06370]\]. Earlier reports indicate that LPS and cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, induce apoptotic necrosis in cells and tissues \[[@b20-ijms-13-06370],[@b21-ijms-13-06370]\]. Furthermore, LPS activates NF-κB, which activates many mediators including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL6 and IL-10 \[[@b22-ijms-13-06370]\]. These cytokines enhance vascular permeability, stimulate the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, and induce infiltration of cells from the blood to tissues \[[@b23-ijms-13-06370]\]. Sepsis-induced acute lung injury is a major clinical problem with significant morbidity and mortality \[[@b24-ijms-13-06370]--[@b26-ijms-13-06370]\]. PMNLs are thought to contribute significantly to the pathophysiologic features of acute lung injury \[[@b27-ijms-13-06370]--[@b31-ijms-13-06370]\]. A pathological hallmark of acute lung injury is subsequent tissue infiltration of neutrophils and pulmonary microvascular sequestration \[[@b32-ijms-13-06370],[@b33-ijms-13-06370]\]. Enhanced pulmonary neutrophil sequestration and infiltration during sepsis changes the neutrophil profile by increasing neutrophil surface expression and activating cell-cell adhesion molecules, and enhancing the release of soluble mediators, production of cytokines, and generation of reactive oxygen species, NO, and ONOO^−^ \[[@b34-ijms-13-06370]--[@b38-ijms-13-06370]\]. Acute lung injury is characterized by increased MPO activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration, increased expression and activity of cytokines and iNOS, high-protein pulmonary edema, and oxidant stress \[[@b31-ijms-13-06370],[@b39-ijms-13-06370]\]. Pulmonary microvascular neutrophil sequestration and tissue infiltration are hallmarks of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury \[[@b33-ijms-13-06370],[@b40-ijms-13-06370],[@b41-ijms-13-06370]\]. The present study is in agreement with previous studies showing that sepsis induces changes in pulmonary microvascular neutrophil sequestration and alveolar neutrophil infiltration, \[[@b34-ijms-13-06370]--[@b36-ijms-13-06370],[@b42-ijms-13-06370]\] as clearly shown in the untreated group but not in the honey-treated group ([Figures 1](#f1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#f2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, honey treatment decreased lung injury by inhibiting MPO activity. Therefore, as reported in our previous studies, honey may decrease lung injury through systemic inhibition of cytokines such as PGE~2~ and NO \[[@b9-ijms-13-06370],[@b10-ijms-13-06370]\].
In this study, the reductions in RBC, WBC, and platelet counts observed in the untreated group confirm those seen in earlier reports \[[@b43-ijms-13-06370],[@b44-ijms-13-06370]\]. Treatment with honey significantly attenuated the severe reductions in blood counts (WBC and RBC) and thrombocytopenia, suggesting that honey has a protective role against sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. LPS causes disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is associated with coagulation disorders and loss of platelets. In the liver, LPS causes increases in AST, ALT, γ-GT, and lipid profiles \[[@b43-ijms-13-06370],[@b45-ijms-13-06370]--[@b49-ijms-13-06370]\], which are all markers of hepatic damage \[[@b44-ijms-13-06370],[@b49-ijms-13-06370],[@b50-ijms-13-06370]\]. Our results confirm that sepsis caused liver failure, as shown by significantly elevated serum levels of AST, ALP, and γ-GT in the untreated group; honey inhibited these increases. Improved liver function tests after honey treatment indicate that honey may potentially protect liver cells from sepsis. Lipid profiles showed that cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels were significantly increased in the LPS-induced untreated sepsis group but not in the honey-treated group. However, the HDL levels were significantly lower in the untreated group. Injection of LPS into animals induces renal dysfunction characterized by increased blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels \[[@b45-ijms-13-06370],[@b51-ijms-13-06370]\]. Urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels were increased by LPS injection, but were lower in the honey-treated group than in the untreated group. Both our previous studies and the above results show that LPS increased the levels of hepatic damage markers, modified lipid metabolism, and increased lipid profiles, hematological values, and renal dysfunction \[[@b52-ijms-13-06370]\]. Our results also show that Gelam honey protects organs from immune responses induced by lethal doses of LPS. Our previous study showed that Gelam honey contains many phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, its inhibitory effect on cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10), high-mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1), and NO both *in vitro* and *in vivo* were studied \[[@b9-ijms-13-06370],[@b10-ijms-13-06370],[@b53-ijms-13-06370]\]. Gelam honey also showed potent induction of HO-1, a molecule related to oxidative stress \[[@b53-ijms-13-06370]\]. These activities, including the inhibition of cytokines and NO during severe sepsis, suggest that honey may be useful for the treatment of sepsis. The phenolic compounds in Gelam honey play a role in protecting tissues from LPS and free radicals due to their antioxidant activity, such as scavenging oxygen radicals, NO, and lipid radicals \[[@b54-ijms-13-06370]\], and preventing cancer and various inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis and septic shock induced by endotoxemia \[[@b55-ijms-13-06370]--[@b58-ijms-13-06370]\]. The beneficial effects of honey, which include preventing histological changes and hypoxia in the organs of rabbits treated with LPS, may be directly related to its antioxidant activity, or indirectly related to the inhibition of PMNL chemotaxis, thereby preventing the production of the chemotactic agents implicated in tissue damage. We showed previously that Gelam honey has potent antioxidant activity and inhibits mediators of inflammation, such as cytokines, NO and PGE2 \[[@b9-ijms-13-06370],[@b10-ijms-13-06370],[@b53-ijms-13-06370]\]. Allergic reactions constitute a potentially serious contraindication for injecting people with honey because honey contains bee-secreted and plant pollen-derived proteins that are known to induce allergic reactions \[[@b59-ijms-13-06370]\].
4. Experimental Section
=======================
4.1. Preparation of Honey
-------------------------
Malaysian Gelam honey (*Melaleuca* spp.) was purchased from the department of Agriculture, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, and sent to Malaysian Nuclear Agency for sterilization using a Cobalt-60 source (Model JS10000). Honey was mixed with saline and filtered through a 0.20 μm syringe filter before injection.
4.2. Animals
------------
Mice Balb/c mice (6--7 weeks of age) and New Zealand white male rabbits weighing 25 g and 2 kg, respectively, were kept in individual cages under standard conditions (12 h light and 12 h dark conditions); water and chow diet were available *ad libitum*. The study was carried out in accordance with the University of Malaya Animal Ethics Committee guidelines for animal experimentation and followed the approved protocols outlined in the project license (ANES/14/07/2010/MKAK (R)).
4.3. Toxicity Tests
-------------------
The toxicity of Gelam honey was evaluated in mice (*n* = 8) for 1 month prior to the study. Four different doses of honey (10, 60, 300, and 600 mg/kg diluted in saline) were administered daily by injection into the tail vein (final volume, 100 μL). The control group received a similar volume of saline. Mice were observed for 3 h after injection. Symptoms and mortality were recorded for all groups. At the end of the study, all mice were sacrificed, and blood and organs were collected. Compared with the control group, the treated groups showed no abnormalities on biochemical and histopathological analysis of the liver, lungs, and kidneys (data not shown).
4.4. Induction of an Immune Response in Rabbits by LPS Stimulation and Treatment with Honey
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Zealand white male rabbits were divided into six groups (*N* = 6) of six animals (*n* = 6) and each group was treated as described below. An immune response was induced in four groups by intravenous injection of 0.5 mg/kg LPS (B: 0111; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) diluted in saline. One hour before LPS injection, honey (500 mg/kg diluted in saline) was injected into the rabbits from two groups (treated group), while saline was injected into the rabbits from another two groups (untreated groups). The two remaining groups acted as negative controls and were given saline only and no LPS. All doses were administered in a final volume of 1 mL and were mixed immediately prior to injection. Three groups, one from each treatment stream, were used for biochemical and histopathological studies and assessment of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as described below, while the remaining three groups were used to assess survival rates. Survival was monitored every 12 h for 15 days.
4.5. Biochemical Analysis
-------------------------
Blood samples were collected from the ears of rabbits after 8 h of LPS injection. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 × g at 23 °C, and hematological and biochemistry analysis were performed using an automated hematology cell counter analyzer (Sysmex XE-2100, Sysmex America, Inc.) and Advia 2400 Chemistry System (Siemen, Eschborn, Germany), respectively, in the clinical diagnostic laboratory at University of Malaya Medical Center. Biochemical analyses included measurement of glucose, liver, and kidney functions. The parameters used for hematological analysis were red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), and platelet counts. Arterial blood samples were collected to measure pH, pO~2~, pCO~2~, and HCO~3~ using a blood gas analyser at the same time as the other biomedical tests were performed.
4.6. Myeloperoxidase Assay
--------------------------
Neutrophil infiltration into the lungs was monitored by measuring MPO activity as previously reported \[[@b60-ijms-13-06370]\]. Briefly, tissue specimens were homogenized at 50 mg/mL in PBS (50 mM, pH 6.0) containing 0.5% exadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich). Samples were freeze-thawed three times and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatants were diluted 1:30 in assay buffer (50 mM PBS pH 6.0 containing 0.167 mg/mL *o*-dianisidine; (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.0005% H~2~O~2~), and the colorimetric reaction was measured at 450 nm for between 1 and 3 min in a spectrophotometer (Microplate reader, Model 680, Life Science Research, Bio-Rad). MPO activity/g of wet tissue was calculated as follows: MPO activity (U/g wet tissue) = (A450) (13.5)/tissue weight (g), where A450 is the change in the absorbance of 450 nm light between 1 and 3 min after the initiation of the reaction. The coefficient 13.5 was empirically determined such that 1 U MPO activity corresponded to the amount of enzyme that reduced 1 μmol peroxide/min.
4.7. Histopathology
-------------------
Liver, lung, heart, and kidney tissues were fixed in 10% formalin after the organs were dehydrated using graded ethanol solutions, cleared with xylene, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Pathological changes were evaluated under a light microscope by a pathologist.
4.8. Statistical Analysis
-------------------------
All data are expressed as the mean ± confidence interval. Data were analysed using GraphPad prism statistical software (San Diego, CA, USA) for non-parametric analysis of variance. Kaplan--Meier analysis was used to compare survival rates. Differences were considered statistically significant at *P* \< 0.05.
5. Conclusions
==============
In summary, Gelam honey protects organs from lethal doses of LPS by improving organ functions, reducing infiltration by PMNs that cause tissue damage, reducing MPO activity and increasing the survival rate.
This work was supported in part by grants (No. PV009/2011B, RG031/09HTM, and RG225/10HTM) from the University of Malaya.
**Conflict of Interest**
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
{#f1-ijms-13-06370}
{#f2-ijms-13-06370}
{#f3-ijms-13-06370}
######
Assessment of organ damage in the control group and in honey-treated and untreated groups given a single intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide.
Parameter Normal Rabbits (*N* = 6) Untreated (*N* = 6) Honey-treated (*N* = 6)
---------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
Urea (mmol/L) 5.85 ± 0.20 55.85 ± 2.5 10.5 ± 0.23 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
Creatinine (mmol/L) 83.71 ± 2.5 154 ± 6.16 72 ± 2.87 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
ALT (IU/L) 54.125 ± 1.8 108.75 ± 3.6 78.75 ± 1.98 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
AST (IU/L) 27.75 ± 0.9 577.33 ± 19.2 231.5 ± 7.6 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
ALP (IU/L) 131.5 ± 4.1 542.75 ± 15.5 308.75 ± 11.4 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
GGT (IU/L) 10 ± 0.32 38.4 ± 0.6 25 ± 1.7 [b](#tfn2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
Triglyceride (mmol/L) 0.885 ± 0.03 10.434 ± 0.4 2.47 ± 0.13 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 1.1125 ± 0.04 3.16 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.08 [c](#tfn3-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
HDL (mmol/L) 0.65 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.006 0.545 ± 0.02 [b](#tfn2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
LDL (mmol/L) 0.202 ± 0.005 0.45 ± 0.01 0.32 ± 0.012
Creatine kinase (IU/L) 1327.4 ± 5.3 2168.3 ± 34 998.6 ± 26.8 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
pH (KPa) 7.38 ± 0.3 7.36 ± 0.3 7.5 ± 0.27 [b](#tfn2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
pCO~2~ (KPa) 4.3 ± 0.17 3 ± 0.12 3 ± 0.12
pO~2~ (KPa) 16.21 ± 0.53 7.65 ± 0.23 19.3 ± 0 .77 [b](#tfn2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
HCO~3~ (mmol/L) 19 ± 0.71 15 ± 0.51 19 ± 0.54 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
Platelet (10e9/L) 194.3 ± 6.4 144.5 ± 4.3 183.4 ± 7.6 [b](#tfn2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
Amylase (IU/L) 181.3 ± 7.2 215.5 ± 6.2 180 ± 5.2 [b](#tfn2-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
RBC (10e12/L 9.27 ± 0.31 4.83 ± 0.15 8.3475 ± 0.32 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
WBC (10e9/L) 15 ± 0.6 6.05 ± 0.25 11.65 ± 0.36 [a](#tfn1-ijms-13-06370){ref-type="table-fn"}
*P* \< 0.001; significant effect of untreated group *vs.* honey-treated group;
*P* \< 0.003; significant effect of untreated group *vs.* honey-treated group;
*P* \< 0.005; significant effect of untreated group *vs.* honey-treated group.
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The Republic of Georgia High Blood Pressure Control Program.
52% of adults have uncontrolled hypertension in the Republic of Georgia. We incorporated a blood pressure control program into an existing primary healthcare system in an attempt to improve the rate of blood pressure control. We conducted standardized trainings of rural primary care providers--doctors and nurses--in accurate measurement of blood pressure according to the Shared Care Method of Training and Certification. Our attention was focused especially on patient management based on Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC) guidelines. Antihypertensive treatment was implemented by a stepped-care approach; hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol were given to patients at follow-up visits at no cost. The treatment goal was < 140/ 90 mm Hg based on the office blood pressure. A total of 251 patients with uncontrolled hypertension were enrolled in the program; 32% had stage I hypertension, 41% had stage II hypertension, and 27% had stage III, as defined by JNC VI. During the first 30 months of followup, blood pressure decreased gradually from 170/95 to 140/ 82 mm Hg. The rate of high blood pressure control increased progressively up to 59%. We conclude that hypertension control can be improved in all groups of patients, even in a healthcare system with limited resources. We emphasize that Georgia or any other healthcare system should not wait for universal health care to improve high blood pressure control. It can be incorporated into whatever system exists today.
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Excerpt: Dean Ornish's 'The Spectrum'
Jan. 3, 2007
Page 6 of 14
The following figure shows a representative patient in our study. This is what reversing heart disease looks like. He entered our study in 1986 at age 64. At that time, he had severe coronary artery disease involving all of his major coronary arteries and was advised to undergo coronary bypass surgery due to severe angina. When he entered the study, he was unable to walk more than a few steps without severe chest pain.
After six weeks, he was pain-free and was no longer advised to undergo bypass surgery. By the end of the first year, he was able to climb 130 floors per day on a StairMaster with no angina. His PET scan revealed a 300 percent improvement in blood flow to his heart, and his angiogram revealed reversal of coronary atherosclerosis. He also lost 30 pounds.
The picture in the upper-left-hand corner is the "before" picture of his angiogram, showing a significant narrowing in the coronary artery. One year later, in the upper-right-hand photo, that area is significantly wider.
The PET scans of the same patient are shown in the bottom two pictures. Different shadings correspond to how much blood flow each region of the heart received--the darker areas are receiving very little blood flow to the heart, whereas the brighter ones are receiving the most blood flow.
The picture at the lower left revealed that much of this patient's heart was not receiving adequate blood flow, as shown by the large dark areas. One year later, in the lower-right-hand picture, you can see that most of the darker areas are now gone, replaced by brighter ones, showing substantially more blood flow.
These tests were read by scientists who did not know which group the patient was in--in other words, whether or not the patient had changed his or her lifestyle. This helped prevent any possible bias from affecting how the studies were read and interpreted.
Amazingly, 99 percent of patients on our program were able to stop or reverse the progression of their heart disease. There were also 21/2 times fewer cardiac events such as heart attacks, bypass surgery operations, angioplasties, and hospital admissions.
We found a direct correlation between the amount of change in diet and lifestyle and the amount of change in these patients' coronary artery disease after one year and also after five years.
In other words, the more people changed, the better they got. This is a theme that I will be repeating throughout the book, and it is one of the foundations of The Spectrum.
Similar findings were published five years later by Dr. Caldwell Esselstyn and his colleagues at The Cleveland Clinic. In a follow-up medical journal article, he reported that none of the patients who remained adherent to the nutrition and lifestyle program showed progression of their coronary heart disease.
The program works in the real world.
When I first began conducting research as a second-year medical student in 1977, the idea that the progression of heart disease could be reversed was thought to be impossible by most doctors. They thought that, at best, diet and lifestyle changes might slow down the rate at which the disease progressed, but it could only get worse over time. Equally improbable was the belief that most people would be able to change their diet and lifestyle.
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There is a common belief that redheads require more anesthesia for surgery than non-redheads. (1–6) They may also be resistant to local anesthetics, such as lidocaine (a local anesthetic used by both dentists and anesthesiologists), apparently resulting in fewer visits to the dentist due to fears about dental injections inadequately numbing teeth. (5) This perception is understandable, as several publications in the lay press support it and many physicians and anesthesiologists also believe it to be true. (6)
Historically, redheads have been associated with hot-tempers and perceived as more emotional, which might suggest they need more drugs and anesthetic gases to maintain sleep during surgery. In fact, a brief Internet search reveals hundreds of articles and blogs detailing the unique personality traits of redheads. According to these articles, redheads are more emotional; are more fiery and have volatile tempers; seem to have greater sexual attractiveness and sexual drive (“red on the head, fire in bed”); and, in Russian culture at least, redheads are crazy!
Much of the conjecture about redheads and anesthesia came from small studies in mice and humans, but the most highly-quoted study was from the Cleveland Clinic. Their researchers studied 20 women and found significantly greater requirements for anesthesia for redheads than for dark-haired women (all women had the MC1R gene mutation
associated with red hair). (1) However, a later study by the same researchers in 2013 found no difference in IV anesthetic requirements for red-haired females. The study concluded: “Anecdotal impressions among anesthesiologists that propofol [a common IV anesthetic] requirements are increased in redheads thus seem unsubstantiated.” (7)
Indeed, a larger study performed by Australian researchers in 2012 examined 468 adult patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia and, contrary to prior findings, showed that patients with red hair had no higher anesthesia drug requirements than patients with black or brown hair. (8) The researchers concluded: “We found no evidence that redheads had increased anesthetic requirement or faster speed of recovery after surgery. Nor was there any evidence of a difference in pain response, pain intensity, or other adverse effects after anesthesia and surgery … We could find no evidence that a patient’s natural hair color meaningfully affects anesthetic requirements …" (8)
All patients undergoing surgery need different doses of anesthesia drugs and gases to achieve a satisfactory anesthetic state, and while certain patients might require more or less than the average patient, it is not always easy to predict what a given patient will require. The very elderly, for instance, typically require smaller doses of anesthetic drugs. But, while all people differ in their drug requirements for anesthesia, there is no current evidence to suggest that redheads need more. Further research may present new findings and change our opinion, but these recent studies demonstrate that redheads are no different from their dark-haired counterparts, at least when it comes to anesthesia … As for those other personality traits, well — that is an area for new (and perhaps more intriguing) research.
References
Liem EB, Lin CM, Suleman MI, et.al. Anesthetic requirement is increased in redheads. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:279-283. Xing y, Sonner JM, Eger EI, Cascio M, Sessler DI. Mice with a melanocortin 1 receptor mutation have a slightly greater minimum alveolar concentration than control mice. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:544-546. Liem EB, Joiner TV, Tsued AK, Sessler DI. Increased sensitivity to thermal pain and reduced subcutaneous lidocaine efficacy in redheads. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:509-514. Delaney A, Keighren M, Fleetwood-Walker SM, et.al. Involvement of the melanocortin-1 receptor in acute pain and pain of inflammatory but not neuropathic origin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12498. Binkley CJ, Beacham A, Neace W, Gregg RG, Liem EB, Sessler DI. Genetic variations associated with red hair color and fear of dental pain, anxiety regarding dental care and avoidance of dental care. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:896–905 Mogil JS, Ritchie J, Smith SB, et al. Melanocortin-1 receptor gene variants affect pain and mu-opioid analgesia in mice and humans. J Med Genet. 2005; 42:583-587. Anthony G. Doufas, MD, PhD, Mukadder Orhan-Sungur, MD, Ryu Komatsu, MD. Bispectral Index Dynamics During Propofol Hypnosis Is Similar in Red-Haired and Dark-Haired Subjects. Anesth Analg 2013;116:319–26 PS Myles, FF Buchanan, et.al. The effect of hair colour on anaesthetic requirements and recovery time after surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012; 40:683-689.
Dr. O'Connor is a professor of Anesthesiology at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. This article was previously published on Ginger Parrot.
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7 Free, which means it is without or free of the toxic chemicals one would usually find in nail polish. Long lasting, full-color nail color that goes on smooth and stays put. Fast-drying. Customized wider brushes allow for easier application. Super fun and sexy colors-the Pacifica way. On-trend colors, perfect for the holiday season. Timeless and beautiful. $27 value for $20!
Colors included in the trio: Blushing Bunnies, Red Red Wine and Cinnamon Girl.
~
Details
7 Free, which means it is without or free of the toxic chemicals one would usually find in nail polish. Long lasting, full-color nail color that goes on smooth and stays put. Fast-drying. Customized wider brushes allow for easier application. Super fun and sexy colors-the Pacifica way. On-trend colors, perfect for the holiday season. Timeless and beautiful. $27 value for $20!
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Phylogenetic analysis of genes involved in mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis in symbiotic dinoflagellates.
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are multifunctional secondary metabolites involved in photoprotection in many marine organisms. As well as having broad ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra (310-362 nm), these biological sunscreens are also involved in the prevention of oxidative stress. More than 20 different MAAs have been discovered so far, characterized by distinctive chemical structures and a broad ecological distribution. Additionally, UV-screening MAA metabolites have been investigated and used in biotechnology and cosmetics. The biosynthesis of MAAs has been suggested to occur via either the shikimate or pentose phosphate pathways. Despite their wide distribution in marine and freshwater species and also the commercial application in cosmetic products, there are still a number of uncertainties regarding the genetic, biochemical, and evolutionary origin of MAAs. Here, using a transcriptome-mining approach, we identify the gene counterparts from the shikimate or pentose phosphate pathway involved in MAA biosynthesis within the sequences of the reef-building coral symbiotic dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium). We also report the highly similar sequences of genes from the proposed MAA biosynthetic pathway involved in the metabolism of 4-deoxygadusol (direct MAA precursor) in various Symbiodinium strains confirming their algal origin and conserved nature. Finally, we reveal the separate identity of two O-methyltransferase genes, possibly involved in MAA biosynthesis, as well as nonribosomal peptide synthetase and adenosine triphosphate grasp homologs in symbiotic dinoflagellates. This study provides a biochemical and phylogenetic overview of the genes from the proposed MAA biosynthetic pathway with a focus on coral endosymbionts.
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Health Library
Melanoma: Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses strong X-rays to kill cancer cells. Your doctor may advise it to kill any extra melanoma cells after surgery. It can also be used for advanced melanomas to try to ease pain. It may be used on its own, or along with other types of treatment.
When radiation therapy is used
Your doctor may advise radiation therapy for any of these reasons:
The melanoma could not be removed completely by surgery.
Surgery is not a good option for you. For example, if you are elderly or you have melanoma in a hard-to-treat area, such as your eyelid, nose, or ear.
You have had your lymph nodes removed but are at high risk of the cancer coming back.
The melanoma has grown again on your skin or in your lymph nodes.
You have pain or other symptoms that radiation therapy could help reduce.
The melanoma has spread to your brain or spinal cord.
Before treatment
A specialist called a radiation oncologist creates your treatment plan. The plan shows what kind of radiation you’ll have and how long the treatment will last. This doctor can also prepare you for how you may feel during and after the treatment.
You may have imaging tests, such as computed tomography scans (CT) scans. Imaging tests take pictures of the inside of your body. They help find out where you need treatment. You may have the same tests after treatment to see how well the treatment worked.
Once your radiation oncologist has mapped out your treatment plan, a radiation therapist gives you the radiation. You may have this treatment as an outpatient. This means you go home the same day of treatment. Or you may have it as an inpatient. This means you stay overnight in the hospital. If you’re having treatment directed at just a small part of your body, it will most likely be outpatient.
During treatment
External radiation for melanoma is done with a machine that directs strong X-rays at the tumor. In most cases, the treatments are done once a day for 5 days in a row for several weeks. Each session only takes a few minutes.
Side effects of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy affects normal cells as well as cancer cells. The side effects of radiation depend on the amount and the type of radiation you get, as well as the area of the body being treated.
Side effects can include:
Red, dry, burning, or irritated skin in the area being treated
Fatigue (extreme tiredness)
Appetite loss
Nausea
Diarrhea, if your abdomen is being treated
Hair loss, if your head is being treated
Mouth and throat sores, if that area is being treated
Infection risk
Most of these side effects will get better or go away over time after you finish treatment. Your doctor will discuss other possible long-term side effects.
Radiation to your chest or neck can damage your salivary glands. It can cause dry mouth (xerostomia). Radiation can also cause inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis). It leads to difficult and painful swallowing. Radiation to the stomach can cause upset stomach and diarrhea.
Radiation may worsen the side effects of chemotherapy. Long-term side effects of radiation therapy may not show up for many years after you complete treatments. How severe the side effects are depends on the dose, frequency, and location of the treatments. In rare cases, cancerous tumors can develop in other parts of your body.
When to call your health care provider
Call your doctor if you have signs of infection, such as fever or pain. Also call if you have side effects that are causing a lot of discomfort.
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Size matters--nanotechnology and therapeutics in rheumatology and immunology.
Nanotechnology, or the use of technology at the submicron scale, and its application to medicine (nanomedicine) draws from many ideas and technological advancements across myriad fields of materials technology and has improved biomedical understanding. Nanotechnology puts current materials science on the same physical scale as classic immune mediating substances, including viruses, moieties found on prokaryotic bacteria, and antigen presenting cells. Functionalized nanoparticles, fullerenes, liposomes, nanogels, and virus-like particles, are several examples of nanotechnology that are currently being applied to the treatment of oncologic and infectious diseases. However, the majority of the current commercial utilization of nanomedicine has been directed towards creating improved vaccines in order to prevent infectious diseases. These processes may have direct applications toward the creation of vaccines used to treat autoimmune disease as well. Current therapeutics utilizing nanotechnology, are gaining traction in treatments for gout and rheumatoid arthritis, and experimental animal models have demonstrated success in using the above technologies to improve the effectiveness and safety of current standard treatment of rheumatologic illnesses. Here we review many of the common forms of nanoparticles used in medical applications as well as where they have found a role in rheumatology. Continued technical feasibility, ongoing safety studies, and lingering questions on cost are all issues that have not yet been resolved in regards to widespread application in rheumatology and immunology.
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Damage control for blunt hepatic trauma: case presentation and historical review.
A 15-year old female with a Grade V liver injury from blunt trauma underwent therapeutic packing for uncontrolled hemorrhage. Pack removal in 72 hours following transfer to a major trauma center showed complete hemostasis. Six years later, CT scans revealed minimal liver sequella. Damage control surgery with initial therapeutic packing in blunt hepatic trauma is a valuable option for the community surgeon.
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Q:
Compiling Facebook Redex on OSX Yosemite
So I installed redex on Ubuntu last night and everything went smoothly.
I'm having trouble today setting it up on my Mac.
There are 3 errors I'm getting at this autoreconf -ivf && ./configure && make && make install step.
Please install double-conversion library
Please install google-glog library
Please install google-gflags library
I dont get these all at once. I got the first one so I followed the solution here but that didn't work so I just deleted that check from the configure.ac file. This led to the second error, which then led to the 3rd.
I'm not sure why this is happening, I followed the exact same steps as I did last night.
Any suggestions?
So I followed the suggestion from Ralph and now I've got a different error -
...
"double_conversion::StringToDoubleConverter::StringToIeee(char const*, int, int*, bool) const", referenced from:
folly::detail::str_to_float(folly::Range<char const*>*) in libfolly.a(Conv.o)
folly::detail::str_to_double(folly::Range<char const*>*) in libfolly.a(Conv.o)
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
make[2]: *** [redex-all] Error 1
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make: *** [all] Error 2
A:
Looks like there were bugs in the code that needed to get ironed out. The fun of early adopters ;)
https://github.com/facebook/redex/commits/master
It's working for me now.
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A sex toy dealer invites you to play with fire, slides and a stripper pole in his loft… for $15. A…
Read more Read more
Back in the heady days of March, 32-year-old Dmitri Dimoulakis was running a successful fiery sex den out of his rented Tribeca apartment, where guests were treated to "aerial performances from this rigging up here on the ceiling," and could be healed by Madame Burnz's flaming Kevlar wand. Then the neighbors got pissed, called the cops, Dmitri was out and the fun was over. Now the owner of the apartment, James McGown has filed a lawsuit against a neighbor, Arthur Steuer, for allowing the apartment to be flooded with sewage and for smearing dog shit on the front door. According to the Daily News:
[Steuer] threw trash in [McGown's] baby stroller on at least three occasions," the suit says. "He threw the stroller down the stairs more than a dozen times.
"He wiped dog feces on the door of [McGown's] apartment twice."
McGown is trying to sell the apartment, but is finding it hard now that the place has been flooded with "between 4 and 8 feet of water, sewage and other debris from the common area," and the neighbor has some sort of angry shit fetish (and a thing against baby strollers, obviously). McGown alleges this is a continuation of a long running feud with Steuer, who sold him the apartment in the first place.
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No designer babies, but gene editing to avoid disease? Maybe
What's called genome editing already is transforming biological research, and being used to develop treatments for patients struggling with a range of diseases.
The Associated Press
WASHINGTON — Don't expect designer babies any time soon — but a major new ethics report leaves open the possibility of one day altering human heredity to fight genetic diseases, with stringent oversight, using new tools that precisely edit genes inside living cells.
What's called genome editing already is transforming biological research, and being used to develop treatments for patients struggling with a range of diseases.
The science is nowhere near ready for a huge next step that raises ethical questions — altering sperm, eggs or embryos so that babies don't inherit a disease that runs in the family, says a report Tuesday from the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine.
But if scientists learn how to safely pass alterations of the genetic code to future generations, the panel said "germline" editing could be attempted under strict criteria, including that it targets a serious disease with no reasonable alternative and is conducted under rigorous oversight.
"Caution is absolutely needed, but being cautious does not mean prohibition," said bioethicist R. Alta Charo of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
"This committee is not saying we will or should do germline — heritable — editing. What we are saying is that we can identify a set of strict conditions under which it would be permissible to do it," Charo added. "But we are far, far away from being ready to try."
Genome editing should not go beyond healing the sick and enhance traits such as physical strength, what's commonly called "designer babies," the panel stressed.
But the public should get involved in these debates now, to say what might one day be acceptable.
The long-awaited report offers advice — the prestigious academies cannot set policy. But it is considered a step toward creating international norms for responsible development of this powerful technology. The U.S. National Academies and its counterparts in Britain and China have been holding international meetings with the hope of doing just that.
"Genome editing is a new tool for gene therapy and it has tremendous promise," Charo said. But, she added, it has to be pursued in a way that promotes well-being and is responsible, respectful and fair.
Genome editing is essentially a biological version of cut-and-paste software, allowing scientists to turn genes on or off, repair or modify them inside living cells. There are a few older methods but one with the wonky name CRISPR-Cas9 is so much faster, cheaper and simpler to use that it has spurred an explosion of research.
Under development are ways to treat a range of diseases from sickle cell and hemophilia to cancer. In lab experiments using human cells or animals engineered with humanlike disorders, scientists are unraveling how gene defects fuel disease — and are even trying to grow transplantable human organs inside pigs.
That kind of research is very promising, is adequately regulated today and should continue at full speed, the National Academies panel concluded.
When it comes to the more sci fi-sounding uses, it's quite possible scientists will learn how to perform germline editing in five to 10 years, said panel co-chair Richard Hynes of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Safety is one reason for caution, he said, as scientists will have to learn whether editing one gene has unwanted downstream effects.
Some critics argue that families plagued by inherited diseases already have other alternatives — adopt, use donated eggs, or undergo in vitro fertilization and discard resulting embryos that inherit the bad gene. But Charo noted that sometimes parents carry two copies of a lethal gene, guaranteeing any children inherit it. Others oppose the discarding of embryos for religious reasons.
For some families, "you can see there would be strong arguments for doing it" if the other criteria are met, said Robin Lovell-Badge of Britain's Francis Crick Institute.
Some countries prohibit any germline editing research. Others, such as Britain, allow laboratory research with genome editing in embryos, not for pregnancy but to understand human development.
In the U.S., scientists can perform laboratory embryo research only with private, not government, funding. Any attempt at pregnancy would require permission from the Food and Drug Administration, which is currently prohibited from using federal funds to review any such request.
"The bottom line is there is no planetary government with enforcement power," Charo noted Tuesday.
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UPDATE: It appears numerous schools throughout the county received the email, though it's currently unclear if any others went on lockdown as a result. We'll update when we get more information.PREVIOUSLY:Several Fortuna schools were briefly placed on lockdown this morning after an administrator received an email threatening a mass casualty event.But Fortuna police, working with the local FBI office, quickly determined the email was a hoax that originated in Ukraine, with identical threats sent to schools throughout the country from the same IP address. Fortuna Police Chief Bill Dobberstein said the superintendent of Fortuna Middle School received the email at about 11:25 a.m. and immediately instituted a lockdown and notified police. Dobberstein said his department reached out to the FBI, which dispatched two agents to campus, where they noted the email’s Ukranian IP address and combed through FBI bulletins to match it to threats received on other campuses throughout the country.“We took it very seriously,” Dobberstein said.The chief said the email pretended to be from a student who had been bullied, and blamed administrators for not taking action.“Now you’ll understand the meaning of pain,” the chief quoted the email as saying, adding that the sender threatened to bring three bombs and a handgun to school and to begin killing indiscriminately. “When I run out of bullets, I will slit their throats and watch them bleed out on the floor,” it read.But thanks to the FBI, Dobberstein said it only took about 45 minutes to determine it to be a hoax, at which point the lockout was lifted.
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Self-control improves your prospects, but it may harm your health - tomaskazemekas
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21657768-self-control-improves-your-prospects-it-may-harm-your-health-no-good-deed
======
odabaxok
reading the first comment from the article, exactly my thoughts:
"The trends for advantaged and disadvantaged subjects are taken from a line
fit to the data points on the chart. A line fitting routing will always
produce a line, even to the random shot pattern of shotgun blast, but it takes
human judgment to decide if the slope actually means anything. Team, look
carefully at the data clouds. They are both shaped like flattened spheres and
are approximately symmetrical. The line fitting routing produces a line
anyway, and from this, articles are published and careers are made. Sorry, but
there is no meaning here, as much as the researcher would like it to be
otherwise. The distributions are nearly the same. The observation and
explanation go out the window."
It would be great to look at the original publication.
~~~
iolothebard
Publish or perish produces a lot of these "conclusions" in my experience.
------
bwblabs
Article is based on _Self-control forecasts better psychosocial outcomes but
faster epigenetic aging in low-SES youth_
([http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/07/08/1505063112.full...](http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/07/08/1505063112.full.pdf)),
someone with access who can check N and the significance of change of the
groups?
~~~
stymaar
Given the data found on this chart [http://cdn.static-
economist.com/sites/default/files/imagecac...](http://cdn.static-
economist.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/original-size/images/print-
edition/20150718_STC096.png) (which shows more than a hundred of points, quite
good compared to the size of the sample : “almost 300 black American
teenagers”), I'm really sceptical about the relevance of the results …
~~~
shas3
I think it's The Economist's visualization that is confusing, not the data. I
read the paper, they have 292 subjects. Here's the Tukey plot (which to me, is
less confusing than the scatter plot) from the paper on age in low and high
self-control groups: [http://imgur.com/ijL6nrp](http://imgur.com/ijL6nrp)
Also, according to the authors, 'skin-deep' metrics improved:
[http://imgur.com/lXD3f2L](http://imgur.com/lXD3f2L)
------
TeMPOraL
I'll take that self-control over worse health any day. Health is something you
can at least throw your money at, especially the money you got thanks to self-
control. Knowing you are using only 10% of your potential because of lack of
self-control is depressing.
~~~
pjc50
Health is absolutely not something you can throw money at. I don't understand
where this attitude comes from. And nothing kills your earning potential like
a long-term health condition.
~~~
TeMPOraL
In many cases, it absolutely is. A lot of long-term health improving
strategies, like good diet, going to the gym, ensuring enough sleep, regular
checkups, etc. are much more available when you have the money. So if lack of
self-control prevents you from getting enough money, it also restricts your
ability to take advantage of the above means.
~~~
maccard
I had a relatively good diet, a regular fitness routine, slept well, visited
my doctor, and still ended up unable to walk for 6 months with back pain. That
was with access to private medical insurance, in Europe. Even with
theoretically unlimited money behind my problem, I was unable to get it sorted
quickly. 18 months on and I'm not in bad shape, but I still can't walk for
more than a few hours, and have trouble sleeping sometimes.
------
hellameta
I admit I'm not a researcher but this is seems shotty. First, the abstract
does a better job -
[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/07/08/1505063112.shor...](http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/07/08/1505063112.short).
Second, as some other have pointed out, what exactly is self control? What
exactly do you do with that self control? This seems to me a little like
saying that workers who take 10min breaks from work all have shorter life
spans. Only to forget those 10min breaks are to smoke cigarettes. (I believe
this contrived example is from Naked Statistics).
What's next, "Diet and exercise forecast better physical outcomes but faster
epigenetic aging in low-SES youth"?
The results are interesting, sure, but warrant a lot more research before an
article like this makes any sense.
Thoughts?
~~~
shas3
> Second, as some other have pointed out, what exactly is self control? What
> exactly do you do with that self control?
That is a simplistic criticism. The way you answer this question for yourself
is to (1) look at the paper and how they define self-control (and cellular
aging!), (2) follow the references that they cite for measuring self-control,
(3) review the literature and critique it. Else, your suggestion is that
people in the field of self-control haven't bothered asking your question,
which is unlikely since they are specializing in the study of self-control!
~~~
hellameta
I see this but there was another sentence you left out of your quote that I
was leading to. I'm not criticizing the research - I'm positive I bring no new
line of questioning. What I do want more information on is what happens if
your self control leads you to diet and exercise (which plenty of study shows
improves cellular aging)?
And I would love to read further in detail but I can't afford the access. If
someone has it and can easily answer - please do!
------
citeguised
Could you paste the article on pastebin? I'm getting a paywall.
~~~
pluma
Bookmark this:
javascript:location.href='[https://www.google.com/webhp?#q='](https://www.google.com/webhp?#q=')
\+ encodeURIComponent(location.href) + '&btnI=I'
Instant de-paywall-ification.
~~~
citeguised
Will try, thanks!
------
im3w1l
Could the obesity be related to the fact that they were better at optimizing
for candy intake? Would the same results be there if the reward was something
else?
------
gress
Why is this called "self-control" when what it actually tests is giving up
one's own agency to an authority?
When framed that way it seems less puzzling why it might not be healthy.
(Just to clarify: the experiment involves the subjects doing something they
don't want to do in order to comply with the experimenter)
~~~
marcosdumay
Did you read the PNAS article? If so, what is that order exactly? Was it the
marshmallow test?
------
rebootthesystem
I'm sorry but that graph is just too funny. Let's see, what slope do we want
the red line to have? Here, that fits the conclusion we want to promote. And
the blue line? The inverse of that slope, of course!
Too funny.
------
flipmonk
Self control of what?
~~~
monstruoso
That's a good question. I don't know why you are being downvote. How does self
control correlates to obesity? That can only be the case if we are talking
about a narrow way of self control.
Anyway, the article is doubtful at best.
~~~
techlibertarian
> How does self control correlates to obesity?
Controlling how much you eat and what you can't eat.
~~~
monstruoso
In the context of the article.... self control correlates with an increase in
obesity.
~~~
ejk314
Wasn't the metric for calculating self control was how long you were willing
to wait for an additional marshmallow? Seems like a proxy for measuring self
control that would be biased towards people with a propensity for obesity.
~~~
monstruoso
Those greedy kids and their marshmallows.
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Q:
How to handle Web Service error responses in ItemWriter of Spring Batch?
I have a spring batch job where the ItemWriter posts to a web service. I have an input file that I must transform and post to a web service, I do not have direct access to the database.
My question is, how should I handle failure responses from the web service? For example, if i am processing a record and I send it to the web service, but the web service responds, 'Failure - can't find that id' How should I record that this record failed (in a business sense) in spring batch? I was hoping to throw a skippable exception, so that in Spring Batch Admin a write skip would be recorded, but I see when I throw an error from the item writer, the chunk is automatically rolled back. And then when the chunk is reprocesses, records get sent to the web service for a second time.
What's the recommendation on this kind of scenario? Something like send the bad record to another item writer that records it in a separate place? Or is there a way to record it as write skip without rolling back? I realize this may be a larger architecture problem in our application and am open to suggestions.
thanks!
A:
When an error occurs within an ItemWriter in Spring Batch, we roll back the entire chunk, set the commit-interval to 1 for the items in that chunk, and retry them one by one so we can identify the single item that caused the issue (we don't know the first time around since we are passing a list of items to the write method). While this works well for transactional ItemWriter implementations (and those we can work around like flat files), it obviously has some issues with non-transactional options. Another thing to note is that you can turn off rollback, but that really isn't your issue. It's not that you can't turn off rollback, it's that rollback doesn't do anything. Turning off rollback will still retry the previously successfully processed items. It just indicates that it's ok to write them again.
Not knowing your full use case (as well as volume), there are a couple options that come to mind:
Set the chunk size to 1 - One of the primary drivers for chunking items is the optimization you can get on the write. Batching JDBC writes. Writing all lines to a file in a single block. However, calling a web service doesn't get that benefit if you have to call it once for each item. While you'll obviously have a higher load on the job repository's data store, if that isn't a concern, this option would allow you to use regular skip/retry logic that Spring Batch provides without the resending of previously successful messages.
Handle the exception on your own - Since you've obviously written your own ItemWriter implementation, you can handle the exception on your own. As long as you don't throw it out of the writer, Spring Batch won't do anything.
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More stories about Austbrokers
Austbrokers announces small gains in tough market
Austbrokers has announced their FY15 results as the company saw a small boost in profits thanks to the competitive local market.
The company announced a 0.7% boost in net profit after tax, up from $34.7 million to $34.9 million, as adjusted net profit after tax took a 2.5% bump to $36.3 million which fell in the range indicated by the company in an announcement in January.
The difficult market conditions saw the company stress its diversification strategy as 23% of the business net operating profits now come from non-broking businesses compared to just 12% in FY2012.
The company praised the resilience of the insurance broking business as a challenging year was buoyed by several key acquisitions, which totalled $70 million over the year, representing the biggest year for the company on the acqusition front.
“Insurance broking demonstrated resilience given the decline in premium rates during the year (as foreshadowed in previous briefings and further evidenced in the latest APRA general insurance statistics) with the level of broking income decline less than the market decline in premium rates,” the company said in a statement to the ASX.
“While income reduced in FY2015, as a direct result of lower premium rates, client numbers and policy count (excluding standalone acquisitions) have increased, which positions the business well for the future.”
Mark Searles, CEO and managing director of Austbrokers, stressed that the full benefits of the acquisitions made in the latter half of the financial year will be felt FY2016.
“We’ve invested significantly in our Risk Services division, which helps position Austbrokers in offering total risk management solutions to clients across the spectrum of physical, people and financial risks.
“In New Zealand, we’re already seeing our new market delivering profit after having quickly become the third largest broking group in the country since November and positions us well for future growth.”
The underwriting agencies of the company took a 29% jump in revenue thanks to "securing long term contracts with key insurers," and Searles believes the company strategy was key to success in a tough market.
“Our disciplined approaches, especially in respect to our unique Owner-Driver partnership model, our client-focussed total risk strategy, our income diversification initiatives and our market leading services are all designed to enable our partner businesses to share in the opportunities that exist in this extensive market.”
The company will target growth in adjusted net profit after tax of 5% over the coming financial year and stressed that they still see a challenging market on the horizon with more acquisitions not out of the question.
“The commercial lines insurance market outlook remains challenging, and while premium rates are expected to stabilise in Australia and New Zealand, premium growth is unlikely before late FY2016.
“In FY2016, the Group expects continued organic growth, supplemented by executing relevant acquisition and start-up investment opportunities across insurance broking, underwriting agencies and risk services in Australia and New Zealand.”
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A well known technique for simplifying logic is to arrange a number of series-connected transistors together to simultaneously process digital signals and provide a single output node. The domino-type of logic circuits utilize this technique by cascading plural NMOS input devices to provide an AND logic function. A PMOS transistor is provided, and is clocked to precharge the output node to a predetermined logic state. Depending on the logic state of the inputs of the input devices, the output node remains at the precharged state, or is pulled low through the series-connected devices by a clocked NMOS device connected to ground. In accordance with the logic NAND function, if all of the NMOS input devices are driven by a logic high level, an output node of the domino circuit will be a logic low. Conversely, if any one of the input NMOS devices is driven with a logic low, the output node of the domino circuit will remain at its precharged logic high state. Because no inversion function is performed with this arrangement, an inverter is generally utilized at the output of the domino circuit to perform a logic inversion function so that an overall AND function is realized.
While the domino-type of logic circuit provides a speed advantage, as well as reduced wafer area, this logic family is susceptible to a severe drawback. Because the domino-type of logic is dynamic, i.e., relies on the sustained logic state by charging the parasitic capacitances of the output node, the finite charge precharged at the node must be distributed to each input NMOS device to charge the drain-source capacitance of each such device. When the number of cascaded NMOS input devices becomes large, a number of turned on input devices may cause the output node to become significantly discharged. When this occurs, the output of the inverter can change state, even though not all of the input NMOS devices have been driven into conduction. An erroneous logic output is thereby produced which is contrary to the logic AND function which specifies that an output is produced when all of the inputs are driven to the same logic high state.
The number of input devices, and thus the number of domino inputs, is thereby limited. This can be appreciated as the voltage drop at the circuit output node increases as more cascaded input NMOS devices are driven into conduction. The problem noted above exists when a number of NMOS devices adjacently connected to the output node are turned on, and one or more others are not. Of course, when all input NMOS devices are driven into conduction, the output node is driven to a logic low which satisfies the AND function.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that a need exists for an improved domino logic circuit which is free from the limitation of the number of input devices. Moreover, a concomitant need exists for an improved domino logic family which is yet even higher in speed, and which may be fabricated in a smaller wafer area.
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Pair of Armed Robberies in JC
Posted by Warren Krech on October 16, 2013
Jefferson City Police are looking into two armed robberies in less than 24 hours.
Officers responded to a robbery on Elizabeth Street at about 11:00 Monday night. The victim said he was meeting with someone he knew in an apartment, when another person pulled out a gun, hit him in the face, and demanded cash. He didn’t need medical treatment, but he did give the robber some money.
A second armed robbery happened Tuesday at about 5:30 p.m. That victim says someone he knew took cash from him at gunpoint, and was possibly still taking things from his home on Scenic Drive.
Police couldn’t track down the suspect. A K-9 Unit briefly picked up his trail, but then lost it. JCPD Captain Doug Shoemaker says there’s no connection between the two thefts, or any other recent crime.
“There’s always more to every story,” Capt. Shoemaker says. “This is certainly not a random thing. There’s no need for any type of fear of random armed robberies.”
No one was seriously hurt in either case. Shoemaker says they have good suspect info in both robberies, because the victims knew their alleged attacker.
“We’ve developed leads. We’re working to close those up, and we expect some closure to the cases within the near future,” Shoemaker says.
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The Romance Is Dead Lyrics
The Romance Is Dead
Made the mistake once won't make it again
A hiding place for special friends
Everytime's the last time or closer to it
It's always growing but you can make it fit
No one will see
This is the new pornography
It's free
This won't last forever
It won't last much longer at all
It's done, oh well
It's the best night of your life
Won't erase it
I misplaced it
Has it been found?
Was it rewound?
So sick and full of shame
Serial something does it have a name?
Was a nice guy, what happened to that, now a total jerk
And I can't go back
Did good for two minutes there, it will pass by fast
I make good stuff go away, I can't make it last
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Q:
Name of unknown effect where liquid moves when placed on a jagged surface
I recently saw a video in which a water droplet, when dropped on a jagged surface (see photo), and whilst under the Leidenfrost Effect, moved. Does anyone know the name of this effect?
A:
From browsing a few related abstracts, there doesn't seem to be an established name for the phenomenon. The jagged surface, however, is called a "ratchet".
The abstract of the original paper {1} refers to it as a "pumping effect", but this seems more like a description than a name. There's a Nature Physics paper on the subject {2}, but again the abstract doesn't use any specific term for the phenomenon. There is one other abstract I found {3}, which calls the phenomenon the "Leidenfrost ratchet". This was my first guess, and it's what I typed into Google to find these papers.
References (with apologies for inconsistent formatting)
{1} Self-Propelled Leidenfrost Droplets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 154502 – Published 19 April 2006. H. Linke, B. J. Alemán, L. D. Melling, M. J. Taormina, M. J. Francis, C. C. Dow-Hygelund, V. Narayanan, R. P. Taylor, and A. Stout. http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.154502
{2} Leidenfrost on a ratchet. Guillaume Lagubeau, Marie Le Merrer, Christophe Clanet & David Quéré.
Nature Physics 7, 395–398 (2011) doi:10.1038/nphys1925. Published 20 February 2011. http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v7/n5/full/nphys1925.html
{3} Leidenfrost Gas Ratchets Driven by Thermal Creep. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 164502 – Published 13 October 2011. Alois Würger. http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.164502
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Polymer-based photovoltaic cells have some real advantages compared to the currently used semiconductor-based cells. They are easy to make and the materials are cheap. The challenge is to figure out how to make efficient cells while keeping the manufacturing cost low.
One approach uses a light-absorbing polymer along with a derivative of a sixty-carbon fullerene molecule, commonly known as a buckyball. For maximum efficiency, the two materials must be present in thin layers near opposite electrodes but most analytical methods cannot distinguish between polymer and the buckyball well enough to characterize the plastic solar cell film.
New research reported in the Journal of Chemical Physics describes a technique that analyzes the reflection of neutrons to locate the buckyballs within the composite material.
"Neutron scattering is not a new technique but it has yet to be widely applied to this class of materials," says researcher Brian Kirby of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. "With this paper, we are providing an instruction book for researchers who want to use neutrons to study polymer photovoltaics."
He points out that while neutron scattering requires a reactor or particle accelerator -- not typical lab equipment -- scattering facilities are widely available to industrial and academic users.
Because both the polymer and the buckyball are composed mostly of carbon and their locations must be defined within a few nanometers, standard techniques have not provided sufficient resolution to describe the location of the buckyballs. As a result, much of the research on organic solar cells has been a trial and error process. Neutrons happen to interact with the polymer and the buckyball derivative very differently, leading to a sharp contrast.
"Our goal is more effective research on photovoltaic devices," says researcher Jon Kiel of the University of Delaware. "Using this technique, we have confirmed that particles are not distributed in the ideal way and have shown how to evaluate the distribution in new materials."
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The State of State
Making Diplomacy Great Again
We won’t have more foreign policy successes without better diplomacy. The first step is to understand what diplomacy can and can’t do.
James Jeffrey is the Philip Solondz Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. During his 35-year diplomatic career (1977-2012) he served as Ambassador and Deputy Mission Chief to both Turkey and Iraq, Ambassador to Albania, and Deputy National Security Advisor. From 1969-76 he served as an infantry officer in Germany and Vietnam.
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Todd Haley is focused on the future but drawing inspiration from the past.
The Kansas City Chiefs coach, whose 0-1 team plays at Detroit on Sunday, is at a pivotal moment in his career. His team needs to make a better showing than it did in a 41-7 loss to Buffalo in its opener, and the Chiefs must do so without second-year safety Eric Berry, one of their best players, who’s done for the season because of a knee injury.
Haley spoke to his team before Wednesday’s practice and, for inspiration, invoked two up-from-the-rubble teams: the 1989 Pittsburgh Steelers and 1999 New York Jets. Both of those teams overcame big setbacks to advance further than anyone could have imagined.
“I was a little nervous before that talk,” Haley conceded in a phone interview. “You have to organize your thoughts and talk it through pretty clearly when you’re talking to them, especially about those Steelers, because you’re talking about something that happened when these players were infants, mostly.”
The Chiefs, who won 10 games and the AFC West last season, weren’t the only playoff team to stumble. Atlanta, Pittsburgh and Indianapolis were stomped in their openers, but at least each of those teams plays at home Sunday. (Seattle lost too, and the Seahawks were a playoff team, but how much can be expected of a team that reached the 2010 postseason with a 7-9 record?)
“The Steelers feel like we do; they got trounced and they lost a player they really need,” Haley said, referring to injured tackle Willie Colon. “Indianapolis feels like we do; they got trounced and they’ve lost their quarterback. Atlanta, Seattle — how do they respond? We’re in that category.”
Haley has a personal connection to both the ’89 Steelers and ’99 Jets. His father, Dick Haley, was Pittsburgh’s longtime personnel director and was still with the franchise in ’89 when the team lost its first two games, 51-0 at home and 41-10. The Steelers regrouped to finish 9-7 — with Chuck Noll winning NFL coach of the year for the only time in his career — and made it to the divisional round of the playoffs before losing to Denver.
“If you’re not careful, a devastating loss can drag you down,” Haley said. “The Steelers didn’t let 51-0 do that to them.”
Dwight Stone, a receiver from that Steelers team, called Haley this week with some words of encouragement. Stone also played for the ’99 Jets — Haley was the receivers coach — when New York lost quarterback Vinny Testaverde in its opener and wound up losing six of seven. That team regrouped too, winning seven of its final nine to finish 8-8 and narrowly miss the postseason.
That Jets team, Haley said, spent too much time trying to find the ideal replacement for Testaverde rather than trusting the player they had in backup quarterback Ray Lucas. Once the team turned to Lucas, it began to string victories.
The way Haley sees it, losing Berry has the Chiefs in a similar situation, and an unfamiliar one since Kansas City didn’t lose a single starter because of injury or illness for more than one game last season.
“I don’t think you can ever count on saying you’re going to replace Eric Berry with the next Eric Berry,” Haley said about the first Chiefs rookie to make the Pro Bowl since the late Derrick Thomas in 1989. Berry played about 1,100 snaps last season, more than any of his teammates.
“It’s got to be a collective effort to replace a guy that gives you that many snaps and that much production,” Haley said. “But I think that’s what good coaches are for. You’ve got to find the solution.”
Stokley’s Giant step
The New York Giants have signed 13-year veteran Brandon Stokley with the idea that he’ll be their third receiver, but they aren’t disguising the fact they really wanted to re-sign Steve Smith, who instead inked with Philadelphia.
“We had wanted all along Steve Smith back and that was the objective, that was the hope and the expectation,” Giants offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride said.
However, Gilbride said he feels good about Stokley “because he’s an intelligent guy who has shown the quickness that you need.”
Stokley is also very familiar with the Giants’ quarterback, having worked for years alongside Eli Manning and his brother Peyton at their summer passing academy. The 35-year-old Stokley and Peyton Manning have been close friends for years. The Giants need a reliable slot receiver, someone who might have helped at Washington last Sunday when the team converted just one of 10 third downs.
When in doubt …
Two of the best players in the Oakland-Buffalo game will be the punters, both of whom are on the NFL’s all-decade team of the 2000s. The Raiders’ Shane Lechler was the No. 1 punter on that honorary squad, and his backup was the Bills’ Brian Moorman.
L.A. Stadium talks
For those keeping score at home: AEG’s Tim Leiweke, who is pushing for an NFL stadium in downtown Los Angeles next to Staples Center, is scheduled to meet in New York with NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell on Friday.
Young guns
The window of opportunity is wide open for Green Bay, if you consider that the Packers have the NFL’s third-youngest roster, behind Tampa Bay and Seattle. According to STATS Inc., the Packers’ Week 1 roster was the youngest of the previous defending eight Super Bowl champions, with an average age of 25.70 years.
Those are grizzled veterans compared to the quarterback Green Bay will face Sunday in Carolina. Cam Newton is 22.
[email protected]
twitter.com/LATimesfarmer
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Lithography is a process used to create features on the surface of substrates. Such substrates can include those used in the manufacture of flat panel displays, circuit boards, various integrated circuits (ICs), and the like. A frequently used substrate for such applications is a semiconductor wafer. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the description herein also applies to other types of substrates. In such a case, the patterning structure may generate a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g. comprising one or more dies) on a substrate (e.g., a silicon wafer) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (e.g., resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system, one at a time. In current apparatus, employing patterning by a mask on a mask table, a distinction can be made between two different types of machine. In one type of lithographic projection apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by exposing the entire mask pattern onto the target portion at once; such an apparatus is commonly referred to as a wafer stepper. In an alternative apparatus, commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the “scanning” direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. Since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (with M<1) the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. More information with regard to lithographic devices as here described can be gleaned, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, incorporated herein by reference.
In a manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a pattern (e.g. in a mask) is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (e.g., resist). Prior to this imaging step, the substrate may undergo various procedures, such as priming, resist coating and a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures, such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This array of procedures is used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device, e.g. an IC. Such a patterned layer may then undergo various processes such as etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., all intended to finish off an individual layer. If several layers are desired, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, should be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc. Further information regarding such processes can be obtained, for example, from the book “Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing”, Third Edition, by Peter van Zant, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1997, ISBN 0-07-067250-4, incorporated herein by reference.
For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the “lens”; however, this term should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection system, including refractive optics, reflective optics, and catadioptric systems, for example. The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a “lens”. The position of a second element traversed by the projection beam relative to a first element traversed by the projection beam will for simplicity hereinafter be referred to as “downstream” of or “upstream” of said first element. In this context, the expression “downstream” indicates that a displacement from the first element to the second element is a displacement along the direction of propagation of the projection beam; similarly, “upstream” indicates that a displacement from the first element to the second element is a displacement opposite to the direction of propagation of the projection beam. Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such “multiple stage” devices, the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposures. Dual stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/40791, incorporated herein by reference.
There is a desire to integrate an ever-increasing number of electronic components in an IC. To realize this it is desirable to decrease the size of the components and therefore to increase the resolution of the projection system, so that increasingly smaller details, or line widths, can be projected on a target portion of the substrate. For the projection system this means that the projection system and the lens elements used in the projection system should comply with very stringent quality requirements. Despite the great care taken during the manufacturing of lens elements and the projection system, they both may still suffer from wave front aberrations, such as, for example, displacement, defocus, astigmatism, coma and spherical aberration across an image field projected with the projection system onto a target portion of the substrate. The aberrations are sources of variations of the imaged line widths occurring across the image field. The imaged line widths at different points within the image field should be constant. If the line width variation is large, the substrate on which the image field is projected may be rejected during a quality inspection of the substrate. Using techniques such as phase-shifting masks, or off-axis illumination, the influence of wave front aberrations on the imaged line widths may further increase.
During manufacture of a lens element, it may be advantageous to measure the wave front aberrations of the lens element and to use the measured results to tune the aberrations in this element or even to reject this element if the quality is not sufficient. When lens elements are put together to form the projection system it may again be desirable to measure the wave front aberrations of the projection system. These measurements may be used to adjust the position of certain lens elements in the projection system in order to minimize wave front aberrations of the projection system.
After the projection system has been built into a lithographic projection apparatus, the wave front aberrations may be measured again. Moreover, since wave front aberrations are variable in time in a projection system, for instance, due to deterioration of the lens material or lens heating effects from local heating of the lens material, it may be desirable to measure the aberrations at certain instants in time during operation of the apparatus and to adjust certain movable lens elements accordingly to minimize wave front aberrations. It may be desirable to measure the wave front aberrations frequently due to the short time scale on which lens-heating effects may occur.
United States Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0145717 describes a wavefront measurement method that uses within the lithographic apparatus a grating, a pinhole and a detector, e.g. CCD detector. The detector may have a detector surface substantially coincident with a detection plane that is located downstream of the pinhole at a location where a spatial distribution of the electric field amplitude of the projection beam is substantially a Fourier Transformation of a spatial distribution of the electric field amplitude of the projection beam in the pinhole plane. With this measurement system built into the lithographic projection apparatus it is possible to measure in situ the wave front aberration of the projection system.
As illustrated in FIG. 1A, in this measurement system a component, plane wave PW10 of wave W1 is diffracted by the grating as an emanating wave WD. The wave WD emanating from the grating can be considered as a sum of diffracted plane waves PW2i, [i=0, 1, 2 . . . ]. The plane waves PW22, PW20 and PW21 are, respectively, the +1st, 0th and −1st diffracted order of the incoming wave PW10. In the projection system schematically shown in FIG. 1B the plane waves PW2i, [i=0, 1, 2 . . . ] will focus near or at the pupil plane PU, and sample the pupil plane in three points. The aberrations of the projection system PL can be thought of as phase errors that are endowed on the focused plane waves PW2i, [i=0, 1, 2 . . . ] in the pupil plane PU. These focused plane waves will exit the lens as plane waves PW3i, [i=0, 1, 2 . . . ], respectively. As shown in FIG. 1C, to measure the phase errors representative for the lens aberrations, the plane waves PW3i, [i=0, 1, 2 . . . ] are directionally recombined by diffraction at the pinhole 17 in a pinhole plate 11. For instance, PW400 is the 0th order diffracted wave originating from PW30, PW411 is the +1st order diffracted wave from PW31 and PW422 is the −1st order diffracted wave originating from PW32 and these directionally recombined waves can interfere. Their interference intensity is harmonic with the phase stepping of the grating. Other recombination's of diffracted waves originating from the PW3i [i=0.1.2 . . . ], are possible as well. However, the intensity resulting from the interference of such recombination varies as a higher harmonic of the phase stepping movement of the grating. Such higher order harmonic signals can be filtered out from each CCD-pixel signal.
It is desirable to further reduce the size of the structures obtained by lithography. Therein the wavelength of the radiation may play an essential role. The shorter the wavelength, the more transistors can be etched onto the silicon wafer. A silicon wafer with many transistors may result in a more powerful, faster microprocessor. In order to enable processing with light of a shorter wave length, chip manufacturers developed a lithography process known as Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL). In this process, transparent lenses are replaced by mirrors. U.S. Pat. No. 6,867,846 describes a phase shift mask for measuring wave front aberrations in such a process.
According to the method described therein, schematically shown in FIG. 3, the projection optical system PO projects an image of the first grating 203 at a second grating 201 that is positioned in its focal plane. Analogous to the method described in United States Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0145717, the second grating recombines diffracted waves. Wave front aberrations caused by the optical system PO become visible as an interference pattern, which can be inspected by a wave front sensor 106, such as a CCD-camera.
A particular problem that frequently exists in many EUV photolithographic systems is that the EUV source does not provide uniform information, but instead has a number of facets, or hot spots in its exit pupil that result from use of fly's eye lenses in the optics of the EUV source. This results in a non-uniform wavefront at the input numerical aperture of the pupil of the projection optics, or sometimes, in underfilled numerical aperture of the projection optics. These problems may affect the measurement of the wavefront by the wavefront sensor discussed above.
Thus, it is desirable to be able to eliminate the underfilling and intensity nonuniformity at the input numerical aperture of the projection optics. Accordingly, the phase shift mask additionally serves to condition the illumination reaching the input numerical aperture pupil plane of the projection optics PO. The phase shift mask washes out spatial variations introduced by the source, so that the pupil plane is substantially fully and homogeneously illuminated.
This may be achieved in that the first grating 203 includes a plurality of reflecting lines each formed by a plurality of reflecting dots.
The reflecting dots generate a diffraction pattern within a diffraction pattern. Thus, each reflecting dot becomes a wavefront source, as viewed from the focal plane. Therefore, irregularities in intensity, particularly due to fly's eye facets of the source, will disappear, presenting a clean, regular image of the source at the focal plane. According to United States Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0145717, the reflecting dots have a random height with a standard deviation of many times a wavelength.
One possible disadvantage of this known grating that it may be difficult to manufacture, as it is difficult to obtain a pattern of reflective dots having a large difference in height while having a predetermined in-plane size.
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Mineral industry of Kazakhstan
The mineral industry of Kazakhstan is one of the most competitive and fastest growing sectors of the country. Kazakhstan ranks second to Russia among the countries of the CIS in its quantity of mineral production. It is endowed with large reserves of a wide range of metallic ores, industrial minerals, and fuels, and its metallurgical sector is a major producer of a large number of metals from domestic and imported raw materials. In 2005, its metal mining sector produced bauxite, chromite, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc ores, and its metallurgical sector produced such metals as beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, copper, ferroalloys, lead, magnesium, rhenium, steel, titanium, and zinc. The country produced significant amounts of other nonferrous and industrial mineral products, such as alumina, arsenic, barite, gold, molybdenum, phosphate rock, and tungsten. The country was a large producer of mineral fuels, including coal, natural gas, oil, and uranium. The country's economy is heavily dependent on the production of minerals. Output from Kazakhstan's mineral and natural resources sector for 2004 accounted for 74.1% of the value of industrial production, of which 43.1% came from the oil and gas condensate extraction. In 2004, the mineral extraction sector accounted for 32% of the GDP, employed 191,000 employees, and accounted for 33.1% of capital investment and 64.5% of direct foreign investment, of which 63.5% was in the oil sector. Kazakhstan's mining industry is estimated at US$29.5 billion by 2017.
Environment
Kazakhstan faces a number of environmental challenges, including industrial pollution, land degradation and desertification, and contamination from its former role in nuclear weapons development and testing in the Semipalatinsk region. Significant improvements in the environmental situation of the northern Aral Sea area has been made owing to dam construction and river flow regulation.
Structure
Kazakhstani law holds that no sector of the economy is fully closed to investors, and, in 2005, a large number of Kazakhstan's mineral production enterprises had significant foreign ownership. In 2005, the government also maintained ownership in a number of mineral production enterprises; the percentage of ownership varied depending on the enterprise. Despite being open to foreign investment and even listed on Western stock exchanges, the ownership structure of some major mineral producing enterprises was not entirely transparent.
Trade
In 2005, fuel and oil products comprised 69% of the value of exports. Ferrous and nonferrous metals were other significant export products. The value of commodity exports from the mineral extraction sectors increased considerably in 2005, owing to an increase in the price of oil and other mineral commodities.
Kazakhstan exports minerals to Russia, China, the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, South Korea, UAE.
Mineral Resources
Kazakhstan's mineral resource base is characterized by a large number of oilfields and gasfields and by a large variety of mineral resources. The country ranks among the world's leading countries in its reserves of chromite, wolfram, lead, zinc, manganese, silver and uranium. It also has significant reserves of bauxite, copper, gold, iron ore, coal, natural gas and petroleum. According to data reported from Kazakhstan, the country is one of the 10 leading countries in the world for a significant number of mineral resources.
Within the CIS (based on the reserve classification system that was used in the Soviet Union and then by many of its successor states), Kazakhstan ranked first in its reserves of chromite and lead, possessing 97% and 38%, respectively, of all CIS reserves. The country ranked second in manganese, nickel, oil, phosphate rock, silver, and zinc, and third in coal, gas, gold, and tin.
Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has been perceived globally as a supplier of mineral commodities, which include oil, nonferrous metals, and uranium. Kazakhstan has been developing a rich mineral resource endowment. Intensive raw materials production and exports have helped the economy to overcome economic crises and ensured high rates of economic growth during the past 3 years.
The economy of Kazakhstan has been growing owing to the state policy of attracting foreign investment into its extraction industries. Kazakhstan was the first CIS country assigned with investment sovereign rating, and the World Bank has listed Kazakhstan among the 20 most attractive countries for investment. As a small economy with large fuel and mineral resources, however, Kazakhstan has not been particularly attractive for investment in the manufacturing sector, which makes the country highly vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices.
In view of the danger of the economy not using effectively the excess profits from the extracting sectors and foreseeing a possible negative effect from a sharp downfall of oil prices, the government established the National Fund to accumulate surplus oil revenues. The revenues in the Fund are to be used for the overall development of the national economy. The establishment of the Fund drew on the experience of the Government Pension Fund of Norway.
Chromium
Kazakhstan is world's second ranked chromite producer, after South Africa. Production was centered in the Aqtobe region of northwestern Kazakhstan at the Khromtau complex. Chromite production was significantly expanding with the aid of Western investment. London-based Oriel Resources Plc acquired 100% of the Voskhod chromite project in February 2005 and, based on the positive results of a feasibility study, planned to fast-track development of the Voskhod project. Discovered in 1963, the Voskhod chromite deposit lies within the Khromtau District of the Aqtobe Region. Although surrounded by a group of existing mines, it had never been worked. The ore grade reportedly averages 48% Cr2O3 with concentrate upgraded to 57% Cr2O3. Production from Voskhod was expected to be 900,000 t/yr; production would begin in 2008 and continue for 14 years. The Voskhod Mine was projected to be one of the world's leading suppliers of high-grade chromite. Oriel subsequently was awarded an extension to the Voskhod contract license area to include the Karaagash deposit which has, according to the former Soviet reserve classification system, C2 and P1 classified resources of some 7.8 Mt. Assuming positive results of a confirmatory drilling program, these resources could extend mining beyond Voskhod's projected 20-year life.
Copper
Kazakhmys plc, which was the firm that controlled most copper mining and metal production in the country, was engaged in a number of projects to ensure growth in the short term and provide for reserve replacement in the longer term. The majority of these projects was expected to begin production in the near or medium term and would include both new mine development and expansion of existing mines. The new mines included the Artemovskoye (which was part of the East Region complex), which was completed ahead of schedule and had the capacity to produce 28,000 t/yr of copper and 98,000 t/yr of zinc; the Zhaman-Aybat (which was part of the Zhezkazgan mining-metallurgical complex), which was under construction and has reserves of 75.3 Mt of ore that contains 1.069 Mt of copper; and the Aktogay (which was part of the Balkhash mining-metallurgical complex), which was being evaluated for development of an open pit to mine that was expected to produce 1.614 Gt of ore at an average grade of 0.36% copper, or 5.810 Mt of copper. Expansion of existing mines would include that of the East Saryoba underground mine (which was part of the Zhezkazgan complex), the Akbastau and the Kosmurun Mines (which were part of the East Region complex), and the Taksura open pit (which was part of the North Mine).
Lead and Zinc
Kazzinc JSC operated most of the country's lead and zinc mining and metallurgical enterprises. It also produced copper and precious metals. It employed about 22,000 people in mining, beneficiation, metallurgy, power generation, and auxiliary production. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of eastern Kazakhstan's three main nonferrous metals companies—Leninogorsk (now Ridder) Polymetallic complex, Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc complex, and Zyryanovsk Lead Complex. The controlling block of shares in Kazzinc was sold by the state to the private sector, with Glencore International AG of Switzerland becoming the company's main investor. In addition to Kazzinc, ZAO Yuzhpolimetal Corp. produced about 60,000 t/yr of lead metal from its Shymkent lead plant; and Kazakhmys produced more than 20,000 t/yr of zinc metal at the Balkhash zinc plant (Notarov, 2005).
Kazzinc's development strategy called for it to join the ranks of the world's leading producers of lead and zinc. Almost all Kazakhstan's lead and zinc production was exported, which placed Kazakhstan already among the world's leading lead and zinc exporting countries. In 2005, Kazakhstan's lead and zinc producing enterprises were operating below capacity. The Ust-Kamenogorsk complex had the capacity to produce more than 150,000 t/yr of lead and 240,000 t/yr of zinc; the Ridder complex, 25,000 t/yr of lead and 110,000 t/yr of zinc; and the Balkhash zinc plant, 100,000 t/yr of zinc. The Shymkent lead plant was working far below capacity owing to a lack of raw material.
Kazzinc mined lead-zinc ores from the Maeeyevskoye, the Ridder-Sokol’noye, and the Tishinskoye deposits, and processed lead and zinc at the Ridder and the Ust-Kamenogorsk complexes. Plans called for beginning mining in 2006 at the Shaimreden deposit in Kustanay oblast, which would enable Kazzinc to produce an additional 60,000 t/yr of zinc (Notarov, 2005). In the fourth quarter of 2004, Kazzinc began production at the new Shubinsky mining subsidiary, which would operate the Shubinsky underground mine in the vicinity of Ridder. Reserves at the Shubinskoe deposit were estimated to be 1.5 Mt of lead-zinc and copper ores.
Petroleum
Kazakhstan has the Caspian Sea region's largest recoverable crude oil reserves. In 2005, its production accounted for almost two-thirds of the approximately 2 Mbbl/d that was produced by CIS countries in the Caspian region. The country was poised to become an even more significant supplier to world oil markets in the next decade. Kazakhstan produced approximately 1.29 Mbbl/d of oil in 2005 and consumed 222,000 Mbbl/d, resulting in net exports of more than 1 Mbbl/d. The Kazakhstan Government projected increasing production levels to about 3.5 Mbbl/d by 2015, which would come mainly from production of about 1 Mbbl/d from the to-be-developed offshore Kashagan field, 700,000 Mbbl/d from the onshore Tengiz field, 600,000 Mbbl/d from the to-be-developed onshore Kurmangazy field, and 500,000 Mbbl/d from the onshore Karachaganak field. The remainder would come from the development of smaller fields. Major growth would come from an approximately 75% increase in production from the Tengiz field and by development of the Kashagan field, which would add an additional 1 Mbbl/d after 2010.
Uranium
Kazakhstan was the top country in the world in volume of uranium production. The company Kazatomprom was the fourth ranked uranium producer in the world as of 2009.
Approximately one-fifth of the world's uranium reserves are located in Kazakhstan. Total resources of uranium are more than 1.5 Mt, and more than 1.1 Mt can be mined by in situ leaching. Kazakhstan has an expanding uranium mining sector, producing about 24,000 tonnes of uranium in 2016, but then reducing slightly.
At the Stepnogorsk mining and chemical complex, which was Kazatomprom's main production enterprise, plans called for increasing production by expanding the volumes of uranium production in Mining Group No. 1, further developing the Vostok field, and completing development of the Zvezdnoye field.
Outlook
The large predicted oil resources of the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian shelf will require a significant amount of investment to develop. The required cumulative investment could be as much as $160 billion, of which about $10 billion would be for the initial stage of exploration, including field appraisal. Western companies already have invested more than $7 billion. A constraint to obtaining investment funds to develop the Caspian shelf is the lack of resolution of the territorial status of the Caspian Sea in regards to the demarcation lines and the ownership rights of the bordering states. This issue may have been partially resolved, however, with the agreement between Kazakhstan and Russia to partition the seafloor of the Caspian along the midline between the two countries. Similar agreements have been concluded between Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, and between Azerbaijan and Russia. Also, in the energy sector, Kieltyka will play an increasingly important role as one of the world's main suppliers of uranium.
Although Kazakhstan has adequate lead and zinc reserves to allow it to expand production through the next decade, expansion will depend on Kazakhstan's companies being able to acquire financing and the participation of foreign firms in developing large lead and zinc deposits.
Moreover, Kazakhstan is facing a critical depletion of its minerals. The fields discovered by Soviet geologists have been developed too intensely in the last decades, while geological exploration has not yet covered all the promising areas. Kazakhstan is facing inability to restock the depleted reserves and the tendency is worsening. The depletion of reserves of many of main minerals greatly exceeds the speed of their growth after exploration. Reserves increase in case of some metals (iron, manganese, gold, zinc) due mainly through re-evaluation and additional exploration of the already discovered fields. However, the existing registered reserves of recently discovered copper and gold fields have low quality and cannot be considered equivalent to the depleted reserves.
References
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Category:Economy of Kazakhstan
Category:Environment of Kazakhstan
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Metformin-like antidiabetic, cardio-protective and non-glycemic effects of naringenin: Molecular and pharmacological insights.
Metformin is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Its blood glucose-lowering effects are initially due to inhibition of hepatic glucose production and increased peripheral glucose utilization. Metformin has also been shown to have several beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors and it is the only oral antihyperglycaemic agent thus far associated with decreased macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes. Adenosine Monophosphate Activated-Protein Kinase (AMPK) is a major cellular regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism. Recent evidence shows that pharmacological activation of AMPK improves blood glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, blood pressure and insulin-resistance making it a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of T2D. Naringenin a flavonoid found in high concentrations as its glycone naringin in citrus fruits, has been reported to have antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anti- dyslipidemic and anti-diabetic effects. It has been shown that naringenin exerts its anti-diabetic effects by inhibition of gluconeogenesis through upregulations of AMPK hence metformin-like effects. Naringin has further been shown to have non-glycemic affects like metformin that mitigate inflammation and cell proliferation. This review evaluates the potential of naringenin as anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipidemic anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic agent similar to metformin and proposes its further development for therapeutic use in clinical practice.
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The use of trademark “ODISSEI” by ATK. CJSC (ATK LLC) has been recognized by the Court as improper , since not being the owner of the trademark the cited legal entity used trademark under Special Partnership Agreement that doesn’t provide fundamental for License agreement clauses and hasn’t been properly recorded in accordance with Russian legislation
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Esquire MagazineMila Kunis has come a long way since playing the bratty Jackie Burkhart on ‘That ’70s Show.’
She was cute then, if you could look past her character’s grating tendencies. She has, however, made the leap to drop-dead gorgeous since those days. Lesbian scenes with other hot women might have put her over the top.
Kunis played opposite Mark Wahlberg in the 2012 comedy ‘Ted,’ and has also done the voice of Meg Griffin on ‘The Family Guy’ since 1999.
While she used to date former child star Macaulay Culkin — suggesting to regular guys everywhere that they might just have a chance — she broke up with him in 2010, and has lately been seen getting cozy with her ’70s Show’ boyfriend Ashton Kutcher.
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Quarterbacks
1. Peyton Manning (@IND) - Ya think Peyton will want to put on a show for his old team and fans? We think so.
2. Tony Romo (@PHI) - Big divisional matchup and the Eagles can't stop anyone via the pass. With Murray out, Romo may pass 50 times.
3. Jay Cutler (@WAS) - The Redskins will present little challenge to Cutler and the Bear offense. 270 and 2 are likely.
4. Eli Manning (vs. MIN) - It's with a little reservation that we rank Lil Manning this high, but after being right about Newton vs. MIN last week, we'll roll with this somewhat optimistic ranking.
5. Nick Foles (vs. DAL) - Michael Vick is out this week and Foles has looked pretty solid in his stead. Great matchup against the Cowboys here.
6. Cam Newton (vs. STL) - Had a solid showing last week and should be able to pick apart the Ram defense.
7. Robert Griffin III (vs. CHI) - The Bear D is a shell of its former self, not being able to stop the run OR the pass recently.
8. Aaron Rodgers (vs. CLE) - Rodgers will be without two of his top WRs and this matchup wasn't great to begin with. You still have to start him unless you have a better option, which isn't likely.
9. Andrew Luck (vs. DEN) - Had a horrible Week 6 but will rebound in this duel against Peyton Manning.
10. Ryan Tannehill (vs. BUF) - Had his week off and now gets one of the softest defenses in the NFL.
Running Backs (PPR)
1. Jamaal Charles (vs. HOU) - Big battle against the underwhelming Texans. Should catch 5+ passes.
2. LeSean McCoy (vs. DAL) - Should be plenty busy against the Cowboys, who are just dreadful at covering RBs out of the backfield.
3. Matt Forte (@WAS) - Do we see a trend here? Yet another pass-catching RB with a nice matchup.
4. Adrian Peterson (@NYG) - Coming off a tragic Week 6, both personally and on the field, Peterson should have a huge Monday night game.
5. Reggie Bush (vs. CIN) - The matchup isn't cherry, but Bell is dinged and Bush is just money at home.
6. Marshawn Lynch (@ARI) - Expect the Seahawks to pound it out in what could be a pretty ugly Thursday night game.
7. Gio Bernard (@DET) - He's getting more and more work each week and is simply electric in the pass game.
8. Alfred Morris (vs. CHI) - Da Bears have been pretty lousy at stopping the run, so expect Morris to have one of his best games of the season.
9. Fred Jackson (@MIA) - The Fins are the second-worst D in the NFL in terms of allowing fantasy points to RBs. Jackson is a PPR threat and could approach 100 total yards Sunday.
10. Knowshon Moreno (@IND) - Firmly entrenched as the Broncos' #1 back for now, and this matchup should net him close to 100 yards and a score.
Wide Receivers (PPR)
1. Dez Bryant (@PHI) - This guy is just unstoppable after the catch and the Eagles are soft as butter in the defensive backfield.
2. Wes Welker (@IND) - Keenan Allen had a solid outing against the Colts this past Monday night; Welker should be able to duplicate those efforts from the slot.
3. Brandon Marshall (@WAS) - Will continue to gobble up receptions and is a red-zone target for Cutler.
4. Victor Cruz (vs. MIN) - The Vikings continue to have issues in the secondary. If Manning is to have a bounce-back effort, it will be by targeting Cruz deep.
5. DeSean Jackson (vs. DAL) - Likely shootout here, and Jackson will likely find the end zone yet again.
6. Justin Blackmon (vs. SDC) - Cecil Shorts is dinged, and even if he was 100%, the red-hot Blackmon would still get you 6-7 catches for 100ish yards.
7. Demaryius Thomas (@IND) - Start 'em if you got 'em. The Colts may double him but he has the skills to still beat the coverage.
8. T.Y. Hilton (vs. DEN) - The matchup favors Hilton a bit more than his running mate Reggie Wayne. Could make a few big downfield plays.
9. Mike Wallace (vs. BUF) - Matchup-based call here. Saw 16 targets 2 weeks ago and could go for 100+ yards this week.
10. Keenan Allen (@JAC) - Easy matchup for the Chargers and Allen is coming off his breakout game against the Colts.
Tight Ends (PPR)
1. Tony Gonzalez (vs. TBB) - Really, who else does Matt Ryan have to throw to? Could be a huge, HUGE game for the veteran TE.
2. Jordan Cameron (@GBP) - The Pack can't stop opposing TEs, period. He's been quieter with Gordon being the main target of Brandon Weeden but there's huge upside here.
3. Martellus Bennett (@WAS) - Just start all Bears skill players this week. Excellent matchup.
4. Vernon Davis (@TEN) - Coming off a huge outing, Davis is a safe bet to gain 70+ yards and score again.
5. Jermichael Finley (vs. CLE) - Not a terrific matchup but with the injuries at WR, Finley will be busy.
6. Antonio Gates (@JAC) - The San Diego passing game should be firing on all cylinders against the Jags.
7. Julius Thomas (@IND) - Not particularly enamored with the matchup, as the Colts have been solid against opposing TEs, but this is the Broncos we're talking about.
8. Jeff Cumberland (vs. NEP) - Is turning into a weapon for Geno Smith and the matchup is pretty darn good.
9. Kyle Rudloph (@NYG) - Should parlay a great Week 6 into a solid Week 7 MNF game.
10. Jason Witten (@PHI) - Limited upside but little chance of turning in a dud game.
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Suzanne Bonamici – Democrat
City where I live: Washington CountySkills: I worked my way through community college, college, and law school, and served consumers and small businesses as an attorney and state legislator. I am a proven leader, fighting for economic stability and opportunities for all Oregonians.
3 things I will do if I win: 1. All students deserve an excellent public education. I will continue to work on expanding access to early childhood education, funding IDEA, supporting well-rounded education, reducing highstakes testing, and making college more affordable 2. To grow the economy and create jobs, I support workforce training, apprenticeships, and robust infrastructure investments. Too many working families still struggle, so I am fighting for affordable childcare, retirement security, and paid family leave. 3.We must protect our planet for future generations. On the Science Committee, I support protecting clean air and water, reducing carbon emissions, investing in renewable energy technologies, and protecting our oceans.
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Cross-sectional relationship between dietary carbohydrate, glycaemic index, glycaemic load and risk of the metabolic syndrome in a Korean population.
Little is known about the effect of dietary carbohydrate, glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) on the risk of the metabolic syndrome, especially in populations with white rice as the staple food. The study examined the cross-sectional relationship between carbohydrate, GI, GL and risk of the metabolic syndrome. There were a total of 910 middle-aged Korean adults. Dietary carbohydrate, GI and GL were determined by an interview-administered FFQ. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the modified criteria published in the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The risk of developing the metabolic syndrome was positively related to dietary carbohydrate (P for trend = 0.03), GI (P for trend = 0.03) and GL intakes (P for trend = 0.02) in women after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Among the components of developing the metabolic syndrome, the risk of high TAG and low HDL-cholesterol were positively related to high GI and GL intakes in women. The risk of developing the metabolic syndrome was considerably higher in the highest quintiles of carbohydrate (OR 6.44; 95 % CI 2.16, 19.2), GI (OR 10.4; 95 % CI 3.24, 33.3) and GL intakes (OR 6.68; 95 % CI 2.30, 19.4) than in the lowest quintiles among women with a BMI >/= 25 kg/m2. However, there was no difference in risk across quintiles of carbohydrate, GI and GL among women with a BMI < 25 kg/m2. In conclusion, both the quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake has a positive relationship with the risk of the metabolic syndrome in women but this relationship was dependent on the BMI level.
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INDUSTRY
COMPANY
Pennsylvania Bars Harrisburg Bankruptcy
The financially strapped city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, will have to wait until at least November 30 before it can file for bankruptcy — that’s the decision from the state legislature and Governor Tom Corbett.
The financially strapped city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, will have to wait until at least November 30 before it can file for bankruptcy — that’s the decision from the state legislature and Governor Tom Corbett, according to Stateline.org.
Harrisburg is currently under receivership from the state and faces more than $300 million in debt largely as a result of a ruinous trash incinerator project. Some city officials want to deal with the problem by declaring bankruptcy. The 2012-13 state budget signed by Corbett on Saturday makes that impossible for at least the next five months.
The delay was an idea spawned by the legislature, but Corbett did not disagree with it, says Kelly Roberts, a spokesperson for the governor. The ban was met with frustration from the city council and the state-appointed receiver, retired Air Force General William Lynch.
"Lynch has said he wants the bankruptcy option,” said city councilman Brad Koplinski in an interview with Reuters. “Why would Governor Corbett send his general into combat to negotiate with our city's creditors without the heaviest artillery? We are trading in our tanks for pea shooters and our nuclear missiles for slingshots."
Adding to the frustration over the delay, the receivership itself is still under fire from a faction of angry city officials. Five city council members, Controller Dan Miller and Treasurer John Campbell filed a lawsuit in federal court last week challenging the state takeover and seeking to stop the work of the receiver. They argue that because the legislature handed the power to choose and appoint the receiver to Governor Corbett, the move is a violation of due process.
In the nation as a whole, 262 municipalities have filed for bankruptcy since 1980.
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Boulevard Imperial Stout X – Coconut
Boulevard Imperial Stout X – Coconut is an American Double/Imperial Stout, 11% ABV, best by date of 10-2017. From the website: our brewers suspended just over two pounds per barrel of raw and toasted coconut flakes in porous bags in one of our stainless steel fermentation vessels. Finished, cooled beer was then transferred onto the flakes and allowed to rest for 48 hours to infuse the aroma and flavor of the coconut into the base beer.
The pour is an extremely dark brown color with some slight cola color around the edges, a huge dark tan head to start with really nice retention. On the nose is a nice balance of toasted coconut and chocolate. Not a super complex aroma, but it is certainly pleasant. The taste is a touch more complex with flavors of chocolate upfront along with some mild roast, rich caramel, sweet malt, and sweet coconut. The coconut is blending with just a touch of hops and yeast on the finish which is giving this beer just a hint of artificial coconut flavor. The mouth-feel is exceptionally thin for my Imperial Stout tastes.
A good beer overall, but I might have has some higher expectations given some other coconut/chocolate stouts I’ve had in the past. I am pleased I was eventually able to track down all four 2015 variants of this beer though, each one was worth the effort!
Related
Keith is the Cellarman at Service Brewing Co. in Savannah, GA. When he isn't helping produce the best beer brewed in Savannah, he is your average beer geek. Most of his free time is spent thinking about, talking about, trading for, drinking and reviewing beer.
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*Strawberry mottle virus* (SMoV), classified in the family *Secoviridae*, order *Picornavirales* ([@b12-ppj-35-389]; [@b14-ppj-35-389]) is one of the most common viruses on strawberry plantations in Europe. SMoV is transmitted by strawberry aphids *Chaetosiphon* sp. and *Aphis gossypii* in a semi-persistent manner ([@b8-ppj-35-389]). Despite the fact that infected plants usually do not show any characteristic symptoms, severe strains of SMoV may reduce vigor and yield by 20 to 30% ([@b11-ppj-35-389]). The incidence of SMoV on strawberry plantations has been reported in many countries of Europe, and in Argentina, USA, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. The studies conducted in Poland so far have been aimed at occurrence and detection of the virus, its impact on the yield of strawberries and reaction of some herbaceous plant species on SMoV infection ([@b1-ppj-35-389]; [@b4-ppj-35-389]; [@b4-ppj-35-389]; [@b6-ppj-35-389], [@b7-ppj-35-389]). Time-consuming and labor-intensive biological indexing used to be applied as the standard for the detection of SMoV until diagnostics techniques based on the detection of pathogen's nucleic acids became an alternative to these tests. The development of new detection methods was possible due to the knowledge of the SMoV genome ([@b15-ppj-35-389]; [@b14-ppj-35-389], [@b16-ppj-35-389]). The positive-sense RNA genome is divided into two segments: RNA1 which encodes polyprotein P1 with domains for a putative RNA helicase, a 3C-like protease and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA2 encodes a polyprotein P2 consisting of, among others, movement protein and coat protein ([@b14-ppj-35-389]). The complete sequence of RNA2 is currently available for nine SMoV isolates found in the Netherlands ([@b14-ppj-35-389]), Canada ([@b2-ppj-35-389]), and the Czech Republic ([@b9-ppj-35-389]).
The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular properties of the seven SMoV isolates found in strawberry plants in Poland and to examine their genetic variability based on the sequence of RNA2 fragment.
Seven symptomatic *Fragaria vesca* var. *semperflorens* 'Alpine' indicator plants grafted previously with leaflets of SMoV infected strawberry: Grandarosa', 'Pink Rosa', 'Pegat', 'Markat', 'Granat' (isolates: Granda-1108, Pink-1108, Pegat-1108, Markat-1108, and Granat-1108 isolates, respectively) and two unknown cultivars (isolates: karkas-1108 and Unkn-1108 isolates) were used as the plant material in this study. Mild to severe mottling and chlorotic spots symptoms were observed on the indicators' leaves. All of the infected plants were maintained in greenhouse in virus collection of the Horticulture Institute in Skierniewice, Poland.
The silica capture method described by [@b3-ppj-35-389] with adaptations by [@b10-ppj-35-389] was used for extraction of the nucleic acids from the symptomatic leaves of *F. vesca*.
One-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted to amplify the RNA2 fragment of the virus using primers 2SMoV1108-F (5′ GCGGACGCTGTTGCCACTT 3′) and 2SMoV2386-R (5′ TCCGCCGCTCCCACTGATT 3′). This primer pair was designed during this study based on RNA2 sequence of Ontario isolate from Canada (GenBank accession number: KU177219). RT-PCR assay was performed with a thermocycler PTC-200 (MJ Research, Inc., USA), and 7 μl of the amplification products were resolved by electrophoresis in 1.2% agarose gel in 0.5 X TBE buffer, stained in ethidium bromide and visualized on UV transilluminator (Syngen, Cambridge, England). The molecular weight of the PCR products was estimated by comparison with 100 bp DNA ladder (ThermoFisher Scientific). cDNA from a leaf sample of an healthy *F. vesca* 'Alpine' and from SMoV infected strawberry were included as the negative and positive controls, respectively.
Five μl of the RT-PCR products were separately digested with by *Bfa*I, *Fau*I, *Hae*III, *Hinc*I and *Taq*I enzymes (Fermentas Life Science) to conduct the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of RNA2 fragment of the SMoV isolates. The generated restriction patterns were analyzed by electrophoresis in 8% polyacrylamide gels in 1% TBE buffer.
The RT-PCR products were purified from the gels using QIAquick^®^ Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Poland) and sequenced in both strains using the same primers employed for amplification. The obtained sequences were aligned using ClustalW of the DNASTAR's Lasergene 7.1 software (DNASTAR Inc). The consensus sequences were compared with sequences available in GenBank using the BLAST algorithm (<http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/>). The genetic relationships analysis of SMoV strains and the parallel RNA2 nucleotide sequences of the analogous SMoV sequences deposited at GenBank was carried out with the maximum likelihood method and subsequent bootstrap analysis in the MEGA software v. 5.2 ([@b13-ppj-35-389]).
The presence of SMoV was confirmed in seven *F. vesca var. semperflorens* 'Alpine' indicator plants by RT-PCR using Smdetncr4a 5 and Sm2ncr1b 5 primers ([@b15-ppj-35-389]). For all the seven samples \~1.3 kb products specific for partial RNA2 were also amplified when using primer pair 2SMoV1108F-2SMoV2386R (data not shown). The further study was aimed to evaluate of the possible genetic variability within this region of the seven detected SMoV isolates.
The RFLP analysis showed a restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified RNA2 fragment of the seven virus isolates. Six different profiles were obtained after digestion of RT-PCR products with the enzymes *Bfa*I, *Fau*I, *Hae*III, *Hinc*I and *Taq*I. Only two isolates - Pink-1108 and Granat-1108 showed the same restriction patterns for each of the separately used enzymes ([Fig. 1](#f1-ppj-35-389){ref-type="fig"}, [Table 1](#t1-ppj-35-389){ref-type="table"}). This result indicated that when selecting the suitable restriction enzymes for digesting of the RNA2 fragment, the RFLP technique can be useful and reliable method for the study on genetic variability of SMoV strains.
The nucleotide sequences analysis of the partial RNA2, amplified using the primers designed during this study, confirmed the genetic diversity of the seven Polish SMoV isolates. The similarity of their nucleotide sequence within this region (1213 nt) was 94.7--100%, with the greatest identity between Granat-1108 and Pink-1108 isolates. In turn, lowest nucleotide similarity (94.7%) was found between Granda-1108 and Pegat-1108 isolates. Nucleotide sequences of the RNA2 fragment of the Pegat-1108, Markat-1108, karkas-1108 Granda-1108, Unkn-1108 and Granat-1108 isolates of SMoV were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MH644000 - MH644005, respectively. The sequences of partial RNA2 of Pink-1108 and Granat-1108 isolates were identical thus only this one for Granat-1108 was submitted to the GenBank database.
A comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences showed that the isolates found in Poland shared 91.3--92.1% identity with corresponding sequences of the SMoV strain '1134' from the Netherlands (GeneBank accession number: AJ311876), 75.7--99.2% with the strains 'SMoV_RNA2_A', 'SMoV_RNA2_B', and 'SMoV_RNA2_C' found in the Czech Republic (GeneBank accession numbers: MH013325, MH01326, and MH013327, respectively), and 82.1--93.2% with the sequences of Canadian strains 'Ontario', 'NB926', 'NSper3', 'Nsper17', and 'Nsper51' (GeneBank accession numbers: KU177219, KU200454, KU200457, KU200459, and KU200461, respectively). Partial RNA2 sequence of the Czech strain 'SMoV_RNA2_C' showed the highest similarity with Polish isolates ranged from 96.1% for Pegat-1108 to 99.2% for Unkn-1108. In turn, surprisingly, the all seven Polish isolates showed the lowest similarity with the Czech strain 'SMoV_RNA2_A' ranging from 75.7% for Granat-1108 isolate to 76.3% for Granda-1108 isolate.
Variability of the RNA2 sequence of the SMoV isolates from different geographic origin allowed to classify them into two main clusters ([Fig. 2](#f2-ppj-35-389){ref-type="fig"}). One of them grouped the virus strains from Canada (KU177219, KU200454, KU200457, KU200459, KU200461), the Netherlands (AJ311876), and two strains from the Czech Republic (MH013325, MH013326). The other cluster included seven Polish isolates found in course of this study and the 'SMoV_RNA2_C' strain from the Czech Republic (GeneBank accession number MH013327). However, only Unkn-1108 isolate formed the distinct subgroup together with the Czech strain separately from the other Polish isolates. Common origin or spreading of the Czech strain 'SMoV_RNA2_C' by aphids could explain its high genetic similarity to seven Polish isolates. *Chaetosiphon* sp. have not been found in Poland so far, but probably, due to climate changes these species of aphids have migrated from the warmer regions to our country spreading SMoV. Results of the phylogenetic analysis of amino acids sequences of the SMoV isolates were similar to these obtained in RNA2 nucleotide sequence analysis (data not shown).
This study has shown the presence of genetic diversity among seven Polish isolates of SMoV, and also has confirmed the variability within the strains identified in other countries. The high variability of the partial RNA2 among the Czech strains indicate that the occurrence of different SMoV isolates is not associated with geographical region. Although the newly designed primers allowed amplification of the RNA2 fragment of the all seven SMoV isolates, it is not sure that they would be suitable for the study of genetic variability of the all known and not identified so far virus isolates.
This work was performed in the frame of the multiannual programme "Actions to improve the competitiveness and innovation in the horticultural sector with regard to quality and food safety and environmental protection", financed by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
{#f1-ppj-35-389}
{#f2-ppj-35-389}
######
Diversity of the RFLP profiles after digestion of RNA2 fragment of SMoV isolates by *Bfa*I, *Fau*I, *Hinc*I, *Taq*I, and *Hae*III enzymes. Designation by A or B or C letters indicates the presence of different restriction patterns for the specific enzyme
Isolate Restriction enzyme Profile
------------- -------------------- --------- --- --- --- -----
Unkn-1108 A A A A A I
Granda-1108 A B A B B II
Markat-1108 B B A C A III
Pink-1108 B B B C B IV
karkas-1108 B B B B B V
Pegat-1108 C C A D C VI
Granat-1108 B B B C B IV
[^1]: ***Handling Editor*:** Choi, Seung-Kook
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Q:
Independence from Set Theory Axioms
I have often heard of various statements being independent from the axioms of set theory (typically ZFC). Some examples include
The continuum hypothesis is probably the most famous
The independence of the axiom of choice from plain ZF
My professor told me that the following theorem is independent from the standard axioms: Theorem: If $U$ is a regular set then $U\times [0,1]$ is regular.
I'm wondering what a proof of such a statement would look like. What context do you do the proof in? What kind of theoretical framework do you have to build up before you can answer such questions?
In addition to answers I would also be interested in resources that would let me find out more about these ideas. I'm looking for books/web sites that start a relatively elementary level but still build up to dealing with some of the examples I mentioned above.
A:
It might help to understand look at how the fifth postulate is proved independent of Euclid's other axioms: One constructs a model, such as the Poincare disc, where the axioms can be given new interpretations. So the word LINE now means "arc perpindicular to the boundary of the disc", the word CONGRUENT now means "related by a Mobius transformation fixing the boundary of the disc" and so forth. One then checks that, if you take each axiom and replace the capitalized words by the quoted strings, the axiom remains true, except for the fifth postulate, which becomes false.
Similarly, to show that AC is independent of ZF, one works inside ZFC and builds a model where the axioms of ZF, suitably reinterpreted, stay true but where choice is false. The technical tool used to build that model is called forcing. I don't really understand it, but Timothy Chow's introduction is the closest I have come to doing so.
A:
I'm not qualified to answer your question, but the clearest introduction I've ever read to these ideas is Timothy Chow's A beginner's guide to forcing, which tries to explain the mathematical technique Paul Cohen used to prove the independence of CH from ZFC.
A:
It's important to distinguish between the theory you're proving something about (say ZFC) and the metatheory you're working in. For a metatheory, people usually talk like they're using ZFC, but are only using a much weaker fragment of it.
The basic idea is that you start with a structure M with some binary relation E, so that E satisfies the ZFC axioms, just like, say, a group satisfying the group axioms. Then you modify this structure in some controlled way to get a new structure M' with a new relation E'. If you've done things right, (M', E') is a model of what you were trying to build. Typical M' is a subset or superset of M, and E and E' agree where appropriate.
If you want a book intended for nonlogicians, I would recommend An Introduction to Independence for Analysts by Dales and Woodin. It avoids more of the language of logic, and some assumptions which look strange to nonlogicians, such as standard models.
If you want a more standard presentation, Kunen's Set Theory An Introduction To Independence Proofs is a good place to start.
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Was Texas Mom’s Baby who was Accidentally Vaccinated with Gardasil Medically Kidnapped for Medical Research?
When Anita Vasquez sought medical care for the reactions her baby girl was having after mistakenly being given the Gardasil vaccine at only 4 months old, she had no way of knowing that she was walking into a hospital that was working on vaccine development in collaboration with one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
She found herself tangled in what appeared to her to be a deep web of interests that were in direct conflict with her only goal, which was simply trying to get help for her baby.
Instead of finding help, she was met with accusations that she had somehow caused harm. Doctors and social workers testified that Anita had Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (also known as “factitious disorder”), which means she was accused of making up her daughter’s medical conditions when there were none. Anita is a licensed nurse by profession.
The state of Texas recently terminated her parental rights to her daughter Aniya Blu.
It was apparent to Anita from the very beginning that there was more going on than meets the eye.
Evidence was hidden. Medical records were kept from her and her attorneys. Medical diagnoses of real problems were covered up.
The deception continued throughout the ordeal with Child Protective Services, and it followed Anita into the courtroom. There were many facts of the case that Anita didn’t learn about until just before the termination hearing. Even then, the evidence was ignored.
Anita Vasquez has appealed the termination of her parental rights for her daughter, who was mistakenly injected at 4 months old with the Gardasil 9 vaccine intended for her older brother. Anita received a letter on August 31, 2018, from the Thirteenth District of Texas Court of Appeals noting that her appeal was accepted.
This photo was taken in July 2018 – the last time that Anita has seen her baby. She hopes and prays that Aniya will still come home. Photo source: Justice for Aniya Facebook page.
Medical Diagnoses Were Allegedly Kept from Mother
Aniya’s health began to decline soon after she got the shot, which is not approved for children under 9 years old. Health Impact News has been following her story not long after Child Protective Services seized Aniya from her mother’s custody on May 2, 2017.
Doctors at Texas Children’s Hospital labeled Anita as having Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Doctors, including Child Abuse Pediatricians, testified that Aniya didn’t actually have any health problems except when she was in the presence of her mother. Even though Aniya was hospitalized on multiple occasions, they said that she recovered quickly in the hospital. (Source).
However, the missing medical records that were recently released make it clear that this is not what happened.
For example, Aniya was diagnosed with hyponatremia, or low sodium levels. The levels came back up when she was in the hospital because they were treating her with sodium chloride, but the family was never instructed to continue this necessary treatment at home, and her levels would again decline to dangerously low levels.
Rathke’s Cyst on Brain
Less than 2 weeks before Anita was kicked out of the hospital, doctors discovered a Rathke’s cleft cyst in Aniya’s brain on her pituitary gland, but it was only after CPS seized custody of her baby that Anita learned of this diagnosis.
Anita has learned of at least one other case where a young lady developed a Rathke’s cleft cyst after receiving the Gardasil vaccine.
In most cases a Rathke’s cleft cyst doesn’t cause any symptoms, but in about 150 known cases, it causes symptoms such as adrenal insufficiency (See study) and hyponatremia (See study and study).
Several documents also state that Aniya had suspected adrenal insufficiency. She certainly showed signs of being sick.
Aniya was so weak on her 1st birthday that she could hardly stand at the visit. Doctors insisted she was fine. Clearly, she wasn’t. Photo provided by family.
When CPS seized custody of Aniya on May 2, 2017, she was released to the care of her grandmother. The hospital and CPS told Anita and her mother that Aniya was fine, and blamed her previous symptoms on Anita. Neither were told that Aniya was at risk.
Anita later learned that the lack of CPS or the hospital informing them of this almost resulted in her daughter’s death. Aniya was diagnosed with left ventricular hypertophy (LVH) after being life-flighted back to Texas Children’s on July 3, 2017.
Blame was still assigned to Anita, with allegations that she still had access to Aniya since she was with her mother.
Doctor who Denied Munchausen No Longer With Texas Children’s Hospital
Meanwhile, one doctor from Texas Children’s Hospital realized that this was probably not a case of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy.
In the latest update article, we reported that pediatric endocrinology specialist Dr. George Jeha wrote a letter dated July 7, 2017. He was involved in Aniya’s care and has personally evaluated her.
Adrenal insufficiency can lead to isolated hyponatremia secondary to an increase in free water retention….
I am less convinced that this child’s hyponatremia is due to excessive water intake which should not lead to hyponatremia in a 14 month old or reduced salt intake given the fact that her weight has increased which means her caloric intake is adequate….
The more I think about this child’s situation the more I am convinced that this is not due to Munchausen by proxy.
Dr. Jeha is no longer with Texas Children’s Hospital. Little more than a month he wrote the letter, a public notice was published online:
Public Notice: Effective August 24, 2017 Dr. George Jeha will no longer be affiliated with Texas Children’s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine. (Source).
He refused to testify for Anita at her trial.
The Birthday Princess did not feel much like celebrating, even with her grandmother. She was in foster care and was not well, no matter how much social workers and doctors denied her illness. Photo provided by family.
“Rare Rare Disease”
Both Child Protective Services and Texas Children’s Hospital were aware that Aniya was very sick. According to a document dated July 18, 2017, social worker Megan Morales wrote that Texas Children’s social worker Jennifer Stansberry informed her that:
…their Endocrine Team has a concern that Aniya may have this “rare rare disease” and that is why they are wanting Aniya to have weekly labs and weight checks. She stated the Endocrine Team wants to continue monitoring Aniya’s labs on a weekly basis to make sure that she doesn’t have this “rare rare disease.”
The plan was to discharge Aniya to foster parents this time. Morales’ report continued to state that the foster parent would need to know that if there were any “slight symptom,” she would need to take Aniya to the Emergency Room immediately because if she has this “rare rare disease”:
…it could result in death.
There were standing orders to run labs for sodium, renin, aldosterone, and other levels if she became symptomatic again. These were either ignored or not given to the fosters. Aniya was again taken to the ER in mid-October.
Aniya was referred to a neurosurgeon on January 19, 2018, but social worker Megan Morales appeared to try to minimize the significance of the referral. She wrote to Anita on Feb. 12, 2018, acknowledging that there was a referral to neurosurgery, but:
Dr. Kim stated the Cyst had nothing to do with Aniya’s sodium issues that lead to the hyponatremia.
Fact: The Gardasil Vaccine Can Cause Harm
…doctors had testified that no documented connection existed between the HPV [Gardasil] vaccine and medical complications suffered by Aniya.
Again, there is actually a great deal of medical evidence that the Gardasil vaccine causes harm. Health Impact News has reported many articles about the research and the personal stories of young people harmed by the vaccine. (See link).
Several countries, such as Japan, no longer recommend the vaccine due to the volume of adverse effects, which includes death.
Much of what Health Impact News has already covered connects to Aniya’s story, and it ties into what appears to be a carefully crafted web that has caught a helpless little girl into a plot that possibly goes deeper than the Vasquez family could ever have dreamed in their worst nightmare.
There are several pieces of the puzzle that seem to connect together, starting with the Gardasil drug trials and something most have never heard of – Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate Sulfate or AAHS.
Last year (2017) a study was published in the journal Clinical Rheumatology looking at serious adverse events after HPV vaccination. The title of the study is: Serious adverse events after HPV vaccination: a critical review of randomized trials and post-marketing case series.
The study was conducted by doctors from the Rheumatology Department and the Immunology Department at the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City.
This study revealed that proper placebos were not used in pre-market trials. Instead of an inert placebo, aluminum adjuvants (amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate or AAHS) were used.
The overwhelming majority of randomized HPV vaccine trials did not use inert placebo. They used aluminum containing placebo or other aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines.
For clinical studies, a placebo is defined as a “pharmaceutically inert” substance. This definition cannot be applied to an adjuvant substance.
Aluminum adjuvant mechanism of action remains poorly understood and its safety has been questioned. Aluminum adjuvants are known to stimulate TH2 immune response, activate dendritic cells, and activate NLRP3 inflammasome.
In randomized double-blind trials, confounding variables are canceled out minimizing the influence of external factors on the results.
The two relatively small randomized trials testing HPV vaccine against true inert saline placebo revealed a tendency to have more adverse events in the vaccine group.
Two of the largest HPV vaccine randomized trials showed significantly more severe adverse events in the investigated vaccine arm of the study: Compared to aluminum placebo, bivalent HPV immunization was accompanied by significantly more vaccine-related general solicited symptoms during the 7-day post-vaccination period and a statistically significant four-fold increase in death rate.
The unquestionable statistical results derived from two of the largest HPV vaccine randomized trials must take preeminence over the investigators’ judgment ascribing the disproportionate severe adverse events and excessive death rate to external factors.
Post-marketing HPV vaccine adverse events case series describe similar cluster of symptoms than those reported in pre-clinical trials.
In the postmarketing studies, this cluster of symptoms was labeled with different diagnoses such as complex regional pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. When looking at these diagnoses separately, HPV vaccine safety signals may be diluted.
This possible post-marketing HPV vaccine adverse reaction under-recognition is reinforced by the recent WHO VigiBase report.
Nevertheless, these investigations contain disquieting findings. It seems perilous to blame “Bad press” for the 10 times higher than expected HPV vaccine adverse events notification by Valencian doctors and nurses. Similarly intriguing is the description of 10% of HPV-vaccinated healthy Canadian girls needing to visit a hospital emergency department within 42 days following HPV immunization.
The researchers conclusions:
Scrutiny of two of the largest randomized trials unveiled significantly more serious adverse events in the investigated HPV vaccine arm of the study.
Nine-valent HPV vaccine has a worrisome number needed to vaccinate/number needed to harm quotient. Nine-valent vs. 4-valent HPV vaccine local and systemic adverse events disparities raise the possibility of a dose-dependent untoward effect.
Compared to aluminum placebo, the group of individuals receiving the bivalent HPV vaccine had more deaths on follow-up. Pre-clinical randomized trials and independent post-marketing case series describe similar post-HPV immunization symptom clusters.
Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxyphosphate Sulfate or AAHS
It is a form of aluminum used as an adjuvant that is added to the Gardasil vaccine. Merck owns the patent.
Merck Aluminum Adjuvant (AAHS) is a proprietary aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate formulation that is both physically and functionally distinct from traditional aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants.
At a macromolecular level, AAHS is structurally related to aluminum phosphate as it forms an amorphous mesh-like structure. (Source).
It is not the typical aluminum adjuvant that is used in older vaccines.
In a recent video, Dr. Suzanne Humphries describes the way that the sharp edges of the AAHS substance binds viral DNA to human cells, creating dangerous inflammation and harm to the body. It causes more harm than ordinary aluminum adjuvants.
Donations to American Academy of Pediatrics
A former CBS News investigative correspondent uncovered concerns about money being paid by vaccine manufacturers to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which makes recommendations to parents and doctors about vaccines.
The AAP establishes policies for vaccine schedules and informs medical personnel what is, and isn’t, a reaction or a side effect of vaccines. Can they avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest or even corruption when they accept money from the very companies who want them to endorse and push their product?
The investigation was not able to track down the total amount of money given to the AAP by vaccine manufacturers, but they found “bits and pieces” in public documents, including:
A $433,000 contribution from Merck, the same year the academy endorsed Merck’s HPV [Gardasil] vaccine – which made $1.5 billion a year in sales.
How much do these kinds of donations impact the policies written for doctors regarding the vaccines?
Texas Children’s Hospital is a Center for Vaccine Development
When Anita Vasquez told doctors at Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH) that she believed Aniya was sick because she had mistakenly been given the Gardasil vaccine, the doctors gave her the standard medical line, assuring her that Aniya’s symptoms couldn’t possibly be connected to the vaccine.
What she didn’t know was that Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH) has a Center for Vaccine Development.
TCH is “the largest pediatric hospital in the United States” and is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine. (Source).
What were the odds for the hospital that a baby would come through their doors having been injected with a vaccine that no one had been given the opportunity to observe in someone so young?
Could Anita have been set up for failure the moment she told the doctors about the vaccine?
Interestingly, the original Gardasil vaccine was designed to target 4 strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), but only 2 of the 4 are associated with cervical cancer. Marcella Piper-Terry wrote in 2016 that:
The other two strains are HPV 6 & 11. They are not associated with cancer. They are reportedly associated with recurrent respiratory infections.
Who is most at risk for severe outcomes from respiratory infections?
Infants.
This was planned from the beginning. If it wasn’t, why would HPV 6 & 11 be in a vaccine for cervical cancer?
Could it be that researchers saw an opportunity to study the effects of the vaccine, containing the proprietary AASH, in an infant?
Is that why the foster parents were told when Aniya was released from the hospital that they needed to bring her back every week to have blood drawn and labs run on several different things? Are the vaccine researchers studying the effects of the Gardasil vaccine on her tiny body?
There are ongoing clinical trials being funded on the Gardasil vaccine, including one announced earlier this year (2018) at the University of Alabama, funded by Merck, on postpartum mothers between the ages of 16 to 26 immediately after giving birth. See:
Pro-Vaccine Apologist Dr. Hotez Connection
Dr. Peter Jay Hotez is a pediatrician and the founding dean of the Baylor College of Medicine’s National School of Tropical Medicine. (Source).
He is also the director of the Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development (Source), and he is the President of the Sabin Vaccine Institute (Source).
In 2017, in Scientific American magazine, Dr. Hotez called on the U.S. government and G20 nations to take steps to “snuff out” the “American anti-vaccine movement.” To “snuff out” means to “crush or kill.” Image Source.
Earlier this year Health Impact News reported on some disturbing comments that Hotez made calling for the government to “snuff out” voices opposed to vaccines. See:
From many of his writings, it is clear that he does not hold views favorable toward parents who question vaccine safety.
Anita Vasquez is a nurse by trade. At one time, she firmly believed in vaccines. But she knew that her daughter’s problems began after she got the shot that she wasn’t supposed to have.
Hotez’s hospital was not the place for a mom who challenged vaccines.
Merck’s MilliporeSigma life science division announced last year that they were forming a “strategic alliance” with Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development and Baylor College of Medicine’s Vaccine Product Development Partnership.
Their goal is to “advance vaccine research and development for neglected and emerging infections.” (Source).
Dr. Hotez Aligned with the Clinton Global Initiative
Dr. Hotez has formed an alliance with the Clinton family. In 2006, he found his way to the Clinton Global Initiative, where he co-founded the Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases.
Hotez has made it clear that he would like to see vaccines mandated for everyone, stooping as low as to publicly declare that groups which advocate for parental choice in vaccines are “hate groups” who hate families and children. (See article).
For that, he came under fire, but Chelsea Clinton seemed happy to defend him. Autism Investigated picked the Twitter exchange:
Recently, he has been tweeting that Russian bots are behind the “anti-vaccine movement.”
Dr. Hotez apparently has a vested interest in studying vaccines and a history of trying to squash dissent.
Instead of looking after the health and well-being of baby Aniya Blu Vasquez, who wants her mommy and family, it seems that there are much bigger players involved who might see her as an experiment.
How You Can Help
Was Aniya Vasquez taken from her family to be a medical lab rat, to study her response to the Gardasil vaccine and its adjuvant AAHS?
Was the accusation of her mother having Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy simply a means to get Aniya away from her family so that they could study her?
Family and friends have long believed that Aniya’s medical kidnapping was a cover-up for vaccine injury, and a way to try to silence Anita Vasquez. Could it be that the truth is much deeper and darker?
The Vasquez family is not giving up. Their appeal has been accepted, and they are hopeful that a new judge will see that justice was not served in the lower court. They just want Aniya home and their family reunited.
The last time that Anita has seen her baby was in July. They need a miracle to bring her home.
The person with whom Anita spoke at the Inspector General’s office recommended that supporters call the Office of Consumer Relations for Texas CPS about Aniya’s case. Their number is 1-800-720-7777.
Anita says that the CPS case against them was opened fraudulently. CPS and Texas Children’s Hospital knew that there were medical reasons for her daughter’s condition, but they suppressed the evidence.
Greg Abbott is the Governor of Texas. He may be reached at (512) 463-2000 or by contacting him here. Many supporters are tagging him with #GregAbbott. His Twitter page is here.
Representative Geanie W. Morrison represents the Vasquez family’s district. She may be reached at (512) 463-0456 or contacted here.
Lois Kolkhort is the Senator for their district. She may be reached at (512) 463-0118 or contacted here.
Support the cause against Medical Kidnapping by purchasing our book!
If you know people who are skeptical and cannot believe that medical kidnapping happens in the U.S. today, this is the book for them! Backed with solid references and real life examples, they will not be able to deny the plain evidence before them, and will become better educated on this topic that is destroying the American family.
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The Fine Brothers thought they had found the future of YouTube. They were wrong - randycupertino
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/02/02/after-youtube-outrage-the-fine-bros-decide-not-to-trademark-react/?tid=pm_lifestyle_pop_b
======
randycupertino
Thought this article was a nice recap of what happened with the Fine brothers
react video debacle, what exactly went wrong and how the internet of the
future may attempt to monetize itself more carefully.
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[Editor’s note: Accelerating gasoline prices in B.C. have triggered an investigation by the B.C. Utilities Commission and are helping to fuel a boom in electric vehicle sales in the province. Refining more crude locally might eventually cause gasoline prices to drop but that would take years and a major investment, says one analyst. “I can’t see anybody wanting to invest at least a billion [dollars] for a new refinery in British Columbia because you’ve got electric vehicles coming over the hill. They’re in the market, they’re available, and they are a viable alternative to gasoline powered cars.”
Is that a tipping point we hear? The Tyee’s Geoff Dembicki predicted in December that might happen. Earlier this month, University of Calgary professor Blake Shaffer revealed Canadian cars are the world’s top gas guzzlers, but B.C.’s carbon tax along with provincial and federal electric-car-friendly policies are mapping the road to redemption. Given trends at the pump and in the atmosphere, Shaffer’s findings are more relevant daily.]
Usually when Canada is at the top of an international ranking, it’s cause for celebration. Not this time.
A recent report by the International Energy Agency shows that Canada’s vehicles have the highest average fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per kilometre driven. They are also the largest and the second heaviest in the world.
In short: Canadian vehicles are big, heavy and guzzle a lot of gasoline. For a country that is championing its climate action, how do we square these facts?
Many point to Canada’s vast land area — often connected with less-than-ideal roads and highways — and our cold climate as reasons for requiring more substantial vehicles. These arguments are not convincing.
More than 80 per cent of Canadians live in urban or suburban areas where a more modest vehicle suffices for most activities.
In terms of vast distances, that actually calls for better fuel efficiency, not worse. And if cold weather is the excuse for buying an SUV, similarly frigid countries — Sweden, Finland and Iceland — have all managed to survive with lower-emitting vehicles.
So what explains Canada’s preference for gas guzzlers?
Fuel economy standards
North American vehicle manufacturers produce larger cars than their European and Asian counterparts. This in part reflects consumer preferences, but it is also the result of marketing campaigns and economies of scale in production that push buyers towards SUVs.
Fuel economy standards in Canada and the United States act to reverse this pressure, pushing manufacturers to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles.
In part they have worked: the average fuel consumption of cars and trucks has fallen substantially since 2005. Even so, Canada’s average fuel consumption trend has flat-lined recently, with almost no improvement since 2013.
The slowdown in fuel economy improvements has a lot to do with the types of vehicles Canadians buy. The Toyota Camry and Honda Civic, once the mainstays of the average Canadian family, have given way to Ford F-150s and Dodge Rams.
The shift towards trucks, including SUVs, crossovers and minivans, in the past decade has been phenomenal. And before fingers point at places like Alberta, this is a trend seen across every province in Canada.
Is bigger better?
Canadians say they are now buying trucks in droves because they are safer.
The common wisdom is that bigger, heavier cars are safer in a collision. This is half right. Vehicle weight does affect the likelihood of a fatality from a collision, but only in a relative sense.
When similar-sized vehicles collide, it makes little difference to safety outcomes whether it is large-on-large or small-on-small. However, when a large vehicle collides with a small one, the results are (unsurprisingly) far worse for the small vehicle’s passengers.
This introduces the notion of vehicle-size externalities: buying a larger car imposes safety costs on drivers of smaller cars. It also raises the prospect of a vehicle arms race, with drivers buying ever-larger cars in order to protect themselves, when safety would be just as effective if everyone drove similar, smaller vehicles.
It comes down to cost
Far and away the biggest reason for Canada’s fuel inefficient vehicles comes down to cost. Simply put, the cost to purchase and operate a gas guzzler in Canada (or the U.S.) is far less than the rest of the world.
This cost difference comes in two forms: upfront charges for vehicle registration and gas prices. In Europe, vehicle registrations are often based on the vehicle’s fuel economy or emissions profile. In France, for example, car buyers face a sliding “bonus-malus” scale (or “feebate”).
High-emitting vehicles incur a registration charge up to €10,000 while zero-emission vehicles receive €6,000 in rebates. And in Norway, where new vehicles are subject to a 25 per cent value-added tax and up to €10,000 in registration fees, electric vehicles are exempt from both charges. It is little wonder that Norway has the highest share of new sales of electric passenger cars.
These upfront charges are often seen as alternatives to carbon taxes to shift consumers towards smaller, less emitting vehicles. And as Norway has shown, they can be effective.
However, other research has shown feebates are less cost effective than fuel or carbon taxes in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon taxes are better at targeting high-mileage drivers, and penalizing a gas guzzler that is driven sparingly can be a very ineffective (and costly) way to reduce emissions.
Pain at the pump
An Enviro Student’s Lament: No ‘Green’ Product Is Without Baggage read more
But perhaps the most significant reason Canadians drive less-efficient vehicles is gas prices. There is a clear correlation between the price of gasoline and the average fuel consumption of vehicles. Where gas prices are low, as they are in Canada and the U.S., fuel consumption tends to be high.
While most people focus on the role of carbon taxes to reduce emissions by discouraging driving, higher gas prices can also affect the choice of which vehicle to buy.
In the aptly named article “Frugal cars or frugal drivers?,” economists Werner Antweiler and Sumeet Gulati from the University of British Columbia looked at driver response to the provincial carbon tax.
They found that people started purchasing and driving more fuel-efficient vehicles. According to their calculations, without B.C.’s carbon tax on fuel, demand per capita would be seven per cent higher and the average vehicle’s fuel efficiency would be four per cent lower.
Carbon taxes may be unpopular with many, but they play an important role in determining what vehicles are on the road now — and in the future.
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Members of the first fire crews to attend Grenfell Tower have expressed frustration at the time it took to send backup engines, a delay that hampered their ability to evacuate more people, the head of the Fire Brigades Union has said.
Matt Wrack, who has spoken to between 25 and 30 of the firefighters who attended the blaze, said tthe delay may have been worsened by closures of local fire stations. He said some of the firefighters had asked the union to highlight concerns about the time they had to wait for the second wave of firefighters during the crucial early stages, as they struggled to evacuate residents.
Lack of equipment 'hampered Grenfell rescue effort' Read more
“There was frustration among some of the first firefighters who arrived that more people were not mobilised more quickly,” Wrack said.
Cuts to firefighter numbers and a decades-long process of fire safety deregulation should be a key part of the public inquiry into the disaster, Wrack said, but the initial list of questions the inquiry sets out to answer did not explicitly address either issue. Wrack said the union would boycott the whole inquiry if members felt these crucial issues were not being addressed.
The union would like the inquiry to look at the impact of the closure of Knightsbridge fire station in 2014, and the removal of one fire engine from Chelsea in 2013 and one fire engine from Kensington in 2005.
“One of the debates at the Grenfell inquiry will be whether the earliest responses could have made any difference,” he said. “You have to evacuate large numbers of people very quickly. In that part of London there have been cuts. There have been fire station closures and fire engines axed. Some firefighters who were there have said to me that a quicker response earlier might have made a difference.”
The London fire brigade’s commissioner, Dany Cotton, has consistently said there were sufficient resources to fight the fire. Responding to Wrack’s concerns, Tom George, director of operations for London fire brigade, said: “The Grenfell Tower fire was unprecedented and due to the ongoing police investigation and public inquiry we cannot go into details of what happened on the night, although we are satisfied that we had the resources we needed.”
Facebook Twitter Pinterest Matt Wrack said: ‘We are absolutely not criticising firefighters or the people running that incident.’ Photograph: Martin Godwin/The Guardian
An hour after the fire began, there were numerous teams on site, but by this point conditions were much more challenging for firefighters. Wrack’s focus is on the immediate availability of fire pumps in the vicinity. In response to the disaster the London fire brigade has already changed its standard response to tower block fires, increasing the number of engines automatically mobilised to go to a tower block fire from four to five, including one vehicle with a high-rise pump facility.
The sourcing of relief teams of firefighters to replace the first wave of people is another issue he hopes will be raised in the inquiry. Some firefighters were returning to the building multiple times, walking up 21 flights of stairs, facing intense heat and thick smoke.
“In an ideal situation, you would bring in fresh people; that’s the best way to save more lives. Everyone was totally exhausted.” Some firefighters collapsed with exhaustion when they got out of the building, he said.
As more accounts have emerged from individuals stuck on higher floors in the building, repeatedly being told by fire service call-handlers to remain in their flats and that firefighters were on their way to rescue them, questions are being asked about the fire service’s stay-put policy and the failure of firefighters to reach those stuck on the upper floors.
“We are absolutely not criticising firefighters or the people running that incident,” Wrack said. “I wonder what the hell would I have done in that situation.” Firefighters were having to make “horrific decisions” about whether to continue to rescue the people higher up, or pause to remove bodies from the stairwell, he added.
Wrack said the union would walk away if the inquiry was seen by survivors as a “pointless stitch-up”. He said: “I think there will be political pressure on the inquiry team to produce a report that doesn’t damage the government. If we constantly run into a brick wall when we raise issues, we may have to withdraw from it.”
Wrack has headed the Fire Brigades Union since 2005 and during that time has worked with 14 ministers responsible for the fire services. He said: “None of them ever gets to grips with the brief. It shows that central government doesn’t take the fire service and fire safety seriously. It is quite technical and you should have people who have a grasp of it and are able to make decisions.”
A decades-long process of deregulation of fire services and safety rules, which accelerated during the Tony Blair administration, and continued under the coalition government, should be scrutinised, Wrack said. He would like to see Blair and David Cameron questioned by the inquiry. “David Cameron described health and safety as a monster. He discussed an over-obsession with health and safety in the fire service. He should answer some questions,” he said.
Firefighters wanted senior figures to be held accountable, he said, and would not be satisfied with a prosecution of a “subcontractor who screwed a bit of cladding to the building”.
“If regulations affected this, who signed the regulations? If policies were adopted who adopted the policies? This was the worst fire since the blitz in terms of loss of life. If political decisions have helped lead to that outcome, the ministers responsible should be gone.”
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Saturday, February 20, 2010
For the next 20 days the MV Horizon will be at Isla Guadalupe with a film crew from Japan.
They are there to discover and document the "islands inhabitants."
Like the 30 day expedition with the BBC they did last year, the crew are sending back regular updates.
This week the film crew with the help of Captain Spencer witnessed something never before seen at Isla Guadalupe, changing the way we view the wildlife here once again.
Captain Spencers LogDay 4
Again we are off the boat before the sun even has a chance to wake up for the day. Away we go off to capture some more footage of the female elephant seal ready to give birth. Or so we thought... after hours of watching, looking and waiting we come to a sad realization that she is gone. Maybe she moved to another beach or maybe she gave birth over night. Nobody knows all we do know is that she is gone. As we wrap up the morning at the beach we get a rare look into the world of wild animals at their finest.
On the way back to the Horizon we spotted a baby Elephant Seal swimming on the surface, so we headed over to take a look and could immediately tell there was something wrong. Maybe he was sick, or injured, all we knew was that it wasn't looking good for this baby out in shark infested waters. As we followed behind the pup, four dolphins joined in on our curiosity. We thought they might try to take advantage of the wounded seal, but fortunately we were mistaken, the dolphin were actually helping the seal back to shore. As the pup struggled for air the dolphin repeatedly dove and lifted the young pup to the surface to breath. It was AMAZING! The dolphins actually were guiding the seal back to shore.
Never in my life would I think a dolphin had such compassion. After the seal made it to shore the dolphin gave a tail slap on the water, as if to say, "high five!" Then off they went into the wild blue. After lunch we spent time on the boat catching up on some editing and interviews. Then out of no where a 12 foot white shark decided it was sick of being cooped up in the ocean and breached 200 yards from the boat. It was awesome. To see such a large shark launch itself out of the water like that.
Now we know for sure the sharks are here. Maybe tomorrow we will put the cage in and see what is swimming below.
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Many of today's cybersecurity luminaries—including former Facebook chief security officer Alex Stamos—have roots in a firm called @stake. The following excerpt, from Joseph Menn's upcoming Cult of the Dead Cow: How the Original Hacking Supergroup Might Just Save the World, traces the company's lasting influence.
Two years before 9/11, an intelligence contractor I will call Rodriguez was in Beijing when NATO forces in the disintegrating state of Yugoslavia dropped five US bombs on the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, killing three. Washington rapidly apologized for what it said had been a mistake in targeting, but the Chinese were furious. In a nationally televised address, then Chinese vice president Hu Jintao condemned the bombing as “barbaric” and criminal. Tens of thousands of protestors flowed into the streets, throwing rocks and pressing up against the gates of the American embassy in Beijing and consulates in other cities.
Cult of the Dead Cow: How the Original Hacking Supergroup Might Just Save the World. Buy on Amazon. Excerpted from PublicAffairs
The US needed to know what the angry crowds would do next, but the embassy staffers were trapped inside their buildings. Rodriguez, working in China as a private citizen, could still move around. He checked with a friend on the China desk of the CIA and asked how he could help. The analyst told Rodriguez to go find out what was happening and then get to an internet café to see if he could file a report from there. Once inside an internet café, Rodriguez called again for advice on transmitting something without it getting caught in China’s dragnet on international communications. The analyst asked for the street address of the café. When Rodriguez told him exactly where he was, the analyst laughed. “No problem, you don’t have to send anything,” he explained. “Back Orifice is on all of those machines.” To signal where he wanted Rodriguez to sit, he remotely ejected the CD tray from one machine. Then he read everything Rodriguez wrote as he typed out the best on-the-ground reporting from Beijing. Rodriguez erased what he had typed and walked out, leaving no record of the writing.
Some hackers felt great fulfillment in government service. Serving the government in the wake of the terror attacks gave them a chance to fit in when they hadn’t before, united by a common cause. But for too many of this cohort, what started with moral clarity ended in the realization that morality can fall apart when governments battle governments. That was the case with a cDc Ninja Strike Force member I will call Stevens. As Al-Qaeda gained notoriety and recruits from the destruction, the US Joint Special Operations Command, or JSOC, stepped up the hiring of American hackers like Stevens. Some operatives installed keyloggers in internet cafés in Iraq, allowing supervisors to see when a target signed in to monitored email accounts. Then the squad would track the target physically as he left and kill him.
After 9/11, the military flew Stevens to another country and assigned him to do everything geek, from setting up servers to breaking into the phones of captured terrorism suspects. Though he was a tech specialist, the small teams were close, and members would substitute for each other when needed. Sometimes things went wrong, and decisions made on the ground called for him to do things he had not been trained in or prepared for mentally. “We did bad things to people,” he said years later, still dealing with the trauma.
As the American government ramped up its spying efforts after 9/11, it needed to discover new vulnerabilities that would enable digital break-ins. In the trade, these were often called “zero-days,” because the software maker and its customers had zero days of warning that they needed to fix the flaw. A ten-day flaw is less dangerous because companies have more time to develop and distribute a patch, and customers are more likely to apply it. The increased demand for zero-days drove up prices.
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Accumulation of pristanic acid (2, 6, 10, 14 tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) in the plasma of patients with generalised peroxisomal dysfunction.
The plasma of some patients with biochemical evidence of a generalised peroxisomal dysfunction (GPD) show greatly increased levels of phytanic acid as well as its alpha-oxidation product, pristanic acid (2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid). Increased amounts of 14- and 16- carbon branched chain fatty acids are also found in some of these patients. As pristanic acid is present in normal or near-normal amounts in classical Refsum disease and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia, two disorders characterised by deficiencies in phytanic acid oxidation, we speculate that its accumulation is not secondary to a defect in the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid, but is indicative of a block in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of pristanic acid. The finding of phytanic acid, as well as a number of its metabolites in patients with inherited defects in peroxisomal biogenesis indicates that a number of the steps in phytanic acid degradation may be confined to peroxisomes.
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There are new questions about why there was no warning before a tornado ripped through Tulsa, Oklahoma, early Sunday morning. The National Weather Service confirmed an EF2 tornado touched down. The rare August tornado ripped roofs off homes and knocked down trees. About 30 people were hurt, and two people had severe injuries.
As early as 1:19 a.m., the tornado touched down in Tulsa and there were signs of it on radar. But the sirens never went off because the National Weather Service did not issue a tornado warning until after the twister had moved on at 1:25 a.m.
Roger Jolliff, director of the Tulsa Emergency Management agency, said they did not sound the sirens because the twister had already moved on to the neighboring city by the time the National Weather Service issued its warning, reports CBS News correspondent Omar Villafranca.
"I said if it's in Broken Arrow, we will not sound our sirens because the threat at that time that we had got this information... was going into Broken Arrow," Jolliff said.
The National Weather Service said they used two different radars to follow the storm system, and when the closer radar showed the tornado on the ground, they issued the tornado warning.
The tornado shredded restaurants and storefronts in the midtown portion of Tulsa. At least eight people were rescued from a TGI Friday's restaurant after its roof collapsed. Other buildings were nearly reduced to rubble.
One stretch of businesses took the brunt of the damage as the twister skipped along nearly seven miles.
"We've got power lines that are down, we've got big trees that are down, we have roads that are closed right now," Tulsa Police Department's Demita Kinard said.
Damaged power lines left more than 15,000 people in the dark at the height of the storm. Crews were out early to get a majority of customers reconnected by Sunday evening.
The twister even uprooted trees, bringing one crashing down through the roof of Heather Dick's new home.
"I came down this street and I saw that that tree had fallen, and I just started crying," Dick said.
The officials we spoke with said they would be reviewing what happened in this situation. Tulsa's mayor says after the cleanup is done, the city will also review its technology and protocols for initiating tornado sirens.
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2010 Midterms: 8 Lessons Learned Before November
Carl M. Cannon
Politics Daily
Except for a little clean-up duty in Louisiana and Hawaii, the rowdy and random 2010 midterm primary season concluded this week, with more upstarts and upsets. Now, the remaining general election candidates, not to mention the leaders of both major political parties, are trying to discern what in the world the voters are trying to tell them - or whether there even are any coherent messages to be gleaned in this grueling election season.
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Minn. property tax thrust back into political fray
ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — Even before Minnesota property tax levies are locked in, the effort to assign political meaning to the bills awaiting homeowners and others is in full swing.
Minnesota Democrats, who predicted a drop in property taxes, are left to explain why that didn’t happen in most places. Legislative Republicans are holding it up as a broken promise that they’ll remind voters of in the next election.
Despite tens of millions of dollars in extra help from the state, preliminary levy data show only about 11 percent of cities plan to cut tax levies.
Minnesota Public Radio News reported Tuesday (http://bit.ly/IiuDvU ) on Revenue Commissioner Myron Frans’ push to highlight cities that held the line.
Local officials will set their final levies by Dec. 27. Statewide data is due in February.
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Holocaust denier and neo-Nazi Art Jones is running for Congress in Illinois — and he is going to be the Republican nominee for the liberal third congressional district, over the objections of the Illinois Republican Party.
The district, which encompasses the southwest side of Chicago and neighboring suburbs, is represented by 7th-term veteran Rep. Dan Lipinski (D-IL). Lipinski is a moderate Democrat who voted against Obamacare in 2010.
Jones is an admitted former leader of the American Nazi Party, a Vietnam veteran, and a retired insurance agent. According to the Chicago Sun-Times, he has tried to run for Congress many times before, without success.
Most recently, the Illinois Republican Party ensured that he was removed from the ballot in 2016 by arranging a legal challenge that found all of his ballot signatures to be invalid. A similar attempt this year has failed, however.
The Republican Party publicly opposes Jones’s candidacy: “The Illinois Republican Party and our country have no place for Nazis like Arthur Jones. We strongly oppose his racist views and his candidacy for any public office, including the 3rd Congressional District,” said party chair Tim Schneider in a statement to the Sun-Times.
However, there is nothing the GOP can do to remove him. No other Republican stepped forward to run against the incumbent Democrat in what is presumed to be a safe liberal seat in a tough midterm environment for the GOP.
Jones’s website (to which Breitbart News will not link) includes a section devoted to questioning the Holocaust. He claims to have supported Donald Trump in 2016, but the UK Guardian quoted him in April 2017 telling a neo-Nazi rally in Kentucky that he regretted his vote for Trump: “I’m sorry I voted for the son of a bitch, I really am.”
The phenomenon of marginal, extremist candidates running for Congress is not, of course, limited to Republicans. In Massachusetts, Tahirah Amatul-Wadud, who has alleged connections to radical Muslim groups, is running in the 1st congressional district as a Democrat.
In 1996, Democrats in Alaska managed to nominate alleged antisemite Theresa Obermeyer, who believed there was a conspiracy to prevent her husband from passing the state bar exam. She finished third behind Republican incumbent Ted Stevens and Green Party candidate Jed Whittaker.
Rep. Lipinski also faces a Democratic primary challenge from small businesswoman Marie Newman.
Joel B. Pollak is Senior Editor-at-Large at Breitbart News. He was named to Forward’s 50 “most influential” Jews in 2017. He is the co-author of How Trump Won: The Inside Story of a Revolution, is available from Regnery. Follow him on Twitter at @joelpollak.
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Q:
How to increase the grid size of Marker Cluster in android?
I am using Marker clusters in my application. I want to increase the grid size. I have customize the DefaultClusterRenderer class, but I didn't find any thing in it to increase the size.Please help me out how to increase it.
following is the code of customized clusterRenderer
public class MyClusterRenderer extends DefaultClusterRenderer<MyItem> {
public MyClusterRenderer(Context context, GoogleMap map, ClusterManager clusterManager) {
super(context, map, clusterManager);
}
@Override
protected boolean shouldRenderAsCluster(Cluster<MyItem> cluster) {
//start clustering if at least 2 items overlap
return cluster.getSize() > 4;
}
@Override
protected void onBeforeClusterItemRendered(MyItem item,MarkerOptions markerOptions){
if(item.isRegister()==true)
{
BitmapDescriptor markerDescriptor = BitmapDescriptorFactory.defaultMarker(340);
markerOptions.icon(markerDescriptor);
//markerOptions.icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory.fromResource(R.drawable.x));
}
else if(item.isRegister()==false)
{
BitmapDescriptor markerDescriptor = BitmapDescriptorFactory.defaultMarker(60);
markerOptions.icon(markerDescriptor).title("false");
}
}
}
A:
A simple solution is use the NonHierarchicalDistanceBasedAlgorithm. Create a new calss and extends it with NonHierarchicalDistanceBasedAlgorithm, then override the method getClusters(double zoom). In this method you will be able to set the grid size, by changing the value of zoomSpecificSpan, In my i change the first value to 200.0D, and it works for me.
public Set<? extends Cluster<T>> getClusters(double zoom) {
int discreteZoom = (int)zoom;
double zoomSpecificSpan = 200.0D / Math.pow(2.0D, (double)discreteZoom) / 256.0D;
HashSet visitedCandidates = new HashSet();
HashSet results = new HashSet();
HashMap distanceToCluster = new HashMap();
HashMap itemToCluster = new HashMap();
PointQuadTree var10 = this.mQuadTree;
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Q:
Prevent UITextView from offsetting its text container
I am tying to modify the height of a UITextView dynamically (up to a max height) while the user enters text. I am experiencing a very strange behavior when there are an even number of lines in the text view.
I am using autolayout and the text view has a height constraint. I respond to calls to the text view's delegate (textViewDidChange(_:)), where I calculate and adjust the height constraint based on the contentSize.
Here is the code:
func textViewDidChange(_ textView: UITextView) {
let newHeight = textView.contentSize.height
let newConstraintConst = max(MinTextViewHeight, min(MaxTextViewHeight, newHeight))
self.textViewHeightConstraint.constant = newConstraintConst
}
This works well, it resizes the frame up to MaxTextViewHeight and then the text view can scroll. However, when there are an even number of lines in the text view, the text view adds a kind of offset to the bottom of its NSTextContainer, causing the top line to be cut off:
However, when there are odd lines the NSTextContainer is no longer offset:
At first I thought it was somehow being controlled by the text view's textContainerInset but that is only used to pad the space inside the NSTextContainer, as setting it to .zero removes the space inside but does not affect the offset (and incidentally makes it even worse, as the top line almost completely disappears):
I have looked through the UITextView class reference and I don't see any property that would let me manipulate or even get the value of this offset.
As a workaround I am increasing the text container's top inset and removing the bottom inset:
textView.textContainerInset = UIEdgeInsetsMake(10, 0, 0, 0)
This works so far, but I arrived at a value of 10 by trial-and-error, and so far I've only tested it on a single device.
I am not interested in more hacky workarounds that require fragile, fixed values; I am trying to understand how this offset is being set and a proper way to fix it. I'm hoping that someone can provide some insight, thanks!
A:
Just a speculation, but I think the problem is that the text view assumes that the height of itself does not change while calling textViewDidChange, so it scrolls when it thinks it has to, regardless of you changing its frame.
Not sure if you think my solution is too hacky, but this will stop it from scrolling when you don't want it. I simply pin the content offset to the top as long as the wanted content size is smaller than your max size.
Just add this:
func scrollViewDidScroll(scrollView: UIScrollView) {
if textView.contentSize.height <= MaxTextViewHeight && textView.contentOffset.y > 0.0 {
textView.contentOffset.y = 0.0;
}
}
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a system for controlling an automatic vehicle transmission, more particularly to a system for, and a method of, controlling an automatic vehicle transmission.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prior-art automatic vehicle transmissions are provided with multiple ranges (positions), typically P, R, N, D4, D3, 2 and 1. In the automatic gearshift range D4, gearshift is conducted automatically in accordance with a gearshift scheduling map (characteristics) stored in an on-board microcomputer memory, based on the vehicle speed and the throttle opening (indicative of the engine load) as parameters indicating the vehicle operating conditions. The vehicle driver ordinarily drives with the shift lever setting in the D4 range. This prior-art automatic gearshift mode is hereinafter referred to as "auto-shift mode" or "auto-shifting means" in the specification.
Since in the D4 range in the auto-shift mode, gearshift is conducted independently of any desire on the part of the driver, if the driver desires to downshift for sporty driving or for utilizing the engine braking effect, he must manually move the shift lever from the D4 range to the D3 or 2 range. On the other hand, when he again desires to upshift from the gear, he must return the shift lever to the D4 range. This means that the driver is required to frequently move the shift lever when running on a winding or hilly road. Although in the D3, for example, it is possible to run at 1st, 2nd or 3rd gear, hence it is sometimes difficult for the driver, contrary to what has been expected, to obtain the desired gear.
Therefore, as taught by Japanese Laid-Open Patent application Nos. Sho 59(1984)-37359, Hei 2(1990)-8545 and Hei 6(1994)-74318, it has been proposed to provide, in the automatic vehicle transmission, a switch or lever separate of the shift lever which enables the driver to upshift or downshift by manual operation of the switch or lever. The use of such a device will hereinafter be referred to as "manual-shift mode" or "manual-shifting means" in the specification.
When the driver keeps a certain gear in the manual-shift mode, the acceleration might sometimes be poor due to the engine speed drop, or engine braking effect might become insufficient at times if the gear is higher relative to the vehicle speed, degrading drivability or driver's comfort. In order to solve these problems, therefore, it has been proposed to provide an automatic downshifting function in the manual-shift mode. The automatic downshifting function operates to downshift when the vehicle traveling speed has drooped below a reference or threshold speed. The reference speed is predetermined differently for the respective gears. The operation of the automatic downshifting function will hereinafter referred to as "sub-auto-shift mode" or "auto-downshifting means".
However, when the vehicle is climbing a hilly road with the manual shift mode and the sub-auto-shift mode in operation, the drivability or driver's comfort becomes worse due to the running resistance increase until the vehicle speed has dropped below the reference speed. Similarly when the vehicle climbs a hilly road, the driver may sometimes feel vehicles acceleration speed great. The downshifting is not effected, however, until the vehicle speed has dropped below the reference speed, also degrading the drivability or driver's comfort.
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Owing to its extreme sensitivity and easy execution, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) now finds application for a wide variety of problems requiring sensitive and targeted analyte detection. This widespread application has prompted a proliferation of different SERS-based sensors, suggesting the need for a framework to classify existing methods and guide the development of new techniques. After a brief discussion of the general SERS modalities, we classify SERS-based sensors according the origin of the signal...
In this review, we summarize recent advances in nanoscale electrochemistry, including the use of nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanowires. Exciting developments are reported for nanoscale redox cycling devices, which can chemically amplify signal readout. We also discuss promising high-frequency techniques such as nanocapacitive CMOS sensor arrays or heterodyning. In addition, we review electrochemical microreactors for use in (drug) synthesis, biocatalysis, water treatment, or to electrochemically degrade urea for use in a portable artificial kidney...
Enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions in the body, and in conjunction with transporters and receptors, control virtually all physiological processes. There is great value in measuring enzyme activity ex vivo and in vivo. Spatial and temporal differences or changes in enzyme activity can be related to a variety of natural and pathological processes. Several analytical approaches have been developed to meet this need. They can be classified broadly as methods either based on artificial substrates, with the goal of creating images of diseased tissue, or based on natural substrates, with the goal of understanding natural processes...
Advances in next-generation sequencing technology along with decreasing costs now allow the microbial population, or microbiome, of a location to be determined relatively quickly. This research reveals that microbial communities are more diverse and complex than ever imagined. New and specialized instrumentation is required to investigate, with high spatial and temporal resolution, the dynamic biochemical environment that is created by microbes, which allows them to exist in every corner of the Earth. This review describes how electrochemical probes and techniques are being used and optimized to learn about microbial communities...
Mobile health technologies offer great promise for reducing healthcare costs and improving patient care. Wearable and implantable technologies are contributing to a transformation in the mobile health era in terms of improving healthcare and health outcomes and providing real-time guidance on improved health management and tracking. In this article, we review the biomedical applications of wearable and implantable medical devices and sensors, ranging from monitoring to prevention of diseases, as well as the materials used in the fabrication of these devices and the standards for wireless medical devices and mobile applications...
Understanding and predicting how biosystems function require knowledge about the dynamic physicochemical environments with which they interact and alter by their presence. Yet, identifying specific components, tracking the dynamics of the system, and monitoring local environmental conditions without disrupting biosystem function present significant challenges for analytical measurements. Nanomaterials, by their very size and nature, can act as probes and interfaces to biosystems and offer solutions to some of these challenges...
Biosensors represent biomimetic analytical tools for addressing increasing needs in medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, security, and biodefense. Nevertheless, widespread real-world applications of biosensors remain challenging due to limitations of performance, including sensitivity, specificity, speed, and reproducibility. In this review, we present a DNA nanotechnology-enabled interfacial engineering approach for improving the performance of biosensors. We first introduce the main challenges of the biosensing interfaces, especially under the context of controlling the DNA interfacial assembly...
The creation of a pharmacokinetic (PK) curve, which follows the plasma concentration of an administered drug as a function of time, is a critical aspect of the drug development process and includes such information as the drug's bioavailability, clearance, and elimination half-life. Prior to a drug of interest gaining clearance for use in human clinical trials, research is performed during the preclinical stages to establish drug safety and dosing metrics from data obtained from the PK studies. Both in vivo animal models and in vitro platforms have limitations in predicting human reaction to a drug due to differences in species and associated simplifications, respectively...
The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to the local atomic-scale environment offers great potential for the characterization of a diverse range of solid materials. Despite offering more information than its solution-state counterpart, solid-state NMR has not yet achieved a similar level of recognition, owing to the anisotropic interactions that broaden the spectral lines and hinder the extraction of structural information. Here, we describe the methods available to improve the resolution of solid-state NMR spectra and the continuing research in this area...
Objects of cultural heritage significance are created using a wide variety of materials, or mixtures of materials, and often exhibit heterogeneity on multiple length scales. The effective study of these complex constructions thus requires the use of a suite of complementary analytical technologies. Moreover, because of the importance and irreplaceability of most cultural heritage objects, researchers favor analytical techniques that can be employed noninvasively, i.e., without having to remove any material for analysis...
Advances in scientific instrumentation have allowed experimentalists to evaluate well-known systems in new ways and to gain insight into previously unexplored or poorly understood phenomena. Within the growing field of multianalyte physiometry (MAP), microphysiometers are being developed that are capable of electrochemically measuring changes in the concentration of various metabolites in real time. By simultaneously quantifying multiple analytes, these devices have begun to unravel the complex pathways that govern biological responses to ischemia and oxidative stress while contributing to basic scientific discoveries in bioenergetics and neurology...
An understanding of plant biology is essential to solving many long-standing global challenges, including sustainable and secure food production and the generation of renewable fuel sources. Nanosensor platforms, sensors with a characteristic dimension that is nanometer in scale, have emerged as important tools for monitoring plant signaling pathways and metabolism that are nondestructive, minimally invasive, and capable of real-time analysis. This review outlines the recent advances in nanotechnology that enable these platforms, including the measurement of chemical fluxes even at the single-molecule level...
Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) methods are increasingly used to study noncovalent assemblies of peptides and proteins. This review focuses on the noncovalent self-assembly of amino acids and peptides, systems at the heart of the amyloid process that play a central role in a number of devastating diseases. Three different systems are discussed in detail: the 42-residue peptide amyloid-β42 implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, several amyloid-forming peptides with 6-11 residues, and the assembly of individual amino acids...
Molecular plasmonics uses and explores molecule-plasmon interactions on metal nanostructures for spectroscopic, nanophotonic, and nanoelectronic devices. This review focuses on tailored surfaces/assemblies for molecular plasmonics and describes active molecular plasmonic devices in which functional molecules and polymers change their structural, electrical, and/or optical properties in response to external stimuli and that can dynamically tune the plasmonic properties. We also explore an emerging research field combining molecular plasmonics and molecular electronics...
Recent years have witnessed an increased use of droplet-based microfluidic techniques in a wide variety of chemical and biological assays. Nevertheless, obtaining dynamic data from these platforms has remained challenging, as this often requires reading the same droplets (possibly thousands of them) multiple times over a wide range of intervals (from milliseconds to hours). In this review, we introduce the elemental techniques for the formation and manipulation of microfluidic droplets, together with the most recent developments in these areas...
The emergence of novel binding proteins or antibody mimetics capable of binding to ligand analytes in a manner analogous to that of the antigen-antibody interaction has spurred increased interest in the biotechnology and bioanalytical communities. The goal is to produce antibody mimetics designed to outperform antibodies with regard to binding affinities, cellular and tumor penetration, large-scale production, and temperature and pH stability. The generation of antibody mimetics with tailored characteristics involves the identification of a naturally occurring protein scaffold as a template that binds to a desired ligand...
A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a semiconductor-based chemical sensor, in which a measurement site on the sensing surface is defined by illumination. This light addressability can be applied to visualize the spatial distribution of pH or the concentration of a specific chemical species, with potential applications in the fields of chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine. In this review, the features of this chemical imaging sensor technology are compared with those of other technologies...
A new family of vibrational and electronic spectroscopies has emerged, comprising the coherent analogs of traditional analytical methods. These methods are also analogs of coherent multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This new family is based on creating the same quantum mechanical superposition states called multiple quantum coherences (MQCs). NMR MQCs are mixtures of nuclear spin states that retain their quantum mechanical phase information for milliseconds. The MQCs in this new family are mixtures of vibrational and electronic states that retain their phases for picoseconds or shorter times...
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What kind of surgeon do you call in when you’re dealing with an incredibly complex, rare procedure involving a cancerous tumor which affects just one in 1 million people each year? Quite possibly a robot one. At least, that is what neurosurgeons and otolaryngologists at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine did when they performed the world’s first robot-assisted spinal surgery. The complex procedure utilized cutting-edge robotic arms to remove a tumor in 27-year-old patient Noah Pernikoff’s neck — through his mouth.
The groundbreaking surgery took place at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and required more than 20 hours in the operating theater, carried out over the course of two days. Due to the placement of the tumor in the patient’s neck, doctors were worried he risked permanent paralysis should something go wrong. In addition, if the entire tumor was not removed, it would likely grow back, perhaps even more aggressively than before.
The operation was performed in three phases. Firstly, neurosurgeons entered through Pernikoff’s neck and cut the spine around the tumor. A team of three head and neck surgeons then used the surgical robot to remove the tumor through the patient’s mouth. Finally, Pernikoff’s spinal column was reconstructed using a hip bone and additional rods for stability.
The use of the trans-oral robot (TORS) meant that it was possible to switch from relying on radiation therapy to actively removing the tumor by operating on it. “There are two components that make this work so exciting,” Dr. Neil Malhotra told Digital Trends. “One is that it permits us to switch from palliation for certain types of tumors to, in some cases for the first time, seeking cures. For the second point, this approach is less traumatic for the patient, which means a better recovery.”
Although news of the surgery has only now been made public, it took place in August last year. Nine months later, Pernikoff is now fully recovered and back at work. “We are still trying to determine where and when robotics — or cobotics — can help patients in terms of outcomes and cures,” Malhotra continued. “The case discussed is a new indication.”
Editors' Recommendations
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Mapping collective emotions to make sense of collective behavior.
While Bentley et al.'s model is very appealing, in this commentary we argue that researchers interested in big data and collective behavior, including the way humans make decisions, must account for the emotional factor. We investigate how daily choice of activities is influenced by emotions. Results indicate that mood significantly predicts people's decisions about what to do next, stressing the importance of emotional state on decision-making.
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As the sun shone a group met in the idyllic Wytham Woods for a day’s experience of Forest Church.
It was a day that would help deepen the experience of participants on every future walk they take in the woods or the countryside. Games, meditations, spiritual exercises and lessons in surveying the landscape were all part of the retreat that was led by Bruce Stanley, author or Forest Church, a Field Guide and organised by Matt Freer, Diocesan Environmental Officer.
The Forest Church website describes the concept as a fresh expression of church drawing on older traditions when sacred places and practices took place outside. It draws on research that shows the benefits of spending time with nature. The website quotes Martin Luther: “God writes the Gospel not in the Bible alone, but also on trees, and in the flowers and clouds and stars.” Groups and activities vary across the UK, from walking groups to groups that follow a liturgy or ritual. A passion for foraging with his wife Sarah led Bruce to form his own Forest Church. ‘God writes the Gospel not in the Bible alone but also on trees and in the flowers and clouds and stars.’
The day began with everyone tucking into biscuits and flapjacks, sitting on hay bales on the edge of the ancient Wytham Woods, which is owned by Oxford University and is the most researched area of woodland in the world.
Bruce began with an exercise using strips of colour, cut from a Dulux paint chart, and so we started a journey into the woods that certainly changed the way I will see a country walk in a big way. We were given three colours each, and asked to look around us, and as we walked through a sheep-filled field, find objects in nature that matched those colours. This could prove more or less difficult depending on the colour. (Obviously sky blue and any shade of green or brown were not too difficult. Lobster red on the other hand, unless you were prepared to wait until later in the day and not wear sunblock, might be more challenging.)
The top of the field provided an amazing view over Oxford, where Bruce encouraged us to look with ‘hawk eyes’, focusing in on details of the landscape; ‘owl eyes’, surveying the landscape as if through a wide angle lens, and to listen with ‘deer ears’, cupping our hands around our ears to focus on the sounds in front of us and behind us.
We continued into the woods using ‘fox feet’, i.e. walking as quietly as possible, to avoid disturbing the wildlife. “Fox feet work best when you are on your own,” said Bruce. “Birds are aware of the energy you are taking into the woods. If you go into the woods on a walk full of thumping energy birds see you coming a long way away. They will send messages three birds’ territories away and there will be a lot of other animals listening to bird language.” Once in the woods, Bruce explained how, beyond the traditional five human senses (sight, sound, taste, touch and smell), it is generally thought we have 11, including awareness of balance, where your limbs are in space, direction, appetite and hunger, temperature, time, humidity, pressure and the seasons. “Some researchers go beyond that to 55 or 56 senses,” says Bruce.
From there we were simply told to go off and ‘get lost in the woods’ – that is wander for 10 minutes to find an isolated ‘sit spot’ where we were to sit for 10 minutes and observe the forest, discarding our learnt knowledge, Latin names for plants and to take in our surroundings using our senses.
This was fascinating as I found myself a spot near a half fallen tree, looking at how it fitted into the wider landscape of different trees and listening to the birds. I did find myself getting irritated by the sound of aeroplanes overheard, something I would normally be oblivious too.
This was an exercise we repeated later in the afternoon in the same space. “This time I want you to connect not with your thinking and intellect but with your imagination. Try and imagine the life cycle, the process this tree evolved from. Look at the inter-relationships between the different things,” Bruce told us. He opened up a wicker basket, filled with treats, including dandelion honey, dandelion coffee grounds and biscuits made from the seeds of plaintain. He pointed out various plants with healing properties. “Most medicines of the western medical tradition came from a plant base,” he said.
So what did participants think of the event? Paul Tew, who runs a house church in Wroughton, came along after he read an article in Third Way magazine. Paul said: “I am always looking for new expressions of church and spirituality coming from a strongly charismatic background. I’ve found the day very helpful. I love nature but I’m not a nature expert. This is very helpful in terms of trying to explore my senses. I found a lot of explanations very helpful in formulating what I already do and the meditation exercise are new areas for me.”
Cate Williams, of Milton Keynes, a member of the Woughton Evangelical Partnership, simply wanted to book herself onto a retreat. She said: “I like to be outside if I’m on a retreat. I like to go out for walks and the Forest Church way of thinking appealed to me. It helps that it’s a glorious sunny day, it’s not chucking it down. It’s great to just be slowing down and being outside with nature helps with that. “At the back of my mind I’m thinking of whether there is a place for a Milton Keynes Forest Church or retreat. A lot of this works well with children and I wonder whether to run something for the children based on this one Sunday morning.”
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https://www.oxford.anglican.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/wytham-4.jpg485700Diocese of Oxford Webmasterhttps://www.oxford.anglican.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/logo3.svgDiocese of Oxford Webmaster2013-06-24 15:52:402014-02-11 12:09:13Exploring Church in the Woods...
This is an older post. Please note that the information may not be accurate anymore.
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Phage Hunting in Barcelona, Spain
Information Session: Biology Study Abroad
Thinking of widening your horizons and experiences through a study abroad stay? The Biological Sciences Department offers a newly-minted Study Abroad opportunity specifically designed for BIOL majors. This UMBC Study Abroad opportunity allows you to experience the wonderful culture of Barcelona, Spain and improve (or start to develop) your Spanish language skills, while completing Biology major requirements or a science lab for non-majors.
The program includes an intensive Spanish language course (transferable into its equivalent SPAN course), the BIOL 316L or BIOL 216L laboratory elective, and the option to enroll in Undergraduate Laboratory/Field Research (BIOL 499). The stay will also feature cultural visits and day trips to emblematic sites in Barcelona, as well as visits to biomedical research centers and the opportunity for research internships.
If you are keen on exploring other cultures while advancing in your major, take advantage of this opportunity. Check the attached flyer and contact Dr. Ivan Erill ([email protected]) for further information.
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Drug use careers and blood-borne pathogen risk behavior in male and female Tanzanian heroin injectors.
Injection drug use in sub-Saharan Africa is a relatively new phenomenon that expands the repertoire of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated risk behaviors in Africa. We carried out a study of 537 injection drug users (56% men and 44% women) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to examine their HIV risk behaviors and their drug-using careers that had culminated in injecting heroin. Data were collected in 2005-2006 using the Swahili version of the Tanzanian AIDS Prevention Project questionnaire. Marijuana, alcohol, and heroin were the first drugs reported for both men and women. Most drug milestones appeared in a similar order for men and women. Mandrax, khat, and injecting appeared close to one another in chronological time for both men and women, suggesting they were introduced into the country and appeared on the drug scene at about the same (real) time. Drug careers for women were shorter than for men, and time from first use of heroin to first injection was shorter for women. Years of injecting suggested that injecting had increased in males approximately five years prior to data collection, with males injecting earlier, but females being increasingly introduced to injecting in the previous two years. Injecting appears at a mean of five years (men) and three years (women) into their heroin-using career. Heroin use appears to occur in binges, with women being more likely to have sex during a binge. In this sample, more than 90% of women but only 2% of men reported ever trading sex for money. More than 90% of men and women reported using new needles for injection. These data confirm that heroin injecting is well established in large cities in east Africa, and that HIV prevention in the region must now include drug injectors and other drug users.
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Vintage Wedding & Family Photography
Weddings are big business these days and with the average couple spending around £20,000 on their special day, setting up as a wedding photographer can prove to be extremely lucrative indeed. However the wedding photography market is pretty competitive and if you’re planning on making a move into this potentially profitable area, you’ll need to set yourself apart from your competitors.
If you’re new to wedding photography it’s important to note that wedding photography is not just about turning up at a wedding and taking some photos. There’s much more to wedding photography than this and if your wedding photography business is going to be a success, you’ll need to be prepared to put in some long hours and lots of hard work.
January is traditionally the busiest month of the year when it comes to wedding enquiries so it pays to put time and effort into marketing your services, ready to capitalise on the New Year rush. The cost of wedding services continue to rise and most brides and grooms are prepared to shop around to get the best deal so with this in mind, you’ll need to think carefully about your pricing structure. When calculating how much you’re going to charge, there are a number of things you’ll need to take into consideration including: pre-production costs, the purchase or rental of equipment, materials such as film and memory cards, any expenses such as the cost of your travel to the venue, post-production costs and the cost of printing and producing the photo album.
It’s at this point that hiring an accountant can be well worth the money: they’ll crunch the numbers for you and will check that your proposed charges and pricing structure will leave you in profit after each wedding, leaving you free to focus your efforts on improving and developing your services.
Wedding blogs are ten-a-penny these days and getting your work featured on a popular wedding blog site is fantastic and more importantly free, publicity. It goes without saying that you’ll need to choose some of your best work and you never know, you could end up being featured in a wedding magazine.
Incentives and special offers are great ways to attract money-conscious brides and grooms to your wedding photography services. You could try offering incentives such as free additional photos if they book by a certain date or a discount for choosing one of your more expensive packages. Offering something – a free gift such as a luxury photo album – to couples who recommend you to their friends is another great way to attract new clients.
Social media is yet another way to market your wedding photography business. Free, easy to set up and use, social media is an incredibly powerful marketing tool and needs to be a major part of any successful wedding photographer’s marketing arsenal. Encouraging your clients to share their wedding photos on Facebook is something well worth and why not upload some of your very best work to Instagram? For more great tips from the pros click here
Whatever you do remember to stay positive and be proud of your work and that everything you put into your wedding photography business reflects on you! Source: www.paulcraigphotography.com
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Ohio University: Baker Center Occupied
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Today, students at Ohio University organized a protest, sit-in, and occupation of the Baker Center at Ohio University against Trump and world that he represents, his plans for a (another) wall along the Mexican border, he’s threats of nuclear war, and his #MuslimBan.
IGD received reports that occupiers stated, “Spread the occupations! Spread the sanctuaries!” More information and reporting as it develops.
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It’s Going Down is a digital community center from anarchist, anti-fascist, autonomous anti-capitalist and anti-colonial movements. Our mission is to provide a resilient platform to publicize and promote revolutionary theory and action.
It’s Going Down is a digital community center for anarchist, anti-fascist, autonomous anti-capitalist and anti-colonial movements. Our mission is to provide a resilient platform to publicize and promote revolutionary theory and action.
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Sony Reveals PS4 Pro Enhanced Japanese Games: Yakuza 6, Valkyria, Berserk, Nights of Azure 2 and More
Sony Reveals PS4 Pro Enhanced Japanese Games: Yakuza 6, Valkyria, Berserk, Nights of Azure 2 and More
Giuseppe Nelva November 10, 2016 5:03 AM EST
The PS4 Pro has been released today, and Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan and Asia released a list of the games released in Japan that will include enhancements for the console.
While many are already known, since they are western games, there are quite a few Japanese games that we never heard about in terms of PS4 Pro support.
You can read the full list below:
Knack (compatible with the latest update, already published)
inFAMOUS: Second Son (compatible with the latest update, already published)
The Last of Us: Remastered (compatible with the latest update, already published)
inFAMOUS: First Light (compatible with the latest update, already published)
The Last of Us: Remastered – Left Behind (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Call of Duty: Black Ops III (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Uncharted 4: A Thief’s End (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Ratchet and Clank (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA X (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Bound (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 (compatibility planned)
Utawarerumono: The Two Hakuoro (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Blazblue: Central Fiction (compatible with the latest update, already published)
RIGS (compatible with the latest update, already published)
The PlayRoom VR
Hatsune Miku VR Future Live
Rise of the Tomb Raider
NBA 2K17
Mafia III
World of Final Fantasy (compatible with the latest update, already published)
Berserk and the Band of the Hawk
Atelier Firis: Alchemist of the Mysterious Journey
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered
Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare
Fate/EXTELLA: The Umbral Star
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition
Samurai Warriors: Sanada Maru
Final Fantasy XV (compatibility planned)
The Last Guardian
Dishonored 2
Yakuza 6: Poetry of Life
Nights of Azure 2
Romance of the Three Kingdoms XIII with Power-Up Kit
School Girl Zombie Hunter
New Danganronpa V3: Everyone’s New Semester of Murder
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue
Gravity Rush 2
Valkyria: Azure Revolution
Birthdays: The Beginning
Resident Evil 7: Biohazard
Resident Evil 7: Biohazard Grotesque Version
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Filmography Vincent Rottiers
Directed by:Guérin van de VorstWith:Vincent Rottiers, Johan Libéreau, Salomé RichardJust out of prison after 3 year, Ben needs to reunite with his son and find his place in the world. Between small work and petty crimes, sincere friendship and fundamentalist temptation, Ben will lead a fight to resist hatred and regain his dignity as a free man.
Directed by:Bertrand BonelloWith:Vincent Rottiers, Laure Valentinelli,...One morning in Paris. A fistful of adolescents, from different backgrounds. Individually, they begin a strange dance through the labyrinth of the metro and the streets of the capital. They seem to be following a plan. Their gestures are precise, almost dangerous. They come together in the same... Read more...
Directed by:Gilles BourdosWith:Michel Bouquet, Vincent Rottiers, Christa TheretThe Côte d'Azur. 1915. In his twilight years, Pierre-Auguste Renoir is tormented by the loss of his wife, the pains of arthritic old age and the terrible news that his son Jean has been wounded in action. But when a young girl miraculously enters his world, the old painter is filled with a new,... Read more...
Directed by:Raphaël JacoulotWith:Jean-Pierre Bacri, Vincent Rottiers, Sylve Testud,...Frederic is a young man in social rehabilitation. He has just found a night internship, in an isolated hotel in the mountains when, one evening, he sees his boss, Jacques, together with this son, hiding a car in the parking lot. The day after, he learns that one of the clients left the hotel... Read more...
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Sunday, December 21, 2014
"Tring Tring". The song from the movie Aashiqui2~ Hum tere bin reh nahi sakte reverbrated the hostel room. A cheerful Raj answers the call to hear inconsolably sobbing Simran. After a brief 2 minutes, Simran initiated the first word,"Positive". Raj was stunned to silence. He couldn't muster courage to speak up anything. How could he be so careless? Had if he spent extra 10 bucks he could have avoided the shocking revelation. The question kept hovering his mind and he maintained silence. Simran continued again. Will you marry me Raj? Marriage is the only thing which can silence the blabbering mouths of our society. I don't want to live my life as a murdererer for the rest of my life? Raj didn't speak and disconnected the call. For the next few days he shied away from taking anymore calls from her and even changed his contact number. Simran felt cheated and decides to end up her life. After graduating from college, Raj gets a job with MNC and marries a girl of his parents choice.This is just one case to talk about. Had if Raj taken extra care, such situation wouldn't have taken place. But question that needs answer,"Is it right for these two love birds to indulge in secret act for years together?" Let's understand what is Sex and the society we are living in and we will get our answer.
We have come to an age where the gender gap is coming closer and communication channel is opening up. Couple of decades ago, people would shy away from expressing love in public. There was a time when talking to a girl was considered inappropriate let alone kissing, making love or live together before marriage. In times of today, men and women are having a merry time enjoying each other's company. Talking, Kissing, Partying has become a common scene today but 'Sex' remains a taboo, even though everyone likes to do it behind the walls without anyone knowing it. Apart from cosying we have witnessed a rising trend where men and women bravely taking a bold step forward to end up losing it all before marriage. It doesn't matter to them even if they are going to end up getting married or not. All they care for is that very moment of joy and enchantment which they want to live together. But the big question before us is 'Is pre-marital sex okay?' Infact the word Sex is itself misonomer and shoudl be called 'Sexuality'. Sex is what exists in animals who don't have the mind to experience the flow of energy through their body. Sexuality is the energy which arises when two bodies come in close proximity to each other and both experience this energy with a full concious mind. I would rather like to rephrase this question to,"Are we bold enough to accept this change?"
Few decades ago, our society considered 'Sex' as immoral if one had sex before marriage or someone has illicit relationship with xyz. Morality was synonymous to Sex in those times. Actually Sex is a joyful game where 2 souls play and exchange each other bodily energies. Why should anyone be bothered by it? But the society we are living in has imposed this thought in our mind that Sex is bad unless one is authorized to do so. By authoirized I mean legally wedded by everyone's consent. It is okay to talk to the opposite gender, kiss and make love with him/her. It should mean absolute enjoyment for both souls lest it becomes a liability or moral burden. As in the above incident, Raj and Simran went a step ahead where their energy is transformed into a third soul. Raj doesn't have the courage to accept it and convince his parents to marry Simran and thus decided to dump her. That was immoral and cannot be justified by any reasoning. It is utmost necessary to be in concious state of mind while making out love with your partner no matter the two of you are bonded legally or not.
It is not a question of Yes or No to marital Sex, it is rather a question which we should ask our fully concious mind. Are we mature enough to do the right thing? Is our act justified enough? Just be sure to enjoy the pleasure but don't end up on crossroads like Raj and Simran ended up.
Go and Order now the story of Poonam Uppal on Flipkart http://www.flipkart.com/passionaate-gospel-true-love-mystical-story/p/itmd9ybcf9qm7sca?pid=9788192105109&otracker=from-search&srno=t_1&query=poonaam+uppal+&ref=665a3878-5c80-4a50-b0a3-c20af207cfd7.
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Bite The Bullet
No April Fool's (2001-04-01)
Long awaited for by many Browning enthusiasts, Tanaka finally debuts this much awaited 2001 pistol. Weighing in at a "hefty" 550g, this is no heavyweight. For true Browning fans, the details are true to form with trademarks and inscriptions all inscribed into the slide. As expected, the valve technology resembles that of WA's magna-blowback system. Rated at HFC134a, we found this new pistol to be quite receptive to HFC22 with very quick cycle times and good accuracy. While we would wish for stronger blowback, we were definitely impressed with shooting performance and power.
We were worried that Tanaka had lost its touch. After announcing that it was stopping production of the P226, many worried that Tanaka was out of the game of manufacturing airsoft pistols. Their recent releases of revolvers definitely deserves our praise, through which their daring design gives what most revolver enthusiasts complain about most: decent power!
While we will stop short of declaring this Browning a run-away hit, it definitely shows Tanaka is determined to stay in the game. So kudos to Tanaka which sure isn't this year's April fools.
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Category: Vacheron Constantin Overseas Replica
Nowadays every place is full of winter temperament. Dreamy white snow creates scene which makes the human as if stroll in the flying snowflake and feel warm winter. In the coming Thanksgiving Day, three kinds of copy watches with self-winding movements present the extraordinary charm.
The Overseas series shines the light of warm winter, lightening the warm brilliance of Traditionnelle series, echoing with the star light of golden moon phase dial of Patrimony series.
No matter which one you choose, it will be the best gift for the Thanksgiving Day. I guess the collectors will value it highly. Also if you want to own one kind of watch, you can recommend it to your lovers. I think they will know your ideas.
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Thursday, March 24, 2005
Since having my by-pass eight and half years ago, I've regularly visited Dr. Ellis my terrific internist/cardiologist. Given the limitations of Medicare – it doesn't cover what's classified as checkups – this is a pretty costly. Well I'm addressing that problem. Next week I'm going email Dr. Ellis and suggest that in lieu of coming in next time, I'll have members of my family video tape me. That seemed good enough for a diagnosis by Dr. Frist and after all Dr. Ellis, while perhaps not a surgeon/senator, has actually examined me. He knows his patient first hand, which seems to matter. Doesn't it?
As a I watch poor Terri Schiavo, in a vegetative state for fifteen years, being used as a political football I find myself sickened. I also find the whole affair ominous. Playing before us is the brute force, indeed social if not physical violence, of the Religious Right. I watched the House debate and subsequently have listened to the increased attack on Judges (who incidentally have become assassination targets) and it doesn't simply make me angry, it truly frightens me. Where is this country heading and where are the voices of dissent, most particularly religious dissent?
The Schiavo affair makes one contemplate why this surge in religious fundamentalism, specifically Christian fundamentalism? I for one think that there is a direct correlation between it and rise of Islamic fundamentalism. There is a kind of parallel build and what's most scary about it is that it echoes the religious wars of the Middle Ages. Behind all the rhetoric about values and the preciousness of every life is a militant defense of very specific values, one that has increasingly turned into an offense. How long will it be until we see some version of suicide bombings by these people or more likely large scale vigilante executions? Remember Dr. Barnett Slepian of the abortion clinic was shot dead in his kitchen shortly after returning from Friday night services? I worry for Terri's husband, her doctors and all those judges.
I can't help also asking myself if Tamar Shapiro were in the same condition would the Congress have met in a late night session to overturn the will of her husband and the courts (including the Supreme Court which weighed in on this case before it became a political and media frenzy)? I don't mean this as a paranoid question. The same could be asked about the fate of a Moslem woman in a vegetative state. My point is that this whole thing is very religious specific, not merely conservative but a sectarian assault on Separation and, if successful, potentially on minority religions in a country that some people now see as their own to the exclusion of all but the like-minded.
Friday, March 18, 2005
Two stories reported in today's New York Times brought home what we've come to as a result of the ever growing dominance of religious rightists in our troubled polarized country. The first is the attempted intervention of Congress to prevent the peaceful death of Terri Schiavo who has spent years in a helpless vegetative state. Most macabre of this disgraceful act was the issuance of a subpoena for Ms. Schiavo to come before a committee to "testify" which these self proclaimed protectors of human life seem to think accords respect and dignity to one of our least powerful and defenseless citizens. It's an act so astounding, so despicable and so cheaply political that it boggles the mind. The second story, which is totally different but has undeniable linkage to the first, is a report that a number of Imax theaters have opted not to show Galápagos a film about the islands where Charles Darwin developed his theories as well as a number of other scientific documentaries that suggest evolution. The theaters involved, mostly in the South, are concerned about protests by radical Creationists, the same good people who are also seeking to expel Professor Darwin from our public schools.
As troubling as these two stories are, they are only a very small part of what's happening in a country that is increasingly influenced and in many cases co-opted by a retrogressive religious agenda, a kind of creeping Talibanism. The recent anti-abortion speech by Hilary Clinton and the urging on Democratic politicians across the country to soften their pro-Choice rhetoric is all cut from the same cloth. From Reverend Bush through Reverend Frist and Reverend Delay our ministers of state have taken it upon themselves to speak for God and to straighten out those among us who aren't part of their ideology and its metaphorical church. It's not a question of whether we favor abortion (which the vast majority of people do not), but whether people like Senator Clinton are being compelled to use unseemly political code, a "you don't have to worry about me" message in our "are you with us or against us" environment.
The separation of Church and State is not some crazy notion, some anti-religious conspiracy. It is the only way in which to insure true religious freedom, not to mention speech and thought. It was promulgated by the Founders (most of them personally deeply religious) to protect the country from becoming a religious state. They had good reason, because the record of religious states was not good then and is not good today. The ironic thing is that the very people who profess great concern about Islamic Iran, who fear the possibility of religious rule in Iraq and who rightly were appalled at the religious tyranny of the Taliban are the very same people who think their religious ideology ought to be imposed on fellow citizens in the United States. That includes entering not only our bedrooms but our hospital rooms as well. These are people who think that if our children would only read from Genesis rather than Darwin all those silly theories of how we really evolved, which includes real science, will simply go away.
I don't know why people worry so much about global warming, the threat of WMDs and all those other twenty-first century things. We have to get out of the Middle Ages before that happens. Thank God we have so many wonderful and powerful people around to keep us there, not to mention all those who silently sit on the sidelines and let it happen; both equally complicit in our systematic and frightening retrogression into Talibanism American style.
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About Me
A branding consultant with decades of experience working with large global clients and brands, he now serves primarily young startup companies. Beginning his professional life as a rabbi of a large urban congregation, he has watched the numbers of the religiously unaffiliated grow in the years since leaving the pulpit. His book, Transcenders: Living beyond religion and the religion wars (available on Amazon) considers this phenomenon. Beyond his consulting practice Prinz spends much of his time writing, including this Blog. He posts to "Beyond All That" only when there is something to say that might add value to the conversation.
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Q:
Continuity of $a^x$ when it's defined by the ordinary way
I've searched for the discussion of proving the continuity of exponential function, in most cases the function is defined by power series or inverse of log function where the log is defined by integration of $1/x$.
Does anyone know the prove (or sketch of prove) of $a^x$ being continuous when considered as real values function, where $a^x$ is defined the ordinary way, that is,
When $x$ is positive integer, $a^x$ is $a$ multiply x times, $a^{-x}=\frac{1}{a^x}$, $a^{1/x}$ is the unique number $b$ that satisfies $b^x=a$. For general real number r, define $a^r=sup\{a^q, q\in Q, q\leq r\}$
A:
Here is a very rough outline: Take $a>1$. The case $a<1$ is dealt with similarly. Then the map $x\mapsto a^x$ is increasing on the rationals, and satisfies the group law $a^{x+y}=a^x a^y$ for rational $x$ and $y$. The only sort of discontinuity available to an increasing function is a jump discontinuity, with the jump being from a lower value on the left to a higher value on the right. If there is a jump discontinuity at any (possibly irrational) $x$, you can use the group law to infer a jump discontinuity at $qx$ for any rational $q$. You end up with more jumps than an increasing function (which must necessarily be locally bounded) can possibly accomodate. Details left to the reader as an exercise.
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Q:
Tableview's delegate methods are not calling
I am trying to use tableview with delegate methods.
But it is not working.
My class:
class IsteklerTVVC: UITableViewController {
@IBOutlet var mainTable: UITableView!
let missionControl = MissionControl.sharedInstance
var yardimList:[YardimIstek] = [YardimIstek]()
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
mainTable.delegate=self
mainTable.dataSource=self
}
override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {
super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
super.viewWillAppear(animated)
veriGetir()
}
func veriGetir() {
let parameters: Parameters = [
"uid": missionControl.id
]
Alamofire.request("domain.com", method: .post, parameters: parameters).responseJSON { response in
print("istek eklendi \(parameters)")
let json = JSON(response.result.value)
for (key,subJson):(String, JSON) in json {
print(subJson[0]["tarih"].string)
let blok=YardimIstek()
blok.id=0
blok.isim="Name"
blok.tarih=subJson[0]["tarih"].string!
blok.lat=subJson[0]["lat"].string!
blok.long=subJson[0]["long"].string!
self.yardimList.append(blok)
}
DispatchQueue.main.async {
self.mainTable.reloadData()
print("ok \(self.yardimList.count)")
}
}
}
let textCellIdentifier = "mainCell"
func numberOfSectionsInTableView(tableView: UITableView) -> Int {
return 1
}
func tableView(tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {
return yardimList.count
}
func tableView(tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {
let cell: isteklerCell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: textCellIdentifier) as! isteklerCell
let row = indexPath.row
let blok=yardimList[row]
cell.setCell(blok: blok)
return cell
}
func tableView(tableView: UITableView, didSelectRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) {
tableView.deselectRow(at: indexPath as IndexPath, animated: true)
}
}
class isteklerCell: UITableViewCell {
@IBOutlet weak var isimSoyisim: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var zaman: UILabel!
func setCell(blok: YardimIstek) {
isimSoyisim.text=blok.isim
zaman.text=blok.tarih
}
}
The problem is, no delegate methods are getting called. I think there is a problem with names. Because when I was using Swift 2, I used the tableview's outlet name as "tableView" and it was working well. Now Swift 3 is not allowing that naming.
So my tableview is looking empty even there is data in yardimList dictionary.
How can I resolve this?
A:
Your delegate function signatures are wrong. They were updated with swift 3:
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, didSelectRowAt indexPath: IndexPath)
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Wales took advantage of extraordinary French generosity to come from 16-0 down at half-time and win on a wet, error-strewn night in Paris
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The RipOff Report
allows users a central location to enter complaints about
companies and individuals who are ripping people off.
Our reports cover every catagory imaginable! Submit your
story on our website for millions to see!
In Utah you're either Mormon or
Nonmormon.
Read true stories and experiences and have a good laugh.
These are the terms that have long been synonymous with the City of Mesa and the methods
it employs to achieve its unholy ends. Mesa's Mormon founding, economic and political roots
remain fused to the colossal Mormon financial and political structure of Salt Lake City, Utah.
It is not merely by chance that Mesa government has been dominated by Mormons since its inception.
WHERE
MORMON CITY
OFFICIALS &
FRIENDS RULE
THE LAND, 'N
TAKE YOUR
LAND & MORE
Just about all the seats of power throughout the greater Phoenix area are occupied by Mormons
or people who have had long, friendly relationships with the Mormon power structure. Mesa alone
remains the most concentrated area of Mormon power and influence in the state.
To put it bluntly, expectation to be elected, or reelected, to be appointed or re-appointed to
the bench, to gain favor in business and commerce, etc., greatly depends on one's good relations
with officials of the City of Mesa. All the above is instilled and indoctrinated by the
self-serving Mormon Church. Legal actions against the City of Mesa are virtually a waste of time,
money and effort. Whatever the nature of a complaint; whatever court it may be filed in, a legal
action against the city of Mesa has little chance if any to reach a trial stage. Judges have taken
extraordinary measures to dismiss legal actions against Mesa.
MORMONS & THE CORRUPT SYSTEM OF LAND-GRABBING
Corrupt land acquisitions and political gifts are common in Mesa. Good old boys, relatives,
mainly Mormons, have long enjoyed the spoils of this corrupt system of land-grabbing. Read
some of the unequivocal evidence of the corrupt political machine which has long ruled supreme
in the City of Mesa. It proves beyond question that Mesa is a city above the law.
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Interleukin (IL)-19, IL-20 and IL-24 are produced by and act on keratinocytes and are distinct from classical ILs.
Due to their structural similarity, interleukin (IL)-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26 were combined with IL-10 in the so-called IL-10 family. To expand the knowledge on IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24, we systematically and quantitatively analysed the expression of these mediators and their receptor chains in vitro and in vivo under various conditions and in comparison with other IL-10 family members. In vitro, IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 were produced not only by activated immune cells, particularly monocytes, but also to a similar extent by keratinocytes. IL-1beta increased the expression of these mediators 1000-fold (IL-19) and 10-fold (IL-20 and IL-24) in keratinocytes. In vivo, these cytokines were expressed preferentially in inflamed tissues. The absence of either R1 chain for the two types of receptor complexes for these cytokines (IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2) on immune cells implies that they cannot act on these cells. In fact, IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 did not induce activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) molecules in immune cells. Instead, several tissues, particularly the skin, tissues from the reproductive and respiratory systems, and various glands appeared to be the main targets of these mediators. Keratinocytes expressed both receptor complexes; however, the expression of IL-22R1 was 10 times higher than that of IL-20R1. Interferon-gamma further increased the expression of IL-22R1 and decreased that of IL-20R1, suggesting that under T1 cytokine conditions these mediators primarily affect keratinocytes via the IL-22R1/IL-20R2 complex. In summary, these data support the notion that IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 are distinct from classical ILs and constitute a separate subfamily of mediators within the IL-10 family.
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"It Was My Salvation," Says Idina Menzel On If/Then and a Career-Defining Year
Tony Award winner Idina Menzel opens up and reflects on one of the biggest years of her life.
It used to be safe to say that 2004 was Idina Menzel's "year." She was starring in the biggest show on Broadway, playing the iconic Wicked Witch who defined a generation and took home Broadway's biggest honor at the Tony Awards — all prior to re-creating the role of Maureen in the 2005 film adaptation of Rent.
That was until this year. Following a somewhat bumpy 2013 — which ended with a split from husband and Rent co-star Taye Diggs — Menzel's 2014 skyrocketed. She was headlining a new Broadway musical, rising to mega stardom via the Oscar-winning film "Frozen," performing the anthemic "Let It Go" just about everywhere (including the Academy Awards, where she became known as alter ego Adele Dazeem), Tony-nominated (yet again), gracing Billboard magazine's cover and selling out one of New York City's biggest venues, Radio City.
The last we spoke was Jan. 28. She was in rehearsals for If/Then. "Art is literally imitating life for me," Menzel confessed. "Without going into my personal life too much, I'm definitely going through some major personal things and have to rethink all of the choices I've made and think about starting over..."
"Starting Over" she has been — eight times a week, in fact, in Broadway's If/Then. "It was my salvation, really," she now says — almost a full year later — about If/Then, a musical that follows a woman restarting and reshaping her life. "It's my salvation." "Yes, it explores a lot of intense themes that are close to my heart," she added, "but to have the opportunity to be on the stage with the cast that I have and work through those things every day, it's been a total gift."
The gift of salvation comes just in time for the holidays — always a difficult time for the Tony winner, given that she grew up in a separated family. To celebrate (on top of all the other major successes of 2014), she released the album "Holiday Wishes."
Was a holiday album on her bucket list? "No, it wasn't actually," she said by phone on the way to a Friday evening performance of If/Then. "The holidays were — I guess will always be — a complicated time for me. Growing up in a divorced family, the holidays are complicated, but ever since I had my little boy [Walker Nathaniel Diggs], I sort have been rediscovering them, rewriting those memories and looking forward to the holidays."
This holiday season, according to Menzel, has been quite the ride.
Walking into the Halloween evening performance of If/Then, every member of the pit was dressed up as Elizabeth, the character who is "flirting with 40" and must explore two separate and opposing paths on a quest for fulfillment.
When asked about Halloween, she laughed (not just a chuckle, but one in which you can sense true happiness). "Ridiculous!" she exclaimed. "The band is known for dressing up — they have theme days or weeks. That happened to be the theme that day, and that was hysterical. Some really bad wigs going on there…"
For Thanksgiving, she invited the cast to her place for dinner. "We only had the day off," she explained. "Like I said, I'm really trying to rewrite my holidays and make new memories, so I wanted my son to be surrounded — he loves everyone in the theatre — by all of his friends in the cast. There's no one else I wanted to be with, and a bunch of us didn't have anywhere else to go."
From the outside looking in, the If/Then cast seems to be one of the most supportive on Broadway. They are constantly spotted together. After hours, they go to 54 Below to support their co-stars in their solo debuts, attend each other's events around Manhattan and spread the love on Twitter. But, Menzel insisted, "The theatre community is like that, I think, in general. It's just the kind of creatures that we are. We get close really fast, and we bond, but this is an extraordinary cast. I don't know if it's because a lot of us are really close in age… I don't know. We went out of town together; we went to D.C., and when you go out of town, you get real close because you don't have your daily life to take you away from each other when you leave rehearsal and you leave the theatre. It's just a special, special group of people that, honestly, I could not have gotten through this year without."
Although this year can be viewed as one of her best, Menzel was constantly in the limelight — and the limelight comes with a lot of pressure. Her breakup from Diggs was public, her Broadway show received mixed reviews, her name was butchered on the Oscars by John Travolta and every high note she hit was scrutinized in message boards across the interwebs.
"How do you do it?" I asked. "How do you shrug it off? How do you easily admit your flaws? How do you remain human?"
She responded: "It's harder and harder to make yourself vulnerable [with] the more people watching you, right? It's also the only way that you're going to maintain a relationship with your audience and that they're going to find you to be an authentic, true person. It's really the only way that I know how to be. I wish I was better at putting up a façade, but I can't. And, I have learned to embrace my mistakes, whether it be in performance or just in life. I've learned that they usually, if I can breathe for a second and not freak out, [offer] some kind of learning moment. There's an opportunity to make something funny, to introduce myself in a different way to an audience or to just have a personal understanding about something. It can be a scary place to be, but it's really the only way that I know how to do it. If I really want to be honest, there's the f*cked up part of you that likes to just spill out all my shortcomings before you can discover them!"
She laughed.
"If I can admit them early on, then everybody else won't find them. I have more control over it. I guess if I'm really honest, there's that side to it, too. Rather I do it than you do it."
As for "Let It Go," she said, "I'm very happy for it to be my little friend that follows me everywhere. I thought I had a song like that in 'Defying Gravity,' and to this day I will always be grateful for that song as well and a couple of the songs from Rent, but to have such a huge crossover song not just for theatre audiences, it's something I've really wanted for a long time. I will always embrace it and love it and enjoy singing it, even if it's too f*cking high if I put it in the wrong key! As long as I can be healthy and sing it, I like to sing it."
Up next, Menzel hits the road. She's off on a global concert tour in the New Year. "Walker is going to come on the bus — we've already discussed," she confided. "He's come already as a little guy, but I think he'll appreciate it more… He's all ready to decorate the whole [tour bus] with dinosaurs and stars that glow in the dark and put them on the top of the bunks — all that kind of stuff. It's fun. It's a nice way for him to see that there's a much bigger world out there."
And, as for a tour of If/Then, "I'm not sure," she said. "We'll have to see. I want the best for If/Then. It's my baby. I'll always want to be a part of it, so if I can work it out, I will try."
Although her life is chock full of memoir-worthy moments, she said that no book is in store — although her sister, an "amazing writer," she said, has "some ideas," but "that's for another interview."
Now, she's just trying to live in the moment.
"I've been around long enough to know that these moments don't come all the time," she said. "I want to live in it and be present."
(Playbill.com staff writer Michael Gioia's work appears in the news, feature and video sections of Playbill.com as well as in the pages of Playbill magazine. Follow him on Twitter at @PlaybillMichael.)
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No, these are not the stabby Muslim ladies. But the burka keeps women so anonymous, maybe they are*. Who knows. (*Just kidding, calm down)
Just when you think the United Kingdom is heading in the kind of right direction on how it handles terrorists, we have this. A nursery worker, as in a woman who cares for small children, was stabbed by Muslim women, as she was on her way to work. Behold, the religion of peace at work again:
A nursery worker was dragged to the ground and stabbed by three women as they chanted 'Allah will get you'. Karrien Stevens, who runs Little Diamonds nursery in Hermon Hill, London said a member of staff was punched, kicked and slashed by three girls while on her way to work this morning. The victim, 30, was walking down Wanstead High Street, in north London, when she was set upon and knifed, according to her boss. She was attacked from behind and then stabbed in the arm as her assailants chanted 'Allah', however police are not treating it as a terrorist incident.
I bolded the last statement, because gosh, seemed kind of relevant. Sure, sure, I'm not exactly in "law enforcement" but chanting "Allah" while one gets stabby seems kind of like a motive, no? Imagine if I grabbed my scissors (orange-handled Friskars, not the stupid dull safety scissors) then frolicked down the road to find the nearest preschool teacher. Then tried cutting her to bits while chanting "Jesus will get you." How quickly before MSNBC would call it a hate crime, then blast to the world "CHRISTIAN CUT UP NURSERY WORKER, RAN WITH SCISSORS!"? The media would salivate as it tied all Christians to problematic hate-crime perpetrator scissor crusaders.
But here, the Bobbies are scratching their heads. A young woman was skipping to work, interrupted only by a squad of Allah fangirls. They greeted her not with hugs, but a healthy pelting of pointy mini-spears. Perhaps it was less of a stabbing and more of a Shakespearean re-enactment of Julius Caesar. Wherein the nursery worker was Rome's fearless leader, the Muslim Gal Squad "Y tu Brute" times hijabs. #Culture
OR -- stay with me for a second -- the attack was directly related to Islam's hatred of the West and all it stands for. Like a woman going to work where she cares for babies whose parents are also working in a mostly capitalistic society. Probably while not wearing a burka, the harlot. Awful people clearly deserving of a little Islamic stabbery. Related WISE UP, UK! Manchester Bomber's FAMILY Has Terrorist Ties and BREAKING: Yet ANOTHER Terror Attack Hits UK, This Time London Bridge.
Until Jolly Olde England figures out they've got a little caliphate on their hands, more innocent people are going to get stabbed, shot, run over, and suicide bombed by the tolerant practitioners of the Religion of Peace.
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Computational study of conformational and chiroptical properties of (2R,3S,4R)-(+)-3,3',4,4',7-flavanpentol.
Conformational analysis of (2R,3S,4R)-(+)-3,3',4,4',7-flavanpentol, a flavonoid compound displaying both antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties, is performed by molecular mechanics and density functional theory calculations both in the gas phase and in methanol solution by using the Polarizable Continuum Model. Nine different conformations are identified. Absorption (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra and optical rotations are calculated by means of time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and compared with experiments. The effects of a complex environment formed by water and proline-rich peptide molecules on the conformational characteristics of (2R,3S,4R)-(+)-3,3',4,4',7-flavanpentol and therefore on its UV and CD spectra are investigated by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<topic id="c819578d-7773-475c-a627-23b4c8b39c0d" revisionNumber="1">
<developerConceptualDocument xmlns="http://ddue.schemas.microsoft.com/authoring/2003/5" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<introduction>
<autoOutline/>
</introduction>
<section address="Unity">
<title>About Unity</title>
<content>
<para>
<externalLink>
<linkText>Unity</linkText>
<linkUri>http://unity3d.com/</linkUri>
</externalLink>
is a game development system which supports Mono (with limitations).
Special builds of the DigitalRune assemblies for use with Unity are available.
</para>
</content>
</section>
<section address="Limitations">
<title>Limitations</title>
<content>
<para>
The DigitalRune Engine for Unity has the following limitations:
</para>
<list class="bullet">
<listItem>
The XNA-dependent libraries are not available for Unity. These are:
<list class="bullet">
<listItem>
DigitalRune Game UI (<localUri>DigitalRune.Game.Input.dll</localUri>
and <localUri>DigitalRune.Game.UI.dll</localUri>) and
</listItem>
<listItem>
DigitalRune Graphics (<localUri>DigitalRune.Graphics.dll</localUri>).
</listItem>
</list>
</listItem>
<listItem>
The assembly <localUri>DigitalRune.ServiceLocation.dll</localUri> is not available.
If you need a Unity build of this DLL, let us know.
</listItem>
<listItem>
Multithreading is disabled.
</listItem>
</list>
</content>
</section>
<section address="Mono">
<title>Unity and Mono</title>
<content>
<para>
The Mono implementation in Unity (v4.x) has some limitations and odd behaviors. Here are a few
things which we have observed:
</para>
<list class="bullet">
<listItem>
.NET assemblies must be built for .NET 3.5, not .NET 4.0.
</listItem>
<listItem>
Mono in the Unity player for the desktop is more powerful than in the Unity web player. This means, everything can work fine in the Unity editor, but crash in the browser.
</listItem>
<listItem>
The web player may crash with an access violation exception if a .NET library uses a standard
.NET construct which is not supported. For example, if a .NET class has a
<legacyBold>SerializableAttribute</legacyBold>, the web player crashes.
<codeInline></codeInline>
</listItem>
<listItem>
Some standard .NET classes are not implemented properly. For example, the classes
<legacyBold>Collection</legacyBold> and <legacyBold>KeyedCollection</legacyBold> are
not properly implemented, and we had to re-implement
them ourselves (or rather get the correct implementation from the Mono project).
</listItem>
<listItem>
Some exceptions which occurred in a <legacyBold>MonoBehavior.Update()</legacyBold> method can be silently
caught. This left the code in an invalid state or caused misleading exceptions in other
parts of the code. We had to move the same code to <legacyBold>MonoBehavior.Start()</legacyBold> to get a helpful exception message.
</listItem>
</list>
<para>
Apart from the above mentioned limitations, the Unity build of the DigitalRune Engine is a
normal .NET 3.5 build which can be used in .NET/Mono applications. For example, you can
use the same assembly in your Unity game client and in a .NET/Mono game server.
</para>
</content>
</section>
<relatedTopics>
</relatedTopics>
</developerConceptualDocument>
</topic>
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Q:
How to determine the size in bytes of the ASP.NET Cache?
I'm in active development of an ASP.NET web application that is using server side caching and I'm trying to understand how I can monitor the size this cache during some scale testing. The cache stores XML documents of various sizes, some of which are multi-megabyte.
On the System.Web.Caching.Cache object of System.Web.Caching namespace I see various properties, including Count, which gets "the number of items stored in the cache" and EffectivePrivateBytesLimit, which gets "the number of bytes available for the cache." Nothing tells me the size in bytes of the cache.
In the Understanding Caching Technologies section of the "Caching Architecture Guide for .NET Framework Applications" guide, there is a "Managing the Cache Object" section with a table (Table 2.2: Application performance counters for monitoring a cache) listing a set of application performance counters, but I don't see any that give me the current size of the cache.
What is a good way to find the size this cache? Do I have to set a byte limit on the cache and look at one of the turnover rates? Am I thinking of this problem in the wrong way? Is the answer to How to determine total size of ASP.Net cache really the best way to go?
A:
I was about to give a less detailed account of the answer you refer to in your question until I read that. I would refer you to this, seems spot on to me. No better way than seeing the physical size on the server, anything else might not be accurate.
You might want to set up some monitoring, for which a Powershell script might be handy to record and send on to yourself in a report. This way you could run various tests overnight say and summarise it.
On a side note, they sound like very large documents to be putting in a memory cache. Have you considered a disk based cache for these larger items and leaving the memory for smaller items which is more ideal for it. If your disks are reasonably fast this should be fairly performant.
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I don't know about you, but when I'm jonesing for something sugary at work around 3 p.m. (that's usually about when I hit my wall), the last thing I'm thinking about as I'm jamming my quarters into the machine is, "I wonder what the history behind the Reese's Peanut Butter Cup is. How did it come to be? And who invented it?"
But in case you are thinking that, here are seven candies that you will no longer have to wonder about. Now if you'll excuse me, I'm suddenly craving something highly caloric and bad for me.
Oh Henry! Bar
Lots of people think the Oh Henry! bar was named for author O. Henry, but the bar was actually named for its creator, Tom Henry. He ran the Peerless candy factory in Kansas and created the famous bar made of fudge, peanut and caramel in 1919. He cleverly called it the Tom Henry bar.
When the rights to the Tom Henry bar were bought out in 1920, they new company renamed it the Oh Henry! as part of a publicity stunt. People were curious about bumper stickers and ads simply reading "Oh Henry!" and sales spiked as they bought the bars to find out what the deal was. Tom Henry's family still runs a candy company in Kansas and sell the "Momma Henry" bar.
However, Hershey tells a different story on their Canadian website (although Oh Henry! is produced Hershey, Nestle owns it. Weird, no?): George H. Williamson made the candy originally and supposedly named the bar after boy who used to walk through the candy factory to flirt with the girls working there. When the girls needed something or had an errand for the boy, they would call, "Oh Henry!" and Henry would come running. I think this sounds a lot like a publicity story, myself, but perhaps I'm cynical.
Baby Ruth
Likewise, there are a couple of different tales as to where the Baby Ruth name came from. As you've probably noticed, it sounds suspiciously like the name of a certain famous baseball player.
But the Curtiss Candy Company claims they never intended it that way, that the bar was named for Ruth Cleveland. Ruth was born between her dad's two terms as president and the nation was indeed crazy for her. But the Baby Ruth bar came out in 1921, and Ruth Cleveland died in 1904 at the age of 12. Ruth-mania had definitely subsided by the time the Baby Ruth bar came out.
Snopes says that the rumor that the bar was named for a baby is bunk. It seems more likely that the company was capitalizing on Ruth's name without having to pay him for the honor. They say that Ruth wasn't even well-known in 1921 and it would have been silly to name a candy bar after an obscure slugger, but Ruth had been playing the major and minor leagues since 1914 and by 1921, he had already thrown a shutout in a World Series game, established himself as a power hitter, been involved in a highly-publicized salary feud, recorded a batting average that wouldn't be broken until 2001, and had been traded from the Red Sox to the Yankees.
But I'll let you decide - was the Baby Ruth named for Ruth Cleveland or George Herman "Babe" Ruth?
Tootsie Roll and Tootsie Pop
This one is a lot easier to explain - no controversy here. Leo Hirshfield opened his candy business in New York City in 1896. He invented a candy with the taste of chocolate, but it didn't melt in the heat like regular chocolate.
Another bonus: it was cheaper than real chocolate. He named the product after his daughter, Clara, whom he called Tootsie.
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups and Reese's Pieces
Harry Burnett Reese was a candy maker who made "penny cups" - peanut butter cups that sold for a penny each - in his basement in the mid '20s. He made an assortment of candy, actually, but when the Great Depression hit, he ceased production on his other products and concentrated on the popular peanut butter cups. After his death in 1957, the Reese empire was sold to Hershey for $23.5 million.
Heath Bar
In 1913, a teacher by the name of L.S. Heath bought a sweet shop for his two sons, thinking it would be a good business venture for them. The business - a combination candy store, manufacturer and ice cream parlor, was a big hit. (Photo: kahl4 [Flickr])
The story goes that they somehow got a toffee recipe from a traveling salesman and started selling it as "Heath English Toffee - America's Finest." By 1928, their dad owned a dairy, so the brothers started offering their toffee bars on the same order form as milk and cheese - customers could have the confection delivered right to their doorsteps, no muss, no fuss.
The popularity only increased when it was considered to be a good value during the Depression, and the Heath Bar's place in history was cemented when the U.S. Army bought $175,000 worth to include in the soldier's rations during WWII (the bar had a very long shelf life). Amidst family feuds, the Heaths sold the company in 1989 and it was then acquired by Hershey in 1996.
Hershey Bar, Hershey's Kisses
Of course, the Hershey company and its namesake products are named after the company's founder, Milton Hershey.
At first, though, the Hershey Chocolate Company was just a part of his first successful candy business, the Lancaster Caramel Company. He sold it for $1 million in 1900 (an astronomical sum in those days), but kept the Hershey Chocolate Company for himself.
The Hershey bar was first produced in 1894 and Kisses showed up in 1907, likely a copycat of Wilbur Buds, produced by the competing Wilbur Chocolate Company since 1893.
Clark Bar
Now owned by NECCO, the Clark Bar was named for its original owner and inventor, David L. Clark. Although the D.L. Clark Company had been around since 1886, it really hit paydirt in 1917 with the Clark Bar, the first "combination bar" that combined multiple confections in one product. The D.L. Clark Company had success not just with the Clark Bar, but also with Zagnut. (Photo: gregg_koenig [Flick])
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Yellow card
Yoann Gourcuff produces a right-footed shot from inside the area that goes over the bar.
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Yoann Gourcuff takes a outswinging corner.
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Substitution
Unfair challenge on Yoann Gourcuff by Avichai Yadin results in a free kick. (Lyon) makes a substitution, with Jeremy Pied coming on for Bafetimbi Gomis. Anthony Reveillere restarts play with the free kick.
58:25
Substitution
Shay Abutbul comes on in place of Eran Zahavi. Yossi Shivhon is brought on as a substitute for Romain Rocchi.
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Bafetimbi Gomis produces a right-footed shot from inside the six-yard box that clears the bar.
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A Kuwaiti newspaper claimed on Friday that indirect talks have taken place in Moscow between Iran and Israel in an attempt to find solutions for a number of regional issues, mainly Tehran’s nuclear programme and the Iranian presence in Syria.
Al-Jarida said that the visits to Moscow of senior Iranian official Ali Akbar Velayati and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the same time were not a coincidence. They were, it claimed, arranged by the Russians to conduct indirect talks.
“Russia passed the Israeli demands to Tehran and asked [the Iranian government] to dispatch a representative with full power to reach a solution for the Iranian issue with Syria,” said an unnamed diplomat. Velayati is said to have responded to all the Israeli demands during his meeting with Vladimir Putin on Thursday and proposed Iran’s conditions to accept the US demands regarding the Iranian nuclear programme. He apparently asked Putin to take the conditions to the Russian President’s meeting with Donald Trump slated for 16 July.
The diplomat added that Iran has started to tone down its position on Israel in return for some leniency to be shown by Washington and Europe.
Velayati arrived in Moscow on Wednesday to hand over a message from Iran’s Supreme Leader to Putin and discuss mutual relations as well as regional and international issues with senior Russian officials. Putin, the foreign diplomat pointed out, voiced his rejection of the US sanctions on Iran and stressed his support for Russia’s main ally in the Middle East.
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Follow us
Mexican Mayor Stoned to Death
In this photo taken Dec. 13, 2009, Gustavo Sanchez, mayor of the small town of Tancitaro. (AP Photo/Agencia Quadratin)
The mayor of Tancitaro, a 26,000 inhabitants town in Mexico, has become the latest victim in the country’s ongoing war against drug cartels. Mayor Gustavo Sanchez together with an adviser was found in an abandoned pickup, stoned to death. Last year, Tancitaro’s city council chief was killed prompting the mayor at the time and seven other officials to quit, citing threats by drug cartels.
Sanchez had served as mayor since January. He is the fifth Mexican city leader killed in the last six weeks.
WARNING: We have detected that you currently have Javascript disabled. This website requires the use of Javascript, for the best possible viewing experience we highly recommend that you enable Javascript via your browser's options.
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Rogue Specimen 11ft Rods
The Rogue Specimen 11ft rods are available in 1.75lb and 2.00lb test curves to cover a multitude of specimen fishing disciplines.
The Rogue Specimen 11ft rods are ideal for :
Floater rods for targeting surface feeding summer carp.
High octane barbel fishing on the river.
Small water rods for specimen carp, tench and bream.
Lightweight and easy to handle each rod has a shaped casting grip on the butt, a line clip and the ferules are protected by a metal ring to increase durability and to protect the joints whilst being transported.
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Attitudes towards mental illness of nursing students in a Baccalaureate programme in Jamaica: a questionnaire survey.
There is longstanding evidence of nurses demonstrating negative attitudes towards people with mental illness. Student nurses' fear or discomfort with mentally ill patients results in poorer outcomes for patients and students' dissatisfaction with their experience of mental health nursing. There is evidence of negative attitudes towards mental illness in the Jamaican society; however, no studies have explored whether these attitudes are held by nursing students. The aim of the study was to examine the attitudes of nursing students towards mental illness. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 143 third-year nursing students who were enrolled in a baccalaureate programme. Data were collected using the Attitudes Towards Acute Mental Health Scale (ATAMHS). A response rate of 71% was achieved for the survey. The findings indicated that the student nurses held an overall negative attitude towards mental illness, with a general perception that mentally ill people are dangerous. The student nurses were divided in their opinions in a number of areas, suggesting a possible conflict of opinions. Negative attitudes towards mental illness impact client outcomes and the career choices made by nurses. This study provides baseline data within the Jamaican context that adds to the evidence on nursing students' attitude to mental illness. Further research is needed to explore whether nursing education and clinical experience enables student nurses in Jamaica to develop a more positive attitude towards mental illness and mental health nursing and whether cultural factors contribute to negative attitudes.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 565
United Nations Security Council resolution 565, adopted unanimously on 14 June 1985, noted a report of the Secretary-General that, due to the existing circumstances, the presence of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) would continue to be essential for a peaceful settlement. The Council expressed its desire for all parties to support the ten-point agreement for the resumption of intercommunal talks, and asked the Secretary-General to report back again before 30 November 1985, to follow the implementation of the resolution.
The Council reaffirmed its previous resolutions, including Resolution 365 (1974), expressed its concern over the situation, urged the involved parties to work together toward peace and once more extended the stationing of the Force in Cyprus, established in Resolution 186 (1964), until 15 December 1985.
See also
Cyprus dispute
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 501 to 600 (1982–1987)
United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
External links
0565
0565
Category:June 1985 events
Category:1985 in Cyprus
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Rebecca Black To Cover Kids' Choice Awards
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If you're trying to make it in show biz, is there a better person to have in your corner than Ryan Seacrest?
When thirteen-year-old YouTube phenom Rebecca Black vaulted to fame (or infamy) with her viral hit "Friday," oh those mere weeks ago, Seacrest took her under his wing and set her up with a manager. And now, Hollywood Reporter has learned, he's handpicked her to cover the orange carpet at Saturday night's Kids' Choice Awards in Los Angeles.
The award show will be hosted by Jack Black and will honor the year's top books, movies, TV shows, and actors favored by the younger set. The ubiquitous Justin Bieber is among the honorees, of course. Will Rebecca be able to fulfill her dream of singing a duet with him?
The award show will air on Friday, April 8 at 5pm on Nickelodeon, and in the meantime, you can check out Rebecca's coverage of the event on Seacrest's website. To those who assumed Rebecca's success would be a flash in the pan, take note: she's not going anywhere just yet. After all, she just won the Nobel Peace Prize.
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Saturday, January 24, 2015
Happy Saturday, all y'all! Yesterday, we chatted about the news that Kate, William, and HRH Baby George jetted to the tropical island of Mustique for the annual Middleton vacation. It was rumored that the families were staying in Villa Aurora, a beautiful home in which they have spent past holidays. We now have multiple reputable sources disagreeing on which villa the party is staying. Aurora, covered yesterday, possibly Rocina, where they opted to stay last year, and there is now a third possibility, but that won't be reported on until the dust settles definitively. Let's look over Rocina while we wait:
Rocina www.mustique-island.com
The Rocina is beachfront and overlooks the Endeavor Bay. A set of steps lead down to the water. Perhaps most importantly for the growing party, Rocina can host 8, in comparison to Aurora's 6. Rocina has four bedrooms: three kings and one double.
Like Aurora, the home has stunning sea views and an open air dining area:
The property has four staff members: a chef, butler, housekeeper, and gardner.
The home also comes with an exercise room, so if Pippa and Kate aren't getting enough exercise walking the beach or splashing in the pool, they can sneak in some Pilates or cardio. It was after a holiday at Rocina in 2009 that thieves stole Pippa Middleton's purse from a car in Kensington. In the purse they discovered a memory card that had pictures from the Mustique holiday at Rocina, with many snaps of William goofing-off and Kate doing yoga.
The home is two-storied, so two of the four bedrooms are on the first floor, but by descending the steps next to the pool, one can access a green terrace below where the second two bedrooms open graciously to the lawn and the view of the sea. Again, this affords double privacy to the families.
Interestingly, the villa is the closest to the only hotel on the island, The Cotton House, which boasts a sophisticated restaurant and a spa.
Today is busy for yours truly, but hopefully, tomorrow we can finally settle on which Villa is lucky to be hosting this year. Wherever they are, they will be well looked after and are sure to have a wonderful holiday...hopefully, we will get just a few snaps afterward. :) Enjoy your day!
Friday, January 23, 2015
Happy Friday, folks! Friday, as I tell people in the elevator, is the best day of the week, because you still have the entire weekend ahead of you. Think about it... A certain royal couple are having a particularly great Friday as they flew from London yesterday, bound for a tropical holiday.
The Duke and his Duchess were spotted on their way to Mustique, which means they have the entire weekend, and the following week, to enjoy the sun and the sand. Carole Middleton's birthday is next Saturday.
mustique-island.com
The family is rumored to again be staying at their preferred accommodation, Villa Aurora. Villa Aurora (above) boasts three gracious bedroom suites, each with an attached bath and terrace, a great-room...
Great Room at Aurora
www.grenadine-escape.com
... a beautiful pool down the center of the courtyard, and exterior dining room.
Pool & Dining Room
www.grenadine-escape.com
In addition, the villa has a detached, two-bedroom cottage called Jasmine, complete with its own small terrace and plunge pool. As you can imagine, it is a perfect situation, allowing the whole family to stay in one place, but still have a little privacy thrown in.
From another angle, you can see Jasmine also boasts quite a beautiful view all its own:
aurorahousemustique.com
The group will be well looked after, since Aurora has a staff of five: butler, chef, housekeeper, maid, and gardener. The luxury comes at a price, and Aurora is rented this time of year for $20,000 a week, plus a 19% tax, so that's an extra $3,800. Jasmine will cost an extra $6,000, as well.
The family were snapped while enjoying lunch on the beach several years ago. The camera was so far off the coast it was difficult to tell Pippa from Kate, but it was a popular picture-set nonetheless. Pictures of the family surface almost every year, and I am still a little surprised that none have emerged of George on his first holiday last year. Perhaps they kept the little prince close to the house and stayed around the pool instead of venturing to the beach, or maybe no photographer felt like sitting off the coast for so long. Of course, they may have yet to come on the market... This year, as every year, the Cambridges will have to risk the possibility that they will be photographed while on the public beach. Perhaps more so, since the Duchess is pregnant.
Meanwhile, if we could quickly shift to a few fashion items. Some of you may be interested to learn that Zimmerman has given Kate's Roamer Day dress an update. They released the piece with a twist, under the new name "Confetti Scallop", with thanks to Perth Fashion for the heads up. It is for sale at $595:
Lastly, while you wait these last few days before Paris Haute Couture, I hope you have cast an eye over Alexander McQueen's Pre-Fall 2015.
Alexander McQueen
I am in love. Sarah Burton has really put together a striking and sophisticated line-up, and I can see any number of these pieces being modified for Kate, or serving as the inspiration point for a customized ensemble. We have great fashion in our future!
Alexander McQueen
Whether you are sunning somewhere warm, or still wrapped up in multiple layers, have a lovely and relaxing weekend!
P.S. Did anyone snag a copy of Bild with Kate shopping? Were there more great photos? If you have info, get in touch: [email protected]
Tuesday, January 20, 2015
Good morning! Another snap of Kate shopping has emerged to brighten the day! I use the term loosely. Perhaps it is better to say out and about, as it is not entirely clear what activity she is undertaking. A German newspaper has published this pap shot of Kate, which Melissa was kind enough to alert me to this morning:
Unfortunately, other than the year of German in grade-school, from which I remember little beyond Guten Tag and Wie Gehts, I don't understand a word of the language, and so I can't give you scrutinized details from this little blue information tag. Translations are welcome...
Many thanks to Ilka and Sonja who have weighed in on the comments with the translation, as has Christiane via email:
“With a hearty-sweater over her bump, without make-up, her hair casual undone:Here we see Englands Duchess Kate (32 years old, 6 month pregnant) shopping in a supermarket. Without a big entourage she was out and about in the only “Spar”-supermarket in her hometown Bucklebury (2066 residents). Royal normal – and very likeable!”
This explains why we haven't seen these photos on UK papers. They were taken of Kate shopping in Bucklebury, presumably this weekend. Kate is a regular customer at the Peaches Spar supermarket. She even invited the owners, Chan and Hash Shingadia to her wedding. According to The Daily Mail, the couple asked Mike Middleton if it would be ok to wear their traditional Indian garb, to which the answer was a certain yes.
On the fashion side, Bella D suggested, and I concur, that Kate is wearing Beulah London's "Delaney" heart jumper. This sweater top features Beulah's signature white heart on a dark knit of 70% wool and 30% cashmere, and retails for £125 down from £250.
Kate regularly wears Beulah London. She has chosen the brand for very public events, like on tour in South East Asia:
To personal events such as private weddings:
@officialfreyja
Most of you are aware that Natasha Rufus Isaacs is (stunning, and) the founder of Beulah. In addition to being a good friend of William's, she is married to Rupert Finch, Kate's ex-boyfriend from St. Andrews.
I was not aware, but Bella pointed out, that Donna Air, James Middleton's girlfriend, has also worn the Delaney sweater. (A photo here) It certainly is a small royal-fashion world!
Meanwhile, all is quiet on the Cambridge front. It is January 20th today, and it won't be long before the Middletons are jetting to Mustique. This past weekend that they spent in Bucklebury could suggest the couple do not plan to join the tropical holiday this year. I am more hopeful, however, that it means only William will sit it out, but that Kate and George will still go. We don't have long to wait...
Monday, January 19, 2015
I am tempted to call it perfect and let that be the entirety of the post. I think everyone is swooning over this one. Today, Kate was busy with three separate engagements around the Kensington area. This is my favorite photo of the day: Kate arriving for her first event. I love morning sunshine, golden and warm, brimming with the energy and potential of a fresh day...a new beginning. It's also gentle, and great for photography.
The Duchess kicked off the morning with a visit to Family Friends. She was there for a coffee-date with volunteers at the charity which provides a friendship/mentoring service to disadvantaged families.
@KensingtonRoyal Twitter
Often, Kate will wear a coat and dress and never take the coat off, much to the disappointment of fans. Today was one of the rare occasions she did take her coat off. This cute little guy was all set to give Kate her flowers, but at the last moment had a shy-attack and his mother had to sub for him.
@Family_friends1
Next, Kate officially opened the Kensington Aldridge Academy. Below is a video of her arrival taken by People magazine's Simon Perry:
During the day, according to Richard Palmer of The Express, Kate mentioned she has been feeling her baby move, and Rebecca English added that Kate said, "It's moving all the time, I can feel it kicking now."
@KensingtonRoyal Twitter Feed
Kate concluded her slew of engagements at the Kensington Leisure Centre, where excited children called, "here come Kate" as she arrived. She has spent a great deal of time with new charities over the course of this engagement spree. I wonder if she is researching new charities, possibly prepping to announce new patronages after the birth of her second child. More than one person has remarked on how nicely these organization match Kate's work and interests. To be developed, I suppose...
@RBKC
Kate emerged this morning in Séraphine, and as is always the case when she wears the luxury maternity label, the ensemble was perfect. This is endlessly elegant on Kate, and could not be more flattering.
As we have discussed, the Duchess has carved out a style she obviously prefers for maternity wear. She has really started to put together that style well, but today's look is more to my taste, and frankly more what I had expected from Kate. The day she stepped out for her first engagement after her HG bout with George, she was wearing that grey MaxMara wrap, and I thought we would see that style continue. Instead, she veered in another direction, but every now and again, she returns. The DVF at the Royal Variety Performance, the Séraphine in New York...today.
Of all the colors in the crayon box, blue is perhaps one of the more high-maintenence hues. All the shades do not necessarily play well together, and anytime blues are mixed as they were today, I often find myself starting to feel a little worried. Kate chose carefully, however, it seems, and her Muse clutch and bespoke McQueen pumps worked the misty-blue "Natasha" coat from Séraphine and the floral patterned "Florrie" dress underneath. I don't know if they were perfect together, but nothing that took away from the look.
@Family_Friends1
The £195 coat features clean lines, a flattering cut to the waist, mother-of-pearl buttons, and faux pockets...all in a cozy cashmere blend. The £99 dress in a floral crepe de chine, has a distinctive Empire waist, cropped sleeves, and falls just above the knee. Both pieces could have been designed for Kate, and it is remarkable how well the brand's clothes fit into Kate's style niche. I wonder today, as I have wondered many times, why she does not wear Séraphine a little more often.
Kate spent the weekend in Bucklebury, relaxing with her family. She was spotted by a fan driving her sister Pippa (in the passenger seat) with George in the back out to Berkshire. William followed in a separate vehicle. This blurry image is so grainy as to be almost be unrecognizable, but a picture is a picture.
We started the post with a sunrise, but I have to end this one with a sunset. My grandmother, from whom, via my mother, I suspect I inherit much of my sass, has been failing. It seems she may die today or tomorrow. If you would keep her in your prayers as she passes on, it would be deeply appreciated.
Friday, January 16, 2015
Welcome to the tardiest Kate post in recent memory. I am so sorry that this was such a longtime in coming. I have a moderately decent excuse, but no one has the patience for that right now, so let's just jump in, shall we? Kate was at her second engagement of the week this morning visiting The Fostering Network in Islington. The Duchess had the opportunity to meet with foster-carers and the children whose lives they impact.
I have to say, this charity really touches me. It is such a particular, and sometimes forgotten, area of need. So many children are currently innocent victims of our broken society and the bad choices of others. They need stable and safe environments to have a chance of thriving and succeeding. Taking a vulnerable and potentially damaged child and giving him or her a second chance at life--what an incredible thing. Of course, it isn't without emotional pitfalls for the families. Taking in children, giving them a home, bonding with them, loving them...and potentially losing them. That takes a very special courage, a particular strength. I have nothing but admiration and respect for those willing to give with such full hearts.
The Fostering Network
Shall we dig into the fashion? Her Royal Highness wore her brown, animal-embossed shirt dress from Hobbs. We first saw it under the blue Matthew Williamson in Wales...
...and again on Christmas morning.
You may recall that at the time of its first appearance, it did not get rave reviews from yours truly. I may have made some unflattering references to the '70s...
The good news is that I don't dislike this dress half as much as I thought I would from the peek or two we have received thus far. This is due primarily to its very flattering style, and owes little to the aforementioned pattern. I wonder if Kate was wearing something under it, perhaps a tight knit of some kind? The dress has a substantial look for silk, which I did not expect, but significantly improves my pre-convieved opinions. If she doesn't have an added layer, than even more props to the dress!
@FosteringNet
All positive points accounted for, I still am not in love with it. Usually I am an animal-print's biggest cheerleader, but embossed is a little different, and I while I have warmed to the dress overall, (moving from Arctic ice, to spring slush, to tepid tap-water) I would not choose this if I had my druthers. I actually love the style, and frankly is my preferred maternity look, but the hem and seams along the bottom of the skirt look puckered. That cheaper flavor, with the embossed croc... I am just not swooning.
Kate carried her Bayswater again, wore her Stuart Weitzman Power pumps, and completed the ensemble with a new pair of gold earrings. I have not been entirely focused this afternoon, as the time-stamp on this post should attest, so I do not know who IDed these, but What Kate Wore has a very interesting Style-Sleuthing Special on, which you should check out! The short story, these are Mirabelle "Lolita" hoop earrings and retail for a reasonable £20.00. It is always fun when Kate adds to her closet!
Final verdict: This is not a miss. Kate looks so great in brown and black, the belted waist is particularly flattering, and her hair was perfect. It reminded me of the early pregnancy day's with George. It isn't a hit, but a pass is a pass, my friends.
We have a packed day on Monday, with three separate engagements on Kate's Calendar. Perfect for those of you taking advantage of the three-day weekend in the United States! Until then, I think we all deserve a glass of wine. Cheers to you and to the weekend!
Thursday, January 15, 2015
The first official engagement of the New Year is always exciting, but to have that event be a visit to a school makes it all the sweeter. Fan photos are fun but the scores of excited children vying for Princess Kate's attention warms even the coldest day. The excited smiles and outstretched hands...
The Duchess was in Notting Hill (great movie) to officially name the Clore Art Room at Barlby Primary School. You may recall that one of the engagements Kate had to cancel while she was suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum was the launch of Clore Art Room on October 1st. This is a bit of a make-up event.
Kate debuted a new shift dress. The "Naomi" is a navy wool trimmed in colorful French tweed from Madderson London. This is a new label for Kate, and it is quickly apparent how perfectly it fills her need:
Madderson London creates investment pieces that are aspirational yet accessible. The brand encompasses two lines, Womenswear and Maternity Wear. Founders, Sara Madderson and Helen Hughes, both worked for large corporations during their first pregnancies and saw the opportunity for a luxury maternity wear line that allowed strong, style conscious women to retain their sense of self and to indulge their love of fashion while pregnant. Their signature style embodies London society at its most elegant and timeless.
Apparently, Zara Tindall favored the brand while pregnant with Mia, so it is likely that Kate chatted with her cousin about it, and kept the brand in mind for her second pregnancy.
Kate has really solidified her maternity style this pregnancy: straight-shift dresses and short hemlines.
As most of you regular readers know, I felt Kate really struggled when pregnant with George. It was as if she wasn't quite sure how to handle a new silhouette. She had some hits, but she had far more misses than anyone would have expected from our impeccable lady. When I saw her this morning my first thought was, "At last she is hitting her stride!" We have seen many variations on this ensemble, certainly it was reminiscent of the Goat coat she wore in New York, but there are quite a few other examples. After experimenting and finding her feet, she has really pegged the look that she clearly feels comfortable in and that is also scoring in the style stakes.
Today was a hit! Kate looked cute and young, trendy and ladylike. She paired the dress with opaque stockings, her Mulberry Bayswater and Episode Angels for a classic ensemble that has been universally praised. I am really thrilled to see her looking so well and fit. My gosh, she looked fit for 6-montsh pregnant! It is amazing that she is still doing her deep-knee bends to give attention to children. I hope she popped out of this quickly. I have hard time with these at a mat Pilates, and I do them in socks and am in way pregnant. Hope she was deep breathing... Kate the Great, kids:
Well, busy week. We saw Kate today, we will see her tomorrow, and we will see her on Monday Funday three times. The best little piece of trivia to take away from today's event is that the wool of Kate's dress was made at Hainsworth, "a heritage British mill that clothed the soldiers in the Battle of Waterloo." (That would have been Wellington vs Napoleon.) This year is actually the 200th anniversary of Waterloo, and there are going to be some significant celebrations going down in June in Belgium. I am halfway through a bio of the Duke, who was an extraordinary British hero, so it seems that Kate made a good-choice all around with this dress. Of course, Napoleon practically ruled the world, so it is trimmed in French tweed. All around, quite the historical piece! I think I will rename it The Waterloo. oookk... Over and out, all!
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The sleepy Januarys of years gone by are officially a thing of the past, as the Cambridges have begun to schedule events in the first month...
Welcome!
Welcome to the blog! I am Jane Barr and I write From Berkshire to Buckingham. I am an American Anglophile-Francophile (Yes, they can co-exist. :)) I have been following Kate since she began dating William at St Andrews. I began the blog in my favorite Starbucks while living in Los Angeles, CA, just before William and Kate married. Watching the royals with the wonderful FBTB community has been an absolute pleasure, and I hope you come back often to follow the royals with us. You can find more details on the Welcome and About pages. Follow me on Twitter, @HRHKateBlog for breaking royal news, analysis, and blog updates.
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A randomized controlled trial of three patient-controlled epidural analgesia regimens for labor.
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a safe and effective mode of maintaining labor analgesia; however, the ideal PCEA regimen is controversial. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we examined the analgesic efficacy of demand-only PCEA and PCEA with background infusion. We recruited 300 nulliparous parturients. Analgesia was initiated with intrathecal ropivacaine 2 mg and fentanyl 15 microg and maintained with epidural ropivacaine 0.1% with fentanyl 2 microg/mL. Parturients were randomized to one of three groups. Group 0: demand-only PCEA, bolus of 5 mL, lockout interval of 15 min. Group 5: background infusion of 5 mL/h, bolus of 5 mL, lockout interval of 12 min. Group 10: background infusion of 10 mL/h, bolus of 5 mL, lockout interval of 10 min. The maximum dose of all groups was 20 mL/h. The primary outcome was incidence of breakthrough pain. Secondary outcomes included intrapartum pain scores, neuraxial blockade characteristics, side effects, the total and hourly volume of ropivacaine, neonatal outcomes, and obstetric outcomes. The incidence of breakthrough pain and the maximum visual analog scale (0-100 mm scale) pain scores were higher in Group 0 versus Groups 5 and 10 (43% vs 17% and 11%, P < 0.001 and 37 +/- 28 vs 22 +/- 26 and 16 +/- 25 [mean +/- SD], P < 0.001), respectively. Group 10 had a longer duration of effective analgesia compared with Group 0 (mean 895 min, 95% CI 823-966 vs 565 min, 95% CI 454-677, P < 0.001) and increased ropivacaine consumption, and was associated with a longer duration of the second stage of labor. Demand-only PCEA (5-mL bolus, 15-min lockout interval) resulted in less local anesthetic consumption but an increased incidence of breakthrough pain, higher pain scores, shorter duration of effective analgesia, and lower maternal satisfaction, when compared with PCEA with background infusion (5-mL bolus, 10-12-min lockout interval, and 5-10 mL/h infusion).
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This is so weird. This section should be the easiest to update because everything these days is about physical well-being. It's now been over two months since this whole COVID-19 has so radically altered my behavior.
As of today, I'm fine, or at least I'm asymptomatic. A friend of mine (who I haven't seen up close and personal since before the lock-down) got a scare, but is fine also. I don't know anyone who has knowingly contracted the virus. I like to think I'm doing a reasonable job of keeping myself safe, but I know others who are likely doing more.
Although I've cut down grocery shopping trips from generally every other day to about once or twice a week, I haven't gone in on ordering over the phone. I put on a mask and gloves for shopping and any time I think I might run into someone, such as when I take my walks (no gloves on my walks).
I'm assuming a bit of risk when I order take-out, which I've done five times now, from three places. I'm simply trusting these places to do the right things.
Golf courses are opening up, and I have a tee time for Monday. I see golf as a solitary sport, and can keep my distance from others. There will be no "19th hole".
I wash my hands much more than before, and literally count to 20 as I do so. I'm careful to get my hands wet, then turn off the water, then grab the soap. I just got my water bill and, surprisingly, my usage hasn't gone up.
I had been told by my doctor (nurse practitioner really) that I was due for a colonoscopy, but it turns out I'm not until November. Such procedures are being performed. My next dermatology appointment has been postponed until August.
My routine dentist appointment was postponed until further notice. Nothing bad has been going on in that regard and I've been doing a good job with my dental habits, including the water pick. Which brings me to my other dental issue, my pending implant.
The Physical Shin
COVID-19 - No Impact
Last update: May 21, 2020
The John Shinnick Website
He's still waiting to go in.
I've has a small hole in my mouth since last year. I mentioned this in my last update. The actual implant is scheduled for this coming Tuesday having been rescheduled once already. I don't know whether it will happen or not, and if not, when it will occur. It's rather odd that I've grown so used to the gap in my teeth on the lower left side. I suppose the biggest danger is that my teeth might realign and draw out the procedure one more step. I hope not.
And it that's the biggest impact to my health this Corona thing sends my way, I can live with that.
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Mario Lopez's Chocolate Espresso Zucchini Brownies
Eating right doesn't mean giving up the things you love. This healthy recipe for Chocolate Espresso Zucchini Brownies from Mario Lopez yields a rich and fudgy treat but uses egg whites, grated zucchini and white whole-wheat flour to add extra fiber and cut fat and calories. Who says you can't have it all?
Latina Media Ventures, LLC is a participant in the Amazon Service LLC Associate Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, and is also a Linkshare, ShareaSale, and CJ affiliate. Our decisions to feature and recommend products is guided by our editorial decisions.
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Clinical evaluation of the timing of mesiodens removal.
Mesiodens is a common clinical finding among children and has a higher prevalence in Asian populations. The timing of the removal of mesiodens remains controversial. Clinical studies comparing early versus late removal are lacking. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of clinical complications regarding the timing of childhood mesiodens removal and to explore the factors associated with complications following mesiodens removal. In total, 384 Taiwanese children diagnosed with unerupted mesiodens who had attended the Pediatric Dentistry Department, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from 2005 to 2012 were identified as potential participants. Among these patients, 105 children had received surgical odontectomy of the mesiodens under general anesthesia and had complete longitudinal clinical and radiographic follow-up records, including computed tomography (CT) evaluations; these patients were enrolled. The influence of age, the developmental stage of the adjacent permanent teeth, and the location of the mesiodens were explored regarding complications that were noted at the time of surgery, injury to the adjacent permanent teeth during surgical intervention, and the need for orthodontic treatment after surgery. The 105 children enrolled had 145 mesiodens. Removal of the mesiodens before the child was 5 years of age or 1/3 root-completed was associated with fewer complications at the time of surgery and a reduced need for orthodontic treatment after surgery. However, no significant difference was noted between the different groups in terms of surgical injury to the adjacent permanent teeth. The early removal of an unerupted mesiodens before the age of 5 years would seem to reduce complications and the need for orthodontic treatment. With the help of general anesthesia and evaluation by CT imaging, concerns regarding the child's cooperation and the possibility of damage to adjacent permanent teeth during early surgical intervention can be minimized.
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---
abstract: 'We study the semileptonic decays of $B_c$ meson to S-wave charmonium states in the framework of relativistic independent quark model based on an average flavor-independent confining potential $U(r)$ in the scalar-vector harmonic form $U(r)=\frac{1}{2}(1+\gamma^0)(ar^2+V_0)$, where ($a$, $V_0$) are the potential parameters.The form factors for $B_c^+\to \eta_c /\psi e^+\nu_e$ transitions are studied in the physical kinematic range. Our predicted branching ratios (BR) for transitions to ground state charmonia are found comparatively large $\sim $ $10^{-2}$, compared to those for transitions to radially excited 2S and 3S states. Like all other mpdel predictions, our predicted BR are obtained in the hierarchy: BR($B_c^+\to \eta_c /\psi (3S)$) $<$ BR($B_c^+\to \eta_c/ \psi (2S)$) $<$ BR($B_c^+\to \eta_c /\psi (1S)$). The longitudinal ($\Gamma_L$) and transverse polarization ($\Gamma_T$) for $B_c \to \psi(ns)$ decay modes are predicted in the small and large $q^2$ - region as well as in the whole physical region. The ratios for such transitions are obtained $\frac {\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T} < 1$ throughout the kinematic range which means the $B_c^+$ meson transitions to vector meson charmonium states take place predominantly in transverse polarization mode. The theoretical predictions on these transitions could be tested in the on-going and forthcoming experiments at LHCb.'
author:
- 'Sonali Patnaik$^{1}$, Lopamudra Nayak$^{1}$, P. C. Dash$^{1}$, Susmita Kar$^{2}$[^1], N. Barik$^{3}$'
title: 'Semileptonic $B_c$ meson decays to S-wave charmonium states'
---
Introduction
============
Ever since the discovery of $B_c$ meson in Fermilab by the Collider Detector (CDF) Collaborations [@A1] in 1998, the experimental probe to detect its family members in their ground and excited states continues over last two decades. With the observation of $B_c$ meson at hadron collider at Tevatron [@A2; @A3], a detailed study of $B_c$ family members is expected at the LHC, where the available energy is more and luminosity is much higher. The lifetime of $B_c$ has been measured [@A4; @A5; @A6; @A7] using decay channels: ${B_c}^{\pm} \rightarrow J/\psi e^{\pm} \nu_e$ and ${B_c}^{\pm} \rightarrow J/\psi \pi^ {\pm}$. A more precise measurement of $B_c$-lifetime: $\tau_{B_c}=0.51^{+0.18}_{-0.16}(stat.)\pm 0.03(syst.)\;ps$ and its mass: $M =6.40\pm 0.39\pm 0.13\;GeV$ have been obtained [@A8] using the decay mode $B_c \rightarrow J/\psi \mu \nu_\mu X$, where X denotes any possible additional particle in the final state. The branching fraction for $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/\psi\pi^+ $ relative to that of $B_c^+ \rightarrow J/\psi\mu^+ \nu_{\mu}$ has been measured by LHCb Collaborations yielding [@A9]:
$\frac {BR (B_c\to J/\psi \pi^+)}{BR (B_c\to J/\psi \mu^+ \nu_{\mu})} = 0.0469 \pm 0.0028(stat)\pm 0.0046(syst)$
Recently, ATLAS Collaboration at LHC has detected excited $B_c$ state [@A10] through the channel $B_c^{\pm}(2S) \rightarrow B_c^{\pm}(1S)\pi^+\pi^- $ by using 4.9 $fb^{-1}$ of 7 TeV and 19.2 $fb^{-1}$ of 8 TeV pp collision data which yielded $B_c$(2S) meson mass $\sim$ $6842\pm 4\pm 5$ MeV. Although masses of the ground and first excited state of $B_c$ with $J^P$ = $0^-$ have been measured, it has not yet been possible to detect its higher excited states and even the ground state of $B_c^*$. Hopefully with the available energy and higher luminosity at LHC and at $Z_0$ factory, the event accumulation rate for these undetected states can be enhanced in near future providing scope for detailed studies of $B_c$ and $B_c^*$ counterpart.The recent observed data and possibility of high statistics $B_c$ events expected in upcoming experiments provide necessary motivation to investigate the semileptonic $B_c$ meson decays to charmonium states which are easier to identify in the experiment.\
The $B_c$ meson has aroused a great deal of theoretical interest due to its outstanding features. It is the lowest bound state of two heavy constituent quarks (charm and bottom) with open (explicit) flavor unlike the symmetric heavy quarkonium ($b\bar b, c\bar c$) states. The charmonium ($c\bar c$) and bottomonium ($b\bar b$) with hidden flavors decay via strong and electromagnetic interactions whereas $B_c$ meson with open flavors decay only via weak interaction since it lies below the B$\bar D$ threshold. Therefore it has comparatively long lifetime and very rich weak decay channels with sizable branching ratios. Thus $B_c$-meson provides a unique window into heavy quark dynamics and give scope for independent test of quantum chromodynamics. The study of semileptonic decays, in particular, is significant because it not only helps in extracting accurate values of the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Masakawa (CKM) matrix element but also helps in separating the effect of strong interaction from that of weak interaction into a set of lorentz invariant form factors. The analysis of semileptonic decays is therefore reduced essentially to the calculation of relevant weak form factors.\
Semileptonic $B_c$ decays have been widely studied in the literature. Although it is not possible to cite them all, a few noteworthy ones are: potential models [@A11; @A12; @A13; @A14; @A15; @A16; @A17; @A18], non-relativistic qurak models [@A19; @A20], relativistic quark models [@A21; @A22; @A23; @A24; @A25], instantaneous non-relativistic approach to BS equation [@A26], relativistic quark model on BS approach [@A27], non-relativistic QCD [@A28; @A20; @A30], light-cone QCD sum rule [@A31; @A32; @A33], covariant light-front model [@A34], light-front quark model constrained by the variational principle for QCD motivated effective Hamiltonian [@A35], light-front quark model [@A36], QCD potential model[@A37; @A38; @A39], perturbative QCD approach [@A40; @A41; @A42; @A43; @A44], constituent quark model [@A45; @A46; @A47; @A48; @A49] and Isgur, Scora, Grinstein and Wise (ISGW) model [@A50]. In this context one would also like to refer to review paper [@A51] and references there in. In this paper we would like to extend the applicability of our relativistic independent quark (RIQ) model [@A52; @A53; @A54; @A55; @A56; @A57; @A58; @A59] which has already been tested in describing wide ranging hadronic phenomena including the static properties of hadrons [@A52] and various decays such as radiative, weak radiative, rare radiative [@A53], leptonic, weak leptonic, radiative leptonic [@A54], semileptonic [@A55; @A56] and nonleptonic [@A57] decays of hadrons in the light and heavy flavor sector. In our previous work on semileptonic $B_c$ meson decays, we consider the participating mesons in their respective ground state only. In view of observed $B_c$(2S) states and possible detection of higher $B_c$(nS) states ($n>2$) as well as $B_c^*$ (1S) state at LHC and $Z_0$ factory in near future, it is worthwhile to predict energetically allowed semileptonic $B_c$ decays to excited charmonium states too. In fact a number of theoretical approaches in this direction have already appeared in the literature. Being inspired by our recent prediction of magnetic dipole [@A58] and electromagnetic [@A59] transitions of $B_c$ and $B_c^*$ mesons in their ground and possible excited states we extend our previous work [@A56] to analyze $B_c^+(nS)\to \eta_c(nS)/\psi(nS) e^+\nu_e$ decays, where the radial quantum numbers n=1,2,3. We don’t consider here the decay modes with higher 4S charmonia as their properties are not yet understood well.\
Here we would like to note few points that motivate us to undertake this exercise: (1) The relevant form factors representing the weak decay amplitudes are expected to have their $q^2$ dependence (where $q^2$ denotes the four momentum transfer squared) over entire kinematic range. In some of the theoretical approaches cited above the weak decay form factors and their $q^2$ dependence are determined first with an end point normalization at either $q^2$ =0 or $q^2$ = $q^2_{max}$ and then using some phenomenological monopole/dipole/gaussian ansatz they are extrapolated to the whole physical region. In order to avoid possible uncertainties in the calculation we shall not resort to any such phenomenological ansatz and instead study the $q^2$ dependence of relevant form factors in the allowed kinematic range: $0\leq\ q^2\leq\ (M-m)^2$, where M and m refer to mass of the parent and daughter meson, respectively. (2) In our previous analysis [@A55; @A56] two weak form factors $a_+$ and $a_-$ corresponding to $0^-\to 1^-$ semileptonic transition are found to be equal under a simplifying assumption. On closure scrutiny it is realized that, $a^+$ is not strictly equals to $a_-$. It is not necessary to invoke any kind of simplifying assumption but nonetheless get model expressions seperately for $a^+$ and $a^-$. (3) In this work we intend to predict the BR for decay channels involving the ground as well as excited charmonia in the final state and compare our results with other model predictions. (4) Finally, we shall update some input hadronic parameters according to Particle Data Group 2018 [@A60] in our calculation.\
This paper is organized as follows: In Section-II we provide the general formalism and kinematics of $B_c$ meson semileptonic decays. Section-III briefly describes the framework of RIQ model and extraction of model expression for the weak form factors. In Section-IV we provide our numerical results and discussion. Section-V encompasses our summary and conclusion.
General Formalism and Kinematics
================================
The invariant transition matrix element for exclusive semileptonic decays such as $B_c^+ \to X e^+\nu_e$ is written as [@A54; @A55; @A61] $${\cal M}={{G_F}\over {\sqrt {2}}}V_{bc}L^{\mu}H_{\mu}$$ where, X denotes $\eta_c$ or $J/\psi$, $G_F$ is the effective Fermi-coupling constant, $V_{bc}$ is the CKM parameter, $L^{\mu}$ and $H_{\mu}$, respectively are the leptonic and hadronic amplitudes expressed as: $$L^\mu={\bar u}_e(\vec p_1,\delta_1)\gamma^{\mu}(1-\gamma_5)v_{\nu_e}(\vec p_2\;,
\delta_2),$$ $$H_{\mu}=\;<X(\vec k, S_X)\mid J^h_{\mu}(0)\mid B_c(\vec p, S_{B_c})>$$ Here $J^h_{\mu}=V_{\mu}-A_{\mu}$ is the vector-axial vector current. We take here ($M,m$) to be the mass, (p, k) the four momentum and ($S_{B_c}, S_{X}$) the spin projection of parent and daughter meson, respectively. $q=(p-k)=(p_1+p_2)$ is four momentum transfer where ($p_1, p_2$) are four momenta of the lepton pair.
![**[Coordinate system for the semileptonic decay of $B_c$-meson (a) the decaying virtual W and (b) the decaying final vector meson]{}**](pdf1.pdf){width="15cm" height="8cm"}
.
We introduce here a pair of dimensionless variables (y, x) scaled to the parent meson mass as $y=(q^2/{M}^2)$ and $x=(p_1.p_2/{M}^2)$ for sake of convenience to describe kinematics of the decay process. In the vanishing lepton mass limit, kinematically allowed range of y is $$0\leq y\leq \left (1-{m\over M}\right )^2$$
We also consider two frames of reference (i) parent meson rest frame and (ii) the e$\nu_e$ center-of-mass frame. The co-ordinate system chosen here is such that the daughter meson momentum $\vec k$ is along the negative Z-axis with the charged lepton momentum $\vec p_1$ subtending an angle $\theta _e$ to Z-axis \[Fig. 1(a)\] in the e$\nu_e $ center-of-mass frame. The Y-axis is oriented perpendicular to the plane containing final particles’ momenta.\
The physical quantities of interest associated with the final state particles are their energy and momentum, which can be calculated in both frames considered here. In the e$\nu_e$ center-of-mass frame they are $$E_1 = E_2={M\over 2}{\sqrt y}$$ $$E_X = {M\over{2\sqrt y}}\left (1-{{m}\over{M^2}}-y\right )$$ $$\mid {\vec k}\mid = K/{\sqrt y}$$ $$K={M\over 2}\left [\left (1-{{m^2}\over{M^2}}-y\right )^2-
4{{m^2}\over{M^2}}y\right ]^{1/2}$$ In the parent meson rest frame, however, the quantities are $${\tilde E}_1 = Mx = {K\over 2}\cos \theta _e +{M\over 4}\left
(1-{{m^2}\over{M^2}}+y\right ).$$ $${\tilde E}_X = {M\over 2}\left (1+{{m^2}\over{M^2}}-y\right )$$ $$\mid {\tilde {\vec k}}\mid = K$$ The hardronic amplitudes are covariantly expanded in terms of lorentz invariant form factors. For the transition of type ($0^- \to 0^-$), the expansion is $$<X(k)\mid V_{\mu}(0)\mid B_c(p)>=f_+(q^2)(p+k)_{\mu}+f_-(q^2)(p-k)_{\mu}$$ For $(0^-\to 1^-)$ type transitions they are $$<X(k,\epsilon ^*)\mid V_{\mu}(0)\mid B_c(p)> = ig(q^2)\in _{\mu \nu \rho
\sigma }\epsilon ^{*\nu }(p+k)^{\rho }(p-k)^{\sigma }$$ $$\begin{aligned}
<X(k,\epsilon ^*)\mid A_{\mu}(0)\mid B_c(p)> = f(q^2)\epsilon ^*_{\mu} +
a_+(q^2)(\epsilon^*.p)(p+k)_{\mu}\nonumber\\
-a_-(q^2)(\epsilon^*.p)(p-k)_{\mu}\end{aligned}$$ Here $\epsilon ^*\equiv (\epsilon ^*_0,{\vec \epsilon}\;^*)$ with $\epsilon ^*.k=0$, represents the vector meson polarization.
The differential decay rate is written in the generic form $$d\Gamma=\frac{1}{2E_{B_c}}\sum_{\delta_1,\delta_2,\lambda}|{\cal M}|^2d\Pi_3$$ where the three body phase space factor is $$d\Pi_3=(2\pi)^4\delta^{(4)}(p-p_1-p_2-k)\frac{d^3\vec k}{(2\pi)^32E_X}
\frac{d^3\vec p_1}{(2\pi)^32E_1}\frac{d^3\vec p_2}{(2\pi)^32E_2}$$ and the invariant transition amplitude squared is given by $$\sum_{\delta_1, \delta_2, \lambda}|{\cal M}|^2=\frac{G_F^2}{2}
|V_{bc}|^2L^{\mu\sigma}H_{\mu\sigma} \label{lopa}$$ We write $L^{\mu\sigma}=\sum_{\delta_1,\delta_2}(L^\mu {L^\sigma}^\dagger)$ representing a sum over lepton spin indices ($\delta_1, \delta_2$) and also $H_{\mu\sigma}=\sum_{\lambda}(H_\mu H_\sigma^\dagger)$ representing a sum over daughter meson (vector) polarization index $\lambda$.
It is convenient to calculate the Lorentz invariant leptonic piece $L^{\mu\sigma}$ obtained in the form: $$L^{\mu\sigma}=8\Biggl[(p_1^\mu p_2^\sigma - p_1.p_2 g^{\mu\sigma}+
p_1^\sigma p_2^\mu)+i\epsilon_{\mu\alpha\sigma\beta} p_1^\sigma p_2^\beta\Biggr]$$ in the e$\nu_e$ center-of-mass frame. Since its timelike component $L^{00}$ is zero in the vanishing lepton mass limit, the non-vanishing contribution to ${\cal M}$ comes from the product $L^{ij}H_{ij}$ only. Then integrating $L^ij$ over the lepton phase space, one gets, in the e$\nu_e$ center-of-mass frame: $$\int\int\frac{d^3{\vec p}_1}{2E_1}\frac{d^3{\vec p}_2}{2E_2}\;L^{ij}\;
\delta^{(4)}(p-p_1-p_2-k)=\frac{4\pi}{3}\;q^2\;\delta^{ij}$$which reduces the effective hadronic part $\sum_\lambda H_{ij}$ to $\sum_\lambda H_{ii}$. With this consideration, the expression of the differential decay rate in the e$\nu_e$ center-of-mass frame, is transformed to the form $$d{\bar \Gamma}=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^5}\frac{1}{2E_{B_c}}\frac{G_F^2}{2}
|V_{bc}|^2\frac{d^3\vec k}{2E_X}\frac{4\pi}{3}q^2\sum_\lambda H_{ii}$$
It is worthwhile to note here that the hadronic amplitude ‘$h_i$’ can be expressed, in this frame, in a simple and convenient form as the terms involving the form factors $f_-(q^2)$ and $a_-(q^2)$ do not contribute to $\vec h$ pertaining to transitions of the type ($0^- \to 0^-$) and ($0^- \to 1^-$), respectively. For ($0^- \to 0^-$) type transitions one obtains $h_i$ (12) in terms of a single form factor $f_+(q^2)$ as $$\vec h =(\vec p+\vec k )f_+(q^2)$$ Similarly for transitions of type $(0^-\to 1^-)$, we obtain $\vec h$ from Eq.(13) and (14) as $$\vec h=2i{\sqrt y}Mg(q^2)({\vec \epsilon}\;^*\times \vec k)-f(q^2)
{\vec \epsilon}\;^*-2(\epsilon^*.p)a_+(q^2)\vec k$$ For the calculation of physical quantities, it is more convenient to use helicity amplitudes, which are linearly related to the invariant form factors [@A54; @A55; @A61]. We therefore, expand $\vec h$ in terms of helicity basis (effectively of the virtual W) as $$\vec h={\cal H}_+{\hat e}_++{\cal H}_-{\hat e}_-+{\cal H}_0{\hat e}_0$$ with $${\hat e}_{\pm}={1\over{\sqrt 2}}(\mp {\hat x}-i{\hat y});\;
{\hat e}_0={\hat z}$$ The polarization vector $\hat \epsilon^*$ with the polar and azimuthal angle $(\theta^*,\phi^*)$ in the vector meson helicity frame \[Fig. 1(b)\] can be lorentz-transformed to the (e$\nu_e$) center-of-mass frame to be obtained in the form $${\hat \epsilon}^*={1\over{\sqrt 2}}\sin\theta^*e^{i\phi^*}{\hat e}_+
-{1\over{\sqrt 2}}\sin\theta^*e^{-i\phi^*}{\hat e}_-
-{{E_X}\over{M_X}}\cos\theta^*{\hat e}_0$$ Then expanding $h_i$ in terms of helicity basis (23, 24) and using the Lorentz transformed form of $\hat \epsilon^{\star}$ (25), one can obtain the helicity amplitudes ${\cal H}_{\pm}$ and ${\cal H}_0$ from Eq. (22) as $${\cal H}_{\pm}=\mp\frac{sin\theta^*}{\sqrt 2}e^{\pm i\phi^*}{\bar { H}}_{\pm}$$ $${\cal H}_0=cos\theta^*{\bar {H}}_0$$ where ${\bar H}_{\pm}$ and ${\bar H}_0$ are reduced helicity amplitudes. For ($0^- \to 1^-$)-type semileptonic transitions, these reduced helicity amplitudes are obtained in terms of invariant form factors f, g and $a_+$ as $${\bar H}_{\pm} = [\; f(q^2)\mp 2MKg(q^2)\; ],$$ $${\bar H}_0={M\over{2m\sqrt y}}\left [\left (1-{{m^2}\over{M^2}}-y\right )f(q^2)
+4K^2a_+(q^2)\right ].$$ Now $H_{ii}=h_ih_i^\dagger$ in Eq. (20) can be expressed in terms of reduced helicity amplitudes (28, 29). Then integration over the polar and azimuthal angles ($\theta^*, \phi^*$) and then sum over the daughter meson (vector) polarization yield an invariant expression for the differential decay rate. Once obtained in an invariant form it is then convenient to cast in any frame (here the parent meson rest frame) so as to get the final expression of the differential decay rate as: $${{d{\tilde \Gamma}}\over{dy}}=\frac{1}{96\pi^3}{G_F}^2\mid V_{bc}\mid^2M^2Ky
\;[\;\mid {\bar H}_+\mid^2+\mid {\bar H}_-\mid^2+\mid {\bar H}_0\mid^2\;]$$ Here the contribution of $\mid {\bar H}_0\mid^2$ term to the differential decay rate (30) refers to the longitudinal mode and that of the combined term $[\;\mid {\bar H}_+\mid^2+\mid {\bar H}_-\mid^2\;]$ refers to the transverse polarization mode for the semileptonic transitions of the type ($0^- \to 1^-$). However, in case of ($0^- \to 0^-$) type transitions, one can realize corresponding expressions by appropriately identifying $$\bar H_{\pm}=0;\;\;\bar H_0=-2{K\over{\sqrt y}}f_+(q^2)$$ which leads to the differential decay rate in parent meson rest frame as $${{d{\tilde \Gamma}}\over{dy}}={{{G_F}^2\mid V_{bc}\mid^2K^3M^2}\over{24\pi^3}}
\mid f_+(q^2)\mid^2$$
Transition Matrix Element and Weak Form Factors
===============================================
The decay process physically occurs between the momentum eigenstates of participating mesons. Therefore in a field theoretic description they need to be represented by their appropriate momentum wave packets reflecting the momentum and spin distribution between constituent quark and antiquark inside the respective meson core. In the RIQ model, the appropriate wave packet representing the meson state $|B_c(\vec p,S_{B_c})>$ is consideed at definite momentum $\vec p$ and spin state $S_{B_c}$ as [@A52; @A53; @A54; @A55; @A56; @A57; @A58; @A59] $$|B_c(\vec p, S_{B_c})>={\hat \Lambda(\vec p,S_{B_c})}|(\vec p_{b},\lambda_b);(\vec p_{c},\lambda_c)>$$ where, $|(\vec p_{b},\lambda_b);(\vec p_{c},\lambda_c)>= \hat b_{b}^\dagger (\vec p_{b},\lambda_b)
{\hat {\tilde{b}}}_{c}^\dagger (\vec p_{c},\lambda_{c})|0>$ is a fockspace representation of the unbound quark and antiquark in a color-singlet configuration with their respective momentum and spin as $(\vec p_{b},\lambda_{b})$ and $(\vec p_{c},\lambda_{c})$. Here $\hat b_{b}^\dagger (\vec p_{b},\lambda_{b})$ and ${\hat {\tilde{b}}}_{c}^\dagger (\vec p_{c},\lambda_{c})$ are, respectively the quark and antiquark creation operators. ${\hat \Lambda}(\vec p,S_{B_c})$ represents an integral operator: $${\hat \Lambda}(\vec p,S_{B_c})=\frac{\sqrt 3}{\sqrt{N_{B_c}(\vec p)}}\;
\sum _{{\delta_b},{\delta_{\bar c}}}\zeta_{bc}^{B_c}(\lambda_{b},\lambda_{c})
\int d^3{\vec p}_{b}\;d^3{\vec p}_{c}\;\delta^{(3)}(\vec p_{b}+\vec p_{c}-\vec p)
{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b},\vec p_{c})$$ Here $\sqrt 3$ is the effective color factor, $\zeta^{B_c}(\lambda_{b},\lambda_{c})$ stands for SU-(6) spin flavor coefficients for the $B_c$ meson. $N(\vec p)$ is the meson-state normalization which is realized from $<{B_c}(\vec p)\mid {B_c}({\vec p}\;^{\prime})>=\delta ^{(3)}(\vec p-{\vec p}\;^{\prime})$ in an integral form $$N(\vec p)=\int d^3{\vec p}_{b}\;\mid {\cal G}_{B_c}({\vec p}_{b},\vec p-{\vec p}_{b})\mid ^{2}$$
Finally, ${\cal G}_{B_c}({\vec p_{b}}, \vec p - \vec p_{b})$ is the effective momentum profile function for the quark-antiquark pair. In terms of individual momentum probability amplitudes ${G}_{b}(\vec p_{b})$ and ${G}_{c}(\vec p_{c})$ of the constituent quark b and c, respectively, ${\cal G}_{B_c}({\vec p_{b}}, \vec p - \vec p_{b})$ is taken in this model in the form: $${\cal G}_{B_c}({\vec p_{b}},{\vec p_{c}})=\sqrt{G_{b}(\vec p_{b}){\tilde G}_{c}(\vec p_{c})}$$ in a straight forward extension of the ansatz of Margolis and Mendel in their bag model analysis [@A62]. A brief account of the model framework and quark orbitals derivable in the RIQ model along with those of the corresponding momentum probability amplitudes are given in the Appendix. In the wave packet representation of meson bound state $|B_c(\vec p,S_{B_c})>$, the bound state character is infact embedded in the effective momentum distribution function ${\cal G}_{B_c}({\vec p_{b}}, \vec p_{c})$ . Any residual internal dynamics responsible for decay process can therefore be described at the level of otherwise free quark and antiquark using appropriate Feynman diagram shown in Fig. 2. The total contribution from the Feynman diagram provides the constituent level S-matrix element $S_{fi}^{bc}$ which when operated by the baglike operator gives the meson level effective S-matrix element $S_{fi}^{B_c}$ as: $$S_{fi}^{B_c} = {\hat \Lambda} S_{fi}^{bc}$$
![**[Semileptonic decay of $B_c$ meson]{}**](figure.jpg){width="13cm" height="8cm"}
.
Transition amplitude
--------------------
The S-matrix element for the decay for $B_c^{+} \to X e^+\nu_e$ depicted in Fig.2 can be written in general form: $$S_{fi}=-i\frac{G_F V_{bc}}{\sqrt 2 (2\pi)^4}\int d^4{x_1}d^4{x_2}d^4 qe^{-iq(x_2 - x_1)} <e^+(\vec p_{1}, \delta_{1})\nu(\vec p_{2}, \delta_{2})|J^{\mu}_l(x_2)J^{\mu}_l(x_1)|B_c(\vec p, S_{B_c})>$$ Here we consider the parent meson $B_c$ in the ground state and the daughter meson in either $X(nS)$ state. The matrix element corresponding to leptonic weak current is found as $$<e^+(\vec p_{1}, \delta_{1})\nu_e(\vec p_{2}, \delta_{2})|j^{\mu}_l(x_2)|0>= \frac{e^{i(\vec p_1 + \vec p_2)x_2}}{\sqrt {(2\pi)^3 2E_1(2\pi)^32E_{2}}} l^{\mu}$$
with $l^{\mu}={\bar u}_e(\vec p_1, \delta_1)\gamma^{\mu}(1-\gamma_5)v_{\nu_e}
(\vec p_2, \delta_2)$
Using the appropriate meson states the relevant hadronic matrix element can be obtained in the form: $$\begin{aligned}
&<X(\vec k,S_X)|{J_\mu}{^h}(x_1)|B_c(\vec p, S_{B_c})>=
\frac{(2\pi)^4}{\sqrt{N_{B_c}(\vec p)N_X(\vec k)}}
\int\frac{d^3\vec p_{b}}{\sqrt{(2\pi)^32E_{\vec p_{b}}(2\pi)^32E_{\vec k+\vec p_{b}-\vec p}}}\nonumber\\
&\times{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b},\vec p-\vec p_{b}){\cal G}_X(\vec k+\vec p_{b}-\vec p, \vec p-\vec p_{b})\times <S_X|J_\mu|S_{B_c}>\end{aligned}$$ Here $E_{\vec p_{b}}$ and $E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k-\vec p}$ stand for the energy of non-spectator quark of the parent and daughter meson, respectively and $<X(\vec k,S_X)|{J_\mu}{^h}(0)|B_c(\vec p, S_{B_c})>$ represents symbolically the spin matrix elements of vector-axial vector current. Using matrix element of leptonic and hadronic weak current we obtain S-matrix element for the decay in the standard form: $$S_{fi}=(2\pi)^4\delta^{(4)}(p-k-p_1-p_2)(-i{\cal M}_{fi})\times \frac{1}{\sqrt{{(2\pi)^3} 2E_{B_c}}}\prod_f\Biggl(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_f {(2\pi)^3}}}\Biggr)$$ where the the invariant transition amplitude ${\cal M}_{fi}$ is:
${\cal M}_{fi}=\frac{G_F}{\sqrt 2} V_{bc}l^\mu h_{\mu}$
Here the hadronic amplitude $h_\mu$ is obtained in the parent $(B_c)$-meson rest frame in the form $$\begin{aligned}
{h_\mu}=\frac{\sqrt{4ME_X}}{\sqrt{N_{B_c}(0)N_X(\vec k)}}
\int \frac{d^3\vec p_{b}}{\sqrt{2E_{\vec p_{b}}2E_{\vec k+\vec p_{b}}}}
&\times&{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b},-\vec p_{b}){\cal G}_X
(\vec k+\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})\nonumber\\
&\times&<S_X|J_\mu(0)|S_{B_c}>\end{aligned}$$
Weak decay form factors
-----------------------
In order to extract model expression of weak decay form factors, the covariant exapansion of hadronic decay amplitudes [@A12; @A13; @A14] are compared with corresponding model expression . For this the spin matrix element are simplified as follows. For $0^-\to 0^-$ transitions, the axial vector current does not contribute. The non-vanishing vector current parts are obtained as:
$$<S_X(\vec k)|V_0|S_{B_c}(0)>=\frac{(E_{\vec p_b+\vec k}+
m_c)(E_{\vec p_b}+m_b)+\vec p_b\;^2}{\sqrt{(E_{\vec p_b+\vec k}+m_c)
(E_{\vec p_b}+m_b)}}$$
$$<S_X(\vec k)|V_i|S_{B_c}(0)>=\frac{(E_{\vec p_b}+m_b)k_i}
{\sqrt{(E_{\vec p_b+\vec k}+m_c)(E_{\vec p_b}+m_b)}}$$
With these results the form factor $f_+(q^2)$ for $0^- \to 0^-$ type transitions is found in the form: $$f_+=\frac{1}{2M}\int d\vec p_{b} {\cal C}(\vec p_{b})[(E_{p_b}+m_b)
(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+M-{E_X})+\vec p_{b}\;^2]$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal C}(\vec p_{b}) = \sqrt{\frac{M{E_X}}
{N_{B_c}(0)N_X(\vec k)}}
\times\frac{{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})
{\cal G}_X(\vec k+\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})}{\sqrt{E_{\vec p_{b}}E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c)}}\end{aligned}$$ However for $(0^- \to 1^-)$ transitions, the spin matrix element for vector and axial vector current are obtained separately as: $$<S_X(\vec k, {\hat\epsilon^*})|V_0|S_{B_c}(0)>=0$$ $$<S_X(\vec k,{\hat\epsilon^*})|V_i|S_{B_c}(0)>=\frac
{i(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)({\hat\epsilon^*}\times\vec k)_i}
{\sqrt{(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c)}}$$ $$<S_X(\vec k, {\hat\epsilon^*})|A_i|S_{B_c}(0)>=\frac{[(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c)-\vec p_{b}\;^2/3]\epsilon^*_i}
{\sqrt{(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{{p_b}+\vec k}+m_c)}}$$ $$<S_X(\vec k,{\hat\epsilon^*})|A_0|S_{B_c}(0)>=
\frac{-(E_{\vec p_{b}+m_b})({\hat\epsilon^*}.\vec k)}{\sqrt{(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c)}}$$\
A term by term comparison of results in Eqs.(48-49) with corresponding expressions from Eqs.(13-14) yields the form-factor $g(q^2)$ and $f(q^2)$ in the form:
$$g=-\frac{1}{2M}\int d\vec p_{b}{\cal C}
(\vec p_{b})(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)$$
$$f=-\int d\vec p_{b}{\cal C}^0(\vec p_{b})
[(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c) - \vec p_{b}^2/3]$$
where $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal C}^0(\vec p_{b}) = \sqrt{\frac{Mm}
{N_{B_c}(0)N_X(0)}}
\times\frac{{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})
{\cal G}_X(\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})}{\sqrt{E_{\vec p_{b}}E^{0}_{\vec p_{b}} (E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_c)}}\end{aligned}$$ with, $E^0_{p_b}=\sqrt{{|\vec p_b|^2}+m_c^2}$.
Now considering both the timelike and spacelike parts of axial vector current contribution and simplifying, we finally obtain the model expression for weak form factor $a_+(q^2)$ in the form: $$a_+=-\frac{1}{2M^2}\Big[(J - f)+\frac{(I-{f})E_X(M-{E_X})}{{E_X}^2-{m^2}}\Big]$$ where, $$\begin{aligned}
J = \sqrt{\frac{M{E_X}}
{N_{B_c}(0)N_X(\vec k)}}
\times\int \frac{d\vec p_b{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})
{\cal G}_X(\vec p_{b}+\vec k, -\vec p_{b})(E_{\vec p_{b}} + m_{b})E_X}{\sqrt{E_{p_b}E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k} (E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c)}}\end{aligned}$$ and $$I = \sqrt{\frac{M{E_X}}
{N_{B_c}(0)N_X(\vec k)}}
\times \int \frac{d\vec p_b{\cal G}_{B_c}(\vec p_{b}, -\vec p_{b})
{\cal G}_X(\vec p_{b}+\vec k, -\vec p_{b})}{\sqrt{E_{p_b} E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k} (E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c)}}
[(E_{\vec p_{b}}+m_b)(E_{\vec p_{b}+\vec k}+m_c) - {\vec p}_{b}\;^2/3]$$ Note that we calculate the timelike part of axial vector current contribution corresponding to longitudinal spin polarization of daughter meson. Because the spin quantization axes is taken here opposite to the boost direction, the longitudinal polarization vector ${\epsilon_0^{*(L)}}$ is therefore boosted yielding its timelike components ${\epsilon_0^{*(L)}} = {-\vec k\over m}$ and ${\epsilon_0^{*(T)}} = 0$ The model expressions for the form factors $f_+(q^2)$, $g(q^2)$, $f(q^2)$ and $a_+(q^2)$ in Eqs. (45), (51), (52) and (54) are believed to embody their $q^2$ dependence in the allowed kinematic range. The weak form factors can also be expressed in the dimensionless forms as cited in the literature to treat all in the same footing as $$\begin{aligned}
F_1(q^2)&=&f_+(q^2)\nonumber\\
V(q^2)&=&(M_{B_c}+M_X)g(q^2)\nonumber\\
A_1(q^2)&=&(M_{B_c}+M_X)^{-1}f(q^2)\nonumber\\
A_2(q^2)&=&-(M_{B_c}+M_X)a_+(q^2)\end{aligned}$$ The $q^2$- dependence of the weak form factors and prediction of the branching ratios for semileptonic $B_c$-decays to S-wave charmonium states can then be obtained using relevant hadronic quantities and RIQ-model parameters, as described in the next section.
Numerical Results and Discussion
================================
For numerical calculation, we take the model parameters (a,$V_0$), quark masses $m_q$ and quark binding energies $E_q$ which have already been fixed from hadron spectroscopy by fitting the data of heavy flavored mesons, and used earlier to describe wide ranging hadronic phenomena: [@A52; @A53; @A54; @A55; @A56; @A57; @A58; @A59] $$\begin{aligned}
(a, V_0)&\equiv & (0.017166\;{GeV}^3, -0.1375\;GeV)\nonumber\\
(m_{b}, m_{c},E_{b}, E_{c})&\equiv & (4.77659, 1.49276, 4.76633, 1.57951)\;GeV\end{aligned}$$ To obtain the binding energy of constitute quarks (b,c) in radially excited (2S and 3S) meson states, we solve the cubic equations that represent the corresponding independent quark bound state condition. Accordingly we take [@A58; @A59] $$\begin{aligned}
( E_{b} ; E_{c} ) = ( 5.05366 ; 1.97016 ) GeV \nonumber\\
( E_{b} ; E_{c} ) = ( 5.21703 ; 2.22479 ) GeV \end{aligned}$$ The masses of participating mesons in their S-wave ground and radially excited states are taken in GeV as[@A59] $M_{B_c}$=6.2749, $M_{\eta_c}$=2.9839, $M_{\eta_c(2S)}$=3.6392, $M_{\eta_c(3S)}$=3.8381, $M_{J/\psi}$=3.0968, $M_{\psi(2S)}$=3.6860, $M_{\psi(3S)}$=4.1104. For CKM parameter $V_{bc}$ and $B_c$ meson lifetime $\tau_{B_c}$, we use their central values from Particle Data Group [@A60] as $V_{bc}$=0.0422 and $\tau_{B_c}=0.51^{+0.18}_{-0.16}(stat.)\pm 0.03(syst.)\ ps$. Before calculating the weak form factors and their $q^2$- dependence in the allowed kinematic range with the input parameters [@A58; @A59], it is interesting to study the behavior of radial quark momentum distribution amplitude function related to $B_c$ meson state together with those of the final S-wave charmonium states. The shape of the behavior of momentum distribution amplitude is shown in Fig.3. One can see that the overlap region between the momentum distribution amplitude function for the initial $B_c$ meson state and final charmonium 1S state is maximum, where as it is less for $B_c$ decay mode to 2S and least for the $B_c$ decay to 3S charmonium state. The lorentz invariant weak form factors representing the decay amplitudes are in fact calculated from the overlapping integrals of participating hadron wave functions. It is evident therefore that the contribution of weak form factors to the decay width/branching fractions should be obtained in the decreasing order of magnitude as one considers various semileptonic $B_c$ decays to S-wave charmonium states from 1S to higher 2S and 3S states.
[1.30]{} {width="\linewidth"}
Our predicted $q^2$- dependence of weak form factors for six decay modes: in their physical kinematic range is shown in Fig 4. We find that transitions $B_c^+ \to \eta_c,(J/\psi) e^+ \nu_e$ have a relatively strong $q^2$-dependence as relevant form factors become larger with increasing $q^2$. This behavior, however is not universal. For example, for transition, $B_c^+ \to \eta_c(2S), \psi(2S) e^+\nu_e$ and $B_c^+ \to \eta_c(3S), \psi(3S) e^+\nu_e$ some of the form factors decreases with increasing $q^2$. Similar predictions have been made in other model calculations based on perturbative QCD approach [@A40] light-front quark model [@A36] and ISGW2 quark model [@A34]. This is attributed to the nodal structure in the momentum distribution amplitude functions corresponding to $B_c$ decay to different S- wave charmonium states and the momentum transfer involved in different decay modes.
[0.48]{} {width="\linewidth"}
[0.48]{} {width="\linewidth"}
[0.48]{} {width="\linewidth"}
One may naively expect the weak form factors to satisfy the heavy quark symmetry (HQS) relations: $$F_1(q^2)\simeq V(q^2)\simeq A_2(q^2)\simeq \tilde{A_1}(q^2)$$ with
[$\tilde{A_1}(q^2)=
[1-\frac{q^2}{(M+m)^2}]^{-1} A_1(q^2)$]{}.
as an outcome of heavy quark effective theory (HQET). From the predicted $q^2$- dependence (Fig.4), it is evident that the weak form factors do not simultaneously satisfy HQS relation. This corroborates to the well known fact that the HQS is not strictly applicable to the case of mesons with two heavy quarks. Integrating the expression for partial decay width over the allowed kinematic range of y = $\frac{q^2}{M^2}$, one can calculate the decay width and hence BR for six decay modes considered in this work. The results of evaluation of BR for all considered decays are shown in Tabel-I in comparison with other model predictions.\
Transition Our work [@A20] [@A23; @A24] [@A25] [@A27] [@A29; @A30] [@A32] [@A33] [@A34] [@A37] [@A40]
------------------------------- ---------- -------- -------------- --------------------- -------- --------------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ---------------------
$B_c^+\to \eta_c e^+\nu_e$ 0.397 2.1 0.55 0.42 0.81 ... 1.64 0.67 0.48 0.5 4.5
$B_c^+\to J/\psi e^+\nu_e$ 2.299 6.7 1.73 1.23 2.07 ... 2.37 1.49 1.54 3.3 5.7
$B_c^+\to \eta_c(2S)e^+\nu_e$ 0.236 ... 0.07 0.03 ... 0.11 ... ... ... 0.02 0.77
$B_c^+\to \psi(2S)e^+\nu_e$ 0.862 ... 0.1 0.03 ... ... ... ... ... 0.12 1,2
$B_c^+\to \eta_c(3S)e^+\nu_e$ 0.189 ... ... $5.5\times 10^{-4}$ ... $1.9\times 10^{-2}$ ... ... ... ... 0.14
$B_c^+\to \psi(3S)e^+\nu_e$ 0.353 ... ... $5.7\times 10^{-4}$ ... ... ... ... ... ... $3.6\times 10^-{2}$
: [**Predicted branching ratios $(\%)$ of $B_c^+\to X e^+\nu_e$ decays in comparison with other model predictions** ]{}
For $B_c \to \eta_c/(J/\psi) e \nu_e$ decays, our predictions are in good agreement with those of non-relativistic quark model [@A20], relativistic quark model [@A23; @A24; @A25], Bethe-Salpeter quark model [@A27], light-cone QCD sum rule [@A33] and QCD potential model [@A37]. For $B_c \to \eta_c(2S)/\psi (2S) e \nu_e$ decays our results are in overall agreement with the results of perturbative QCD approach [@A40]. $B_c \to \eta_c(3S)/\psi (3s) e\nu_e$ transitions have been analyzed by a few theoretical approaches [@A23; @A24; @A30; @A40]. The order of magnitude of predicted BR in these decay modes vary widely from one model to other. While the relativistic quark model predictions [@A23; @A24] are typically smaller,those of the light-front QCD sum rule [@A33] and perturbative QCD approach [@A40] are 2 order of magnitude higher. Our predictions in this sector, although found over estimated, compared to that of [@A25] are in overall agreement with [@A40]. Since data in this sector are scant, the results of all these approaches can only be discriminated in future LHC experiments. As expected, our predicted BR are obtained in the following hierarchy: BR($B_c^+\to \eta_c\psi (3S)$) $<$ BR($B_c^+\to \eta_c \psi(2S)$) $<$ BR($B_c^+\to \eta_c, J/\psi(1S)$). This is due to the tighter phase space and weaker $q^2$- dependence of weak form factors contributing to decays to higher excited charmonium states. It is important to study the longitudinal ($\Gamma_L$) and transverse ($\Gamma_T$) polarization contribution to the BR of $B_c \to \psi(nS)e\nu_e$ decays in the lower, higher and whole physical region. Our predicted polarization ratios and BR in the region-I ($0\leq\ q^2\leq\frac {(M-m)^2}{2}$), region-II ($\frac {(M-m)^2}{2}\leq\ q^2\leq\ (M-m)^2$) and in whole physical region are given separately in Table II. .
Transition Region-I Region-II Total Region
----------------------------- ---------- ----------- --------------
$B_c^+\to J/\psi e^+\nu_e$ 0.937 1.358 2.299
$\frac{\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T}$ 0.596 0.444 0.503
$B_c^+\to \psi(2S)e^+\nu_e$ 0.390 0.470 0.862
$\frac{\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T}$ 1.164 0.649 0.848
$B_c^+\to \psi(3S)e^+\nu_e$ 0.190 0.162 0.353
$\frac{\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T}$ 2.108 0.732 1.276
: [**The partial branching ratios $(\%)$ and polarization ratio: $\frac{\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T}$ of $B_c^+\to Xe^+ \nu_e$ decays in different $q^2$ regions** ]{}
We find the polarization ratios $\frac{\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T} < 1$ in region-I, region-II and whole physical region which means that semileptonic $B_c$ decays to S-wave charmonium states take place predominantly in transverse mode throughout the region. This is because in our model calculation, the form factor V$(q^2)$ increases throughout with increase in $q^2$ which enhances the transverse polarization contribution in large $q^2$ region. On the other hand, form factor $A_2{(q^2)}$ which provides dominant contribution to $\Gamma_L$ as compared to $A_1{(q^2)}$ is found suppressed mostly in large $q^2$ region giving minimal contribution to $\Gamma_L$.
Summary and Conclusion
======================
In this paper we analyze the semileptonic $B_c$ decays to S-wave charmonium states in the framework of relativistic independent quark model based on confining potential in equally mixed scalar-vector harmonic form. The weak form factors as overlap integrals of the participating mesons’ wave functions, derived from the RIQ model dynamics, are calculated explicitly in the entire kinematic range. We predict the branching ratios (BR), longitudinal to transverse polarization ratio$ $s $\frac {\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T}$ for these decays in general agreement with predictions of other theoretical approaches. It is found the predicted BR’s for $B_c$ decays to the ground state charmonium is comparatively large $\sim$ $10^{-2}$ while those for decays to higher excited charmonium states are relatively small owing to the phase space suppression and weaker $q^2$ dependence of the form factors. The partial BR and transverse and longitudinal polarizations are investigated separately for $B_c\to \psi(nS)e\nu_e$ decays from which we find that the ratios $\frac{\Gamma_L}{\Gamma_T}$ $<$ 1 in the lower and higher $q^2$ region as well as in the whole physical region. This means the semileptonic $B_c$ decays to S-wave charmonium vector states take place in predominantly transverse mode. These theoretical predictions could be tested in the ongoing and forthcoming experiments. With the possible data on $B_c$ decays expected from the LHC experiments one can extract the accurate value of CKM parameter which would provide an important consistency check for the standard model.
CONSTITUENT QUARK ORBITALS AND MOMENTUM PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES
===============================================================
In RIQ model a meson is picturised as a color-singlet assembly of a quark and an antiquark independently confined by an effective and average flavor independent potential in the form: $U(r)=\frac{1}{2}(1+\gamma^0)(ar^2+V_0)$ where ($a$, $V_0$) are the potential parameters. It is believed that the zeroth order quark dynamics generated by the phenomological confining potential $U(r)$ taken in equally mixed scalar-vector harmonic form can provide adequate tree level description of the decay process being analyzed in this work. With the interaction potential $U(r)$ put into the zeroth order quark lagrangian density, the ensuing Dirac equation admits static solution of positive and negative energy as: $$\begin{aligned}
\psi^{(+)}_{\xi}(\vec r)\;&=&\;\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\frac{ig_{\xi}(r)}{r} \\
\frac{{\vec \sigma}.{\hat r}f_{\xi}(r)}{r}
\end{array}\;\right)U_{\xi}(\hat r)
\nonumber\\
\psi^{(-)}_{\xi}(\vec r)\;&=&\;\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\frac{i({\vec \sigma}.{\hat r})f_{\xi}(r)}{r}\\
\frac{g_{\xi}(r)}{r}
\end{array}\;\right){\tilde U}_{\xi}(\hat r)\end{aligned}$$ where, $\xi=(nlj)$ represents a set of Dirac quantum numbers specifying the eigen-modes; $U_{\xi}(\hat r)$ and ${\tilde U}_{\xi}(\hat r)$ are the spin angular parts given by, $$\begin{aligned}
U_{ljm}(\hat r) &=&\sum_{m_l,m_s}<lm_l\;{1\over{2}}m_s|
jm>Y_l^{m_l}(\hat r)\chi^{m_s}_{\frac{1}{2}}\nonumber\\
{\tilde U}_{ljm}(\hat r)&=&(-1)^{j+m-l}U_{lj-m}(\hat r)\end{aligned}$$ With the quark binding energy $E_q$ and quark mass $m_q$ written in the form $E_q^{\prime}=(E_q-V_0/2)$, $m_q^{\prime}=(m_q+V_0/2)$ and $\omega_q=E_q^{\prime}+m_q^{\prime}$, one can obtain solutions to the resulting radial equation for $g_{\xi}(r)$ and $f_{\xi}(r)$in the form: $$\begin{aligned}
g_{nl}&=& N_{nl} (\frac{r}{r_{nl}})^{l+l}\exp (-r^2/2r^2_{nl})
L_{n-1}^{l+1/2}(r^2/r^2_{nl})\nonumber\\
f_{nl}&=& N_{nl} (\frac{r}{r_{nl}})^{l}\exp (-r^2/2r^2_{nl})\nonumber\\
&\times &\left[(n+l-\frac{1}{2})L_{n-1}^{l-1/2}(r^2/r^2_{nl})
+nL_n^{l-1/2}(r^2/r^2_{nl})\right ]\end{aligned}$$ where, $r_{nl}= a\omega_{q}^{-1/4}$ is a state independent length parameter, $N_{nl}$ is an overall normalization constant given by $$N^2_{nl}=\frac{4\Gamma(n)}{\Gamma(n+l+1/2)}\frac{(\omega_{nl}/r_{nl})}
{(3E_q^{\prime}+m_q^{\prime})}$$ and $L_{n-1}^{l+1/2}(r^2/r_{nl}^2)$ etc. are associated Laguerre polynomials. The radial solutions yields an independent quark bound-state condition in the form of a cubic equation: $$\sqrt{(\omega_q/a)} (E_q^{\prime}-m_q^{\prime})=(4n+2l-1)$$ The solution of the cubic equation provides the zeroth order binding energies of the confined quark and antiquark for all possible eigenmodes.
In the relativistic independent particle picture of this model, the constituent quark and antiquark are thought to move independently inside the $B_c$-meson bound state with momentum $\vec p_b$ and $\vec p_c$, respectively. Their individual momentum probability amplitudes are obtained in this model via momentum projection of respective quark orbitals (A1) in following forms: For ground state mesons:($n=1$,$l=0$) $$\begin{aligned}
G_b(\vec p_b)&=&{{i\pi {\cal N}_b}\over {2\alpha _b\omega _b}}
\sqrt {{(E_{p_b}+m_b)}\over {E_{p_b}}}(E_{p_b}+E_b)\exp {(-{
{\vec p}^2\over {4\alpha_b}})}\nonumber\\
{\tilde G}_c(\vec p_c)&=&-{{i\pi {\cal N}_c}\over {2\alpha _c\omega _c}}
\sqrt {{(E_{p_c}+m_c)}\over {E_{p_c}}}(E_{p_c}+E_c)\exp {(-{
{\vec p}^2\over {4\alpha_c}})}\end{aligned}$$
For the excited meson state:(n=2, l=0) $$\begin{aligned}
G_b(\vec p_b)&=&{{i\pi {\cal N}_b}\over {2\alpha _b}}
\sqrt {{(E_{p_b}+m_b)}\over {E_{p_b}}} {(E_{p_b}+E_b)\over{(E_b+m_b)}}
({\vec {p_b}^2\over {2\alpha _b}}-{3\over 2})
\exp {(-{{\vec p_b}^2\over {4\alpha_b}})}\nonumber\\
{\tilde G}_c(\vec p_c)&=&{{i\pi {\cal N}_c}\over {2\alpha _c}}
\sqrt {{(E_{p_c}+m_c)}\over {E_{p_c}}}
{(E_{p_c}+E_c)\over {(E_c+m_c)}}
({\vec {p_c}^2\over {2\alpha _c}}-{3\over 2})
\exp {(-{
{\vec p_c}^2\over {4\alpha_c}})}\end{aligned}$$ For the excited meson state (n=3, l=0) $$\begin{aligned}
G_b(\vec p_b)&=&{{i\pi {\cal N}_b}\over {2\alpha _b}}
\sqrt {{(E_{p_b}+m_b)}\over {E_{p_b}}} {(E_{p_b}+E_b)\over{(E_b+m_b)}}
({\vec {p_b}^4\over {8 {\alpha _b}^2}}-{{5{\vec p_b}^2}\over {4\alpha_b}}+{{15\over 8}})
\exp {(-{{\vec p_b}^2\over {4\alpha_b}})}\nonumber\\
{\tilde G}_c(\vec p_c)&=&{{i\pi {\cal N}_c}\over {2\alpha _c}}
\sqrt {{(E_{p_c}+m_c)}\over {E_{p_c}}}
{(E_{p_c}+E_c)\over {(E_c+m_c)}}
({\vec {p_c}^4\over {8 {\alpha _c}^2}}-{{5{\vec p_c}^2}\over {4\alpha_c}}+{{15\over 8}})
\exp {(-{{\vec p_c}^2\over {4\alpha_c}})}
\end{aligned}$$ The binding energies of constituent quark and antiquark for the ground state of $B_c$ meson as well as the ground and excited final meson states for n=1,2,3; l=0 can also be obtained by solving respective cubic equations representing appropriate bound state conditions.
The library and computational facilities provided by the authorities of Siksha ’O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubanaeswar, 751030, India are duly acknowledged.
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[^1]: email address:[email protected]
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Every five years, close to the general elections, the debate over having more women representation in ticket distribution and in Parliament begins in all earnest and with the hope that this time would be different. Only for people to realise that more things change the more they remain the same. When it comes to deciding candidates, it is the women, yet again, who are left out. Is it the political organisation’s inability to have faith in women to deliver results or is it because women are missing in the core decision-making bodies of most political parties? It is a mix of both.
The story continues in the 2019 general elections, in which we have seen a mere 11% of women candidates in the first three phases. So, is 33% reservation for women merely a lip service? Clearly, it is for political parties across the spectrum to deliver on this. However, at the regional level, two political parties have managed to deliver on their commitment to field more than 33% women candidates.
There are enough statistics to show that, on one hand, women are turning out...
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An in vitro study of the effects of serotonin on frog primary afferent terminals.
The effects of serotonin on the membrane potential of primary afferent terminals of isolated hemisected frog spinal cords was investigated by sucrose gap recordings from dorsal root. Serotonin produced two distinctive changes in primary afferent terminal membrane potential: modest (about 0.5 mV) hyperpolarizations in low concentrations (0.01-1.0 microM) and larger (about 1.0 mV) slow depolarizations in higher concentrations (3.0-100 microM). The hyperpolarizations appeared related to a direct activation of 5-HT1A receptors on afferent terminals. The depolarizations were attributed to both direct and indirect actions and appeared to be generated by activation of 5-HT2 and/or 5-HT1C receptors. The results suggest that 5-HT released from terminals in the frog dorsal horn could exert a modulatory action on the afferent input of the spinal cord, but different effects generated by activation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes are dependent upon the concentration of the amine.
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Detection of Pentatrichomonas hominis in dogs using real-time PCR.
Trichomonadidae family is a protozoan occurring in different animal species. It inhabits the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. P. hominis is rarely found in faecal samples of dogs, and its identification and differentiation from other trichomonads by light microscopy are difficult. Methods of molecular biology are the most effective in this case, because they confirm the presence of the specific species in animal organisms, irrespective of the protozoan form. The aim of this study was to find P. hominis in selected dog kennels in North-Eastern Poland. Forty-one faecal samples of dogs from 7 dog kennels were examined. The occurrence of P. hominis in 5 faecal samples of dogs with no symptoms of diarrhoea was the first one to be confirmed in Poland.
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Beth and her mom wanted a frog-prince groom’s cake so she could have a great photo opportunity kissing her Frog Prince. And of course it was red velvet – Steel Magnolias-style. My first sculpted cake. Green fondant, gold lustre-dusted gumpaste crown.
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As Hollywood's elite check in to Los Angeles' most glamorous hotels for the Oscars this weekend, we pick 10 brilliant places to stay beyond the celebrity haunts, from family-run guesthouses to boutique motels and quirky B&Bs
Big-hitter LA hotels such as the Beverly Wilshire or the Hollywood Roosevelt are so well-publicised and celebrity-haunted that they often blind tourists to more distinctive, reasonably priced accommodation in the city. Hidden in nooks, crannies and side-roads of the City of Angels, there are, contrary to popular perception, numerous family-run guesthouses, intimate boutique hotels and even quirky little B&BS. You just have know where to look.
The Cadillac
Built in 1914, the looming pink and turquoise art deco Cadillac Hotel is on the border of Venice and Santa Monica, with rooms looking out on Santa Monica bay and along the coastline to Malibu. It was once the summer residence of Charlie Chaplin and you'll find a host of eccentrics on your doorstep. From bodybuilders to fire-eaters, you'll never see anything boring from your window at The Cadillac.
The rooms are functional, although sometimes smell like they've been hot-boxed by over-excited backpackers who've discovered the numerous "medical marijuana" dispensaries on the beach. Despite recent renovations, it's still a backpacker hotel at heart, and everyone's up for a good time. The view from the roof is the best place to watch the sunset, and you're bound to find people to share a beer with.
• 8 Dudley Avenue, Venice, +1 310 399 8876, thecadillachotel.com. Doubles from $133
The Hollywood Pensione
Zen room
This family-run, three-room guest house in East Hollywood is achingly chic, while retaining a homely vibe. Hidden in a 1915 Craftsman house on the edge of Franklin Village, it has sleek and unpretentious rooms, each with a private bath. There's also a common lounge with a balcony, and access to a fully-equipped guest kitchen.
Franklin Village is the haunt of local artists and writers by day, and hipsters by night. You'll find one of the best second-hand bookstores in LA, called Counterpoint, within skipping distance of your bedroom, as well as the best comedy-theatre, the Upright Citizens Brigade. Eat in the numerous restaurants in the village or buy groceries at the Mayfair Market and cook in the Hollywood Pensione's superbly kitted out and colorful kitchen. Then eat on the balcony, under the stars.
• 1845 North Wilton Place, Hollywood, +1 323 369 2411, hollywoodpensione.com. Doubles $165 ($875 weekly)
Farmer's Daughter
Farmer’s Daughter Hotel, LA
This has recently been renovated from a very basic roadside motel into a surreal tongue-in-cheek hotel that boasts all the cinematic charm of a seedy motel, with all the comfort of a beautifully designed boutique hotel.
"You have to keep to your roots," the manager winked at me one morning as he explained that the original Farmer's Daughter motel was a notorious haunt for desperate starlets new to the city, hoping to bump into producers from CBS Studios, just opposite. The hotel still harks back to kinkier days, while also offering free Wi-Fi and 24-hour secured valet parking. There are brightly coloured rocking chairs in the rooms, gingham curtains, denim bedspreads and if you're in the mood for love there's a "No-Tell Room" where you'll find mirrors on the ceiling and a fully stocked bar, as well as a mural of a wheat field to inspire a roll around in the hay.
Being just across the road from the Farmer's Market, the Farmer's Daughter is walking distance from the shops on Melrose, or a cultural wander down Museum Row. If jet lag has you awake before the market is open for breakfast, you can potter up Fairfax to Canter's, a 24-hour deli that's been a Los Angeles Landmark since 1931.
• 115 South Fairfax Ave, Los Angeles, +1 800 334 1658, farmersdaughterhotel.com. Doubles from $219, $239 for the "No-Tell Room"
Hotel Figueroa
Hotel Figueroa, LA
Located opposite the Staples Center in the urban heart of Downtown Los Angeles, stepping into the lobby of Hotel Figueroa is like stumbling on a Moroccan Riad. With high, mural-covered ceilings hung with amber lamps, and giant palm trees lolling next to faux-marble pillars, it's an unexpected oasis in the bustling concrete jungle of downtown.
It used to be a YMCA and it still has something of that vibe, but with more soul. It's bohemian rather than slick, but it's by far my favorite hotel down town. In the veranda bar, stained-glass windows spin LA's white light into colored patterns as you sip a mid-afternoon beer, then later in the evening you can take a mojito up to the Jacuzzi terrace, surrounded by cactus plants and skyscrapers.
• 939 South Figueroa Street, Los Angeles, +1 213 627 8971, figueroahotel.com. Doubles from $144
The Magic Castle Hotel
Magic Castle Hotel
One sure-fire way to gain entrance into the iconic and secretive Magic Castle, the world's most famous private members' club for magicians and magic enthusiasts, is to stay in the nearby Magic Castle Hotel. Don't expect this friendly, motel-style hotel to have any of the opulence and mystery of the hotel's nocturnal cousin, though. There are no magicians' assistants lounging by the pool, or rabbits scrambling out of hats in the lobby, so if you're after high-drama look elsewhere. It is, however, clean and reasonably priced considering it's minutes from The Walk of Fame and Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Better still, after a hard day of sight-seeing on Hollywood Boulevard, the Magic Castle hotel will provide frozen popsicles while you sunbathe in their courtyard pool.
• 7025 Franklin Avenue, Hollywood, +1-323-851-0800, magiccastlehotel.com. Doubles from $164
Highland Gardens Hotel
Highland Gardens Hotel, LA
The monochrome lobby, flooded with natural light and decorated with pristine white sofas, might as well be a different hotel from the old-fashioned guest rooms with their somewhat shiny bedspreads and patterned curtains, but it's still a reasonably priced and convenient place to stay in Los Angeles. Located near all the tourist sites of Hollywood Boulevard, this is slightly more grown up and slicker than the Magic Castle Hotel. There's a pool surrounded by a palm trees, and some of the rooms have private kitchen facilities. Try to get a courtyard-facing room.
It's worth knowing that the Highland Gardens Hotel was formerly the Landmark Hotel, where Janis Joplin died, so if you're feeling morbid, book room 105.
• 7047 Franklin Ave., Hollywood, +1 323 850 0536, highlandgardenshotel.com. Doubles from $119
Garden Cottage B&B
The Garden Cottage, LA
At the base of the Hollywood Hills, on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, is the quaint Garden Cottage B&B, where the proprietors, Ahuva and Bob, are known for providing superb organic breakfasts in their garden and great local knowledge.
Of the four rooms, the Terrace Room is probably the prettiest, with a mahogany double bed and a large balcony overlooking the garden. Alternatively you can rent your own little cottage, called The Garden Cottage, with its own private living room and kitchen. This serene little B&B is located just on the edge of glamorous Beverly Hills, near the Beverly Center, so if the wholesome organic vibe gets too much, you can use the money you've saved on accommodation to binge on Louboutin shoes.
• 8316 West 4th Street, +1 323 653 5616, gardencottagela.com. Doubles from $155
Topanga Canyon Inn
Topanga Canyon Inn, LA
This isn't the place to stay if you want to spend your evenings dancing in West Hollywood with Paris Hilton or getting drunk with the girls from America's Next Top Model, but it is if you want to experience the grandeur of the Californian countryside. Tucked among the caves, cliffs and canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains, Topanga Canyon boasts nearly 40 miles of trails and views of the Pacific Ocean, Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley.
It's a perfect jumping off point for mountain biking, horse riding or hiking, and it's also near a secret, romantic little bay called Topanga State Beach, which is quieter than other Malibu beaches because it has a rocky surface under the waves. The Topanga Canyon Inn is also convenient for the Getty, if you're looking for a splash of culture between hikes and early morning horse rides.
• 20310 Callon Drive, Topanga, +1 310 600-1325, topangacanyoninn.com. Doubles from $190
Cinema Suites Bed and Breakfast
Cinema Suites Bed and Breakfast, LA
This hotel was opened by Dianne Bennet because her show-biz friends were always asking for recommendations for reasonably priced, central Los Angeles hotels, of which she decided there were none. And so Cinema Suites was born with three simple, homely rooms right near LACMA, the Craft and Folk Art Museum, and the George C Page Park. It's slightly cluttered, a bit like the house of an eccentric family member, but well worth it just to meet the proprietor.
In addition to running the Cinema Suites, Dianne has been described as "LA's best matchmaker" and has apparently been operating nationwide since 1990. She claims to have a little black book full of industry contacts and her speciality is arranging matches between glamorous women and wealthy men. So if you're a single woman looking for a sugar-daddy, the Cinema Suites Bed and Breakfast might well be the place to head.
• 925 South Fairfax Avenue, +1 323 272-3160, cinemasuites.biz. Doubles from $120
Loz Feliz Lodge
The Los Feliz Lodge encompasses four separate Spanish-style 1920s bungalows, each with colorful living rooms and kitchens. It's almost like having your own little flat in the heart of Los Angeles, but with less hassle, and with people to clean up after you.
The Lodge is walking distance to Los Feliz Village, where you can sip a milkshake in Fred 62, an iconic 1950s diner, or scour LA's favourite independent bookstore, Skylight Books. You can also have one too many martinis in a Los Angeles drinking institution called The Dresdon while listening to Marty and Elayne – a lounge act duo who have been performing there since 1982 – and know that you can stumble home to your own little bungalow without getting in a car. Bliss.
• 1501, 1503 and 1507 North Hoover Street, Los Angeles, , +1 323 660 4150, losfelizlodge.com. Doubles from $150
• Anna Stothard's novel The Pink Hotel, partly inspired by the Cadillac Hotel on Venice Beach and about an English girl in Los Angeles, is now out in paperback (Alma Books, £7.99, tinyurl.com/pinkhotelstothard)
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Wales's four regions will have showdown talks with the Welsh Rugby Union next week, ready to take legal action for the right to play in cross-border tournaments without needing permission from their governing body.
The regions are angry that the WRU used last month's international programme to try to persuade players who are coming out of contract with the regions at the end of the season, including Sam Warburton, Leigh Halfpenny and Alun Wyn Jones, not to sign new deals.
The participation agreement between the regions and the WRU, which covers the release of players to Wales, runs out at the end of the season. The union has given the four until the end of the month to commit to what would be a rolling on of the agreement until 2018 with no extra money.
The players were told that if the regions did not sign an agreement which would mean that they would receive the same amount in real terms in 2018 as they did in 2009, the union would offer them central contracts and look to set up their own teams.
The regions and the WRU will meet on Wednesday when the professional rugby game board convenes for the final time before the 31 December participation agreement deadline. One reason that the four have refused to sign is uncertainty over the future of the Heineken Cup and the offers that have been made to players in the last year of their deals are conditional on there being a European tournament next season.
The regions pledged their support for the Rugby Champions Cup, a tournament proposed by the England and French clubs to replace the Heineken Cup, only for the WRU to commit them to the competition run by European Rugby Cup Ltd at a meeting of unions in Dublin towards the end of last month.
The regions have taken legal advice and believe a precedent set 20 years ago makes success against the WRU more likely than not. Newport County, the football club which had been reformed after going bankrupt, was told by the Football Association of Wales that it would no longer be able to play in the English league system and had to take part in what was the then League of Wales. The club took the FAW to the high court and won, and last season secured promotion back to the Football League.
"The WRU, by telling us we have to play in the Heineken Cup with a more modest increase in funding than the other teams in the tournament at a time when we receive less centrally than any of them, are not allowing us to run our business properly," said one regional official. "It amounts to a restraint of trade. We believe we have the right to explore opportunities elsewhere, whether it is an Anglo-Welsh league or an alternative to the Heineken Cup. We are being squeezed by our own union to the point where they are telling our players not to sign contracts. This cannot go on."
The regions are considering calling an extraordinary general meeting of the Welsh Rugby Union and proposing a vote of no confidence in the executive, not because they entertain any prospect of winning but because there is a desire to make their dealings with the union in the last couple of years public.
Some players have already decided not to get involved in the crossfire. The second-row Ian Evans is leaving Ospreys for Toulon and the region has given permission to the Wales hooker Richard Hibbard, who has another season on his contract, to talk to Wasps and will not demand a transfer fee if the forward agrees terms out of respect for the 10 years he has spent with the side. Contract offers to his fellow Lions Alun Wyn Jones and Adam Jones remain on the table.
Scarlets hope to retain the fly-half Rhys Priestland, a target for Gloucester, and the centre Scott Williams, but the lack of progress on Europe has made the four regions, who have agreed to stick together and speak as one, determined to go their own way if talks with the WRU next week yield nothing.
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Nun costume
With the nuns costume you verkleidest you as a pious nun
You always wanted to even wear a habit? And maybe experience the frivolous side of a nun on your body? Then Disguise yourself with the nun costume for theme parties & Carnival parties in a not so pious nun and let times of explosive fun.Because even in the broad Walle gown can really make party and the men turn their heads.Surely God suppressed because sometimes one eye!
The nun costume includes the classic black and white Have elasticated and long black habit who has a white collar.To round out your divine Look, we recommend Rosary Necklace & Earrings Set ,
1 x nun costume
Content: 1 x Habit, 1 x hood
Color: black-and-white
Size: One Size
Material: 100% Polyester
Jewelery not included
Caution: This item is a fancy dress for adults and not a toy.Not suitable for children under 3 years.May contain small parts that could be swallowed.There is thus the danger of suffocation.Keep away from fire and flames
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---
abstract: 'We show that the pretensor and tensor products of simplicial sets with marking are compatible with the homotopy theory of saturated $N$-complicial sets (which are a proposed model of $(\infty,N)$-categories), in the form of a Quillen bifunctor and a homotopical bifunctor, respectively.'
address:
- 'Fakultät für Mathematik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany'
- 'Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia '
- 'Centre of Australian Category Theory, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia '
author:
- Viktoriya Ozornova
- Martina Rovelli
- Dominic Verity
bibliography:
- 'ref.bib'
title: 'Gray tensor product and saturated $N$-complicial sets'
---
Overview {#overview .unnumbered}
========
Higher category theory is becoming increasingly important as a unifying language for various areas of mathematics, most notably for algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, where many relevant structures occur naturally as *$(\infty,N)$-categories*, rather than strict $N$-categories. In this article, we are concerned with an $(\infty,N)$-categorical version of the *Crans–Gray tensor product* [@GrayFormalCategoryTheory; @CransOmega], originally defined for strict $N$-categories in order to encode different flavors of lax natural transformations.
The model of $(\infty,N)$-categories that we consider, due to the third-named author, is that of *saturated $N$-complicial sets*. A saturated $N$-complicial set is a simplicial set with marking satisfying extra conditions that guarantee that the marked simplices behave as higher equivalences. In [@VerityComplicialAMS], he constructed two pointset models of the Gray tensor product of simplicial sets with marking: the tensor $\otimes$ and the pretensor $\boxtimes$, homotopically equivalent but each with different valuable properties, and showed that they are compatible with the homotopy theory of (non-saturated) $N$-complicial sets.
In this note, we provide the extra verification that enables us to conclude that the pretensor and the tensor products $\boxtimes$ and $\otimes$ are in fact also compatible with the model structure for *saturated* $N$-complicial sets, in a sense that will be made precise by \[tensorhomotopical,pretensorbiquillen\].
For any $N\in\mathbb N$, the bifunctors $\boxtimes$ and $\otimes$ are homotopical with respect to the model structure on simplicial sets with marking for saturated $N$-complicial sets, which model $(\infty,N)$-categories.
The theorem was proven for $N=1$ by Joyal [@JoyalVolumeII Thm 6.1] in the context of quasi-categories and by Lurie [@htt Cor. 3.1.4.3] in the context of marked simplicial sets. During the final work on the completion of this paper, analogous result was shown for $N=2$ by Gagna–Harpaz–Lanari [@GagnaHarpazLanariGray] in the context of scaled simplicial sets. For general $N$, the result was previously obtained by the third-named author, and recently rediscovered by the first two authors.
Beside for its own interest, the result would play a role in work by Campion–Kapulkin–Maehara, in comparing cubical models of $(\infty,N)$-categories to saturated $N$-complicial sets, as indicated in [@CampionKapulkinMaehara Rmk 7.3, Conj. 7.4].
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
----------------
We would like to thank Emily Riehl for bringing the problem treated in this paper to the attention of the first two authors, and Lennart Meier for helpful conversations on this project. [This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS-1440140 while the authors were in residence at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California, during the Spring 2020 semester. The first-named author thankfully acknowledges the financial support by the DFG grant OZ 91/2-1 with the project nr. 442418934. The third-named author was supported by the Discovery Project DP190102432 from the Australian Research Council.]{}
Background on simplicial sets with marking
==========================================
We recall in this section the background material on simplicial sets with marking, saturated complicial sets, and on the pretensor and tensor product, $\boxtimes$ and $\otimes$.
A *simplicial set with marking*[^1] is a simplicial set with a designated subset of *marked* or *thin* positive-dimensional simplices that includes all degenerate simplices. A *map of simplicial sets with marking* is a simplicial map that preserves the marking. We denote by ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}$ the category of simplicial sets with marking and maps of simplicial sets with marking.
The model structures on simplicial sets with marking
----------------------------------------------------
The following notational conventions will be used to define saturated $N$-complicial sets and to describe the model structure for $N$-complicial sets on ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}$. The material is mostly drawn from [@VerityComplicialI 2.1-2.2], [@EmilyNotes] and [@or 1], and we refer the reader to these references for a more detailed account.
\[preliminarynotation\] We denote
- by $\Delta[-1]$ the empty simplicial set.
- by $\Delta[m]$ the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is $\Delta[m]$ and in which only degenerate simplices are marked.
- by $\partial\Delta[m]$ the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is $\partial\Delta[m]$ and in which only degenerate simplices are marked.
- by $\Delta[m]_{t}$ the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is $\Delta[m]$ and in which only degenerate simplices and the top $m$-simplex are marked.
- by $\Delta^k[m]$, for $0\leq k \leq m$, the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is $\Delta[m]$ and in which a non-degenerate simplex is marked if and only if it contains the vertices $\{k-1,k,k+1\}\cap [m]$.
- by $\Delta^k[m]'$, for $0\leq k \leq m$, the simplicial set with marking obtained from $\Delta^k[m]$ by additionally marking the $(k-1)$-st and $(k+1)$-st face of $\Delta[m]$.
- by $\Delta^k[m]''$, for $0\leq k \leq m$, the simplicial set with marking obtained from $\Delta^k[m]'$ by additionally marking the $k$-th face of $\Delta[m]$.
- by $\Lambda^k[m]$, for $0\leq k \leq m$, the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is the $k$-horn $\Lambda^k[m]$ and whose simplex is marked if and only if it is marked in $\Delta^k[m]$.
- by ${\Delta[3]_{eq}}$ the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is $\Delta[3]$, and the non-degenerate marked simplices consist of all $2$- and $3$-simplices, as well as $1$-simplices $[02]$ and $[13]$.
- by $\Delta[3]_\sharp$ the simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is $\Delta[3]$, and all simplices in positive dimensions are marked.
- by ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}|\ell]}}}$, for $\ell,\ell'\ge-1$, the simplicial set with marking $\Delta[\ell']\star{\Delta[3]_{eq}}\star\Delta[\ell]$.
- by ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}}$, for $\ell,\ell'\ge-1$, the simplicial set with marking $\Delta[\ell']\star\Delta[3]_{\sharp}\star\Delta[\ell]$.
Here, $\star$ denotes the join of simplicial sets with marking, which can be found in [@VerityComplicialI Observation 34] or [@EmilyNotes Def. 3.2.5], and which we recall for the reader’s convenience.
Given simplicial sets with marking $X$ and $Y$, the *join* $X\star Y$ is a simplicial set with marking whose underlying simplicial set is the join of the underlying simplicial sets, and in which an $r$-simplex $x\star y\colon\Delta[k]\star\Delta[r-k-1]\to X\star Y$ for $-1\le k\le r$ is marked if and only if the simplex $x$ is marked in $X$ or the simplex $y$ is marked in $Y$ (or both).
\[anodynemaps\] For $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$, an *elementary $(\infty,N)$-anodyne extension* is one of the following.
1. The *complicial horn extension*, i.e., the canonical map $$\Lambda^k[m]\to \Delta^k[m]\text{ for $m\geq 1$ and $0\leq k\leq m$},$$ which is the ordinary horn inclusion on the underlying simplicial sets.
2. The *complicial thinness extension*, i.e., the canonical map $$\Delta^k[m]' \to \Delta^k[m]''\text{ for $m\geq 2$ and $0\leq k \leq m$},$$ which is the identity on the underlying simplicial set.
3. The *left saturation extension*, i.e., the canonical map $${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}} \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}} \text{ for $\ell\geq -1$},$$ which is the identity on the underlying simplicial set.
4. The *triviality extension* map, i.e., the canonical map $$\Delta[p]\to \Delta[p]_t\text{ for $p>N$},$$ which is the identity on the underlying simplicial set.
We point out that the parameter $N$ only plays a role in the triviality anodyne extension in (3). In particular, complicial horn extensions, thinness extensions and saturation anodyne extensions are $(\infty,N)$-anodyne for every $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$.
Let $X$ be a simplicial set with marking, and $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$.
1. $X$ is a *complicial set*, also called a *weak complicial set*, if it has the right lifting property with respect to the complicial horn anodyne extensions $\Lambda^k[m]\to \Delta^k[m]$ and the thinness anodyne extensions $\Delta^k[m]' \to \Delta^k[m]''$ for $m\geq 1$ and $0\leq k\leq m$.
2. $X$ is a *saturated complicial set* if it is a complicial set and it has the right lifting property with respect to the left saturation anodyne extensions ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}} \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}$ for $\ell\geq -1$.
3. $X$ is a *saturated $N$-complicial set* if it is a saturated complicial set and it has the right lifting property with respect to the triviality anodyne extensions $\Delta[p]\to \Delta[p]_t$ for $p>N$.
For any $N\in\mathbb N$, saturated $N$-complicial sets are a proposed model for $(\infty,N)$-categories[^2], and we refer the reader to [@VerityComplicialAMS; @EmilyNotes; @or] for a description of the intuition behind this combinatorics.
Roughly speaking, according to the intuition that the $r$-simplices of a simplicial set with marking represent $r$-morphisms and that the marked simplices represent $r$-equivalences, we can rephrase as follows.
1. In a complicial set $r$-morphisms can be composed, and composite of $r$-equivalences is an $r$-equivalence.
2. In a saturated complicial set $r$-equivalences satisfy the two-out-of-six property.
3. In a saturated $N$-complicial set all $r$-morphisms are equivalences in dimension $r>N$.
There is a model structure on ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}$ for saturated $N$-complicial sets.
Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. There is a cofibrantly generated model structure on ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}$ in which
- the cofibrations are precisely the monomorphisms;
- the fibrant objects are precisely the saturated $N$-complicial sets;
- all elementary anodyne extensions are acyclic cofibrations.
We call this model structure the model structure for $(\infty,N)$-categories, or the model structure for saturated $N$-complicial sets, we denote it by ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$, and we call the acyclic cofibrations $(\infty,N)$-acyclic cofibrations.
As discussed in [@VerityComplicialI Example 21], the generating cofibrations for the model structure for $(\infty,N)$-categories are
- the *boundary inclusions* $$\partial\Delta[m]\to\Delta[m]\text{ for }m\ge0,$$
- and the *marking inclusions* $$\Delta[m]\to\Delta[m]_t\text{ for }m\ge1.$$
We mentioned that, by construction, all left saturation extensions ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}} \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}$ for $\ell\geq -1$ are acyclic cofibrations. In fact, even the saturation extensions of the more general form ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}|\ell]}}} \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}}$ for $\ell,\ell'\geq -1$ are acyclic cofibrations.
\[generalsaturation\] The *saturation extension* $${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}|\ell]}}} \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}}\quad\text{ for }\quad\ell,\ell'\geq -1$$ is acyclic cofibration.
The saturation extensions ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{eq}|\ell]}}} \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell'}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell'|3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}}$ have the left lifting property with respect to all saturated $N$-complicial sets, as shown [@RiehlVerityBook D.7], and since they are isomorphisms on the underlying simplicial sets they must also have the right lifting property with respect to all fibrations between saturated $N$-complicial sets. We then conclude that they are acyclic cofibrations as an instance of [@JT Lemma 7.14].
\[leftQuillen\] Let ${\mathcal{M}}$ be a model category. A left adjoint functor $F\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{\mathcal{M}}$ is left Quillen if and only if it respects cofibrations and sends all elementary anodyne extensions to weak equivalences of ${\mathcal{M}}$.
Pretensor and tensor product of simplicial sets with marking
------------------------------------------------------------
Inspired[^3] by the Crans–Gray tensor product of $\omega$-categories from [@GrayFormalCategoryTheory; @CransOmega], which can be thought as strict $\infty$-categories, Verity defined two models of Gray tensor products of simplicial sets with marking: the pretensor $\boxtimes$ and the tensor $\otimes$. In this paper, we will work with the definition of the tensor product $\otimes$, while the pretensor product $\boxtimes$ plays a more indirect role. For completeness, we recall both definitions.
For any $p,q\ge0$,
- the *degeneracy partition operator* is the map in $\Delta$ $$\Pi_1^{p,q}\colon[p+q]\to[p]\quad\text{ and }\quad\Pi_2^{p,q}\colon[p+q]\to[q]$$ defined by $$i\mapsto\left\{
\begin{array}{cc}
i & \text{ if } i\leq p\\
p & \text{ if } i>p
\end{array}\right.\quad\text{ and }\quad
i\mapsto\left\{
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \text{ if } i<p\\
i-p & \text{ if }i\geq p
\end{array}\right.$$
- the *face partition operator* is the map in $\Delta$ $$\amalg_1^{p,q}\colon[p]\to[p+q]\quad\text{ and }\quad\amalg_2^{p,q}\colon[q]\to[p+q]$$ defined by $$i\mapsto i\quad\text{ and }\quad
i\mapsto p+i.$$
As explained in [@VerityComplicialAMS 1.6], any non-degenerate $r$-simplex of $\Delta[r]\to\Delta[p]\times \Delta[q]$ can be pictured as a path of length $r$ in a rectangular grid of size $p\times q$. According to this interpretation, the $(p+q)$-simplex given by $(\Pi_1^{p,q}, \Pi_2^{p,q})\colon\Delta[p+q]\to\Delta[p]\times\Delta[q]$ is the path with first all to the right, then all up, as shown in the following picture for $p=3$ and $q=2$.
ł[1cm]{} in [0,1,2,3]{} in [0,1,2]{} (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a); (a00)–(a10); (a10)–(a20); (a20)–(a30); (a30)–(a31); (a31)–(a32);
Given simplicial sets with marking $X$ and $Y$, the *pretensor* $X\boxtimes Y$ is formed by taking the product of underlying simplicial sets and endowing it with a marking under which a non-degenerate $r$-simplex $(x, y) \colon\Delta[r]\to
X \times Y$ is marked if either
- it is a *mediator*, i.e., there exists $0 <k<r$ and $(r-1)$-simplices $x'\colon\Delta[r-1]\to X$ and $y'\colon\Delta[r-1]\to Y$ such that $x = s_{k-1}x'=x'\circ s^{k-1}$ and $y = s_ky'=y'\circ s^k$.
- it is a *crushed cylinder*, i.e., there exists a partition $p, q$ of $r=p+q$ and simplices $x'\colon\Delta[p]\to X$ and $y'\colon\Delta[q]\to Y$ such that $x = x'\circ\Pi^{p,q}_1$ and $y = y'\circ\Pi^{p,q}_2$, and either the simplex $x'$ is marked in $X$ or the simplex $y'$ is marked in $Y$ (or both).
It is proven in [@VerityComplicialI Lemma 142] that $\boxtimes$ is a bifunctor that preserves colimits in each variable. We then obtain the following adjunctions. Regarding the terminology of lax and oplax, we follow the same convention as e.g. [@LackIcons; @AraLucas].
For any simplicial set with marking $S$ there are adjunctions $$-\boxtimes S\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}\rightleftarrows{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}\colon[S,-]_{oplax}$$ and $$S\boxtimes -\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\rightleftarrows{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\colon[S,-]_{lax}.$$
However, the pretensor $\boxtimes$ is not associative, so it cannot be used to build a monoidal structure on ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}$. For this purpose, one can instead consider the tensor product $\otimes$ (which however does not preserve colimits).
Given simplicial sets with marking $X$ and $Y$, the *tensor* $X\otimes Y$ is formed by taking the product of underlying simplicial sets and endowing it with a marking under which a non-degenerate $r$-simplex $(x, y)\colon\Delta[r]\to
X \times Y$ is marked if for each $p,q\ge0$ the partition $r=p+q$ *cleaves* the simplex $(x,y)$, i.e., the $p$-simplex $x \circ\amalg^{p,q}_1$ is marked in $X$ or the $q$-simplex $ y\circ\amalg^{p,q}_2$ is marked in $Y$.
Pretensor and tensor are equivalent in the following sense.
\[EquivalentTensors\] For any simplicial sets with marking $X$ and $Y$ the canonical inclusion $$X\boxtimes Y\hookrightarrow X\otimes Y$$ is an $(\infty,N)$-acyclic cofibration for any $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. In particular there is an objectwise weak equivalence $$-\boxtimes -\simeq-\otimes -\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\times{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}.$$
To highlight the difference between the pretensor and the tensor, we briefly discuss an example. We refer the reader to [@VerityComplicialAMS 6.3] for a deeper treatment and for more details and examples.
We consider the case of $X=\Delta[2]_t$ and $Y=\Delta[1]$.
- the simplex $\Delta[2]\to\Delta[2]_t\times\Delta[1]$ depicted as
ł[1cm]{} in [0,1,2]{} in [0,1]{} (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a); (a10)–(a11); (a11)–(a21);
is a mediator, and is therefore marked in both $\Delta[2]_t\boxtimes\Delta[1]$ and $\Delta[2]_t\otimes\Delta[1]$.
- the simplex $\Delta[3]\to\Delta[2]_t\times\Delta[1]$ depicted as
ł[1cm]{} in [0,1,2]{} in [0,1]{} (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a); (a00)–(a10); (a10)–(a20); (a20)–(a21);
is a crushed cylinder, and is therefore marked in both $\Delta[2]_t\boxtimes\Delta[1]$ and $\Delta[2]_t\otimes\Delta[1]$.
- the simplex $\Delta[2]\to\Delta[2]_t\times\Delta[1]$ depicted as
ł[1cm]{} in [0,1,2]{} in [0,1]{} (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a); (a00)–(a11); (a11)–(a21);
is cleaved by every partition, and is therefore marked in $\Delta[2]_t\otimes\Delta[1]$, but it is not marked in $\Delta[2]_t\boxtimes\Delta[1]$.
- the simplex $\Delta[2]\to\Delta[2]_t\times\Delta[1]$ depicted as
ł[1cm]{} in [0,1,2]{} in [0,1]{} (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a); (a00)–(a10); (a10)–(a21);
is cleaved by the partitions $(2,0)$ and $(0,2)$, but not by the partition $(1,1)$, and is therefore not marked neither in $\Delta[2]_t\boxtimes\Delta[1]$ nor in $\Delta[2]_t\otimes\Delta[1]$.
The main theorem
================
The main result is the following.
\[pretensorquillen\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. For any simplicial set with marking $S$ the adjunction $$-\boxtimes S\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\rightleftarrows{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\colon[S,-]_{oplax}$$ is a Quillen pair. In particular, the functor $$-\boxtimes S\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$$ is homotopical.
The theorem admits many essentially equivalent reformulations or direct consequences, which we collect as corollaries.
Using \[EquivalentTensors\] we obtain the following corollary.
\[tensorhomotopical\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. For any simplicial set with marking $S$ the functor $$-\otimes S\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$$ is homotopical.
The statement can then be strengthened as follows.
\[tensorhomotopical\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. The functor $$-\otimes-\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\times{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$$ is homotopical.
\[opequivalence\] Let $f\colon X\to Y$ be a map of simplicial sets with marking. Then $f$ is a weak equivalence in the model structure for saturated $N$-complicial sets if and only if $f^{\operatorname{op}}$ is one.
We argue that $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ is left Quillen, so in particular homotopical, and hence respects weak equivalences. Given the canonical isomorphism $(X^{\operatorname{op}})^{\operatorname{op}}\cong X$ from [@VerityComplicialI Observation 38], we also obtain that $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ reflects weak equivalences, concluding the proof.
To see that $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$ is a left Quillen functor, we observe the following.
1. Since $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ is an isomorphism, if $X\to Y$ is a monomorphism, then $X^{\operatorname{op}}\to Y^{\operatorname{op}}$ is a monomorphism, so $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ preserves cofibrations.
2. By [@VerityComplicialAMS Observation 157], for for $m\geq 0$ and $0\leq k\leq m$ the map $\Lambda^k[m]^{\operatorname{op}}\to\Delta^k[m]^{\operatorname{op}}$ is the map $\Lambda^{m-k}[m]\to \Delta^{m-k}[m]$, which is a weak equivalence in the model structure for saturated $N$-complicial sets. In particular, $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ sends complicial horn extensions to weak equivalences.
3. By [@VerityComplicialAMS Observation 125], for $m\geq 0$ and $0\leq k\leq m$ the map $\Delta^k[m]'^{\operatorname{op}}\to\Delta^k[m]''^{\operatorname{op}}$ is the map $\Delta^{m-k}[m]'\to\Delta^{m-k}[m]''$, which is a weak equivalence in the model structure for saturated $N$-complicial sets. In particular, $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ sends thinness extensions to weak equivalences.
4. By [@VerityComplicialAMS Observation 107], for $p>N$ the map $\Delta[p]^{\operatorname{op}}\to\Delta[p]_t^{\operatorname{op}}$ is $\Delta[p]\to \Delta[p]_t$, which is a weak equivalence in the model structure for saturated $N$-complicial sets. In particular $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ sends triviality extensions for $p>N$ to weak equivalences.
5. For $\ell\ge-1$, one can use [@VerityComplicialI Observation 36] to show that the map ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}^{\operatorname{op}}\to{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}^{\operatorname{op}}$ is the map ${\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[|3_{eq}|\ell]}}}\to{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\Delta[|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[|3_{\sharp}|\ell]}}}$, which was shown in \[generalsaturation\] to be a weak equivalence in the model structure for saturated $N$-complicial sets. In particular, $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ sends left saturation extensions to weak equivalences.
By \[leftQuillen\], we then conclude that $(-)^{\operatorname{op}}$ is a left Quillen functor, as desired.
We already know from \[pretensorquillen\] that the functor $\otimes$ respects weak equivalences in the first variable, and we now check that it respects weak equivalences in the second variable, too. If $X\to Y$ is a weak equivalence, by \[opequivalence\] the map $X^{\operatorname{op}}\to Y^{\operatorname{op}}$ is a weak equivalence. By \[pretensorquillen\] the map $X^{\operatorname{op}}\boxtimes S^{\operatorname{op}}\to Y^{\operatorname{op}}\boxtimes S^{\operatorname{op}}$ is a weak equivalence. By \[EquivalentTensors\] the map $X^{\operatorname{op}}\otimes S^{\operatorname{op}}\to Y^{\operatorname{op}}\otimes S^{\operatorname{op}}$, which is by [@VerityComplicialAMS Lemma 131] the map $(S\otimes X)^{\operatorname{op}}\to (S\otimes Y)^{\operatorname{op}}$, is a weak equivalence. Using \[opequivalence\], the map $S\otimes X\to S\otimes Y$ is then a weak equivalence, as desired.
Using again \[EquivalentTensors\] we obtain the following corollary.
Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. The functor $$-\boxtimes-\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\times{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$$ is homotopical.
Since cofibrations in the model category ${m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$ are checked on the underlying simplicial set, we obtain the following corollary.
\[pretensorbiquillen\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. The functor $$-\boxtimes-\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\times{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$$ is a left Quillen bifunctor. In particular, for any simplicial set with marking $S$ the adjunction $$S\boxtimes -\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\rightleftarrows{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\colon[S,-]_{lax}$$ is a Quillen pair.
The formal part of the proof
----------------------------
In this subsection we prove \[pretensorquillen\] building on existing work of the third-named author and on a technical fact (\[pushouttensorsaturation\]) whose proof will be postponed until the last subsection.
\[pushoutpretensoranodynemarking\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. For any $m\ge0$ the pushout-pretensor $$(J\boxtimes \Delta[m]){\underset{I\boxtimes \Delta[m]}{{\amalg}}}(I\boxtimes \Delta[m]_t)\to J\boxtimes \Delta[m]_t$$ of an $(\infty,N)$-elementary anodyne extension $I\to J$ with the canonical map $\Delta[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta[m]_t$ is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration.
By [@VerityComplicialAMS Lemma 140] the pushout-pretensor of two *entire* maps in the sense of [@VerityComplicialAMS Notation 100], namely maps that are an isomorphism on the underying simplicial sets, is an isomorphism. Hence, in particular the pushout-pretensor of a complicial thinness extension $\Delta^k[m]'\hookrightarrow\Delta^k[m]''$ with the canonical map $\Delta[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta[m]_t$ is an isomorphism. Moreover, it is explained in the proof of [@VerityComplicialAMS Lemma 169] that the pushout-pretensor of a complicial horn extension $\Lambda^k[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta^k[m]$ with the canonical map $\Delta[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta[m]_t$ is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration.
\[pushoutpretensoranodyneboundary\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. For any $m\ge0$ the pushout-pretensor $$(J\boxtimes \partial\Delta[m]){\underset{I\boxtimes \partial\Delta[m]}{{\amalg}}}(I\boxtimes \Delta[m])\to J\boxtimes \Delta[m]$$ of an elementary $(\infty,N)$-anodyne extension $I\to J$ with a boundary inclusion $\partial\Delta[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta[m]$ is an $(\infty,N)$-acyclic cofibration.
We treat each type of elementary anodyne extension.
1. It is explained in the proof of [@VerityComplicialAMS Lemma 143] that the pushout-pretensor of an thinness elementary anodyne extension $\Delta^k[m]'\hookrightarrow\Delta^k[m]''$ with a boundary inclusion is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration.
2. It is explained in the proof of [@VerityComplicialAMS Lemma 169] that the pushout-pretensor of a complicial horn $\Lambda^k[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta^k[m]$ extension with a boundary inclusion is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration.
3. We will show in \[pushouttensorsaturation\] that the pushout-tensor of a left saturation extension ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\to{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}$ with a boundary inclusion is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration. By \[EquivalentTensors\] (together with the fact that the pushout that needs to be analyzed is in fact a homotopy pushout), this implies that also that the pushout-pretensor of a left saturation extension ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}$ with a boundary inclusion is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration.
4. We will show in \[pushoutpretensortriviality\] that the pushout-pretensor of a triviality extension $\Delta[p]\to\Delta[p]_t$ for $p>N$ with a boundary inclusion is an $(\infty,N)$-acyclic cofibration.
The proof above made use of the following two propositions.
\[pushoutpretensortriviality\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. For any $m\ge0$ and $p>N$ the pushout-pretensor $$( \Delta[p]_t\otimes \partial \Delta[m]) {\underset{\Delta[p] \otimes\partial \Delta[m] }{{\amalg}}} (\Delta[p]\otimes \Delta[m]) \to \Delta[p]_t \otimes \Delta[m]$$ of an $(\infty,N)$-triviality anodyne extension $\Delta[p]\to\Delta[p]_t$ with a boundary inclusion $\partial\Delta[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta[m]$ is an $(\infty,N)$-acyclic cofibration.
The simplicial sets with marking $( \Delta[p]_t\otimes \partial \Delta[m]) \amalg_{\Delta[p] \otimes\partial \Delta[m] } (\Delta[p]\otimes \Delta[m])$ and $\Delta[p]_t \otimes \Delta[m]$ have the same underlying simplicial set, isomorphic to $\Delta[p] \times \Delta[m]$. We observe that they also have the same set of marked $r$-simplices for $r<p$. Indeed, the set of marked simplices in dimension $r<p$ is already contained in $\partial\Delta[p]\otimes\Delta[m]$. Moreover, for any $r$-simplex $\sigma\colon\Delta[r]\to\Delta[p]_t \otimes \Delta[m]$ for $r\ge p$ we can consider the map of simplicial sets $$\Delta[r]\to( \Delta[p]_t\otimes \partial \Delta[m]) {\underset{\Delta[p] \otimes\partial \Delta[m] }{{\amalg}}} (\Delta[p]\otimes \Delta[m]),$$ and realize $\Delta[p]_t \otimes \Delta[m]$ as the pushout along the union of many triviality anodyne extensions: $$\begin{tikzcd}
\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta[r] \arrow[d]\arrow[r] & \coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta[r]_{t}\arrow[d]\\
( \Delta[p]_t\otimes \partial \Delta[m]) {\underset{\Delta[p] \otimes\partial \Delta[m] }{{\amalg}}} (\Delta[p]\otimes \Delta[m]) \arrow[r]&\Delta[p]_t \otimes \Delta[m]
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular, the inclusion in question is an $(\infty,N)$-acyclic cofibration, as desired.
\[pushouttensorsaturation\] Let $N\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$. For any $m\ge0$ and $\ell\geq -1$ the pushout-tensor $$({\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m] ) {\underset{{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}} \otimes \partial \Delta[m]}{{\amalg}}} ({\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m] ) \to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$$ of a saturation anodyne extension ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\to {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}$ with a boundary inclusion $\partial\Delta[m]\hookrightarrow\Delta[m]$ is an $(\infty,\infty)$-acyclic cofibration.
The proof of this proposition is postponed until the last section.
We can now prove the theorem.
To see that $-\boxtimes S\colon{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}\to{m\mathit{s}{{\mathcal{S}}\!\mathit{et}}}_{(\infty,N)}$ is a left Quillen functor, we observe the following.
- Since the underlyng simplicial set of the pretensor of simplicial sets with marking is product of the underlying simplicial sets, if $X\to Y$ is a monomorphism, then $X\boxtimes S\to Y\boxtimes S$ is a monomorphism at the level of underlying simplicial sets. In particular, $-\boxtimes S$ preserves cofibrations.
- If $I\to J$ is an elementary anodyne extension, the map $I\boxtimes S\to J\boxtimes S$ can be written as the pushout product $$J\boxtimes\Delta[-1]{\underset{I\boxtimes \Delta[-1]}{{\amalg}}} I \boxtimes S\to J\boxtimes S.$$ It can then be deduced from \[pushoutpretensoranodyneboundary,pushoutpretensoranodynemarking\] using the compatibility of pushouts and pretensor product with colimits that the functor $-\boxtimes S$ sends all elementary anodyne extensions to weak equivalences.
By \[leftQuillen\], we then conclude that the functor $-\boxtimes S$ is a left Quillen functor, as desired.
Proof of \[pushouttensorsaturation\]
------------------------------------
In this subsection we provide the last missing verification.
\[simplicesofS0\] A non-degenerate $r$-simplex $\sigma\colon \Delta[r]\to \Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$ is marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ (resp. ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$) if and only if[^4]
- the second projection $\operatorname{pr}_2\sigma$ is degenerate (in particular there exists a maximal $1\leq h\leq r$ such that $\operatorname{pr}_2\sigma(h-1)=\operatorname{pr}_2\sigma(h)$ and we call this $h$ the *degeneracy index* of $\sigma$), and
- the partition face $\amalg_1^{h, r-h}$ of the first projection $(\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma)\circ\amalg_1^{h,r-h}$ is marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}$ (resp. ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}$).
Informally speaking, the degeneracy index $h$ of a simplex $\sigma$ is the maximal value for which $\sigma(h)$ is the final point of a horizontal piece in the path that describes the simplex $\sigma$.
For simplicity of notation, we write $$S_0:=({\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m] ) {\underset{{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}} \otimes \partial \Delta[m]}{{\amalg}}} ({\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m] ).$$ and we show by induction on $l$ that the map $S_0\to{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ is an acyclic cofibration for any $m\geq 0$ and any $\ell\geq -1$.
The simplicial sets with marking $S_0$ and ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ have the same underlying simplicial set, isomorphic to $ \Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$. By \[simplicesofS0\], the $r$-simplices of ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ that are not marked in $S_0$ are then characterized as follows: An $r$-simplex is marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_0$ if and only if
- the second projection $\operatorname{pr}_2\sigma$ is surjective, so in particular $r\geq m$ and $$(\operatorname{pr}_2\sigma)\circ\amalg_2^{h,r-h}=\operatorname{id}_{\Delta[r-h]}\colon\Delta[r-h]\to\Delta[r-h],$$ and
- the partition face $\amalg_1^{h,r-h}$ of the first component $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ is of the form $$(\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma)\circ\amalg_1^{h,r-h}=\sigma'\star \sigma''\colon \Delta[h-2]\star \Delta[1]\to \Delta[\ell]\star \Delta[3]$$ with $\sigma''\in\{[01], [03], [12], [23]\}$ and $\sigma'$ non-degenerate.
We will now mark all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_0$ by constructing a sequence of entire acyclic cofibrations $$S_0\hookrightarrow S_1\hookrightarrow S_2\hookrightarrow S_3\hookrightarrow S_4\hookrightarrow S_5\hookrightarrow S_6\cong{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m],$$ which will prove the lemma. More precisely, we will mark
1. in $S_1$ exactly all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_0$ that are contained in a copy of ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ by means of induction hypothesis if $\ell>-1$.
2. in $S_2$ all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_1$ with $\sigma''\in\{[03],[23]\}$ (as well as other simplices) by means of saturation extensions. The generic simplex $\sigma$ that is being marked in $S_2$ can be depicted as follows.
ł[0.6cm]{} (0,0) circle (1pt) node (a00); (ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a10); (2\*ł, 0) node(a20)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a30); (0,ł) circle (1pt) node (a01); (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a11); (2\*ł, ł) node(a21)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a31); (0,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a02)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a12)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a22)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a32)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a03); (ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a13); (2\*ł, 3\*ł) node(a23)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a33); (4\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a40) node\[below\](l+1)[[$\ell+1$]{}]{}; (5\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a50) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+2)[[$\ell+2$]{}]{}; (6\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a60) node\[below\](l+3)[[$\ell+3$]{}]{}; (7\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a70) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+4)[[$\ell+4$]{}]{}; (4\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a41); (5\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a51); (6\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a61); (7\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a71); (4\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a42)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a52)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a62)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a72)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a43); (5\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a53); (6\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a63); (7\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a73); (0,4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a04); (ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a14); (2\*ł, 4\*ł) node(a24)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a34); (4\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a44); (5\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a54); (6\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a64); (7\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a74); (0,5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a05); (ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a15); (2\*ł, 5\*ł) node(a25)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a35); (4\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a45); (5\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a55); (6\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a65); (7\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a75); (0,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a06)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a16)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a26)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a36)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a46)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a56)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a66)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a76)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a07); (ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a17); (2\*ł, 7\*ł) node(a27)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a37); (4\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a47); (5\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a57); (6\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a67); (7\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a77); (a00.center)–(0.5,0.7); (a33.center)+(-0.5,-0.5) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\](targ); (0.5, 0.7)–(targ); (targ)–(a33.center); (a33.center)–(a43.center); (a43.center) to (a73.center); (a73.center) to (a74.center); (a74.center) to (a75.center); (a75.center) to ++(0,0.5\*ł); (a75.center) ++(0,0.5\*ł) to ++(0,0.7\*ł); (a75.center) ++(0,1.2\*ł)to (a77.center); (a73.south east) node\[xshift=-0.05cm\](labelh)[[$\sigma(h)$]{}]{}; (a00)+(-0.1cm,0)–node\[midway,yshift=-0.8cm, xshift=0.2cm\] [$\ell$ ]{}(a30)–++(0.5cm,0); (a70)+(0,-0.1cm)–node\[midway,yshift=0.2cm, xshift=0.8cm\] [$m$ ]{}(a77)–++(0,0.5cm);
3. in $S_3$ exactly all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_2$ with $\sigma''=[12]$ by means of thinness extensions. The generic simplex $\sigma$ that is being marked in $S_3$ can be depicted as follows.
ł[0.6cm]{} (0,0) circle (1pt) node (a00); (ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a10); (2\*ł, 0) node(a20)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a30); (0,ł) circle (1pt) node (a01); (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a11); (2\*ł, ł) node(a21)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a31); (0,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a02)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a12)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a22)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a32)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a03); (ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a13); (2\*ł, 3\*ł) node(a23)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a33); (4\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a40) node\[below\](l+1)[[$\ell+1$]{}]{}; (5\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a50) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+2)[[$\ell+2$]{}]{}; (6\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a60) node\[below\](l+3)[[$\ell+3$]{}]{}; (7\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a70) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+4)[[$\ell+4$]{}]{}; (4\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a41); (5\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a51); (6\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a61); (7\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a71); (4\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a42)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a52)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a62)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a72)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a43); (5\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a53); (6\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a63); (7\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a73); (0,4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a04); (ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a14); (2\*ł, 4\*ł) node(a24)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a34); (4\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a44); (5\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a54); (6\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a64); (7\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a74); (0,5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a05); (ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a15); (2\*ł, 5\*ł) node(a25)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a35); (4\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a45); (5\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a55); (6\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a65); (7\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a75); (0,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a06)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a16)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a26)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a36)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a46)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a56)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a66)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a76)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a07); (ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a17); (2\*ł, 7\*ł) node(a27)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a37); (4\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a47); (5\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a57); (6\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a67); (7\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a77); (a00.center)–(0.5,0.7); (a33.center)+(-0.5,-0.5) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\](targ); (0.5, 0.7)–(targ); (targ)–(a33.center); (a33.center) to \[bend right=15\](a53.center); (a53.center) to (a63.center); (a63.center) to (a64.center); (a64.center) to (a75.center); (a75.center) to ++(0,0.5\*ł); (a75.center) ++(0,0.5\*ł) to ++(0,0.7\*ł); (a75.center) ++(0,1.2\*ł)to (a77.center); (a64.south east) node\[xshift=0.2cm\](labelz)[[$\sigma(z)$]{}]{}; (a63.south east) node\[xshift=0.15cm\](labelh)[[$\sigma(h)$]{}]{}; (a00)+(-0.1cm,0)–node\[midway,yshift=-0.8cm, xshift=0.2cm\] [$\ell$ ]{}(a30)–++(0.5cm,0); (a70)+(0,-0.1cm)–node\[midway,yshift=0.2cm, xshift=0.8cm\] [$m$ ]{}(a77)–++(0,0.5cm);
4. in $S_4$ exactly all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_3$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting at most one of the values $l+3$ and $l+4$ by means of thinness extensions. The generic simplex $\sigma$ that is being marked in $S_4$ can be depicted as follows.
ł[0.6cm]{} (0,0) circle (1pt) node (a00); (ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a10); (2\*ł, 0) node(a20)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a30); (0,ł) circle (1pt) node (a01); (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a11); (2\*ł, ł) node(a21)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a31); (0,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a02)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a12)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a22)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a32)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a03); (ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a13); (2\*ł, 3\*ł) node(a23)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a33); (4\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a40) node\[below\](l+1)[[$\ell+1$]{}]{}; (5\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a50) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+2)[[$\ell+2$]{}]{}; (6\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a60) node\[below\](l+3)[[$\ell+3$]{}]{}; (7\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a70) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+4)[[$\ell+4$]{}]{}; (4\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a41); (5\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a51); (6\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a61); (7\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a71); (4\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a42)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a52)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a62)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a72)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a43); (5\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a53); (6\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a63); (7\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a73); (0,4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a04); (ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a14); (2\*ł, 4\*ł) node(a24)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a34); (4\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a44); (5\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a54); (6\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a64); (7\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a74); (0,5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a05); (ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a15); (2\*ł, 5\*ł) node(a25)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a35); (4\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a45); (5\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a55); (6\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a65); (7\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a75); (0,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a06)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a16)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a26)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a36)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a46)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a56)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a66)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a76)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a07); (ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a17); (2\*ł, 7\*ł) node(a27)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a37); (4\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a47); (5\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a57); (6\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a67); (7\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a77); (a00.center)–(0.5,0.7); (a33.center)+(-0.5,-0.5) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\](targ); (0.5, 0.7)–(targ); (targ)–(a33.center); (a33.center) to (a43.center); (a43.center) to (a53.center); (a53.center) to (a54.center); (a54.center) to (a75.center); (a75.center) to ++(0,0.5\*ł); (a75.center) ++(0,0.5\*ł) to ++(0,0.7\*ł); (a75.center) ++(0,1.2\*ł)to (a77.center); (a54.south east) node\[xshift=0.2cm\](labelz)[[$\sigma(z)$]{}]{}; (a53.south east) node\[xshift=0.15cm\](labelh)[[$\sigma(h)$]{}]{}; (a00)+(-0.1cm,0)–node\[midway,yshift=-0.8cm, xshift=0.2cm\] [$\ell$ ]{}(a30)–++(0.5cm,0); (a70)+(0,-0.1cm)–node\[midway,yshift=0.2cm, xshift=0.8cm\] [$m$ ]{}(a77)–++(0,0.5cm);
5. in $S_5$ exactly all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_4$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting both $l+3$ and $l+4$, with last appearances of $l+2$ and $l+3$ in consecutive positions by means of thinness extensions. The generic simplex $\sigma$ that is being marked in $S_5$ can be depicted as follows.
ł[0.6cm]{} (0,0) circle (1pt) node (a00); (ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a10); (2\*ł, 0) node(a20)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a30); (0,ł) circle (1pt) node (a01); (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a11); (2\*ł, ł) node(a21)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a31); (0,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a02)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a12)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a22)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a32)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a03); (ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a13); (2\*ł, 3\*ł) node(a23)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a33); (4\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a40) node\[below\](l+1)[[$\ell+1$]{}]{}; (5\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a50) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+2)[[$\ell+2$]{}]{}; (6\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a60) node\[below\](l+3)[[$\ell+3$]{}]{}; (7\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a70) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+4)[[$\ell+4$]{}]{}; (4\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a41); (5\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a51); (6\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a61); (7\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a71); (4\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a42)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a52)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a62)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a72)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a43); (5\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a53); (6\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a63); (7\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a73); (0,4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a04); (ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a14); (2\*ł, 4\*ł) node(a24)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a34); (4\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a44); (5\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a54); (6\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a64); (7\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a74); (0,5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a05); (ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a15); (2\*ł, 5\*ł) node(a25)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a35); (4\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a45); (5\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a55); (6\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a65); (7\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a75);
(0,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a06)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a16)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a26)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a36)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a46)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a56)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a66)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a76)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a07); (ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a17); (2\*ł, 7\*ł) node(a27)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a37); (4\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a47); (5\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a57); (6\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a67); (7\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a77);
(0,6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b06); (ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b16); (2\*ł, 6\*ł) node(b26)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b36); (4\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b46); (5\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b56); (6\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b66); (7\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b76); (a00.center)–(0.5,0.7); (a33.center)+(-0.5,-0.5) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\](targ); (0.5, 0.7)–(targ); (targ)–(a33.center); (a33.center) to (a43.center); (a43.center) to (a53.center); (a53.center) to (a54.center); (a54.center) to (a65.center); (a65.center) to (b76.center); (b76.center) to ++(0,0.5\*ł); (b76.center) ++(0,0.5\*ł) to ++(0,0.7\*ł); (b76.center) ++(0,1.2\*ł)to (a77.center); (a65.south east) node\[xshift=0.2cm\](labelz)[[$\sigma(z)$]{}]{}; (a53.south east) node\[xshift=0.15cm\](labelh)[[$\sigma(h)$]{}]{}; (a00)+(-0.1cm,0)–node\[midway,yshift=-0.8cm, xshift=0.2cm\] [$\ell$ ]{}(a30)–++(0.5cm,0); (a70)+(0,-0.1cm)–node\[midway,yshift=0.2cm, xshift=0.8cm\] [$m$ ]{}(a77)–++(0,0.5cm);
6. in $S_6$ exactly all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_5$ (which in particular have $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting both $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$, with last appearances of $\ell+2$ and $\ell+3$ not in consecutive positions) by means of thinness extensions. The generic simplex $\sigma$ that is being marked in $S_3$ can be depicted as follows.
ł[0.6cm]{} (0,0) circle (1pt) node (a00); (ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a10); (2\*ł, 0) node(a20)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a30); (0,ł) circle (1pt) node (a01); (ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a11); (2\*ł, ł) node(a21)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a31); (0,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a02)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a12)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a22)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a32)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a03); (ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a13); (2\*ł, 3\*ł) node(a23)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a33); (4\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a40) node\[below\](l+1)[[$\ell+1$]{}]{}; (5\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a50) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+2)[[$\ell+2$]{}]{}; (6\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a60) node\[below\](l+3)[[$\ell+3$]{}]{}; (7\*ł, 0) circle (1pt) node (a70) node\[below, yshift=-0.3cm\](l+4)[[$\ell+4$]{}]{}; (4\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a41); (5\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a51); (6\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a61); (7\*ł, ł) circle (1pt) node (a71); (4\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a42)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a52)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a62)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,2\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a72)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a43); (5\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a53); (6\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a63); (7\*ł, 3\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a73); (0,4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a04); (ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a14); (2\*ł, 4\*ł) node(a24)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a34); (4\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a44); (5\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a54); (6\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a64); (7\*ł, 4\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a74); (0,5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a05); (ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a15); (2\*ł, 5\*ł) node(a25)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a35); (4\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a45); (5\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a55); (6\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a65); (7\*ł, 5\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a75);
(0,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a06)[$\vdots$]{}; (ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a16)[$\vdots$]{}; (2\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a26)[$\iddots$]{}; (3\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a36)[$\vdots$]{}; (4\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a46)[$\vdots$]{}; (5\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a56)[$\vdots$]{}; (6\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a66)[$\vdots$]{}; (7\*ł,6\*ł) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\] (a76)[$\vdots$]{}; (0,7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a07); (ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a17); (2\*ł, 7\*ł) node(a27)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a37); (4\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a47); (5\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a57); (6\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a67); (7\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (a77);
(0,6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b06); (ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b16); (2\*ł, 6\*ł) node(b26)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b36); (4\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b46); (5\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b56); (6\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b66); (7\*ł, 6\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b76); (0,7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b07); (ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b17); (2\*ł, 7\*ł) node(b27)[$\ldots$]{}; (3\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b37); (4\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b47); (5\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b57); (6\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b67); (7\*ł, 7\*ł) circle (1pt) node (b77); (a00.center)–(0.5,0.7); (a33.center)+(-0.5,-0.5) node\[inner sep=0, outer sep=0\](targ); (0.5, 0.7)–(targ); (targ)–(a33.center); (a33.center) to (a43.center); (a43.center) to (a53.center); (a53.center) to (a54.center); (a54.center) to (a65.center); (a65.center) to (b66.center); (b66.center) to (b77.center); (b77.center) to ++(0,0.5\*ł); (b77.center) ++(0,0.5\*ł) to ++(0,0.7\*ł); (b77.center) ++(0,1.2\*ł)to (a77.center); (b66.south east) node\[xshift=0.2cm\](labelz)[[$\sigma(z)$]{}]{}; (a54.south east) node\[xshift=0.2cm\](labelz)[[$\sigma(w)$]{}]{}; (a53.south east) node\[xshift=0.15cm\](labelh)[[$\sigma(h)$]{}]{}; (a00)+(-0.1cm,0)–node\[midway,yshift=-0.8cm, xshift=0.2cm\] [$\ell$ ]{}(a30)–++(0.5cm,0); (a70)+(0,-0.1cm)–node\[midway,yshift=0.2cm, xshift=0.8cm\] [$m$ ]{}(a77)–++(0,0.5cm);
We now proceed to explaining how to build the desired filtrations.
1. For $\ell=-1$ we set $S_1=S_0$, and for $\ell>-1$ we will obtain $S_1$ from $S_0$ by marking exactly all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_0$ that are contained in a copy of ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$. For each $0\leq i\leq \ell$, we consider the map of simplicial sets with marking ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]\to S_0$ induced by the $i$-th face, and we can then express the inclusions $S_0\hookrightarrow S_1$ as the pushout with a disjoint union of the inclusion $${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m] {\underset{{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}|]}}} \otimes \partial \Delta[m]}{{\amalg}}} {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m] \hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$$ which are acyclic cofibrations given by the induction hypothesis: $$\begin{tikzcd}[column sep=small]
\coprod\limits_{i\in [l]} {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m] {\underset{{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}|]}}} \otimes \partial \Delta[m]}{{\amalg}}} {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m] \arrow[r]\arrow[d]& \coprod\limits_{i\in [l]} {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell-1}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell-1|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]\arrow[d]\\
S_0\arrow[r]& S_1.
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular, $S_0\hookrightarrow S_1$ is an acyclic cofibration. Moreover, we have an induced inclusion $$S_1\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$
2. We obtain $S_2$ from $S_1$ by marking in particular for $m \leq r \leq \ell+4+m$ all $r$-simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_1$ with $\sigma''\in\{[03], [23]\}$, as well as some additional simplices. For any $m\leq r\leq \ell+4+m$ and any $$\vec b:=\left(b_{0}\leq \ldots \leq b_{\ell}\right)$$ an increasing sequence in $[0,\ell+4+m-r]$, we argue that the simplicial map $$\varphi\colon\Delta[l]\star \Delta[3]\star \Delta[r-\ell-5]\to \Delta[\ell+4] \times \Delta[m]$$ defined by the formula $$i\mapsto
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
(i, b_i) & \mbox{ if }0\leq i \leq {\ell}\\
(i,\ell+4+m-r) & \mbox{ if }\ell+1\leq i \leq \ell+4\\
(\ell+4, m-r+i)& \mbox{ if }\ell+5\leq i\leq r\\
\end{array}
\right.$$ is in particular a map of simplicial sets with marking ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}}\to S_1$.
To see this, we suppose that $$\gamma_1\star \gamma_2\star \gamma_3\colon \Delta[r_1]\star \Delta[r_2]\star \Delta[r_3]\to \Delta[\ell]\star \Delta[3]\star \Delta[r-\ell-5]$$ is a generic marked and non-degenerate $(r_1+1+r_2+1+r_3)$-simplex of $\Delta[\ell]\star \Delta[3]\star \Delta[r-\ell-5]$ and we prove that the $(r_1+1+r_2+1+r_3)$-simplex of $\Delta[\ell+4]\times\Delta[m]$ defined by the composite of maps of simplicial sets $$\Delta[r_1]\star \Delta[r_2]\star \Delta[r_3]\xrightarrow{\gamma_1\star\gamma_2\star\gamma_3} \Delta[\ell]\star \Delta[3]\star \Delta[r-\ell-5]\xrightarrow{\varphi} \Delta[\ell+4]\times\Delta[m]$$ is marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$. Since $\gamma_1\star\gamma_2\star\gamma_3$ is marked, one amongst the $\gamma_i$’s must be marked, and since moreover $\gamma_1\star\gamma_2\star\gamma_3$ is non-degenerate the simplex $\gamma_2$ must be marked in $\Delta[3]_{eq}$. By construction, the degeneracy index of the composite $\varphi\circ(\gamma_1\star\gamma_2\star\gamma_3)$ is $r_3+1$. Moreover, we see that the partition face $\amalg_1^{r_1+1+r_2, r_3+1}$ of the first component of $\varphi\circ(\gamma_1\star\gamma_2\star\gamma_3)$ is of the form $$\Delta[r_1]\star \Delta[r_2] \xrightarrow{\gamma_1\star \gamma_2} \Delta[\ell]\star \Delta[3]\to
{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|]}}}$$ and it is marked because it is the join of the marked simplex $\gamma_2\colon\Delta[r_2]\to\Delta[3]_{eq}$ with another simplex of the form $\Delta[r_1]\to\Delta[\ell]$. This proves that the simplicial map $\varphi$ does indeed preserve the marking.
We then define the inclusion $S_1\hookrightarrow S_2$ as the pushout with the union of a family of saturation extensions (which are acyclic cofibrations by \[generalsaturation\]) of the form ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}}\to{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|r-\ell-5]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|r-\ell-5]}}}$: $$\begin{tikzcd}
\coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{\vec b}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}} \arrow[r]\arrow[d]& \coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{\vec b}{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|r-\ell-5]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|r-\ell-5]}}}\arrow[d]\\
S_1 \arrow[r]& S_2.
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular, $S_1\hookrightarrow S_2$ is an acyclic cofibration and we have added all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_1$ with $\sigma''\in\{[03], [23]\}$. Moreover, with a reasoning similar to the one producing the map ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[3_{eq}]}{\Delta[3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{r-\ell-5}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{eq}|r-\ell-5]}}}\to S_1$, one can show that there is an induced map $$S_2\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$
3. We obtain $S_3$ from $S_2$ by marking for $m \leq r \leq \ell+4+m$ all $r$-simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_2$ with $\sigma''=[12]$. For any such $\sigma$ in question there is a degeneracy index $h>1$ and a unique maximal $h\leq z\leq r$ so that $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z)=\ell+3$. In particular, $r-m\leq z\leq r$. The new markings will be added by constructing a sequence of acyclic cofibrations $$S_2=:S_2^{(0)}\hookrightarrow S_2^{(1)}\hookrightarrow\dots\hookrightarrow S_2^{(z)}\hookrightarrow S_2^{(z+1)}\hookrightarrow\dots\hookrightarrow S_2^{(\ell+4+m)}=:S_3$$ such that $S_2^{(z)}$ contains all missing markings for simplices of a given $z$. For any $\sigma$ with a given $z$, the simplicial map $$\psi\colon\Delta[r+1]\to\Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ defined by the formula $$i\mapsto
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\sigma(i) & \mbox{ if }0\leq i\leq z \\
(\ell+4, m-r+z)& \mbox{ if }i=z+1\\
\sigma(i-1)& \mbox{ if }z+1<i\leq r+1
\end{array}
\right.$$ is in particular a map of simplicial sets with marking $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to S_2^{(z-1)}$.
To see this, we consider a non-degenerate marked $s$-simplex $\tau\colon\Delta[s]\to \Delta[r+1]$ of $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'$, and we prove that the $s$-simplex of $\Delta[\ell+4]\times\Delta[m]$ defined by the composite of map of simplicial sets $$\psi\circ\tau\colon \Delta[s]\xrightarrow{\tau}\Delta[r+1]\xrightarrow{\psi} \Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ is marked in $S_2^{(z-1)}$.
- If $\tau$ contains $\{z, z+1, z+2\}\cap[r+1]$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[s]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+3)(\ell+4)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and so the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ is marked in $S_2$.
- If $\tau=d^{z+2}$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is not surjective (as it misses the value $m-r+z+1$) and moreover degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[r]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ hits at least a $1$-dimensional simplex of $\Delta[3]$. In particular, $\psi\circ\tau$ is marked already in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m]$.
- If $\tau=d^{z}$, we distinguish two cases. If $z=h$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $z=h$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+2)(\ell+4)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and so the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ is marked in $S_2$. If $h<z$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $h$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+2)(\ell+3)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and in fact the marking of the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ was added in $S_2^{(z-1)}$.
This proves that the simplicial map $\psi$ does indeed preserve the marking.
We then define the inclusion $S_2^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_2^{(z)}$ as the pushout with several thinness extensions $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''$ (as many as $r$-simplices $\sigma$ as $z$ varies): $$\begin{tikzcd}
\coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]' \arrow[r]\arrow[d]& \coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''\arrow[d]\\
S_2^{(z-1)} \arrow[r]& S_2^{(z)}.
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular $S_2^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_2^{(z)}$ is an acyclic cofibration. Moreover, by construction there is an induced map $$S_2^{(z)}\hookrightarrow {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$ We then set $S_3:= S_2^{(r)}$, so that in particular $S_2\hookrightarrow S_3$ is an acyclic cofibration and we have marked all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_2$ with $\sigma''=[12]$. Moreover, by construction we have an induced map $$S_3\hookrightarrow {\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$$
4. We obtain $S_4$ from $S_3$ by marking for $m \leq r \leq \ell+4+m$ all $r$-simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_3$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting at most one of the values $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$. For any such $\sigma$ in question there is a unique maximal $h\leq z\leq r$ so that $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z)=\ell+2$. In particular, $r-m\leq z\leq r$. We will add the missing simplices by constructing a sequence of anodyne extensions $$S_3=:S_3^{(0)}\hookrightarrow S_3^{(1)}\hookrightarrow\dots\hookrightarrow S_3^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_3^{(z)}\hookrightarrow\dots \hookrightarrow S_3^{(\ell+4+m)}=:S_4$$ such that $S_3^{(z)}$ contains all missing simplices for a given $z$. For any $\sigma$ with a given $z$, the simplicial map $$\psi\colon\Delta[r+1]\to\Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ defined by the formula $$i\mapsto
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\sigma(i) & \mbox{ if }0\leq i\leq z \\
(\ell+4, z)& \mbox{ if }i=z+1\mbox{ and }\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z+1)=\ell+4 \mbox{ or }z=r,\\
(\ell+3, z)& \mbox{ if }i=z+1\mbox{ and }\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z+1)=\ell+3,\\
\sigma(i-1)& \mbox{ if }z+1<i\leq r+1
\end{array}
\right.$$ is in particular a map of simplicial sets with marking $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to S_3^{(z-1)}$.
To see this, we consider a non-degenerate marked $s$-simplex $\tau\colon\Delta[s]\to \Delta[r+1]$ of $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'$, and we prove that the $s$-simplex of $\Delta[\ell+4]\times\Delta[m]$ defined by the composite of maps of simplicial sets $$\psi\circ\tau\colon \Delta[s]\xrightarrow{\tau}\Delta[r+1]\xrightarrow{\psi} \Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ is marked in $S_3^{(z-1)}$.
- If $\tau$ contains $\{z,z+1,z+2\}\cap[r+1]$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[s]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+2)(\ell+3)]$ or $[(\ell+2)(\ell+4)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and so the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ is marked in $S_3$.
- If $\tau=d^{z+2}$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is not surjective (as it misses the value $m-r+z+1$) and moreover degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[r]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ hits at least a $1$-dimensional simplex of $\Delta[3]$. In particular, $\psi\circ\tau$ is marked already in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m]$.
- If $\tau=d^{z}$, we distinguish two cases. If $h=z$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $h=z$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+1)(\ell+3)]$ or $[(\ell+1)(\ell+4)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and so the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ is marked in $S_2$. If $h<z$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $h$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+1)(\ell+2)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and in fact the marking of the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ was added in $S_3^{(z-1)}$.
This proves that the simplicial map $\psi$ does indeed preserve the marking.
We then define the inclusion $S_3^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_3^{(z)}$ as the pushout with many thinness anodyne extensions $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''$ (as many as $r$-simplices $\sigma$ as $z$ varies): $$\begin{tikzcd}
\coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]' \arrow[r]\arrow[d]& \coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''\arrow[d]\\
S_3^{(z-1)} \arrow[r]& S_3^{(z)}.
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular $S_3^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_3^{(z)}$ is an acyclic cofibration. Moreover, we have an induced map $$S_4^{(z)}\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$$ We then set $S_4:=S_3^{(\ell+4+m)}$, so that in particular $S_3\hookrightarrow S_4$ is an acyclic cofibration and we have marked all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_3$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting at most one of the values $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$. Moreover, we have an induced map $$S_4\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$
5. We obtain $S_5$ from $S_4$ by marking for $m \leq r \leq \ell+4+m$ all $r$-simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_4$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting both $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$, with last appearances of $\ell+2$ and $\ell+3$ in consecutive positions. More precisely, for any such $\sigma$ in question there is a unique maximal $h+1\leq z\leq r-1$ so that $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z)=\ell+3$, and by assumption $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z+1)=\ell+4$ and $\operatorname{pr}_2\sigma(z-1)=\ell+2$. In particular, $r-m+1\leq z\leq \ell+3+m$. For any $\sigma$ with a given $z$, the simplicial map $$\psi\colon\Delta[r+1]\to\Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ defined by the formula $$i\mapsto
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\sigma(i) & \mbox{ if }0\leq i\leq z \\
(m-r+z, \ell+4)& \mbox{ if }i=z+1\\
\sigma(i-1)& \mbox{ if }z+1<i\leq r+1
\end{array}
\right.$$ is in particular a map of simplicial sets with marking $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to S_4$.
To see this, we consider a non-degenerate marked $s$-simplex $\tau\colon\Delta[s]\to \Delta[r+1]$ of $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'$, and we prove that the $s$-simplex of $\Delta[\ell+4]\times\Delta[m]$ defined by the composite of maps of simplicial sets $$\psi\circ\tau\colon \Delta[s]\xrightarrow{\tau}\Delta[r+1]\xrightarrow{\psi} \Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ is marked in $S_4$.
- If $\tau$ contains $\{z,z+1,z+2\}\cap[r+1]$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[s]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+3)(\ell+4)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and so the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ is marked in $S_2$.
- If $\tau=d^{z+2}$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is not surjective (as it misses the value $m-r+z+1$) and moreover degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[r]$. Moreover, the face partition of the second component of $\psi\circ\tau$ hits at least a $1$-dimensional simplex of $\Delta[3]$. In particular, $\psi\circ\tau$ is marked already in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m]$.
- If $\tau=d^{z}$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $h$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+1)(\ell+2)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and does not hit $\ell+3$, so the marking of the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ was added in $S_4$.
This proves that the simplicial map $\psi$ does indeed preserve the marking.
We define the inclusion $S_4\hookrightarrow S_5$ as the pushout with several thinness extensions $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''$ (as many as $r$-simplices $\sigma$ as $z$ varies): $$\begin{tikzcd}
\coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]' \arrow[r]\arrow[d]& \coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''\arrow[d]\\
S_4 \arrow[r]& S_5.
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular $S_4\hookrightarrow S_5$ is an acyclic cofibration and we have marked all simplices in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_4$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting both the values $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$, with last appearances of $\ell+2$ and $\ell+3$ in consecutive positions. Moreover, we have an induced map $$S_5\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$
6. We obtain $S_6$ from $S_5$ by marking for $m \leq r \leq \ell+4+m$ all missing $r$-simplices with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting both $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$, with last appearances of $\ell+2$ and $\ell+3$ not in consecutive positions. More precisely, for any such $\sigma$ in question there is a unique maximal $h< z<r$ so that $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(z)=\ell+3$. In particular, $r-m\leq z\leq \ell+3+m$. We will add them by constructing a sequence of acyclic cofibrations $$S_5=:S_5^{(r-m)}\hookrightarrow S_5^{(r-m+1)}\hookrightarrow\dots\hookrightarrow S_5^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_5^{(z)}\hookrightarrow\dots\hookrightarrow S_5^{(\ell+3+m)}=:S_6$$ such that $S_5^{(z)}$ contains all missing simplices for a given $z$. For any $\sigma$ with a given $z$, the simplicial map $$\psi\colon\Delta[r+1]\to\Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ defined by the formula $$i\mapsto
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\sigma(i) & \mbox{ if }0\leq i\leq z \\
(\ell+4, m-r+z)& \mbox{ if }i=z+1\\
\sigma(i-1)& \mbox{ if }z+1<i\leq r+1
\end{array}
\right.$$ is in particular a map of simplicial sets with marking $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to S_5^{(z-1)}$.
To see this, we consider a non-degenerate marked $s$-simplex $\tau\colon\Delta[s]\to \Delta[r+1]$ of $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'$, and we prove that the $s$-simplex of $\Delta[\ell+4]\times\Delta[m]$ defined by the composite of maps of simplicial sets $$\psi\circ\tau\colon \Delta[s]\xrightarrow{\tau}\Delta[r+1]\xrightarrow{\psi} \Delta[\ell+4]\times \Delta[m]$$ is marked in $S_5^{(z-1)}$.
- If $\tau$ contains $\{z, z+1, z+2\}\cap[r+1]$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[s]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+3)(\ell+4)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and so the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ is marked in $S_2$.
- If $\tau=d^{z+2}$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is not surjective (as it misses the value $m-r+z+1$) and moreover degenerate, with degeneracy index being the preimage of $z+1$ in $\Delta[r]$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ hits at least a $1$-dimensional simplex of $\Delta[3]$. In particular, $\psi\circ\tau$ is marked already in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes\partial \Delta[m]$.
- If $\tau=d^{z}$, we distinguish two cases depending on the value of $w$, being the maximal value for which $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma(w)=\ell+2$. By assumption, $h\leq w <z-1$. If $w=z-2$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $h$. Moreover, the face partition of the first component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+1)(\ell+2)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and hits $\ell+2$ and $\ell+3$ in consecutive positions for the last time and so the marking of $\psi\circ \tau$ was added in $S_5$. If $w<z-2$, by construction the second projection of $\psi\circ\tau$ is degenerate, with degeneracy index $h$. Moreover, the face partition of the second component of $\psi\circ\tau$ contains the edge $[(\ell+1)(\ell+2)]$ in $\Delta[\ell+4]$ and in fact the marking of the simplex $\psi\circ \tau$ was added in $S_5^{(z-1)}$.
This proves that the simplicial map $\psi$ does indeed preserve the marking.
We then define the inclusion $S_5^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_5^{(z)}$ as the pushout with several thinness extensions $\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]'\to\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''$ (as many as $r$-simplices $\sigma$ as $z$ varies): $$\begin{tikzcd}
\coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]' \arrow[r]\arrow[d]& \coprod\limits_{r}\coprod\limits_{z}\coprod\limits_{\sigma}\Delta^{z+1}[r+1]''\arrow[d]\\
S_5^{(z-1)} \arrow[r]& S_5^{(z)}.
\end{tikzcd}$$ In particular $S_5^{(z-1)}\hookrightarrow S_5^{(z)}$ is an acyclic cofibration. Moreover, we have an induced map $$S_5^{(z)}\hookrightarrow{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$ We then set $S_6:=S_5^{(\ell+3+m)}$, so that in particular $S_5\hookrightarrow S_6$ is an acyclic cofibration and we have marked all simplices $\sigma$ marked in ${\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m]$ and not in $S_5$ with $\sigma''=[01]$ and $\operatorname{pr}_1\sigma$ hitting both the values $\ell+3$ and $\ell+4$, with last appearances of $l+2$ and $l+3$ not in consecutive positions. In particular, we have an isomorphism $$S_6\cong{\ifthenelse{\equal{\ell}{}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[3_{\sharp}|]}}{\ifthenelse{\equal{}{}}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}]}{\Delta[\ell|3_{\sharp}|]}}}\otimes \Delta[m].$$
This concludes the proof.
[^1]: This notion is the same as *stratified simplicial set* in the sense of Verity [@VerityComplicialAMS], and is different from (but related to) *marked simplicial set* in the sense of Lurie [@htt].
[^2]: The case $N=\infty$ is subtle, since there are at least two different viewpoints on what an $(\infty,\infty)$-category should be.
[^3]: In [@VerityComplicialI Observation 62], Verity states the relationship between the Crans–Gray tensor product of $\omega$-categories and the tensor product of simplicial sets with marking, using the fact that $\omega$-categories (in the form of strict complicial sets) form a reflective subcategory of simplicial sets with marking. Given two $\omega$-categories, their Crans–Gray tensor product can be obtained by reflecting their tensor product as simplicial sets with marking.
[^4]: This reasoning is inspired by [@VerityComplicialAMS Lemma 129].
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Q:
Cascade operation in OneToOne Relationship which is confusing
I have two related objects:
User
/**
* @ORM\OneToOne(targetEntity="File", mappedBy="userProfileImage")
*/
protected $profileImage;
File
/**
* @ORM\OneToOne(targetEntity="User", inversedBy="profileImage")
* @ORM\JoinColumn(name="userProfileImage", referencedColumnName="id", onDelete="SET NULL")
*/
protected $userProfileImage;
and two related records in my database. I would like to remove the old File object and replace it with the new File. The problem is I can not remove the File object, because I have the following error:
A new entity was found through the relationship 'MyBundle\Entity\User#profileImage' that was not configured to cascade persist operations for entity: MyBundle\Entity\File@000000001604d7ad000000003cc76066. To solve this issue: Either explicitly call EntityManager#persist() on this unknown entity or configure cascade persist this association in the mapping for example @ManyToOne(..,cascade={"persist"}). If you cannot find out which entity causes the problem implement 'MyBundle\Entity\File#__toString()' to get a clue.
In my opinion removing should work after calling:
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->remove( $user->getProfileImage() );
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->flush();
I tried to add cascade={"all"} and cascade={"persist", "remove"} to $profileImage annotation but without success. I need someone to explain me what I'm doing wrong and how I should do it.
A:
I found the solution:
To remove a related object, I shouldn't delete it directly:
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->remove( $file );
but through by user:
$userFile = $user->getProfileImage();
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->remove( $userFile );
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->remove( $file );
Moreover, it was necessary to call flush() before and after the code above:
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->flush();
$userFile = $user->getProfileImage();
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->remove( $userFile );
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->remove( $file );
$this->getDoctrine()-getManager()->flush();
I don't know why, but it works fine for me and maybe it will be usefull for someone else.
It doesn't change the fact, that it is a very ugly solution, so if someone knows how to improve this code, let me know! I will be grateful.
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The tax will rise from 38.143 cents per litre to 38.6 cents per litre, seeing revenue of $4 billion over a four year period. This means a household consuming 50 litres of fuel a week will pay an extra 40 cents a week. Read more...
The tax will rise from 38.143 cents per litre to 38.6 cents per litre, seeing revenue of $4 billion over a four year period. This means a household consuming 50 litres of fuel a week will pay an extra 40 cents a week. Read more...
TORONTO — John Tory has been elected the new mayor of Toronto in a race that was nearly overshadowed by the personal problems of current outgoing Mayor Rob Ford.
Tory, 60, had a comfortable lead going into Monday's election, with the latest poll from Forum Research giving him a commanding 12-point lead over closest rival Doug Ford. According to the poll, Tory had 44% support and Ford attracted 32%, while only 21% supported Olivia Chow, an early frontrunner whose campaign eventually unraveled. Only 3% said they would vote for another candidate.
TORONTO — John Tory has been elected the new mayor of Toronto in a race that was nearly overshadowed by the personal problems of current outgoing Mayor Rob Ford.
Tory, 60, had a comfortable lead going into Monday's election, with the latest poll from Forum Research giving him a commanding 12-point lead over closest rival Doug Ford. According to the poll, Tory had 44% support and Ford attracted 32%, while only 21% supported Olivia Chow, an early frontrunner whose campaign eventually unraveled. Only 3% said they would vote for another candidate.
Residents of the village of Pāhoa in Hawaii are preparing for evacuations, as lava moves dangerously close to homes. The lava flow from the Kīlauea volcano was just 100 yards from the nearest home as of Monday morning
The Puna lava flow speeded its descent down a sloping hillside over the weekend, covering a roadway and moving across a cemetery.
Residents of the village of Pāhoa in Hawaii are preparing for evacuations, as lava moves dangerously close to homes. The lava flow from the Kīlauea volcano was just 100 yards from the nearest home as of Monday morning
The Puna lava flow speeded its descent down a sloping hillside over the weekend, covering a roadway and moving across a cemetery.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced new guidelines for monitoring incoming travelers from West Africa for the Ebola virus. The guidelines go as far as potentially issuing a "do not travel" order to persons who are at high risk of Ebola, including those who cared for sick individuals without protective equipment or who suffered from a known exposure while treating someone.
The guidelines, some of which were announced on Oct. 22, call for "direct, active monitoring" of those individuals who have been assessed to be at some risk or high risk of developing the illness for 21 days, which is the longest known incubation period of the disease Read more...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced new guidelines for monitoring incoming travelers from West Africa for the Ebola virus. The guidelines go as far as potentially issuing a "do not travel" order to persons who are at high risk of Ebola, including those who cared for sick individuals without protective equipment or who suffered from a known exposure while treating someone.
The guidelines, some of which were announced on Oct. 22, call for "direct, active monitoring" of those individuals who have been assessed to be at some risk or high risk of developing the illness for 21 days, which is the longest known incubation period of the disease Read more...
The Islamic State seems to have found a new role for its British hostage, photojournalist John Cantlie.
The militant group's media arm released a new propaganda video on Monday that appears to show Cantlie, who was kidnapped in Syria in 2012, "reporting" from the embattled Syrian city of Kobani, near the Turkish border.
It's widely assumed that Cantlie, who's appeared in at least five propaganda videos since he disappeared, is reading from remarks that were prepared by his captors. Having rid the region of all independent journalists, it appears the group is now attempting to broadcast its own twisted form of journalism. Read more...
The Islamic State seems to have found a new role for its British hostage, photojournalist John Cantlie.
The militant group's media arm released a new propaganda video on Monday that appears to show Cantlie, who was kidnapped in Syria in 2012, "reporting" from the embattled Syrian city of Kobani, near the Turkish border.
It's widely assumed that Cantlie, who's appeared in at least five propaganda videos since he disappeared, is reading from remarks that were prepared by his captors. Having rid the region of all independent journalists, it appears the group is now attempting to broadcast its own twisted form of journalism. Read more...
People with a rare disorder called anhidrosis cannot produce sweat, and now a new study finds that the condition may be caused by a mutation in a single gene.
Researchers studied a Pakistani family with several children who could not sweat. The condition can be dangerous because an inability to sweat puts a person at higher risk for heatstroke when temperatures are high.
Anhidrosis can have several causes; for example, it can result from damage to sweat glands caused by trauma or developmental conditions. But the five children in the study, whose parents were relatives, had sweat glands that appeared normal Read more...
People with a rare disorder called anhidrosis cannot produce sweat, and now a new study finds that the condition may be caused by a mutation in a single gene.
Researchers studied a Pakistani family with several children who could not sweat. The condition can be dangerous because an inability to sweat puts a person at higher risk for heatstroke when temperatures are high.
Anhidrosis can have several causes; for example, it can result from damage to sweat glands caused by trauma or developmental conditions. But the five children in the study, whose parents were relatives, had sweat glands that appeared normal Read more...
Global warming-related sea ice melt in a portion of the vast Arctic Ocean has doubled the risk of colder and snowier winters in Eurasia since 2004, a new study found. The study is the latest in a spate of recent research to examine the ties between rapid Arctic warming and the rest of the Northern Hemisphere
Much of that research is still highly contentious in the mainstream climate science community. Here is what scientists agree on:
The Arctic is warming at a rate about twice as fast as that of the rest of the globe, and this is rapidly depleting the region's sea ice, mainly during the summer and early fall. Read more...
Global warming-related sea ice melt in a portion of the vast Arctic Ocean has doubled the risk of colder and snowier winters in Eurasia since 2004, a new study found. The study is the latest in a spate of recent research to examine the ties between rapid Arctic warming and the rest of the Northern Hemisphere
Much of that research is still highly contentious in the mainstream climate science community. Here is what scientists agree on:
The Arctic is warming at a rate about twice as fast as that of the rest of the globe, and this is rapidly depleting the region's sea ice, mainly during the summer and early fall. Read more...
Napoléon Bonaparte's final defeat was the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Even after his death in 1821, the surviving soldiers of Grande Armée revered his historic leadership. Each year on May 5, the anniversary of Napoléon's death, the veterans marched to Paris' Place Vendôme in full uniform to pay respects to their emperor
These photographs were taken on one of these occasions, possibly in 1858. All the men — at this time in their 70s and 80s — are wearing the Saint Helena medals, issued in August 1857 to all veterans of the wars of the revolution and the empire.
These are the only surviving images of veterans of the Grande Armée and the Guard actually wearing their original uniforms and insignia Read more...
Napoléon Bonaparte's final defeat was the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Even after his death in 1821, the surviving soldiers of Grande Armée revered his historic leadership. Each year on May 5, the anniversary of Napoléon's death, the veterans marched to Paris' Place Vendôme in full uniform to pay respects to their emperor
These photographs were taken on one of these occasions, possibly in 1858. All the men — at this time in their 70s and 80s — are wearing the Saint Helena medals, issued in August 1857 to all veterans of the wars of the revolution and the empire.
These are the only surviving images of veterans of the Grande Armée and the Guard actually wearing their original uniforms and insignia Read more...
Hungary's government wants to tax Internet data, and thousands of citizens responded to the plan by swarming the streets of the capital on Sunday night.
Around 10,000 people turned up in Budapest to protest the proposal, which would tax Internet providers 150 Hungarian forints (around $0.60) per gigabyte of traffic they serve to users. The protesters, who mainly organized through a Facebook group that has almost 220,000 likes, are afraid that providers will push the cost of the tax down to customers, limiting Internet access and hurting freedom of speech.
Hungary's government wants to tax Internet data, and thousands of citizens responded to the plan by swarming the streets of the capital on Sunday night.
Around 10,000 people turned up in Budapest to protest the proposal, which would tax Internet providers 150 Hungarian forints (around $0.60) per gigabyte of traffic they serve to users. The protesters, who mainly organized through a Facebook group that has almost 220,000 likes, are afraid that providers will push the cost of the tax down to customers, limiting Internet access and hurting freedom of speech.
Eruptions on the sun's surface are probably caused by giant, unstable magnetic plasma arches, a new study reports — a discovery that brings scientists one step closer to predicting solar outbursts that can wreak havoc on Earth.
Astronomers have long observed gigantic arches of plasma emerging from the surface of the sun. Known as magnetic flux ropes, coronal loops and solar prominences, these structures possess spiraling magnetic field lines, as if a huge bar magnet had been twisted into a corkscrew. A vast amount of electric current typically runs through the core of each of these tubes.
Scientists have long thought magnetic flux ropes drive powerful solar explosions such as coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, which can spawn geomagnetic storms that damage satellites in space and disrupt power grids on Earth Read more...
Eruptions on the sun's surface are probably caused by giant, unstable magnetic plasma arches, a new study reports — a discovery that brings scientists one step closer to predicting solar outbursts that can wreak havoc on Earth.
Astronomers have long observed gigantic arches of plasma emerging from the surface of the sun. Known as magnetic flux ropes, coronal loops and solar prominences, these structures possess spiraling magnetic field lines, as if a huge bar magnet had been twisted into a corkscrew. A vast amount of electric current typically runs through the core of each of these tubes.
Scientists have long thought magnetic flux ropes drive powerful solar explosions such as coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, which can spawn geomagnetic storms that damage satellites in space and disrupt power grids on Earth Read more...
LONDON — British Prime Minister David Cameron has turned down a UK fashion magazine’s request to be photographed in a T-shirt with the slogan “This is What a Feminist Looks Like” despite other political leaders and personalities opting to wear the garment.
UK Elle asked Cameron to wear the T-shirt for the magazine's inaugural feminism issue, due out this month but the magazine said he refused five times. When asked why he wouldn’t wear the T-shirt, the magazine said the prime minister’s team offered to give a quote instead
LONDON — British Prime Minister David Cameron has turned down a UK fashion magazine’s request to be photographed in a T-shirt with the slogan “This is What a Feminist Looks Like” despite other political leaders and personalities opting to wear the garment.
UK Elle asked Cameron to wear the T-shirt for the magazine's inaugural feminism issue, due out this month but the magazine said he refused five times. When asked why he wouldn’t wear the T-shirt, the magazine said the prime minister’s team offered to give a quote instead
Prosecutors also requested life sentences for three other key crew members during a trial at the Gwangju District Court in southern South Korea, a court official said on condition of anonymity because he wasn't authorized to speak to the media about the sentence requests. He said prosecutors asked for sentences of up to 30 years for 11 other crew members. Read more...
Prosecutors also requested life sentences for three other key crew members during a trial at the Gwangju District Court in southern South Korea, a court official said on condition of anonymity because he wasn't authorized to speak to the media about the sentence requests. He said prosecutors asked for sentences of up to 30 years for 11 other crew members. Read more...
Gubernatorial races don't get a lot of national attention, which makes sense, because a governor's influence doesn't often extend beyond his or her state. But that doesn't mean that a person in California can't learn anything by watching the race for governor in, say, Wisconsin
We're not saying races for governor necessarily deserve more attention than the ones for Senate, but some gubernatorial elections are worth keeping an eye on no matter where you live
Gubernatorial races don't get a lot of national attention, which makes sense, because a governor's influence doesn't often extend beyond his or her state. But that doesn't mean that a person in California can't learn anything by watching the race for governor in, say, Wisconsin
We're not saying races for governor necessarily deserve more attention than the ones for Senate, but some gubernatorial elections are worth keeping an eye on no matter where you live
TORONTO — A gunman who shot and killed a soldier at Canada's national war memorial and then stormed Parliament before he was gunned down had prepared a video recording of himself that police say shows he was driven by ideological and political motives, police said Sunday.
TORONTO — A gunman who shot and killed a soldier at Canada's national war memorial and then stormed Parliament before he was gunned down had prepared a video recording of himself that police say shows he was driven by ideological and political motives, police said Sunday.
SYDNEY — An Australian guy is planning to take over the United States with his after-party app targeted at wild college students.
29-year-old former investment banker Charlie Stewart is the founder of KickOn, an app that he is planning to get into the hands of every college student in America.
With his new Chief Party Officer, Chanel Silo, on board, Stewart will hit up seven colleges across four states over a period of three months. He also expects this number to grow as he networks across the country
College students in the U.S. can apply to get their party sponsored with $2000 from the company, allowing them to ramp up their celebration to epic proportions. It is a smart marketing tactic, due to the huge popularity of house and frat parties in the U.S. Read more...
SYDNEY — An Australian guy is planning to take over the United States with his after-party app targeted at wild college students.
29-year-old former investment banker Charlie Stewart is the founder of KickOn, an app that he is planning to get into the hands of every college student in America.
With his new Chief Party Officer, Chanel Silo, on board, Stewart will hit up seven colleges across four states over a period of three months. He also expects this number to grow as he networks across the country
College students in the U.S. can apply to get their party sponsored with $2000 from the company, allowing them to ramp up their celebration to epic proportions. It is a smart marketing tactic, due to the huge popularity of house and frat parties in the U.S. Read more...
The electrical storm kicked off at around 2 a.m. and continued through to sunrise, with a barrage of lightning strikes illuminating the city skyline
The freak weather event resulted in 26 millimetres of rain, Melbourne's heaviest rainfall in over a year, and led to flash flooding in parts of the city. Planes were grounded at the airport, while morning commuters were stuck in limbo as a power surge disrupted the metropolitan train network Read more...
The electrical storm kicked off at around 2 a.m. and continued through to sunrise, with a barrage of lightning strikes illuminating the city skyline
The freak weather event resulted in 26 millimetres of rain, Melbourne's heaviest rainfall in over a year, and led to flash flooding in parts of the city. Planes were grounded at the airport, while morning commuters were stuck in limbo as a power surge disrupted the metropolitan train network Read more...
SYDNEY — Three Australian men attempted to enter Parliament House in Canberra on Monday morning to protest the wearing of the burqa. The controversial trio have a history of anti-multiculturalism incidents that date back a number of years.
The men identified as Sergio Redegalli, Nick Folkes and Victor Waterson wore three different face coverings, a Ku Klux Klan mask, a niqab and a motorcycle helmet, as they took their protest to the government site
SYDNEY — Three Australian men attempted to enter Parliament House in Canberra on Monday morning to protest the wearing of the burqa. The controversial trio have a history of anti-multiculturalism incidents that date back a number of years.
The men identified as Sergio Redegalli, Nick Folkes and Victor Waterson wore three different face coverings, a Ku Klux Klan mask, a niqab and a motorcycle helmet, as they took their protest to the government site
The U.S. government uses them to bomb alleged terrorists in far-away places. Tech companies including Amazon, Google and Facebook are all toying with the idea of using them, and now they're a photographer's secret weapon. Drones are a big part of our lives, whether we see them or not. Drone Beat collects the best and most important stories every week.
If you want even more on Drones, subscribe to the Center for the Study of the Drone Weekly Roundup, which features news, commentary, analysis and updates on drone technology.
Drone Beat's coverage areas
Editorial note: This edition of Drone Beat covers the last two weeks. Read more...
The U.S. government uses them to bomb alleged terrorists in far-away places. Tech companies including Amazon, Google and Facebook are all toying with the idea of using them, and now they're a photographer's secret weapon. Drones are a big part of our lives, whether we see them or not. Drone Beat collects the best and most important stories every week.
If you want even more on Drones, subscribe to the Center for the Study of the Drone Weekly Roundup, which features news, commentary, analysis and updates on drone technology.
Drone Beat's coverage areas
Editorial note: This edition of Drone Beat covers the last two weeks. Read more...
The new policy will allow medical staff who have worked with Ebola patients overseas and are not currently exhibiting symptoms to return to their homes, where they will remain under quarantine for 21 days as health officials monitor their condition
The new policy will allow medical staff who have worked with Ebola patients overseas and are not currently exhibiting symptoms to return to their homes, where they will remain under quarantine for 21 days as health officials monitor their condition
DONETSK, Ukraine –- Ukrainians rushed to the polls on Sunday in historic elections in which they ushered in a pro-Western parliament that, for the first time ever, will not include the Communist Party, exit polls indicate
DONETSK, Ukraine –- Ukrainians rushed to the polls on Sunday in historic elections in which they ushered in a pro-Western parliament that, for the first time ever, will not include the Communist Party, exit polls indicate
The White House is urging New York and New Jersey to lift its mandatory quarantine for medical workers returning to the U.S. from West African countries plagued by Ebola, according to a new report
Just a few hours after New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie said he stands by the states' decision to isolate those considered "high risk," the Obama administration is requesting a policy reversal, the New York Timesreported, citing an anonymous official
The senior administration official told the newspaper that the decision was “uncoordinated, very hurried, an immediate reaction to the New York City case that doesn’t comport with science.” Read more...
The White House is urging New York and New Jersey to lift its mandatory quarantine for medical workers returning to the U.S. from West African countries plagued by Ebola, according to a new report
Just a few hours after New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie said he stands by the states' decision to isolate those considered "high risk," the Obama administration is requesting a policy reversal, the New York Timesreported, citing an anonymous official
The senior administration official told the newspaper that the decision was “uncoordinated, very hurried, an immediate reaction to the New York City case that doesn’t comport with science.” Read more...
A nurse quarantined in New Jersey after arriving home from treating Ebola patients in Sierra Leone is speaking out against the "prison"-like living conditions she's endured throughout her time in isolation.
"This is an extreme that is really unacceptable, and I feel like my basic human rights have been violated," Kaci Hickox told CNN on Sunday. "To put me through this emotional and physical stress is completely unacceptable."
A nurse quarantined in New Jersey after arriving home from treating Ebola patients in Sierra Leone is speaking out against the "prison"-like living conditions she's endured throughout her time in isolation.
"This is an extreme that is really unacceptable, and I feel like my basic human rights have been violated," Kaci Hickox told CNN on Sunday. "To put me through this emotional and physical stress is completely unacceptable."
The Sith Lord, a candidate in Ukraine’s parliamentary elections, was banned from voting after he refused to remove his mask at a polling station in Kiev, causing a fracas with officials who he blamed for depriving him of his right to vote.
Vader, who the Central Election Commission said had legally changed his name, is running on the Internet Party of Ukraine’s ticket, along with Chewbacca and a slew of other Star Wars characters. In one of the party's campaign ads, Vader appears playing the "Imperial March" on a traditional Ukrainian bandura
Video footage published on Sunday by Radio Svoboda, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty’s Ukrainian service, shows Vader rolling up to a polling station atop a black van, with “Imperial March” blaring from a mounted speaker, before flashing his passport to an election official inside who asks him to remove his mask. Read more...
The Sith Lord, a candidate in Ukraine’s parliamentary elections, was banned from voting after he refused to remove his mask at a polling station in Kiev, causing a fracas with officials who he blamed for depriving him of his right to vote.
Vader, who the Central Election Commission said had legally changed his name, is running on the Internet Party of Ukraine’s ticket, along with Chewbacca and a slew of other Star Wars characters. In one of the party's campaign ads, Vader appears playing the "Imperial March" on a traditional Ukrainian bandura
Video footage published on Sunday by Radio Svoboda, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty’s Ukrainian service, shows Vader rolling up to a polling station atop a black van, with “Imperial March” blaring from a mounted speaker, before flashing his passport to an election official inside who asks him to remove his mask. Read more...
Kicking off this year's campaign is a woman driving through Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital city. A video uploaded to YouTube by the Oct. 26 Saudi Women Driving Campaign shows her discussing how shameful the driving ban is toward women. In the United Arab Emirates, women can fly jets to fight the Islamic State, but she could be called a terrorist just for driving a car, the woman says in the video. Read more...
Kicking off this year's campaign is a woman driving through Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital city. A video uploaded to YouTube by the Oct. 26 Saudi Women Driving Campaign shows her discussing how shameful the driving ban is toward women. In the United Arab Emirates, women can fly jets to fight the Islamic State, but she could be called a terrorist just for driving a car, the woman says in the video. Read more...
New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie said he stands behind the state's decision to issue a mandatory quarantine for medical workers returning to the U.S. from Ebola-stricken countries.
In an appearance on Fox News Sunday, Christie said the 21-day quarantine for those considered "high risk," who are returning home through airports in New York and New Jersey, is likely just the start of a larger requirement nationwide.
New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie said he stands behind the state's decision to issue a mandatory quarantine for medical workers returning to the U.S. from Ebola-stricken countries.
In an appearance on Fox News Sunday, Christie said the 21-day quarantine for those considered "high risk," who are returning home through airports in New York and New Jersey, is likely just the start of a larger requirement nationwide.
MARIUPOL, Ukraine – Despite the palpable threat of war, residents of this strategically important seaside city near the front lines of Ukraine’s war against pro-Russian separatists turned out to the polls on Sunday to vote for a new parliament.
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called for the snap vote after dissolving the current parliament in August. He hopes the vote will solidify a new European path for Ukraine after protesters overthrew the country’s Russia-leaning president, Viktor Yanukovych, in February.
The turnout in Mariupol, which has around 450,000 residents, was high considering its proximity to the front lines of the ongoing fight. Rebels armed to the teeth with weapons that Kiev and the West say were gifted to them by Moscow have positioned themselves less than 20 miles away near the town of Novoazovsk.
Sitting on the edge of the Sea of Azov, Mariupol is of strategic importance due to its port. For the Russian-backed separatists, it is also needed should Russia create a land bridge to the Crimean Peninsula, which the country invaded and later annexed in March. Read more...
MARIUPOL, Ukraine – Despite the palpable threat of war, residents of this strategically important seaside city near the front lines of Ukraine’s war against pro-Russian separatists turned out to the polls on Sunday to vote for a new parliament.
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called for the snap vote after dissolving the current parliament in August. He hopes the vote will solidify a new European path for Ukraine after protesters overthrew the country’s Russia-leaning president, Viktor Yanukovych, in February.
The turnout in Mariupol, which has around 450,000 residents, was high considering its proximity to the front lines of the ongoing fight. Rebels armed to the teeth with weapons that Kiev and the West say were gifted to them by Moscow have positioned themselves less than 20 miles away near the town of Novoazovsk.
Sitting on the edge of the Sea of Azov, Mariupol is of strategic importance due to its port. For the Russian-backed separatists, it is also needed should Russia create a land bridge to the Crimean Peninsula, which the country invaded and later annexed in March. Read more...
WASHINGTON — Mandatory 21-day quarantines on health care workers returning from Ebola-ravaged West Africa, like those put in place by three states, can have the unintended consequence of discouraging them from volunteering, a top federal health official said Sunday.
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that as a physician and scientist, he would have recommended against a quarantine.
"The best way to protect us is to stop the epidemic in Africa, and we need those health care workers so we do not want to put them in a position where it makes it very, very uncomfortable for them to even volunteer to go." he said. Read more...
WASHINGTON — Mandatory 21-day quarantines on health care workers returning from Ebola-ravaged West Africa, like those put in place by three states, can have the unintended consequence of discouraging them from volunteering, a top federal health official said Sunday.
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that as a physician and scientist, he would have recommended against a quarantine.
"The best way to protect us is to stop the epidemic in Africa, and we need those health care workers so we do not want to put them in a position where it makes it very, very uncomfortable for them to even volunteer to go." he said. Read more...
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Congress is still steadily pursuing the investigation on the very dark spot on the Obama administration's record that is Operation Fast and Furious --- and when I say "dark spot," I do mean that literally, because so much of the evidence was so thoroughly redacted. The administration is continuing to fight Congressional attempts to uncover all of the details into the deadly gun-walking operation, and the dispute has moved into district-court territory. In front of a federal judge on Wednesday, the Department of Justice argued that the court should really just decline to decide on the case and leave the executive and legislative branches to duke it out on their own:
A U.S. Justice Department lawyer said on Wednesday that if a judge agreed to consider a Republican bid to get administration documents related to a botched operation against gun-trafficking it would prompt a flood of requests for courts to referee Washington political disputes.
President Barack Obama is resisting a congressional subpoena for documents related to how the administration responded to the revelation of the failed operation known as “Fast and Furious” on the U.S.- Mexican border. It has already turned over thousands of pages of documents about the operation itself.
Justice Department lawyer Ian Gershengorn told a hearing the matter was best left to the give-and-take of the U.S. government’s two elected branches, the president and Congress, and should not be a matter for the courts.
“That is how it has worked for 225 years,” said Gershengorn, referring to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788.
Mm hmm. “Best left to the give-and-take” of the legislative and executive branches, and not involve the checks-and-balances role of the judiciary? To me, that translation sounds an awful lot like “anything The Executive Branch doesn’t want to give, you’re not getting, ’cause we do what we want” — and it sounds like the judge wasn’t having it either, positing, “If you could have worked this out yourselves, wouldnt you have worked this out yourselves?”
U.S. District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson spent most of an hour-and-a-half hearing Wednesday sharply questioning Deputy Assistant Attorney General Ian Gershengorn about the administrations assertion that a lawsuit the House panel filed last year should be dismissed and the legislative and executive branches of government left to work out their differences by themselves.
Jackson, an Obama appointee, repeatedly suggested that Gershengorn was giving the judiciary short shrift.
You keep talking about the two [branches] as if the third one isnt there, she said.
The judge called the fight over whether the documents are subject to legal privilege in this case executive privilege the kind of classic legal dispute that this court has to [resolve] all the time.
House General Counsel Kerry Kircher complained that Holder was seeking absolute and judicially un-reviewable authority to determine what executive branch documents are privileged as against Congress.
Yeah, sorry, but there is definitely such a thing as abusing executive privilege, and how. The Obama administration is very clearly doing their best to thwart Congress’ oversight role on this one and would no doubt like to add this to the list of debacles about which they’d really prefer everybody just forgive and forget.
Holder and Obama will fight this to the bitter end or until they take over the House because to do otherwise would expose their plot to increase gun violence that got both Americans and Mexicans killed.
Obama has placed himself, of his own free will and accord, in a very dangerous, legally, position.
His has claimed that he had no personal knowledge of the documents requested. When this tactic failed he went with executive privilege. To legally claim that he had to have direct personal knowledge of the documents and their individual and collective contents.
So, which is it? Obama didn’t know hence no executive privilege. Obama did know hence his claim of executive privilege is valid and he was lying earlier.
I was wondering where F&F had gone. I thought Issa had dropped the issue, but apparantly not. There were a lot of folks around here who wanted to think that. And wanted you to think it, too. As so often happens, they were mistaken.
It might as well. About of the lib playbook (style over substance). NOTHING is ever going to come of it. Live in realville.
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